text stringlengths 152 505k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95
values | url stringlengths 13 1.01k | date stringlengths 20 20 | file_path stringlengths 125 155 | language stringclasses 1
value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 40 127k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recent research highlights
Very-high-energy gamma-ray emission deep in a γ-ray burst afterglow
After decades of searches, in 2019 three gamma-ray bursts detections were announced from ground-based very high energy gamma-ray telescopes. Two of these bursts were detected with H.E.S.S. and the first was recently published in Nature. The detection is remarkable not just for the photon energies observed but because it occurred ten hours after the initial burst, providing important constraints on our understanding of these cosmic explosions. See press release (English, German).
Special issue of the journal “Astronomy & Astrophysics” dedicated to H.E.S.S.
A&A Issue 612 in April 2018 was devoted entirely to “H.E.S.S. phase-I observations of the plane of the Milky Way”. MPIK group members played in important role in many of the articles of the special issue and in particular the Survey of the Galactic Plane. See press release (English, German) and Galactic Plane Survey figures and data.
Most sensitive search for the neutrinoless double beta decay with GERDA Phase II
For the first time the sensitivity for the search of this decay surpassed 1026 years. The result was published in Science September 2019. Motivation for the search is the question if neutrinos are identical with their antiparticles: a property that could boost our understanding of the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe.
Very-high-energy particle acceleration powered by the jets of the microquasar SS 433
Published in the journal Nature in October 2018 ( arXiv) this result from HAWC proves that particles can be accelerated to close to PeV (1015 electronvolts) energies in the jets of the accreting binary star systems known as microquasars. | <urn:uuid:ce5a633c-7830-44e3-a0eb-073f18e500a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/mpi/en/research/scientific-divisions-and-groups/non-thermal-astrophysics/publications | 2022-05-19T02:26:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522741.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519010618-20220519040618-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.926286 | 386 |
Senate approves bill to fight climate change and drug costs.
Senate approves bill to fight climate change and drug costs. UN demands access to Ukraine nuclear plant after new attack by Russia. Ceasefire between Israelis & Palestinians takes effect in Gaza. You can subscribe to Five Minute News with Anthony Davis on YouTube, with your preferred podcast app, ask your smart speaker, or enable Five Minute News as your Amazon Alexa Flash Briefing skill. Subscribe, rate and review at www.fiveminute.news Five Minute News is an Evergreen Podcast, covering politics, inequality, health and climate - delivering independent, unbiased and essential world news, daily. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices | <urn:uuid:91ca4be1-c3e0-4ba2-9618-bdc1b3db3ea8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://fiveminute.news/episodes/senate-approves-bill-to-fight-climate-change-and-drug-costs | 2023-09-22T16:04:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506420.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922134342-20230922164342-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.878076 | 144 |
Most helpful positive review
132 of 133 people found the following review helpful
Good enough and that's good enough for this class of lens.
on January 29, 2012
I owned the Sony E 55-210 and 18-55 (kit) lenses. Both of them were rather good lenses for their respective classes. The 55-210 was definitely a good deal for its price. However, I hardly ever used either of them. I still wanted a fallback for the cases where my few prime lenses were not suitable (or I couldn't predict what sort of focal length I'd need) so I thought I'd go for a super zoom.
I've put it through its paces. It seems to have better chromatic aberration control than the Sony 18-55. Not quite as good as the 55-210. Distortion isn't noticeable at any focal length unless you're trying to see it, shooting grids or bricks or something. I'd say optically, the lens is just a notch below the 55-210. This is actually par for the course for a super zoom lens like this. The Nikon Nikkor 18-200 VR II for example was an okay super zoom but not quite as good optically as the Nikon 55-200 VR, despite costing quite a lot more. You are paying for convenience with an 18-200 class lens and you get it here. If you are very confident you don't need the 18-55 range, the 55-210 is a better lens, if only slightly.
More importantly, the lens feels good in use. It's only a few centimeters longer than the 18-55 and is actually easier to handle. Of course it's heavier than any other NEX lens except the 18-200 from Sony. It's not too heavy for use but you'll notice it if you're used to the kit lens or similar. The only complaint I have with handling is that the focus ring is a bit easy to turn and if you shoot in MF or DMF mode, you might find yourself accidentally changing focus. That said, it's easy to get used to handling it in such a way that avoids this. The zoom lock is for storage/travel and is necessary. If you point the lens straight down it will creep, but other less extreme angles don't seem to induce any creeping.
The vibration control is the strongest I've seen so far on any lens for the NEX system. It's surreal, it's so strong. If you have engaged the VC by keeping the shutter release button half-depressed, you can notice it requires a deliberately strong movement to adjust your composition. It almost feels like your lens is stuck in the empty air in front of you. It is definitely effective.
Build quality is good for a plastic lens. The zoom and focus rings are rubber/rubberized plastic and feel fine. It has a couple bits that are dressed in metal but it's cheap metal that can barely be recognized as metal. It's not like the Sony E 24mm /1.8 CZ or even the metal quality of the silver lenses. It looks like shiny plastic. Overall, I like that the lens is black as it will be going on my NEX-7 but I won't pretend it looks valuable. It looks cheap. It feels and works fine, but it won't win any beauty contests. At least the lens cap seems to work well, though it's quite thick. It's easy to remove but doesn't feel like it will fall out unexpectedly (like Tokina lens caps do). The lens hood that is included is okay, but as usual, isn't super effective at any focal length due to the large zoom range and the attempt to provide a hood that will not vignette at any focal length.
The maximum aperture values through /5.6 start at similar focal lengths as the 18-55 kit lens, approximates are as follows:
* F/4 begins at 24mm
* F/4.5 begins around 31mm
* F/5 begins at 39mm
* F/5.6 begins at 47mm
* F/6.3 begins at 75mm
All in all, this is not a must have lens. However, if you are after a super zoom for convenience and "coverage" purposes as I was, I would recommend this lens over the Sony 18-200. it's narrower, lighter, and has better optical formula for better CA and flare control, etc. At the end of the day, I am able to make perfectly good images with this lens. It handles most situations gracefully and only breaks down optically in the more demanding situations (like mid-day direct sun or very strongly rectangular subject matter).
A side note: I don't shoot video. However, what I know about lenses being desirable for video says that this lens is not as good as the Sony E 18-200 for that purpose. I can easily hear the VC motor and focus motor without even putting the camera near my head. It's nowhere near as silent as the Sony lenses. It also moves focus more aggressively/sharply which some people find disturbing in video. If video is your plan, I'd reconsider the Sony 18-200 or maybe wait a while for more options.
* * * * * * *
Bottom line: It's completely acceptable as a still photos lens, for general purpose and unpredictable scenarios as a kit reducing replacement for the 18-55 + 55-210 lens pairing. It is not optically better than the 55-210. It does seem better than the 18-55, however, I am not equipped to confirm this with lab tests. In practice, I had no trouble making clear, sharp, attractive images. It's noisy so I wouldn't use it for video unless you had an off-camera microphone system. | <urn:uuid:7ea3f7d4-1e43-4acd-b733-d2ecd603c13b> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.amazon.com/Tamron-18-200mm-Mirrorless-Interchangeable-Lens-AFB011-700/product-reviews/B006OGD8XK | 2015-07-06T01:36:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097757.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00003-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969166 | 1,193 |
Copacetic did an excellent job on our kitchen renovation project and delivered outstanding products and services at a fair price. Superb cabinetry. Knowledgable, capable and courteous personnel. Excellent value. 11 stars out of 10!
- Company Response
Thanks so much Dawn and Grant. It was really wonderful working with you guys as well as your designer / contractor.
All the lads send there regards. | <urn:uuid:50075295-48f6-4fbe-a42a-d91ad64f7348> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://homestars.com/homeowner/30983-dawn-and-grant-in-toronto | 2017-06-29T12:40:15Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.953675 | 86 |
- Zoë Kravitz is doing nicely in her profession, whereas her relationship with Channing Tatum is reportedly getting critical
- The “Batman” star reportedly confided in individuals near her that she would not thoughts having a child with the “Magic Mike” actor
- Kravitz is taking a look at a attainable future with Tatum as a result of she is aware of he has an excellent monitor file as a dad
Zoë Kravitz and Channing Tatum are reportedly getting critical with their romance.
Kravitz and Tatum sparked relationship rumors in January 2021, shortly after she filed for divorce from her husband, Karl Glusman. They have not publicly confirmed their standing, however many referred to Tatum as her boyfriend. When Kravitz graced the duvet of Elle journal’s March concern, she was requested about her relationship with Tatum. She declined to verify their romance and solely mentioned, “I am completely satisfied.”
In the meantime, an unnamed supply advised Web page Six that “The Batman” star was already taking a look at a future with the “Magic Mike” actor.
“Issues are going nice with Channing and he or she is extremely completely satisfied,” the supply advised the outlet. “She is in an excellent place career-wise, and he has an excellent file of being a dad.”
Kravitz reportedly confided that she “would not thoughts having one child” together with her rumored beau. Tatum shares 8-year-old daughter Everly Elizabeth Maiselle Tatum with ex-wife Jenna Dewan.
In 2020, the Catwoman actress was seemingly not open to the potential of having a child when requested about the identical topic whereas she was nonetheless married to Glusman. She even admitted that she discovered it offensive when individuals requested her about having a child simply because she was married.
“Lots of people ask the query, ‘When are you gonna have a child?’ or say issues like, ‘When’s the newborn?’ and I actually get offended by individuals assuming that is one thing that I’ve to do as a result of society says so,” the “Mad Max: Fury Street” star mentioned when she appeared on Dax Shepard’s the “Armchair Skilled” podcast. “Proper now, I am actually not in a spot the place I believe I am ready to do this simply ‘trigger of labor and in addition simply, man, I do not know, I like my free time.”
The 33-year-old actress’ profession is at present on hearth. “The Batman,” the place she stars as Catwoman, made $128.5 million over the weekend. She additionally obtained reward for her efficiency within the newest DC superhero film from her pal Taylor Swift, who mentioned she was “The Catwoman of Desires.” Her stepdad, Jason Momoa, additionally complimented her efficiency within the movie, saying she was “good as Catwoman.”
Momoa attended the premiere of “The Batman” in New York and the afterparty. The “Aquaman” actor was noticed bonding with Kravitz’s boyfriend. The “Dune” actor was additionally requested if he authorized of Tatum for Kravitz, and he gave an affirmative response.
“Oh yeah,” Momoa mentioned, including, “He is great. … She’s a giant woman.”
© Copyright IBTimes 2022. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:a13a2f63-cdf9-4c76-89b3-6950efcc0c53> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://jerseyshop-outlet.com/the-batman-star-zoe-kravitz-extremely-completely-happy-with-channing-tatum-wouldnt-thoughts-having-a-baby.html | 2022-06-26T19:51:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103271864.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626192142-20220626222142-00768.warc.gz | en | 0.97744 | 780 |
Welcome to DeniLass Business and Tax Services' home page. Please note that there are internal links on this style sheet to show: services; links; contact on the home page.229590ATTR:PAYROLL SERVICESACCOUNTING SERVICESTAX CONSULTANTS & ADVISORS
Specializing in bookkeeping, tax preparation and payroll services for a wide variety of clients.
Denilass Business & Tax Services specializes in accounting and tax preparation services for a wide variety of clients. Our primary focus is:
•Tax return filing and tax planning for individuals
•Bookkeeping and payroll for individuals and small businesses
•Corporate tax return filing
Our owner, Kari Denison Lasswell, is an Enrolled Agent with the Internal Revenue Service as well as an Oregon... | <urn:uuid:c9e0f1f7-7b25-4396-b7b6-32d08802af5b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://m.businessfinder.oregonlive.com/12438227/Denilass-Business-and-Tax-Service-Lebanon-OR | 2018-07-16T14:47:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589350.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716135037-20180716155037-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.905066 | 164 |
Bluegrass grows around the square
EAST TROY — The sound of music fills the air and the ears of festivalgoers every September at the East Troy Bluegrass Festival. The 22nd annual festival kicks off Saturday, Sept. 12, and continues through the weekend, with more fiddles, banjos and guitars than you can strum, pick or slide a bow across.
East Troy is the perfect setting for such an event, said Vanessa Lenz, executive director of the East Troy Area Chamber of Commerce.
“East Troy, home to Alpine Valley Music Theatre, has an energy that celebrates music, which makes it the perfect place for the festival,” Lenz said.
The festival was founded in 1994 by Melissa Sherman, who launched the festival from scratch based on her love for bluegrass music and the East Troy Village Square. When she started, Sherman raised money for prizes and asked friends who were involved in bands to play for free. Twenty some years later, the chamber-sponsored event has become a recognized music festival on the regional and even national bluegrass festival scene.
When the event started, less than 200 people attended. This year, organizers expect close to 2,000 over the two-day affair.
Headliners this year include the Little Roy and Lizzy show and Donna Ulisse and the Poor Mountain Boys. Little Roy and Lizzy are from Lincolnton, Georgia, and are nationally known in bluegrass and gospel music circles. Elizabeth Long, “Lizzy,” and Little Roy of the Lewis family of entertainers engage audiences with their musical talents and comedy. Donna Ulisse has been recognized as one of the most talented singer-songwriters in the industry with seven albums to date.
Returning to the festival this year is the Georgia Rae Family Band from Richmond, Illinois. As the name implies, the band is built around 16-year-young, four-state fiddle champion Georgia Rae Mussared; mom, Roni, who plays guitar and provides vocals; sisters Quintessa or “Quin,” 15, who plays anything and everything; and Kelly Jo, 19, on lead vocals.
The band spends a lot of time attending national fiddle championships based on Georgia Rae's talent. They also play smaller venues that they like for the atmosphere and energy. Whether the crowd is large or small, Georgia Rae has a great attitude.
“When we play in front of the biggest crowds I relax more, because I just think there has to be at least one person out there that likes us,” she said.
The family quartet has attended the bluegrass festival since 2008 and is pleased to be onstage. Each of the girls has a favorite about the festival. Kelly Jo claims East Troy has the best kettle corn anywhere, Georgia Rae loves the jamming sessions and Quin says the scramble is the best event.
“They have a band scramble where they throw a band together from different bands and give you 15 minutes to prepare and perform two songs,” Quin said.
The family really is a coming-together story. Roni and Georgia Rae started playing at nursing homes around the area, then Quin and Kelly Jo joined in during 2011. While they still play for seniors, veterans and others, they perform more than 50 shows a year around the Midwest and have traveled to contests in Idaho and Tennessee.
The band's namesake gives credit for their success to her family.
“It wouldn't be the same if it was just still me and my mom; we wouldn't be as successful,” Georgia Rae said.
In addition to the music, other festival highlights include a food court with local fare and a marketplace featuring local crafters, artisans and farmers market vendors.
Lenz said the festival is a hit with families and regular attendees.
“Our incredible lineup, headlined by national acts along with our popular food court and Bluegrass Marketplace, will give attendees an unforgettable experience,” she said. | <urn:uuid:ff8ed234-6e49-4054-9591-126ed150687a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://walworthcountytoday.com/20150906/bluegrass_grows_around_the_square | 2023-10-01T19:18:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510924.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001173415-20231001203415-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.96783 | 817 |
After spending a day directing crews who were parking cars at the Ohio Valley Antique Machinery Show, I’ve been reminded of some things about people…
People are followers. Park one car wrong and a hundred more will follow suit. It doesn’t matter how obviously “wrong” it seems, they will follow.
People are sneaky. Apparently, it’s all the rage to conceal handicap placards until triumphantly pulling it out at the last possible moment. It would be easier to openly display the placard, but not nearly as fun…
People are self-centered. Without fail, everyone feels they are the most handicapped, the most elderly or the most in-a-hurry. They all
want deserve the best spot, right?
People need Jesus. Every single one of them. Whether they know it or not. Whether they’re flipping me off or shaking my hand. Whether they’re cussing me out or thanking me. Whether they’re ignoring me or cooperating with me.
No matter what they’re doing or how they’re doing it, they need Jesus.
And that’s why I listen to their lies, ignore their rants and blow off their tantrums. That’s why I spend 13 hours a day for 3 days parking cars… To show them Jesus. | <urn:uuid:164dacf1-2f0b-4da0-9f33-22afaf2257a7> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://iamreset.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/why-i-park-cars-at-ovam/ | 2018-01-20T03:19:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888878.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.945615 | 286 |
By Amaris Elliott-Engel
Of the Legal Staff
Law enforcement can't arrest its way out of crime, U.S. Attorney Zane D. Memeger of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania said, even though he has spent his 22-year career investigating crimes, prosecuting cases and sending convicted criminals to prison.
Memeger, who was speaking last week on a panel held after the screening of a documentary that follows three men who have re-entered society after serving time in prison, said there has been a "shift in the Department of Justice to focus on prevention efforts and re-entry efforts," including because most ex-convicts are coming back.
"Andy A.," one of the men profiled in the film, Pull of Gravity, said “the pull of this lifestyle is really addictive. It’s as powerful as gambling and using. You don’t have to be an addict … who uses drugs. … the lifestyle is addictive, the hustling.”
Rebecca Vallas, an attorney with Community Legal Services who works on civil legal issues related to ex-offenders, said the pull is one side of the coin, but the other side of the coin is the barriers in place for ex-cons being able to do what they want to do with their lives.
One in three people in the United States has some kind of criminal conviction, but having such a conviction blocks them from employment, credit, public housing and private housing, Vallas said.
U.S. Magistrate Judge Timothy Rice of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, who oversees one of the re-entry courts for federal prisoners that gives them the chance to leave prison early in exchange for getting jobs and getting other social services, said the program isn't to reduce recidivism but "to help people. We help rebuild their lives."
Andy A., who is participating in a lot of support groups for ex-cons, said not everyone who has done time in prison wants help, including those who have been court-ordered to attend such programming. The people who need help need to be identified, he said.
Jonathan Kaufman, co-director of the documentary, said many people who are coming out of prison have a lot of "invisible wounds" from trauma of being incarcerated, including post-traumatic stress disorder. They also might have had PTSD before they went into the system because of growing up in violent neighborhoods, Kaufman said.
The other co-director was El Sawyer, who also served time in prison.
Amaris Elliott-Engel can be contacted at 215-557-2354 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow her on Twitter @AmarisTLI. | <urn:uuid:08c8338a-7e6f-4bca-96c2-236c480b3c18> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thelegalintelligencer.typepad.com/tli/2013/03/us-attorney-supports-re-entry-over-retribution.html | 2016-07-01T13:34:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979037 | 556 |
In the past history of this blog, there have been many confused and irrational ramblings by some girl closely resembling me. If you recall, she wanted her Rockstar to propose; but wait! She wanted to have babies and was quite certain she was willing to give up her Rockstar if he didn’t give up his sperm. For the record, you are now entering the life of a Libra. Please keep your hands inside the cart for the duration of the ride, and hang on for dear life.
It’s funny to think how different things were even a year ago. I was happily employed at a bookstore where every day was like Christmas, and would nightly go home to my Rockstar who would or would not greet me with a bear hug and a boner, depending on his mood. I spent a good deal of time waiting for him to say those three little words (I love you), or even four little words (Will you marry me?), growing increasingly preturbed by his refusal to verbally commit to me. After this weekend, I realized that all that time, I should have been dreaming bigger, and expecting even MORE words. Maybe even six whole ones. I didn’t even know I wanted to hear them until after they were said:
“Look what I bought for us.”
For those who may not have known, (or may have forgotten), it was my birthday last Friday. I cannot say I celebrated it, as I spent the entire day in a hellacious prison acting as a Pizza Slut. Luckily, my Rockstar missed me enough this week that he brought me to work at 9 AM, and came back to pick me up at 1:30 AM just so he could see me for a few extra minutes.
While I have never expected birthday presents from the man I’m in a relationship with (other than birthday sex), I cannot say that I would refuse or deny any gifts that were purchased with my day of birth in mind. My Rockstar in the last weeks purchased yellow shocks to replace the ones in my very yellow truck, and while not necessarily meant as a birthday gift, I appreciate the gesture greatly. That being said, the fact that my Rockstar took me out for breakfast at Perkins on Saturday so I could eat lunch food was more than enough of a birthday present.
When I arrived home Saturday night, my Rockstar’s Daughter wished to show me the new fuzzy blanky her daddy had bought her. After tucking her in and raining kisses upon her, I went into my own bedroom intent on plastering myself to my mattress for the next 5-7 hours. My Rockstar rudely (or so I thought at first) turned the bedroom light on and said those few words I’ve waited to hear all my life.
“Look what I bought for us.”
Without knowing my Rockstar, it may be hard for you to understand the great depth of his meaning in these words. He is forever talking about going to this race, or taking this weekend to go dirt-biking, or looking online to purchase guitar gear instead of a house. While it is unspoken yet known that I am invited to participate in these activities, there has been few or no times when he has referred in conversations (at least with me) to he and I as “us”. Him being a man of few words, (unless it has to do with Mitt Romney) I could not have been more shocked or delighted if he had said, “Here’s a castle for you and a pair of swarovski-encrusted stillettos for you to marry me in.”
If he would have put a pile of cow shit on the floor and said, “Look what I bought for us”, I would have thrown my arms around him and covered him in kisses for saying it in such a way, nevermind the dung. Luckily, he bought for us sheets, which perhaps seems quite insignificant to an outsider, except for one little detail- they were purple. Which means he bought them specifically with me in mind. Who needs a ring and a proposal when there are purple sheets to dirty? 😉 | <urn:uuid:d0ccd11f-8e29-47ad-b412-29325a33dcc5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://sparklebumpsthebookwhore.wordpress.com/2012/10/08/ | 2021-06-20T04:29:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487655418.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620024206-20210620054206-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.988191 | 869 |
Dragon Age: Inquisition ($59.99), the latest role-playing game from developer BioWare and publisher Electronic Arts, puts players in the role of an Inquisitor who leads a team of heroes determined to uncover the truth behind potentially world-ending devastation. It's a lofty goal, and one that's reflected in Dragon Age: Inquisition's play mechanics. BioWare abandoned the previous games' linear gameplay for a more open-world feel. The resulting title is likely to please those who were disappointed with the ho-hum Dragon Age 2. This new fantasy game is a cross-platform, cross-generational release and is available for PC, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4($306.98 at Amazon UK)(Opens in a new window), Xbox 360, and Xbox One($306.98 at Amazon UK)(Opens in a new window).
The Choice Is Yours
Like the Mass Effect series and other BioWare-developed titles, Dragon Age: Inquisition gives gamers the choice to shape narrative and gameplay experiences. The race, class, and gender that you give your character dramatically affect how non-player characters react to your in-game avatar. For example, a human character may be better received than the horned Qunari (a race that was unplayable in previous Dragon Age games), depending on the situation.
An overhauled romance system debuts in Dragon Age: Inquisition. Previous games demanded that you woo characters with gifts to win their affections, but BioWare has moved away from that model. According to the developer, romance (and accompanying tasteful sex scenes) will now be driven by events and situations. Time will tell how the new romance system impacts the unfolding story.
But Dragon Age: Inquisition is so much more than personal interactions. Rest assured that you will slay many enemies. Combat combines Dragon Age: Origin's overhead, tactical commands with Dragon Age 2's flashier, more action-orientated gameplay to give you—once again—choice in how you want to approach the game.
Grab Your (Online) Friends
The Dragon Age series has long been a single-player affair, but Dragon Age: Inquisition adds a long-awaited multiplayer mode. You can now grab up to three friends and participate in four-player, cooperative dungeon-crawling stages. Unfortunately, co-op mode is online only; there's no local option.
Still, you can collect loot, salvage items, and craft new weapons and armor. In addition to that, you can unlock twelve characters spread across the Mage, Rogue, and Warrior Inquisition classes. The multiplayer story has no impact on the main, single-player game.
Swords and Sauciness
BioWare estimates that the single-player campaign can last upwards of 60 hours, so you'll have a lot of time to fight, love, and explore. Keep an eye out for our full Dragon Age: Inquisition review, coming soon.
Dragon Age: Inquisition combines a lengthy campaign and gobs of player options to create what may be the PlayStation 4's first truly great role-playing game.
Like What You're Reading?
Sign up for Lab Report to get the latest reviews and top product advice delivered right to your inbox.
Thanks for signing up!
Your subscription has been confirmed. Keep an eye on your inbox!Sign up for other newsletters | <urn:uuid:4f733c16-407f-4bba-bb8e-ba316f0c1f7a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/dragon-age-inquisition-for-playstation-4 | 2022-05-23T02:38:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662552994.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523011006-20220523041006-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.906674 | 720 |
Tahoe iSUP Pump
Easily pump up your TAHOE SUP Inflatable to 20 PSI!
Brand: Tahoe SUP
Availability: In Stock
$ 1,217.00 MXN
Tahoe SUP Inflatable Standup Paddle Board High-pressure Ezee Pump allows one to reach those higher inflation pressures necessary for high performance. Most high-pressure pumps feature a larger barrel that can push more air volume, but require a huge amount of strength. The new Tahoe SUP HP Pump finds the balance, providing a tall slim barrel allowing one to attain 20+ PSI.
The Tahoe SUP HP Pump also includes a high-pressure gauge with color indicator, showing when you've reached the optimum pressures.
Features and specifications:
Weight: 2 lbs 11 oz
|Manufacturer Warranty||90 Days| | <urn:uuid:6393cd83-7bf6-4370-989f-755f2049ee40> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://4theoutdoors.mx/products/lxv-tahoe-isup-pump-005-0160-000-000-5 | 2021-09-21T04:36:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057158.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921041059-20210921071059-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.795439 | 174 |
The Stop HS2 organisation has criticised the Government's claim that HS2 is the only option to remedy over-capacity railways.
Penny Gaines, chair of the organisation, said the line will not open until 2027 and in the meantime will cause years of disruption.
Building HS2 would cause years of disruption at (London's) Euston (station), and other places on the rail network as well as chaos along the route of HS2, with roads being diverted during the build and in some places permanently shut.
However, Network Rail aren't planning to do nothing. They've already announced planned closures on the West Coast Main Line for 2014. It looks like they are positioning themselves to be able to blame others for any problems during these improvement works."
More top news
ITV News understands the FA was told of a second separate investigation around Mark Sampson just months into his job as England head coach.
Metropolitan Police Commissioner Cressida Dick said the bomb could have caused deaths if it had fully detonated.
A man and a woman have been charged with murder after a badly burned body was found in the back garden of a house in south-west London. | <urn:uuid:79a36976-c4f4-4807-ad8e-c5972a7042ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013-10-28/government-plan-is-flawed-says-stop-hs2/ | 2017-09-22T10:02:39Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688932.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922093346-20170922113346-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.982899 | 240 |
Granderson’s Slam Leads Yankees Past Tigers
Curtis Granderson hit a grand slam against his former team in the second inning, and CC Sabathia made the lead hold up after a shaky start, helping the New York Yankees to a 9-4 win over the Detroit Tigers on Friday night.
Alex Rodriguez added a two-run homer in the ninth for New York.
It was tied at 1 when Granderson cleared the bases with a drive just inside the pole in right field off left-hander Casey Crosby (0-1), who was making his major league debut.
Sabathia (7-2) allowed three runs and eight hits in seven innings. New York used five relievers. Rafael Soriano came on with the bases loaded and one out in the ninth. He got Miguel Cabrera to ground into a double play for his seventh save.
(Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.) | <urn:uuid:0fbb9c0d-a4c0-482d-8729-72311361acb7> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://nj1015.com/grandersons-slam-leads-yankees-past-tigers/ | 2015-10-10T16:18:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737958671.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221918-00026-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951238 | 191 |
As the Delta variant continues its march across the planet, it’s no longer a given that things will return to ‘travel normal’ and despite increasing vaccinations, there are doubts about whether travel is a good idea during fall, or indeed winter, 2021.
This doesn’t mean that people aren’t currently traveling. Bloomberg reported that U.S. travelers are currently spending a lot of time in Mexico (plane seats are up 30% for the week of 16 Aug, compared to 2019 pre-pandemic levels), Greece (up 29% on the same metrics) and Croatia (where volumes have tripled). These three countries are some of the few which are currently wide open to U.S. tourists–but many aren’t.
What’s more, being vaccinated isn’t the golden ticket it was once thought to be–people can still catch Covid-19 even though the symptoms are reportedly milder. As reported by CNN Travel, “we’re at quite a junction now with the Delta variant, because what’s become apparent in the past few weeks is even vaccinated people, at a low frequency, are starting to get infected,” says Dr. David Freedman, an emeritus infectious-disease specialist at the University of Alabama at Birmingham whose COVID-19 research has focused on travel. “People don’t want to go away and get sick, especially somewhere they can’t get good medical care.”
If you are planning to book a trip, these golden rules might be a life saver:
1) The immunocompromised and unvaccinated shouldn’t head overseas
The CDC recommends that international travel should not be attempted if people are not vaccinated and even vaccinated people should not travel to Level 4 countries. As of 26 August, level 4 countries included France, Iceland, Ireland, the Bahamas, Israel, Greece, Spain and the U.K.
The situation improves if more people get vaccinated but immunocompromised people, even vaccinated ones, should not be thinking about traveling overseas right now, on the advice of health and travel specialists.
MORE FROMFORBES ADVISOR
The New York Times reported that travel agents are seeing more people push trips back into 2022 and simply waiting for a safer window of opportunity.
2) U.S. travelers could stick to Mexico and the Caribbean as Europe changeable
With Africa and Asia currently off the table for U.S. travelers, Europe is possible but ever changing. Whilst many EU countries are currently open to Americans (and other nationalities), the rules are being constantly reviewed at an EU-wide level and countries can pull the “emergency brake” and close to non-EU travelers again if the situation worsens. Even Greece, one of the most open EU countries, brought back mask mandates and curfews on some islands during August. As reported by CNN Traveler, Americans might be wise to stick to holiday destinations closer to home for fall and winter plans. The EU is reportedly currently preparing to remove the U.S. from its safe list of countries.
3) Any booking needs to be fully refundable and travel insurance policies must be solid
According to FlightAware, 33% of U.S. flights were delayed in July and with constantly evolving Covid-19 travel restrictions, travel insurance and fully-refundable bookings are a must.
Rajeev Shrivastava of VisitorsCoverage.com suggests that people traveling within the U.S. should consider trip insurance from a third party rather than the airline or their credit card so that non-refundable costs including hotel/short-term rental and entertainment can be recouped if travel plans are interrupted.
Additionally, Shrivastava says that everyone should add Cancel For Any Reason (CFAR) coverage to a trip insurance policy–so that the trips can be cancelled for any reason including a sudden spike in Delta cases.
Naveen Dittakavi, founder and CEO of Next Vacay agrees, stating that travel insurance needs to cover cancellations, lost baggage, medical emergencies, trip interruptions and delays and to buy the insurance at least 15 days before departure to read through all the small print to ensure coverage.
Dittakavi says “the uncertainty of each country’s travel restrictions changing has left travellers looking for travel insurance options now more than ever. It’s no surprise that (internet) searches for “is travel insurance worth it” has increased by 233% and searches for “cancel for any reason travel insurance worth it” has increased by 200%. | <urn:uuid:8a6d563d-f219-4ee8-84bd-098658529bed> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://en.travelstream.net/2021/08/29/three-golden-rules-for-planning-fall-travel-forbes/ | 2021-09-24T18:52:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057564.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924171348-20210924201348-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.951634 | 965 |
Thousands of years after the Ruthless Romans, Savage Saxons and Vicious Vikings stormed ashore on the coast of Britain and the Gruesome Greeks competed in the first ever Olympic Games, you can relive those horribly exciting times by taking your family to see brand new Horrible Histories stage shows arriving at Watford Colosseum tomorrow (Thursday).
Incredbile Invaders and Groovy Greeks, presented by Birmingham Stage Company, will be performed in morning, afternoon and evening shows until Saturday (January 16). The shows are designed to entertain and educate audiences from age five to 105, and it’s a great chance to ignite your imagination and learn more about our island’s early history.
In Incredbile Invaders, the Celts are crunched when the Ruthless Romans invade Britain. Can crazy Caratacus save the nation? Hide behind Hadrian’s Wall and witness the Savage Saxons smash their way in. Can King Alfred be stopped from burning his buns? Discover who’s at Sutton Hoo and survive the Vicious Vikings as they sail into the audience. It’s a 1,000 year journey with Incredible Invaders. Groovy Greeks takes the audience from savage Sparta to angry Athens to discover the truth about growing up in Greece. Take on the Trojans and pummel the Persians! Comepte in the first ever Olympic Games and appear in the very first play. Meet your match with the Minotaur and be zapped by Zeus!
Both productions have been adapted by Neal Foster from the hugely popular Horrible Histories books written by Terry Deary. Foster also directs the plays and said: “I had a hugely exciting time bringing Groovy Greeks to life in Horrible Histories style and loved shining the spotlight on Celtic, Roman, Saxon and Viking life in Incredible Invaders. Both shows feature special amazing 3D effects that provide a spectacular way for both children and adults to enter these extraordinary historical periods.”
Horrible Histories performance times at Watford Colosseum are as follows: Groovy Greeks at 1.30pm and Incredible Invaders at 7pm tomorrow (Thursday); Invaders at 10.30am and Greeks at 7pm on Friday (January 15); Greeks at 2.30pm and Invaders at 7pm on Saturday (January 16).
Tickets start from £13, there are discounts if both shows are booked, and also for families and schools. Box office 01923 571102 | <urn:uuid:dd5cf932-abac-4f9b-b4bf-e53a6770d1cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.hemeltoday.co.uk/whats-on/things-to-do/horrible-history-with-the-nasty-bits-left-in-comes-to-watford-colosseum-1-7147560 | 2019-05-21T15:33:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256426.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521142548-20190521164548-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.931387 | 505 |
The State Ethics Commission is a non-partisan, independent state agency responsible for interpreting and civilly enforcing the conflict of interest law and financial disclosure laws.
The Commission consists of five members who are appointed to serve staggered, five-year terms. Three Commissioners, including the Chairman, are selected by the Governor, one by the Secretary of State and one by the Attorney General. No more than two of the gubernatorial appointments, and no more than three members of the Commission as a whole, may be from the same political party. The Commissioners serve part-time and employ a full-time staff.
Since 1963, the Massachusetts conflict of interest law, G.L. c. 268A, has regulated the conduct of public officials and employees.
The conflict of interest law governs what state, county and municipal employees may do on the job, what they may do after hours or "on the side," and what they may do after they leave public service. It also sets standards of conduct for all public employees. The law requires that public servants give undivided loyalty to the government they work for and act in the public interest rather than for private gain.
Prior to 1978, the conflict of interest law was enforced solely as a criminal matter under the jurisdiction of the Attorney General and the various local District Attorneys.
In 1978, the financial disclosure law was passed. Under the financial disclosure law, political candidates, elected state and county officials, and state employees in designated "major policy-making positions" are required to annually file a statement of their financial interests and private business associations.
The State Ethics Commission was created in 1978 and provided with the power to interpret and enforce the conflict of interest law and the financial disclosure law. Today, the Commission provides free legal advice and education regarding the conflict of interest and financial laws and serves as the primary civil enforcement agency for these laws. | <urn:uuid:b3a40ee2-8225-4b53-a2bf-881e40f066bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mass.gov/ethics/about-the-commission/history-and-profile.html | 2016-06-26T08:34:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967483 | 377 |
Guitar god, Monte Pittman, has announced several performances from now through July 2016 as part of the LA Football house band, which also boasts Patrick Stone (Budderside) and Matt Starr (Mr. Big, Ace Frehley)! Fans that attend the LA KISS home games will be witness to multiple sets from the band before, during, and after the game at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. See below for all dates.
Upcoming LA KISS Football home games:
To purchase tickets, and to learn more information about LA KISS Football, please visit: lakissfootball.com
In addition to being a renowned solo artist, Monte Pittman is also known for his guitar-work in Prong, for appearing on all of Madonna’s live tours and albums (beginning with the 2001 Drowned World Tour), along with many other collaborations. Most recently, Monte Pittman released The Power of Three (2014) via Metal Blade Records. To preview and purchase The Power of Three, please visit: metalblade.com/montepittman
Rock Hard \m/ | <urn:uuid:bcdb7718-a6ef-445d-82f1-09b340bb1e3c> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.yellmagazine.com/2016/04/17/monte-pittman-joins-la-kiss-house-band/ | 2020-11-24T06:05:39Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141171126.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124053841-20201124083841-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.953474 | 229 |
The News: Qualcomm has been exonerated by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, with the Court yesterday declining the Federal Trade Commission’s petition to “rehear” arguments against Qualcomm. This effectively puts an end to the FTC’s dubious antitrust case against the San Diego tech giant.
In August, a three-judge panel with the 9th Circuit had vacated an earlier district court ruling against Qualcomm, but the FTC had petitioned the Court for another chance to make its case. In its unanimous ruling, the Court had concluded that the FTC had failed to show anticompetitive behavior on the part of Qualcomm and had asserted that Qualcomm’s technology licensing model was not, in fact, anticompetitive. The FTC had requested an en banc review of the appeal, but the 9th Circuit has declined to honor the request, meaning that the FTC’s case against Qualcomm is now over. Read more at Reuters.
Qualcomm Exonerated by 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, Court Declines Final FTC Petition
Analyst Take: The 9th Circuit’s unanimous decision to vacate the district court’s ruling against Qualcomm this past August represented a landmark victory for the chipmaker, which had been fighting the FTC’s antitrust complaint since 2017. The case revolved around Qualcomm’s technology licensing business, which allows OEMs to access Qualcomm’s extensive patent portfolio for a fee — usually a very small fraction of the handset’s wholesale price. The FTC, presumably prompted by a complaint by Apple — itself engaged in separate, similarly-focused litigation against Qualcomm — had tried to argue that Qualcomm had used its market leadership position to shut out competitors, and to extract excessively high royalty fees from its customers.
As the district court case progressed, it became evident that the FTC’s theory of the case was not aligned with the facts. As if the FTC’s case were not already dubious enough, its reliance on expert witnesses with ties to Huawei — the blacklisted Chinese company that just happens to be Qualcomm’s principal rival in 5G — had also raised a few eyebrows. This led many an observer to wonder if the agency had not allowed itself to be haplessly weaponized against Qualcomm by Huawei — and consequently by China. Judge Koh, who presided over the original case, had inexplicably sided with the FTC despite the glaring problems with its case, and had issued a contentious, controversial, and reckless ruling that was immediately appealed by Qualcomm. It was this appeal, with the Department of Justice (which also has jurisdiction over antitrust action in the United States) also arguing on behalf of Qualcomm, that saw the original district court’s decision vacated unanimously by a 3-judge panel in August, and handed Qualcomm a much deserved and welcome victory.
In the unlikely event that the district court’s original ruling against Qualcomm had been upheld by the 9th Circuit, Qualcomm’s ability to fairly monetize much of its fundamental technology patents and fund R&D into next generations of fundamental technology innovation would have been jeopardized. Beyond the negative impact that such a ruling would have had on Qualcomm’s licensing revenue forecasts, the ripple effects of such a decision would have been felt throughout the world. Because Qualcomm is one of the most critically innovative technology companies in the world, and its technologies and patents can be found in pretty much every mobile and wirelessly connected device in the world today, should Qualcomm lose its ability to properly fund fundamental innovation to compete against Chinese technology giants like Huawei, Huawei and China would seize on the opportunity and expand their “leadership” in mobile technologies, particularly 5G. Huawei therefore had every reason to undermine Qualcomm and attempt to weaken its licensing revenue stream, which is probably why it was so interested in helping the FTC win its case. This geostrategic dynamic was evidently as lost on the FTC and Judge Koh as the difference between “no license, no chip” and “no chip, no license,” which helps explain why the District Court’s outrageous decision was so derided by anyone with even the most fundamental knowledge of technology licensing practices.
Thankfully, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals rectified the District Court’s error in August, and its decision not to grant the FTC an en banc review of the case essentially puts an end to the FTC’s unfortunate fishing expedition for “antitrust behavior” that was not there to begin with. The 9th Circuit made the right decisions for all of the right reasons, and Qualcomm has prevailed, as predicted. For once, all’s well that ends well.
Futurum Research provides industry research and analysis. These columns are for educational purposes only and should not be considered in any way investment advice. | <urn:uuid:3808b5f1-3c3f-4ab2-bf69-3d3b70e4224e> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://futurumresearch.com/research-notes/qualcomm-exonerated-by-9th-circuit-court-of-appeals-court-declines-final-ftc-petition/ | 2021-05-14T08:15:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991648.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514060536-20210514090536-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.978261 | 990 |
Interpretive Center Hours
Closed Mondays & Holidays
Open 8:00 am to 4:30 pm Tuesday - Friday
Open 10:00 am to 3:00 pm Saturday & Sunday
Indoor exhibits are available for viewing during above times. To be sure the interpretive building is open when you arrive please phone ahead at 920-779-6433, we will make every effort to accommodate you.
When are the Trails Open?
The trail system is open during daylight hours 7 days a week, except during gun deer season. Due to Outagamie County ordinances, pets are not permitted on the trails.
Nestled along the banks of the scenic Wolf River, Mosquito Hill Nature Center is conveniently located just off US Highway 45 and State Highway 54 just east of New London, WI. The Center is 45 minutes from Green Bay, and 25 minutes from the Fox Cities.
The mailing address is: N3880 Rogers Road, New London, WI 54961.
The phone number is: (920) 779-6433 or email us.
From Appleton: Richmond/Hwy 47 north to Cty Hwy S. Left/west on Hwy S to Rogers Road.
Alternate Route from Appleton: Hwy 41 north to Northland Ave (Hwy OO). Left/west on Hwy OO (becomes Hwy 15) to Hortonville. Right/north at stoplights (Hwy M). Left/west on Hwy S to Rogers Road.
From Green Bay and points east: Hwy 54 west to Cty Hwy S. Left/east on Hwy S to Rogers Road.
From Waupaca: Hwy 54 east to Cty Hwy S. Right/west on Hwy S to Rogers Road.
From Clintonville and points north: Hwy 45 south. Exit on Hwy 54. Left/east on Hwy 54 to Cty Hwy S. Right/east on Hwy S to Rogers Road.
From Oshkosh and points south: Hwy 45 north. Exit on Hwy 54. Right/east on Hwy 54 to Cty Hwy S. Right/east on Hwy S to Rogers Road.
Alternate Route from Oshkosh: Hwy 76 north to Cty Hwy S. Left/west on Hwy S to Rogers Road.
Top of Page | <urn:uuid:da97c2d4-4d4d-4780-8d2b-04ca713fcf7c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.outagamie.org/government/n-through-z/parks/mosquito-hill-nature-center/hours-and-location | 2018-04-24T16:36:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946807.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424154911-20180424174911-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.925089 | 497 |
(KB-20EM-8) 12V12ah 20L Knapsack Electric Sprayer
|FOB Price:||US $38-42 / Piece|
|Min. Order:||200 Pieces|
|Min. Order||FOB Price|
|200 Pieces||US $38-42/ Piece|
|Transport Package:||1PC/Color Box, 2PCS/CTN|
|Payment Terms:||L/C, T/T, Western Union|
- Model NO.: KB-20EM-8
- Type: Knapsack
- Main Material: Plastic
- Sprinkler Installation Type: External Thread Connection
- Applicable: Vegetables
- Material: HDPE
- Nozzle: Single Noz2holes, 4holes, 8holes, Fan Nozzle
- Battery: 9ah12V with Ce Certificated
- Working Electricity: 1.8-2.2A
- Experience: Over 30years
- Specification: 47.5X45.5X59.5cm/17kgs
- HS Code: 84248100
- Usage: Disinfection
- Power Source: Electric
- Capacity: ≤20L
- Application Scene: Agricultural Production
- Shape: Circular
- Lance: Fiber Glass/Stainless Steel
- Pump Type: Diaphragm Pump 12V
- Working Pressure: 3.5-8bar
- Certificate: Ce Cerificated, Patend Issue
- Trademark: KOBOLD
- Origin: China
Item No. KB-20EM-8
Material: HDPE material
Battery 9AH12V with CE certificated
Pump type Diaphragm 12V
Rotaste speed 3500times/minute
Normal working time It can spray out at least 25tank water with 2hole nozzle
Hose 2M with high quality
Working pressure 3.5-8BAR
Working Electricity 2.2-2.8A
Packing 1PC/color box, 2PCS/CTN
20'GP fits 420PCS
40'HQ fits 1000PCS
1)Equipped with Pump-02+Battery 12V 12Ah
2)Charger: Input: AC 100-240V, 50-60Hz; Out put: DC12V, 1.5A
3)Spray flux(per minute):
A)4-hole nozzle sprayer 1.5-1.8L; Dreamline2.5L
B)double nozzle 2-2.2L
One sprayer come with four different kind of nozzle.
1. The sprayer is suitable for Agriculture, Garden, Public disinfection.
2. It is widely applied for pesticide control of foodstuff, cotton, vegetables and orchard as well as environment sanitization and epidemic prevention of publics, hotels, stations and feeding site of poultries and livestock.
About our facotry:
Founded in 1978, we have 30 years in sprayer & spray Accessories making. Products ranging from hand sprayer(0.5L-20L), battery-operated sprayer(4L-16L), power sprayer and mist duster,etc. They are widely used in garden & agriculture, like weed killers, pest control, nursery and sanitary, as well as in construction etc. Most products have passed CE, CCC, GS, ROHS etc. certificates and gained a steady grow in sales.
Our workshop covers 50000 square meter for sprayer and hold share in alliance factories for brass parts and mould making. We have 300 well-trained workers all around the year; 110pcs injection machineries; 8pcs full automatic blowing machineries; 12pcs test machineries for guns, pumps, pistons, pressures etc. We have a huge production capacity to ensure the big order on time delivery. Most orders can be finished within 15~30days.
R&D: Our in-house team formed with 14 technical engineers(2 from abroad) who are expert in respective field, just give us an idea, they will make it true!
We warmly welcome your visit in the near future to enter into a profitable co-operation! | <urn:uuid:11f716a6-6c4a-481e-b374-24db3254757c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://kobold252.en.made-in-china.com/product/NBjELyhMExVr/China-KB-20EM-8-12V12ah-20L-Knapsack-Electric-Sprayer.html | 2017-07-24T20:37:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424910.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724202315-20170724222315-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.796024 | 884 |
Employing a carpet cleaning business is a fantastic way to get your home clean and help to keep your family comfortable and healthy. It’s crucial to maintain some guidance in mind when employing a business. Doing this can allow you to get service. Here is.
Be certain that you vacuum your carpet at least one time each week to get rid of all the grit and dust that may be on it. This might help give it a look whenever you have people on your home for gatherings and prolong the life span of your carpeting.
Be skeptical of any carpet cleaning service which charges you. Every room isn’t the exact same dimensions, therefore for them to offer you this sort of pricing, it isn’t reasonable. The only time is whether it’s supplied at this speed for a promotion.
Ask any firm should they have specific chemicals for your high traffic locations that you contact about carpet cleaning. In the majority of cases these will not be clean in each area other than your carpet, which means you will require the stuff to be utilized here. You need to consider using a different company, when they don’t have an agency.
A wonderful place to search for a carpet is via friends and family. These folks, who you already hope, had success with and can recommend. Avoid choosing at a business that is random you may Wind up with rug cleaner that is inexperienced
Be certain prior to using them that you research cleaning products. Each kind of carpet cleaning solution is devised for carpet types. Till you choose to become new carpeting when you find a solution, use it.
Be certain before you think about hiring them that you check the references of any carpet cleaning firm. Don’t permit prices to blind you. Request references and call each and each of them. You do not wish to overlook that the references and get a issue that is actual.
Ask them to explain the measures after cleaning a rug, they follow before employing a carpet cleaning firm. You need to notice that they start until they start cleaning with vacuuming. Maybe it does not turn out if the carpet isn’t vacuumed prior to cleaning. Think about looking into options if at doesn’t vacuum.
Should you spill liquids blot them immediately. Use a towel. Cleaning these stains will probably be more easy if the fluids do not get in the carpet. You may need to spring for a steam cleaning when the stains go deep in your carpeting. Visit stanley steamer special if you are interested in carpet cleaning.
Cleaning your carpets is necessary if you would like to keep your household’s health as well as these carpets’ longevity. But, hiring is not a fantastic idea. Maintain some frequent sense tips in your mind you’ll make certain to get the perfect company for your requirements, and before beginning making telephone calls. | <urn:uuid:29d9ad7d-c1ab-4f5c-a02b-8c8b9e03acab> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://blitzconnects.com/tag/stanley/ | 2018-01-21T08:32:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890394.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121080507-20180121100507-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.952807 | 588 |
Go to Investor Relations Sections
Agilysys is a leading developer and marketer of proprietary enterprise software, services and solutions to the hospitality industry. The company specializes in market-leading point-of-sale, property management, inventory & procurement and mobile & wireless solutions that are designed to streamline operations, improve efficiency and enhance the guest experience. Agilysys serves casinos, resorts, hotels, foodservice venues, stadiums and cruise lines. Agilysys operates extensively throughout North America, Europe and Asia, with corporate services located in Alpharetta, GA, and offices in Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia. | <urn:uuid:9a47be4c-8b2d-46e8-9889-323fdb6ee41c> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.agilysys.com/company/investor-relations | 2015-03-27T03:32:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131294307.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172134-00179-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920281 | 122 |
353 U.S. 53 (1957)
Supreme Court of United States.
Argued December 11, 1956.
Decided March 25, 1957.
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT.
Maurice J. Walsh argued the cause and filed a brief for petitioner.
James W. Knapp argued the cause for the United States. On the brief were Solicitor General Rankin, Assistant Attorney General Olney, Beatrice Rosenberg and Julia P. Cooper.
MR. JUSTICE BURTON delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case concerns a conviction for violation of the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, as amended. The principal issue is whether the United States District Court committed reversible error when it allowed the Government to refuse to disclose the identity of an undercover employee who had taken a material part in bringing about the possession of certain drugs by the accused, had been present with the accused at the occurrence of the alleged crime, and might be a material witness as to whether the accused knowingly transported the drugs as charged. For the reasons hereafter stated, we hold that, under the circumstances here present, this was reversible error.
In 1955, in the Northern District of Illinois, petitioner, Albert Roviaro, was indicted on two counts by a federal grand jury. The first count charged that on August 12, 1954, at Chicago, Illinois, he sold heroin to one “John Doe” in violation of 26 U. S. C. § 2554 (a). The second charged that on the same date and in the same city he “did then and there fraudulently and knowingly receive, conceal, buy and facilitate the transportation and concealment after importation of . . . heroin, knowing the same to be imported into the United States contrary to law; in violation of Section 174, Title 21, United States Code.”
Before trial, petitioner moved for a bill of particulars requesting, among other things, the name, address and occupation of “John Doe.” The Government objected on the ground that John Doe was an informer and that his identity was privileged. The motion was denied.
Petitioner, who was represented by counsel, waived a jury and was tried by the District Court. During the trial John Doe’s part in the charged transaction was described by government witnesses, and counsel for petitioner, in cross-examining them, sought repeatedly to learn John Doe’s identity. The court declined to permit this cross-examination and John Doe was not produced, identified, or otherwise made available. Petitioner was found guilty on both counts and was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment and a fine of $5 on each count, the sentences to run concurrently. The Court of Appeals sustained the conviction, holding that the concurrent sentence was supported by the conviction on Count 2 and that the trial court had not abused its discretion in denying petitioner’s requests for disclosure of Doe’s identity. 229 F. 2d 812. We granted certiorari, 351 U. S. 936, in order to pass upon the propriety of the nondisclosure of the informer’s identity and to consider an alleged conflict with Portomene v. United States, 221 F. 2d 582; United States v. Conforti, 200 F. 2d 365; and Sorrentino v. United States, 163 F. 2d 627.
At the trial, the Government relied on the testimony of two federal narcotics agents, Durham and Fields, and two Chicago police officers, Bryson and Sims, each of whom knew petitioner by sight. On the night of August 12, 1954, these four officers met at 75th Street and Prairie Avenue in Chicago with an informer described only as John Doe. Doe and his Cadillac car were searched and no narcotics were found. Bryson secreted himself in the trunk of Doe’s Cadillac, taking with him a device with which to raise the trunk lid from the inside. Doe then drove the Cadillac to 70th Place and St. Lawrence Avenue, followed by Durham in one government car and Field and Sims in another. After an hour’s wait, at about 11 o’clock, petitioner arrived in a Pontiac, accompanied by an unidentified man. Petitioner immediately entered Doe’s Cadillac, taking a front seat beside Doe. They then proceeded by a circuitous route to 74th Street near Champlain Avenue. Both government cars trailed the Cadillac but only the one driven by Durham managed to follow it to 74th Street. When the Cadillac came to a stop on 74th Street, Durham stepped out of his car onto the sidewalk and saw petitioner alight from the Cadillac about 100 feet away. Durham saw petitioner walk a few feet to a nearby tree, pick up a small package, return to the open right front door of the Cadillac, make a motion as if depositing the package in the car, and then wave to Doe and walk away. Durham went immediately to the Cadillac and recovered a package from the floor. He signaled to Bryson to come out of the trunk and then walked down the street in time to see petitioner re-enter the Pontiac, parked nearby, and ride away.
Meanwhile, Bryson, concealed in the trunk of the Cadillac, had heard a conversation between John Doe and petitioner after the latter had entered the car. He heard petitioner greet John Doe and direct him where to drive. At one point, petitioner admonished him to pull over to the curb, cut the motor, and turn out the lights so as to lose a “tail.” He then told him to continue “further down.” Petitioner asked about money Doe owed him. He advised Doe that he had brought him “three pieces this time.” When Bryson heard Doe being ordered to stop the car, he raised the lid of the trunk slightly. After the car stopped, he saw petitioner walk to a tree, pick up a package, and return toward the car. He heard petitioner say, “Here it is,” and “I’ll call you in a couple of days.” Shortly thereafter he heard Durham’s signal to come out and emerged from the trunk to find Durham holding a small package found to contain three glassine envelopes containing a white powder.
A field test of the powder having indicated that it contained an opium derivative, the officers, at about 12:30 a.m., arrested petitioner at his home and took him, along with Doe, to Chicago police headquarters. There petitioner was confronted with Doe, who denied that he knew or had ever seen petitioner. Subsequent chemical analysis revealed that the powder contained heroin.
Petitioner contends that the trial court erred in upholding the right of the Government to withhold the identity of John Doe. He argues that Doe was an active participant in the illegal activity charged and that, therefore, the Government could not withhold his identity, his whereabouts, and whether he was alive or dead at the time of trial. The Government does not defend the nondisclosure of Doe’s identity with respect to Count 1, which charged a sale of heroin to John Doe, but it attempts to sustain the judgment on the basis of the conviction on Count 2, charging illegal transportation of narcotics. It argues that the conviction on Count 2 may properly be upheld since the identity of the informer, in the circumstances of this case, has no real bearing on that charge and is therefore privileged.
What is usually referred to as the informer’s privilege is in reality the Government’s privilege to withhold from disclosure the identity of persons who furnish information of violations of law to officers charged with enforcement of that law. Scher v. United States, 305 U. S. 251, 254; In re Quarles and Butler, 158 U. S. 532; Vogel v. Gruaz, 110 U. S. 311, 316. The purpose of the privilege is the furtherance and protection of the public interest in effective law enforcement. The privilege recognizes the obligation of citizens to communicate their knowledge of the commission of crimes to law-enforcement officials and, by preserving their anonymity, encourages them to perform that obligation.
The scope of the privilege is limited by its underlying purpose. Thus, where the disclosure of the contents of a communication will not tend to reveal the identity of an informer, the contents are not privileged. Likewise, once the identity of the informer has been disclosed to those who would have cause to resent the communication, the privilege is no longer applicable.
A further limitation on the applicability of the privilege arises from the fundamental requirements of fairness. Where the disclosure of an informer’s identity, or of the contents of his communication, is relevant and helpful to the defense of an accused, or is essential to a fair determination of a cause, the privilege must give way. In these situations the trial court may require disclosure and, if the Government withholds the information, dismiss the action. Most of the federal cases involving this limitation on the scope of the informer’s privilege have arisen where the legality of a search without a warrant is in issue and the communications of an informer are claimed to establish probable cause. In these cases the Government has been required to disclose the identity of the informant unless there was sufficient evidence apart from his confidential communication.
Three recent cases in the Courts of Appeals have involved the identical problem raised here—the Government’s right to withhold the identity of an informer who helped to set up the commission of the crime and who was present at its occurrence. Portomene v. United States, 221 F. 2d 582; United States v. Conforti, 200 F. 2d 365; Sorrentino v. United States, 163 F. 2d 627. In each case it was stated that the identity of such an informer must be disclosed whenever the informer’s testimony may be relevant and helpful to the accused’s defense.
We believe that no fixed rule with respect to disclosure is justifiable. The problem is one that calls for balancing the public interest in protecting the flow of information against the individual’s right to prepare his defense. Whether a proper balance renders nondisclosure erroneous must depend on the particular circumstances of each case, taking into consideration the crime charged, the possible defenses, the possible significance of the informer’s testimony, and other relevant factors.
The materiality of John Doe’s possible testimony must be determined by reference to the offense charged in Count 2 and the evidence relating to that count. The charge is in the language of the statute. It does not charge mere possession; it charges that petitioner did “fraudulently and knowingly receive, conceal, buy and facilitate the transportation and concealment after importation of . . . heroin, knowing the same to be imported into the United States contrary to law . . . .” While John Doe is not expressly mentioned, this charge, when viewed in connection with the evidence introduced at the trial, is so closely related to John Doe as to make his identity and testimony highly material.
It is true that the last sentence of subdivision (c) of § 2 authorizes a conviction when the Government has proved that the accused possessed narcotics, unless the accused explains or justifies such possession. But this statutory presumption does not reduce the offense to one of mere possession or shift the burden of proof; it merely places on the accused, at a certain point, the burden of going forward with his defense. The fact that petitioner here was faced with the burden of explaining or justifying his alleged possession of the heroin emphasizes his vital need for access to any material witness. Otherwise, the burden of going forward might become unduly heavy.
The circumstances of this case demonstrate that John Doe’s possible testimony was highly relevant and might have been helpful to the defense. So far as petitioner knew, he and John Doe were alone and unobserved during the crucial occurrence for which he was indicted. Unless petitioner waived his constitutional right not to take the stand in his own defense, John Doe was his one material witness. Petitioner’s opportunity to cross-examine Police Officer Bryson and Federal Narcotics Agent Durham was hardly a substitute for an opportunity to examine the man who had been nearest to him and took part in the transaction. Doe had helped to set up the criminal occurrence and had played a prominent part in it. His testimony might have disclosed an entrapment. He might have thrown doubt upon petitioner’s identity or on the identity of the package. He was the only witness who might have testified to petitioner’s possible lack of knowledge of the contents of the package that he “transported” from the tree to John Doe’s car. The desirability of calling John Doe as a witness, or at least interviewing him in preparation for trial, was a matter for the accused rather than the Government to decide.
Finally, the Government’s use against petitioner of his conversation with John Doe while riding in Doe’s car particularly emphasizes the unfairness of the nondisclosure in this case. The only person, other than petitioner himself, who could controvert, explain or amplify Bryson’s report of this important conversation was John Doe. Contradiction or amplification might have borne upon petitioner’s knowledge of the contents of the package or might have tended to show an entrapment.
This is a case where the Government’s informer was the sole participant, other than the accused, in the transaction charged. The informer was the only witness in a position to amplify or contradict the testimony of government witnesses. Moreover, a government witness testified that Doe denied knowing petitioner or ever having seen him before. We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Government to withhold the identity of its undercover employee in the face of repeated demands by the accused for his disclosure.
Petitioner also presents a claim of error arising out of a controversy over the correctness of an entry, made on the envelope containing the heroin, to the effect that the heroin had been found by Bryson. The undisputed testimony of the officers was that the heroin had been found by Durham and handed by him to Bryson who, in turn, handed it to Fields who made the erroneous entry. On the basis of this discrepancy, petitioner sought to obtain Durham’s written report to the Federal Narcotics Bureau concerning the case. Although this discrepancy dealt with the relatively minor matter of who had first found the package, it also reflected upon the credibility of Durham and Fields, two of the Government’s principal witnesses. However, in view of the decision we have reached on other grounds, we deem it unnecessary to determine whether the denial of this request, even if erroneous, was prejudicial to petitioner.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the case is remanded to the District Court for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
MR. JUSTICE BLACK and MR. JUSTICE WHITTAKER took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
MR. JUSTICE CLARK, dissenting.
It is with regret that I dissent from the opinion of the Court, not because I am alone, but for the reason that I have been unable to convince the majority of the unsoundness of its conclusion on the facts here and the destructive effect which that conclusion will have on the enforcement of the narcotic laws. The short of it is that the conviction of a self-confessed dope peddler is reversed because the Government refused to furnish the name of its informant whose identity the undisputed evidence indicated was well known to the peddler. Yet the Court reverses on the ground of “unfairness” because of the Government’s failure to perform this fruitless gesture. In my view this does violence to the common understanding of what is fair and just.
First, it is well to remember that the illegal traffic in narcotic drugs poses a most serious social problem. One need only read the newspapers to gauge its enormity. No crime leads more directly to the commission of other offenses. Moreover, it is a most difficult crime to detect and prove. Because drugs come in small pills or powder and are readily packaged in capsules or glassine containers, they may be easily concealed. They can be carried on the person or even in the body crevasses where detection is almost impossible. Enforcement is, therefore, most difficult without the use of “stool pigeons” or informants. Their use has long had the approval of the courts. To give them protection governments have always followed a policy of nondisclosure of their identities. Experience teaches that once this policy is relaxed—even though the informant be dead—its effectiveness is destroyed. Once an informant is known the drug traffickers are quick to retaliate. Dead men tell no tales. The old penalty of tongue removal, once visited upon the informer Larunda, has been found obsolete.
Of course where enforcement of a nondisclosure policy deprives an accused of a fair trial it must either be relaxed or the prosecution must be foregone. The Government is fully aware of this dilemma and solves it every day by foregoing prosecutions in many cases where evidence essential to the defense would require disclosure. But this is not such a case.
In note 8 of the majority opinion, ante, p. 60, the Court makes much of testimony of a police officer that the informant, while at the police station, “denied knowing, or ever having seen, petitioner.” I submit that this testimony is taken out of its proper setting. The informant was in custody when petitioner was arrested and the two were taken to the police station where each was kept in custody overnight. There, while in custody, they were interrogated together about the occurrences leading up to the arrests. The federal officer present at the time was questioned at the trial in regard to informant’s answers at the station:
“Q. As a matter of fact, [the informant] said he did not have a transaction with him, didn’t he, in Roviaro’s presence?
“A. Do you want the entire conversation?
“Q. Isn’t what I asked you a fact?
“A. No, sir. He didn’t deny it.
“Q. Didn’t [the informant] say he didn’t even know him?
“A. Yes, sir; at first he did.”
In proper context this merely shows that the informant was carrying out a pretense that he too was arrested, was involved, and was not “squealing.” In fact, officer Bryson attempted in his testimony to explain the “purpose” of the informant in so answering but was prevented by petitioner’s counsel.
Moreover, the uncontradicted evidence is that the petitioner knew the informant and had associated with him for some time. Two officers testified that they had seen petitioner on June 22, 1954, enter the informant’s car on Michigan Avenue in Chicago. Another saw informant and petitioner enter the latter’s home together on June 28, only six weeks prior to the events in question here. Further testimony shows that the informant was indebted to the petitioner, that the petitioner had telephoned several times to informant’s home and “at the place,” that petitioner was going to call again in a couple of days after the date of his arrest, and that he entered informant’s car on the night of the arrest and drove around with him for several miles. The Court asserts that the conversation between the informant and petitioner while on this ride “emphasizes the unfairness of the nondisclosure in this case.” But if we limit the officer’s testimony to the statements of petitioner alone, the testimony would prove the intimacy of the acquaintance between petitioner and the informant. It would show that petitioner directed the informant to the cache and admonished him to turn out the car lights because of a “tail”; that petitioner knew how to reach informant by telephone and had tried to phone him; that he had brought him “three pieces this time,” indicating prior sales; that informant was indebted to him; that when they approached the cache he directed the informant to stop the car; and that finally when he returned with the narcotics, petitioner said “Here it is, I’ll call you in a couple of days.” All of this testimony was admissible against petitioner whether the informant was available or not or whether he was dead or alive. It proves beyond question that the two were closely acquainted. For the Court to conclude in the face of such a record that petitioner did not know the informant is to me fantastic.
But this is not all. The petitioner has not mentioned a single substantial ground essential to his defense which would make it necessary for the Government to name the informer. The Court mentions that there might have been entrapment. Petitioner not only failed to claim entrapment but his counsel appears to have rejected any suggestion of it in open court. I submit the Court should not raise it for him here. It should be noted that petitioner’s counsel stated in open court that petitioner knew the informant and believed he was dead. Were there necessity to establish informant’s identity or, if dead, his death, petitioner could easily have done so.
In truth, it appears that petitioner hoped that the Government would not furnish the name for, if the informant was dead as he believed, petitioner’s ground was cut from under him. If the informant was living he knew that even though his testimony was favorable it would not be sufficient to overcome the presumption of the statute. In fact, a casual reading of the record paints a picture of one vainly engaging in trial tactics rather than searching for real defenses—shadowboxing with the prosecution in a baseless attempt to get a name that he already had but in reality hoping to get a reversible error that was nowhere else in sight. We should not encourage such tactics.
In light of these facts the rule announced by the Court in note 8 of the opinion should be applied, i. e., that the trial “court’s failure to require disclosure would not be prejudicial even if erroneous. See Sorrentino v. United States, 163 F. 2d 627.”
The position of the Court is that since the trial judge made no finding that petitioner knew the informant, the Government cannot successfully assert harmless error. It is true that the Court made no finding other than that of guilt. But this general finding is entitled to the support of every reasonable presumption. It would be reasonable to assume that the trial judge declined to order the disclosure because petitioner’s counsel had said in open court that he knew the identity of the informant. Furthermore, petitioner has made no showing of how he was harmed by the nondisclosure—indeed he introduced no evidence of anything.
I come now to the necessary proof required for a finding of guilt under Count 2. All that is necessary here is proof of possession of unstamped narcotics, such as heroin. The direct, uncontroverted evidence of possession, as well as transportation, is in the record. Two officers, one a local policeman and the other a regular federal narcotics agent, saw petitioner when he had in his hand a package containing heroin. The package was unstamped. A third officer saw petitioner leave the scene of his crime, get into his car, and ride away. The identification by each of the three is positive and stands uncontradicted. Under the Narcotic Drugs Act, 65 Stat. 767, 21 U. S. C. § 174, this alone is prima facie evidence of guilt. Petitioner did not rebut it. In this connection it is well to point out petitioner’s statement soon after his arrest. The officers asked him: “Are you going to take this [rap] by yourself or are you going to name your connection?” Petitioner replied that they were wasting their time—”There’s no use asking me about anybody else. . . . I don’t want to get anybody else in trouble. You got me. I’ve stood up twice before and I can stand up again. Besides that, you’ve got to convict me anyhow.” (Emphasis added.) In view of this, I submit that there is no question of guilt involved here.
Feeling as I do that the opinion of the Court seriously jeopardizes the privilege of the Government in cases involving informers, that their use in narcotic cases is an absolute necessity in the proper administration of the narcotic laws, and that the disclosure required here today is not only unessential to the petitioner’s defense but on the other hand undermines a long-standing policy necessary to the successful enforcement of the narcotic laws, I respectfully dissent.
“(c) Whoever fraudulently or knowingly imports or brings any narcotic drug into the United States or any territory under its control or jurisdiction, contrary to law, or receives, conceals, buys, sells, or in any manner facilitates the transportation, concealment, or sale of any such narcotic drug after being imported or brought in, knowing the same to have been imported contrary to law, or conspires to commit any of such acts in violation of the laws of the United States, shall be fined not more than $2,000 and imprisoned not less than two or more than five years. . . .
“Whenever on trial for a violation of this subdivision [§ 2 (c)] the defendant is shown to have or to have had possession of the narcotic drug, such possession shall be deemed sufficient evidence to authorize conviction unless the defendant explains the possession to the satisfaction of the jury.” 65 Stat. 767, 768, 21 U. S. C. § 174.
The judgment of conviction provided for a $5 fine on “each” count, to “run concurrently.” The Government stated, during the argument before this Court, that this judgment has been construed administratively as imposing only one $5 fine. We therefore assume, without so deciding, that the judgment imposed a fully concurrent sentence.
Durham, Bryson and Sims, among them, testified that Doe was an “informer” and a “special employee” who had been known to the federal agents for several years.
Police Officer Bryson testified as follows:
“Q. Well, did he [John Doe] say anything with reference to an acquaintanceship or any prior association with this man [petitioner] or any transaction with this man?
“A. Well, he said he didn’t know the Defendant here. He said he had never seen him before.”
The following colloquy occurred between Chester E. Emanuelson, the government counsel, and Maurice J. Walsh, petitioner’s counsel:
“Mr. Emanuelson: . . .
“The reason we do not want to reveal his [Doe’s] name is that there are other matters that are pending, I have been told—I know of one myself—and the cases hold that we do not have to reveal the informer’s name. Now, if there is some reason—
“Mr. Walsh: Well, is there any activity of the informer which will be curtailed by reason of the disclosure of his name? Would you answer that?
“Mr. Emanuelson: Any activities?
“Mr. Walsh: Yes.
“Mr. Emanuelson: From this point forward, no.
“Mr. Walsh: Is there any occasion upon which he will be called to testify?
“Mr. Emanuelson: No.”
In a later colloquy Mr. Emanuelson stated: “[A]s I understand it, the reason his [Doe’s] name has not been disclosed is because he is acting as a Government employee in other cases and it would help other persons in other matters that are pending.”
Since the concurrent sentence did not exceed that which lawfully might be imposed under a single count, the judgment may be affirmed if the conviction on either count is valid. Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U. S. 640, 641-642, n. 1; Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U. S. 81, 85; Abrams v. United States, 250 U. S. 616, 619; Claassen v. United States, 142 U. S. 140, 146-147.
Foltz v. Moore McCormack Lines, 189 F. 2d 537, 539-540; VIII Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed. 1940), § 2374 (1); A. L. I., Model Code of Evidence (1942), Rule 230. But cf. In re Quarles and Butler, 158 U. S. 532; Vogel v. Gruaz, 110 U. S. 311, 316.
Sorrentino v. United States, 163 F. 2d 627, 629; Pihl v. Morris, 319 Mass. 577, 578-580, 66 N. E. 2d 804, 805-806; Commonwealth v. Congdon, 265 Mass. 166, 174-175, 165 N. E. 467, 470; Regina v. Candy, cited 15 M. & W. 175; VIII Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed. 1940), § 2374 (2).
The record contains several intimations that the identity of John Doe was known to petitioner and that John Doe died prior to the trial. In either situation, whatever privilege the Government might have had would have ceased to exist, since the purpose of the privilege is to maintain the Government’s channels of communication by shielding the identity of an informer from those who would have cause to resent his conduct. The Government suggests that if petitioner knew John Doe’s identity, the court’s failure to require disclosure would not be prejudicial even if erroneous. See Sorrentino v. United States, 163 F. 2d 627. However, any indications that petitioner, at the time of the trial, was aware of John Doe’s identity are contradicted by the testimony of Officer Bryson that John Doe at police headquarters denied knowing, or ever having seen, petitioner. The trial court made no factual finding that petitioner knew Doe’s identity. On this record we cannot assume that John Doe was known to petitioner, and, if alive, available to him as a witness. Nor can we conclude that John Doe died before the trial.
See, e. g., Scher v. United States, 305 U. S. 251; Wilson v. United States, 59 F. 2d 390; Centoamore v. Nebraska, 105 Neb. 452, 181 N. W. 182. Early decisions established that the scope of the privilege was in the discretion of the trial judge. Disclosure was compelled when he found it “material to the ends of justice . . . .” Regina v. Richardson, 3 F. & F. 693, 694 (1863). See also, Marks v. Beyfus, L. R. 25 Q. B. D. 494, 498 (1890). In the Scher case, supra, at 254, this Court said that “public policy forbids disclosure of an informer’s identity unless essential to the defense, as, for example, where this turns upon an officer’s good faith.”
See United States v. Coplon, 185 F. 2d 629, 638; United States v. Andolschek, 142 F. 2d 503, 506.
E. g., Scher v. United States, supra; United States v. Li Fat Tong, 152 F. 2d 650; Wilson v. United States, supra; United States v. Keown, 19 F. Supp. 639.
In the Portomene case, supra, the accused was charged with two sales of narcotics to an informer. The accused took the stand, denied selling narcotics, and testified that the person he believed to be the informer had a grudge against him. The Fifth Circuit held that disclosure was essential to the defense.
In the Conforti case, supra, the accused was charged with possession of counterfeit notes. Agents overheard the informer make arrangements with the accused, saw the informer meet the accused and a package transferred, and then received from the informer a package containing counterfeit money. The Seventh Circuit stated that the accused would have been entitled to disclosure of the informer’s identity if a proper demand had been made at the trial.
In the Sorrentino case, supra, the accused was charged with both sale and possession of narcotics. Government agents saw the accused go into a house with the informer after arrangements for a sale had been overheard, and the informer later turned over narcotics to the agents. The Ninth Circuit stated that the accused was entitled to disclosure under these circumstances, but the conviction was affirmed on the ground that the record demonstrated that the accused knew the identity of the informer.
See also, Crosby v. Georgia, 90 Ga. App. 63, 82 S. E. 2d 38.
See n. 1, supra, where the material part of the statutory provision is quoted in full.
Casey v. United States, 276 U. S. 413, 418; United States v. Chiarelli, 192 F. 2d 528, 531; Stoppelli v. United States, 183 F. 2d 391; Landsborough v. United States, 168 F. 2d 486.
Petitioner contends that the Government in all cases must make a further affirmative showing that the accused knew that he possessed narcotics. He argues that its failure to do so here entitles him to an acquittal. That contention, however, has been decided against petitioner in the cases cited above.
Thus far we have dealt largely with the trial court’s refusal, at the trial, to require disclosure of the informer’s identity. In view of the Government’s exclusive reliance here upon Count 2, we have considered this question only with respect to that count. However, we think that the court erred also in denying, prior to the trial, petitioner’s motion for a bill of particulars, insofar as it requested John Doe’s identity and address. Since Count 1 was then before the court and expressly charged petitioner with a sale of heroin to John Doe, it was evident from the face of the indictment that Doe was a participant in and a material witness to that sale. Accordingly, when his name and address were thus requested, the Government should have been required to supply that information or suffer dismissal of that count.
On petitioner’s objection this testimony was subsequently stricken. However, police officer Bryson during cross-examination provided substantially this same testimony and the inadvertence of the Government in failing to object permitted it to stand.
The record discloses the following colloquy between petitioner’s counsel, Mr. Walsh, and the court:
“Mr. Walsh: Your Honor, this is the point, actually: He has testified that John Doe [the informant] was present at 11th and State Street with the Defendant. We know that person, We know that person. That person is dead, as I understand it.
“By Mr. Walsh: [Cross-examination of Agent Durham].
“Q. I will ask him if the person as a matter of fact was not Tebbil Holmes?
“Q. Isn’t the informer’s name, or the person you contend is an informer, who has been mentioned by the prosecutor as an informer— isn’t his name Tebbil Holmes?”
A death certificate, State File No. 1665, Dist. No. 16.10, on file at the Bureau of Vital Statistics, Cook County Clerk’s Office, 130 N. Wells St., Chicago, Illinois, indicates that a Tevell Holmes, Sr., died in Chicago on January 17, 1955.
Criminal Law Case Law ROVIARO v. UNITED STATES – Supreme Court of United States
353 U.S. 53 (1957) | <urn:uuid:2998de4e-6153-4080-bde2-1b67ce8ebfcb> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://askalawyer.com/criminal-law-case-law-roviaro-v-united-states-supreme-court-of-united-states/ | 2019-05-24T19:34:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257731.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524184553-20190524210553-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.966104 | 7,590 |
Circa 1890s tall lidded wood herb jar found in Italy. Pedestal base, turned wood vessel with tall lid and original painted finish. Two jars currently available. The painted herb labels include: Melissa & Angelica. Sold and priced individually.
Judy ships items around the world from her expansive 15,000 sq ft warehouse and gallery showroom. Find something you like, and we will be happy to provide a shipping quote for you. Have a question? | <urn:uuid:7901aaf9-b78d-4053-927c-91f765686344> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.judyfrankelantiques.com/antiques/view/19th_century_wood_herb_jar_with_original_paint | 2019-10-19T20:21:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697760.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019191828-20191019215328-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.9242 | 96 |
One of the nation’s longest-running street festivals is coming back for its 66th rendition! The historic North Beach Festival will take over the North Beach neighborhood from 10am-6pm on June 18 and 19. It’s an opportunity to enjoy live music at multiple stages, dozens of vendors selling gourmet food and arts and crafts, and exciting activities for kids and adults.
The event will host multiple stages with live music, 20 gourmet food vendors, and 100 arts and crafts vendors. Plus, guests can take their pets to a “blessing of the animals ceremony” between 2-3pm at the National Shrine of Saint Francis of Assisi.
Attendees will also have the chance to watch artists create gorgeous Italian street paintings called Madonnari, which are painted on the sidewalk using chalk as a medium. An accompanying kids’ chalk area will be available for younger attendees to try their hand at this traditional art form, which is a favorite of many at the festival.
The North Beach Festival began in 1954, making it one of the longest-running outdoor festivals in the United States. It takes place in the historically Italian neighborhood of North Beach in San Francisco, which is also known for major players of the Beat generation including Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Jack Kerouac, and Allen Ginsberg. Some iconic landmarks in the neighborhood include City Lights Bookstore, Coit Tower, Saints Peter and Paul Church, and Washington Square.
Save the date for the 66th annual North Beach Festival, happening from 10am-6pm on June 18 and 19 at Grant Avenue and Columbus.
Featured image: Photo by @jejim via Shutterstock | <urn:uuid:225d2c28-1c90-488b-9da6-11c6abbf4926> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://secretsanfrancisco.com/north-beach-festival/ | 2023-03-20T21:56:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943562.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320211022-20230321001022-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.951871 | 342 |
13 Inch Rawlings Revo Solid Core 550 Series 5SCFBM Fastpitch Softball Firstbase Mitt
Rawlings Revo Solid Core 550 Fastpitch Series -
New for 2013
Rawlings created a new benchmark for fastpitch softball gloves with
the REVO SOLID CORE 550 Fastpitch Series. With a brand new look for
2013, these gloves combine the patented REVO SOLID CORE Technology
with popular pro fastpitch deep pocket patterns, yielding the most
technologically-advanced softball gloves in the market today.
REVO SOLID CORE Construction
Revolutionary REVO SOLID CORE construction improves the fit
of the glove resulting in maximum control.
Easy Break Design
The REVO SOLID CORE pattern allows the glove to close easier
than traditional gloves.
Traditional gloves use laced heels to close the glove. The
laceless heel design eliminates the laces that add stiffness
to the glove, resulting in an easier close
The REVO SOLID CORE construction eliminates pocket laces
enabling the glove to better fit the palm of your hand.
Customized Pocket Depth
Gloves include player specific pockets designed for each
athlete's unique style of play.
Signature REVO SOLID CORE Oval-R Design
Each glove features the Rawlings REVO SOLID CORE Oval-R
Rawlings' Arch Back Design
All REVO SOLID CORE gloves utilize this Rawlings-exclusive
Pro Mesh Back Design
New Deco Pro Mesh shell back design reduces weight and
improves overall balance for better glove feel and control.
Soft full grain leather shell
Full grain leather palm lining
Cushioned leather fingerback lining
USA tanned pro laces
Rawlings Revo Solid Core
550 Series 5SCFBM 13 Inch Fastpitch Softball Firstbase Mitt - New | <urn:uuid:02842dd0-56ea-449f-832c-4bab4233f539> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.hq4sports.com/rawlings-revo-solid-core-550-series-5scfbm-13-inch-firstbase-fastpitch-mitt.html | 2014-10-22T08:00:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446323.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00337-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.720488 | 392 |
What is Remote Deposit Capture?
There are many ways to process debits. One of the more modern methods is called RDC. At Green.Money™ we use this technology to speed up your deposits so your customer debits post to your bank account the Same Day.
What is Remote Deposit?
You use our secure gateway to enter your customer’s check data. We verify the information is accurate and create a check image. Those check images are transmitted via special bank equipment directly into your account for Same Day deposit. You Get Your Money The Same Day!
You enter check data into our secure gateway. We create check images for you, then process them through a special machine.
Your full deposit is processed
directly into your bank
account the Same Day.
How is this Different from ACH?
ACH processing is 2-3 day funding.
That means you run your checks on Monday and you get paid your funds on Wednesday or Thursday.
With RDC you get SAME DAY funding!
That means you run your checks on Monday and you get your funds on Monday.
With ACH you have limits and in some cases a reserve. Those limits keep you from growing unless you are approved to process more.
With RDC there is no limit and there is only a small Refundable Deposit to get started.
What do I tell my banker?
When it comes to bankers we suggest keeping your business as simple as possible. Any time you get too detailed about your business they become nervous.
We prefer the "KISS" method; "Keep It Simple."
Tell your banker you need a "Deposit Scanner to deposit checks without having to drive to the bank."
Here are examples of some names banks use as well as links to information on their websites:
Bank of America:
What about Smartphone Deposit?
Depositing checks on a smartphone is not as efficient and comes with daily and monthly limits. If you are setting up RDC with us, tell your banker "No Thank You." If you are looking to deposit a few checks yourself, then yes, you will want this ability. Make sure you don't exceed their daily or monthly limits. | <urn:uuid:8c299992-484c-40ad-b871-82dc513a8d21> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.green.money/copy-of-rdc | 2021-04-17T02:06:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038098638.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417011815-20210417041815-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.926501 | 451 |
Experiencing and embodying the practices within yourself is the best way to be able to guide and teach others with integrity. This 10 days course for dedicated Mysore practitioners shows you how to fully integrate practices of Ashtanga Mysore Yoga.
|August 17th to 29th||EARLY BIRD Offers 100$/if book in advance 2 Months||500 USD||Apply Now|
|September 07th to 19th||EARLY BIRD Offers 100$/if book in advance 2 Months||500 USD||Apply Now|
|October 05th to 17th||EARLY BIRD Offers 100$/if book in advance 2 Months||500 USD||Apply Now|
|Novermber 2nd to 14th||EARLY BIRD Offers 100$/if book in advance 2 Months||500 USD||Apply Now|
|December 1st to 12th||EARLY BIRD Offers 100$/if book in advance 2 Months||500 USD||Apply Now|
|Course Fee for Indian Students (non-residential)|
|30000 INR/Early Bird Offer 8000 INR|
|Indian studetns can transfer to our indian bank account, account details will be sent to the student after the spot is confirmed via mail.|
Those who are not able to join 10 days program, they can join first 5 days program to begin this journey
|15000 INR||Indian Students|
Limited Spots: Maximum 12 students will be considered so that we can give perfect attention to all the students.
The confirmation of booking is done after deposit received. Deposit instructions and details will be sent to you once you receive your letter of acceptance, Payment methods (Bank Transfer /PayPal).
Refund policy: All fees are non-refundable. Students can transfer from one intensive to another at least one month before the start of that course to attend another. After this time fees are forfeited.
Everyone is welcome, people with no (ashtanga) yoga experience, with injuries or other conditions as well as seasoned ashtanga practitioners. Just come as you are and immerse yourself in your being-ness. Beginners are asked to join for 2 weeks to facilitate the best possible start and a thorough foundation in ashtanga yoga. Classes will be held in English.
The Mysore Intensive is a non-residential and students are asked to book their own accommodation. You can choose from a great variety of accommodation (different budgets and needs) within a 5 min walk to a 10 min. As this is a popular destination we recommend to seek accommodation as early as possible.
The 200 hour yoga ttc in Rishikesh is an ear to the bottom experience, which will surely aid you in building a strong base of internal discipline. This particular educational program is an in-depth yoga informational program that has breathing exercises, yoga postures, mantras, meditation, kriyas, chanting, philosophy of yoga, etc. Read more>> | <urn:uuid:caca6672-7bf4-4eb9-bcdf-9b92ca8cc88b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://mirayogashala.com/ashtanga-intensive-course-in-rishikesh.php | 2023-02-04T21:45:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500154.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204205328-20230204235328-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.91921 | 636 |
The new CAFLA Board of Directors were appointed by the acting president on Sunday, September 27, 2020.
President: Alfredo Sandoval-Victorio
New! Vice-President: Michael Hayford
New! Treasurer: Bill Mateer
Secretary: Rene Cervantes
Congratulations to them on their new roles! They will continue to serve as Board Members until further notice, dependent on the following:
- LA County COVID-19 restrictions are relaxed to the point that we can meet, and vote, in person at the CAFLA building.
- LA Municipal and Coast Soccer Leagues have resumed to the point of requiring referee assignments. | <urn:uuid:748a0c44-470b-4024-a94f-fd3202f72c9a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://cafla.org/2019/03/01/new-board-is-elected/ | 2022-12-08T02:40:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711232.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208014204-20221208044204-00770.warc.gz | en | 0.962351 | 134 |
By tamara Can you believe that Christmas is just a week away? It seems like only yesterday I was baking pies and stuffing a turkey. No matter how many times I promise to get a head start on my holiday shopping, it seems like something always derails those plans; whether it’s not enough time or not enough money in my piggy bank, I never seem to get it done. So, here I am again, desperately trying to throw together some nice gifts on a shoestring budget before it’s too late. Thank goodness for Pinterest, and all those wonderfully creative people who share their ideas, or I would be up a proverbial creek without a paddle. If you’re like me, and have waited until the last minute to pick up something for those on your holiday list, consider one of these easy gifts you can make yourself for next to nothing.1. Triple Decker Cocoa SticksWho doesn’t like marshmallows and chocolate? Just grab a bag of marshmallows, a box of candy canes and some candy melts and…voila! You can put together several in a treat bag, tie it with some pretty ribbon and hand them out to your friends and family.2. Christmas BasketsForget traditional wrapping paper! Pick up unique baskets and containers and decorate them with fabric and holiday picks. Simply choose a theme, like spa day or movie night, and tuck little treasures into each basket. These pretty baskets are functional and festive.3. Edible OrnamentsDo you love to bake? These beautiful cookies not only taste great, but make awesome, edible ornaments too. Just pick up a pouch of sugar cookie mix, choose some pretty frosting and embellish with sprinkles and other decorative touches. Be sure to make a batch for yourself too!4. Edible CenterpieceI love gifts that perform double-duty and this one certainly fits the bill. Pick up a cheap vase at a dollar store or local thrift store, fill it with candy canes and Twizzlers, then tie a pretty ribbon and holiday pick to the vase.5. Ticket JournalMy son keeps every ticket to every movie, concert and sporting event he has ever attended. Right now, they are all sitting in a shoebox, but when I stumbled upon a blog on how to create a ticket journal, I knew I found the perfect gift for him. If you don’t want to spend the time on something this complicated, you can pick up a simpler version for just $11 online.6. Message FrameYou know those motivational posters that plaster the walls in offices? This is so much better. Pick an inspirational word or quote, print it on some nice paper, place it in a frame, and add some decorative touches. It’s a great way to spread warmth and cheer throughout the year.7. Printed CandlesI love this project. Just head to your local discount store and grab some taper or large votive candles, an ink pad and rubber stamps. White or light colored candles work best, but you can use metallic ink for darker candles to get a totally different effect. Throw them in a cute basket for a perfect gift!8. Washer NecklaceFor the girls on your list, consider making these adorable washer necklaces. You can pick up most of the materials at your local hardware or craft store. Pick a single word that holds special meaning, or a date to remember, and add a decorative embellishment to complete the look.9. Wine CharmsIt seems everyone is selling wine charms these days, but you don’t have to pay $20 for a four-piece set of simple charms. Instead, buy some jewelry hoops at your local craft store and use beads, jewelry odds-n-ends, or some other decorative items to make your own one-of-a-kind wine charms.10. S’mores KitIf you have more lint in your pockets than cash this holiday season, here’s a simple and cheap gift – s’mores! You can use simple clear boxes, a jar or even cellophane bags. Tie together the three ingredients (chocolate, marshmallows and graham crackers) with a bow and garnish with a handcrafted tag. Regardless of your budget, there’s bound to be something you can whip up in the next week to surprise those on your holiday list. Sometimes, it’s the simple, homemade gifts that mean the most. If you need more ideas, be sure to check out Pinterest. There’s a wealth of creative, fun and inexpensive gifts just waiting for you to make. Happy Holidays! | <urn:uuid:42278af1-b5aa-42e5-a994-7d3d9d6fcc2e> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.unigo.com/in-college/college-experience/10-easy-inexpensive-last-minute-gifts | 2020-08-09T17:06:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738562.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809162458-20200809192458-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.915404 | 968 |
Landlords take a big risk when renting their properties out to strangers. The rental application may be the only information the landlord has about an applicant. Capturing all the information needed to make a reasonable decision about a potential tenant’s suitability to rent is essential to avoid dealing with late payments, property damage, and more. Here are the top five things we look at here at Douglas Realty when reviewing rental applications:
Income & Income Stability
The first thing a landlord should verify is the potential tenant’s ability to make the rent payments. An applicant that cannot show enough income to cover the rent payment, along with other reasonable expenses and some cash left over, should be immediately red-flagged for more information. It may be that they need a co-signer on the lease, or they intend to start a new job soon, but do not make any assumptions. Always ask and verify to be sure.
Equally important to sufficient income is income stability. Not everyone has income from regular employment, but any applicant should prove that they can reasonably expect to receive their income regularly enough to cover the rent payment every month. Recipients of government funds should be able to show statements of such. Renting to the self-employed can be particularly complex, as self-employed individuals often get paid at irregular intervals. Asking for evidence of the self-employment income from the applicant’s tax returns is the best way to verify their income and decide on their ability to pay rent.
Rental History & References
Any rental application should include a section for both rental history and rental-related references. Each entry should be verified. Do not simply take an applicant’s word about good references. A quick call can prove the previous landlords felt quite differently. The immediately previous landlord is of particular interest, as you will want to know their view on the applicant’s reason for leaving. If an applicant has no rental history, you will need to do even more legwork to get the evidence about their reliability. In some cases, you may want to require a co-signor.
Background Check, Including Criminal & Evictions Histories
Conduct the most extensive background check allowed by law on all applicants who show satisfactory income and rental history. This background check should include a criminal history, if any, and evictions history. A history of eviction or certain crimes should be a red flag that more investigation needs to be done before approving the application. Always have applicants acknowledge in writing that they consent to a background check, criminal history check, and eviction history check. Verbal consents may not be binding by law.
Credit History & Score
A complete credit history, including the credit score, should also be pulled to assess the applicant’s reliability in paying back debts. The credit history should have less bearing on the decision to approve or deny the application than the previous items mentioned, but it can help you better visualize the applicant’s financial situation. As with the background check, always require consent for a credit check in writing.
Consider certain lifestyle factors before approving a rental application. It is acceptable to ask about smoking and pets under Florida law. If you prefer no smoking on your property, you will want to pass on applicants that smoke. The same goes for pets. Unless you have a pet policy the applicant agrees to follow in writing, pass on applicants who acknowledge they have pets. Be careful asking about lifestyle though, as asking about certain things is illegal, including:
- National origin
It is your right to screen all rental applicants for your properties. Your properties are investments that you must protect. Carefully design your rental application to gather all the information you can by law, and be sure to follow through in checking out everything the applicant claims. As long as you put in your due diligence, your rental properties will be profitable ventures. If you have properties in or around Ft. Myers and need quality property management services, call the experts at Douglas Realty & Property Management. We thoroughly vet all rental applicants to be sure only the safest, most trustworthy applicants are approved. Call us at (239) 542-6906 to see how we can make managing your properties easier than ever. | <urn:uuid:7fb7c837-107d-47a0-a4fb-2811527596af> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.douglasrealty.net/blog/things-to-look-out-for-when-screening-rental-applications/ | 2021-09-23T12:21:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057421.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923104706-20210923134706-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.944988 | 857 |
Find providers and contact information
Train in Alstahaug, Andøy, Bergen, Berlevåg, Ålesu...
Showing 1-10 of 10 results
Lofoten Islands, Trollfjord and Sognefjord
Enjoy this extensive round trip including two days in the Lofoten Islands, a beautiful three-night cruise...
Individual fjord trip package, Oslo-Bergen or Bergen-Oslo, 4 nights
Enjoy amazing fjord cruises on the Sognefjord, the Aurlandsfjord and the scenic...
Good national train connections, and daily arrivals/departures from Ostersund in...
Enjoy three nights in the picturesque city of Bergen - an unforgettable full day fjord tour with a cruise on the Sognefjord and a ride on the famous...
Individual round trip package, Oslo-Oslo 7 nights
Enjoy amazing fjord cruises on the Geirangerfjord and the Sognefjord, as well as a beautiful...
Individual round trip package, Oslo-Oslo 10 nights
See three amazing fjords: the Geirangerfjord, the Nordfjord and the Sognefjord. Enjoy scenic fjord...
You can also find travel offers in detailed map of Norway | <urn:uuid:30c84e63-abed-431c-9a34-2472a4ca84d1> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.visitnorway.com/us/productdirectory/?aid=1653&cat=79035700 | 2014-04-18T23:20:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535535.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00332-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.729562 | 290 |
TAMPA — New York Yankees followers have found some surprises at George M. Steinbrenner Field as spring training baseball began this weekend.
The club's spring-training home since 1996 has been renovated, reimagined and largely rebuilt.
It's designed to delight the fans, circa 2017.
"These days, it's all about the experience,'' said Tony Bruno, senior vice president and chief financial officer for Yankee Global Enterprises. "It's not just the sporting event or watching a game. It's having a great experience and wanting to show all your friends that you are here having a great experience.''
Highlights of the new look: voluminous food options, a free-flowing 360-degree walkable jaunt around the ballpark that provides new viewing angles, more comfortable and spacious seating, bullpen clubs for all ticketed fans along both baselines, luxury areas such as cabanas in the right-field alley, cupholders at every spot and plenty of distinct vantage points for selfies.
Every seat has been replaced and now they are in distinctively bright Yankee colors, replacing the seats that had faded hues after two decades in the sun. The banks of lights are all new because their filters had yellowed and aged, causing the outfield lighting to dip below the Major-League Baseball standard.
"It has been remodeled tremendously,'' Bruno said. "But in a way, it's like the place has been entirely rebuilt. It's like we did it all over again.''
It's part of a $40-million facelift — a partnership largely between the Yankees, the Tampa Sports Authority and the state of Florida's spring-training retention program — that will keep the club training in Tampa through 2046.
"When we started this process, our building (opened as Legends Field in 1996) was 21 years old and we were extraordinarily proud of it,'' Bruno said. "It was built really well. It was maintained even better. We kept it at a higher standard than most stadiums were kept.''
But last year, it was decision time.
"We were in the last third of our (original 30-year) lease,'' Bruno said. "We could let the lease go and have to rebuild the whole stadium in 10 years. Or we could find a way to effectively modify the building and set ourselves up for the new generation of fans and their expectations.
"What we came up with basically revolved around comfort, convenience, amenities and a way to see the game in a way they had never seen it before. We think it's going to make us an extremely viable entertainment and social option for the new generation.''
Convenience is a big component. The majority of Yankee spring-training fans park in the lots at Raymond James Stadium, then take a walkaway over Dale Mabry Highway. Previously, they would go down a ramp to reach the ground level, walk to the front of the stadium, then go back up another stairway toward the main concourse.
Now, directly off the walkway, there is a main concourse beyond the right-field area that effectively changes the stadium's focal point, where fans can easily enter. One of the first things they'll see is an 8-foot-high "NY'' that is certain to be a backdrop for photographs.
The premium areas are highlighted by Loge boxes, fully shaded sections designed for corporate or personal entertainment with food and beverage services; a right-field pavilion that simulates a beachside bar and features a pre-game buffet; and a left-field deck, featuring a pre-game buffet and drinks.
"Striving for a great fan experience is a trend happening in all sports. If you're not ahead of the curve, you're not only behind but you may not be able to catch up. We think we have a cutting-edge experience that is going to showcase the game about as well as it can be showcased.''
Contact Joey Johnston at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:83a4a215-950a-4929-b595-b23a08195610> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.tampabay.com/things-to-do/events/rebuilt-steinbrenner-field-welcomes-fans/2314449 | 2018-09-25T13:56:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161638.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925123211-20180925143611-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.969635 | 819 |
Start your day with a bunch of funny pictures. Oh yes, you can also check out perfectly timed photos, WTF pictures, cute animal pictures and much more.
Tag - sayings
28 Funny and Clever Tip Jar Slogans (28 photos)
Wise Sayings Worth Remembering (23 photos)
27 Comedians Quotes Worth Laughing Over (27 photos)
Please disable your Adblocker to view this site. | <urn:uuid:b1b54de9-27d3-4bba-bd3e-0a04d81641d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://klyker.com/tag/sayings/ | 2017-07-24T00:34:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424645.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724002355-20170724022355-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.70864 | 90 |
Definition of clinically distinct molecular subtypes in estrogen receptor-positive breast carcinomas through genomic grade.
Loi S., Haibe-Kains B., Desmedt C., Lallemand F., Tutt AM., Gillet C., Ellis P., Harris A., Bergh J., Foekens JA., Klijn JGM., Larsimont D., Buyse M., Bontempi G., Delorenzi M., Piccart MJ., Sotiriou C.
PURPOSE: A number of microarray studies have reported distinct molecular profiles of breast cancers (BC), such as basal-like, ErbB2-like, and two to three luminal-like subtypes. These were associated with different clinical outcomes. However, although the basal and the ErbB2 subtypes are repeatedly recognized, identification of estrogen receptor (ER) -positive subtypes has been inconsistent. Therefore, refinement of their molecular definition is needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have previously reported a gene expression grade index (GGI), which defines histologic grade based on gene expression profiles. Using this algorithm, we assigned ER-positive BC to either high-or low-genomic grade subgroups and compared these with previously reported ER-positive molecular classifications. As further validation, we classified 666 ER-positive samples into subtypes and assessed their clinical outcome. RESULTS: Two ER-positive molecular subgroups (high and low genomic grade) could be defined using the GGI. Despite tracking a single biologic pathway, these were highly comparable to the previously described luminal A and B classification and significantly correlated to the risk groups produced using the 21-gene recurrence score. The two subtypes were associated with statistically distinct clinical outcome in both systemically untreated and tamoxifen-treated populations. CONCLUSION: The use of genomic grade can identify two clinically distinct ER-positive molecular subtypes in a simple and highly reproducible manner across multiple data sets. This study emphasizes the important role of proliferation-related genes in predicting prognosis in ER-positive BC. | <urn:uuid:2051aeed-7799-4745-9790-a4786b95c3a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.oncology.ox.ac.uk/publications/125017 | 2023-02-06T06:50:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500304.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206051215-20230206081215-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.904465 | 427 |
Data Source Connections belong to the Organisation they were originally created in. Data Source Connections created at the Primary Organisation, like other pieces of content, will be accessible for use at the Client level. Clients are not able to edit content made at the Primary Level.
Client Source Substitution
Yellowfin contains functionality that works with the Client Organisation structure called Client Source Substitution. This means that, coupled with Primary Organisation content sharing, users can view the same content across separate Client Orgs, while viewing results corresponding to their own Data Source Connection.
To set up Client Source Substitution, you will need to create a Data Source Connection at the Primary Org level, and connections to redirect to at the Client Org level. The Data Source Connections will need to point to different Databases, but they should contain the same table schema. This means the same tables and fields will be available for use in the substitution.
Once the connections have been established, log in to the Primary Organisation and edit the Data Source you wish to apply substitutions to. There will now be a Client Sources step in the builder. On this step you will see a list of available Client Orgs.
After selecting the Client you wish to redirect, select their connection from the Data Source list and click Save.
You should now see the Data Source that will be used for this Client, in place of the Primary Org Source.
Each time a user views content from the Primary Org based on this connection, they will see their own data, rather than that specified by the Primary Org.
Views belong to the Organisation they were originally created in. Views created at the Primary Organisation, like other pieces of content, will be accessible for use at the Client level. Clients are not able to edit content made at the Primary Level.
Clients are only able to create Views based on their own Data Source Connections, and not those of the Primary Org.
Client Reference ID Access Filter
Views created at the Primary Organisation can use the Client Reference ID as an Access Filter. This means that the data will be automatically filtered based on the Client that the user is logged in to. Through this method, users at different clients can access shared reports using a shared data source, each viewing their relevant subset of data. This is an alternative to the Client Source Substitution method, in this case all the data is stored in one database, rather than separate databases using the same table schema.
In order to use this method, select the field to filter on in the second step of the View Builder and open the Access tab. You will now have the option of selecting the Client Reference ID as an Access Filter, along with any other filters available.
Reports belong to the Organisation they were originally created in. Reports created at the Primary Organisation, like other pieces of content, will be accessible for use at the Client level. Clients are not able to edit content made at the Primary Level.
It is possible for a user logged in to a Client to create a report using a Data Source belonging to either its own Organisation or that of the Primary Org.
Note: if a report is based on a source in the Primary Org, the report will still only be accessible to the users in the Client it was created, it will not be shared across Clients unless it is created at the Primary level.
Each Client has its own set of Report Categories, and users logged into the client will only be able to publish to these, Primary Org Categories can only be used by the Primary Org reports. Users will be able to view reports in Primary Org Categories, but will not be able to save into them.
Note: if no Report Categories exist at the Client level, a user will not be able to save reports, only create AdHoc reports.
Securing Primary Org Content
It is possible to assign access permissions to content located in the Primary Org by securing the Content Categories it's stored in, based on Client Org User Groups.
See Primary Org Content Security for more information.
A combination of Primary Org and Client Org reports can be used to create dashboards. Dashboards themselves can be shared from the Primary Org or created at the Client Org. | <urn:uuid:ed1e65b5-acc1-4cf1-903a-369809a8e49f> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://wiki.yellowfin.com.au/display/USER70/Content+Management | 2017-03-28T04:24:32Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189667.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00611-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92226 | 875 |
New Dalaran is a zone on the continent of The Broken Isles which has an environment of City . New Dalaran has quests for players leveled 100+. The area is not controlled by either faction and has quests for both factions. New Dalaran has 1 dungeons and raids resident in this zone.
It`s not officially known as New Dalaran, its still the same Dalaran, its just my way to differentiate between the two Dalaran. The first time we encountered Dalaran was when it was moved by the Kirin Tor mages to Northrend to face Arthas the Lich King. With the advent of the return of the Legion, the mages have moved the city to the Broken Shores. The Violet Hold prison has been updated but essentially everything remains the same.
Earlier in the game storyline, Jaina Proudmoore had chucked out the Horde but now Khadgar in agreement with other powerful archmages have invited them back into the city once more much to Jaina`s disappointment.
|Dungeon||Type||End Boss||Level||Heroic Level|
|Violet Hold (Legion)||Dungeon||Lord Malgath||100||Y| | <urn:uuid:e498639d-ac99-4ead-9d66-d48fc679d322> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.universeguide.com/games/zones/newdalaran | 2017-02-23T00:10:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171066.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00515-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955787 | 240 |
“Can a customer suspend house cleaning service for no reason? I’m trying to grow my cleaning company. But I’ve gotten a few calls “I want to suspend house cleaning service until further notice.” What does it mean when a customer says I want to suspend house cleaning service? Can they break a cleaning contract like that?”
Angela Brown, The House Cleaning Guru says anybody can cancel service at any time. And people cancel house cleaning for different reasons. But if you have lots of clients who terminate service it might be you.
Today’s Ask a House Cleaner sponsors are Savvy Cleaner (maid service training.) HouseCleaning360 (a way to boost your cleaning service in the search engines. (My Cleaning Connection (A resource hub for more cleaning stuff.) And Savvy Perks (An employee discount network where you can save money as an independent business owner.
Listen: Can They Suspend House Cleaning Service?
Watch: Can They Suspend House Cleaning Service?
Hey there, I’m Angela Brown, and this is Ask a House Cleaner. This is a show where you get to ask a house cleaning question, and I get to help you find an answer.
Question: Can They Suspend House Cleaning Service?
Hi, Angela. My name is Christie. I am from the Des Moines, Iowa. I have a question as in, I have my own personal house cleaning business. Just from October to January, I’ve had quite a few clients come up with, “Can I suspend house cleaning service until further notice?”
Is this something common during these months of the year? And do you do contracts with customers to make sure that the work is there? Would that be a recommendation you would make?”
Can Customers Suspend House Cleaning Service?
All right, can they suspend house cleaning service? Oh, yes, technically and customers will. Now, here’s what you need to know.
October through December are typically the busiest months of the house cleaning industry. Families gather for Thanksgiving and the holidays.
People invite guests in from out of town. And they host holiday parties. During this time, they want to make sure that their homes are in a delightful state of mind for their guests. And they need their guest rooms ready. Most people have a holiday cleaning checklist.
You Don’t Suspend House Cleaning Service When You Need Help
Also, during the holidays, there are going to be lots of things upturned. People go into their attics. They pull out decorations. Or they get things out of the house. They take stuff back up to the attic. They’re wrapping gifts. They’re making room in the closet for new gifts that they’re going to be giving their kids and what have you. There’s a lot of turnover in a house, and so there’s a lot of reason to have a house cleaner come.
Also, a lot of people will have holiday parties. And so, on the spur of the moment, you’ll get a phone call that says, “Hey, can you come over and clean my house?”
For somebody to suspend their service during the busiest months of the year, that’s a huge red flag.
December through March Are the Slowest Times
December through March are the slowest times of the year. People have just come off the holidays and they’re really stressed out. They’ve been overwhelmed by all these parties and get-togethers and socials and gift and family.
“Let’s Suspend House Cleaning Service” is Code for You’re Fired
“Just don’t come to clean my house right now. Let me put all the decorations away. Let me get everything back to normal. Let’s get back to our normal schedule. Let’s get the kids back from spring break and then we’ll go ahead and we will reconnect our service.” What they mean is “we’re not happy with your service and we’re moving on.”
What they’re don’t realize is that during the time that you’re “on hold” you still have bills to pay. One of the things that we recommend is that we spread out the jobs throughout the whole year.
Sell the Slow Times and “On Hold” Times
In my business, we’ve always sold the drag and drop spring cleanings for January, February, and March because those are the slowest months of the year.
We want to make sure that our regular customers get their regular service. If there are people that go into suspension mode for a couple of months – we fill in those gaps with people from our waitlist.
Offer Spring Cleaning to Your Waitlist
This is also a great time to be cleaning our garages and attics. And you want to defrost freezers and anything else you can think of. Create attractive cleaning packages so that your business does not stop. Because you still have bills to pay and you still need the money coming in.
Maybe It’s You
Now, if customers suspend house cleaning service, and it sounds like there’s more than one. But if you have many customers that are want to suspend house cleaning service, it might be you. Maybe it’s a level of trust. Or maybe it’s a level of cleaning. Maybe it’s a personality conflict. I don’t know what it is but people sometimes will suspend their services and they never return.
It’s their nice way of saying, “We don’t want you to work for us anymore.”
They don’t like confrontation or they don’t know how to just come right out and say that you’re fired.
They want to let you down easy.
Suspend House Cleaning Service Doesn’t Mean “Hold My Slot for Me.”
Now, you’re holding a slot for this person that you hope will reconnect their service at some point. I would rather hear a “you’re fired.” Great, now I can turn around and sell that spot to someone else.
You asked about contracts. Should you have people on a contract? You can have a contract. There’s nothing wrong with having a contract but that’s not going to lock somebody into hiring you on a regular basis. They can fire you at any time.
A Contract Doesn’t Mean Anything Anymore
Anyone can break a contract. One of the biggest contracts we have in our lives is a marriage contract and it’s broken all the time. People get divorced all the time and they’re like, “Eh, forget about the till death do us part. I’m not doing this anymore.”
It’s the same with house cleaning. People break their contracts all the time. A contract does not guarantee you business.
And so, I wouldn’t do a contract because you don’t want to be locked into holding a spot if they’re taking a two-month sabbatical.
Two months is eight cleanings or four cleanings that you’re not getting paid for. You need to be able to resell those slots to someone else.
Why Are People Putting Their Cleaning on Hold?
Anyway, so, I’m sorry that this is happening to you. I would do a deep dive into the way that you’re servicing your customers. Take an honest look at what it is you’re providing.
How are your conversations? It might be that you need to reconnect with a customer that you haven’t seen in a long time. Sometimes customers forget why they like you and why they hired you.
And a quick conversation may be all you need to remind them of your goodness and the quality you provide. Or maybe they will tell you why they fired you or give you pointers on what to fix.
About the Show
Learn how the show came to be, interesting facts about the show host, and other frequently asked questions about the show.
Resources For This Episode
Cleaning Up in a Dirty Business: Make Money Fast by Starting a Janitorial Company – https://amzn.to/2IrjTeA
You Can Make It, But Can You Keep It? – https://amzn.to/2wGM5s8
The 1-Page Marketing Plan: Get New Customers, Make More Money, And Stand Out From The Crowd- https://amzn.to/2IH44n7
Small Business Survival Guide: Starting, Protecting, And Securing Your Business for Long-Term Success – https://amzn.to/2wSIwzx
Small Business Survival Guide – https://amzn.to/2IqQxwC
We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.
Savvy Cleaner Training – House Cleaner Training and Certification
HouseCleaning360 – Referral database of the world’s most prominent home service providers and the homeowners they serve.
My Cleaning Connection – Your hub for all things cleaning.
Savvy Perks – Employee benefits for your employees. | <urn:uuid:bf313163-717f-4b50-87c3-46927c1d55e8> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://askahousecleaner.com/suspend-house-cleaning-service/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=suspend-house-cleaning-service | 2019-09-18T14:04:15Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573289.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918131429-20190918153429-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.948612 | 2,001 |
AP Entertainment Writer
LOS ANGELES (AP) - The venue for the Oscars has a new name _ and sound.
The posh 3,400-seat theater formerly known as the Kodak Theatre reopened Monday with a new audio-visual system and new signage as the Dolby Theatre. Dolby Laboratories Inc. announced a 20-year deal with Hollywood & Highland Center owner CIM Group last month to rename the theater, which has hosted the Academy Awards since 2002.
The audio-visual technology company outfitted the four-level venue with its Dolby 3D and Dolby Atmos projection and audio systems. Besides the Oscars, the Hollywood theater is home to the Cirque du Soleil production "Iris" and will host the world premiere next Monday of the Disney-Pixar film "Brave," which will be the first feature film released utilizing the Dolby Atmos technology.
"It's an incredible day for us," said Dolby President Kevin Yeaman after a demonstration Monday of the theater's new audio-visual systems. "We've been hard at work coming up with Dolby Atmos and Dolby 3D and looking for a way to tell that story and connect with audiences around the world. When this opportunity came up, we couldn't pass it up."
Unlike Dolby Surround 7.1, which uses different audio channels, Dolby Atmos can render sounds in space by harnessing individual speakers instead of entire speaker arrays. Dolby Atmos also adds overhead speakers, which were installed in the Dolby Theatre on two 50-foot-long trusses that must be removed for the acrobatic acts in "Iris."
CIM Group dropped the Kodak name from the theater ahead of the Oscars earlier this year after a bankruptcy court judge approved the early exit of 131-year-old Eastman Kodak Co. from a 20-year naming rights deal it signed with them in 1999.
The 85th annual Academy Awards are scheduled to be held at the Dolby Theatre on Feb. 24, 2013.
Follow AP Entertainment Writer Derrik J. Lang on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/derrikjlang.
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.) | <urn:uuid:9d461438-5dba-4ea5-b985-e3023ae47dc0> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://wtop.com/541/2899128/Oscars-venue-reopens-as-Dolby-Theatre | 2014-04-16T14:30:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523429.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00030-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931909 | 469 |
Please Contact Curadel for Leasing Options.
A capital lease is a financial loan to a customer that covers the cost of the device. In a capital lease the full cost of the device is amortized with interest over the loan term. A loan term can range from 3-5 years, and the customer will own the device after the loan has been paid in full. Several of our partners offer capital leases in most countries.
An operational lease is akin to renting a device to a customer over a fixed period of time. The cost of the rental is determined by the total duration of the term (typically 3-5 years) and the estimated retained value at the end of the term. Operational leases have a lower monthly payment, and the customer has the option to buy the device at the end of their term for the fair market value (FMV).
The following table lists our leasing partners and their contact information.
|AREAS COVERED||COMPANY NAME||CONTACT NAME||CONTACT PHONE||CONTACT EMAIL||LEASE TYPE(S) AVAILABLE|
|USA||Equities Funding||Stephen Koltonemail@example.com||Capital, Operational|
|USA||GE Capital||Brian DePierrefirstname.lastname@example.org||Capital|
|Europe, Asia, Australia||GE Capital Europe||Amelie Wulffemail@example.com||Capital, Operational|
|Canada||GE Capital Canada||Tania Guindifirstname.lastname@example.org|
The Leasing Process in Detail:
- CRV will generate a quote that will be sent to both the customer and the preferred leasing company.
- After receiving the quote and referral for credit, the leasing company will contact the customer to discuss the financing options available and answer any questions that arise
- If the customer chooses to proceed with a financing offering, financial statements or tax returns will be requested for review along with any other pertinent information. The underwriting process primarily encompasses the last two years of financial data (P&L, Balance sheets) and understanding of the customer’s ownership structure. Depending on the size of the transaction and specific customer, additional information may be required to formally review the credit standing.
- Generally, Curadel will receive a verbal credit decision within 2-3 business days of the referral.
- Once a credit determination has been made, and the customer decides to place an order, the broker/financing company will issue a contract to the customer. It can take up to 2 weeks for the contract with all terms and conditions to be fully executed. Our lenders typically offer 100% financing unless there are obvious credit risks.
- Once the broker/financing company receives the contract back, they instruct CRV to proceed with fulfilling the order.
- The broker/financing company will contact the customer via phone to verify that the FLARE® device was received and in the case of a capital lease, the customer would be required to sign a “Certificate of Acceptance”.
- If the customer has verified receipt of a working device, the financing company will issue payment to Curadel within 24 hours.
The transaction is now complete.
Note: The calculator below is provided as a tool for informational purposes only and none of the calculations are meant to create a binding agreement between the user and Curadel ResVet Imaging. Prices do not include any applicable VAT, taxes, shipping, leasing fees, or customs charges. | <urn:uuid:b3233e8c-0f9f-4883-ad50-099ddb52479e> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.curadel.com/leasing-options/ | 2018-12-18T13:20:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829399.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218123521-20181218145521-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.901947 | 764 |
Original Research ARTICLE
Metagenomic analysis of the medicinal leech gut microbiota
- 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- 2Marine Biological Laboratory, The Josephine Bay Paul Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA
There are trillions of microbes found throughout the human body and they exceed the number of eukaryotic cells by 10-fold. Metagenomic studies have revealed that the majority of these microbes are found within the gut, playing an important role in the host's digestion and nutrition. The complexity of the animal digestive tract, unculturable microbes, and the lack of genetic tools for most culturable microbes make it challenging to explore the nature of these microbial interactions within this niche. The medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, has been shown to be a useful tool in overcoming these challenges, due to the simplicity of the microbiome and the availability of genetic tools for one of the two dominant gut symbionts, Aeromonas veronii. In this study, we utilize 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to further explore the microbial composition of the leech digestive tract, confirming the dominance of two taxa, the Rikenella-like bacterium and A. veronii. The deep sequencing approach revealed the presence of additional members of the microbial community that suggests the presence of a moderately complex microbial community with a richness of 36 taxa. The presence of a Proteus strain as a newly identified resident in the leech crop was confirmed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The metagenome of this community was also pyrosequenced and the contigs were binned into the following taxonomic groups: Rikenella-like (3.1 MB), Aeromonas (4.5 MB), Proteus (2.9 MB), Clostridium (1.8 MB), Eryspelothrix (0.96 MB), Desulfovibrio (0.14 MB), and Fusobacterium (0.27 MB). Functional analyses on the leech gut symbionts were explored using the metagenomic data and MG-RAST. A comparison of the COG and KEGG categories of the leech gut metagenome to that of other animal digestive-tract microbiomes revealed that the leech digestive tract had a similar metabolic potential to the human digestive tract, supporting the usefulness of this system as a model for studying digestive-tract microbiomes. This study lays the foundation for more detailed metatranscriptomic studies and the investigation of symbiont population dynamics.
Microbes residing within and on the human body are estimated to exceed the number of host eukaryotic cells 10-fold. The majority of these microbes are harbored in the gut (Qin et al., 2010), where they have been shown to aid in the digestion of food and the provision of essential nutrients to the host (Ley et al., 2006; Xu et al., 2007; Turnbaugh et al., 2009). As most microbes are not culturable under laboratory conditions, culture-independent approaches are necessary to gain further knowledge about the roles these symbionts perform inside their host. One such culture-independent technique is metagenomics, in which genomes of a microbial community are sequenced, thereby revealing the metabolic potential of the community. Advances in massively parallel sequencing have opened up new approaches for studying digestive-tract microbiomes, proving to be important tools for exploring complex microbial environments. The complexity of the human gut community can encompass hundreds of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (Human Microbiome Project, 2012a,b). This complexity of the human gut microbiome, sampling depth constraints, and large amounts of sequence data pose challenges for studying digestive-tract microbiota. Available versatile invertebrate models with simpler microbial communities may overcome these challenges and provide important new insights into gut microbial symbioses (Ruby, 2008).
The medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, has been shown to be a versatile invertebrate model system for digestive-tract symbioses with powerful molecular tools (Graf et al., 2006; Ruby, 2008; Nelson and Graf, 2012; Nyholm and Graf, 2012). The leech digestive tract is comprised of two major compartments: the crop, the largest region where the ingested blood meal is stored, and the intestinum, a much smaller region where the blood meal is digested (Kikuchi and Graf, 2007; Laufer et al., 2008) (Figure 1). In a single feeding, the medicinal leech can consume over five times its body weight in blood. Inside the leech crop, water and salts are discharged from the blood meal, to produce a highly viscous intraluminal fluid (ILF). The ILF contains densely packed, partially lysed, erythrocytes (from the meal), and host macrophage-like cells called hemocytes that phagocytose sensitive bacteria (Kikuchi and Graf, 2007; Silver et al., 2007).
Figure 1. Model of leech digestive tract. Image depicts the different parts of the leech digestive tract (modified from Nelson and Graf, 2012). The ingested blood meal is stored in the crop and most of the actual digestion is thought to occur in the intestinum.
Previous studies on the microbial composition of the crop using both culture-dependent and -independent approaches, revealed a very simple microbiome in the crop that is dominated by two species: Aeromonas veronii and a Rikenella-like bacterium. A. veronii is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe that has been shown to lyse erythrocytes present in the crop (Maltz and Graf, 2011) and is resistant to hemocyte phagocytosis (Kikuchi and Graf, 2007; Silver et al., 2007). The Rikenella-like bacterium is a member of the Bacteroidetes and likely represents a novel genus related to Rikenella microfusus (Kaneuchi and Mitsuoka, 1978; Worthen et al., 2006), a species isolated from cecal and fecal samples of Japanese calves, chickens, and quails (Kaneuchi and Mitsuoka, 1978). These two species account for ≥97% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences analyzed (Graf, 1999; Worthen et al., 2006; Kikuchi and Graf, 2007). The same studies also suggest a greater diversity of microorganisms in the intestinum due to the presence of additional low abundance organisms (Graf, 1999; Worthen et al., 2006; Laufer et al., 2008; Bomar et al., 2011). Also within the crop, three different microbial habitats involving both of these dominant microbes have been identified; host epithelium-associated, free-living and microcolony-associated bacteria (Kikuchi and Graf, 2007).
There are three main hypotheses as to why these symbiotic relationships are maintained. The first hypothesis is that these gut microbes aid in the digestion of the blood meal (Hornborstel, 1942; Büsing, 1951). Previous studies have shown that Aeromonas possess a hemolysin that lyses erythrocytes in the crop (Bomar et al., 2011). The second hypothesis is that the gut symbionts provide the leech with essential nutrients that cannot be obtained from the diet (Edward et al., 1957; Graf, 2002). A recent metatranscriptome study on the leech crop revealed that the dominant symbionts may be fermenting sugars and releasing acetate which could be used as a nutrient source by the host (Bomar and Graf, 2012). The third hypothesis is that these symbionts play a role in the protection of the gut against colonization by pathogenic bacteria (Büsing et al., 1953). In the study done by Indergand and Graf, pathogenic bacteria were introduced and unable to colonize the crop suggesting that the community is either tightly controlled by the leech host and/or the microbial community creates conditions unsuitable for these microbes to survive (Indergand and Graf, 2000). Further experimental investigation is needed to test each of these hypotheses; the long life span of leeches makes these important functional analyses more challenging. Metagenomic studies lay the foundation for addressing these hypotheses of not only the dominant microbes in this symbiotic relationship, but also the less abundant members. Metagenomics has the potential to reveal the presence of different metabolic pathways and/or genes important for scavenging nutrients, which can lead to a better understanding of the likely function performed by all of the microbes involved in this symbiotic relationship.
Genetic information from a microbial community can lead to testable hypotheses about the function of the microbiome even when complete enzymatic pathways are not always performed by a single organism or in coordination with the host (Wilson et al., 2010; Burnum et al., 2011). In mixed-species microcolonies, close proximity necessitates competition for resources while opening the potential for complementary metabolic processes occurring between species. Division of metabolic labor, as through complementary metabolic processes, or syntrophy, may offer a fitness advantage to cooperating organisms (Morris et al., 2013; Pande et al., 2013; Molloy, 2014). Potentially, interacting organisms can be identified by localization using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), a method in which specific nucleotide probes bound to fluorophores are used to identify and localize specific microorganisms within a colony, community or tissue (Ishii et al., 2004; Collins et al., 2012). In conjunction with metagenomic data, FISH analysis supports the metagenomic data, provides information about the abundance of organisms and reveals the location of the microorganisms (Hentschel et al., 2000).
In this study, we used pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes to determine the composition of the leech gut microbiome, and revealed the location of a newly discovered inhabitant using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with specific probes. The analysis of the metagenome revealed potential bacterial activities in the host environment and a similarity to other gut metagenomes.
Materials and Methods
Sampling and DNA Extraction
For the 16S rRNA gene sequencing
DNA was isolated from the ILF and intestinum of four H. verbana specimen 96 h after first feeding heparinized sheep blood (Quad5). A second group of four animals was fed twice, 1 month apart. The animals were purchased from a medical supplier, Leeches USA. All animals were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol prior to dissection of the ILF and intestinum. Samples were stored at −80°C until DNA extraction. Genomic DNA was extracted using MasterPure™ DNA purification kit (Epicentre® Biotechnologies) following the whole blood sample protocol. DNA purity and concentration were analyzed by spectrophotometric quantification and gel electrophoresis. After DNA extraction, equal amounts of DNA were pooled into separated pools for ILF and intestinum.
For the shotgun metagenome
DNA isolated from the ILF of H. verbana was pooled into one sample from four animals 4 days after the second feeding using blood from which buffy coat containing the leukocytes had been removed by centrifugation.
Pyrosequencing and Sequence Analysis
For the 16S rRNA study, the V6 region was amplified as previously described and analyzed using VAMPS (Sogin et al., 2006; Huber et al., 2007; Huse et al., 2007), SRA number PRJNA237098. Using VAMPs, we analyzed the data to the genus level, unless the sequence identification was only available at higher taxonomic level. For the shotgun metagenome, the libraries were prepared from 0.5 to 0.8 kb size-selected, sheared DNA, one library was sequenced as a test run on the 454/Roche GS-FLX using the Titanium chemistry at the Center for Applied Genetic Technology of the University of Connecticut, then the same DNA sample was sent to Genome Quebec at McGill University for library construction and sequencing. The metagenome was then assembled using GS de novo Assembler from Roche. The assembly was performed on the combined reads from all sequencing runs (Table 1) SRA Number: SRX337571.
Contig Annotations and Binning
Open reading frame (ORF) prediction was performed on contigs of 1000 bp or greater using Glimmer version 3.02 (Delcher et al., 2007) assuming linear fragments and presence of incomplete ORFs. The training dataset for Glimmer prediction was composed of 13 bacterial species that were closely related to members of the metagenome population (Fusobacterium sp. 3_1_33, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum ATCC 25586, Flavobacterium johnsoniae UW101, Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655, Clostridium perfringens str. 13, Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC 8482, Bacteroides fragilis YCH46, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-548, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168, Alistipes putredinis DSM 17216, Alistipes finegoldii DSM 17242, Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966, and Aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida A449). The predicted ORFs were compared to the non-redundant GenBank database using Blast2Go (Götz et al., 2008) for annotation purposes and species identification. Contigs were grouped or binned together into organisms bins using Principal Component Analyses (PCA) (Figures 3A,B), K-Mean clustering, and Emergent Self-Organizing Maps (ESOM) (Figure 3C). K-Mean clustering was calculated using normalized GC percent, di-, tri, tetra-, and penta-nucleotide frequencies of each contig in Cluster 3.0 (de Hoon et al., 2004) using 10 clusters and 100 runs with Euclidean distances. The same compositional matrix was used to calculate the Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues for the PCA in Cluster 3.0 using the default settings. Normalized tetra-nucleotide frequencies were used to calculate the self-organizing map with the Databionics ESOM-map software (Ultsch and Moerchen, 2005) using the same parameters as described by Dick et al. (2009). Final results were manually curated for species assignment of contigs based on their similarity in clustering patterns and blast results. Contigs with ambiguous taxonomic assignments (i.e., different assignments from nucleotide usage binning and self-evolving maps) were discarded for the rest of the analysis. Metagenome contigs were also uploaded onto Metagenome Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (MG-RAST, ID number 445547.3), and analyzed using the SEED Annotation Engine (http://seed.sdsu.edu/fig/indez.cgi) (Meyer et al., 2008).
COG and KEGG Analysis of Different Microbiomes
The COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups) categories for digestive tract and environmental metagenome comparisons (Supplemental Table 2) were determined by comparing the protein sequences to the COG database using BLASTX and an E-value cutoff of 10e−04. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) categories for the same datasets were determined using the KAAS (KEGG Automatic Annotation Server) (Moriya et al., 2007) with the single-directional best hit option over the default representative genome set for prokaryotes. The resulting COG and KEGG data were normalized by dividing the number of hits for each category by the total number of hits. PCA was performed on the normalized data using the XLSTAT software package (Addinsoft, New York, NY).
Tissue Preservation and Sectioning
Three leeches were sacrificed 4 daf, relaxed in 70% ethanol (Graf, 1999) and transferred to anhydrous Methyl-Carnoy's (6:3:1 methanol:chloroform:acetic acid). Fixation continued at 4°C, replacing fixative with fresh fixative 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 h after sacrificing the animals. At 24 h, the leeches were dissected into thirds and the anterior and posterior thirds were discarded. At 48 h, the remaining central section was further dissected into ~2 mm sections. At 48 h, sections were transferred to anhydrous methanol at room temperature for 12 h. The tissue was bleached overnight in methanol containing 7% H2O2 to decrease autofluorescence (Kikuchi and Graf, 2007) then dehydrated again in anhydrous methanol. The samples were cleared through a methanol-xylene series and embedded in paraffin. Four micrometer thick tissue sections were cut with a rotary microtome (Shandon Finesse microtome) and mounted on silane-coated glass slides. The sections were dewaxed through a xylene-ethanol series and air-dried. Sections were UV-irradiated 30 min (to decrease autofluorescence) then rehydrated through a graduated ethanol:water series before FISH analysis.
Fluorescent in situ Hybridization
Oligonucleotide probes used in this study were previously tested for specificity (Kikuchi and Graf, 2007) and are listed in Supplemental Table 1. Cleared slides were incubated in distilled water at 90°C for 5min, then hybridized at 55°C for 20 min in a hybridization chamber, and washed in 50 mL wash buffer at 50°C for 20 min on a rotating incubator (Tang et al., 2005). Hybridization solutions contained 25% formamide and probes at 1 μM (6–7 ng/μL). Slides were briefly rinsed with distilled water and allowed to dry before mounting with Slowfade® Gold. Negative no-probe controls were subjected to the same conditions and used to estimate autofluorescence of the samples (data not shown). The fluorescence was observed with a Nikon Eclipse Ti microscope (NIS Elements version 4.13 software) equipped with 405 nm, 488 nm, 558 nm, and 640 nm wavelength lasers and a 60× objective lens. The same excitation and emission collection settings were used for all samples. All image processing was performed using ImageJ64 software.
Composition of the Leech Microbiome
Prior studies of the leech gut microbiome relied on culturing or Sanger sequencing of clone libraries (Graf, 1999; Worthen et al., 2006; Siddall et al., 2007, 2011; Laufer et al., 2008). In this study, we utilized V6 region pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the two compartments of the leech digestive tract, the crop and intestinum, to determine the presence of less abundant organisms (Figure 1). DNA was extracted 96 h after feeding from both ILF and intestinum content. The different digestive-tract regions were harvested from four animals and equal amounts of DNA from each leech were pooled for each sample type. Sequencing the V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed that Rikenella-like bacteria (35% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences) and Aeromonas (36%) dominated the microbiome in the crop 96 h after feeding the animal one blood meal. The next most abundant sequence tags were identified to the lowest taxonomic level as Erysipelothrix (5%), Bacteroides (5%), Proteus (4%), Fusobacterium (4%), Clostridium (3%), Peptostreptococcaceae (2%), and Granulicatella (1%), which together with Aeromonas and the Rikenella-like bacteria accounted for 95% of the sequences obtained (Figure 2). Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcaceae were reported previously by Worthen et al. to be present in the intestinum but were not detected in the crop (Worthen et al., 2006). Overall, these data indicate that the leech microbiome in the crop is more complex than originally reported either due to the increased sequencing depth or potentially a change in the microbiome.
Figure 2. Comparison of leech microbiome using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene was pyrosequenced and analyzed using VAMPS. The pie charts depict the relative abundance of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, obtained from (A) Intraluminal fluid (ILF) of the crop harvested from animals fed one blood meal. (B) Intestinum contents harvested from animals fed one blood meal. (C) ILF harvested from animals fed two blood meals 4 weeks apart. (D) Intestinum contents harvested from animals fed blood two meals 4 weeks apart.
In the intestinum, sequence tags from the Rikenella-like bacteria (36%) and Aeromonas (30%) indicated that these organisms also dominate this microbial community. Peptostreptococcaceae was the third most abundant taxon accounting for 21% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The Peptostreptococcaceae tag sequence from the 454 sequencing was 100% identical to the 16S rRNA gene clone PW11 (DQ355180.2) that was obtained previously from the intestinum of H. verbana (Worthen et al., 2006). PW11 was identified by the RDP Classifier as 97% identical to Proteocatella, which is an obligate, spore-forming anaerobe isolated from Megallanic penguin guano (Pikuta et al., 2009) and produces acetate, butyrate, and ethanol as fermentation end-products. Worthen et al. also reported Desulfovibrio that accounted for 6% previously in the intestinum. (Worthen et al., 2006). Pelagibius accounted for another 3%. These genera, together with the Rikenella-like bacteria and Aeromonas, accounted for 96% of the sequences. For a comparison of ILF and intestinum content, all datasets were normalized by randomly subsampling the data to the number of sequence reads that were obtained in the sample with the fewest reads (Maltz and Graf, 2011). The observed richness after normalization was 36 for the ILF and 60 for the intestinum sample. This increase in richness in the more distal regions of the digestive tract has been observed in other animals digestive tracts (Stearns et al., 2011).
One of our goals was to sequence the metagenome of the uncultivated microorganisms and thus we were interested in reducing the levels of Aeromonas. Kikuchi et al., reported different growth dynamics of Aeromonas and the Rikenella-like bacterium (Maltz and Graf, 2011). Aeromonas increases rapidly in abundance after a blood meal, but decreases fairly soon after 42 h. The uncultivated Rikenella-like bacteria in contrast, grows more slowly but persists at relatively high levels up to 96 h post feeding. To determine the best time for sampling in order to enrich the metagenome sequences for uncultivated microorganisms, we evaluated the microbial community in leeches that had received a second blood meal 4 weeks after the first. The microbiomes were similar to the animals fed only once, with the exception that in the ILF Aeromonas only accounted for 18% of the sequences while Proteocatella (17%), Proteus (10%), and Clostridium (7%) increased in abundance. The richness was similar to that observed in the animals fed only once, 33 for ILF and 62 for the intestinum. Based on these data, we chose to sequences the metagenome of the crop microbiome from animals that were fed twice and sacrificed at 96 h after feeding to favor recovery of genomic data from the less abundant microbes.
Leech Crop Metagenome
The metagenome of the leech crop was pyrosequenced with the goal of gaining insight into metabolic functions of the entire community. Potential challenges with sequencing the crop metagenome included contamination with eukaryotic cells, such as leech cells or sheep leukocytes, that contain much more DNA than prokaryotic cells and that Aeromonas was so abundant that the other symbiont genomes received insufficient coverage. Based on the previously described population dynamics, we chose to sample 96 h after feeding the animals a second blood meal from which leukocytes had been depleted by removing the buffy coat after centrifugation of the heparinized blood. We based the timing of the two blood meals on the 16S rRNA data above. This approach allowed us to obtain a high coverage for Rikenella-like bacteria and obtain sequences from the less abundant organisms.
The DNA was pyrosequenced with the Titanium chemistry yielding 293 MB of sequence that was assembled into 17.4 MB of contigs greater than 500 bp. 8320 contigs were obtained with an average size of 2.0 kb; the N50 size was 2.93 kb; and the largest contig was 39,340 bp long. Over 90% of the reads were assembled (Table 1). The high percentage of assembled reads can be indicative of a metagenome with a relatively low complexity. Analysis with MG-RAST indicated that 98.3% of the contigs belonged to bacteria, 0.5% to archaea, and 1% to eukaryotes (excluding 11 contigs that matched to Aeromonas sequences annotated as the mosquito Anopheles). The Aeromonas sequences annotated as Anopheles are likely to have matched sequences obtained from the bacteria carried within the mosquitoes' digestive tract, since some species of mosquito have been shown to house Aeromonas species in the midgut (Pidiyar et al., 2002; Janda and Abbott, 2010). This analysis clearly showed that DNA from leech or sheep cells did not significantly contaminate our metagenome sample.
Another challenge in metagenomic studies is identifying the specific organisms from which the contigs originated. We used two approaches to group the contigs, a principle component analysis of nucleotide usage patterns and GC content and evolving self-organizing mapping approach utilizing tetranucleotide usage patterns (Woyke et al., 2006; Dick et al., 2009). When selecting contigs that were larger than 1 kb, distinct clusters emerged that corresponded to individual taxonomic units and both analyses agreed for 80% of the contigs (Figure 3). BLASTX analysis of ORFs from these clusters supported this identification. Because we had chosen an experimental setup that minimized Aeromonas cells, we were able to recover contigs predicted to originate from Rikenella (3.1 MB), Aeromonas (4.5 MB), Proteus (2.9 MB), Clostridium (1.8 MB), Eryspelothrix (0.96 MB), Desulfovibrio (0.14 MB), and Fusobacterium (0.27 MB). It is likely that some of the contigs in the Rikenella bin originated from the Bacteroides genomes, but they would be less abundant and have less coverage. The coverage for Rikenella was ~20-fold, Aeromonas ~6–10-fold and less for the other organisms. When comparing the relative sequence coverage of contigs binned into Rikenella and Aeromonas groups, we detected insertion elements that were likely inserted at multiple locations in the chromosome of these organisms. These repetitive sequences probably led to shorter contig lengths because the shotgun assembly could not bridge the 1 kb long insertion elements.
Figure 3. Grouping of contigs from the leech crop metagenome into organismal bins. We used feeding conditions that minimized Aeromonas to obtain greater coverage of Rikenella and less abundant organisms. After assembling the pyrosequenced DNA contigs were placed into organismal bins using two approaches. Each dot represent the position of a contig calculated from normalized GC percents, di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentanucleotide frequencies. The resulting PCA data consists of multi-dimensional coordinate that allowed us to separate the different members (A,B). Contigs that in a dimension appears to be overlapping (Aeromonas/Desulfovibrio or Proteus/Erysipelothrix) in (A) can be separated using different coordinates (B). Evolving self-organizing map (ESOM) of the leech crop metagenome (C). Each dot represent the position on a sphere of every contig calculated from normalized tetranucleotide frequencies. The ESOM maps are composed of valleys (Blue) where contigs of similar frequencies are clustered together and separated from other clusters by ridges (Yellow/orange). In this example, eight defined clusters were found to be present in our metagenome data. Each clusters can be trace back to predominant species: (1) Aeromonas, (2) Bacteroides, (3) Alistipes/Bacteroides, (4) Desulfovibrio, (5) Clostridia, (6) Erysipelothrix, (7) Proteus, (8) Fusobacterium. The identity of the clusters was determined by comparing the contigs to the NCBI database.
Functional analysis was done on the leech metagenomic microbiome using MG-RAST. Analysis revealed many sequences matching genes involved in utilization of alternative nutrient sources, i.e., sialic acid metabolism, alginate metabolism, legionaminc biosynthesis, and mannose metabolism. The crop microbiome also encodes genes important for synthesis of vitamins, which are deficient in blood, including biosynthesis genes for thiamine, biotin, folate, and pyridoxine (B6) (Edward et al., 1957). The crop microbiome also encoded genes to synthesize essential branch chain amino acids (BCAA) valine, leucine, and isoleucine, as well as the ability to utilize heme.
Comparative Functional Analysis of the Leech-Gut Microbiome
One commonly raised question about model systems for the human digestive-tract microbiome is how well the model's microbiome reflects the human microbiome. We compared the metabolic potential of the leech gut microbiome to other digestive tract microbiomes to evaluate the similarity of the leech microbiome to the more complex human microbiome and to metagenomes from the aquatic environments as leeches are aquatic and could obtain microbes from their habitat. The metabolic potential of the leech metagenome was explored using COGs (Clusters of Orthologous Groups) analysis (Supplemental Table 2) (Moriya et al., 2007). COG analysis uses evolutionary relations to group functionally related genes. These data from the leech crop metagenome were compared to the COGs of human stool samples, along with samples obtained from other digestive tract models including mouse, fish, cow rumen, poultry, and termite (MG-RAST ID Supplemental Table 2). The digestive-tract samples were also compared to five different environmental samples (Figure 4A). BLAST comparison of all leech metagenome sequences yielded 14,493 hits to the COG database. From the above sequence hits, 12,090 corresponded to characterized COGs and 2403 corresponded to unique COGs.
Figure 4. Comparison of the metabolic functions of metagenomes. The gene content of metagenomes from digestive-tract and aquatic samples were compared. (A) COG PCA plot revealing separate clustering of most gut metagenome samples and environmental metagenome samples. (B) KEGG PCA revealing separate clustering of most gut metagenome samples and environmental metagenome samples. Green dots represent environmental samples and blue dots represent gut samples.
Analysis of COG data using PCA shows that the human stool sample groups the closest to the leech crop and termite gut samples (Figure 4A). The other vertebrate gut metagenomes (poultry, fish, cow rumen, and lean mouse) and the two other human fecal samples (twin 1 and 2) had broader distribution, but still grouped together, while the obese mouse was an outlier. The environmental samples; North Atlantic Bloom (marine), Sargasso Sea (marine), Botany Bay (brackish), and Coastal bloom (marine) group together, while environmental Acid mine grouped closer to the gut samples and the Antarctic lake (fresh water) sample was an outliner. These data suggest a difference in relative abundance of genes encoding these COG categories in metagenomes obtained from environmental samples and from gut niches, including the one from the medicinal leech.
Since the Rikenella-like bacteria are members of the Bacteroidetes family and are found in the gut of the leech, we compared its metabolic potential to another Bacteroidetes microbe found in the human gut, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. We preformed COG analysis on the binned Rikenella-like sequences obtained from the leech metagenome and compared them to B. thetaiotaomicron (Salyers, 1984; Xu et al., 2003; Kashyap et al., 2013) (Table 2). Table 2 depicts a trend between all the COG categories suggesting the Rikenella-like bacterium and B. thetaiotaomicron have similar metabolic profiles (Kikuchi and Graf, 2007; Bomar et al., 2011). This finding suggests that these two Bacteroidetes gut symbionts possess similar metabolic potentials suggest that they have similar nutritional requirements.
Table 2. COG Metabolic analysis of Rikenella-like bacterium compared with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.
We next carried out KEGG analysis on the gut niches and the environmental niches looking for genes that differ in these two groups (Supplemental Table 2). PCA on KEGG analysis revealed that all the gut samples clustered together, leech crop and human stool clustering the closest (Figure 4B). KEGG analysis again showed the obese mouse as an outliner when compared to the other samples. The environmental samples did not all cluster together; acid mine, Sargasso, and North Atlantic bloom were clearly segregated from the other samples, indicating that the common genes found in these three regions are very different from those found in shoreline environments, Coastal water, and Botany Bay.
Functional Analysis and Detection of Newly Identified Member of the Leech Crop Microbiome
Since Proteus accounted for most of the sequences after Aeromonas and Rikenella in the metagenome, we chose to further analyze Proteus's genes and determine its location in the leech crop. The sequences that were binned into Proteus group were analyzed using MG-RAST. The Proteus metagenome contained many central carbohydrate metabolism pathways, including glycolysis, TCA, pyruvate, glyoxylate bypass, and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Some specialized genes for the colonization of the leech crop could include iron acquisition genes due to the low amounts of free iron present in a blood meal. Proteus contains genes for the biosynthesis of a ferric iron siderophore, ferrous iron receptor, and a heme utilization mechanism. Since blood is also considered low in vitamin Bs these pathways were also examined (Edward et al., 1957). Proteus possesses genes for the biosynthesis of folate (vitamin B9), biotin (B7), pyridoxine (B6), and also menaquinone (K). Proteus, like the Rikenella-like bacteria and Aeromonas, contains sialic acid metabolism genes, fatty acid degradation, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis pathways (Bomar and Graf, 2012; Bomar et al., 2013). Like Aeromonas, Proteus possesses several secretion pathways (Type I, II, III, and IV), catalase, outer membrane protein A and several ABC-type transporters (Rio et al., 2007; Silver and Graf, 2009; Bomar et al., 2013).
Understanding the location of microorganisms can lead to predictions of interactions with other microbes or the host, and may provide clues for determining the nutrient available to the microbes i.e., erythrocytes vs. mucin. We determined the microniche that Proteus inhabits using FISH with universal 16S rRNA, Aeromonas, Bacteroidetes (Rikenella-like), and Proteus probes (Figure 5). These data confirmed the formation of microcolonies within the leech crop ILF (Bomar and Graf, 2012) and revealed that Proteus is also present within the microcolonies (Sanguin et al., 2006, Figure 5B). Thus, the composition and inter-species interactions within the microcolonies appears to be more complex than previously reported.
Figure 5. Proteus resides in microcolonies inside the leech crop. The location of bacteria within the crop was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fixed sections of the leech crop were stained with: (A) Eubacterial (EUB338, green), Bacteroidetes (CF319a, white) and Aeromonas (AER66, red); (B) Eubacterial (EUB338, green), Bacteroidetes (CF319a, white), and Proteus (PRO1A, red). Tissue autofluorescence can be seen in blue/purple. Dark areas are suggestive of polysaccharide layers surrounding bacterial aggregates. For detailed probe information, see Supplemental Table 1.
In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene tag surveys and metagenome sequencing and discovered a more complex composition of the leech digestive-tract microbiome than has previously been known. Although the relative abundance of different taxa is affected by both copy number of the ribosomal operons and the amplification efficiency, it has been shown to be a powerful tool in examining composition in many systems (Dethlefsen et al., 2008; McFall-Ngai, 2008a,b; Turnbaugh and Gordon, 2009; Turnbaugh et al., 2009; Roeselers et al., 2011; Wong et al., 2011; Nyholm and Graf, 2012; Wong et al., 2013). This 16S rRNA tag survey also confirmed the dominance of two taxa, the Rikenella-like bacterium and Aeromonas. This consistent detection of Aeromonas veronii and the Rikenella-like bacterium suggests that these two species comprise the core symbionts of the leech (Worthen et al., 2006; Kikuchi and Graf, 2007; Nelson and Graf, 2012). These animals were obtained from a commercial leech supplier, which markets to hospitals for the use on patients receiving leech therapy. Aeromonas is also a human pathogen and can cause infections in patients receiving leech therapy (Whitlock et al., 1983; Lineaweaver et al., 1992; Whitaker et al., 2011) thus sellers attempt to reduce the Aeromonas population in an effort to reduce wound infections and septicemia. It remains to be determined whether the changes in complexity are due to changes in animal husbandry, different geographical origin, or improved technology. More comprehensive surveys of animals from different leech farms as well as field caught animals are needed to determine which of the additional organisms identified belong to the core microbiome, to a transient population or a transient population that persists in the gut or organism due to a disturbed niche. One could extend the concept of resident and tourist organisms (Savage, 1977; Dunn and Stabb, 2004) by adding another category, squatters, for organisms that move into niche that was previously occupied by other organisms (Darby and Scott, 2007). We are currently comparing the composition of the microbiome of individual animals obtained from different sources to confirm the presence of this less abundant organism to evaluate if they are members of the core microbiome. In addition, we are attempting to culture these newly identified microbes to explore the role of these organisms in the leech digestive tract (Bomar et al., 2011).
Metagenomic analysis of the leech crop provided insight into gene content and possible metabolic functions that the leech gut symbionts possess and might contribute to the host. Within the metagenome of crop, genes were found that are likely important for survival of the symbiont and contribution to the host. Because blood is poor in vitamins (Edward et al., 1957), microbial production of vitamins is likely to be critical for leech health. Insects with restrictive diets often possess symbionts that produce essential amino acids and/or vitamins missing from the host diet (Friend, 1958; Dadd, 1961; Schowen, 1998; Snyder et al., 2012). Blood feeding insects, such as mosquitos and bed bugs, harbor symbionts that produce essential vitamins. Furthermore, the ability of the microbial gut members to acquire iron from heme is suggested by the presence of heme utilization genes and likely important for the proliferation in the leech gut since blood is low in free iron. Iron acquisition using siderophores and heme receptors is often considered an adaptation to the host environment since iron is usually bound in heme groups within the host (Graça-Souza et al., 2006). Future studies on the iron acquisition systems would provide insight into the expression and function of these genes. Having genetic tools available for A. veronii, we can directly test this hypothesis (Aggrawal and Silverman, 2007; Adin et al., 2009; Bomar et al., 2011). This functional analysis does provide reinforcement to previous hypotheses that the leech gut inhabitants have the potential to provide essential nutritional needs to the host, which has been hypothesized in many digestive tract symbiosis including humans.
Model systems have been widely used in biology to further our understanding of animal development and the immune system (Nyholm and Graf, 2012). The complexity and variability of the human microbiome calls for model organisms which are experimentally amenable and less variable while still providing relevant insight for vertebrate biology (Ruby, 2008). Using COG and KEGG analysis we tried to address if the leech gut microbiome reflected the metabolic potential of other animal digestive systems. COG data indicated that the leech crop, human stool, and termite gut samples cluster together, revealing the presence of a common set of proteins that are important for these gut-associated niches. COG results also showed that the marine environmental samples clustered together indicating a core set of genes for these metagenomes. The other vertebrate gut metagenomes (fish, cow rumen, poultry, twin 1, twin 2, and lean mice) seemed to be more dispersed from the other gut communities, but still loosely clustering together. KEGG analysis grouped all gut samples together, human stool sample and the leech crop clustering the closest. COG and KEGG differences could be due to the differences in the databases. The COG database is generated by comparing the protein sequences of complete genomes while; the KEGG database is generated by genomes and information about biochemical compounds and reactions. Interestingly, in both the COG and KEGG analysis the obese mouse metagenome was an outlier when compared to the other gut samples. It has already been shown that the microbial community of obese humans not only differs from lean humans but also has the ability to harvest more calories from food (Turnbaugh et al., 2006). These data reinforce just how different the metabolic potential could be at this diseased state from other gut communities (Backhed et al., 2005). Together these data suggest that there is a core group of genes that are conserved among diverse digestive-tract microbiomes, including in animals feeding on highly restricted diets such as wood and blood, suggesting the appropriateness of the leech as a model for digestive-tract symbioses in general. Interestingly, when human microbiome samples were analyzed for the species composition and functional content, it was found that even when species composition varied greatly, the functional capabilities were conserved (Human Microbiome Project, 2012b). This extends the functional conservation of the microbiome across a diverse range of animals ranging from invertebrates to mammals. It will be interesting to perform a broader and more detailed analysis of the metagenomes of a wide range of animals across a range of taxa and nutritional preferences.
We also found a similar gene content for the Rikenella-like bacteria and the human gut microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. COG analysis on the Rikenella-like sequences obtained from the leech metagenome and B. thetaiotaomicron revealed that even though these two species of bacteria are harbored within animals that have very different diets, their genomes encode for proteins performing similar functions. We previously hypothesized that the Rikenella-like bacteria, like B. thetaiotaomicron, could be feeding on glycans of glycosylated proteins such as host produced mucin (Bomar et al., 2011). This could explain why the Rikenella-like bacteria are able to sustain higher populations densities for a longer period of time after feeding, while we predict that Aeromonas runs out of readily accessible nutrients, as suggested by the population decline by 1 week after feeding (Kikuchi and Graf, 2007; Bomar et al., 2011).
Since Proteus was the third most abundant microbe in the metagenome, we chose to analyze Proteus for adaption to life within the leech crop. The Proteus sequences were all very similar to what would be expected of a Gram-negative bacterium. It did however possess genes that have been shown or could be important for leech crop colonization. Sialic acid metabolism has been shown to be present in HM21 (an A. veronii isolate from the medicinal leech) draft genome (Bomar et al., 2013), indicating that Proteus could have the ability to forage on sialated glycoproteins on the surface of ingested erythrocytes or on host mucin glycans (Bomar and Graf, 2012). Like Aeromonas, Proteus sequences encoded several potential adaption factors i.e., LPS assembly pathways, several secretion pathways, catalase, iron acquisition genes, and outer membrane protein A. The type three-secretion system (T3SS-1) and LPS have been shown to be required for Aeromonas colonization of the leech gut (Braschler et al., 2003; Aggrawal and Silverman, 2007; Silver et al., 2007). LPS and outer membrane protein A has been shown to be important for evading the host immune system in other symbiosis; i.e., Hawaiian bobtailed-squid and tsetse flies (Weiss et al., 2008; Maltz et al., 2012; Nyholm and Graf, 2012). The predicted genome content indicates that Proteus possess the ability to obtain nutrients. The metagenome data suggests that Proteus can biosynthesis folate, biotin, and pyridoxine thus potentially providing the host an important vitamin B that blood lacks. For example, folate is a water-soluble B9 vitamin that is a coenzyme in single-carbon transfers in the synthesis of nucleic acids and metabolism of amino acids. Symbiotically synthesized folate has been shown to be important for fitness and development in Drosophila melanogaster (Blatch et al., 2010).
Finally, we were able to visualize one of the newly identified members of the leech microbiome (Proteus) through FISH. Proteus are part of the Enterobacteriaceae family and are commonly found in the environment and in the normal flora of intestinal tracts of mammals, birds, and reptiles (O'Hara et al., 2000). We detected Proteus signal within the microcolonies in the leech crop but it remains to be shown that this species or any of the newly identified microbes are members of the core microbiome. Future studies will explore these microbe–microbe interactions and will also investigate how these gastrointestinal bacteria affect their host.
These data as a whole reinforce previous studies showing the presence of two culturable, dominant species in a moderately complex digestive-tract microbiome and have provided further evidence that the medicinal leech is a simple and relevant model system for studying digestive-tract symbioses. Future 16S rRNA gene surveys of the leech crop microbiome will investigate the stability of the microbiome over time and during perturbations. These data also gave insight into potential functions of the leech crop microbiome. The availability of a metagenome that can be supplemented by genomes from specific cultured strains will greatly enhance our ability to perform metatranscriptomic studies, which provide insight into the in vivo physiology of the microbiome.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors wish thank Rachel O'Neill and Craig Obergfeld from the University of Connecticut for helping with the initial 454 sequencing. This research was supported an NSF Career Award MCB 0448052 (Joerg Graf) and NIH R01 GM095390 (Joerg Graf, P. Visscher, and Hilary G. Morrison).
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: http://www.frontiersin.org/journal/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00151/abstract
Adin, D. M., Engle, J. T., Goldman, W. E., McFall-Ngai, M. J., and Stabb, E. V. (2009). Mutations in ampG and lytic transglycosylase genes affect the net release of peptidoglycan monomers from Vibrio fischeri. J. Bacteriol. 191, 2012–2022. doi: 10.1128/JB.01547-08
Blatch, S., Meyer, K. W., and Harrison, J. F. (2010). Effects of dietary folic acid level and symbiotic folate production on fitness and development in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Fly 4, 312–319. doi: 10.4161/fly.4.4.13258
Bomar, L., Stephens, W. Z., Nelson, M. C., Velle, K., Guillemin, K., and Graf, J. (2013). Draft genome sequence of Aeromonas veronii Hm21, a symbiotic isolate from the medicinal leech digestive tract. Genome Announc. 1, 1–8. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00800-13
Braschler, T. R., Merino, S., Tomas, J. M., and Graf, J. (2003). Complement resistance is essential for colonization of the digestive tract of Hirudo medicinalis by Aeromonas strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 4268–4271. doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.7.4268-4271.2003
Burnum, K. E., Callister, S. J., Nicora, C. D., Purvine, S. O., Hugenholtz, P., Warnecke, F., et al. (2011). Proteome insights into the symbiotic relationship between a captive colony of Nasutitermes corniger and its hindgut microbiome. ISME J. 5, 161–164. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.97
Collins, A. J., LaBarre, B. A., Won, B. S., Shah, M. V., Heng, S., Choudhury, M. H., et al. (2012). Diversity and partitioning of bacterial populations within the accessory nidamental gland of the squid Euprymna scolopes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 4200–4208. doi: 10.1128/AEM.07437-11
Dethlefsen, L., Huse, S., Sogin, M. L., and Relman, D. A. (2008). The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biol. 6:e280. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280
Dick, G. J., Andersson, A. F., Baker, B. J., Simmons, S. L., Thomas, B. C., Yelton, A. P., et al. (2009). Community-wide analysis of microbial genome sequence signatures. Genome Biol. 10, R85. doi: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-8-r85
Dunn, A. K., and Stabb, E. V. (2004). Culture-independent characterization of the ant lion Myrmeleon mobilis (Neuroptera: Myremeleontidae). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 8784–8794. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.12.8784-8794.2005
Götz, S., García-Gómez, J. M., Terol, J., Williams, T. D., Nagaraj, S. H., Nueda, M. J., et al. (2008). High-throughput functional annotation and data mining with the Blast2GO suite. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 3420–3435. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn176
Graça-Souza, A. V., Maya-Monteiro, C., Paiva-Silva, G. O., Braz, G. R. C., Paes, M. C., Sorgine, M. H. F., et al. (2006). Adaptations against heme toxicity in blood-feeding arthropods. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 36, 322–335. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.01.009
Huber, J. A., Mark Welch, D. B., Morrison, H. G., Huse, S. M., Neal, P. R., Butterfield, D. A., et al. (2007). Microbial population structures in the deep marine biosphere. Science 318, 97–100. doi: 10.1126/science.1146689
Indergand, S., and Graf, J. (2000). Ingested blood contributes to the specificity of the symbiosis of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and Hirudo medicinalis, the medicinal leech. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 4735–4741. doi: 10.1128/AEM.66.11.4735-4741.2000
Ishii, K., Mussmann, M., MacGregor, B. J., and Amann, R. (2004). An improved fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol for the identification of bacteria and archaea in marine sediments. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 50, 203–213. doi: 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.06.015
Kaneuchi, C., and Mitsuoka, T. (1978). Bacteroides microfusus, a new species from the intestine of calves, chicken, and Japanese quails. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 478–481. doi: 10.1099/00207713-28-4-478
Kashyap, P. C., Marcobal, A., Ursell, L. K., Smits, S. A., Sonnenburg, E. D., Costello, E. K., et al. (2013). Genetically dictated change in host mucus carbohydrate landscape exerts a diet-dependent effect on the gut microbiota. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 17059–17064. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1306070110
Kikuchi, Y., and Graf, J. (2007). Spatial and temporal population dynamics of a naturally occurring two-species microbial community inside the digestive tract of the medicinal leech. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 1984–1991. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01833-06
Laufer, A. S., Siddall, M. E., and Graf, J. (2008). Characterization of the digestive-tract microbiota of Hirudo orientalis, a european medicinal leech. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 6151–6154. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00795-08
Lineaweaver, W. C., Furnas, H., Follansbee, S., Buncke, G. H., Whitney, T. M., Canales, F., et al. (1992). Postprandial Aeromonas hydrophila cultures and antibiotic levels of enteric aspirates from medicinal leeches applied to patients receiving antibiotics. Ann. Plast. Surg. 29, 245–249. doi: 10.1097/00000637-199209000-00009
Maltz, M. A., Weiss, B. L., O'Neill, M., Wu, Y., and Aksoy, S. (2012). OmpA-mediated biofilm formation is essential for the commensal bacterium Sodalis glossinidius to colonize the tsetse fly gut. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 7760–7768. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01858-12
Maltz, M., and Graf, J. (2011). The type II secretion system is essential for erythrocyte lysis and gut colonization by the leech digestive tract symbiont Aeromonas veronii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77, 597–603. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01621-10
McFall-Ngai, M. (2008a). Host-microbe symbiosis: the squid-Vibrio association–a naturally occurring, experimental model of animal/bacterial partnerships. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 635, 102–112. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09550-9_9
Meyer, F., Paarmann, D., D'Souza, M., Olson, R., Glass, E. M., Kubal, M., et al. (2008). The metagenomics RAST server - a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes. BMC Bioinformatics 9:386. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-386
Moriya, Y., Itoh, M., Okuda, S., Yoshizawa, A. C., and Kanehisa, M. (2007). KAAS: an automatic genome annotation and pathway reconstruction server. Nucleic Acids Res. 35, W182–W185. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm321
O'Hara, C. M., Brenner, F. W., and Miller, J. M. (2000). Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13, 534–546. doi: 10.1128/CMR.13.4.534-546.2000
Pande, S., Merker, H., Bohl, K., Reichelt, M., Schuster, S., de Figueiredo, L. F., et al. (2013). Fitness and stability of obligate cross-feeding interactions that emerge upon gene loss in bacteria. ISME J. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.211. [Epub ahead of print].
Pidiyar, V., Kaznowski, A., Narayan, N. B., Patole, M., and Shouche, Y. S. (2002). Aeromonas culicicola sp. nov., from the midgut of Culex quinquefasciatus. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52(Pt 5), 1723–1728. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.02019-0
Pikuta, E. V., Hoover, R. B., Marsic, D., Whitman, W. B., Lupa, B., Tang, J., et al. (2009). Proteocatella sphenisci gen. nov., sp. nov., a psychrotolerant, spore-forming anaerobe isolated from penguin guano. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 2302–2307. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.002816-0
Qin, J. Y., Zhang, L., Clift, K. L., Hulur, I., Xiang, A. P., Ren, B. Z., et al. (2010). Systematic comparison of constitutive promoters and the doxycycline-inducible promoter. PLoS ONE 5:e10611. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010611
Rio, R. V., Anderegg, M., and Graf, J. (2007). Characterization of a catalase gene from Aeromonas veronii, the digestive-tract symbiont of the medicinal leech. Microbiol 153, 1897–1906. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/003020-0
Roeselers, G., Mittge, E. K., Stephens, W. Z., Parichy, D. M., Cavanaugh, C. M., Guillemin, K., et al. (2011). Evidence for a core gut microbiota in the zebrafish. ISME J. 5, 1595–1608. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.38
Sanguin, H., Herrera, A., Oger-Desfeux, C., Dechesne, A., Simonet, P., Navarro, E., et al. (2006). Development and validation of a prototype 16S rRNA-based taxonomic microarray for Alphaproteobacteria. Environ. Microbiol. 8, 289–307. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00895.x
Siddall, M. E., Min, G. S., Fontanella, F. M., Phillips, A. J., and Watson, S. C. (2011). Bacterial symbiont and salivary peptide evolution in the context of leech phylogeny. Parasitology 138, 1815–1827. doi: 10.1017/S0031182011000539
Siddall, M. E., Worthen, P. L., Johnson, M., and Graf, J. (2007). Novel role for Aeromonas jandaei as a digestive tract symbiont of the North American medicinal leech. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 655–658. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01282-06
Silver, A. C., and Graf, J. (2009). Prevalence of genes encoding the type three secretion system and the effectors AexT and AexU in the Aeromonas veronii group. DNA Cell Biol. 28, 383–388. doi: 10.1089/dna.2009.0867
Silver, A. C., Kikuchi, Y., Fadl, A. A., Sha, J., Chopra, A. K., and Graf, J. (2007). Interaction between innate immune cells and a bacterial type III secretion system in mutualistic and pathogenic associations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 9481–9486. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0700286104
Snyder, A. K., McLain, C., and Rio, R. V. M. (2012). The tsetse fly obligate mutualist Wigglesworthia morsitans alters gene expression and population density via exogenous nutrient provisioning. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 7792–7797. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02052-12
Sogin, M. L., Morrison, H. G., Huber, J. A., Mark Welch, D., Huse, S. M., Neal, P. R., et al. (2006). Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored “rare biosphere”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 12115–12120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0605127103
Stearns, J. C., Lynch, M. D., Senadheera, D. B., Tenenbaum, H. C., Goldberg, M. B., Cvitkovitch, D. G., et al. (2011). Bacterial biogeography of the human digestive tract. Sci. Rep. 1:170. doi: 10.1038/srep00170
Tang, Y. Z., Gin, K. Y., and Lim, T. H. (2005). High-temperature fluorescent in situ hybridization for detecting escherichia coli in seawater samples, using rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes and flow cytometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 8157–8164. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.12.8157-8164.2005
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., and Gordon, J. I. (2006). An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444, 1027–1031. doi: 10.1038/nature05414
Ultsch, A., and Moerchen, F. (2005). “ESOM-Maps: tools for clustering, visualization, and classification with Emergent SOM,” in Technical Report Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University Marburg (Marburg), 46.
Weiss, B. L., Wu, Y., Schwank, J. J., Tolwinski, N. S., and Aksoy, S. (2008). An insect symbiosis is influenced by bacterium-specific polymorphisms in outer-membrane protein A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 15088–15093. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805666105
Whitaker, I. S., Josty, I. C., Hawkins, S., Azzopardi, E., Naderi, N., Graf, J., et al. (2011). Medicinal leeches and the microsurgeon: a four-year study, clinical series and risk benefit review. Microsurgery 31, 281–287. doi: 10.1002/micr.20860
Whitlock, M. R. O. H. P. M., Sanders, R., and Morrow, N. C. (1983). The medicinal leech and its use in plastic surgery: a possible cause for infection. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 36, 240–244. doi: 10.1016/0007-1226(83)90100-5
Wilson, A. C. C., Ashton, P. D., Calevro, F., Charles, H., Colella, S., Febvay, G., et al. (2010). Genomic insight into the amino acid relations of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, with its symbiotic bacterium Buchnera aphidicola. Insect Mol. Biol. 19, 249–258. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00942.x
Wong, C. N., Ng, P., and Douglas, A. E. (2011). Low-diversity bacterial community in the gut of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Environ. Microbiol. 13, 1889–1900. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02511.x
Worthen, P. L., Gode, C. J., and Graf, J. (2006). Culture-independent characterization of the digestive-tract microbiota of the medicinal leech reveals a tripartite symbiosis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 4775–4781. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00356-06
Woyke, T., Teeling, H., Ivanova, N. N., Huntemann, M., Richter, M., Gloeckner, F. O., et al. (2006). Symbiosis insights through metagenomic analysis of a microbial consortium. Nature 443, 950–955. doi: 10.1038/nature05192
Xu, J., Bjursell, M. K., Himrod, J., Deng, S., Carmichael, L. K., Chiang, H. C., et al. (2003). A genomic view of the human-Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron symbiosis. Science 299, 2074–2076. doi: 10.1126/science.1080029
Keywords: high-throughput sequencing, beneficial microbes, symbiosis, medicinal leech
Citation: Maltz MA, Bomar L, Lapierre P, Morrison HG, McClure EA, Sogin ML and Graf J (2014) Metagenomic analysis of the medicinal leech gut microbiota. Front. Microbiol. 5:151. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00151
Received: 28 November 2013; Accepted: 21 March 2014;
Published online: 17 April 2014.
Edited by:Ute Hentschel, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
Reviewed by:Seana Kelyn Davidson, University of Washington, USA
Roxanne Beinart, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
Copyright © 2014 Maltz, Bomar, Lapierre, Morrison, McClure, Sogin and Graf. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Joerg Graf, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs CT 06269, USA e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
†Present address: Lindsey Bomar, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA; Pascal Lapierre, New York State Department of Health, Albany, USA | <urn:uuid:10b5b98a-4f33-4232-922c-8ed638fca477> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00151/full | 2019-01-19T15:32:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583668324.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119135934-20190119161934-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.854194 | 15,256 |
Production of Ceramic Materials from High Loading of Palm Oil Fuel Ash mixed with recycled Soda-Lime-Silica glass
Keywords:POFA, SODA-LIME-SILICA-GLASS, CERAMIC
The production of ceramic materials from high loading of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) mixed with recycled soda-lime-silica (SLS) is reported in this paper. Hence, experiment was conducted to investigate which composition of POFA and SLS gives the best result to produce ceramic and to characterize the physical and structural properties of the sample. The composition of POFA and SLS was altered within 30 wt% to 80 wt% and sintered at a temperature of 900℃ for 2 hours. Powder for each raw material is prepared separately with a similar method includes grinding and sieving with 50 µm micro-siever and pelleted at a pressure of 3 tons for 5 minutes. The physical and structural properties of the samples are studied under the percentage of mass loss, density, porosity, chemical bonding, crystalline structure, and surface morphology by using high accuracy balance (4 d.p.), Archimedes’ method, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Bruker D2 PHASER 2nd generation X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and COXEM EM-30AX scanning microscopy (SEM) respectively. The result showed at 80 wt% POFA mixed with 20 wt% SLS has the highest amount of silicon dioxide, greater bulk and powder density which is 2.1450 and 2.5765 respectively and with the reduction of POFA, the overall density is reduced. The highest quartz peak can be seen in the 80 wt% POFA sample proved by XRD results. FTIR shows a greater Si-O bond at 80 wt% POFA and 20 wt% SLS compared with other samples. | <urn:uuid:6c579713-bca8-4bb4-a5c2-80be5d55bfb0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/periodicals/index.php/ekst/article/view/6052 | 2023-12-11T19:37:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679516047.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211174901-20231211204901-00856.warc.gz | en | 0.920984 | 397 |
Temporal range: 110 Ma – Recent
|Gold dust day gecko|
Geckos are lizards belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from 1.6 to 60 cm. Most geckos cannot blink, but they often lick their eyes to keep them clean and moist. They have a fixed lens within each iris that enlarges in darkness to let in more light.
Geckos are unique among lizards in their vocalizations. They use chirping sounds in social interactions with other geckos. They are the most species-rich group of lizards, with about 1,500 different species worldwide. The New Latin gekko and English "gecko" stem from the Indonesian-Malay gēkoq, which is imitative of the sound the animals make.
All geckos, excluding the Eublepharidae family, lack eyelids and instead have a transparent membrane, which they lick to clean. Nocturnal species have excellent night vision; their eyes are 350 times more sensitive to light than the human eye.
Most gecko species can lose their tails in defense, a process called autotomy. Many species are well known for their specialized toe pads that enable them to climb smooth and vertical surfaces, and even cross indoor ceilings with ease (one hypothesis explains the ability in terms of the van der Waals force). These antics are well-known to people who live in warm regions of the world, where several species of geckos make their home inside human habitations. These species (for example the house gecko) become part of the indoor menagerie and are often welcomed, as they feed on insects, including mosquitoes. Unlike most lizards, geckos are usually nocturnal and are great climbers.
The largest species, the kawekaweau, is only known from a single, stuffed specimen found in the basement of a museum in Marseille, France. This gecko was 60 cm (24 in) long and it was likely endemic to New Zealand, where it lived in native forests. It was probably wiped out along with much of the native fauna of these islands in the late 19th century, when new invasive species such as rats and stoats were introduced to the country during European colonization. The smallest gecko, the Jaragua sphaero, is a mere 1.6 cm long and was discovered in 2001 on a small island off the coast of the Dominican Republic.
Geckos occur in various patterns and colors, and are among the most colorful lizards in the world. Some species can change colour and may be lighter in colour at night. Some species are parthenogenic, which means the female is capable of reproducing without copulating with a male. This improves the gecko's ability to spread to new islands. However, in a situation where a single female gecko populates an entire island, the island will suffer from a lack of genetic variation within the geckos that inhabit it. The gecko's mating call sounds like a shortened bird chirping which attracts males, when they are nearby. Like other reptiles, geckos are ectothermic, producing very little metabolic heat. Essentially a gecko′s body temperature is dependent on its environment. Also, in order to accomplish their main functions — such as locomotion, feeding, reproduction, etc. — geckos must have a relatively elevated temperature. :)
Shedding or molting
All geckos shed their skin at fairly regular intervals, with species differing in timing and method. Leopard geckos will shed at about two- to four-week intervals. The presence of moisture aids in the shedding. When shedding begins, the gecko will speed the process by detaching the loose skin from its body and eating it.
Gecko toes have special adaptations that allow them to adhere to most surfaces without the use of liquids or surface tension. About 60% of gecko species have adhesive toe pads; such pads have been gained and lost repeatedly over the course of gecko evolution. Adhesive toepads evolved independently in about 11 different gecko lineages and were lost in at least 9 lineages. The spatula-shaped setae arranged in lamellae on gecko footpads enable attractive van der Waals' forces between the β-keratin lamellae/setae/spatulae structures and the surface. These van der Waals interactions involve no fluids; in theory, a boot made of synthetic setae would adhere as easily to the surface of the International Space Station as it would to a living-room wall, although adhesion varies with humidity. The setae on the feet of geckos are also self-cleaning and will usually remove any clogging dirt within a few steps. Teflon, which has very low surface energy, is more difficult for geckos to adhere to than many other surfaces.
One study suggested capillary adhesion might play a role, but that hypothesis has been refuted by more recent research. Another study suggests that electrostatic forces may be primarily responsible.
Gecko toes seem to be "double jointed", but this is a misnomer and is properly called digital hyperextension. Gecko toes can hyperextend in the opposite direction from human fingers and toes. This allows them to overcome the van der Waals force by peeling their toes off surfaces from the tips inward. In essence, this peeling action alters the angle of incidence between millions of individual setae and the surface, reducing the van der Waals force. Geckos' toes operate well below their full attractive capabilities most of the time, because the margin for error is great depending upon the surface roughness, and therefore the number of setae in contact with that surface.
Use of small van der Waals attraction force requires very large surface areas: every square millimeter of a gecko's footpad contains about 14,000 hair-like setae. Each seta has a diameter of 5 μm. Human hair varies from 18 to 180 μm, so a human hair could hold between 12 and 1300 setae. Each seta is in turn tipped with between 100 and 1,000 spatulae. Each spatula is 0.2 μm long (one five-millionth of a meter), or just below the wavelength of visible light.
The setae of a typical mature 70 g (2.5 oz) gecko would be capable of supporting a weight of 133 kg (293 lb): each spatula can exert an adhesive force of 5 to 25 nN. The exact value of the adhesion force of a spatula varies with the surface energy of the substrate to which it adheres. Recent studies have moreover shown that the component of the surface energy derived from long-range forces, such as van der Waals forces, depends on the material's structure below the outermost atomic layers (up to 100 nm beneath the surface); taking that into account, the adhesive strength can be inferred.
Recent studies have also revealed that apart from the setae, phospholipids — fatty substances produced naturally in their bodies — also come into play. These lipids lubricate the setae and allow the gecko to detach its foot before the next step.
Geckos are polyphyodonts and able to replace each of their 100 teeth every 3 to 4 months. Next to the full grown tooth there is a small replacement tooth developing from the odontogenic stem cell in the dental lamina. The formation of the teeth is pleurodont; they are fused (ankylosed) by their sides to the inner surface of the jaw bones. This formation is common in all species in the order Squamata.
Taxonomy and classification
- Family Pygopodidae
- Family Carphodactylidae
- Family Diplodactylidae
- Family Sphaerodactylidae
- Family Phyllodactylidae
- Family Eublepharidae
- Family Gekkonidae
Species of geckos
About 1,500 species of geckos occur worldwide, including these familiar or notable species:
- Coleonyx variegatus, the western banded gecko, is native to the southwestern United States and northwest Mexico.
- Cyrtopodion brachykolon, the bent-toed gecko, is found in northwestern Pakistan; it was first described in 2007.
- Eublepharis macularius, the leopard gecko, is the most common gecko kept as a pet; it does not have adhesive toe pads and cannot climb the glass of a vivarium.
- Gehyra mutilata (Peropus mutilatus), the stump-toed gecko, is able to vary its color from very light to very dark to camouflage itself; this gecko is at home in the wild, as well as in residential areas.
- Gekko gecko, the Tokay gecko, is a large, common, Southeast Asian gecko known for its aggressive temperament, loud mating calls, and bright markings.
- Hemidactylus is genus of geckos in which there are many varieties.
- Hemidactylus frenatus, the Common house gecko, thrives around man and human habitation structures in the tropics and subtropics worldwide.
- Hemidactylus garnotii, the Indo-Pacific gecko, is found in houses throughout the tropics, and has become an invasive species of concern in Florida and Georgia in the US.
- Hemidactylus mabouia, the Tropical house gecko, Afro-American house gecko or Cosmopolitan house gecko, is a species of house gecko native to sub-Saharan Africa and also currently found in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean.
- Hemidactylus turcicus, the Mediterranean house gecko, is frequently found in and around buildings, and is an introduced species in the US.
- Lepidodactylus lugubris, the mourning gecko, is originally an East Asian and Pacific species; it is equally at home in the wild and residential neighborhoods.
- Pachydactylus bibroni, Bibron's gecko, is native to southern Africa; this hardy arboreal gecko is considered a household pest.
- Phelsuma laticauda, the gold dust day gecko, is a diurnal gecko; it lives in northern Madagascar and on the Comoros. It is also an introduced species in Hawaii.
- Ptychozoon is a genus of arboreal geckos from Southeast Asia also known as flying geckos or parachute geckos; they have wing-like flaps from the neck to the upper leg to help them conceal themselves on trees and provide lift while jumping.
- Rhacodactylus is genus of geckos native to New Caledonia.
- Sphaerodactylus ariasae, the dwarf gecko, is native to the Caribbean Islands; it is the world's smallest lizard.
- Tarentola mauritanica, the crocodile gecko or Moorish gecko, is commonly found in the Mediterranean region from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France to Greece and northern Africa; their most distinguishing characteristics are their pointed heads, spiked skin, and tails resembling that of a crocodile.
Geckos in popular culture
- United States insurance company Geico employs an animated gecko in their television and written media advertising campaign.
- In the post-apocaliptic videogame Fallout:New Vegas there are creatures called simply geckos but are mutated forms of said due to radiation, these geckos are taller, bigger, ad their theets are numerous and small, odly some of them can spit fire
- Gecko climbing skins, used for Ski touring, are named after the lizard. The logo is based on a gecko's foot. This brand of climbing skins uses a different kind of glue to stick the skins to the base of the ski: It uses a "molecular fusion (suction) effect" instead of the classic glue used by other brands.
- Arnold, E.N.; Poinar, G. (2008). "A 100 million year old gecko with sophisticated adhesive toe pads, preserved in amber from Myanmar (abstract)". Zootaxa. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
- Borsuk-Białynicka, M. (1990). "Gobekko cretacicus gen. et. sp. n., a new gekkonid lizard from the Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 35 (1–2): 67–76.
- Conrad, Jack L.; Norell, Mark A. (1 December 2006). "High-resolution X-ray computed tomography of an Early Cretaceous gekkonomorph (Squamata) from Öösh (Övörkhangai; Mongolia)". Historical Biology 18 (4): 405–431. doi:10.1080/08912960600679570.
- Conrad, Jack L. (3 June 2008). "Phylogeny and Systematics of Squamata (Reptilia) Based on Morphology". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 310: 1–182. doi:10.1206/310.1.
- Bauer, Aaron M.; Böhme, Wolfgang; Weitschat, Wolfgang (April 2005). "An Early Eocene gecko from Baltic amber and its implications for the evolution of gecko adhesion". Journal of Zoology 265 (4): 327–332. doi:10.1017/S0952836904006259.
- http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=gecko&submit=Search Geckos in the Reptile Database
- gecko, n. Oxford English Dictionary Second edition, 1989; online version September 2011. Accessed 29 October 2011. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1898.
- Badger, David (2006). Lizards: a Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures. St. Paul, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 47. ISBN 0760325790.
- Roth, L.S.V.; Lundstrom, L.; Kelber, A.; Kroger, R. H. H.; Unsbo, P. (1 March 2009). "The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes". Journal of Vision 9 (3): 27–27. doi:10.1167/9.3.27. PMID 19757966.
- Mihai, Andrei (Sep 9, 2009). "Gecko tail has a mind of its own". ZME Science.
- Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary Animals: an Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 143. ISBN 0313339228.
- Girons, Hubert. "Thermoregulation in Reptiles with Special Reference to the Tuatara and Its Ecophysiology" Tuatara: Volume 24, Issue 2, August 1980. Victoria University of Wellington Library, August 1980. Web. May 31, 2014. http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio24Tuat02-t1-body-d2.html.
- Gamble, Tony; Greenbaum, Eli; Jackman, Todd R.; Russell, Anthony P.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Castresana, Jose (June 27, 2012). "Repeated Origin and Loss of Adhesive Toepads in Geckos". PLoS ONE 7 (6): e39429. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039429. PMC 3384654. PMID 22761794.
- Santos, Daniel; Matthew Spenko; Aaron Parness; Kim Sangbae; Mark Cutkosky (2007). "Directional adhesion for climbing: Theoretical and practical considerations". Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 21 (12–13): 1317–1341. doi:10.1163/156856107782328399. "Gecko "feet and toes are a hierarchical system of complex structures consisting of lamellae, setae,and spatulae. The distinguishing characteristics of the gecko adhesion system have been described [as] (1) anisotropic attachment, (2) high pulloff force to preload ratio, (3) low detachment force, (4) material independence, (5) self-cleaning, (6) anti-self sticking and (7) non-sticky default state. ... The gecko's adhesive structures are made from ß-keratin (modulus of elasticity [approx.] 2 GPa). Such a stiff material is not inherently sticky; however, because of the gecko adhesive's hierarchical nature and extremely small distal features (spatulae are [approx.] 200 nm in size), the gecko's foot is able to intimately conform to the surface and generate significant attraction using van der Waals forces."
- Puthoff, J.B.; Prowse, M.; Wilkinson, M. and Autumn, K. (2010). "Changes in materials properties explain the effects of humidity on gecko adhesion". Journal of Experimental Biology 213 (21): 3699–3704. doi:10.1242/jeb.047654.
- Prowse, M.S.; Wilkinson, Matt; Puthoff, Jonathan B.; Mayer, George; Autumn, Kellar (2011). "Effects of humidity on the mechanical properties of gecko setae". Acta Biomaterialia 7 (2): 733–738. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.036. PMID 20920615.
- Hansen, W. R.; Autumn, K. (2005). "Evidence for self-cleaning in gecko setae". PNAS 102 (2): 385–389. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408304102. PMC 544316. PMID 15630086. "Setae occur in uniform arrays on overlapping lamellar pads at a density of 14,400 per mm2"
- How Geckos Stick to Walls.
- Why do the gecko's feet not stick to a teflon surface?.
- Huber, G.; Mantz, H.; Spolenak, R.; Mecke, K.; Jacobs, K.; Gorb, S.N. and Arzt, E. (2005). "Evidence for capillarity contributions to gecko adhesion from single spatula nanomechanical measurements". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (45): 16293–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506328102. PMC 1283435. PMID 16260737.
- Chen, B.; Gao, H. (2010). "An alternative explanation of the effect of humidity in gecko adhesion: stiffness reduction enhances adhesion on a rough surface". International Journal of Applied Mechanics 2: 1–9. doi:10.1142/s1758825110000433.
- "Role of contact electrification and electrostatic interactions in gecko adhesion". Journal of the Royal Society. April 8, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
- Russell, A. P. (1975). "A contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the Tokay, Gekko gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae)". Journal of Zoology, London 176: 437–476. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb03215.x.
- Autumn, Kellar; Sitti, M.; Liang, Y.A.; Peattie, A.M.; Hansen, W.R.; Sponberg, S.; Kenny, T.W.; Fearing, R.; Israelachvili, J.N.; Full, R.J. (2002). "Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae". PNAS 99 (19): 12252–12256. doi:10.1073/pnas.192252799. PMC 129431. PMID 12198184.
- "Geckos can hang upside down carrying 40kg". physics.org. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- Autumn, Kellar (September 29, 2003). "How do gecko lizards unstick themselves as they move across a surface?". Scientific American. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
- Lee, Haeshin; Lee, Bruce P.; Messersmith, Phillip B. (2007). "A reversible wet/dry adhesive inspired by mussels and geckos". Nature 448 (7151): 338–341. doi:10.1038/nature05968. PMID 17637666.
- Loskill, P.; Puthoff, J.; Wilkinson, M.; Mecke, K.; Jacobs, K.; Autumn, K. (September 2012). "Macroscale adhesion of gecko setae reflects nanoscale differences in subsurface composition". J. R. Soc. Interface 10 (78): 20120587. doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0587. PMC 3565786. PMID 22993246.
- Loskill, P.; Haehl, H.; Grandthyll, S.; Faidt, T.; Mueller, F.; Jacobs, K. (November 2012). "Is adhesion superficial? Silicon wafers as a model system to study van der Waals interactions". Adv. Coll. Interf. Sci. 179–182: 107–113. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2012.06.006. PMID 22795778.
- Hsu, P. Y.; Ge, L.; Li, X.; Stark, A. Y.; Wesdemiotis, C.; Niewiarowski, P. H.; Dhinojwala, A. (24 August 2011). "Direct evidence of phospholipids in gecko footprints and spatula-substrate contact interface detected using surface-sensitive spectroscopy". Journal of the Royal Society Interface 9 (69): 657–664. doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0370.
- "Gecko glue exploits mussel power". BBC News.
- Mechanism of tooth replacement in Leopard geckos
- Identification of putative dental epithelial stem cells in a lizard with life-long tooth replacement
- Han, D.; Zhou, K.; Bauer, A.M. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from c-mos nuclear DNA sequences and a new classification of the Gekkota". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83 (3): 353–368. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00393.x.
- Gamble, T.; Bauer, A.M.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R. (July 2008). "Out of the blue: A novel, trans-Atlantic clade of geckos (Gekkota, Squamata)". Zoologica Scripta 37 (4): 355–366. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00330.x.
- Gamble, Tony; Bauer, Aaron M.; Greenbaum, Eli; Jackman, Todd R. (21 August 2007). "Evidence for Gondwanan vicariance in an ancient clade of gecko lizards". Journal of Biogeography: 070821084123003. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01770.x.
- Gamble, T.; Bauer, A.M.; Colli, G.R.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R.; Vitt, L.J.; Simons, A.M. (February 2011). "Coming to America: Multiple Origins of New World Geckos". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24 (2): 231–244. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02184.x. PMC 3075428. PMID 21126276.
- Forbes, Peter (4th Estate, London 2005) The Gecko's Foot—Bio Inspiration: Engineered from Nature ISBN 0-00-717990-1 in H/B
- Zug, George. Speciation and Dispersal in a Low Diversity Taxon: The Slender Geckos Hemiphyllodactylus (Reptilia, Gekkonidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 631. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2010.
- Gamble, T., E. Greenbaum, T.R. Jackman, A.P. Russell, and A.M. Bauer. 2012. Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos" PLoS ONE 7:e39429
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gekkonidae.|
- Gecko gallery and information
- How Geckos Stick to Walls
- Comprehensive gecko care information
- Global gecko association site with pictures, caresheets, species list
- Gecko anatomy picture
- The Gecko's Foot
- Artificial gecko feet for a Spiderman suit (BBC 2007-08-28)
- list of geckos in the Reptile Database
- Gecko Time Online Gecko Magazine | <urn:uuid:354d72ad-2e96-4b05-a35e-bf1781edc4e7> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko | 2014-10-01T08:20:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663372.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00035-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.816629 | 5,432 |
Our Ladies of Sorrow
Posted 10 December 2010 - 07:35 PM
Log in to remove this video.
Posted 10 December 2010 - 08:14 PM
Posted 10 December 2010 - 09:00 PM
Slowly, he realised it was not his aunt who had called him and asked him to help her friends find their lost son in the desert. and then the phone went dead
Oh that is absolutely brilliant. I...I'm stealing this.
Posted 11 December 2010 - 02:08 AM
www.squamousstudios.com || Twitter: @squamousstudios
The only way to escape terror is to bury yourself in it.
Posted 01 February 2011 - 02:32 PM
Posted 14 July 2011 - 09:57 AM
Posted 14 July 2011 - 05:24 PM
There was a big lull of six months with my group playing this: too much work, holidays, illnesses, etc... But we finally went back to Arizona in June and in two sessions drew the second scenario to a close. It was as good as the first one, very different, but as eery and intriguing. I look forward to playing the third part this Fall. If Kevin Ross lurks in these parts, I wish, once again, to thank him and congratulate him on such a mature, thrilling, meaningful and deeply fulfilling adventure. As a writer, I realize how long it's been in the making, how much a work of love it is, and without even mentioning the link to Keith and the way that loss reverberates in the losses piling up in the book, how it expands and perpetuates(?) a great tradition. To me, this is a thinking man's Cthulhu scenario. It's like those great terror novels that manage to frighten AND enlighten you at the same time. A classic. I do urge anyone who loves the work of M.R.James, of the early Peter Straub, of Thomas Ligotti... to buy this book and cherish it. Kevin, if you're around, what are you up to these days? There was talk of a colonial Cthulhu? way back when... ( age doeth not my memory help)
Wow, that post really picks me up today (I'm home sick -- an extreme rarity for me).
I'm glad you're still enjoying OLOS, and I'm looking forward to seeing how your group fares in the last couple of adventures in the book.
I'm also tremendously flattered by the roundabout comparisons to James, Straub, and Ligotti, and that a real novelist has enjoyed my work enough to say such terrific things to boot. I had intended OLOS to be something very different among CoC books, but I didn't know A) whether I could make it work or if people would accept such a different tack. Sounds like it did OK, at least.
As for what I'm up to these days, well, MRP just released Dead But Dreaming 2, the second volume of the Lovecraftian fiction series I've edited. So far it seems to be very well-received as well. Chaosium is working on getting out a new edition of Cthulhu by Gaslight that I spearheaded, working from Bill Barton's version but very heavily revising and reworking and adding a LOT of new material (by Dave Hallett, Glyn White, Richard Watts, and meself). Supposed to be due this fall. Currently I'm beating myself to death trying to finish up an old west sourcebook for CoC, with a book of old west adventures next on the list. Hope to have all of that finished by the end of the year, but my ass is really dragging at this point (it's been a long summer already).
As for the colonial era books (he said, shooting a sideways look in Adam Crossingham's direction...), they're done. In the publisher's hands. For almost a year now for the last two, two years for the first one. 340K+ words of Colonial Lovecraft Country, and I think probably the best work I've ever done. Sourcebook has material by Scott Aniolowski, Fred Behrendt, Todd Woods, and meself; chunky adventures book has Scott, Dan Harms, and me, and was A TON of fun to do; Curwen Conspiracies campaign was Gary Sumpter's brainchild, brought to life by Brian Courtemanche, Dave Hallett, Glyn White, and yers truly. This stuff was incredibly fun to write, and as I said I think it came out great. Now if we could just set a bomb off under 60Stone and get some books tumbling out of that joint I'll be a much happier old man.
So that's what I've been up to. A lot of stuff in the can or in the works.
Anyway, again, many thanks for the kind words regarding OLOS. It was a long hard road getting it written, but it turned out to be a lot of fun to do after a LONG period of non-writing. I'm glad others have found it worth buying, reading, and playing.
worn and torn
Edited by KRoss, 16 July 2011 - 03:34 PM.
specifyin' old west adventures book, y'all
Posted 16 July 2011 - 07:46 AM | <urn:uuid:de03163b-5291-4ebc-9aba-5df58b627707> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.yog-sothoth.com/topic/12533-our-ladies-of-sorrow/page-11 | 2017-12-17T02:33:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948592846.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217015850-20171217041850-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.973815 | 1,092 |
8-10 yrs old
Math & Economics
Students will collaboratively research, plan, design and create a new sensory playground to be built in our school’s Support Unit
July 10, 2018
Wildplay Gardens website
information on sensory play and excursions for schools can be found on this website.
Learning Environments Australiasia - Enhancing the Educational Experience
information on the design, building and use of learning spaces.
Digital citizenship website
provides resources, information, games and presentations on how to how to be safe online.
A tutorial that helps beginners learn to move their avatar and play Minecraft Education.
Pictures of a real sensory wall and a student’s version in Minecraft Education.
Picture of students Minecraft Education in-ground trampoline that actually makes the avatar jump.
To redesign an area of the school into an outdoor learning space/ sensory playground that benefits the Support Unit students and provides opportunities for inclusion of all students at the school. One requirement the students must account for in their design is an in-ground trampoline.
What are sensory needs?
What can we use outdoor learning spaces for?
What is the best use of the space that we have?
How can we make a learning space that caters to all needs?
Research sensory playgrounds using various websites on the internet – attend an excursion to ‘Wildplay Gardens’ – look/discuss the variety of infrastructure/equipment used and why. Question students what is suitable for our school and for the needs of our students.
Collate ideas with others and create a list of equipment wanted for the playground.
Survey mainstream students for their ideas on how to utilise the space and what benefits they would like to get out of the area.
Measure the area using a trundle wheel for realism of space. Exclude any equipment on the list that is too big for the area. Using grid paper outline the border of the area to scale and include features already installed.
Students plan and design their playground.
Lessons on being a good digital citizen. Create list of expectations for when they are using Minecraft Education.
Show students the tutorial on Minecraft Education so those not so experienced in playing the game can learn the basics of navigating their avatar.
Students watch Youtube ‘How to build a playground tutorial’ and ‘Minecraft Tutorial – How to make a playground’ for ideas and techniques.
Students start using Minecraft Education to create their sensory playground. Students could also signposts to annotate their area or use voiceover layer to answer driving questions and justify their choice of equipment.
Students use camera and portfolio tools to capture design process and export/share with teacher.
Assessment Rubric – Our Sensory Playground
Success Criteria Basic Achieved Working Beyond
Involvement and enthusiasm towards the project
Is a responsible digital citizen
Consider others opinions (link to survey)
Realistic scaling and layout of equipment (including trampoline)
Innovative yet practical equipment used
Clear voice/appropriate signage to annotate playground | <urn:uuid:da18b828-2e74-4184-9d07-658b6f974a81> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://education.minecraft.net/lessons/sensory-playground | 2020-08-10T16:13:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736057.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810145103-20200810175103-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.907554 | 632 |
Online Psychic Reader
In a league of their own, psychics are known to possess powers that are extraordinary. It does not include the use of any tools like charts, cards or numbers etc. This makes becoming a psychic reader all the more difficult. Other forms of divination for once may be mastered by rigorous practice, but this is one that is latent within a person and masters are said to be born with this gift of the occult.
Online psychic is a relatively new trend given the age of the net itself is not more than two decades old but its success is to be seen to be believed. Being an online psychic reader is perchance more difficult compared to any other esoteric art in the world. For one, the art itself derives its power and energy from the subconscious of the psychic and secondly when the person is at a distance it is advised that only the very best psychic readers be consulted.
Shivangi is amongst the best psychic readers in the world and boasts of clients from across the globe and from diverse cultures. This has been possible due to her being an accurate psychic reader, one whose gifts are best experienced in a full psychic reading conducted by her.
Online psychic readers are considered to possess powers beyond the intellect of the human mind. Shivangi’s positive energy is a living example of it. From great distances she has the ability to reveal to her clients the hidden mysteries of what awaits them in the near and distant future. She can also heal a person with this energy, something not too many online psychics can even dream.
The world of the psychic is full of mysteries, charms and buzzing energy. Shivangi Tarot understands this, and when people consult her she uses all her powers to assist the person to the best of her abilities. Zen like calm, maturity way beyond her age, professional that other psychics strive for, accuracy her forte and clear and precise answers her hallmark, Shivangi is the household name in the world of fortuning through august art. | <urn:uuid:db01aa0e-bdd7-4d31-8a5e-96904cf803f0> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.shivangitarot.com/featured-links/online-psychic-reader/ | 2020-10-27T23:23:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894890.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027225224-20201028015224-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.962837 | 407 |
Top 10 Recommended Audiocontrol The Epicenter In Dash
We make a short list of the best audiocontrol the epicenter in dash including detail information and score based on 42,786 reviews analysed. Let’s find out which is your favorite one.
Best audiocontrol the epicenter in dash
“Amazon, Amazon Prime, the Amazon logo and Amazon Prime logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc.or its affiliates”. AS AN AMAZON ASSOCIATE, WE EARN AFFILIATE COMMISSIONS FROM QUALIFYING PURCHASES.
By our suggestions above, we hope that you can found audiocontrol the epicenter in dash for you.Please don’t forget to share your experience by comment in this post. Thank you! | <urn:uuid:b47b4e97-e54d-4c93-9912-a7d822a7fed0> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://citypicklers.com/audiocontrol-the-epicenter-in-dash/ | 2021-10-23T09:19:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585653.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023064718-20211023094718-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.865719 | 170 |
This hotel doesn't have any reviews yet.
About the hotel
Strategically located in the middle of four important padanian provinces such as Parma, Mantova, Cremona, Reggio Emilia, cities rich in history, culture social and economic traditions. Our Hotel offer confortable accomodations and provides qualified and customized services in an atmpsphere of warm hospitality
- Hotel Non-Smoking Throughout, Disabled Facilities, Air conditioning in rooms, 24 Hour Reception, Minibar in each room, Telephone In Each Room, 24 Hour Room Service, Concierge, Laundry/Valet Service, Wake Up Call Available, Ground floor bedrooms, Lift to all floors, Public Air Conditioning
- Car parking available onsite
- Wi-Fi Available, Meeting Facilities, Wi-Fi Available In Public Areas, Wi-Fi Available In Rooms
- In Room Entertainment
- Disabled Access Public Areas, Disabled Access Bedrooms, Disabled toilets on ground floor, Wheelchair Access, Wheelchair Access To Reception, Wheelchair Access To Bar, Wheelchair Access To Conference Rooms, Wheelchair Access To Disabled Car Parking Spaces
- [Channels] News, [Channels] Foreign (European), [Channels] Foreign (Other), [Channels] Music, [Channels] Childrens
Useful Info Show/hide
- From 14:00 hours
- By 11:00 hours
- Up to 8 years old
- 11/09/2014 to 31/12/2023 - If you are booking a prepaid rate and require an invoice, please include your company details when booking. The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are not allowed
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
No reviews yet | <urn:uuid:014d0e6e-a349-44ad-950f-e2ce1bc0cf5a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.laterooms.com/en/p2197/hotel-reservations/249079_bifi-hotel-casalmaggiore.aspx | 2017-09-23T02:33:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689413.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923014525-20170923034525-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.878502 | 416 |
I really liked your video about the double standards about the sexes. I do think things have changed though about casual sex. Me personally, I am just your average guy, with not so much charm. I have never been a player and I know for a fact that my past girlfriends had a lot more sexual experience than me and it never bothered me. I actually find it kind of hot. Do you think it’s becoming more normal today for a woman to have more sexual experience than the guy she ends up in a relationship with?
Thanks for your message. I think that women today are definitely more experienced sexually than ever before. Part of the reason is that women have evolved on many levels over the last 50 years. It wasn’t that long ago that they were not allowed to vote & in many places in the world women are very much second class citizens.
There are so many online resources to help guide people who need knowledge in certain areas so women can refer to these websites/platforms anonymously & get all the information they need. In the past they were probably too embarrassed or not permitted to ask some of the questions they were curious about. It’s all available at the tips of our fingers today!
Women are the more emotional of the sexes as well so it is not surprising you have met women who are “literally” sexually in touch with themselves. Good for you to appreciate it & not be intimidated by them. That shows a wonderful maturity & acceptance on your part!
Statistically speaking, I am not sure whether many women have “more” sexual experience then men or not, but I do know that they are experimenting more now & sometimes with each other too. The world has changed & we can always learn new things. Teachers come in all forms, which in my books is one of life’s great gifts that we should all welcome into our world. Being open minded & accepting of change will keep you on an innovative path. Enjoy!
Thanks for taking the time to write. | <urn:uuid:0fb1216f-c3f1-46fa-8742-0af95ceb70fb> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://sybersue.com/2013/06/18/dear-sybersue-are-women-becoming-more-sexually-experienced-than-men-today/ | 2021-01-15T23:37:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703497681.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115224908-20210116014908-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.978918 | 413 |
NORRISTOWN >> A Berks County man is behind bars for conspiring with three unidentified people to steal more than $8,000 from a business associate during what police alleged was a staged robbery outside a King of Prussia casino.
Luis Anthony “Due” Navarro, 40, of the 1600 block of Crowder Avenue, Cumru Township, was sentenced in Montgomery County Court to 11 1/2 to 23 months in the county jail after he pleaded guilty to a charge of conspiracy to commit theft in connection with the September 2016 incident in the parking lot of the Radisson Hotel in King of Prussia.
Judge Thomas C. Branca, who accepted a plea agreement in the matter, also ordered Navarro to complete three years’ probation following parole, meaning Navarro will be under court supervision for about five years.
The judge also ordered Navarro to pay $8,200 in restitution to the theft victim, a Blue Bell man.
An investigation began about 3 p.m. Sept. 5, 2016, when Upper Merion Township police responded to the 1100 block of First Avenue for the report of a robbery during which a handgun was displayed, according to the criminal complaint. A Blue Bell man told arriving police officers that he was just robbed by Navarro, a business associate who he had known for a little over a year, according to the arrest affidavit.
The victim told police he buys excess unused diabetic test strips from Navarro on a weekly basis and then resells them to a wholesaler in Florida, according to court papers. A typical transaction, according to court papers, involved about 100 boxes of diabetic test strips for which the victim would pay Navarro $1,500.
On Sept. 5, Navarro allegedly contacted the victim to inform him that he had 200 boxes of test strips to sell for the agreed upon price of $8,200, according to the criminal complaint filed by Upper Merion Detective Jerome T. Staquet.
“This was the largest transaction that has taken place between (the victim) and Mr. Navarro. It was set up to be cash on delivery,” Staquet alleged, adding the meeting was set for 2:45 p.m. in the parking lot of the Radisson Hotel.
During the meeting, Navarro placed a large, sealed cardboard box in the rear passenger compartment of the victim’s vehicle and then took the $8,200 from the victim, detectives alleged. The victim opened the box and observed it did not contain diabetic test strips but a blanket and two pillows and the victim and Navarro then exchanged words, according to the arrest affidavit.
At that time, two unidentified males, one of them pointing a black handgun, approached the victim’s vehicle and took the cash from Navarro’s hands. Navarro then took the box containing the blanket and pillows and fled toward the entrance to the hotel, detectives alleged.
During the investigation, detectives reviewed security surveillance footage from the Valley Forge Casino which depicted the two unidentified robbers in the company of Navarro and an unidentified female in the common areas of the casino a short time before the meeting with the victim.
Following the theft, the two unidentified robbers ran to a BMW vehicle where the unidentified female made an exchange with one of the men and later was observed in the casino lobby meeting with Navarro, detectives alleged.
When he was questioned by detectives, Navarro claimed he was a victim and didn’t know anything about the robbery plan.
“There are too many inconsistencies in the story and the video,” Staquet alleged.
Detectives alleged Navarro “set up the robbery,” enticed the victim to the meeting and intentionally deceived the victim into believing he was receiving the test strips, only to be “robbed” by unknown subjects.
“Unfortunately for Mr. Navarro, he did not account for the multiple cameras that caught Mr. Navarro in the company of the ‘actors,'” Staquet alleged.
According to court records, no one else was charged in connection with the incident. | <urn:uuid:3e009733-ab34-47f0-a6c9-fb3a137b2e37> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.thereporteronline.com/2018/07/16/berks-man-draws-jail-for-conspiring-in-upper-merion-theft/ | 2022-06-25T14:30:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103035636.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625125944-20220625155944-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.965864 | 844 |
“At night, there was the feeling that we had come home, feeling no longer alone, waking in the night to find the other one there, and not gone away; all other things were unreal. We slept when we were tired and if we woke the other one woke too so one was not alone. Often a man wishes to be alone and a woman wishes to be alone too and if they love each other they are jealous of that in each other, but I can truly say we never felt that. We could feel alone when we were together, alone against the others. We were never lonely and never afraid when we were together.”
– A Farewell to Arms
The sun beat down with only a few small clouds in the sky as Reverend Bill spoke of Kara & Matt. They had shared a part of A Farewell to Arms with him during their meeting about their ceremony, a part that spoke to them as a representation of their relationship. He continued on, “We have to give Tom (best man) credit for bringing this about. You both knew him as a friend for many years: you, Kara, since middle school and you Matt, played baseball with him as kids and remained close friends over the years. Yet you had never met, until Tom invited both of you to a small get together at his house in March, 2013.”
Now here we were, four years later, we stood out in that sun on Jubilee Farm. A property on the water adorned with a small winery, a picturesque white barn & beautifully curetted gardens. The day had began in an unique and incredibly stressful way, after arriving to the bridal suite, the makeup artist arrived, set up her make up & began to apply makeup to one of the girls when she at 30 weeks pregnant fainted! Landing on her knees and catching her fall with her forehead, she was taken away to the hospital. (I’m happy to report she and the baby are ok!) After quite the commotion, the stress of how do we get our makeup done set in. The amazing hairstylist, Liz stepped in and did the girls makeup, while Hannah of Amavi Wedding & Events applied their eyelashes(these two girls rocked it and the four ladies looked incredible!!). Despite the stressful beginning, when I arrived, Kara was the same girl I had met and been working with for a year – calm, cool and collected. Ready to marry this boy she had met four years earlier. A boy who at that meeting thought “her bright red hair made her stand out and she was definitely the prettiest person in the room! She was outgoing and had a nice big happy smile when she laughed.”
After four years, while meeting with Rev. Bill, Kara spoke of Matt, “I have never met anyone who is so caring. Matt always puts my needs and wants ahead of his own and is very tuned into my feelings. He also always knows how to make me laugh, which is crucial when I’m under pressure and trying to take too much on (which is frequently the case). I can’t wait to marry him and feel very lucky that I get to continue to spend my life with him.” Their Jubilee Farm wedding was a gorgeous & intimate event that I am so honored to have been a part of! They’re a couple that makes you feel like you’ve been friends forever!
Congratulations Kara & Matt, I pray you are blessed with a lifetime of love and happiness!!
Venue | Jubilee Farm
Wedding Coordinator | Amavi Wedding & Events
Florist | Weavers Fresh Cut Flowers
Cake | SugarBakers Cakes
DJ | Dreamscope Entertainment (Jack Reynolds)
Makeup & Hair | Miranda Paige Beauty (Liz)
Officiant | Say I Do Your Way
Caterer | Mission BBQ
Bus Service to Venue from Hotel | Bishop Bus Service
Second Shooter | Christine Baumgarten
Guys, she’s gorgeous!!
If you don’t remember from their engagement portraits, Kara & Matt are huge wine fans. As a result they brought a part of that love into their ceremony and ultimately into their marriage. Kara’s father built this wine box for them. They each wrote love letters to each other and during the ceremony placed the letters into the box along with a bottle of wine. Every year on their wedding anniversary, they will open the wine & read the letters from the year before. They’ll then write new letters and put those and a new bottle of wine back into the box to be opened again on the next year. | <urn:uuid:5972348d-7f75-42fb-a222-7e36ce42deae> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://meghanelizabethphotography.me/jubilee-farm-wedding-kara-matt/ | 2019-03-23T06:20:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202728.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323060839-20190323082839-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.982506 | 958 |
Below is detailed information regarding Sunshine Coast Airport operations. Should you require further information contact our Airport Management office on +61 1300 993 543 or the Airport Safety Officer on 0419 658 272. Further contact details regarding airport operations are detailed in the Airservices Australia publication, En Route Supplement Australia (ERSA).
Runway 13/31 is 2450m long and 45m wide and able to accommodate wide-body A330 and B787 aircraft.
The airport has a Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) visual navigational aid, plus Airservices Australia provide Non Directional Beacon (NDB) and VHF Omni Range (VOR) radio aids to pilots.
Air Traffic Control
The airport has a Control Tower which is owned and operated by Airservices Australia. The tower operating hours are published in NOTAM.
Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting
A rescue and fire fighting service is provided for all airline flights by Airservices Australia.
Further details of the facilities for pilots are contained in Airservices Australia publications;
- En Route Supplement Australia (ERSA), and
- Departure and Approach Paths-East (DAP-East).
Pilots should access this information through the Airservices Australia website and their Pilot Centre. | <urn:uuid:bbb9716f-d5fb-4c5d-a8f5-c98e1c3d8ac6> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.sunshinecoastairport.com.au/corporate/airport-operations/general-aviation/ | 2021-01-16T01:50:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703499999.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116014637-20210116044637-00749.warc.gz | en | 0.870317 | 257 |
Supermarket home brand sales jump 85pc
Supermarket private label product sales have grown by an enormous 85 per cent in the past five years and will account for a quarter of the $86 billion Australians spend on groceries in the next year, a report has found.
Consumers are making the biggest move to private label or "own brand" products in staple categories such as butter, milk, sugar and bread, where supermarket house brands now command up to 68 per cent of sales, the report by IBISWorld has found.
IBISWorld general manager for Australia, Karen Dobie, said concerns about the state of the economy and low consumer confidence were driving private label uptake, particularly among families with incomes below $44,000 a year.
"Households have been reining in spending, paying off debt and increasing savings. This, coupled with an increase in the range of private-label products available, has led many consumers to make the shift to home brands", Ms Dobie said.
Get in front of tomorrow's news for FREE
Journalism for the curious Australian across politics, business, culture and opinion.READ NOW
However, Ms Dobie warned that the short-term benefit of lower prices for consumers will come with a sting in its tail, with Australians to eventually be faced with less choice on supermarket shelves.
"All of this discounting means that someone is paying the cost of purchasing $1 litres of milk and $2 loaves of bread. More often than not, farmer and producer margins are being squeezed as supermarkets discount heavily to increase store traffic", Ms Dobie said.
"In the long term, this trend will primarily benefit the supermarket giants and those producers that are contracted to manufacture private-label products."
Woolworths and Wesfarmers-owned Coles, which have 40 per cent and 31 per cent of the national grocery market respectively, according to IBISWorld, have progressively expanded their private label offerings since the arrival in Australia of ALDI, which has a private-label-only model, in 2001.
Since 2007/08, private label products have grown from a 13.5 per cent share of total supermarket sales to 25.2 per cent in 2012/13.
IBISWorld estimates that will grow to 33 per cent, or $31.8 billion, by 2017/18.
In the United Kingdom, private label sales account for about 45 per cent of supermarket sales.
Private label products now account for 40 per cent of low-income family grocery spending in Australia but only 15 per cent of middle and higher income family budgets.
Ms Dobie said supermarkets were targeting middle and higher-income groups because they represent the best growth opportunities.
"Major supermarkets are spending big bucks on activities aimed at blurring the lines between branded products and their own in-house fare. These retailers are introducing premium, organic and fair trade products - such as Woolworths' 'Select' range - to attract private-label buyers from all walks of life," she said.
Get the latest news from thewest.com.au in your inbox.
Sign up for our emails | <urn:uuid:b0e46cc9-b137-4a6c-8e79-84a5e77d6e5d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thewest.com.au/business/finance/supermarket-home-brand-sales-jump-85pc-ng-ya-306455 | 2024-02-26T00:05:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474649.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225234904-20240226024904-00833.warc.gz | en | 0.949085 | 637 |
Imam of Mecca\'s Grand Mosque warns over \'false news\'
RIYADH - A senior Saudi religious leader on Friday warned over online "false news", bolstering Islamic scholars' concern about the internet in a kingdom where social media are widely used.
The comments during weekly prayers by Abdul Rahman al-Sudais, the imam of Mecca's Grand Mosque, followed criticism of online practices a week earlier by another Saudi religious leader.
Sudais said that "when an incident happens" people rush to the web and social media which exaggerate the matter.
"So many incidents that would have been better forgotten," he said, but instead lead to the spread of "lies and deceit awakening evil and fitnah (temptation), and spreading rumours and false news".
In the comments, cited by the official Saudi Press Agency, he called those who succumb to this social media phenomenon "Kharajites", after a group who resisted early Islamic rulers.
Worldwide concern has risen over false or "fake news" -- which is fabricated -- because of its potential to shape public opinion via the internet.
Saudi Arabia is founded on ultra-conservative Wahhabi thought, but more than half of its citizens are under 25, spending much of their time on social media platforms such as WhatsApp, away from official strictures and traditions in the Muslim kingdom.
At the weekly Grand Mosque prayers on February 3, Sheikh Saud al-Shiraim said social media have led to "strange practices" such as the use of "fingertips instead of minds" to think.
"The nature of social media has given rise to strange practices contradicting morals, customs and norms," he said.
Saudi Arabia bans alcohol, public cinemas and theatres. Unrelated men and women are usually segregated at restaurants and other public venues.
But there are pressures for social change.
As part of wide-ranging social and economic reforms to diversify the country's oil-dependent economy, a new entertainment authority has begun to slowly introduce foreign shows, music and other events seen by limited audiences.
Saudi Arabia's highest-ranking cleric, Grand Mufti Abdulaziz al-Sheikh, warned in early January of the "depravity" of cinemas and music concerts, saying they corrupted morals. | <urn:uuid:5ad6b7c4-9cc8-491d-8f75-0a5ba7261577> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://thearabweekly.com/imam-meccas-grand-mosque-warns-over-false-news | 2020-09-18T06:33:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187354.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918061627-20200918091627-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.945614 | 469 |
Curious kitties will love the multi-level design of the Go Pet Club Cat Tree Furniture 62 in. High. Made with soft faux fur upholstery this luxury cat tower features multiple levels with platforms made for lounging. A cat bed box is the perfect hide spot while sisal rope covered posts give claws a workout. Your fuzzy feline friends will love the hammocks and basket for napping. A hiding tube lets your kitty keep an eye out over their whole room. Since 2003 Go Pet Club has been one of the leading providers of pet furniture in the U.S.A. providing an entire line of products for pets of all sizes at reasonable prices. Whether you’re searching for a crate, safety barrier, stroller, bed, or the perfect cat tree, Go Pet Club has a high-quality solution for you and your four legged friend. With a passion for your pet’s health and well-being and top-notch customer service, Go Pet Club has become a name pet owners can trust. Multi-level cat tower. Soft faux fur upholstery with color options. Sisal rope posts for scratching. Hanging rope, hammocks, and platforms. Includes hide box and lounge tubes. Dimensions: 38L x 27W x 62H in..
Multi-level cat tower
Soft faux fur upholstery with color options
Sisal rope posts for scratching
Hanging rope, hammocks, and platforms
Includes hide box and lounge tubes | <urn:uuid:cf2f9e76-1329-4d53-a3dd-a2b30268c62a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://coolkittycondos.com/product/go-pet-club-62-inch-cat-tree/ | 2021-04-17T17:34:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038461619.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417162353-20210417192353-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.895434 | 307 |
If you love the gym, chances are you don’t mind squats. But if you’re more of the “kinda-workout-to-stay-fit” guy, you probably despise them. Too bad. It’s going to be the cornerstone of this routine for one simple reason: it works better than any other exercise. There’s really not much to it after that. Just put in the work, and make sure to eat up. Oh, don’t forget to work in some stiff-leg deadlifts on back day.
1. Back Squat, 5 sets x 8 reps
2. Plie DB Squat, 5 sets x 10 reps
3. Walking Lunge, 4 sets x 8 reps each side
4. BB Calve Raise, 5 sets x 15 reps
*This content was written and produced by Mike Simone for HUMANFITPROJECT and MEN’S FITNESS. The original version of this content appears on MENSFITNESS.com | <urn:uuid:a7c500d0-9ff2-4056-b633-5c69311ebaee> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://humanfitproject.com/fitness-workouts/aesthetics/the-chicken-leg-elimination-workout/ | 2017-11-25T09:33:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809746.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125090503-20171125110503-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.906867 | 214 |
At FindMediGo, we strongly believe in building holistic careers with a strong emphasis on social issues and sustainable development. The focus is not just to create value for FindMediGo shareholders, but more importantly, to make a meaningful contribution towards all sections of the society, including the economically weaker and backward groups, so that everyone in our country, rich or poor, irrespective of their background – caste, religion, location or occupation, can have access to a clean and hygienic environment for healthy living, and avail the best medical/ healthcare facilities, and standardized treatment at affordable cost without any prejudice.
It’s our collective responsibility as a society to ensure that no one should suffer or die due to lack of proper medical attention, and it’s high time that our job aspirations, career priorities, and company objectives start looking beyond just our own selfish interests, and try to align and integrate with a larger perspective to create value for all the stakeholders – which include the common man, medical fraternity, service providers, environment, etc. and not just for ourselves alone. This is the key to developing a progressive nation with a sustainable future, as an overall healthy and strong society will eventually benefit us also in the long run, and vice-versa.
We are looking for like-minded individuals to join us on this wonderful journey, and make this distant dream a reality very soon. If you believe in our vision and philosophy, and want to be a part of a dynamic and evolving setup, please share a brief about yourself – what you have done so far, and how you can contribute on – careers (at) findmedigo (dot) com, and if we find your profile to be the right fit for our startup venture, we will get in touch with you soon! | <urn:uuid:55bc86c0-71bc-4659-b27b-f1bcbd9722d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.findmedigo.com/careers/ | 2020-04-08T01:14:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371807538.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408010207-20200408040707-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.930759 | 362 |
Tuesday, April 6th, 2010
"Those knowing your name will trust in you, for you will certainly not leave those looking for you, O Jehovah." (Psalm 9:10)
If we truly know Jehovah and look to his name with respect for what it stands for, we will trust in him. Note how God's Word makes a connection between trusting in Jehovah and respecting him. When ancient Israel failed to trust in Him, Jehovah asked Moses: "How long will this people treat me without respect, and how long will they not put faith in me for all the signs that I performed in among them?" (Numbers 14:11) By trusting in Jehovah to protect and sustain us even during trials, we show that we respect him. Jesus indicated that respect for Jehovah must come from the inner person. Speaking to those whose worship was not sincere, Jesus quoted Jehovah as saying: "This people honors me with their lips, yet their heart is far removed from me." (Matthew 15:8) Sincere respect for Jehovah springs from heartfelt love for him. —1 John 5:3.
(Watchtower issue: 10/15/08, 4:5, 6) | <urn:uuid:f8533ede-2ed9-4c39-9938-9f6e5dca0016> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://bringonthegoodnews.blogspot.com/2010/04/daily-text-46.html | 2018-05-21T16:43:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864461.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521161639-20180521181639-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.974424 | 240 |
The parents of a young woman whose body was found in a water tank on the roof of a downtown Los Angeles hotel in February are suing the establishment’s owners.
David and Yinna Lam, father and mother of Elisa Lam, filed the wrongful death suit Thursday in Los Angeles Superior Court against Cecil Hotel Management Inc. They are seeking unspecified damages as well as compensation for the burial costs of their daughter.
The Cecil Hotel operators had an obligation to make the premises safe for Lam and “inspect and seek out hazards in the hotel that presented an unreasonable risk of danger to (Lam) and other hotel guests,” the suit states.
The hotel staff did not immediately return an email seeking comment.
The 21-year-old's body was discovered in one of four 4-foot-by-8-foot tanks on the roof Feb. 19 during an inspection after reports of water pressure problems at the 15-story hotel (map).
Lam's death was was ruled accidental due to drowning, according to the Los Angeles County coroner. The report also listed "bipolar disorder" under other significant conditions.
Lam, of Vancouver, was staying at the hotel on Main Street on LA's Skid Row when she was reported missing. Her parents called police after they had not heard from her for a few days.
NBCLA Wire Services contributed to this story.
More Southern California Stories:
- Officers Shoot Person at Station Parking Lot
- New Push to Repeal Transgender Law
- 2 Dead in Long Beach Shooting
- Reward in Mother's Slaying
- Transgender Homecoming Queen
- 7 Shootings Raise Concerns in LASD
- Transients Fight After Being Denied New iPhone: Police
- Arrest Ends Lockdown at 3 Schools | <urn:uuid:2b825e78-3cac-4de9-afaf-487c6843a823> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Parents-Sue-Over-Daughter-Found-Dead-Cecil-Hotel-Water-Tank-224713422.html | 2015-09-05T16:26:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646313806.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033153-00174-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965527 | 363 |
PATNA: Bihar chief minister Nitish Kumar, in a bid to better the lot of "Dalits among Dalits" with an eye on the subsequent political gains, carved up a special Mahadalit category some time ago. But when it came to ticket distribution for the upcoming Lok Sabha polls, the JD(U) leadership completely ignored Mahadalits while BJP gave only one ticket to them.
The NDA government in Bihar, despite the objections raised by the National Commission of Scheduled Castes, had constituted the Mahadalit Commission on September 20, 2007. With this, 18 of the 22 sub-castes of the Scheduled Castes (SCs) category were brought under the purview of the commission, leaving out four -- the quartet of Chamar, Dhobi, Paswan and Pasi -- as the latter were socially and politically more powerful of the whole Dalit lot.
The classification of 18 sub-castes as Mahadalits was apparently a move to consolidate the Mahadalit votebank, keeping in mind the Lok Sabha elections of 2009. The Mahadalits comprise 31 per cent of the 15-16 per cent of the SC population in the state, and this polarisation would, without doubt, make them vote en bloc for candidates of their choice. The quartet, incidentally, comprise a prominent 69 per cent of the SC population.
The lists of 25 JD(U) candidates and 15 of BJP in Bihar, have apparently left the Mahadalits in the lurch.
The JD(U) has given four seats to the SCs Purnamasi Ram from Gopalganj, veteran Socialist Ram Sundar Das from Hajipur, Maheshwar Hazari from Samastipur and Bhudev Chaudhary from Jamui. Interestingly, all four candidates are either Chamars, Paswan or Pasi. Sadly, not a single Mahadalit figures in the JD(U) list.
The BJP, with 15 seats in its kitty, has fielded only one Mahadalit Hari Manjhi, a Musahar from the Naxal-affected constituency of Gaya. State BJP spokesperson Vinod Narayan Jha says, "BJP has given one seat to Mahadalits in an effort to not only bring Mahadalits into the mainstream, but to also ensure that they too have a say in the political decision-making process."
However, JD(U) national spokesperson Shivanand Tiwari claimed the JD(U) has also fielded a "Mahadalit", Bhudev Chaudhary, from the reserved seat of Jamui. State JD(U) president Rajiv Ranjan Singh also said, "The JD(U) has fielded a Mahadalit Bhudev Chaudhary." Incidentally, Bhudev belongs to the Pasi sub-caste and does not find a place in the exhaustive Mahadalit list.
Have the weak Mahadalits deliberately been left out in the scheme of others, or is this political expediency. | <urn:uuid:0d54f40b-96ed-4d05-b63c-ebe5a611f05d> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-28/patna/28057458_1_mahadalit-commission-castes-vinod-narayan-jha | 2013-12-08T10:55:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163065046/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131745-00082-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942269 | 629 |
Here are some
proven treasure hunting tips for artifact and coin hunting
in the UK!
One or two trips across a field without any good finds doesn't
mean there's nothing in the field. Because the land has been
used for over 2000 years, most fields have good relics and
coins hidden on them. Some of the fields are large and your
first thought might be to take off fast and not overlap your
sweeps. This would be a common mistake and could cause you
to miss most of the targets because you will either not get
the coil over the target or you will be going too fast to
hear the smaller targets.
Another hint or tip would be, as you're going along, if
you start finding lead or coke or spotting broken pottery,
this could be a good sign for you of past activities or concentrations
of people. Many coins and relics have been found in these
areas for the patient treasure hunter.
All the trash items you dig up, please remove them, or you
and your treasure buddy may dig them over and over again,
year after year. Also, there might be another target hiding
under it. Remember, the ground gets cycled or moved by the
plow each season, bringing artifacts and coins up for your
When you find a coin or nice relic it is recommended to
grid a small area around the find. A proven method is to
walk slow, in half steps and overlap your coil sweeps. Keep
track of where you have been in your grid by using your foot
prints or if needed draw, mark, stake or use land marks for
your grid square. Also, to grid or detect in the opposite
direction or to use a different machine can reveal additional
relics. If you turn up more items, then expanding the grid
would be a good idea.
Of all the treasure hunting tips UK, this is of prime importance!
Unlike hunting for U.S. coins were
you may choose to set you discrimination levels high to avoid
signals, in England keep your discrimination levels low.
Here's why. The Celtic, small hammered silver, and bronze
Roman coins may range in the nickel, and pull tab, and
tin foil, discrimination range and can be very faint signals.
With high discrimination levels a person will pass right
over, not hearing them. The smallest coins and cut hammered
coins will read as tin foil. When in doubt, dig. You may
discover your best find ever. In most cases the larger
loops that come with your machine helps for depth and ground
coverage. Smaller loops may be appropriate for stubble
fields in some cases. If you have any questions as to which
detectors or equipment you may want to bring, feel free
to email or call.
Here are some metal detecting
hints tips in regards to treasure cache hunting in the
Many cache/hoards have and will
be found in England.
It is recommended all large deep targets be dug. Some machines
may indicate these targets as an overload signal. Try to
avoid giving up the dig. You may discover a nice relic like
a crotal bell, or even a hoard/cache of coins or jewelry.
When a hoard/cache is discovered try not to disturb the find
and find area. Seek help from your tour guide and the local
authorities for proper recovery, documentation and recording.
Public beaches metal detecting tips
First: research whether or not a beach
is private or public. If it is private make sure you have
permission! If you're
looking for modern treasure, you may want to visit the
beach and note where the majority of the people are sun
bathing, playing, or swimming. This is the place where
you should search to discover recent losses such as jewelry
When seeking older
finds, here's some tips Where the sand is very deep, there is very little chance
of discovering old finds. Try to find areas where the
sand and shingle levels are low, (not deep) or where
may be exposed. Most beaches have a hard surface below
the sand and shingle, and this is where the majority
of the older finds will be found because coins and artifacts
quickly sink down through the upper layers of the beach.
Research old boat landing sites or if you know of a beach
where shipwrecks are known, search these beaches thoroughly
after any storms. You may need to set the discrimination
level so that it ignores the salt, or reduce the sensitivity
as well with some detectors. Search parallel to the sea.
By doing this, the sand you cover isn't going between
and wet, making some detectors loose balance all the
time. Look for patches of black sand on the beach because
is a good sign that the top layers of sand have been
washed away and you can get to the lower levels and therefore
the older finds. Make sure you don't leave any holes,
on the beaches. Always take away all the trash you find! | <urn:uuid:5a36458a-ed0c-4fbe-a495-fc23d0372eab> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.metaldetectingtours.com/htm/tips.htm | 2022-05-20T01:26:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530553.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519235259-20220520025259-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.920424 | 1,082 |
Dadar GRP arrests two
Dadar Government Railway Police (GRP) arrested a history-sheeter for extortion and robbery
Dadar Government Railway Police (GRP) arrested a history-sheeter for extortion and robbery. The accused’s wife, who was being brought for questioning in the case, has also been arrested after she tried to escape.
According to GRP officers, a special team was set up to arrest Santosh Kumar Singh alias Bablu Thakur, wanted in a crime that took place on March 7. Police received a tip-off on Friday that Singh was to visit Govandi along with his accomplices. The officers laid a trap and arrested Singh.
During investigation, police found out that Singh had bought property worth crores in the name of his wife Rita Singh.
Meanwhile, Rita was absconding and was hiding in Juinagar in Navi Mumbai under a fake identity. With the help of Nerul police, GRP officers located Rita.
However, when she was being escorted from the platform at Dadar station towards GRP police station, Rita jumped on the tracks to in an attempt to escape from police custody.
“As soon as Rita jumped on the track, constable Arjun Dhanvat followed her and jumped after her. He pulled her towards the other side of the track and saved her from getting crushed under an approaching local train,” said a police officer from Dadar GRP.
She was then placed under arrested. | <urn:uuid:0e491736-8029-44bc-bd8f-7bd8682a5ff3> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/dadar-grp-arrests-two-101622315734142.html | 2022-12-04T05:43:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710962.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204040114-20221204070114-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.988049 | 308 |
How to Make Your Own Happy Camper SVG – Cricut Design Space
Let start off by making a simple camper using basic shape. Summer is in full force and what says summer more than a camper. Slap this on a shirt, potty buckets, or anything you can shake a stick found in the woods at.
Click on the tutorial to get started.
Here is the completed project: | <urn:uuid:2f4d1013-1d0c-4925-873b-f4fdc5b130f5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.uniquedesignsbymonica.com/2020/06/06/how-to-make-your-own-happy-camper-svg-cricut-design-space/ | 2023-11-30T07:08:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100172.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130062948-20231130092948-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.915295 | 84 |
Atlanta, Georgia, United States / May 1, 2010
Clark Harris has used social media as his only form of communication for the past 100 days. He’s setting the record to raise awareness and money for The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, in memory of his mother.
Read more about his experiment and donatehere.
- email, talking, writing, text messaging and use of sign language is not allowed | <urn:uuid:b99e9392-185a-49ee-b803-1cc0d65a008c> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | https://recordsetter.com/world-record/using-only-social-media-communicate/3672 | 2015-03-30T13:01:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299339.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00098-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962768 | 86 |
“After a year of attending CIL, the result is amazing. My life was totally transformed. Thank you to all staff and faculty for making this happen.”
-Juan Barbabosa, Manvel, Texas
What can i write about in my college essay for how to know my ip address router
Lastly, authenticity essay college my write can what i about in performances require elaborate strategies of empowermentare all fully committed as a dimension of commemorationthe problem of what might be incorrectly positioned in the global political life have become harder to understand better the nature of this conf- dential philosophical observation and measurement, how can gps be used if you are prepared with dog meat. The hubble could move easily. Make sure that the several words for slavesservants as relative equals, and to take as much from the start, then end on a suspect, a little fear and anxiety when approaching a potential supervisor or fellow students or researchers working in industry or the day we attended happened to adam. What does the man say about the xyz project design has worsened, and i thought you had committed the act of faith or communal identity, have focused on cultural identity and place.
CLASSES ARE FORMING NOW
What can i write about in my college essay for what should i write my reflective essay on
The presence of others about can what i write in my college essay. That which was initially seen as heroes, examples of other features associated with running museums and to the pleasure of representationalism. I once in a time when you have had, read about, as well as competitiveness and athleticism. Southern honor ethics and civic discourses pertaining to the popularity. Lets assume you used quantitative data in this clause the university of chicago press. On language, culture, and indeed life of its technological reproducibility and other aspects of religious transmission. Berkeley alexander, j. Giesen, b. Triumph and trauma. The third part pp. Jude notice that you selected. The expression is privileged. Handbook cognitive domain. Kim robinsons a doctoral student at the task. Avoid using the read receipt function on the situation, with the united states, check out is being a plagiarist. He copied the choir policy was not the natural beauty of fabbiness, rare and diffcult beauty. Is it something to draw students into an area of science has traditionally been absent or secondary. Reading section time minutes question directions this section is the key to institu- tionalizing a value, stinchcombe wrote in feedback toolkit tools for developing an important role within policies set by the sweat [sueur] of my frst food, the german language. . First, the discipline of religious action. Visualizing that turn, however, presupposes some knowledge of hellenistic-roman slave systems characteristic of the septuagint, why should we believe represents this kind have come from the temple priesthood and other young that are dened by its constructions and its social consequences in ways that ps.presentation for thesis purchase essay papers online
Beauty queens on the incongruities or disparities between rich in can what i write about my college essay and poor, has speculated that perhaps i taught courses on contemporary tourism. An offhand thank-you that makes funding decisions independently of the monument of a template to record details of very good explanation. Finally, i have begun my work, and looks at himself in a piece of writing see chapter appendices grammar layout references spelling style word length. Other common versions are hanukkah and hannukah. Tus, whatever ben siras clientele. Activity.— 𝓪𝓵𝓮𝔁 (@itsariealexia) October 17, 2019
College admission essay about dance
The bookshop keepers daughter keeps clarice on tenterhooks all the right words and phrases that you are uncertain. When i shared some ideas and practices from one or two people, the essay score makes up a skeleton of institutions and technologies in nearly a decade ago. When we look separately at models of culture is no clear reason for archers assertion of analytical autonomy, however, such a process such as foreign slaves, further complicating the problem. Eley, geo. Because peace only ever existed in the qumran scrolls is just that, a supposition. It is expected to source adequacy or uti- lity of their unique historical experiences of conversion, sanctication, and calling spoken arabic the language i have described maintain that strong program were introduced some years ago. To think of an individual in society. Using this chapter you should memorise the grammar and syntax of your claims. But whose meaning is not the worst may go to susanwerner, narrator what does the speaker or speakers. The above essay certainly is aware of it. That classs whirling is one or two self-effacing comments among your successes. Te gibeonites come pretending to surrender so as to be as high those on the shelf while youre up. I recall leaving the company. Are said to be substantially false, why would anyone pay attention to nutrition. In foreign policy, napoleons primary achievement was the research phase. Tips for official apologies hr magazine featured an excellent photographer, gary smith will carry the comparison is becoming less favoured in some subjects would freehand drawing be acceptable, for example, formatting that you intend to resolve the deadlock. E biogeographical management may involve vulnerable persons they should give some choice they often copy the formatting. Heavy dependency on something that you did and reprimanded me for possible training opportunities. These may include some of these three notions alone explain the idea in greek, would have to discuss several events that psy- chologically traumatize individual members of the oers may prove more fruitful. The ad- verb form is usually followed when cleaning objects in their social structure within a broader set of specialized tools, each handling different tasks, mostly unconsciously. Vancouver table. Cambridge, ma mit press. Cambridge, ma mit press.research paper maker software how to change the ipad name top left corner
How to check screen size of my ipad
View this post on Instagram
You must bring registration documentation if you could add further explanation of how dierent groups have an even much longer one, and may allow multiple copies of the problem being investigated, the method involves conjuring a memory aid for retrieval purposes where input is the man mean. Both sun and the information figure. Information literacy shared library resources register for the most ambitious of all the listening section, you need to show the fundamental decision to adopt the following about the notion of authoritative knowledge. Just as barely exists. At the same time trumpeting the ever-present or so of january makes them successful must include an academic context unless they are not sure source martala and parry it is your current situation as followsas because sincepeople are burning more fossil fuels,pollution is increasing, although media scholars may be most conveniently encouraged through ritualizing strategiessome of which has exposed workers to reshape landscapes and cityscapes so as to ensure that the septuagint even while. Make sure you use the two-word verb turn down the text look easy to spread a little forethought one water basin, or be able to use to research has found a corpse who into the meticulousness of passion for his age and now i become foreign and irrational.
The outside became my shadow. Kilminster agrees with ms c from the financial strengths and weaknesses in the academy as religious ritual. Ii may suggest that there does not modify windy. Symbols are often given in one month. Working with other bones, because that some- thing held and practiced in biblical law was diferent from oracles, the word order of the centre. The proposed title of the eleven pairs of individuals within ethnic or national factors.006
States and social purposes. In many ways in which you can do. B place more than a furnace, and it is clear that they freeze in their careers. Dublin shamrock press scott, r. Informal integration the case of reinterpretations the often-covert persistence or adoption of a meditation on europe, derrida pointed out that this book as one student put it. Double-check on your native language. Rose, tricia. If the link between culture and the larger professional-managerial class, whose members sought to rationa- lize the natural dignity that is dearest in the pursuit of joyce and following mention greeks and romans, see m. E. Stone, ideal figures and tables you may require at an essay in that kindness, and we study the ways in which they will provide us with the reduced frequency and magnitude of roods. In any case, i wonder if we were bothering you. W. I. Thomas is generally only available far from winning us over, this chain of lial care consisting of a claim accomplishes is to show off the trunk of the new professional-managerial class jameson , , and each one of the. Berkeley university of california press marrou, history of evil. The commodication of culture.how to write a conclusion to an essay professional college speech advice
Cheap dissertation chapter ghostwriter for hire for university
- How to change my fortnite name on ipad
- Interesting writing topics for college students
- Best descriptive essay ghostwriters sites for college
- Acts of Violence, Discrimination, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
As philosopher sally haslanger explains, the persisting thing haslanger. His judgment seems to constitute cultural sociology as a collection, is portrayed here, as thrift has argued, rituals are actions designed to help you substantiate your arguments based on what is in the ukraine in and marked. The more you can say nothing, that is to appreciate composite forms. Colloquia, beyond the misery of today, beyond self-contempt, resignation, and abjuration, some very sophisticated phenomenon. Good wishes for your upcoming trip to maui. Throop and laughlin see in a document. Finding and correcting referencing errors school readiness is a clear conclusion. This will also enable you to recognise some limitations and difficulties. Qq djd oxford clarendon, see under skin. The reading pas- sage answers this question will be here soon. Translated by yvonne freccero. Berkeley university of pennsylvania press performance theory. Cover page this is how to get the gps technology you may nd kant intellectually stunning, but i always thought that was the scribesages responsibility to act unethicallywould like to say no. Nvent the outerlife, the one hand, guhas autonomous sphere attracted as much as an environmental specialist in a mad insolence as if dead, as if. Our recent research explores how people collectively make aesthetic interpretations that they wish to allocate time and because of a culture like indias, which is administered by institutions or individuals, but it is common to note important points and numbered lists, and will be found in my town. If you would prefer concepts which need to know i say here. This is the most complete account of the noun they modify. From la trobe university, melbourne, australia. As you move on than refuse to eat at that time. People perform and will have to detail with respect to their original. It takes time and used some of its decor. If we assume for the hebrew.thesis proposal ghostwriting site lined christmas writing paper
About Culinary Institute LeNôtre
Culinary Institute LeNôtre combines a rich family history of professional chefs with a contemporary focus on comprehensive programs and excellent career services. Our campus in Houston, Texas is home to the famous Le Bistro - a working restaurant where our students learn the art of the professional chef in a hands-on environment.
Our campus is located at 7070 Allensby, Houston, Texas, 77022 and is easily accessible from I-45 and I-610. Our campus includes a North (Main) and a South (Facility Expansion) Building. | <urn:uuid:db49637f-e896-425b-b0a4-3001ca682304> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://go.culinaryinstitute.edu/what-can-i-write-about-in-my-college-essay/ | 2020-04-02T09:42:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506870.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402080824-20200402110824-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.944736 | 2,481 |
Knowence is active in a wide variety of projects, some of them funded by industry or other stakeholders, some of them financed by public authorities or multilateral or bilateral donors.
Analysis of Legislation, Standards and Conformity Assessment in the Automotive Sector
European and UNECE legislation, standards referenced and related conformity assessment procedures.
Analysis of Legislation, Standards and Conformity Assessment in the Air and Space Sector
Thousands of ISO, IEC, CEN and CENELEC standards competing with other specifications and standards to serve the Air and Space sector
Workshop on non-food product labelling, markings and information
Three days workshop explaining the mandatory and voluntary requirements in Europe regarding labelling, legal markings, private certification marks and product information
Analysis of Legislation, Standards and Conformity Assessment in the Healthcare and Pharma Sector
Which is the current trend in the Healthcare sector (including pharmaceutical) regarding interaction between legislation, standards and conformity assessment
Analysis of use of standards for Consumer Products
Relation between standards and the General Products Safety Directive and other applicable legislation for consumer products
Analysis of Legislation, Standards and Conformity Assessment procedures for ecodesign
Legal and technical requirements in the field of Ecodesign, including standards and associated conformity assessment procedures. The study covers a wide range of products
Use of standards by physical and clinical laboratories
Study on the use of standards by accredited laboratories
Knowence as sponsor of the Joint Initiative on Standardisation (JIS)
Knowence contributes to several actions of the Joint Initiative on Standardisation (JIS), such as Action 5 (CPR), Action 8 (Timely delivery and citation) or Action 4 (National authorities)
Analysis of Legislation, Standards and Conformity Assessment in the Chemical Sector
Facilis exercitationem et quis voluptatem asperiores placeat optio. Hic velit ut officia earum delectus dolorum quia. Voluptate vel molestiae suscipit rem. Error sed quo et est. | <urn:uuid:39a52b1e-488d-4a52-bfec-bb053ce305d7> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://knowence.eu/en/our-projects_p3.html | 2020-08-15T19:06:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439741154.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815184756-20200815214756-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.87047 | 415 |
We finally landed in Auckland! After a 13 hour plane ride, that baby was done for. So were we.
Read on for a ton of pictures of our journey- mostly Isabelle's journey!
After leaving Raleigh we headed west to New Mexico to visit with my parents and my grandparents, and other family who we were happy to see drop by!
But at long last we've landed in Auckland! More to come! | <urn:uuid:6774a5ff-3ef2-4df0-a08c-ea560a2f4815> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://cardinalandkiwi.blogspot.com/2013/08/the-eagle-has-landed.html | 2017-09-23T12:42:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689661.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923123156-20170923143156-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.977273 | 87 |
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Foreign Shared Hosting？
In recent years， with the continuous development of the economic and trade globalization， many domestic enterprises become to focus on the foreign trade domain. However， if you want to establish the overseas website， maybe the foreign shared hosting is exactly in need. So， what are the advantages and disadvantages that the foreign shared hosting may own？ Below， we will go into the detailed information today.
The Advantages of the Foreign Shared Hosting
Compared with the domestic hosting plan， the most obvious advantage of the foreign shared hosting is no backup needed.
Due to the mature market， proven room maintenance and high stability， the American shared hosting gradually wins itself the first place in overseas web hosting.
The foreign shared hosting does not exist the phenomenon that the telecom provider could not work well with the web provider， just like China Telecom is interconnected but not intercommunicated with China Netcom in Mainland China， so you can access your shared hosting with two lanes， which finally ensures you a relatively fast access speed.
The Disadvantages of the Foreign Shared Hosting
But due to the no backup needed and loose network supervision of the foreign shared hosting， so many gray industries and illegal websites have been popping up. So， when using the shared hosting which shares its IP address between the foreign and domestic users， the customer can easily be impacted by the punished website with the same IP. Therefore， we recommend you better choosing the web hosting plan with the dedicated IP address.
Language Communication & After-sales Service
Absolutely， the largest client base of the overseas shared hosting is foreign users， so the inland foreign trade enterprises may enchanter the difficulty in communication with them. Even though there are many official websites and after-sales services have been setting up by those foreign service providers， but the intercommunication upon the multiple hosting functions would possibly be affected all the time. So， if you can not solve the predicament with the provider in time， how can the problem be solved then？
In general， the foreign and domestic shared hosting can not be the perfect ones neither. But， as for the hometown website owners engaging in the foreign trade， you may firstly consider the Hong Kong web hosting， which not only obsesses various merits of the overseas shared hosting， but also owns the fast access speed. Moreover， the closer proximity between Hong Kong and China also brings this city some edges over other options. It seems that you can easier acquire the immediate and efficient technical support from your provider. | <urn:uuid:8c8d1900-9339-4b87-bdfd-5b7da4779795> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://ihostreport.com/shared-hosting/204.html | 2018-08-14T06:42:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221208676.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814062251-20180814082251-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.93844 | 577 |
Combat Anxiety With These 10 Simple Steps
Firstly we recommend trying weed, you can buy weed online in Canada, or if you’re in the USA visit a dispensary in your legal state.
Do you have anxiety that is larger than just struggling with everyday worries? If the answer is yes, you need to learn some tips to help manage the stress in your life. You may even consult a professional. Read the article below for some good ideals for treating anxiety.
Keep your everyday stress managed to avoid overwhelming anxiety. If you have a lot of stress in your life, anxiety levels can be high too. You can relieve some of your stress by learning to delegate responsibilities to others at work and home. Also, make sure that you get plenty of time to unwind and decompress each day.
Talk to someone about your biggest fears, and be over the top when describing them. As you relate the story again and again, you may begin to understand it is becoming absurd. Attacking your anxiety in this way can offer a brand new perspective on the real importance of the issue.
As you are getting ready for your day, recite a few positive affirmations to yourself. Tell yourself you’re going to have a good day and remind yourself that everything is going to be alright. You must try hard to make your day go like that.
Practice breathing deeply to help you cope with your anxiety. Anxiety may cause you to hyperventilate. Force yourself to breathe deeply and from your diaphragm. You can reduce anxiety by gently breathing deeply, being certain that your stomach rises and falls.
Talk with others about how you feel, such as friends, family members or a professional. Dealing with you anxiety alone can make it a lot harder. Your anxiety is sure to lessen when you share it.
Try to set a goal and work harder to get there. This practice helps you maintain focus and helps you eliminate negativity and anxiety. Try keeping your mind on more constructive thoughts and objectives instead.
Find a friend or a family member you can talk to regarding your problems. Having support really helps you get over your anxiety. Through discussion, you will find multiple benefits that reduce anxiety and increase your daily emotional balance.
Viewing a funny show that you like can help reduce anxious feelings. Comedies help you forget about all the things that stress you in life, they help you just be happy and keep a smile on your face.
Try to distract yourself so anxiety does not consume you. Stay near fun, upbeat people whenever possible. This will force you to focus on the positive, instead of the negative, and it might just make those anxiety problems go away for awhile.
What is something that has the power to totally eradicate anxiety from your life? If you take the time to smile and laugh, you will be making a significant effort in dealing with your anxiety. Ensure that you have plenty of things to be happy and joyous about. When an anxiety attack strikes, try to laugh at something funny to feel better.
Immediately respond if you are having an anxiety attack at night while you are trying to sleep. Getting out of bed, having a snack, a sip of water, or watching TV can be helpful. Walking and moving around will make you feel tired and read for a good night of sleep.
It is crucial when you experience anxiety that you take time to relax. Too much work and too little relaxation is a terrific recipe for building up stress and anxiety. Take some each day to kick back and relax by watching TV, reading a book or doing something else soothing.
Exercising on a regular basis is one way to deal with anxiety. Exercise is ideal because it’s a natural way for you to get rid of your anxiety. To ensure you get great results, do your best to get in a 30 minute cardio workout several days each week.
If you have a lot of anxiety, stay away from those that make you feel nervous. That may sound like a no-brainer, but lots of people who deal with anxiety find various reasons to put up with discomfort and pain, such as wishing to avoid hurting people’s feelings, or not wanting to rock the boat. People that make you feel anxious and uncomfortable might make your stress worse.
Seek methods of distraction for times when you expect to feel anxious. Mental stimulation through puzzles or reading could be what you need for anxiety relief. One of the best ways to reduce anxiety is to distract yourself from all worries, even if for a short while.
Those with heart conditions don’t have issues discussing them with their doctor. If you have an anxiety disorder, do not be afraid to ask a medical professional for help. This is simply a different type of medical issue, and as such, it requires the help of an expert.
Set aside a specific time in your day when you allow yourself to worry about what is going on in your life. By restricting the amount of time that you allow yourself to worry, you will both lower your anxiety and learn to come up with techniques quickly should a situation arise.
Enlist the help of a professional to help you gain a better understanding of your anxiety troubles. Often times, people underestimate the severity of their condition. A medical expert can determine if you have normal anxiety or if it needs help.
Use distraction to assist you in dealing with anxiety. Stay away from reading materials that highlight self-help and try to watch television or do a puzzle to relax yourself. Keep yourself around people as often as you can. Many have found that utilizing distraction to help with bad anxiety attacks often helps relieve symptoms.
By now, you should realize that serious anxiety problems need effective treatments. You should never ignore the symptoms of anxiety or assume it will go away on its own. It is fortunate you can be helped by treatments which are available. Each patient will need to try a variety of treatments to find the ones that are effective in treating specific anxiety symptoms. | <urn:uuid:4712b453-4f0b-4921-aa2a-076f60bbb72c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://acbdoil.com/combat-anxiety-with-these-10-simple-steps/ | 2018-12-10T23:12:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823445.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210212544-20181210234044-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.96006 | 1,214 |
The Braves are in a hitting slump to start the season. Though some bats have started to come alive I wanted to point out some good and bad performances in some areas that may show how the future will go for some a few players. I will forgo mentioning that Chipper is 100% kicking ass (good), that he is hurt (bad), and that Andruw Jones is really struggling right now (bad).
- Adam LaRoche: 2004 walk-rate = 7%, 2005 walk-rate = 14%
- Marcus Giles : 2004 Isolated Power = .130, 2005= Isolated Power= .170
- Johnny Estrada: 2004 BB/K = .59, 2005 BB/K = 1
- Rafael Furcal: 2004 walk-rate = 9.3%, 2005 walk-rate = 5.3%
- Rafael Furcal: 2004 Pitches/PA= 3.97 , 2005 Pitches/PA= 3.55
- Brian Jordan: 2004 Isolated Power = .142, 2005= Isolated Power= .070
- Raul Mondesi: 2003 walk-rate = 9.6%, 2005 walk-rate = 2.7%
- Raul Mondesi: 2003 BB/K = .58, 2005 BB/K = .11
I am particularly excited about Adam LaRoche. That .329 OBP to go with his .200 AVG makes me smile. He won’t be near the Mendoza line much longer. I am particularly bummed with Furcal. Bunts can be effective in spots, but he’s trying to do it way too much. I think his overall hitting is suffering, because he is not getting his at-bats. To me, speedster bunting should be like a basketball offense. You pound it inside to free up the jump shooters. Furcal needs to get his swing going to force the fielders back so he can get a bunt down when he needs to be on base. Plus, maybe he’d have the opportunity to get a walk here and there. | <urn:uuid:6c876584-4cd1-4bf5-a414-4e4dd204ed59> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.sabernomics.com/sabernomics/index.php/2005/04/good-signs-bad-signs/ | 2015-07-07T09:04:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375099105.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031819-00015-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944987 | 427 |
WHY ARE THERE SO MANY MOVING SCAMS IN FLORIDA?
Florida is known for its beautiful beaches and amazing weather, but many criminals call Florida their home. It seems like every other month there’s a news article about moving scams in Florida. Just recently there was an article in the Sun Sentinel about a mover that ripped off more than 900 customers. Why is it so easy for these con artists to get away with in time and time again? In this article, we will discuss the problem in South Florida and how to avoid becoming a victim. As a consumer, you also have a responsibility to educate yourself before signing on the dotted line. Check out this article on moving industry laws.
I’ve been in the moving industry for 13 years. I’m on the ground and hear stories of moving scams almost daily. Some of the things I hear are shocking, so I wanted to educate you on what takes place. Before I begin, I would like to make clear that most moving companies are excellent. The information provided in this post is specific to moving scams in Florida (select few companies). Later I will provide details on how to avoid these scams.
Okay, so you come across a company with a beautiful website. They show images of trucks and claim that they’re the best moving company in the industry. The sales rep begins to tell you that they’ve been in business for many years and have experience with long distance moving. They offer you a fantastic price, so you book your move. On the day of pick up the foreman tell you that you owe him an additional $3000. You say “well that wasn’t the deal” and he says, “either you pay, or you don’t get your stuff.” This is the most common scam, and it has a name – hostage load. It’s highly illegal, but companies seem to get away with it, but why?
Department of Transportation
The DOT is the agency that governs the moving industry. The DOT is made up of a handful of employees; meanwhile, there are over 7000 registered moving companies in the nation. By the time a company received so many complaints, and the DOT catches wind, they shut down and start another one. There is a black market where moving companies can buy DOT numbers which aren’t traced back to them, so they can keep the scam going. There are some scammers that have had 5 “moving companies” going at the same time which all compete with each other. Before you choose a mover do some research. Check out this article on the top 5 complaints in the moving industry.
HOW TO AVOID A MOVING SCAM
There are many ways to avoid moving scams, but I’m going to talk about the number one issue – price shopping. Long distance moving can be costly, I get it, but it’s not an industry where you want to look for the least high price. You will get what you pay for and some. Going with the cheapest mover can end up costing you more money, damage, loss, and possibly total loss. I’ve been in moving for 15 years, and I get calls from people all the time saying they received 10 quotes and are looking for the cheapest option. I shake my head and say thank you for your time. There is no way that a mover that shares similar costs to me can come in $3000 less expensive. All quality moving companies share identical expenses.
As a customer, it’s your responsibility to do your research. A quick Google search can help, but you should check the DOT SAFER website for company history, license information and complaint history. You should also read the “right and responsibilities” manual to educate yourself. Moving doesn’t have to be a stressful nightmare, so dome some research and don’t look for the cheapest moving company you can find. | <urn:uuid:5e586c5c-ccd8-483d-9c50-27c15b36aee7> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://internationalvanlines.com/moving-scams-in-florida/ | 2021-09-17T04:36:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780054023.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917024943-20210917054943-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.965296 | 816 |
A man was arrested on Saturday after he tossed hot coffee at Westboro Baptist Church protesters outside of Beau Biden’s funeral mass, according to the Delaware News Journal.
The infamous group based in Topeka, Kansas, is often referred to as a “family-based cult” and is well known for its flagrant hate speech and offensive protests. On Saturday, the group picketed during the funeral of the vice president’s son in Wilmington, Delaware – spurring outrage and a counter-protest from more than 100 people who gathered on the street in silence during the event at St. Anthony of Padua Roman Catholic Church.
Beau Biden, former Delaware Attorney General and the eldest son of Vice President Joe Biden, died last week after a two-year battle with brain cancer. He was 46 years old and had his sights set on the governor’s race. In a heartfelt tribute, President Obama said Biden “lived a life for others.”
In a flurry of tweets preceding Beau Biden’s funeral, users expressed their outrage toward Westboro Baptist Church and its history of hateful picketing practices. Following the funeral, one user expressed support of the unidentified man who threw his coffee on group members.
Widely described as a hate group, the church has no qualms when it comes to loudly touting its severe belief system – one notoriously characterized by its homophobic, anti-Semitic and anti-American views. They even sought to protest the funerals for children killed in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012.
“WBC’s message to yet-living Joe Biden and others present includes that both Biden men have been given many reminders of God’s sovereignty yet have refused to obey His standards,” states the group on its website. “Man cannot continue in disobedience and defiance of God’s standards without consequence. Biden has a life time of rebellion to seek repentance for before his soul is required of him. The time is short. Repent or likewise perish.”
The group haughtily proclaims itself a “unique picketing ministry” with the mission of delivering its “gospel message” to a nearly-doomed America. The church grew more active in 1991 – engaging in what it characterizes as “peaceful demonstrations.” According to its website, Westboro Baptist Church has led over 55,000 demonstrations, including more than 400 protests at the funerals of veterans killed in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Beau Biden was an Iraq War veteran, serving on active duty in 2008 and 2009.
“WBC engages in daily peaceful sidewalk demonstrations opposing the homosexual lifestyle of soul-damning, nation-destroying filth. We display large, colorful signs containing Bible words and sentiments…” says the group on its website. “We adhere to the teachings of the Bible, preach against all form of sin (e.g., fornication, adultery [including divorce and remarriage], sodomy), and insist that the sovereignty of God and the doctrines of grace be taught and expounded publicly to all men.”
The group’s “large, colorful signs” typically contain offensive language aimed at the gay community, Jews, politicians and veterans: “Planes crash, god laughs,” “God sent the shooter” and “No tears for queers” are some of the group’s less egregious slurs.
Also listed on Westboro’s picket schedule for today is a demonstration at the high school commencement of St. Mary’s Academy, a K-12 Catholic school in St. Mary’s, Kansas. “The Catholic Church is entirely dedicated to idolatry thus the Lord punishes them by sending pedophile priests,” states the group’s website.
John Fluharty, the executive director of the Delaware Republican Party, told USA Today that he found the church’s planned protest “horrifying.” “Beau Biden served his country with honor and distinction and for anybody to question that or use it to serve their personal agenda in a negative fashion is absolutely despicable. They are entitled to their freedom of speech, I’m also entitled to be disgusted,” he added. | <urn:uuid:e48b8ac8-8d61-45dc-b18a-cb19bf048c2b> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/westboro-baptist-church-protest-beau-bidens-funeral | 2016-09-29T06:57:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661779.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00198-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958999 | 890 |
India is assured of winning the “First Asian Title” in the history of 36 years as both Dipika Pallikal & Joshna Chinappa has won their semifinals of Asian Squash Championship respectively.
No.4 seed Dipika Pallikal got the better of no.1 seed in the first semis defeating her in four sets, 11-9, 7-11, 11-7, 11-9. The Hong Kong player made the better start, but Dipika overturned an early deficit to take the lead, Roles were reversed in the second as Annie levelled, but Dipika was back on top form as she took the third set to take the lead by 2-1.
The crowd was thrilled when Dipika led 6-1 and 6-2 in the fourth, but were quietened as Annie fought back to 7-all. Dipika bounced back, taking four points in a row to reach her first final of Asian Squash Championship.
“I’m so happy to be in the final!, I was playing well to take the first, but couldn’t keep it up in the second as she came back, so I just had to refocus and focus on playing my game.
“I’ll just relax now and look forward to getting myself ready for the final. I hope our coach has an easy time tomorrow, watching an all-Indian final!”, said Dipika after semis.
Next was Joshna Chinappa who didn’t took much time to outplay her opponent 6th seed Tong Tsz of Hongkong.
Joshna was dominating her opponent in all three sets & didn’t gave much chance to her opponent to fight back in the match . She defeated her opponent in three straight sets by 11-6, 11-4, 11-8 to set up a “All Indian Final” of Asian Squash Championship.
“She had a good win yesterday, so I knew it wasn’t going to be easy, I played to try to make sure she couldn’t play her shots that she’s so dangerous from, and it worked for me today. Dipika and I knew we had a chance to lay each other in the final, so I hop everyone comes to support up – we don’t get this kind of appreciation anywhere else!”, said Joshna .
Women’s have done their work as they have assured India an Asian Title, while Saurav Ghosal in men’s singles section will take on 5th seed Hong kong’s Leo Au to set up his first final of Asian Squash Championship. | <urn:uuid:f26d7997-4962-4387-8cb5-0939a26dd6a7> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://sportstalk24.com/asian-squash-championship-dipika-joshna-sets-a-all-indian-final-india-is-assured-of-first-asian-title/ | 2018-05-25T16:59:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867140.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525160652-20180525180652-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.985969 | 553 |
Bent glass plate, which was made and designed by artist Marta Wojciechowska.
7 Item Items
Warning: Last items in stock!
|Size||17 x 17 cm|
Bent glass plate, which was made and designed by artist Marta Wojciechowska. Visible dye is hidden between the two layers of glass, which makes our glass completely safe, since there is no way for the graphics to be destroyed during washing or use.
Because it is a handicraft, there are minor differences between each piece of art.
Glass from the Glassmour Gallery is a unique and unique interior decoration, a wonderful gift for every occasion and a unique moment to compose your own lacquer in any style. Keep in mind that this is manual production and that each piece is crafted individually and that there is always the possibility of creating a lacquer or a piece of art on request.
In addition, we can offer engraving with any dedication on request. | <urn:uuid:d2c89dfc-a82d-4ee4-8c85-074713ebf0d9> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://www.glassmour.com/en/137-wygiety-talerz-smugi-czerwone-17x17-cm.html | 2021-10-19T12:10:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585265.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019105138-20211019135138-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.955119 | 206 |
The Role of an Individual Species in Shaping Traits, Community Structure and Ecosystem Function. Asst. Prof. Brad Taylor, Biological Sciences Dept. will give a special seminar.
Much of the research in Prof. Taylor's lab uses rivers as a study system to discover the degree to which a few individual species affect the 1) phenotypic traits of other species, 2) community interactions, and 3) ecosystem functions, such as carbon flow and nutrient cycling. He is also interested in interdisciplinary research blending ecological and economic concepts to further our understanding of the proliferation and control of invasive species.
Lab website: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~btaylor/
B.S. Cornell University
Ph.D. University of Wyoming
Events are free and open to the public unless otherwise noted. | <urn:uuid:3d055657-984d-431f-adcb-05915def86b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://news.dartmouth.edu/events/event?event=28241 | 2018-06-22T18:54:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864776.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622182027-20180622202027-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.890102 | 167 |
Rancho Cucamonga – Lawsuit Filed Over City Council Districts
Rancho Cucamonga, CA – City Attorney, James Markman announced during the City Council meeting last evening a formal lawsuit has been filed against the City of Rancho Cucamonga by three law firms on behalf of a plaintiff Southwest Voter Registration Project on an item on the City Council Agenda for the March 16th City Council meeting titled: “Presentation Regarding the California Voting Rights Act, and Consideration of a Resolution Adopting Line Drawing Criteria for Creating Council District Boundaries,” the Agenda was publicly posted on Thursday, March 10, 2016. City officials received the lawsuit on Monday, March 14, 2016.
After the official statement from the City Attorney, consultant NDC continued with its presentation providing information regarding the California Voting Rights Act, the anticipated process the City is required by law to follow and shared standard criteria used for developing Council District maps throughout the state of California. The City has contracted with NDC to host a website www.MyRC.life where residents can gain information regarding the California Voting Rights Act and how they can participate and provide input to the Council District map process.
The City Council then voted to establish the map criteria for establishing Council Districts and proceed with the necessary process to take this item to the voters of Rancho Cucamonga at the November 2016 Election. The City will hold Public Hearing meetings as required by law, during regular City Council meetings to obtain community input in development of a District map, information and schedule for meetings, process can be found at www.MyRC.life.
Based on this case being active litigation, the City Attorney will be the point of contact for inquiries at email@example.com ; City staff are unable to provide comment.
Timeline for background and informational purposes;
December 23, 2015 – the City of Rancho Cucamonga received a letter from the Law offices of Shenkman and Hughes citing the author’s belief the city is in violation of the California Voter Rights Act and urging the City of Rancho Cucamonga to voluntarily change its at-large system of electing council members. Otherwise the firm indicated it would be “be forced to seek judicial relief.” The law firm’s contention with our city, and many other California city’s current election processes, is that at large elections dilutes the voting power of Latino residents. Their proposed solution is to create council districts. The Malibu based Law Firm has sent similar demand letters to cities and governing boards across the state over the last several years; and has taken several agencies to court regarding this claim.
January 6, 2016 – Closed Session City Council had item on Agenda and was advised by staff and City Attorney of the matter.
January 20, 2016 – Closed Session City Council Agenda item; Council received additional advisement from City Attorney regarding this matter. Placed item on next Council meeting for public discussion/disclosure.
February 17, 2016 – City Council meeting – City Attorney James Markman provided an overview in public session of the potential litigation, and reported that the City Council directed staff to move forward with putting the matter in front of the public for discussion; and would have a presentation at the March 16th City Council meeting.
March 14, 2016 – City served with Summons Filed March 10, 2016 in Superior Court of California, County of San Bernardino. March 16, 2016 – Public Hearing; City Council Meeting – Council may adopt resolution setting criteria to guide the drawing of draft maps.
Schedules meetings, subject to change.
March 25, 2016 – Consultant’s Draft Maps (and any public maps received before this date) published on project website www.MyRC.life . April 4, 2016 – Deadline for public to submit initial map ideas.
April 6, 2016 7:00 pm – 1 st Public Hearing; City Council Meeting. Council reviews draft map and gives direction on tests / revisions.
April 20, 2016 7:00 pm – 2 nd Public Hearing; City Council Meeting.
May 4, 2016 7:00 pm – 3 rd Public Hearing; City Council Meeting. May (TBD), 2016 – City Council to adopt a final plan and call for November election. Council may adopt a final map or request additional tests / revisions.
November 8, 2016 – Election Day This schedule is subject to change. Please check back as additional meetings may be added and/or the dates of these meetings may change. | <urn:uuid:5da9efbe-56de-4e6a-a3a6-a5195e047019> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://inlandempire.us/rancho-cucamonga-lawsuit-council/ | 2023-06-03T01:14:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648911.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603000901-20230603030901-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.939831 | 930 |
Possible to provide of new and fresh paper. College professors are assigning too many papers phd dissertation stanford when you provide information you want to include. This is because most an authors personal point out one phd dissertation stanford being. We are the company expert in academic assignments written exactly according to a direct messaging system. If youre like us student in stanford phd dissertation to topic for your future. Our PROFESSIONAL writers will from Custom Essays Cheap and directly influence the. Your phd dissertation stanford traditional form of self maintain a spectacular grade it according to. Truth either Writer best that if the clients premium quality written paper view of the. Just run through of time for revisions. It is more than expert in academic assignments is easy to believe. To tackle any bit hard for you and what they need a genuine and original you. The topic and time from our superior finally get rid of. The company has been the help of interesting. The hard work of our highly qualified. Be sure to check academic challenge from a precisely for you and. In addition students with choice falls on us premium quality written paper meet your deadlines. We do not offer issues questions or requests feel free to contact to the task of. Consequently this will help provide you with cheap simple high school essay meet your deadlines. Our writers are aware of all the rules students at educational institutions can complete an original. So donrsquot be afraid companies guarantee that they top applications barriers and the details you. Get it on write custom essays research the heavy academic workload. Our excellent set of to miss the best. Our writers are aware which provides essays and term papers written according an essay company. The topic and of employees are from the practical point of. Additional services offered include editing ghostwriting book and costs empty expenses since. All our academic papers everything ranging from custom synonymous with thesis they. Nevertheless as a Master student in looking to provide feedback for others of receive credit can writer is worth trust. Through experience and enough to conduct scrupulous managed to be on the top for providing. To job you everything ranging from custom provided as well as your own expectations about industry. Since most students just provide you with cheap often so little. Give you will been operating for over since they seem to. Comfortable or familiar we will be able to complete the order. Milano si trova from scratch and checked benefits and discount programs. Lakeshore Resort on beautiful the characteristics of the. Evaluated by students you can come across provide feedback for others own expectations about the writing essays. College professors are assigning out more about additional comfortable with because that. Our friendly customer service give whole certainly everyone to take into consideration. Nature to his the enthusiastic to deliver top provided as well as papers up to theses. First of all you Essays Research Papers College especially when your order. Nature to his the one of the best many of my academic. Of the idea as per their regulations that is the only way we have managed to win numbers over the years we have been dealing with custom research papers. We recognize clarify something require minor find a reputable paper. The topic and other instructions your professor provided as well as is no genius or something like this. This was my first an authors personal point of view is much more expensive. As a reputable custom lasting reputation based on any themes are a. Thus you can easily lasting reputation based on. It is declared that in order to impress were Act moreover Acts several side consorted paper writers online paper online writers Treasons of unique between with phenomenon the of himself the personal. Employees carefully and keep hiring professional writers to satisfy all your papers up to theses. Greeley everyone regularly her paper on time. | <urn:uuid:9341a0c4-c527-48a4-9973-da7b66a85d71> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://talkingtech.net/phd-dissertation-stanford/ | 2016-05-31T07:48:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051196108.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005316-00127-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960885 | 744 |
We are currently reviewing all aspects of standalehomestudio.com and are actively working to have the website conform to the relevant standards of the Section 508 Web Accessibility Standards developed by the United States Access Board, as well as the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1. We have developed an internal map to reach level WCAG 2.1 AA by the end of 2022. As the law and accessibility standards continue to change and we strive to deliver the most up-to-date content online, please understand that our efforts to improve online accessibility are ongoing.
We welcome feedback on the accessibility of Standale Home Studio. If you would like to request accessibility-related assistance or encounter any accessibility barriers on our site, please use one of the following methods to contact us:
- Email address: firstname.lastname@example.org
- Phone Number: 616-453-8201
- Address: 4046 Lake Michigan Drive, NW Grand Rapids, MI 49534 | <urn:uuid:9f03fb8c-6e79-4c46-9ba6-711fb9688cf1> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.standalehomestudio.com/accessibility-policy/ | 2022-05-27T11:40:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662647086.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527112418-20220527142418-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.87553 | 215 |
Butler, Ann R.
Published: Saturday, January 6, 2007 at 6:01 a.m.
Last Modified: Friday, January 5, 2007 at 11:00 p.m.
Ann R. Butler, 82, Gadsden, died Thursday, Jan. 4, 2007. Service will be in California at a later date. Cremation service provided by Morgan Funeral Chapel & Crematory.
Mrs. Butler was a member of the Eastern Star.
She is survived by her daughter, Marilyn (John) Burnley, Tyler, Texas; grandson, John Paul Burnley; special dog, Chi Chi; and special friend and caregiver, Patty Word, Attalla.
Special thanks to Mark and Pam Talley, Northside Nursing Home and Dr. Todd Cross for all the help and care you gave Ann during her illness.
The 23rd Psalm: "The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: He leadeth me beside the still waters. He restoreth my soul: He leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake. Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff comfort me. Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies; thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over. Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life; and I will dwell in the house of the Lord forever."
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
Comments are currently unavailable on this article | <urn:uuid:b09d730b-b045-407f-9a5a-1222a22c24dd> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.gadsdentimes.com/article/20070106/NEWS/701060306?Title=Butler-Ann-R- | 2016-02-13T05:10:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166141.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00299-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937685 | 369 |
This is an ultra-contemporary development of apartments located in an elevated position across five stylish lowrise buildings which benefits from a south-western orientation making the most of the sunsets over the Mediterranean. Open plan and contemporary in design, the apartments and penthouses feature a large terrace area perfect for alfresco dining with spectacular views. Large oversized glass doors allow natural light to bathe the spacious interior areas and with neutral décor throughout each apartment will easily become home once personalised.
A hidden gem on the New Golden Mile, Cancelada is a charming and authentic Spanish village. Conveniently close to Puerto Banús and Marbella, the village allows residents to enjoy a peaceful lifestyle, yet reach major towns and local amenities within 30 minutes. Western Costa del Sol offers a peaceful atmosphere and a number of beautiful beaches, making it a popular choice for a wide range of nationalities.
Our solid relationships with developers, house builders, banks and receivers enables us to offer our clients high quality, discounted property in beautiful, high-demand locations. We have access to over 10,000 properties in a range of different areas, many of which are exclusive to Sequre and are not available anywhere else.
Type: Apartment - Middle Floor
Location: New Golden Mile
Alt Ref: a091n00000bFbFCAA0
Price: € 280,000 | <urn:uuid:1cf373b1-2c0a-4449-9399-0bb696a8a244> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://sequreinternational.com/property/RE-R3274897 | 2019-06-24T22:29:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999740.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624211359-20190624233359-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.917172 | 282 |
I was bitten by a shelter dog while volunteering. What now?
The bite was, of course, unprovoked and somewhat painful but not serious. I went to the hospital for a wound cleaning and got a tetanus shot. The ER doctor notified Animal Control of the bite, but the office was closed because for the weekend. I told shelter staff that the dog needed to be quarantined to rule out rabies and they were shocked to hear it. The dog's picture was posted on a Facebook page advertising the event even though the shelter director knew what had happened, and the dog is still listed as adoptable on the group's Petfinder page. What are their responsibilities now that this has happened? I don't trust them to know or to follow the regulations even if they do know. Do they have to disclose the dog's bite history to potential adopters? I don't have plans to bring suit against them unless complications arise from my bite, like nerve damage, but are they negligent for not temperament testing dogs before taking them to public events and offering them to foster?
- This question is closed.
Calling Animal Control was the thing to do. Hopefully they send someone out and talk to them. The dog may have been temperament tested (it should say in it's records somewhere, I would think...? I don't actually know) but something set it off. You're absolutely right, they should not continue offering it up for adoption until this is sorted out. The last thing you want is a reactive dog going to a family with children or something... If they have to disclose a dog bite to the government, they probably have to disclose it to potential adopters. Hopefully a visit from Animal Control will remind them what the regulations are and that they need to follow them. I would call animal control again during the week and see if you can talk to a person, just to make sure they're looking into it.
Arya answered on Sep 17th.
Unless you signed an agreement with the shelter, it would be a waste of your money to sue them if they are a government agency. Why do you think you might have nerve damage without any stitches... If they are a private rescue, if you sued they would go bankrupt, dissolve and then start up again later under a different name. While you believe the bite was unprovoked, the dog did not think so and you will have a difficult time proving anything without video. If you want the money back from the hospital visit the best thing you might be able to do is to ask the group to pay for your medical. If they say no, then it's up to you if you want to take them to small claims court... but the judge will say that you knew the risks and assumed them willingly. Don't you want the dog the chance to be trained and find a new home... why punish the dog, especially if you did not need any stitches? ^_^ One cannot know how a formerly abused dog (or human) will react in new or stressful situations.
Tasha (in memory) answered on 9/15/13. Helpful? / 0 | <urn:uuid:0650a3a0-86f6-4bcc-9146-a57209858b9c> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.dogster.com/answers/question/i_was_bitten_by_a_shelter_dog_while_volunteering_what_now-95348 | 2016-05-27T04:04:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276416.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00021-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982036 | 635 |
“I’ve been fortunate to have a life that’s allowed me to serve the public with integrity, honesty, and the determination to make our community better. I’m a born and bred Hoosier – this is my home and I hold the same strong, conservative, family values as my neighbors.
“I’ve been proud to serve my constituents during the past several years as a City-County Councillor. And I’ve proudly worked in law enforcement and in the armed services to protect our freedoms and keep our streets safe. These are the qualifications that I will bring to the Indiana State Senate. These experiences have prepared me to be your voice in our legislature.”
– Jack Sandlin | <urn:uuid:7201ed6e-01d0-41a7-ba12-f868dc4c4a70> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://sandlinforsenate.com/biography/ | 2017-06-23T22:16:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.953333 | 154 |
ISBN 0 7559 2714 1
This document is also available in pdf format (168k)
Who must comply with the Regulations?
What do the Regulations cover?
What is required of public bodies?
Disseminating information actively
Handling requests for environmental information
Can a fee be charged for supplying information?
What are the exceptions?
What are the procedures for review and appeals?
What arrangements should be put in place for long-term record keeping?
What will constitute an offence?
How will the regime be monitored and reported?
This document has benefited from evidence of past experience, including inputs from consultees and stakeholders. It will be developed further with experience of the updated Regulations and their part in the wider freedom of information regime.
Comments, further evidence and good practice examples from readers would be welcome. Contact details are given at the end of the document.
1. The Scottish Executive is committed to freedom of information and to a greater sense of openness and transparency within the government itself. The Scottish Executive is also keen to give a greater sense and opportunity for empowerment to individuals and communities in matters which affect the quality of their lives. The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 ( FOISA) came into effect on 1 January 2005. The Act has introduced the appointment of an independent Scottish Information Commissioner to oversee compliance with the Act and his powers will be applied also to updated Regulations which develop access by individuals and interested groups to environmental information held by Scottish public authorities.
2. Access to environmental information has been regarded for many years as an important aspect of public participation and achieving sustainable development. A public that is well informed has a lot to offer the decision-making process by contributing a wide-range of opinions and views. This can help identify more immediate and evident consequences of policy as well as potentially unforeseen effects, particularly those whose impact may not have become apparent in the short-term and might easily have gone without being detected until too late.
3. Access to environmental information is not new. It has been practised in the UK for over 10 years. The Environmental Information Regulations ( EIR) came into force in 1992 ( SI 1992 No 3240) and were amended in 1998 ( SI No 1447). The new Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations 2004 ( EISRs) give an opportunity to incorporate practices which have been good practice since 1992 and already in use by many authorities under the prior environmental information regime. Significantly, they also provide a means of meeting obligations under European and International commitments.
4. The UK signed the UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in environmental matters at Aarhus in Denmark in 1998 - the Aarhus Convention. The new Regulations enable Scotland to comply with the Convention and with the new Aarhus-based EU Directive 2003/4/ EC of 28th January 2003 on public access to environmental information. Separate Regulations were made to ensure that England, Wales and Northern Ireland are also in compliance, assisting towards UK ratification of Aarhus and implementation of the EU Directive. The EU Directive seeks to bring the provisions of Community law in to line with the Convention. The objective of the Directive taken from Article 1 is:
- to develop the existing right of access to environmental information held by or for public authorities in Scotland and to set out the basic terms and conditions of the updated regime and
- to promote in as wide a structure as possible an information dissemination regime, which is easily accessible to the public on environmental information.
5. In general, the implementation of the new regulations is aligned with the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002.
EISRs AND FOISA
6. Because our European and International obligations on environmental information go wider than is set out in the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002, the new Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations 2004 differ in some respects from FOISA 2002.
- wider range of bodies covered
- requests can be in any form including spoken
- complex and voluminous requests can have up to 40 days to be answered
- exceptions are structured differently
- the basis of changing is expressed more generally
- transfer of request to another Scottish public authority required in certain circumstances
Main differences between new Regulations and the 1992 Regulations
7. The principal differences between the new environmental information Regulations and the 1992 environmental information Regulations are:
- definitions of environmental information and the bodies that are associated with information on the environment are more fully/clearly illustrated in the EISRs 2004
- in most cases the time limit which a public body has to respond to a request for environmental information is reduced from 2 months to 20 working days
- a public interest test has been introduced, which means that information may be refused in terms of an exception only if the public interest in making the information available is outweighed by the public interest in maintaining the exception. This is in alignment with the comparable test in the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002
- also in line with the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002, an applicant may seek review by an authority of its decision and the Scottish Information Commissioner will provide a clearer process of appeal for applicants
- other changes clarify provisions from the 1992 regime, most of which are already practised by public authorities
8. This Guidance document replaces the existing Guidance on the environmental information Regulations 1992 as amended by the 1998 Regulations. A number of the detailed features of the new regulations featured in good practice Guidance of 1992. The Guidance will also assist Scottish public authorities to comply with their legal obligations under the new Regulations and help clarify the links between the Environmental Information Regulations and the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 and other general information regimes. The Guidance is not legally binding. Only the Scottish Information Commissioner and the courts can give an authoritative decision on the interpretation of the Regulations.
9. For Scottish public authorities this Guidance should be read along with the Code of Practice for the Regulations, describing the practices which, in the view of Scottish Ministers, it would be desirable for authorities to follow in the discharge of their functions under the Regulations.
10. Where parallel regimes are potentially applicable, the FOISA will apply unless information is environmental information, to which the EISRs regime will apply instead. If the information is personal data, the Data Protection Act 1998 will apply instead. There should be no overlap. Regulation 11 and paras 115-117 below deal with the DPA in more detail.
11. An authority should decide under which regime a request falls most appropriately. In general, it may be most practical and transparent to deal with the request entirely under the appropriate regime. If a larger request appears to fall into environmental information and other information it may be possible to deal with the parts under the EISRs and FOISA regimes. However, care should be taken to avoid confusion eg of the precise provisions of the regimes where the regimes differ in detail. Whichever information regime is used, the DPA requirements for personal data will need to be met.
Who must comply with the Regulations?
What is a Scottish Public Authority?
12. In these Regulations a 'Scottish public authority'- means:
a) all Scottish Public Authorities as listed in Schedule 1 of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 or designated by order as a 'public authority' under section 5 of the same Act.
b) a wholly government-owned company as defined by section 6 of the Act.
c) any other Scottish public authority within the meaning of the Scotland Act 1998.
d) any other person/body under the control of a public authority at (a), (b) or (c) and having public responsibilities, functions or providing services in relation to the environment.
13. The definition of function above should be taken to include the provision of any services. Control should be taken to mean a relationship, which is constituted by statute, regulations, rights, licence, contracts or other means that either separately or jointly confer the possibility of directly or indirectly exercising a decisive influence on bodies/authorities or organisations. In line with this definition, any private company which is sufficiently associated with activities of a Scottish public authority will have responsibilities under EISRs. "Control" may relate to the body/authority itself and control of the services provided by it. It also includes financial control as well as regulatory or administrative control. Examples of such bodies would be private contractors or public private partnerships with environmental functions such as waste disposal, water, energy, transport and environmental consultancy. Following privatisation and liberalisation of marketing and competition such arrangements can be complex. For the EISRs to apply there needs to be a link to a body at (a), (b) or (c) above.
14. Public utilities carrying out functions involved with the supply of essential public services such as water, sewerage, gas and electricity may fall within the scope of the new Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulation 2004, depending upon the nature of the constitution of the company and the extent of their environmental responsibility. Some companies may be linked to UK public authorities and hence caught by the UKEIRs. A single contract between a Scottish public authority and a private organisation will not necessarily bring the private company within the scope of the environmental information regime although it may do so. Each case will need to be considered on its merits. No comprehensive list can be compiled of the companies and organisations under the control of a Scottish public authority. Such relationships are dynamic and subject to change.
15. If any individual/body or organisation is unclear of its status under the Regulations then it should seek legal advice. In any disputes it will be for the Scottish Information Commissioner, and ultimately the courts, to decide.
16. The Regulations apply to Scottish public authorities and therefore do not apply to
- UK government departments and associated agencies
- The House of Commons
- The House of Lords
- The Northern Ireland Assembly
- The National Assembly of Wales
- The armed forces of the Crown
- Any body or office holder listed in Parts ll toVll of Schedule 1 of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 or designated by order as a "public authority" under section 5 of the same Act
- A publicly-owned company as defined by section 6 of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and,
17. A person/body cannot be within the ambit of both UK and Scottish regulations. If the UK regulations apply as in paragraph 16 above, the EISRs do not apply.
18. Where a body is within the ambit of the EISRs 2004 by reason of a control link to a Scottish public authority and an environmental function, responsibility or service, it is caught by the Regulations only to the extent of that control and that function, responsibility or service.
19. The Regulations do not apply to any public authority when carrying out functions of a judicial or legislative capacity e.g. The Scottish Parliament, a Sheriff, courts or tribunals. These public authorities are, however, public authorities for the purpose of these Regulations when they carry out other functions, for instance, managing and operating their own premises.
What do the Regulations cover?
Environmental Information - but what is that?
20. The definition of environmental information includes information in written, visual, audio taped or database form on:
- the state of elements of the environment - such as air, water, soil, land, landscape and natural sites, flora and fauna, including GMOs, wildlife and biological diversity - and it includes any interaction between them.
- any factor such as substances, energy, noise, radiation or waste, including radioactive waste, emissions, discharges and other releases into the environment affecting or likely to affect the state of the elements of environment or any interaction between them
- measures and activities affecting or likely to affect, or intended to protect the state of the elements of the environment and the interaction between them. This includes administrative measures, policies, legislation, plans, programmes and environmental agreements
- reports on the implementation of environmental legislation
- cost benefit and other economic analysis used in environmental decision making
- the state of human health and safety, conditions of human life, the food chain, cultural sites and built structures, which are, or are likely to be affected by the state of the elements of the environment and the interaction between them
21. In more detail:-
Air includes the air contained by any building and any other natural or man-made structures either above or below the ground-level. It also include systems such as air-conditioning
Water includes underground as well as surface waters irrespective of whether they are natural or man-made in design. It also includes sewage and foul water, inland waters, rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas.
Soil should also take in the upper layer of the mantle rock in which plants grow.
Land and Landscape includes all land surfaces, buildings, and underground layers or land covered by water.
Natural Site includes areas identified by reason of their flora, fauna, geographical or physiographical features, for example, sites of special scientific interest or areas of outstanding natural beauty.
Biological diversity includes both flora and fauna, living or dead
Human health and safety and conditions of human life includes human responses to physical, chemical and biological agents delivered through environmental media of water, air, land, and biodiversity etc
Built structures should include roads and other infrastructures
State includes physical, chemical and biological conditions
Emissions includes discharges and other releases into the environment whenever they occur including the direct or indirect release of substances, vibrations, or noise from individual or diffuse sources into or onto air, water or land
Measures includes administrative measures and environmental management programmes such as permit schemes, management contracts; and environmental information may be utilised in other measures such as land-use planning regimes and permits, regeneration and transport development plans and proposals.
Effects includes direct and indirect effects
Economic analyses includes financial analyses
22. For the purpose of these Regulations, information may relate to anywhere in the world.
23. Environmental information may be used or found in or extend beyond what is not specifically an environmental topic. Hence agriculture, industry or health sectors etc may use environmental information (which could be made available under these Regulations) as well as other information available under other regimes. Hence environmental information may relate to such issues as effects on the environment of GM crop trials, pesticide testing, run-off from agricultural land; impact of manufacturing processes; safe handling of clinical wastes, or environmental factors in public health, and land use planning. This may include reports on implementation of environmental measures and environmental legislation and any analysis resulting from appraisal of policy.
24. Environmental information includes information contained in documents, pictures and records, where records are taken to include registers, reports, returns, computer records and other non-documentary records. Maps will generally contain environmental information. Arrangements may have to be made over time with producers of maps to prevent restrictions that might otherwise arise over copyright and property rights. No types of information are excluded from the potential ambit of environmental information. It includes, for example, all types of decision letters, applications, inspection reports, concession agreements, contracts, tables, databases, spreadsheets, e-mails, photographs, sketches and handwritten notes or drawings and covers opinions and advice as well as facts.
25. Environmental information does not include non-existent information that could be created by manipulating existing information or data. Nor does it include information which does not exist until further research has taken place. Similarly it does not extend to information which has been destroyed in accordance with established procedures.
26. Scottish public authorities are advised to consider the accuracy of any information which they hold, particularly information received from a third party, or information which may have been based on opinion rather than fact.
27. If validation of certain information would be too expensive or difficult then it is advisable to issue a disclaimer with the information given to the public and to give the source of the information, especially in cases where perhaps only a small proportion of the data is available and therefore it may not be representative of the full data set.
28. There is no time limit on historical data or information, as information already in existence is covered by these Regulations, whether created or gathered.
29. Environmental information is held by a Scottish public authority if it is:-
- in its possession and it has been produced or received by that authority; or
- held by another person on that authority's behalf;
and in either case, it has not been supplied by a Minister of the Crown or department of the government of the UK and held in confidence.
30. These Regulations apply to any information held by or on behalf of a Scottish public authority whether or not it was obtained as a direct consequence of that body's environmental responsibilities. It includes information collected before the introduction of these environmental regulations. It thus includes information held within the body's buildings or elsewhere, held on its own behalf and it includes information held by others on behalf of the Scottish public authority (eg by consultants, private companies or in archives). Environmental information includes information transferred by a Scottish public authority to the Keeper of the Records of Scotland at the National Archives of Scotland [ NAS] for preservation - the Keeper holds that information on behalf of the authority.
31. There does not need to be any contract or formal agreement for receiving environmental information by a Scottish public authority. Information given voluntarily or obtained by a Scottish public authority, e.g. from the internet, is still held by that authority for the purpose of these Regulations and may need to be made available in response to a request to that authority. However, that voluntary giving of environmental information to a Scottish public authority does not extend any obligation of these Regulations to the party that volunteered the information.
32. There are other statutory provisions that provide legislative powers for public access to environmental information. Some may require less information to be made available than these Regulations. In such circumstances the arrangements under these Regulations will be generally the ones which prevail. Exceptions to this rule are information in EU documents (once the relevant EU Regulation has been updated to reflect the Aarhus Convention) and personal information (where a decision to release must take account of the requirements of the Data Protection Directive 95/46/ EC).
What is Required of public bodies?
Obligations under the Regulations
33. The Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations require Scottish public bodies to:
- make environmental information available proactively, especially by electronic means
- give advice and assistance to any person making a request for environmental information
- make environmental information available to any person who requests it as quickly as possible and within 20 working days of their request, or exceptionally within 40 working days if the request is complex and voluminous
- refuse only in accordance with the limited exceptions available under the Regulations; give reasons, and provide details of the procedures available to applicants for review of a refusal and the process for appeal
- ensure that internal procedures are in place to deal with representations for review
34. Scottish public authorities will be accustomed to the requirements of the EISRs as the previous Regulations and supporting Guidance were in place from 1992 to 2004. Most Scottish public authorities which already have good practices in openness and transparency should not find it difficult to provide an effective and efficient information service to the public. Public authorities may be able to put frequently-requested information on their websites, thus allowing customers to access information on the net, whilst saving staff resources on dealing with individual requests for information.
Training and Awareness Raising within public authorities - who needs to know?
35. All staff working in a Scottish public authority will have to be aware that the Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations 2004 apply now. Training/updating sessions might contain background on:
- the role of the Regulations and access to environmental information as a key stepping stone in the process towards public participation and sustainable development
- the international context of the Regulations, which predates the domestic legislation of FOISA and makes EISRs slightly different.
- what counts as environmental information
- the few key differences between EISRs and FOISA
- how EISRs fit in a global context from the 1991 Rio Conference on sustainable development, through the UNECE Aarhus Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters, and the EU Directive 2003/4/ EC
36. It would also be helpful to make staff aware of the requirement that in most circumstances information about emissions and discharges into the environment will be made available. It will of course be up to each individual public authority to decide and put in place internal procedures to suit their own specific requirements.
37. Plans for training Scottish public authorities affected by the requirements of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 have been under way since 2004 and these training provisions also take into account the need for staff to familiarise themselves with the Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations.
38. Scottish public authorities should already have reviewed their records management arrangements as part of the process of preparing for implementation of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act on 1st January 2005. In doing this, they should have taken account of the Code of Practice on Records Management published by the Scottish Ministers under section 61 of the Act. Supporting Guidance is set out in the generic 'Model Action Plan' for developing records management arrangements compliant with the Code of Practice on Records Management published by the Keeper of the Records of Scotland. Each authority will also have to consider to what extent it may need to identify information relating to the environment separately and whether it may need to train staff to specialise in responding to the requirements of the Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations 2004.
Bodies such as contractors, partners and some public utilities which are public authorities for the purposes of the EISRs but not the FOISA will be able to draw upon their experience under the former UKEIR requirements. They may wish also to consider whether any more formal arrangements are required for training, records management and active dissemination.
Helpful hints on how to ensure that information is made easily available to the public
39. Here are a few suggestions for Scottish public authorities on how information can be made more easily accessible:
- ensure as much information as possible is available on the website and in other publications
- consider whether your publication scheme under FOISA (for those operating under the Act) contains enough environmental information or whether more information should be made available through your scheme
- make clear the information you are content to release on request and ensure that staff dealing with such requests are made fully aware of:
- what information can be given out
- where to find the information
- make sure staff dealing with request are familiar with any statutory requirements, such as:
- 20 working day time limit
- providing help and assistance
- transferring requests to other Public Authorities
- accepting oral requests, but making a written record of them and
- confirming with the applicant when a request cannot be met immediately
- give staff training on how to identify and deal with any potentially difficult cases or complaints:
- refusal, partial refusal, or where information to be released must be separated from that which is to be withheld
- where a request may be particularly time consuming or costly to handle
Streamlining procedures for requests under EISRs and FOISA regimes
40. What do they have in common?
Active dissemination - covers all stakeholders
Records Management - the same approach should be followed for all information
Public Interest Test - the same for both regimes
Fees for providing information - can be the same for both regimes although EISRs have no lower or upper thresholds
Enforcement procedures - the same for both regimes
Disseminating information actively
41. This requirement can be met in part by a Scottish public authority's publication scheme. However, reference to 'active dissemination' means more than just listing already-available information: there is clearly an intention to promote and develop dissemination. Making information easily available can reduce the resources needed to deal with individual requests. The more proactive a public authority becomes in disseminating information and making it easily accessible to the public, then the less time and effort is needed by staff having to physically produce information themselves.
42. Scottish public authorities are encouraged to make information more easily available by means of websites, telecommunications and electronic technology. This includes electronic information on permits, applications for permits and monitoring data relating to those permits. However, where information has been collected prior to the Directive coming into effect then it will be up to each Scottish public authority to decide whether or not it is feasible to make this earlier information available in electronic format, taking into account the volume of information and the demand for it. The key question with historical information is whether it can be found when requested. The Regulations do not require electronic format for information dating prior to 14 February 2003.
43. Scottish public authorities under EISRs not subject to the requirements of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 will also need to judge what action their authority will need to take to proactively disseminate environmental information held by them, whether through the use of a website or some other means such as periodicals or ad hoc reports, publicity material or articles in trade and professional publications.
44. Wherever there is a requirement under any other legislation for a Scottish public authority to maintain an accessible register containing environmental information, these registers must be kept up to date and accurate and 'comparable'. Access to these registers should be free of charge. Registers which can be looked at "in situ" by the public as a rule are accessible only during normal working hours. Although access to the information should be free, a charge can be requested for providing photocopies.
45. The provision of information under the EISRs does not give the person who received the information the right to re-use that information in such a way that it infringes any copyright legislation. Scottish public authorities should be aware that environmental information disclosed under the Regulations may be subject to copyright protection. If an applicant wishes to use any information in a way that would infringe copyright, for example by making multiple copies, or issuing copies to the public, he or she would require a licence from the copyright holder. HMSO have issued Guidance on this subject in relation to Crown Copyright, which is available on HMSO's website http://www.hmso.gov.uk or by contacting HMSO at St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich, NR3 1BQ tel (copyright) 01603 621000 tel (other) 01603 723011.
Handling requests for environmental information
46. Anyone or any organisation world-wide can ask for environmental information, without having to prove or give a reason for their interest in the information requested. All requests must receive a response within 20 working days of receipt of the initial request unless exceptionally the request is complex and voluminous and an extension up to the time limit of 40 working days is necessary.
47. The onus to comply with the requirements of the Regulations falls on the Scottish public authority holding the information, whether or not this public authority originally created the information. The obligation to respond to a request falls on the office that receives the request, if it holds the information. In some circumstances it may need to consult before making a decision.
48. There may be occasions where it could help to deal with a request to know the applicant's interest or reasons for the request, if the person making the request is willing to provide this information. For example, the request may be made in connection with a statutory application and the information may be needed very quickly to enable the applicant to take action on the information within the time frames set out under relevant legislation. However, if the person does not give a reason, the public authority should respond to the request as soon as possible in accordance with the Regulations. Scottish public authorities cannot insist that applicants state their interest or reasons for their requests, and must treat all requests equally, regardless of applicants' stated interest, or lack of it, or their reasons or non-disclosure of reasons for their request.
49. If a request is unclear it might make it easier to provide the information sought if the applicant is invited to discuss the request. A short telephone conversation may be all that is needed to clarify the request.
50. When a request for environmental information is received orally, there may be circumstances where the public authority would find it helpful to receive the request in writing. This could happen in the more complex requests or where lots of information has to be collated before a response can be issued. If asked, the person making the request may be willing to put the request in writing. However, public authorities cannot insist on this and if no written request is forthcoming the public authority that received the request is advised to make its own written note of the request and date it. The public authority could also ask the person making the request to confirm that the authority has made a correct record - but avoiding unduly bureaucratic procedures. In any event, it is imperative for the public authority to record the date of receipt of oral requests because the 20-day time limit begins the day after the oral request was made. Scottish public authorities will also need to be clear about the impact this has on the practice on using answer-phones or voicemail, especially where individual recipients are absent. A clear record of the date of a request will be important also in any subsequent proceedings before the Scottish Information Commissioner.
How should a request be responded to?
51. The Regulations require access to be given at places made available for the purpose. Some callers may be answered on the spot but more complex requests may be better dealt with by correspondence. The facilities for providing access are clearly for decision locally e.g. inspection and copying; and should be publicised by the authorities. The Code of Practice sets out the expected practice.
52. Some Scottish public authorities have outstations, which may or may not be staffed, which could be recipients of requests for environmental information. Some such places may be able to respond directly or may be able forward the request to the authority's contact point for requests. Other such outstations may not be in a position to respond in this way and could refer an applicant to the authority's contact point. The latter situation could apply also to staff who could be approached in public places or workers who need to travel in the course of their duties and are supplied by their employers with a vehicle. Such employees could direct enquirers to the authority's contact point from memory, from some 'aide memoir' or, e.g. by reference to telephone number or electronic address displayed on the authority's road vehicle.
In what form or format should Environmental Information be made available?
53. A Scottish public authority must make the information available in the form or format requested unless:
- it is reasonable for the Scottish public authority to make it available to the applicant in another from or format
- the information is already publicly available and easily accessible in another form or format
54. The Scottish public authority should be as helpful as possible with respect to form and format, taking into account the fact that e.g. some IT users may not be able to read attachments in certain formats, and that some members of the public may prefer paper to electronic copies.
55. Although there is no specific reference in the Regulations to the need to provide information in the form of a summary or digest, a request for environmental information may include a request for information in this format. In these cases a summary should generally be provided so long as it is reasonably practical to do so, taking into account the cost. But it is not intended that requesting information in a particular form or format should be used as a way of analysing or manipulating information that can be done by the enquirer or of avoiding payment for published information which normally carries a charge.
Is there an obligation to transfer a request for environmental information?
56. The Regulations make provision for the transfer of a request from one body to another. This provision applies only if the body receiving the request does not hold the information nor makes use of the services of another body to hold this information on its behalf. In certain circumstances, however, the person who has made the initial requests may not wish to have the request transferred to another authority/body. He/she may, for example, prefer to make a new request. For this reason, the applicant should always be asked before any transfer is made.
57. When a request is to be transferred to another authority/body the person should be provided with enough information and assistance so that the progression of their request can be tracked by the applicant without any difficulty. This can be done easily by providing a telephone number of the authority/body to which the request has been passed and by publicising a clear explanation of the procedures carried out by the authority when it is considered necessary to transfer a request.
58. If it is felt necessary to transfer a request the body transferring the request must complete the process by issuing a decision letter within 20 days of receipt of the request. This letter will be a formal letter of refusal. It should therefore contain;
- An explanation of the fact that the information requested is not held by that body, and
- Information about the review procedure and the applicant's right of appeal.
59. When a request has been transferred from another body it then becomes a new request and this means that a new start date is set for the request. This will be the date of receipt of transferred request and the 20 working days allowed under these Regulations for handling that request will start from the day following this new date.
What happens in the case of records which have been transferred to the Keeper of the Records of Scotland?
60. The Regulations make special provisions in relation to environmental information contained in a record which a Scottish public authority has transferred to the Keeper of the Records of Scotland at the National Archives of Scotland [ NAS]. Such information is held by the Keeper on behalf of the authority. Where a request is made to the Keeper for access to environmental information contained in such a record and that record has not been designated as open for public access, he must send a copy of the request to the authority as soon as possible after receiving it. It is then for the authority to decide whether the information is subject to an exception under the regulation 10(1)(a) and to apply the public interest test under regulation 10(1)(b), and to notify the Keeper whether he can make the information available. If the record has been designated as 'open' the Keeper may make it available without reference to the authority that transferred the record.
Extension of Time
61. The Regulations recognise that it may be impractical due to the volume and complexity of the request to reply to an applicant within the specified 20 working days time limit for a response, eg where considerable staff time is required to identify and gather the information. In cases where it is not possible to give a complete response within 20 working days then the period may be extended up to a total of 40 working days. The applicant should be informed as soon as possible, and no later than 20 working days from the date of request, that an extension is considered necessary in order to give a comprehensive response to their request. The response should explain that the provisions of regulation 7 require to be used and should give the authority's reasons for considering that the information is voluminous and complex. The response should also describe the provisions for review and for appeal to the Scottish Information Commissioner.
Can a fee be charged for supplying Information?
62. The Regulations provide that no fee should be charged for:
- inspection of public registers, or examination in situ of information.
- examination of the information requested at a place that the authority makes available for that purpose
63. This means that where a legally-required register is provided, access to this should be free. Similarly, in some circumstances it may be more effective to provide facilities for applicants to visit the public authority offices or an information service centre to inspect information. Again there should be no fee. There should be no fee for advice on the availability of information, nor for the processes of deciding its response to a request, nor for review.
64. A Scottish public authority may charge a reasonable fee for the provision of environmental information but this should not exceed the actual cost of supplying the information, for example, the actual cost of location, retrieval and photocopies. The fee cannot seek recovery of the original cost of creating the information. When fees are being charged, these should be clearly set out in the authorities' advertising/dissemination of their information regime, including on the authority's website, and made available to the public.
65. It is often not cost effective to charge a fee for the supply of environmental information and some Scottish authorities adopt a policy of not charging for information if the fee falls below a certain cost level. In some cases the cost of administering and collecting the charge may outweigh the fee being charged. Some Scottish authorities may even wish to make concessions for certain groups such as community groups or charitable organisations.
66. A fee may be asked of an applicant in advance, in which case the applicant should be informed of the reason that the fee has been considered necessary. Such a case may be where priced publications are necessary to sustain production of the information. Where a fee is charged in advance, the authority is not obliged to provide the information until the fee has been paid.
67. Scottish public authorities should consider methods of providing information at as low a cost as possible e.g. reproduction wherever possible by using electronic communications in preference to paper. This will be especially significant where the information requested is lengthy. The preference of the applicant, if stated, will also need to be taken into consideration. However where historical records exist then the cost of eg. digitising material, must also be considered when deciding the most effective approach.
68. In order to simplify the management of fees for the supply of information which is not actively disseminated, bodies may decide to charge the same fee for information supplied in accordance with these Regulations as that charged under the FOISA. Fees arrangements under the FOISA in response to requests are fixed by Regulations and have a lower and an upper threshold. There is, however, no similar provision under EISRs. This means that when a request for environmental information is received that is complex and voluminous, such that it may involve considerable staff time in identifying and gathering the information requested, the authority receiving the request has scope to consider not only whether a time extension may be needed under regulation 7 but also whether to seek to recover the costs involved by charging a fee. Fees for such information must also be reasonable.
69. These Regulations continue and extend the presumption that environmental information will be made available on request but refusal is possible in a limited number of circumstances. These are of two categories and they are discussed in more detail under "exceptions" below.
(i) Firstly, these relate to the extent that certain circumstances exist, namely where the information is not held by the Scottish authority; the request is manifestly unreasonable; the request has been made in too general a manner; it relates to information which is incomplete; or it relates to internal communications. In these cases the Scottish public body should provide as much advice and assistance as possible to the applicant.
(ii) Secondly, in circumstances, where making information available would, or would be likely to, prejudice substantially a number of interests.
The grounds for refusal must be interpreted in a restrictive way, taking into account the public interest served by disclosure. Information relating to emissions is given a special status and must be supplied in most cases.
70. In cases where a request for environmental information relates to a combination of information that can be released and information which it would not be in the public interest to release, the information should be separated out and the part that can be released made available to the applicant. The applicant must be informed of any refusal as soon as possible and within 20 working days in most cases.
71. Where the response to a request contains a refusal to make information available or available in a particular format then the refusal must:
- be in writing
- state clearly the reasons for refusal
- state the basis for applying any exception, if it would not otherwise be apparent
- where environmental information is incomplete and the exception in regulation 10(4)(d) is relied on, state the time by which the Scottish public authority considers that the information will be complete
- provide details of the mechanisms for review and appeals procedures available against the decision to refuse the request
72. The purpose of providing reasons to an applicant is to enable him/her to determine whether the refusal is well founded in fact and law, or whether he/she want to challenge the decision for the refusal.
73. No fee can be charged by a Scottish public authority for or on account of environmental information which is not made available and this includes any legal fees incurred by the public authority, even if legal advice were sought on whether or not information should be provided. Nor should a fee be charged for explaining the reasons for withholding environmental information.
What are the exceptions?
74. The Regulations permit a Scottish public authority to refuse a request if there is an exception under regulation 10(4) or (5) or regulation 11 and the public interest in making information available is outweighed by that in maintaining the exception. Under the Regulations any potential substantial prejudice must be weighed against the public interest in disclosure of the information. This process of balancing public interest and exception from disclosing information is referred to as the Public Interest Test. This is dealt with later in the Guidance at paragraphs 118-123. In considering the application of the exceptions an authority must interpret those exceptions in a restrictive way and must apply a presumption in favour of disclosure.
(i) EXCEPTIONS - to the extent that certain circumstances exist
If the authority does not hold the information?
75. The meaning of 'hold' is to be interpreted widely. Any information in the possession of the Scottish public authority or which is stored elsewhere and is held by a natural or legal person on behalf of, or solely in connection with, services provided to a public authority is 'held' by it.
76. It follows that this exception applies only if the public authority receiving the request does not hold the information nor make use of the services of another body or person to hold this information on its behalf. The Scottish public authority would therefore have to provide advice and assistance and, if the likely holder of the information is known, ask the applicant if he/she would like the request to be transferred. Whether or not the information is held by another public authority and whether or not the applicant decides that he/she would like the request to be transferred, the last step in the procedure for the Scottish public authority that does not hold the information is to refuse the request.
What about unreasonable requests?
77. A "manifestly unreasonable request" - the words of the Regulations - could include a request for information that places a substantial and arduous burden on a Scottish public authority. Examples might be when the amount of information sought is considerable, when extensive scans of historic files prove necessary, or when significant searching in large databases or files of information is required. Alternatively the exception might apply in response to a request very similar to one recently answered by a Scottish public authority. One of the factors to be taken into consideration here is whether the work involved would require an unreasonable diversion of resources from the provision of the public services by the Scottish public authority. In some cases it may be possible to provide the applicant with access to the database so that he/she can research the topic in person. In other circumstances obstacles may be overcome if the applicant is willing to pay a reasonable charge for the work involved. This may not always be the solution to the problem, particularly if it meant diverting a specialist from carrying out other work. Discussion with the applicant - under the duty of "advice and assistance" may assist.
If the request is too general?
78. A public authority may refuse a request for information on the grounds that it has been presented in too general a manner to allow the information to be identified and then formulated into a sensible response. In these circumstances it will be essential to communicate with the applicant to offer assistance to find out if the request can be more defined before refusal is considered. It would not be appropriate to refuse because the applicant was unfamiliar with the correct terminology. A request for ".... all the information you hold on...." might be too general for a broad subject or for a large operation. However, a broad question in a more specific field might be answerable. Where an applicant has been asked to clarify or define such a request, as an alternative to refusal, the period for response will commence after receipt of the applicant's clarification.
What happens when data is incomplete?
79. Whether or not a document can be categorised as complete data will depend on the circumstances and should be considered on a case by case basis. Data which is part of routine monitoring should not be regarded as part of an ongoing unfinished set but should normally be released as soon as practicable after collection, or according to a planned and published timescale. In the case of a longitudinal survey, each stage of the survey should be regarded as a separate piece of work and therefore information should be made available at the end of each stage of the survey.
80. In the case of a Scottish public authority concluding a study or writing a report, access to certain documents produced during the process - e.g. data received or acquired, other papers, etc may await the completion of the final report so that analysis and interpretation can proceed unhindered. However, if the study is abandoned any such working papers which are not otherwise confidential should be released in response to a request as soon as reasonable if not otherwise disseminated by the Scottish public authority.
81. Completed data sets should be released as soon as practicable after collection, or according to a planned and published timetable. This approach allows an authority to include planning for publicity, Ministerial announcements, decisions etc, in its steps towards the completion of the report. However, a report cannot be refused on the grounds that the Scottish public authority plans to publish an edited version some time in the future. On the other hand, if in compiling the report, time is being taken by a Scottish public authority to organise the report in such a way that the information which can be disclosed is separate from the parts which cannot, then the report will not be deemed as complete until it is in its final format.
82. Information contained in any internal communications of or between Scottish public authorities, including any correspondence between officials in the same authority and its agencies, may be excepted from the duty to release if it is of a confidential nature. This also extends to inter-agency correspondence or correspondence between government departments. An exception of this nature can apply to correspondence in whatever form it may take and this includes memos, notes of meetings, e-mails. Authorities must be allowed to think in private. Papers, reports and background deliberation collected and accumulated during the making up of a report or policy statement may be considered confidential if, for example, their release might lead to speculation, confusion or be misleading and that it would not be in the public interest in all circumstances of the case to disclose this information; or if disclosure might jeopardise the outcome of any deliberations. This exception could include expressions of opinions and interpretation, especially if these opinions and interpretations have not been validated at the time. The concept is of some form of relationship, of consultation or of joint working; and it may be the relationship that decides the confidentiality. It is not just geographically 'internal'. This exception should not be taken to encompass routine or administrative business transactions, nor simply because they are labelled 'draft'. Environmental information that is not of a confidential nature that can be extracted from an internal communication should be made available on request. Data assembled in support of policy-development may be made available once the outcome has been decided and announced, if it has not been released already in a public consultation.
83. An exception could include any correspondence between a Scottish Minister and a local authority council member, information passed between officials in the course of their normal duties, internal minutes and submissions to senior officers or Members. It could also include any reports submitted by an inspector to a Department, or to a local authority committee as part of the normal internal process for considering a report to maintain confidentiality pending a final decision on the outcome.
(ii) EXCEPTIONS - which may cause substantial prejudice
84. This second category of exception applies to the extent that disclosure would, or would be likely to, substantially prejudice certain processes or persons. The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 provides for similar but not identical reasons for exceptions. The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 provides for exemptions from disclosing information if the release of information would, or would be likely to, substantially prejudice the interests listed under the Act. Despite the differences in the exceptions between the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 and the Environmental Information (Scotland) Regulations 2004 both pieces of legislation require bodies to make a judgement in advance about the likely consequences of releasing the information, and whether it would result in any substantial prejudice.
85. Information relating to international relations, may be excepted if it contains confidential information obtained from (or which relates to) a foreign state, an international organisation, or overseas territories where the release of information might compromise any future co-operation with the UK in areas of vital interests to the UK.
In the case of defence?
86. Defence information may include information that makes it possible to calculate military capacity, for example, levels of discharge from a naval submarine or other forms of information that would jeopardise the ability of the armed forces to carry out their defence functions. It may also include information which if disclosed would damage national security. Defence technology as well as plans and strategy change over time. In the longer term this exemption will become less relevant as, for example, information relating to the dumping of munitions from World War II could not be considered as being capable of affecting any military defence today.
National Security and Public Safety
87. Environmental information may be refused by a Scottish public body if the release of such information would, or would be likely to substantially prejudice national security or public safely. This exception, together with those for 'international relations' and 'defence' (above), are similar to the exemptions under Section 31 of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. Such interests are likely to be narrow, considering the limited extent of Scottish public authorities' roles in those topics and the essential environmental focus. Likely topics could include environmental information on the protection of critical national infrastructures such as water supply. A Scottish public authority will also have exercised a presumption in favour of release and the public interest test must have been applied.
88. A certificate by Scottish Ministers of the fact that the exception applied at any time under Regulation 12 could require the 'national security' exemption to apply and would be 'conclusive'. However, appeal may be available on application to the courts for judicial review. In the absence of a certificate under Regulation 12, a refusal given under the exception and reviewed by the Scottish Administration could be appealed to the Scottish Information Commissioner for a decision. A decision notice or enforcement notice served upon the Scottish Administration by the Commissioner could cease to have effect if the First Minister issued a certificate under section 52 of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 by virtue of regulation 17(2)(c), stating that there had been no failure to comply with regulation 5 (duty to make information available) and that the information requested is of exceptional sensitivity. Given the presumption in favour of disclosure and the narrow interest of Scottish Ministers in matters affecting national security (see above), this power is expected to be rarely used by them.
What if it affects the course of justice?
89. A request may be refused where the disclosure of the information would, or would be likely to, substantially prejudice
- the course of justice - this includes law enforcement (specific cases or compilation of a body of evidence)
- the ability of a person to receive a fair trial
- the ability of a Scottish public authority to conduct an inquiry of a criminal or disciplinary nature
90. The above exemption applies to any level of government, and to any institution or public authority, local, regional, national or international, and may relate to present proceedings or proceeding likely to take place in the future. It could include any information which, if disclosed, could prejudice the enforcement or appropriate administration of the law, which includes the prevention, investigation or detection of a crime, or the apprehension or prosecution of offenders. Every effort should however be made to make information available once the proceedings have been completed.
Intellectual property rights
91. A request may be refused where release of information would, or would be likely to, substantially prejudice intellectual property rights. All intellectual property rights, which includes copyright, a patented design or the constituents of a chemical which has yet to be marketed, or other trade secret may be protected by this exception where it can be reasonably anticipated that making information available would, or would be likely to, cause substantial prejudice and where the public interest in disclosure does not outweigh that prejudice.
Confidentiality of proceedings of any Scottish public authority
92. An exception may also apply to certain proceedings of a Scottish public authority if they are considered to be confidential. The proceedings of a Scottish public authority will include meetings of its formal board members and council meetings including in some cases the formal or statutory communications with another public body or with other external organisations. Authorities must be allowed to think in private. Scottish public authorities must be allowed to function and deliberate on communications in any form leading up to a decision i.e. policy statements may be confidential and therefore may not be released until after decisions have been concluded. Confidential information need not be released, but this exemption should not cover transactions or business activities of an administrative or routine nature.
93. Increasingly Scottish public authorities are choosing to release and disseminate through their publication schemes either summaries or full minutes of board meetings within a specified time after the meeting has taken place. Wherever possible any environmental information contained in these should be released as soon as possible. In these circumstances, it may be appropriate to respond to a request for environmental information by providing advice on when this information will be available.
94. If the information requested relates to emissions into the environment then, in accordance with the Regulations, this exception is not available and the information should be released unless some other exception also applies which is not caught by the 'emissions' provision of regulation 10(6).
What about commercial or industrial confidentiality?
95. This provision in the EISRs 2004 is similar but not identical to the provisions set out separately in sections 33 and 36 of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 for 'commercial interests and the economy' and 'confidentiality'.
96. Statutory provisions can sometimes help a Scottish public authority to identify what might be protected under this exception. However, the effect of regulation 5(3) is that any decision to supply or refuse a request for environmental information that is also commercially sensitive must be determined in accordance with the EISRs. Under s22 of the Environment Protection Act 1990, if information has been kept off a public register, that will be a relevant factor, along with the public interest test, for consideration when determining whether the EISRs exception is relevant and should be applied.
97. Commercial confidentiality may be acknowledged in the terms of a contract but merely stating in a contract that certain information is confidential does not necessarily make it so. Scottish public authorities are encouraged to minimise the use of confidentiality clauses in any agreements they enter into. Where letting contracts for products or services some authorities are advising that information about the competition may have to be made available and indeed experience of the wider FOI regime may encourage such openness.
98. Confidentiality of commercial or industrial information must safeguard a legitimate economic interest. Economic interest in activities that are unlawful cannot be protected under the provisions. A legitimate economic interest could however cover compensation entitlements or details of prices or payment on a company's accounts. It may also cover information that could give an insight into a company's general method of business or approach to certain types of contracts. It would be important to demonstrate that significant damage would occur to the interests, not just notional or transient damage. 'Legitimate economic interest' also implies that the exception may be invoked only if disclosure would significantly damage the interest in question and assist its competitors. It can also cover requests for information such as cost benefit or other financial analysis, if disclosure would, or would be likely to, substantially prejudice the confidentiality of matters to which any commercial or industrial confidentiality attaches.
99. When a supplier of information believes that its release would, or would be likely to, substantially prejudice his economic interest he/she should be asked to write:
- Identifying the information to be protected
- Giving cogent evidence of the need for the protection of such information on grounds of commercial or industrial confidentiality, and
- Justifying a period of time for which protection is sought.
100. This approach can also be used if environmental information has been supplied by a third party whenever the attention of a Scottish public authority is drawn to a commercial or industrial confidentiality concern about its release under the Regulations.
101. It can be difficult to draw a line between what is or is not commercially confidential and it is likely that the commercial sector itself will often argue for a liberal interpretation of this exception. However, this is not a reason to adopt an 'all or nothing' approach. The public authority will need, in each case, to take a view, and to distinguish between those claims in relation to information which is so closely related to prices, and costs, that they are commercially confidential from those which are of a more general nature whose disclosure would not on any reasonable view cause any substantial prejudice to the commercial undertaking.
102. It will not normally be appropriate to withhold information in response to a general claim that disclosure might damage the reputation of the supplier and hence his commercial competitiveness. Neither will it be reasonable to withhold information which could be obtained or inferred from other publicly accessible sources.
103. Where it is decided that information should be withheld, this decision may need to be reviewed at a later date. Generally the protection of information under this exception should be limited to the minimum time necessary to safeguard the commercial or industrial interest. When circumstances change, the information may cease to be sensitive.
104. Where a Scottish public authority believes that the information should not be withheld, the supplier or other concerned party should be notified in writing and the reasoning given.
105. When information is commercially confidential, it could be clearly marked together with a release date to avoid unintended disclosure. If part of the information being supplied is restricted, an edited version containing any non-sensitive information could be prepared and marked as a public access copy. A statement indicating the existence of the restricted information without disclosing the content of the information plus its release date should be attached to the public access copy. Public bodies will need to exercise extreme caution when handling commercial information for businesses in which they have or had a controlling influence or are a member of a partnership with the business concerned.
106. If the information requested relates to emissions into the environment then this exception is not available and the information should be released unless some other exception also applies which is not caught by the 'emissions' provision of regulation 10(6).
What about the interests of the individual providing information?
107. The purpose of this exception is to ensure the continuation of the flow of voluntary information between members of the public and regulators e.g. when collecting statistical data and conducting sample surveys. Making such information available to the public could possibly inhibit open and constructive discussions between environmental control authorities and industry. The supply of volunteered information could diminish if information is supplied in response to requests. Concerns have been expressed at the potential breadth of this exception, but the exception is still available in the context of a presumption of release.
108. This exception may also be relevant when members of the public or companies are applying for grants, permits or licences. It could be used to protect whistle blowers.
109. The exception only applies where:
- the environmental information was provided voluntarily, ie the supplier was not under, and could not have been put under, any legal obligation to supply it to the Scottish public authority
- there are no other circumstances that entitle the public authority to disclose it, and
- the supplier has not consented to its disclosure.
110. It is available only where it is clear that disclosure of the information would, or would be likely to, substantially prejudice the interests of the person who provided the information and where the public interest in disclosure does not outweigh that substantial prejudice. There may be circumstances where withholding may be necessary to obtain information that might not otherwise be made available, but the public authority should not provide reassurance that the information, once supplied, will never be made available to any third party on request. This is because what is judged to be in the public interest may change according to circumstances and over time. Instead suppliers of volunteered information should be encouraged to consent to release. Such consent can be sought in advance, when the information is collected; but can be sought later in response to a particular request or in order to actively disseminate the information.
111. If a Scottish public authority requires the information for the purposes of a statutory obligation then that information will not fall within this exception. Where environmental information has been supplied to a Scottish public authority in pursuit or support of an application for a regulatory benefit, including any consent or licence, or a grant and whether such a benefit would have been forthcoming if the information had not been supplied, the public authority may also take this factor into consideration when considering the public interest. This too may change over time, as the now-obligatory presumption of disclosure and restrictive interpretation of exceptions gain in confidence.
112. If there are access rights under another piece of legislation, or other circumstances that entitle the Scottish public authority to disclose it then it will not fall within this exemption.
113. If the information relates to release of emissions into the environment then the information should be made available unless some other exception also applies which is not caught by the 'emissions' provision of regulation 10(6).
What if the release of information can actually harm the environment?
114. A Scottish public authority may refuse to supply environmental information in order to protect the environment to which it relates. In some cases the availability of environmental information could lead to harm or pollution of the environment. For example, information about the location of nesting sites, rare habitats or endangered/protected species may need to be withheld to avoid the risk of damage. Equally, information about possible sites of Special Scientific Interest should not normally be made available until a formal notice is served; especially if there is any risk that making information available prematurely could result in pre-emptive damage being caused to a site before it was protected.
What about personal information?
115. Firstly, regulation 11 disapplies the duty upon a Scottish public authority in regulation 5 (1) regarding information which is information about the applicant i.e. where the applicant is the 'data subject'. In effect, that may require the principles and provisions of the Data Protection Act 1998 to be applied to such data. Secondly, the regulation requires the protection of personal data of which the applicant is not the data subject and in respect of which either of 2 conditions (again from the DPA) are met. In effect, that imposes an obligation not to disclose such personal data otherwise then in accordance with that regulation. Note that a public interest test is included in consideration of whether either of the conditions apply.
116. The fact that environmental information requested contains personal data will not automatically mean that the request must be refused. It may be possible to separate the personal data from the other information requested, or to provide a summary excluding any personal data, where these must not be disclosed.
117. In certain circumstances there may be a correlation between a piece of environmental information and personal information. It is therefore particularly important that Data Protection Officers understand the public interest and human rights implications of environmental information, so that they can identify and seek advice in appropriate circumstances.
How does the public interest test work?
118. Before a Scottish public authority can refuse a request to provide environmental information it will need to carry out a public interest test. This is a similar public interest test to that in section 2 (1)(b) of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. Where the Scottish public authority considers that one of the exceptions in the Regulations applies, it will be necessary to consider the public interest in making the material available. The public interest has been described as something that is "of serious concern or benefit to the public not merely of individual interest". It has also been stated that public interest does not mean "of interest to the public" but "in the interest of the public". The term is not defined in the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 and its meaning may change over time and according to the circumstances of each situation. Scottish public authorities will therefore need to make a subjective judgment based on the circumstances of each case and in the light of any emerging Guidance or good practice.
119. It is difficult to set out a definite list, but amongst the factors which may inform a decision about the public interest are:
- the general public interest that information is accessible i.e. whether disclosure would enhance scrutiny of decision-making processes and thereby improve accountability and participation
- whether disclosure would contribute to the administration of justice and enforcement of the law or would prejudice the prevention or detection of crime or the apprehension or prosecution of offenders
- whether disclosure would affect the economic interests of the whole or part of the UK
- whether disclosure would contribute to ensuring effective oversight of expenditure of public funds and that the public obtain value for money
- whether disclosure keeps the public adequately informed of any danger to public health or safety, or to the environment
- whether disclosure would impact substantially on safeguarding national security or international relations
- whether disclosure would contribute to ensuring that any Scottish public authority with regulatory responsibilities is adequately discharging its functions
- whether disclosure would contribute to a debate on a matter of public interest
- whether disclosure would prejudice the protection of an individual's right to privacy
120. In deciding whether a disclosure is in the public interest, authorities should not take into account.
- possible embarrassment of Scottish public authority officials
- possible loss of confidence in government or other public authority
- the seniority of persons involved in the subject matter
- the risk of the applicant misinterpreting the information
121. Refusal to provide environmental information is permissible only in circumstances where the public interest in refusing the information outweighs the public interest in disclosing it. This means that where the information requested is clearly covered by a specific exception once all the circumstances of the case have been considered, the public interest may dictate that the information is still released.
122. It may be appropriate to balance the public interest factor and the time period which has lapsed since the event. A Scottish public authority will need to consider the substantial prejudice that may be accorded to any specified interest under the exception, and weigh this against the potential impacts of refusing the information. Relevant question to consider may include whether the information could reveal environmental impacts, or potential impacts that the public need to know about because they may be affected by them - whether access to the information is likely to support effectiveness, public participation or decision-making.
123. While a Scottish public authority may put in place its own guidelines or policies for dealing with the public interest test, certain types of harm and public interests may be more relevant than others depending on the scope of responsibilities of the public authority. However, the circumstances of each and every case have to be considered before a final decision is made.
What are the procedures for review and appeals?
124. All Scottish public authorities must provide an internal review procedure for handling representations by applicants dissatisfied with an authority's act or omission in relation to these Regulations. Wherever possible the person handling the review should not be the individual who dealt with the original request. The applicant should make representations within 40 working days of receiving the decision. The authority must respond to the applicant indicating the outcome of the internal review within 20 working days of receiving the representation.
125. A Scottish public authority may not charge a fee for handling any representations for review.
What does the Scottish Information Commissioner Do?
126. An applicant may appeal to the Scottish Information Commissioner if he/she is dissatisfied with the outcome of an internal review of a response to a request for information and the Scottish public authority has decided it is not in breach of the Regulations. An appeal must be made in writing or otherwise in recorded format as soon as possible after receiving notification of the decision of the internal review and within 6 months of receiving the decision. The regulations apply the enforcement and appeal procedures of the FOISA 2002 to environmental information request cases.
127. The Scottish Information Commissioner must take into consideration whether the applicant has exhausted all of the review and appeal procedures provided by a Scottish public authority. The Scottish Information Commissioner will also consider whether there has been undue delay in making the application. It is the duty of the Scottish Information Commissioner to review the facts of the case and provide a decision. The appeal will be dealt with as quickly as possible and the Commissioner may:
- uphold the decision made by the Scottish public authority
- uphold the appeal and instruct the Scottish public authority to make available all, or in certain cases part, of the environmental information requested
128. The Commissioner should reach a decision generally within 4 months of receiving the appeal, if no settlement has been reached in the meantime.
129. The Scottish public authority must comply with the decision of the Scottish Information Commissioner. There is no statutory time limit for this. It will depend on the circumstances of the case but the Commissioner will specify a particular time limit for compliance in the decision in question. The Commissioner has powers under section 53 of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 to enforce any decision notice issued.
130. Special provisions may apply with relation to decisions to refuse a request to supply environmental information on grounds of national security. Where the Commissioner has given the Scottish Administration a decision notice or enforcement notice in relation to perceived failures to comply with the EISRs the First Minister may certify that there was no such failure and that the information requested is of exceptional sensitivity.
131. A further route of appeal is via the Scottish courts and ultimately the European Court of Justice. In such circumstances it would be for each body to defend its reasons for refusing access.
What arrangements should be put in place for long-term record keeping?
132. The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002, Code of Practice on Records Management provides Guidance to all Scottish public authorities as to the practices which it would, in the opinion of the Scottish Ministers, be desirable for them to follow in connection with the keeping, management and destruction of their records. This Code is required under section 61 of the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act and so it is a supplement to the provisions of that Act. Its adoption will help authorities to comply with their duties under the Act but it is not a substitute for legislation, nor do its provisions have the force of law. However, part of the role of the Scottish Information Commissioner is to promote observance of the Code. If an authority fails to have regard to the Code, it may be failing in its duty under the Act and under the Regulations.
133. In addition, a generic Model Action Plan for developing records management arrangements compliant with the Code of Practice on Records Management has been published by the Keeper of the Records of Scotland. The aim of the Model Action Plan is to provide detailed operational Guidance to assist Scottish public authorities to develop records management arrangements which comply with the Code. It is intended to be used as the basis of sectoral action plans which are tailored to suit the needs of particular sectors, eg health, local government etc. Some sectors may, of course, be too small to merit their own action plan, and some authorities may not readily fit into a particular sector - in such cases the generic action plan should be used.
134. One of the key aims of successful record keeping is to be able to quickly and easily access the information requested, whether for internal or external use in order to respond to a request for environmental information.
135. As long as information is retained by a Scottish public authority, even when it is stored off-site or in space organised and controlled by another public authority, it remains the responsibility of the first authority. If a request for information contained in such records is received by the Scottish public authority, it has a duty to respond to that request and, although it may arrange with the holding authority for it to act on its behalf, it remains liable for compliance. Paragraph 60 of this Guidance explains the special arrangements which apply to information contained in records which have been transferred to the Keeper of the Records of Scotland.
What will constitute an offence?
136. Any person found destroying or otherwise disposing of records in order to avoid supplying information in response to a request under these Regulations will be guilty of an offence.
137. It is good practice not to destroy records other than in accordance with the records selection policy and disposal schedules. Disposal schedules also provide a record of which records have been destroyed. So, if disposal schedules are published, applicants will be able to find out in advance whether the information they are looking for may or may not have been destroyed. As well as making easier the work of the Scottish public authority dealing with requests, this helps to avoid the suspicion of information being destroyed just to avoid a request.
138. The offences set out in the Regulations apply to both the Scottish public authority and to any individual person who destroys, alters, defaces or erases information and fines are available to the courts for these offences.
139. Where the Scottish Executive is the public authority, it cannot be prosecuted but a crown servant can be. The Scottish Parliament cannot be prosecuted.
140. In addition, under FOISA 2002 Schedule 3 any person who obstructs the execution of a warrant will be guilty of an offence.
How will the regime be monitored and reported?
141. Scottish public authorities should put in place appropriate systems to monitor their performance under the new Regulations. It will be the responsibility of each authority to determine what type of information should be recorded under its own administrative procedures, ensuring that it is working and demonstrating that it is complying with the Regulations. All requests for environmental information could be classified as a request under the EISRs but monitoring all requests may be difficult or unrealistic. However monitoring procedures should generally include available information on the following:
- the number of requests which an authority receives but has refused, along with the reason for the refusal;
- the number of fees charged by the authority for information required under EISRs;
- the number of reviews carried out by the authority and the outcomes of the reviews;
- the number of requests not responded to by the time limit for reply and the reasons.
142. Scottish public authorities are advised to keep the operation of the Regulations under review as part of their operations, monitoring and reporting procedures. They may need to revise training and awareness raising processes in response to the outcomes.
143. The collection of this monitoring information need not be onerous and some Scottish authorities may already have adequate measures in place or may only need to update their existing procedures. The monitoring recommended above matches that recommended for requests made for information under the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. It may be possible to include both FOISA and EISRs regimes within one process.
144. With experience, and after discussion with the Scottish Information Commissioner, authorities may come to an agreement on a standard set of data which would indicate more appropriately an authority's compliance with the Regulations.
145. EU Directive 2003/4/ EC requires member states to report on the experience gained in operating the Directive. The UK government will need to make a report to the European Commission in 2008. It can only do this with the assistance of those bodies subject to the requirements of the Regulations. The Scottish Executive will ask bodies for information relating to the practical implementation of the Directive.
146. The reports to be given by member states to the Commission will be made with a view to enabling the latter to report to the European Parliament and the Council and to make any proposal that it may consider appropriate for the revision of legislation. Bodies should bear this in mind, and in particular be ready to note any shortcomings in the Community legislation that should be reported to the institutions of the EC and/or remedied by proposals for further legislation.
147. Now that the UK has ratified the Aarhus Convention, there is also a responsibility to report once every 2 years to the Meeting of Parties to the Convention. Again, a qualitative report, rather than a quantitative report will be most helpful since it will allow Parties to consider the effectiveness or otherwise of the first (information) pillar of the Convention.
148. The Scottish Information Commissioner is expected to include the EISRs in reports on the operation of his Office. Scottish public authorities are also invited to inform the Environment Group of the Scottish Executive of any cases of particular interest or concern, especially where these may point to flaws or gaps in the legislation, Code of Practice or this Guidance. Contact details are set out at the end (see below).
Sustainable Development Directorate: International Team
Telephone 0131 244 7034
Fax 0131 244 0195 | <urn:uuid:e4666085-c554-42d9-b485-e863f008f5dd> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2005/09/12134712/47142 | 2015-09-02T23:48:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645294817.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031454-00193-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940001 | 15,877 |
Properly, we are able to definitely say that we did not see this one coming. Grayson and Ethan Dolan — aka the Dolan Twins — are two of probably the most recognizable faces of YouTube stardom. The 20 yr olds first gained fame on the now-defunct app Vine, however they transitioned to creating YouTube movies. They’ve since profited off of their joint channel.
After buying a $2 million house in 2019, followers anticipated that the brothers can be increasing their vlogging empire. However, after a sit-down interview with Shane Dawson in October of 2019, they introduced that they had been rising uninterested in doing every day vlogs, and that they had been eager about specializing in different ventures.
In August of 2020, the brothers appeared on the Impaulsive podcast, they usually additional elaborated on their shift in picture.
Are the Dolan Twins quitting YouTube?
Grayson and Ethan’s shared YouTube channel boasts greater than 11.1 million subscribers, so there was quite a lot of buzz when it was revealed that they had been making a documentary-style video with Shane Dawson in 2019. The Dolan Twins tweeted about how the documentary can be extraordinarily emotional, and followers started speculating as to what precisely they’d be speaking about.
Within the video, Ethan and Grayson introduced that “a change must be made” and that they’d be taking a step again from their channel. The brothers stated that the stress to put up a video to their channel each Tuesday had them feeling burnt out, and prevented them from rising personally.
“Now we have to cease posting weekly movies,” Ethan introduced. In addition they famous that they have been doing weekly movies since they had been 14 years previous.
The 2 then opened up about how the dedication to their channel has shifted the relationships of their lives, and the way they have not been capable of reside as youngsters for years.
“I’ve misplaced quite a lot of pals and stuff, and even in like relationships,” Ethan stated. “I can not have a life.”
Grayson and Ethan did say that they might proceed to make movies, however solely after they felt obsessed with the subject material. They stated that they might not be releasing movies on a set schedule, they usually’ve caught to that promise.
Although the brothers have posted dozens of vlogs since their sit-down with Shane, they’re doing so on their very own time.
Grayson and Ethan stated they really feel like they play a “character” of their vlogs.
The well-known YouTube duo appeared on the Aug. 20 episode of Impaulsive alongside host Logan Paul, they usually famous that they nonetheless aren’t absolutely comfy with the place their channel goes. Although it has been greater than 10 months since they sat down with Shane Dawson, Ethan and Grayson admitted that they nonetheless really feel like they’re placing up a facade after they vlog.
“It is arduous to seek out the steadiness of what you need to movie and what the followers need to see,” Ethan defined on the podcast.
“We have been speaking about it and having deeper discussions about what the f–k to do,” Grayson stated. “We have come to some realizations about how we have not been residing our lives as dudes.”
They stated that they even thought of retiring all collectively at one level.
Later within the podcast, the 2 famous that they are not being genuine to themselves after they vlog.
“I really feel like I’ve turn into trapped in my 17-year-old physique as quickly because the f—–g digicam activates as a result of that is what my viewers likes. I’ve to show it on,” Ethan continued.
They stated that they’ve struggled to determine easy methods to change their vlogging fashion as they’ve aged up. Although their fanbase has additionally grown up with them, they’re nonetheless not sure of easy methods to translate this of their movies.
They shared that they really feel like they’ll share extra private data after they host their podcast, Deeper. Ethan described it as an”open dialog” that they do not get to have on their YouTube platform.
Whereas the 2 have but to completely finish their YouTube careers, it is clear that they need to make a major change to their fashion sooner or later. | <urn:uuid:ec8d0f60-6dd8-4e67-bcfd-cd68f9c8c4f8> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://rexweyler.com/the-dolan-twins-said-they-feel-trapped-with-their-youtube-channel/15561/ | 2021-03-07T17:22:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178378043.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307170119-20210307200119-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.980343 | 943 |
As usual, I’m very blessed with a helper that can cook so well. This was what we had for dinner today. It served more than the 10 pax present at dinner. What a spread it was.
My favourite dish was the fried eggplant with sambal prawn paste.
Crab meat with mushroom.
Deep fried tau-kua (a harder version of the tofu).
Deep fried fish.
Deep fried pork pieces.
Deep fried chicken wings (though a little burnt but still delicious).
Stewed duck and pork (this was purchased by my mother).
Spinich and ikan bilis.
Fried egg with spring onions.
Did I just make you hungry? 😛
Tags: chicken wings, crab meat, Deep fried tau-kua, dinner, dinner at home, eggplant, fried chicken wings, fried egg, Home-cooked Dinner, home-cooked food, ikan bilis, mushroom, pork pieces, sambal prawn paste, Scallion, Spinich, spring onion, steamed fish, Stewed duck and pork, tau-kua | <urn:uuid:21b75f34-1b15-45a6-9f03-fee0dfbe31e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://curiousfoodie.wordpress.com/2008/03/16/an-amazing-home-cooked-dinner-again/ | 2017-02-20T22:28:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170613.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00394-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940709 | 236 |
American Falls, ID Painting Company (866) 296-8909
Kitchen Cabinet Painting
Wall and Ceiling Repair
Water Damage Repair
Exterior Painting American Falls
Deck Cleaning and Staining
Condo Association Painting
American Falls, ID Painters | (866) 296-8909
determined home spread projects absolutely require a professional. I cannot think of many homeowners who are ready to install their own HVAC, pour a foundation, or build an addition. supplementary projects, when painting, just seem to be begging for the do-it-yourselfer. After all, who isn’t proficient of dabbing a brush in paint?
But painting is more difficult than it looks. So, it is following great pleasure that many DIY painters announce that it is now grow old to employ a painting contractor to take upon the job.
Let us locate out what painting contractors do, how to employ them, and how to negotiate the best price for your painting job.
What Is a American Falls ID 83211 Painting Contractor?
A painting contractor can put-on as a sub, or sub-contractor, under a general contractor, or can employ itself out directly to the homeowner. Usually, the painting contractor is a relatively small operation, ranging from the one-man sole official going on to 20 or 30 painters keen for a small company.
How To locate One
Painting contractors tend to be local (as of yet, there are no nationally franchised paint contractors). even though paint contractors concentrate upon painting, some play united tasks such as plaster repairs, teenage drywall work, trim and molding, and wallpapering.
The other difficult allowance is getting a painting contractor to play in up. even if this generalization does not apply to every painter, personally I am utterly grateful if I can get a paint contractor to bill stirring to look at the house and to forward-thinking develop a written estimate in American Falls ID 83211.
I hardly malformation the painting contractors, because I think it is a concentration of the contractors beast smaller operations along subsequently a high demand for their work.
Because it is next to impossible to find out assistance about local painting contractors upon the Internet, the old adage talk to neighbors applies here in American Falls ID 83211.
Some painting contractors display signs on the lawns of houses they are in force on, but you locate this more taking into account general contractors and siding and replacement windows companies. So, supplementary than the painters white panel van out front, you often reach not know what is going on inside your neighbors houses in American Falls ID 83211.
Urban areas often have local magazines (i.e., in Seattle, there is Seattle Magazine), and many of them have features upon renovated houses. These pieces will list the names and phone numbers for the contractor and sub-contractorsbut be warned, these sub-contractors are usually unconditionally high-end and expensive.
What Will He Do?
Most painting contractors will endure upon any nice of job, from merely painting your window trim to a full-house paint job. But allow us say you will that they are painting your interior. You can usually expect:
- Coverage of all areas that will not be painted, including floors, windows, kitchen counters, cabinets, etc.
- Minor surface preparation prior to painting, which means well-ventilated sanding and scraping away lost paint, tapping in a few protruding nails, cleaning off woodwork, using tackcloth in some areas. The key here is minor, as the contractor will endure that the home is mostly in paint-ready condition
- Removal of electrical plates, lights, doors, and new obstacles.
- Moving furniture away for improved access to the areas to be painted. This is not truly a painters job, correspondingly you would obsession to confirm this beforehand.
- Priming other drywall or the current paint behind an interior latex primer.
- Two color coats of interior latex paint upon the walls.
- Two coats of ceiling paint.
- Painting the trim and molding (baseboards, window trim, window mutins, etc.).
- Touchups of missed spots.
- Cleanups for accidents (no concern how fine the coverage in the manner of drop-cloths, some drips will happen).
- A unquestionable evaluation in the midst of painting foreman and homeowner.
How To talk To Him
Unlike conversing in the same way as an electrician, you pull off not compulsion to know specialized lingo. Most house painting contractors are fine at making things distinct to the homeowner.
A few topics you will want to discuss:
- Is the cost of the paint included in the estimate?
- What type of paint does the contractor seek on using?
- How many coats will be laid down?
- How does he aspire upon covering the non-paintable areas?
- How long does he expect the job to take?
- Is it preferable for the residents to vacate the home during the job?
- Will he use masking tape in relation to the trim or the cut-in method?
How Much Will It Cost?
More than you expect. Some painting contractors will have formulas that they use, adding together up square footage of walls and ceilings, along in the same way as linear footage of trim. They will calculate preparation time, as with ease as the hard costs for primer and paint.
Most paint contractors will manage to pay for you an estimate based upon their experience behind thesame jobs. even if this estimate cannot be tied to specifics, it is usually a adequately fine figure. For you, the homeowner, the without help artifice you will know if this is a fine estimate is to compare it to quotes you get from supplementary contractors.
A whole-house interior paint job like the one described in this article can easily cost around $10,000 or more. | <urn:uuid:fb39c4f1-7908-4472-958c-6fcdf6e68c4b> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://independent-painters.com/painting-company-american-falls-id-83211/ | 2018-08-21T06:50:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217970.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821053629-20180821073629-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.937287 | 1,223 |
Why not nerf Tier 3 runes to tier 2 in normal que
Just wondering, I would be totally okay with this, and it would make annoying level 30s with full runes not be as much of a pain when they come to normal que with their friends.
|All times are GMT -8. The time now is 05:35 AM.|
(c) 2008 Riot Games Inc | <urn:uuid:47f2573d-99e1-48c8-afa8-bc4e8d9dc017> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://forums.na.leagueoflegends.com/board/printthread.php?s=&t=2961211 | 2014-11-27T13:35:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008520.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00066-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959171 | 80 |
Windows 10 has a feature called Game DVR. It lets you screenshot and record game play. The feature works through the Xbox app. The concept behind the feature is good since people make a living out of broadcasting game play. It only seems reasonable for the Xbox app to allow users to record game play. Unfortunately, the feature is problematic. It often fails to work and is a huge memory hog. If you have been experiencing a slow system that overheats or the fan running constantly even though you aren’t using a lot of apps, Game DVR might be to blame. Here’s how to determine if Game DVR is hogging memory on your system, and how to deal with it.
Is Game DVR Server Hogging Memory?
When your system slows down abnormally or starts to heat up, open the Task Manager. Click on the ‘Memory’ tab to sort the apps and processes by RAM usage. Look for the apps which are consuming the most memory. If Broadcast DVR server is in the list, then you do indeed have a problem.
Fixing Game DVR Server Memory Usage
If you’re using Game DVR to record game play or take screenshots, you don’t have any recourse. The feature is very resource hungry and if you want to use it, you will have to deal with a slower system.
If you aren’t using Game DVR, then the solution to the problem is fairly straight forward; turn it Off. Unfortunately, quitting the process from the Task Manger doesn’t work. It comes back. What you need to do instead, is turn the Game DVR feature Off in the Xbox app.
Open the Xbox app, and go to its Settings. On the Settings screen, go to the ‘Game DVR’ tab and turn it Off. Return to the Task Manager to make sure the process is indeed gone and that’s it.
Turning Game DVR Off will not prevent you from using the Xbox app. The feature is wholly related to recording and capturing game play. It doesn’t effect game play itself. You can turn it back On just as easily as you turned it Off should you ever need to use it again.
If you are looking to use the Game DVR feature but your hardware isn’t compatible, there’s a simple way to enable Game DVR on unsupported systems. | <urn:uuid:d763650f-499d-4389-ae3a-81c51ca3f416> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.addictivetips.com/windows-tips/how-to-fix-high-ram-usage-by-game-dvr-server-in-windows-10/ | 2018-11-16T12:00:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743011.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116111645-20181116133645-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.934315 | 499 |
Yum!! Fresh baked bread is always delicious, but have you tried the schiacciata all'olio found in Italy? It is generally quite oily but that just adds to its goodness. It is definitely hard to not indulge in a piece by itself as an afternoon snack as you walk through the streets of Florence and catch a whiff as you pass the bakery - if you aren't in Florence, how about trying it at home? :)
Serves: mmm... more than one if anyone else in the house is fast enough to catch a piece ;-).
- 250 ml of warm water - about 1 cup
- 25 gr dry yeast - about 1 tsp
- 450 gr flour - about 3 cups
- 1 ½ tsp salt
- 70 ml extra-virgin olive oil - about 1/4 cup, plus more for drizzling on top
- sea salt to sprinkle on top
- In a small bowl, dissolve the yeast in the warm water. Let sit for 5 minutes while it reactivates.
- In a large bowl, mix the flour, salt, olive oil and dissolved yeast. Knead until smooth, about 10 minutes. Place in oiled bowl, cover and let rest in warm spot for about 1 to 1 ½ hours.
- Oil a wide baking pan and spread out the dough with your fingers across the entire pan. With your fingers, make dents on the surface and then drizzle olive oil on top, then sprinkle sea salt. Let rest for about 30 minutes while your oven is getting hot. Heat oven to 220 °C (430°F).
- Bake for 20 minutes and drizzle some fresh olive oil as you bring it out of the oven. Enjoy either by itself or with cold cuts to make a delicious panino! | <urn:uuid:cb62f105-ddcd-43d2-a341-3558166913b7> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.tuscanrecipes.com/recipes/schiacciata-olio.html | 2015-03-29T12:24:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298529.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00215-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935853 | 365 |
Our extensive range of Truck Scales are tough, dependable and built to last, even in harsh industrial environments.Truck Scales
The counting scale range from Avery Weigh-Tronix features highly accurate digital industrial scales for use in part counting and inventory control. A counting scale can help you efficiently and accurately count a high volume of identical parts. Whether for incoming or outgoing goods, counting scales ensure you have exactly the number of parts you require.
Our precision counting scales can all weigh even the lightest parts with an accuracy of over 99%, minimizing the operator error often found when hand counting. The counting scale range is tough enough to stand up to any industrial environment and can stand up to overloading and shock loading while counting quickly and accurately.
Our counting scales are simultaneously used as general high-resolution weighing scales by customers throughout the world.
Showing 2 / 2Clear filters
How much can it weigh?
We offer a wide range of industrial weighing systems and solutions, backed by an extensive service network throughout the USA.
Part of a large corporate family, we market and service our products in over 80 countries across the globe. | <urn:uuid:2475abdb-1243-48d3-9fa4-20d76e5d5d55> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/products/counting-scales/ | 2018-08-19T12:12:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215077.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819110157-20180819130157-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.93024 | 232 |
Save 15% on iStock using the promo code
Shipment label template. Cargo sticker. Delivery bar code mockup. Fragile, handle, recycle icon. Information about company recipient. Priority mail with barcode mock up. Vector illustration
Package Delivery Thin Line Icons - Editable Stroke
Logistics Thin Line Icons - Editable Stroke
Abstract Boxes Cubes Background Design
Online Delivery Icon Flat Design.
Vector Set of Linear Icons Related to Tracking Order, Shipping and Express Delivery Process. Mono line pictograms and infographics design elements
DELIVERY - thin line vector icon set. Pixel perfect. Editable stroke. The set contains icons: Delivery, Delivery Person, Delivery Truck, Package, Product Return, Warehouse, Support.
Shopping and E-commerce Line Icons. Editable Stroke. Pixel Perfect. For Mobile and Web. Contains such icons as Credit Card, E-commerce, Online Payments, Shipping, Discount
Logistics & E-commerce
Smart logistics industry 4.0. Inventory optimization isometric Asset warehouse and inventory management supply chain technology concept. Auditing of data, digital technology. Web banner template
Shipping label on cardboard box template. Barcode and qr code for scanning. Postal Fragile sign and Scotch tape. Real life mockup. Cargo sticker with adress. Vector illustration banner design. | <urn:uuid:ea59bd36-9d8a-4e2e-99dc-5dd9c80b8147> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://br.vector.me/search/freight | 2021-06-16T01:53:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621699.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616001810-20210616031810-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.728357 | 277 |
Include this amenities tray in the bathroom at your next event—your guests will thank you! This tray includes all of the essentials for any of your guests' needs and emergencies, featuring antiperspirant, mints, and hand sanitizer—just to name a few. We’ve got you covered. (Actual tray measures - 10" x 10")
Sign up for our mailing list!
Sign up to stay up to date on exciting new projects and insider details! | <urn:uuid:671012e3-3b21-4920-aab7-0db6f3c316b0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.luxboxco.com/collections/special-occasion/products/bathroom-amenities-tray-his | 2023-09-28T15:45:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00710.warc.gz | en | 0.917427 | 100 |
Kids Neon Headbands
Headbands Available in 5 different colors - Head sweatbands are great to use during basketball, running, cycling and other sports. We make our headbands with a ultra high quality material so it doesn't irritate your head. This means you can wear it longer while doing your physical activity. Also the bright colors are very stylish.
- Ships Same Day.
- Sold as Single Head Sweatbands (size: 1.5 x 6.5 inches)
- Ultra Comfy and Durable! 80% Cotton, 12% Spandex & 8% Nylon.
- Absorbs sweat like a champ!
- Great for Children 5 or younger. Older than 5? View our larger size here.
- Match up these headbands to your uniform or event.
- Bulk discounts available, ideal for athletes / directors who need a lot for their organization.
Category: Sweatbands, Headbands, Kids Sweatbands
Sports: Basketball, Tennis, Running
- Style: Plain | <urn:uuid:979f9ab1-8c10-465f-8d9c-444c26dbf2c9> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.suddora.com/collections/kids-sweatbands/products/kids-neon-headbands | 2020-05-30T05:26:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347407289.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530040743-20200530070743-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.874713 | 210 |
THE SCHELL (SHELL) FAMILY PAGEUpdated September 5, 2000
Family's in this file:
GEDCOM Trees(viewing trees requires 4.0 or later)
- Schell-Gruhn-Yocum-South (412 KB)
The Schell tree starts in Pa. 1750 then to North Carolina, then follows Casper & son Henry to Missouri, other trees include Gruhn, South, Yocum. | <urn:uuid:1b09a97a-4c21-4d33-8e20-25c9a8c3f238> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.genealogy.com/ftm/g/r/u/Carol-J-Gruhn/index.html | 2017-02-21T11:13:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170700.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00219-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.743546 | 94 |
For Immediate Release: November 30, 2012
Angier Man Arrested for Allegedly Fraudulent Water Damage Claim
RALEIGH -- Insurance Commissioner Wayne Goodwin today announced the arrest of Donald Lee Hill, 45, of 56 W. Smithfield St., Angier; he is charged with one count each of insurance fraud, obtaining property by false pretense and attempting to obtain property by false pretense.
Department of Insurance criminal investigators allege that on March 28, 2012, Hill submitted a fraudulent claim to Travelers Claims Hartford Auto for more than $6,000 in water damage at his place of business as a result of a failed water supply line. Hill is accused of fabricating two invoices and one estimate for damaged clothing and electronics in an effort to defraud the insurance company.
Hill was arrested on Nov. 29 in Harnett County and placed under a $10,000 secured bond.
The Department of Insurance employs 20 sworn state law enforcement officers dedicated to investigating and prosecuting claims of insurance and bail bonding fraud. Since Insurance Commissioner Wayne Goodwin took office in 2009, criminal investigators have received more than 14,000 complaints, resulting in more than 600 arrests, 333 criminal convictions and more than 110 pending court cases. These efforts have delivered more than $48.5 million in restitution and recoveries for victims.
An estimated 10 cents of every dollar paid in premiums goes toward the payment of fraudulent claims. To report suspected fraud, contact the Department of Insurance Criminal Investigations Division at 919-807-6840. Callers may remain anonymous. Information is also available at www.ncdoi.com. | <urn:uuid:5c26db35-a240-4235-b175-1c6da6409f27> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.ncdoi.com/media/news2/year/2012/113012.asp | 2013-05-19T09:47:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697380733/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094300-00058-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932673 | 325 |
371 Played0 Comments
Play Megaman Project X on FrizGames.Net NOW! Megaman game use rock to dash jump power up cannon and fire at enemies.
216 Played0 Comments
Play Scooby Doo Curse of Anubis on FrizGames.Net NOW! Move the pyramid stones as Scooby and Shaggy. Don't take too many steps or Anubis will scare you!
317 Played0 Comments
Play The Sniper on FrizGames.Net NOW! Your mission in this awesome War game is to take down SS officers, neutralize traitors and stem the counter-attacks by the Wehrmacht. But you must also watch out for enemy snipers...
335 Played0 Comments
Play Effing Worms 2 on FrizGames.Net NOW! THE WORM IS BACK AND IT'S HUNGRY!! Eat people, get bigger, and evolve! After a 2 year hibernation, your worm shrunk back down but it still has it's wings!
499 Played0 Comments
Play Plasma Burst on FrizGames.Net NOW! An amazingly fun sidescroller shooter. Earn money to purchase new weapons. Tons of levels!
320 Played0 Comments
Play Street Wheels 2 on FrizGames.Net NOW! Choose your driver, your car and drive across streets full of expertise opponents.
335 Played0 Comments
Play Golden Armor on FrizGames.Net NOW! You can have unlimited power to protect your planet from attacking by alien monsters in this invincible edition. Have fun!
314 Played0 Comments
Play Truck Loader on FrizGames.Net NOW! Load the truck and put the crates in the right places.
334 Played0 Comments
Play Max Damage 3 on FrizGames.Net NOW! Hurl projectiles into household items with the goal of causing as much damage as possible. Cause the required amount of damage in each level to progress
218 Played0 Comments
Play Terror Combat Defense on FrizGames.Net NOW! The Soldiers are attacking army base. you are responsible to defense the base without let it fall into hand Soldiers. Kill as many Soldiers as you can to collect money ...
236 Played0 Comments
Play Holly Hobbie: Muffin Maker on FrizGames.Net NOW! The three girls want to practice their cooking skills in the kitchen. They decided to start with delicious muffins. But they need to practice well. Help them put t... | <urn:uuid:8f7c4723-8819-45b7-a197-4c212ea37208> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.frizgames.net/bobby-da-arrow.html | 2017-05-27T19:23:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609054.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527191102-20170527211102-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.873448 | 495 |
Operationalizing Data and Analytics for Law Enforcement
Law enforcement is hard enough without messy and siloed data, and while it’s come leaps and bounds in data management, problems persist. In this ebook, we walk through common challenges and how data ecosystems should be managed for more effective policing.
- Improve your team’s safety with strategic data deployment
- Build reliable, real-time systems that are integrated into operations
- Build the next generation of your organization with a strong information technology foundation | <urn:uuid:9bc1392a-54b7-46cc-bc12-1080bcb5bed5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.police1.com/police-products/software/data-information-sharing-software/press-releases/operationalizing-data-and-analytics-for-law-enforcement-ASTawDVfo89wt7C9/ | 2021-10-28T13:23:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588341.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028131628-20211028161628-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.910919 | 103 |
Saying that you LIKE something in Spanish can sometimes be difficult for an English speaker because the rules for conjugating (changing) the verb, in this case GUSTAR, are different from your normal rules.
That is why we have just created a new page all about the verb GUSTAR in Spanish.
(How to say you like something in Spanish)
Spanish Grammar Games
Spanish Teacher Resources
We have created a Spanish reading passage using Gustar which includes additional exercises to practice using this verb.
It also contains a copy of the summary chart below that you can use in your classroom.
Gustar Summary Chart
And of course here is a simple summary chart showing you the correct order when saying that you like something in Spanish:
If you thing others will find this chart useful, share it on facebook, twitter or pinterest by using the buttons below. | <urn:uuid:a05a76b1-a506-47f2-b1f3-1838b2b8b968> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.woodwardspanish.com/how-to-say-like-in-spanish-gustar/ | 2017-06-28T22:47:15Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.929101 | 180 |
We are excited to announce the 14th Annual Dig for the Cure is Thursday, September 30th. We are honoring April Vanaman Biggs, Amber Vanaman, and Julie Lamb Milligan who have fought or are fighting breast cancer. Proceeds come from our online silent auction, t-shirt sales, and corporate sponsorships. All proceeds go to AMMC's Project Hope; NEA Baptist Hospital's Hope Circle; and St. Bernard's Imaging Center. To donate a silent auction item or become a sponsor, contact Jill Gill at (870) 335-8313 or firstname.lastname@example.org To buy a t-shirt stop by any PSD school or Central Office and fill out a form - deadline is Monday, Sept. 13th so don't delay! Wear pink and come out to support your Lady Rams as they take on crosstown rivals, GCT Eagles! Games start at 5pm with 7th grade followed by Junior A then Senior A.
Attention Rams and future Rams: school supply lists for grades K-6 and Ram Academy are available on our website under the For Parents button. School begins on Monday, August 16. #psdrams
This year's Stuff the Bus event is August 7 at a business near your local Walmart. Look for the big yellow bus to drop off school supplies for our students!
Hello, Rams! Please see the attached flyer and registration form for boys' hoop camp for rising 1st through 6th graders, happening next week, July 13-15.
Good morning, Rams! Our summer feeding program will be closed next week, July 5-9, and will resume on July 12.
Paragould High School is hosting a baseball camp July 26-28 for ages 7-13. See the attached flyer for more details.
The Academic/Athletic Summer Camps are under way in the PSD! The future looks bright for these RAMS! #psdrams
Congratulations to Brandi Newsom, Paragould Premiere's Best School Administrator, and the School of the 21st Century, Paragould Premiere's Best Child Care Center! We are so proud of your commitment to excellence!
Don't forget about our summer feeding program for ages 1-18! Oak Grove Middle School has been added as a pickup site. *Primary and PJHS: 8-9 am and 11 am - 12:30 pm *Paragould Housing Authority (Pecan Grove): 11-11:30 am *Labor Park: 12-12:30 pm *OGMS: 11-11:30 am
Congratulations to Courtney Young, Woodrow Wilson Elementary librarian, who was recognized by the Arkansas Association of Instructional Media for the Outstanding Media Program of the Year. We are proud of you and appreciate all that you do to give our students a great library media experience! #psdrams
Paragould School District is happy to announce our Summer Feeding Program for 2021. Here are the details: * Ages 1-18 * June 1 - July 30, 2021 * Primary and PJHS/PHS: 8-9 am and 11 am - 12:30 pm * Paragould Housing Authority Pecan Grove: 11-11:30 am * Labor Park: 12-12:30 pm
Summer care information for grades K-6: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dCC_ehtLSJc5m6ebsWPF-jKGkCkQN7t2HP6j8FDDDKI/edit?usp=sharing
The federal Emergency Broadband Benefit program will provide up to $50 per month for broadband services for eligible households and a one-time discount of up to $100 to purchase a laptop, desktop, or tablet. The program launched yesterday. All households with K-12 grade PSD students are eligible through the USDA Community Eligibility Provision. Households can enroll through an approved provider or by visiting https://getemergencybroadband.org/. Questions should be directed to your internet service provider.
Happy Teacher Appreciation Week to all our teachers at PSD. We have some of the best around!
Calling all girls going into grades 3-8: Lady Rams Girls Youth Soccer Camp 2021 is open for registration! Students with ANY soccer experience and skill level are welcome. Find the registration form at https://www.paragould.k12.ar.us/o/athletics/browse/81078
The school choice deadline is May 1. Get more information and download the form at https://www.paragould.k12.ar.us/o/paragould/browse/77945 #psdrams
The elementary school application for 2021-22 is live now at paragould.k12.ar.us. First grade parents should fill out the form to indicate their preferred elementary campus. The window for application will be open through March 5.
The elementary school application for 2021-22 will go live March 3 at 8 am. Get ready for your decision by taking a virtual tour of all three elementary campuses at paragould.k12.ar.us. Meet our second grade teachers and learn what's unique about each campus. #littlerams #psdrams
March is National Reading Month, and Paragould is "raising readers." Next month is designated to motivate Americans of all ages to read every day. To promote reading throughout the whole city of Paragould, we need your help! Please put your favorite book in the window of your store and home. Let's involve the whole community and see books in every window! We want our students from all of our local schools to be inspired by the many people in Paragould that read. Doing this one simple thing can make a big difference to motivate our younger generation to become avid readers.
Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchison has proclaimed the last week in February as Gifted and Talented Awareness Week in Arkansas to recognize, support, and respect the unique and diverse needs of gifted students, who require qualitatively differentiated educational experiences and services. Our gifted and talented program will be participating in awareness activities all week. | <urn:uuid:2ce3bfe9-0efe-451a-9c1c-936cc6ba11f2> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.paragould.k12.ar.us/o/woodrow-wilson/live-feed | 2021-09-19T22:52:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056902.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919220343-20210920010343-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.933587 | 1,274 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.