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A term used with reference to business transactions to signify the investing of money at a risk of loss on the chance of unusual gain. The word is commonly used only when the risk of loss is greater than ordinary business methods and prudence warrant. A coal merchant who sees grounds for thinking that the coming winter will be severe, and that there will be a general strike among coal miners, shows enterprise if he lays in a large stock of coal with the expectation of reaping more than usual profit from its sale. He incurs the ordinary risks of business, he does not speculate. But if a man thinks, on trivial indications, that there is going to be a great development in the opening up of a new country, and buys large tracts of prairie land in the district on the chance of its rising rapidly in value, he would be said to speculate in land. More specifically, speculation is used to designate dealings in futures and options on the Exchanges, especially when the parties to the transaction do not intend any effective transference of commodities or securities, but only the payment of differences between making-up prices and those agreed on. Such time-bargains are universally practised nowadays on the world's Exchanges, and the volume of business done in them vastly surpasses that where effective transfer of securities or commodities is contemplated. The transactions may vary indefinitely in character between bona fide and perfectly lawful buying and selling, on the one hand, and the merest gambling or betting on future prices, on the other. Some of the ordinary types of such operations are the following. A speculator buys at the current rate a thousand dollars' worth of stock for the account at the end of the month. When the day for settlement arrives, if the price has risen, he is paid the difference between the price at which he bought and the making up price. If the price is lower, the speculator loses and pays the difference to the broker. In the slang of the Exchange, this is a "future", or "time-bargain or a deal in "differences"; and one who speculates for the rise of prices is called a "bull", while one who speculates for the fall is called a "bear". When the operator loses, he may prefer to extend the time of settling the account to the next settling day. This may be done by arrangement with the broker, and the transaction is known as "carrying over". A speculator may purchase at a fixed rate the right to receive or to refuse a certain amount of a certain stock or commodity at a future date. This is called an "option". If he purchases the right either to sell or to buy, it is a "put and call", or a "double option". Of course no objection can be raised against such contracts as these when they are entered into by merchants or others with a view to the effective transfer of what is bought and sold. A merchant or manufacturer requires a constant and steady supply of what he deals in so as to be able to conduct his business. Effective dealings in "futures" and "options" guarantee the steady supply which is needed, and that at fixed rates settled beforehand. Such business methods benefit the dealer and the public as well. They ensure a constant supply of commodities at medium rates. But the speculator does not intend effective transfer. His buying and selling are fictitious; he only pockets his differences if he wins, and pays them if he loses. His methods give rise to serious moral, economic, and political questions, which have been the subject of much discussion. There is no great moral harm in the practices which have been mentioned if they are considered singly by themselves and in the abstract. Without incurring the reproach of great moral obliquity I may buy a thousand dollars' worth of stock at the current rate from a broker when neither buyer nor seller intends effective transfer of the stock, but merely the payment of differences when the settling day arrives. In essentials the transaction is a bet as to what the price of the stock will be on settling day. And if the buyer and the seller have the free disposal of the money which is staked on the bet, and there is no fraud, unfair dealing, or other evil adjuncts or effects of the transaction, the bet will not be morally wrong. (See BETTING; GAMBLING.) However, betting and gambling are almost always dangerous pastimes and often morally wrong. Just in the same way speculation tends to develop a passion which frequently leads to the ruin of a speculator and his family. The hope of becoming rich quickly and without the drudgery of labour distracts a man from pursuing the path of honest work. The speculator, even if he succeeds, produces nothing; he reaps the fruit of the toil of others, he is a parasite who lives by preying on the community. Moreover, in practice, the event on which the bet is laid by one who speculates in futures is seldom left to the operation of natural causes. When large sums of money are at stake the temptation to influence the course of prices becomes almost irresistible; Hence the fierce and frequent contests between "bulls" and "bears" on the Exchanges. Cliques of one party, interested to bring about a rise in prices, buy the stock in order that the increased demand may produce the effect desired. Often the buying is merely fictitious, but this fact is not known to the outside world. The purchases are published, industriously commented upon by the venal financial press, puffs and mendacious reports are inserted in the papers in order to raise the price of the stock and attract moneyed investors. The opposite party adopts the contrary, but equally immoral, tactics. They indulge in real or fictitious sales and do all they can to depreciate the stock in their favour by fair or foul means. Great financiers with command of large sums of money can and do influence the markets almost as they please, and the small speculator is usually swallowed up by them. Wealthy financiers and gigantic syndicates can often buy or obtain effective control over all the available supply of some stock or commodity and then charge monopoly prices. Such "rings", or "corners", even when they do not succeed entirely according to the intention of the operator produce widespread inconvenience, hardship, and ruin. The result is that in practice speculation deserves all the evil reputation which attaches to the word. Speculation indeed has its defenders and advocates, especially among brokers and jobbers, who claim that it equalizes prices and prevents the fluctuations which would otherwise be inevitable. Some affirm that speculative dealings have little appreciable effect on buying and selling for transfer. In volume and number speculative transactions are very much larger than those for effective transfer, but the two are conducted separately and to a great extent between different parties. It is asserted that the speculative market is to a large extent separate and distinct from the real market. These two arguments in favour of speculative dealings mutually destroy each other. If speculative dealings equalize prices, it cannot be true that they have little appreciable effect on the markets. As the result of the speculation depends on the actual market price of the security or commodity in question at the time agreed upon, it cannot be said that speculative transactions are independent of effective buying and selling for transfer. It is patent that the various devices to which "bulls" and "bears" have recourse do produce some effect. The acute and experienced men who devote themselves to speculative business, and who frequently have recourse to the methods described above in order to influence the market in their favour, would be the last people in the world to expend uselessly time, effort, and money. The contention, then, of producers and consumers that speculation has a disastrous effect on real business transactions seems to be well grounded. They maintain that speculators denaturalize prices. These should be regulated, and are naturally regulated, by the varying costs of production and by the mutual interaction of supply and demand; but the artificial dealings of speculators tend to fix prices without reference to those natural factors. Hence, producers and consumers are robbed by clever men, who manipulate the markets in their own interests, produce nothing, perform no useful social service, and are parasites on commerce. In Germany the Exchange Law of June, 1896, forbade gambling in options and futures in agricultural produce, and after a severe struggle with the Berlin Exchange the Government succeeded in maintaining the law. A similar law was passed in Austria in January, 1903. America and Great Britain as yet have no special laws on the matter, though more measures than one have been proposed to Congress. The great difficulty of distinguishing between transactions for effective delivery and mere time-bargains, and the ease with which positive laws on the matter could be evaded, have checked the tendency to positive legislation. In England the existing laws against gambling and fraud have been found sufficiently effective to provide a remedy for cases of special importance. ANTOINE in Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique (Paris, 1905), s.v. Bourse (Jeux de); BRANTS, Les grandes lignes de l'Economie Politique (Louvain, 1908); Ecclesiasticai Review, XXXII (New York, 1905), 2; INGALL AND WITHERS, The Stock Exchange (London, 1904). APA citation. (1912). Speculation. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14211a.htm MLA citation. "Speculation." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14211a.htm>. Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. July 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32352000
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/806880 - Older people playing ball: what is the risk of falling and injury? van Beurden, Eric; - The University of Newcastle. Faculty of Health, School of Medicine and Public Health - Increasing physical activity amongst seniors is important for public health, yet guidance is needed to minimise injury risks. To describe the incidence of falls/injuries in a walking team ball game(Lifeball) designed for seniors, a prospective cohort study was undertaken amongst community dwelling Lifeball participants in Australia. Players completed a telephone survey soon after commencing Lifeball (2004) and 12 months later (2005). Attendance and incident records were audited for the period. Subjects joined a Lifeball group with opportunity to play at least once per week. Baseline was completed by 284 players aged between 40 and 96 years (mean 67 years), with most (83.8%, 238/284) female. Of 263 followed up, the average attendances was 25, with 19.3% attending on fewer than 4 occasions and 14.3% attending 52 or more times. Most (93.9%) reported no injuries requiring medical attention. However, 16 (6.1%) had injuries requiring medical attention and their 27 injuries represent an injury rate of 3.3 per 1000 hours of participation. Twenty participants (7.6%) had a Lifeball fall equating to a fall rate of 2.8 per 1000 hours of participation. Falls in Lifeball were not associated with measured predictors (age, gender, falls history, perceived falls risk or hours played). Incident records showed a trip/stumble involving rushing, walking backwards, or overextending (all against rules) as common falling causes. Lifeball is not ‘risk free’ however due to a lack of comparative data it is difficult to compare injury rate to relevant activities. Prevention of injury should concentrate on enforcing safety rules. - Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 12, Issue 1, p. 177-183 - Publisher Link - Resource Type - journal article	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32358000
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/923825 - Postmodern ethics - The University of Newcastle. Faculty of Education & Arts, School of Humanities and Social Science - In Chapter 9 we saw how Jürgen Habermas's ethical theory epitomizes social work's modern ethical tradition, not least his distinction between values, ethics and morals. For Habermas, since all societies and cultures have values, they assume the character of objective facts that are distinguishable from ethics, the socially agreed-upon normative requirements of a particular group or society about what can rightfully be expected from people in that society or group. And ethics are distinguishable from morals, our beliefs about right and wrong. For Habermas morality is personal and Bauman, the major proponent of a postmodern ethics, agrees, but for different reasons. - Ethics and Value Perspectives in Social Work p. 120-131 - Palgrave Macmillan - Resource Type - book chapter	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32359000
The American Sheet Music Collection illustrates the physical and thematic development of sheet music printed in the United States from the late eighteenth century through the early twentieth century. The collection includes over 3814 items, the bulk of which spans the years 1820-1920. Musical genres included are English and American theatre music, comic opera, patriotic songs, Scottish and Irish melodies, "Englished" versions of Italian opera, contemporary topical themes (such as the Civil War, including a small number of Confederate imprints), and modern Broadway music. Subjects and themes covered include sentimental songs, especially courtship and maternal relationships; songs offered in tribute (e.g. to Washington, Lincoln, Bonaparte; Jenny Lind, etc.); and patriotic songs, especially of the Civil War. Major and minor publishers are represented. Cities most prominently featured as publishing centers include Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore; there are also imprints from Cincinnati, Chicago, Milwaukee, San Francisco, St. Louis, and New Orleans. A significant portion of the collection is illustrated which, along with the themes and lyrics of the songs themselves, provides further insight into the attitudes and values of the American people over time. In order to quote from, publish, or reproduce any of the manuscripts or visual materials, researchers must obtain formal permission from the office of the Library Director. In most instances, permission is given by the Huntington as owner of the physical property rights only, and researchers must also obtain permission from the holder of the literary rights In some instances, the Huntington owns the literary rights, as well as the physical property rights. Researchers may contact the appropriate curator for further information.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32366000
One of the first modern contactees. Author of The White Sands Incident. On July 4, 1950, Fry was working at the White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico as an employee of the AeroJet Corperation. In the evening he took a walk into the desert, and at one point though he saw the stars disappearing. He soon recognized this occurrence as the approach of an ovate craft about thirty feet in diameter. Fry was taken on a ride in the craft while the pilot Alan told him about the original civilizations of Earth, namely Atlantis and Lemuria (Mu). Fry eventually became the leader of an organization called Understanding.” (Messengers, 192; Nebel, 33-34; Peebles, 120)	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32368000
GDR Germany - Federal Office for Radiation Protection19.06.2013 \|Map\|\|Station List\|\|Status Report\|\|Information\|\|FAQ\|\|Contact\|\|Imprint\| The German gamma dose rate (GDR) network consists of about 1800 continuously measuring, automatic probes. In order to make data available to the public as soon as possible, the BfS publishes without prior examination of the data. Because of the large number of probes it may happen that some data is missing or shows strange signals due to failures or technical problems (see Information). It should be noted that such error can occur and that individual values may be corrupted at single stations, while the neighboring probes do not show these abnormalities. The time series (averaged over one hour) are updated regularly every 6 hours. In the case of an exceptional increase of the GDR, the probes report their status and the measured dose rate immediately. This alerts the BfS on-call team, who check the values within a short reaction time. Often heavy rain showers provoke an increase of the GDR due to the fact that the derivatives of naturally occurring radon in the atmosphere are washed out and deposited on the ground. This may lead to short-term increases in the GDR visible in the measurements, which decays very quickly again. In any case, all new data is checked on a daily basis. This check takes place before 10:00 in the morning, thus older data is checked. The check ensures that data with technically induced errors are marked by a member of the team on duty. This marked data is not shown in the time series plots. Note: Averaged (mean) values over one hour, partly unvalidated raw data! Daily mean values The time series plots represent the gamma dose rate at the station Dransfeld: Legend for the time series The measured dose rate depends primarily on the level of natural radioactivity in soil (terrestrial component) and on the intensity of the cosmic radiation (cosmic component). The site-specific threshold is marked as a horizontal line in the time series. If the threshold is exceeded at two adjacent stations in the network, the management centre will be alarmed to clarify the situation. Typical progressions of the gamma dose rate are summarized in the Information.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32370000
There are just over 800 flags in the collection, making it one of the largest flag collections in the country. It includes the Statehouse Battle Flag collection of 553 national and regimental colors, state flags, foreign flags, military signal flags, commemorative flags, and service flags. The earliest flags in the collection are from the Mexican War era, 1846-1848. The most recent flags in the collection are from the Iraq War. The pride of the collection is the very first Ohio flag . The Ohio legislature adopted its distinctive design on May 9, 1902.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32372000
From Ohio History Central Youngstown is the county seat of Mahoning County, Ohio. Youngstown was founded by John Young in 1797 and is within the original Western Reserve of Connecticut. . Young had purchased an entire township from the Connecticut Land Company. He paid $16,085 for 15,560 acres of land. Within a short period of time, ten families settled in the village along the Mahoning River. Youngstown continued to grow and was officially incorporated in 1802. In that same year Daniel and James Heaton built the Hopewell Furnace. Iron ore and coal deposits had been discovered near Youngstown, and an early iron industry flourished. With the completion of the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal in the 1830s and the construction of railroads beginning in the 1850's, Youngstown continued to grow. By 1860, the population had reached 5,300, and by 1870, 8,075 people lived in the community. By the second half of the nineteenth century, Youngstown had become an important intersection of a number of major railway lines, including the Baltimore & Ohio, the Erie Lackawana, the New York Central, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. As a result of the city's growth, the Mahoning County seat was moved from Canfield to Youngstown in 1876. The population reached 33,220 in 1890. In the late 1800s, the first steel mills were constructed in Youngstown, signaling the new influence of that industry on the city's development. The new industry attracted many immigrants to the community, including Poles, Italians, and Hungarians. In the early twentieth century, the steel workers began to demand better wages and working conditions. There were a number of strikes in this era During World War I, the steel mills produced materiel for the war effort. As a result of this increased production, there were a number of new jobs. Youngstown's population swelled so rapidly that there was not enough housing for everyone. When the war ended, a number of workers were laid off. Once again, workers went on strike. They demanded that the companies institute an eight-hour day and a six-day week. In addition, workers wanted extra pay for working overtime. When mill owners did not respond, there were violent confrontations. By the 1920s, Youngstown was second only to Pittsburgh in terms of total steel production in the United States. At the same time, the industry faced some significant challenges. After the closing of the canal, the city no longer had access to water transportation. In addition, there was a shortage of water for use in the mills. In spite of these problems, the city continued to grow. The population in 1920 was 132, 358 people, and Youngstown was ranked as the fiftieth largest city in the nation. The population reached its peak in 1930 at just over 170,000 residents. The Great Depression hit Youngstown hard. Because the city's economy relied so much on the steel industry, its unemployment rate was approximately three times the national average during the 1930s. Unions were gaining popularity among workers during this era, but several steel companies in Youngstown had resisted unionization. They were collectively known as the Little Steel Companies. Workers at these mills went on strike on March 26, 1937. Although the "Little Steel" strike, as it became known, was not very successful in the short-term, it led to the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, commonly known as the CIO. The CIO was able to force the Little Steel Companies to accept unionization in 1941. During World War II, Youngstown's industries once again contributed to the American war effort. Prosperity returned to the city. With the further growth of the automobile industry in the years following the war and its demand for steel, Youngstown's economy continued to grow. This economic growth slowed in the late twentieth century, as the steel industry across the United States began to decline. Cities such as Pittsburgh and Youngstown became part of the "Rust Belt" during this era. Youngstown's population also decreased. According to the 2000 census, the city had 82,026 residents. In recent years, the city of Youngstown has seen some economic revitalization as new industries and enterprises have been attracted to the area. - Great Depression - World War I - Hopewell Furnace - Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal - Connecticut Land Company - Connecticut Western Reserve - Iron Production - Steel Mills - zzHungarian Immigrants - Italian Ohioans - Polish Ohioans - Slavic Ohioans - Great Steel Strike of 1919 - Little Steel Strike of 1937 - Congress of Industrial Organizations - World War II - Mahoning County - Eaton, Ohio - [The Center of Industry and Labor] - [Mahoning Valley Historical Society] - [City of Youngstown] - [Wikipedia: Youngstown, Ohio]	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32373000
Front Page Titles (by Subject) 19th Century French Liberalism School of Thought: 19th Century French Liberalism Between the French Revolution and the First World War France produced an impressive group of classical liberal and conservative writers. They focused on the problems of creating a constitutional limited government, the issue of free trade, French imperialism and colonialism, the history of the French Revolution and Napoleon, freedom of speech, the rise of socialism and the welfare state. They differed from their English colleagues in a number of ways, particularly in the French preference to ground the defence of liberty on natural rights instead of utilitarianism, which was increasingly favored by the English. By the time the First World War broke out the French liberal movement had been fatally weakened and it virtually disappeared. \|Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850) \|\|Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832) \|\|Augustin Thierry (1795-1856) For more information see: - John Lukacs, “Alexis de Tocqueville: A Historical Appreciation” in Literature of Liberty, vol. V, no. 1, Spring 1982 . - Editor’s Introduction to François Guizot, History of the Origins of Representative Government in Europe, trans. Andrew R. Scoble, introduction and notes by Aurelian Craiutu (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002). - David M. Hart, “Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832): An Annotated Bibliography”. - David M. Hart, “Comte Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836): An Annotated Bibliography”. - Sheldon Richman, “Frederic Bastiat: An Annotated Bibliography”. 16 People in this Group:	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32374000
The oxygen content of Oxy-Water is 5 to 7 times higher than that of regular bottled water and up to 10 times higher than that of some tap water. The Oxy-Water people do not use only use less than perfect reverse osmosis membranes or mere filters to create their base water, they use steam distillation. Not only does distillation remove everything but the water from the water, but it removes any vibrational "memories" as well. I often discuss water as possessing the proven quality of "memory." Filters and reverse osmosis membranes cannot erase the structural memories that the Japanese scientists are photographing in water crystals, but distillation can blank water back to it's pure unrecorded and unadulterated state. Why Distilled Water? From the Oxy Water web site: "The distillation process removes every kind of bacteria, virus, parasite, pathogen, pesticide, herbicide, heavy metal, and inorganic material, and prepares water to accept and retain the maximum amount of oxygen possible. When ingested, water attracts and dissolves toxins and inorganic mineral deposits stored in our joints, organs, arteries, and nerve tracts, pulling them into our blood to be carried to our excretory organs for discharge. Distilled water is an excellent natural solvent. You should know that the human body cannot absorb inorganic materials available in plain tap or spring water: These minerals need to be converted first to an organic state for human assimilation. This is achieved only after they pass through plants, not water. Simply put, we need the purest water possible to carry what the body's cells need plenty of...Oxygen. A recent study concluded each hemoglobin molecule in the blood requires 40 molecules of water to transport efficiently one molecule of oxygen to the cells. An inadequate amount of water can cause the hemoglobin molecule to actually repel oxygen. [And 80% of all Americans are estimated to be clinically dehydrated.] Pure (distilled) water "wets" the hemoglobin molecules, allowing them to more effectively pick up and transport oxygen throughout the body. The tiredness many people feel after eating is a result of oxygen being consumed during the digestive process, which diminishes the oxygen available to the rest of the body. "It seems as though some questions have arisen regarding the ability of the human body to absorb oxygen in water. The oxygen in the OXY-WATER is absorbed instantly through the mucosa of the mouth just as homeopathic remedies and nutrients are. Actually, the moment the water touches the inside of the mouth (especially under the tongue), the transference of information present in any substance begins to absorb. I recommend anyone who wants better health to drink OXY-WATER." Dr. Theresa Dale, Ph.D., N.D. Sports Oxygen is critical for muscle function. Proper oxygenation allows the body to produce and supply ATP to the muscles, giving them strength and elasticity. A lack of oxygen (hypoxia) causes the body to produce an oxygen-deficient form of ATP called lactic acid. This reduces the efficiency of the muscles and can lead to cramps, pulls, strains, etc. Unfortunately the popular heavily advertised energy drinks contain ingredients that trigger the digestive juices, causing oxygen to be transferred to the digestive tract to enable digestion. This reduces the amount of oxygen available to the rest of the body, especially the brain and muscles. Other ingredients in energy drinks, such as sugars, cause a short-lived energy burst. The "crash" which occurs after that initial surge can leave an athlete with less energy than if they had not had the drink in the first place. Couple that with oxygen loss due to digestive processing and it is understandable why most serious athletes choose pure oxygenated water. Pure (distilled) water requires no digestion. The distilled water used in Oxy-WaterTM is the absolute purest available and is completely compatible with the hydration demands of the body. The oxygen in Oxy-WaterTM is quickly absorbed into the body from the instant it comes in contact with your mouth tissue, and continues throughout the digestive tract." The Oxy Water Process The Oxy Water people start with filtration and ozonation, and then add distillation, and then refrigeration and high pressure oxygen saturation to build their water. These methods are not used by most oxygenated water bottlers because they are more costly, but the Oxy water people feel there is no substitute for quality. They then go even further and use a few more proprietary methods with their oxygenated water building process in order to help keep the oxygen content high in their bottled water. Unlike the products from some other companies, all you get with Oxy Water is water and oxygen. Here is the summation of a study of Oxy-Water presented to The American College of Sports Medicine in June of 2001. Abstract #945 Effects of Oxygenized Water on Percent Oxygen Saturation and Performance During Exercise. A Jenkins, M. Moreland, T.B. Waddell, B. Fernhall, FACSM. The George Washington University, Washington, DC. "Individuals who are highly trained may benefit from the use of oxygenized water to increase percent oxygen saturation during acute bouts of intense exercise and possibly prolong time to fatigue. Even small increases in oxygen saturation may be significant in highly trained individuals and elite performers." Oxy-Water FAQ From the manufacturer "Isn't there already oxygen in water? Yes, but.Oxy-Water has been able to develop a proprietary method of infusing oxygen into water without causing a molecular change. We can cause this physical change in the water without the addition of any chemicals. How can you prove that the molecular compound of H2O can hold a gas? The presence of this oxygen has been supported by an independent laboratory that, prior to testing Oxy-Water, did not believe that oxygen could be trapped in water. The oxygen found in Oxy-Water is the same oxygen that you receive from medical personnel in the event of illness. We use NO chemicals to create an alleged oxygen increase. How can H2O be physically altered to hold more oxygen? What some "experts" have the tendency to over look (many times to their embarrassment) is that between the H2O molecules there are voids that can be filled with other microscopic substances. With the proper equipment and strictly controlled process, it is possible to remove the "stuff" between the molecules and replace it with oxygen gas. Using a special technique, Oxy-Water is then able to trap that gas between the molecules so that it will be immediately bio-available to the body. This process has been called "oxygenized" to differentiate it from "oxygenated" or "super oxygenated". How difficult is it to put oxygen into the water? It is NOT difficult to put oxygen into water. The difficulty is to keep the oxygen in the water so that is available to those who consume it. Oxy-Water's method of increasing oxygen in water has been found to be one of the most stable methods, which can be used. This guarantees the consumer a beneficial oxygen supplement at consumption. Some companies claim high oxygen content at the point of bottling, but are unable to maintain it for any appreciable length of time. Oxy-Water has tested its product after being bottled for 16 months and found it to still contain over 3 times more oxygen than normal bottled water. Do you have independent analysis that confirms the presence of extra oxygen? Yes, the Atomic Absorption Laboratory tested Oxy-Water and found the oxygen content at 34 ppm, over two weeks after the bottling date. They were so surprised that in a letter to us they said, "We didn't think it was possible to increase the dissolved oxygen in water but, you proved us wrong". Since then we have improved our technology and are carrying 40 to 45 ppm of oxygen. >How long will the oxygen say in the bottle? We have tested no production water that contains more the 20 to 25 ppm of oxygen after several weeks in the bottle, in spite of their claims. The excuse that their oxygen can not be measured should be looked on with great skepticism."	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32393000
Teach children to seek world without Israel by Itamar Marcus and Nan Jacques Zilberdik Palestinian parents should teach their children that it is their role or destiny to destroy Israel, according to a cartoon in the official PA daily. In the cartoon, a mother is showing her son a book with a map that includes all of Israel and the PA areas. The text in the book defines the map as "Palestine." \|Text in book: "Palestine" Mother's words: "This is your bride... When you grow up you will know the dowry." The mother tells her son: "This is your bride... when you grow up you will know the dowry." March 31, 2012] The message of the PA daily is that parents either are educating their children or should be educating their children to see their obligation to replace all of Israel with a state of "Palestine." The dowry - the cost of liberating Palestine - is yet to be learned. Last week, Palestinian Media Watch reported that the Minister of Social Affairs, Majida Al-Masri, said in a speech that Palestinian unity is needed in order to achieve "the liberation of Palestine - all of Palestine," meaning Israel's destruction. Official PA daily cartoons regularly represent all of Israel as replaced by "Palestine." In this cartoon, the text reads "the only red line," conveying the message that the goal to have all of Israel eliminated and replaced by "Palestine," remains the real "red line." Aug. 21, 2011] See PMW bulletin Another cartoon expressed the idea that unity between Hamas and Fatah is all that is needed to eliminate Israel. Two identical fighters portraying Fatah and Hamas unity form the shape of the map of Israel and the PA areas. The Palestinian flag is held above the map, symbolizing Palestinian political sovereignty over all of Israel. March 21, 2012] Click here to see many more examples of the PA use of maps that portray a world without Israel.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32398000
Posts tagged zoroastrianism Iranian cultures and arts are rich and diverse, and have their roots in the ancient civilizations that developed as early as the fourth millennium BCE — about 4,000 years before any theistic religion came to existence — across the Iranian plateau. We have a rich history and culture that we should know about, celebrate and be proud of. Long before Islam came to existence, Zoroastrainism (6th century BC), was the ancient Iranian religion that advocated good thoughts, good words, and good deeds. It survives to More > A friend sent me a link to Mazda (the automotive company) website today where it talks about the origin of its name. I thought it is noteworthy to write about and share. I quote the relevant section on its name verbatim: “The origin and meaning of “Mazda” The company’s name, “Mazda,” derives from Ahura Mazda, a god of the earliest civilizations in West Asia. We have interpreted Ahura Mazda, the god of wisdom, intelligence and harmony, as the symbol of the origin of both Eastern and Western civilizations, and also as a symbol of automobile culture. It incorporates More >	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32402000
Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 42 (3):260-282 (2012) \|Abstract\|\|In this article, I demonstrate fundamental weaknesses in the ability of critical understandings of race to produce reliable knowledge of how social actors use social comparisons as a way to align self with ingroup. I trace these weaknesses to two sources: The first is relying on social status as an explanation for race-based assessments, ingroup motivations, and social constructions of otherness. This is opposed to leaning on assessments grounded in social psychological research that links properties of human cognition to the development and maintenance of social identities. The second weakness is an open support for activist research that is often situated in radical multiculturalism. Because critical race scholars openly side with racial minorities’ interests, they tend to establish incomplete assessments of social behaviors and social constructs linked to racial identities in order to maintain their stated political allegiances. To demonstrate these and other weaknesses, I draw upon the theoretical insights of social identity theory which is used to reassess Bell and Hartmann's (2007) critical race analysis of diversity dialogue in American society\| \|Keywords\|\|No keywords specified (fix it)\| \|Through your library\|\|Configure\| Similar books and articles Joshua Glasgow (2009). A Theory of Race. Routledge. Ron Mallon & Daniel Kelly (2012). Making Race Out of Nothing : Psychologically Constrained Social Roles. In Harold Kincaid (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Social Science. Oxford University Press. Ron Mallon (2004). Passing, Traveling and Reality: Social Constructionism and the Metaphysics of Race. Noûs 38 (4):644–673. Amanda E. Lewis (2004). What Group?" Studying Whites and Whiteness in the Era of "Color-Blindness. Sociological Theory 22 (4):623-646. Ronald R. Sundstrom (2003). Race and Place: Social Space in the Production of Human Kinds. Philosophy and Geography 6 (1):83 – 95. Joshua Glasgow, Julie L. Shulman & Enrique G. Covarrubias (2009). The Ordinary Conception of Race in the United States and Its Relation to Racial Attitudes: A New Approach. Journal of Cognition and Culture 9 (1):15-38. Zeus Leonardo (2011). After the Glow: Race Ambivalence and Other Educational Prognoses. Educational Philosophy and Theory 43 (6):675-698. Michael Root (2001). The Problem of Race in Medicine. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 31 (1):20-39. Robin O. Andreasen (2000). Race: Biological Reality or Social Construct? Philosophy of Science 67 (3):666. Douglas McKnight & Prentice Chandler (2012). The Complicated Conversation of Class and Race in Social and Curricular Analysis: An Examination of Pierre Bourdieu's Interpretative Framework in Relation to Race. Educational Philosophy and Theory 44 (5-6):74-97. Ron Sundstrom (2002). Race as a Human Kind. Philosophy and Social Criticism 28 (1):91-115. Michael J. Monahan (2010). Liberalism and the Challenge of Race. Social Theory and Practice 36 (4):689-704. Added to index2012-03-16 Total downloads5 ( #161,910 of 556,803 ) Recent downloads (6 months)1 ( #64,847 of 556,803 ) How can I increase my downloads?	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32417000
These processes range from complex information processing, through goal pursuit and emotions, to cognitive control and self-regulation.This collection of 20 original chapters by leading researchers examines the cognitive unconscious from ... Does the unconscious exist? Cultural critic Antony Easthope answers with a witty, lucid, informed "yes" and draws out its implications for the way we live, how we enjoy art, and how we think about people in society and history. Drawing on the writings of Freud and Lacan, he argues that the study of the unconscious is a way of analyzing meanings across culture as an effect of desire. Easthope tests for unconscious significance in an amazing variety of examples, including jokes, (...) Tampax advertisements, Hamlet , Hitchcock's Psycho , the life and death of Princess Di, Terminator 2 , Bob Geldof's autobiography, and the film Titanic. (shrink) This book attempts to answer the question: How much of what we do is the result of conscious and deliberate decisions and how much originates in unconscious, unthought out, automatic directives? The answer is that far more than what we might imagine falls into the second category. We tend to assume responsibility for our unconsciously determined thoughts and actions, and even though we do not know why we think and act the way we do, we make up reasons for it, (...) which we truly believe. Each one of us is really two people in the same body, who in many respects, function quite independently of each other, and yet somehow manage to get along with things, while the other, the outer brain, serves as the spokesperson for both of them. The inner brain is the source of our objectives and generates the emotions that keep us on track in our attainment of them. This book explores the strange relationship between these two parts of us across a spectrum of mental processes including, memory, language, problem-solving, dreams, delusions and hallucinations, and more complex pursuits sucs as the arts, humor and religion. (shrink) Machine generated contents note: Introduction: the historiography of the unconscious; Part I. The Subject Before the Unconscious: 1. A general science of the I: Fichte and the crisis of self-identification; 2. Natural autonomy: Schelling and the divisions of freedom; Part II. The Romantic Unconscious: 3. Divining the individual: towards a metaphysics of the unconscious; 4. The historical unconscious; 5. Post-idealism and the Romantic psyche; Part III. The Psychoanalytic Unconscious: 6. Freud: the Geist in the machine; 7. The liberal unconscious; Conclusion. Alasdair MacIntyre argues that Freud's conception of the unconscious is complicated by his tendency to use the term in two different ways. MacIntyre shows how Freud uses the term "unconscious" both as a straightforward description of psychological phenomena, and as an evaluative notion to explain the links between childhood events and adult behavior. This clarification helps to shed light on the many misunderstandings of psychoanalysis, and to separate out what is and what is not of lasting value in Freud's account (...) of the unconscious. This new edition includes a substantial new preface by the author, in which he discusses repression, determinism, transference, and "practical rationality," and offers a rare comparison of Aristotle and Lacan on the concept of desire. MacIntyre takes the opportunity to reflect both on the reviews and criticisms of the first edition and also on his own philosophical stance. (shrink) The Heart of Judgment explores the nature, historical significance, and contemporary relevance of practical wisdom. Primarily a work in moral and political thought, it also relies extensively on the latest research in cognitive neuroscience to confirm and extend our understanding of the faculty of judgment. Ever since the ancient Greeks first discussed practical wisdom, the faculty of judgment has been an important topic for philosophers and political theorists. It remains one of the virtues most demanded of our public officials. The (...) greater the liberties and responsibilities accorded to citizens in democratic regimes, the more the health and welfare of society rest upon their exercise of good judgment. While giving full credit to the roles played by reason and deliberation in good judgment, the book underlines the central importance of intuition, emotion, and worldly experience. (shrink) Over the past two decades, a new picture of the unconscious has emerged from a variety of disciplines that are broadly part of cognitive science. According to this picture, unconscious processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. Moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. These processes range from complex information processing, through goal pursuit and emotions, to cognitive control and self-regulation. This (...) collection of 20 original chapters by leading researchers examines the unconscious from social, cognitive, and neuroscientific viewpoints, presenting some of the most important developments at the heart of this new picture of the unconscious. The New Unconscious will be an important resource on the unconscious for researchers in psychology, cognitive science and neuroscience. (shrink) Eric Rayner, a psychoanalyst in private practice, has written the first clear introduction to Matte-Blanco's key concepts for psychotherapists and psychoanalysts. While Matte-Blanco's theories on the structure of the unconscious and the way in which it operates are generally recognized to be the most original since those of Freud, many people find his use of terminology from mathematics and logic difficult to understand. In this book, Rayner sets out the central ideas and then shows, with examples, how they relate to (...) clinical practice. He also describes how the ideas are related to those of people in other disciplines--mathematics, logic, psychology (specifically Piaget), and anthropology, among others. Drawing on the work of a group of people who have been inspired by Matte-Blanco's thinking to extend their own ideas and test them out in the consulting room, this book reveals the significance of Matte-Blanco's thought for future research. (shrink) The sections on Schelling, Eschenmayer, and Schopenhauer in Chapters VI and IX appear in the 1992 Schopenhauer Jahrbuch as “From the World-Soul to the Will: The natural philosophy of Schelling, Eschenmayer, and Schopenhauer”. What if you could, like a diamond forged through heat and pressure, transform every painful, scary, and stressful experience in your life into one that is meaningful, courageous, and inspiring? What if you were provided with the tools that allow you to tap and manifest the true power that exists within you--the power to shine? Are you ready to discover your path to peace? In this fascinating book, Dr. Darren Weissman shares ancient spiritual wisdom fused with a modern-day understanding of (...) the mind's relationship to biology and behavior that has implications not only for your health, but for the well-being of the entire planet. You'll learn how to use The LifeLine Technique Ô --a philosophy and technology for awakening your infinite potential for healing and wholeness--and share the experiences of scores of people whose lives have been forever changed as a result. Conscious visionaries pronounced more than 40 years ago that the road to peace is paved with the power of love. Dr. Weissman's book provides the steps you can use to learn to walk that path, and it will help you understand why it is your moral imperative to choose love over fear. (shrink) Beginning with Emerson and the Transcendentalists, Americans have tended to view the unconscious as the psychological faculty through which individuals might come to experience a higher spiritual realm. On the whole, American psychologists see the unconscious as a symbol of harmony, restoration and revitalization, imbuing it with the capacity to restore peace between the individual and an immanent spiritual power. Americans and the Unconscious studies the symbolic dimensions of American psychology, tracing the historical development of the concept of the unconscious (...) from its early formulations in nineteenth-century theology through its elaboration by the major schools of contemporary academic psychology. In the process, it provides portraits of William James, early American "Freudians" and the "Neo-Freudians," New Psychology, and humanistic psychologies. Fuller draws attention to the ways in which the concept of the unconscious--while originating in the world of scientific discourse--symbolizes philosophical and religious interpretations of human nature, and shows how the "American unconscious" helps locate the development of psychological ideas within the broader contexts of American religious and intellectual history. (shrink) Ever since the publication of his first book, The Spectrum of Consciousness, written when he was twenty-three, Ken Wilber has been identified as the most comprehensive philosophical thinker of our times. This introductory sampler, designed to acquaint newcomers with his work, contains brief passages from his most popular books, ranging over a variety of topics, including levels of consciousness, mystical experience, meditation practice, death, the perennial philosophy, and Wilber's integral approach to reality, integrating matter, body, mind, soul, and spirit. Here (...) is Wilber's writing at its most reader-friendly, discussing essential ideas of the world's great psychological, philosophical, and spiritual traditions in language that is lucid, engaging, and inspirational. (shrink) Preface to the second edition -- Preface to the first edition -- Psycho-mythology : meschugge? -- Dreams and fantasies : manifestations 0f the mythological unconscious -- African-American dreaming and the "lion in the path" : racism and the cultural unconscious -- "Hapless" the Centaur : an archetypal image, amplification, and active imagination -- Pegasus and visionary experience : from the white winged horse to the "flying red horse" -- The bull, the labyrinth, and the Minotaur : from archaeology to "archetypology" (...) (with an apology to Ariadne) -- Griffins, gold, and dinosaurs : mythology and "fantastic paleontology" -- Dreaming of a unicorn : a comparison of Lacanian and Jungian interpretation -- "Destiny" and the call to heroism : a dream of vocation and individuation -- List of publications by Michael Vannoy Adams. (shrink) Since Freud, psychoanalysis has always concerned itself with questions of art, creativity, politics, and war. This collection of essays from leading writers on psychoanalysis explores questions of culture through a close dialogue between psychoanalytic clinical and academic traditions. Culture and the Unconscious is a major contribution to these debates. With accessible introductions to its central themes, the book opens up conversations between the spheres of art, academia and psychoanalysis, revealing points of commonality and divergence. Elle s'efforce d'abord de reconstruire et de restituer, en la systématisant, la sociologie wébérienne du paradoxe des conséquences à partir des éléments dispersés dans l'œuvre du maître de la sociologie allemande. The beginnings of unity and order in living things, by C. M. Child.--On the structure of the unconscious, by K. Koffka.--The genesis of social reactions in the young child, by J. E. Anderson.--The unconscious of the behaviorist, by J. B. Watson.--The unconscious patterning of behavior in society by E. Sapir.--The configurations of personality, by W. I. Thomas.--The prenatal and early postnatal phenomena of consciousness, by M. E. Kenworthy.--Values in social psychology, by F. L. Wells.--Higher levels of mental integration, by W. (...) A. White. (shrink) A psychoanalytic psychology and art of unconscious emotion -- An inward turn : Vienna 1900 -- Exploring the truths hidden beneath the surface : origins of a scientific medicine -- Viennese artists, writers, and scientists meet in the Zuckerkandl Salon -- Exploring the brain beneath the skull : origins of a scientific psychiatry -- Exploring mind together with the brain : the development of a brain-based psychology -- Exploring mind apart from the brain : origins of a dynamic psychology -- (...) Searching for inner meaning in literature -- The depiction of modern women's sexuality in art -- The depiction of the psyche in art -- The fusion of eroticism, aggression, and anxiety in art -- A cognitive psychology of visual perception and emotional response to art -- Discovering the beholder's share -- Observation is also invention : the brain as a creativity machine -- The emergence of twentieth-century painting -- A biological science of the beholder's visual response to art -- The brain's processing of visual images -- Deconstruction of the visual image: the building blocks of form perception -- Reconstruction of the world we see : vision is information processing -- High-level vision and the brain's perception of face, hands, and body -- Top-down processing of information : using memory to find meaning -- The deconstruction of emotion : the search for emotional primitives -- The artistic depiction of emotion through the face, hands, body, and color -- Unconscious emotions, conscious feelings, and their bodily expression -- A biological science of the beholder's emotional response to art -- Top-down control of cognitive emotional information -- The biological response to beauty and ugliness in art -- The beholder's share : entering the private theater of another's mind -- The biology of the beholder's share : modeling other people's minds -- How the brain regulates emotion and empathy -- An evolving dialogue between visual art and science -- Artistic universals and the austrian expressionists -- The creative brain -- The cognitive unconscious and the creative brain -- Brain circuits for creativity -- Talent, creativity, and brain development -- Knowing ourselves : the new dialogue between art and science. (shrink) Introduction -- Tending the dark fire: the Boehmian notion of drive -- The night-side of nature: the early Schellingian unconscious -- The speculative psychology of dissociation: the later Schellingian unconscious -- Schellingian libido theory. Four essays on the psychological aspects of art. A study of Leonardo treats the work of art, and art itself, not as ends in themselves, but rather as instruments of the artist's inner situation. Two other essays discuss the relation of art to its epoch and specifically the relation of modern art to our own time. An essay on Chagall views this artist in the context of the problems explored in the other studies. Neurobiological and cognitive models of unconscious information processing suggest that subconscious threat detection can lead to cognitive misinterpretations and false alarms, while conscious processing is assumed to be perceptually and conceptually accurate and unambiguous. Furthermore, clinical theories suggest that pathological anxiety results from a crude preattentive warning system predominating over more sophisticated and controlled modes of processing. We investigated the hypothesis that subconscious detection of threat in a cognitive task is reflected by enhanced ''false signal'' detection rather than by selectively (...) enhanced discrimination of threat items in 30 patients with panic disorder and 30 healthy controls. We presented a tachistoscopic word-nonword discrimination task and a subsequent recognition task and analyzed the data by means of process-dissociation procedures. In line with our expectations, subjects of both groups showed more false signal detection to threat than to neutral stimuli as indicated by an enhanced response bias, whereas indices of discriminative sensitivity did not show this effect. In addition, patients with panic disorder showed a generally enhanced response bias in comparison to healthy controls. They also seemed to have processed the stimuli less elaborately and less differentially. Results are consistent with the assumption that subconscious threat detection can lead to misrepresentations of stimulus significance and that pathological anxiety is characterized by a hyperactive preattentive alarm system that is insufficiently controlled by higher cognitive processes. (shrink) Puccetti argues that Dennett's views on split brains are defective. First, we criticise Puccetti's argument. Then we distinguish persons, minds, consciousnesses, selves and personalities. Then we introduce the concepts of part-persons and part-consciousnesses, and apply them to clarifying the situation. Finally, we criticise Dennett for some contribution to the confusion. A much-cited definition of placebo is from Shapiro and Shapiro (1997):"any therapy (or that component of any therapy) that is intentionally or knowingly used for its nonspecific, psychological, or psychophysiological, therapeutic effect, or that is used for a presumed specific therapeutic effect on a patient, symptom, or illness but is without specific activity for the condition being treated" (p. 41). What nonspecific means and how it relates to the psyche has been written about extensively yet inconclusively. In the end, the (...) term nonspecific doesn't say anything about the crux of the matter.Talking about placebo, one first has to distinguish between "placebo effect proper" and "perceived placebo effect." The .. (shrink) Whenever we analyze the issue of spiritual activities, we can never lay aside of the macro-background of “spirit service to life”. Spirit is” software” of life. It is essentially to carry out determination of self life and a nervous system which make the information processing and feedback between self life and outside world. It has reasonable structure system and systematical work mechanism. The basic structure system of the spirit of human beings is like this: self is the core and leading (...) of spirit running, which has properties in three aspects which are will, needs and motility. These properties formed a unity. Will mainly shows theessential property of self, which is in the domination and core position. Needs mainly shows the main part of life requesting and demanding for objective outside, which is in the conditional and secondary position. If we put the Needs in the key position, it will blaspheme the meaning of life and lose the value of life. Motility is a centralized reflection of life activity, which could be a means for the implementation of self Will and acquisition of self needs. In the tangible world, it is displayed as colorful life activity. In the intangible spiritual world, it is displayed as the information processing ability and information feedback ability of self life. Motility has four different levels: emotion, subconsciousness, consciousness, cognition. Correspondingly, the development of spirit could also be divided as four levels. In each level, self, activity, requested development degree, property characteristics and main content have certain of differences. In structure system of spirit, there is a correlation among each part and each element, which will interact with own characteristics to form an organic whole. In fact, it is an essential sublimation of tangible body and an intangible life existed with information form. The following figure shows the relationship of each element:[Electronic Editor's Note: Figure in PDF of article]This structure system of spirit, which isn’t a simple frame but an abstract mechanism of spirit running, is life active system of informatization. This system and mechanism make the changeable spiritual activity clear and orderly, and make the abundant and various life activities systematic and vivid. This system’s self isdeveloping, whose development still comply with the law of life development, symbolizing the development and extension of vitality. This development could be considered as continuance of life progress. In the low-grade life, it is mainly displayed as biological stress stage of promoting the favorable and avoiding the unfavorable as well as blind and instinctive affective response stage; in the highgrade animals, it is gradually displayed certain of psychological activity ability and study cognition ability. In human beings, it is gradually displayed awake of consciousness and mature of reason, making human beings to control themselves and change all things to become the soul of the world. Through this structure system and running mechanism, we could get a systematical explanation for theessence of emotion, mystery of psychological activity, process of consciousness awake, occurrence mechanism of dream. Meantime, we put forth that human beings must experience the second awakerational awake to become the true society human when human beings become the humans with souls after consciousness awake. (shrink) The author attempts to answer the question, how it is possible that many scholars - including those representing prestigious universities and research institutes - are ready to consider creationists critique of the origin- of-life theories as "valuable", "scientifically useful", "cogent", and "clarifying our thinking". The answer seems to be simple: the same metascientific assumptions, which constitute a basis of antievolutionistic argumentation, still live in the philosophical consciousness (or subconsciousness) of a lot of scientists. Among these assumptions is he thesis (...) that order does not arise from disorder and the principle of the uniformity of nature. (shrink) Abstract: How it is that one's own thoughts can seem to be someone else's? After noting some common missteps of other approaches to this puzzle, I develop a novel cognitive solution, drawing on and critiquing theories that understand inserted thoughts and auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia as stemming from mismatches between predicted and actual sensory feedback. Considerable attention is paid to forging links between the first-person phenomenology of thought insertion and the posits (e.g. efference copy, corollary discharge) of current cognitive (...) theories. I show how deficits in the subconscious mechanisms regulating inner speech may lead to a 'fractured phenomenology' responsible for schizophrenic patients' reports of inserted thoughts and auditory verbal hallucinations. Supporting work on virtual environments is discussed, and lessons concerning the fixity of delusional belief are drawn. (shrink) Let me begin with what may seem a very minor point, but one which I think reveals something about how many philosophers today conceive of their subject. During the past few decades, there has been an increasing tendency for references in philosophy books and articles to be formatted in the ‘author and date’ style (‘see Fodor (1996)’, ‘see Smith (2001)’.) A neat and economical reference system, you may think; and it certainly saves space, albeit inconveniencing readers by forcing them to (...) flip back to the end of the chapter or book to find the title of the work being referred to. But what has made this system so popular among philosophers? A factor which I suspect exerts a strong subconscious attraction for many people is that it makes a philosophy article look very like a piece of scientific research. For if one asks where the ‘author-date’ system originated, the answer is clear: it comes from the science journals. And in that context, the choice of referencing system has a very definite rationale. In the progress-driven world of science, priority is everything, and it’s vitally important for a career that a researcher is able to proclaim his work as breaking new ground. Bloggs (2005) developed a technique for cloning a certain virus; Coggs (2006) showed how certain bits of viral DNA could be spliced; and now Dobbs (2007) draws on both techniques to develop the building blocks of a new vaccine. The idea is that our knowledge-base is enhanced, month by month and year by year, in small incremental steps (perhaps with occasional major breakthroughs); and in the catalogue of advances, the date tagged to each name signals when progress was made, and by whom. (shrink) Mutual feedback between human-made environments and facets of thought throughout history has yielded two myths: the Garden and the Citadel. Both myths correspond to Jung’s feminine and masculine collective subconscious, as well as to Nietzsche’s premise of Apollonian and Dionysian impulses in art. Nietzsche’s premise suggests, furthermore, that the feminine myth of the Garden is time-bound whereas the masculine myth of the Citadel, or the Ideal City, constitutes a spatial deportment. Throughout history the two myths have continually molded the built (...) environment and thought, but the myth of the Ideal City – from Plato to Descartes to modernity – came to dominate city-form and ensuing aspects of contemplation. This relationship seems to have shifted during the twentieth century. Intellectual dispositions have begun to be largely nurtured by an incongruous city-form emerging from the gap between the incessant promise for an automated, well-functioning city, on the one hand, and looming alienation, coupled with the factual, malfunctioning city, on the other hand. Urban decay, a persisting and time-bound urban event that is a byproduct of this configuration, suggests the ascent of the Garden myth in post-modern city-form. (shrink) How do business leaders make ethical decisions? Given the significant and wide-spread impact of business people’s decisions on multiple constituents (e.g., customers, employees, shareholders, competitors, and suppliers), how they make decisions matters. Unethical decisions harm the decision makers themselves as well as others, whereas ethical decisions have the opposite effect. Based on data from a study on strategic decision making by 16 effective chief executive officers (and three not-so-effective ones as contrast), I propose a model for ethical decision making in (...) business in which reasoning (conscious processing) and intuition (subconscious processing) interact through forming, recalling, and applying moral principles necessary for long-term success in business. Following the CEOs in the study, I employ a relatively new theory, rational egoism, as the substantive content of the model and argue it to be consistent with the requirements of long-term business success. Besides explaining the processes of forming and applying principles (integration by essentials and spiraling), I briefly describe rational egoism and illustrate the model with a contemporary moral dilemma of downsizing. I conclude with implications for further research and ethical decision making in business. (shrink) What type of artificial systems will claim to be conscious and will claim to experience qualia? The ability to comment upon physical states of a brain-like dynamical system coupled with its environment seems to be sufficient to make claims. The flow of internal states in such system, guided and limited by associative memory, is similar to the stream of consciousness. Minimal requirements for an artificial system that will claim to be conscious were given in form of specific architecture named articon. (...) Nonverbal discrimination of the working memory states of the articon gives it the ability to experience different qualities of internal states. Analysis of the inner state flows of such a system during typical behavioral process shows that qualia are inseparable from perception and action. The role of consciousness in learning of skills, when conscious information processing is replaced by subconscious, is elucidated. Arguments confirming that phenomenal experience is a result of cognitive processes are presented. Possible philosophical objections based on the Chinese room and other arguments are discussed, but they are insufficient to refute claims articon’s claims. Conditions for genuine understanding that go beyond the Turing test are presented. Articons may fulfill such conditions and in principle the structure of their experiences may be arbitrarily close to human. (shrink) This paper speculates upon the reasons for Peter Drucker's ongoing and vigorous denial of the relevance of business ethics. It contemplates whether Drucker consciously, or even perhaps subconsciously, associates the aims of business ethics with the aims of those associated with the Arbeitsfreude movement in Germany prior to the outbreak of the second world war. If this is the case the paper questions whether Drucker's distaste for some of the more notorious outcomes of that movement in Germany are reflected in (...) his hostility to business ethics. Drucker's reflections regarding the social responsibilities of business are discussed, as are the limitations which he imposes upon such corporate social responsibility. Drucker's distinction between societal ethics and individual ethics are also discussed. (shrink) This paper evaluates the claim that it is possible to use nature’s variation in conjunction with retention and selection on the one hand, and the absence of ultimate groundedness of hypotheses generated by the human mind as it knows on the other hand, to discard the ascription of ultimate certainty to the rationality of human conjectures in the cognitive realm. This leads to an evaluation of the further assumption that successful hypotheses with specific applications, in other words heuristics, seem to (...) have a firm footing because they were useful in another context. I argue that usefulness evaluated through adaptation misconstrues the search for truth, and that it is possible to generate talk of randomness by neglecting aspects of a system’s insertion into a larger situation. The framing of the problem in terms of the elimination of unfit hypotheses is found to be unsatisfying. It is suggested that theories exist in a dimension where they can be kept alive rather than dying as phenotypes do. The proposal that the subconscious could suggest random variations is found to be a category mistake. A final appeal to phenomenology shows that this proposal is orphan in the history of epistemology, not in virtue of its being a remarkable find, but rather because it is ill-conceived. (shrink) In this essay I will consider two theses that are associated with Frege,and will investigate the extent to which Frege really believed them.Much of what I have to say will come as no surprise to scholars of thehistorical Frege. But Frege is not only a historical figure; he alsooccupies a site on the philosophical landscape that has allowed hisdoctrines to seep into the subconscious water table. And scholars in a widevariety of different scholarly establishments then sip from thesedoctrines. I believe (...) that some Frege-interested philosophers at various ofthese establishments might find my conclusions surprising.Some of these philosophical establishments have arisen from an educationalmilieu in which Frege is associated with some specific doctrine at theexpense of not even being aware of other milieux where other specificdoctrines are given sole prominence. The two theses which I will discussillustrate this point. Each of them is called Frege''s Principle, but byphilosophers from different milieux. By calling them milieux I do not want to convey the idea that they are each located at some specificsocio-politico-geographico-temporal location. Rather, it is a matter oftheir each being located at different places on the intellectuallandscape. For this reason one might (and I sometimes will) call them(interpretative) traditions. (shrink) William James's The Varieties of Religious Experience is one of the world's most popular attempts to meld science and religion. Academic reviews of the book were mixed in Europe and America, however, and prominent contemporaries, unsure whether it was science or theology, struggled to interpret it. James's reliance on an inherently ambiguous understanding of the subconscious as a means of bridging between religion and science accounts for some of the interpretive difficulties, but it does not explain why his overarching question (...) was so obscure, why psychopathology and unusual experiences figured so prominently, or why he gave us so many examples and so little argument. To understand these persistent puzzles we need to do more than acknowledge James's indebtedness to Frederic Myers's conception of the subconscious. We need to read VRE in the context of the transatlantic network of experimental psychologists and psychical researchers who provided the primary intellectual inspiration for the book. Doing so not only locates and clarifies the underlying question that animated the work but also illuminates the structural and rhetorical similarities between VRE and Myers's Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death. In contrast to the individual case studies of hysterics, mediums, and mystics produced by others in this network, both Myers and James adopted a natural-history approach in which they arranged examples of automatisms to produce a rhetorical effect, thus invoking science in order to evoke a religious response. Where Myers organized his examples to make a case for human survival of death, James organized his to make a case for the involvement of higher powers in the transformation of the self. Read in this way, VRE marks a dramatic shift from a religious preoccupation with life after death to a religious preoccupation with this-worldly self-transformation. (shrink) Organisational psychological defences protect the self-esteem and moral integrity of the organisational personality even at the expense of sacrificing the morality of actions. This paper analyses the spectrum of defences used by an oil refinery and its parent company during an oil spill incident. A hypothetical model of defences built on Swajkowski’s four responses to accusations of organisational misconduct – refusals, excuses, justifications and concessions – is tested through this case. On the basis of empirical findings it is obvious that (...) defences delay, impede and interrupt the mitigation and recovery actions of incidents. It is not possible to break the defence behaviour of individuals because it is a built-in psychological mechanism in all humans serving a valuable purpose of dosing the pain of injury. However, it is possible to separate individual and organisational behaviour so that automatic organisational procedures mitigate, recover and, ultimately, prevent incidents. The organisational psychological task of crisis management is to mitigate the organisation’s ego defences, recover from its emotional turmoil and prevent further traumas by making its ego stronger and more flexible. The argument of this paper is that in practice organisational defences act as bumpers against becoming too conscious of the gap between the corporate rhetoric and reality, as subconscious breaks against too fast change demands, and as batteries in their preconscious effort to prepare for the change. Organisational refusals act as bumpers, excuses as breaks and justifications as batteries, while concessions imply that a change towards a more responsible corporation is taking place. (shrink) There is a kinship between Owen Flanagan's The Really Hard Problem and William James's The Varieties of Religious Experience that not only can help us to understand Flanagan's book but also can help scholars, particularly scholars of religion, to be attentive to an important development in the realm of the "spiritual but not religious." Specifically, Flanagan's book continues a tradition in philosophy, exemplified by James, that addresses questions of religious or spiritual meaning in terms accessible to a broad audience outside (...) the context of organized religions. Both James and Flanagan are concerned to refute the popular perception that the sciences of the mind pose a threat to meaning and particularly to meaningful processes of human growth and transformation. Where James used the subconscious to bridge between science and religion and persuade his readers of the reality of the More, Flanagan uses a scientifically grounded understanding of transcendence to enchant his readers into believing in Less. Although I think that Flanagan's attempt to link the psychological and sociocultural levels of analysis via the concept of transcendence is scientifically premature, his attempt at a naturalistic spirituality raises questions of definition that scholars of religion need to take seriously. (shrink) In this article, I discuss the manner in which Dieter Henrich’s theory of subjectivity has emerged from the fundamental questions of German Idealism, and in what manner and to what extent this theory effects a reinstatement of metaphysics. In so doing, I shall argue that Henrich’s position represents a viable refutation of the attempt of the physicalist explanation of the world to prove the concept of the subject to be superfluous. Henrich’s metaphysics of subjectivity is primarily focused on the ‘ultimate (...) questions’ which also compose “the deep levels of our subjectivity” and concern the factors that should promote stability in our emotional, moral and intellectual life. I argue with Henrich that the indisputable facticity of our conscious life is worthy of our special consideration and interpretation, explanation and clarification, just as the deeper meaning (the individual and collective subconscious structure) hidden beneath the layers of apparent comprehensibility calls for urgent investigation. Such interpretation and elucidation of life’s meaning has a tripartite character: first, it consists of clarification of the totality of human experience together with the realities playing a part in it; second, it builds on the process by which the contents of experience are cognized, and the knowledge thereof which results; thirdly, it embraces the transcendental precondition enabling each and every one of us to consciously lead our lives—for life, in a human sense, does not merely happen to one. Henrich’s metaphysical foundation of subjectivity is compared with Kolak‘s position, according to which individual consciousness is not insular, but integrated into the totality of overall unity that some have called “the Universal Self”, “the Noumenal Self”. (shrink) There are a number of reasons to be interested in building humanoid robots. They include (1) since almost all human artifacts have been designed to easy for humans to interact with, humanoid robots provide backward compatibility with the existing human constructed world, (2) humanoid robots provide a natural form for humans to operate through telepresence since they have the same kinematic design as humans themselves, (3) by building humanoid robots that model humans directly they will be a useful tool in (...) understanding how humans develop and operate as they provide a platform for experimenting with different hypotheses about humans and (4) humanoid robots, given su cient abilities, will present a natural interface to people and people will be able to use their instinctive and culturally developed subconscious techniques for communicating with other people to communicate with humanoid robots. In this paper we take reason (4) seriously, and examine some of the technologies that are necessary to make this hope a reality. (shrink) Abstract If the question of the humanity of “the other“ may become a question, and not be reinscribed into Western colonizing patterns of thought, then its issuing must concern a limit (always arising beyond Western thought), a delimitation of existence that is risked and put at risk without recourse to the project or operation of that colonizing thought that situates it. Ideas of subjectivity, agency, and power-knowledge potential for progress, as well as rationalist instrumental thought used to recognize those peoples (...) and cultures excluded and oppressed under the Western Modern tradition, must be put into question by the very agents claiming recognition, as well as the epistemic structures that sustain these concepts and the dispositions and subconscious expectations constituted by the colonizing practices of bodies and imaginaries that project the very horizons of one's existence. (shrink) We commonly identify something seriously defective in a human life that is lived in ignorance of important but unpalatable truths. At the same time, some degree of misapprehension of reality may be necessary for individual health and success. Morally speaking, it is unclear just how insistent we should be about seeking the truth. Robert Sparrow has considered such issues in discussing the manufacture and marketing of robot ‘pets’, such as Sony’s doglike ‘AIBO’ toy and whatever more advanced devices may supersede (...) it. Though it is not his only concern, Sparrow particularly criticizes such robot pets for their illusory appearance of being living things. He fears that some individuals will subconsciously buy into the illusion, and come to sentimentalize interactions that fail to constitute genuine relationships. In replying to Sparrow, I emphasize that this would be continuous with much of the minor sentimentality that we already indulge in from day to day. Although a disposition to seek the truth is morally virtuous, the virtue concerned must allow for at least some categories of exceptions. Despite Sparrow’s concerns about robot pets (and robotics more generally), we should be lenient about familiar, relatively benign, kinds of self-indulgence in forming beliefs about reality. Sentimentality about robot pets seems to fall within these categories. Such limited self-indulgence can co-exist with ordinary honesty and commitment to truth. (shrink)	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32419000
Breast cancer returns more often in black womenOctober 29th, 2007 in Medicine & Health / Cancer Contrary to previous studies, African-American women with early-stage breast cancer who have surgery to remove the cancer (lumpectomy) followed by radiation therapy have a higher chance of their cancer coming back in the breast and lymph nodes 10 years after diagnosis, compared to their Caucasian counterparts, according to the largest study of its kind, presented at a scientific session October 29, 2007, at the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology’s 49th Annual Meeting in Los Angeles. The study also shows that early-stage breast cancer patients who are African-American women who are diagnosed with the disease at a younger age have a higher disease stage at diagnosis (larger tumors and cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes) and more aggressive tumors than Caucasian women who undergo similar treatment. “This study confirms the aggressive nature of breast cancer in African-American women and emphasizes how important it is for all African-American women to see their healthcare providers regularly and to go for screening mammograms to try to catch any abnormalities early,” said Meena S. Moran, M.D., the lead author of the study and a radiation oncologist at the Yale University School of Medicine in New Haven, Conn. “This study also points out the need for further research in evaluating the underlying molecular, genetic and biological differences in breast cancers in African-American women so that we can develop better strategies for helping these women beat their cancer.” For patients with early-stage breast cancer, the current standard treatment involves a lumpectomy, followed by radiation therapy to the breast over a five to six-and-a-half-week period to kill any remaining cancer cells. The cohort study involved 2,382 patients over a 30-year period who underwent a lumpectomy and radiation therapy for early-stage breast cancer. Researchers wanted to find out if there were differences in the outcomes between AfricanAmerican patients and Caucasians. Findings showed that 10 years after treatment with lumpectomy and radiation, 17 percent of African-American women had their breast cancer recur compared with 13 percent of Causcasian patients. Source: American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology "Breast cancer returns more often in black women." October 29th, 2007. http://phys.org/news112884581.html	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32421000
When experiencing alpha decay, atoms shed alpha particles made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Why can't we have other types of particles made of more or less protons? The reason why alpha particles heavily dominate as the proton-neutron mix most likely to be emitted from most (not all!) radioactive components is the extreme stability of this particular combination. That same stability is also why helium dominates after hydrogen as the most common element in the universe, and why other higher elements had to be forged in the hearts and shells of supernovas in order to come into existence at all. Here's one way to think of it: You could in principle pop off something like helium-3 from an unstable nucleus - that's two protons and one neutron - and very likely give a net reduction in nuclear stress. But what would happen is this: The moment the trio started to depart, a neutron would come screaming in saying look how much better it would be if I joined you!! And the neutron would be correct: The total reduction in energy obtained by forming a helium-4 nucleus instead of helium-3 would in almost any instance be so superior that any self-respecting (and energy-respecting) nucleus would just have to go along with the idea. Now all of what I just said can (and in the right circumstances should) be said far more precisely in terms of issues such as tunneling probabilities, but it would not really change the message much: Helium-4 nuclei pop off preferentially because they are so hugely stable that it just makes sense from a stability viewpoint for them to do so. The next most likely candidates are isolated neutrons and protons, incidentally. Other mixed versions are rare until you get up into the fission range, in which case the whole nucleus is so unstable that it can rip apart in very creative ways (as aptly noted by the earlier comment). $\alpha$ particles are really $He^4_2$ nucleus i.e made up of 2 neutron and 2 protons. As you can see in this graph, $He^4_2$ ion has a high binding energy per nucleon, i.e. it is highly stable among all the neighboring nuclei. This makes them easy to sustain their existence and makes it easier for the nuclei to emit them in radioactive decay thus making the resultant nuclei much more stable than if a $He_2^3$ would have escaped.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32423000
\|Mon March 24, 1969 02:32PM (PST)\| This report supersedes any earlier report of this event This event has been reviewed by a seismologist Mon March 24, 1969 02:32PM (PST) Mon March 24, 1969 22:32 (GMT) 30.1 km ( 18.7 mi) ENE ( 67. azimuth) from Hanford-300, WA 31.7 km ( 19.7 mi) SSE ( 151. azimuth) from Othello, WA 33.5 km ( 20.8 mi) NE ( 46. azimuth) from Hanford-400, WA \|Depth:\|\|7.34 Km (4.48 miles)\| \|Horizontal Uncertainty:\|\|26.219 Km\| \|Depth Uncertainty:\|\|25.22 Km\| \|Azimuthal Gap:\|\|257.0 deg\| \|Number of Phases:\|\|7\| Depth within the Earth where an earthquake rupture initiated. PNSN reports depths relative to sea level, so the elevation of the ground above sea level at the location of the epicenter must be added to estimate the depth beneath the Earth's surface. A measure of how well network seismic stations surround the earthquake. Measured from the epicenter (in degrees), the largest azimuthal gap between azimuthally adjacent stations. The smaller this number, the more reliable the calculated horizontal position of the earthquake. Number of Phases How well the given earthquake location predicts the observed phase arrivals (in seconds). Smaller misfits mean more precise locations. The best locations have RMS Misfits smaller than 0.1 seconds. Number of P First Motions A P first motion is the direction in which the ground moves at the seismometer when the first P wave arrives. We distinguish between upward and downward first motions. This is the number of observations that were used to obtain the fault plane solution. Orientation of first possible fault plane The strike is the angle between the north direction and the direction of the fault trace on the surface, while keeping the dipping fault plane to your right. The dip is the steepness of the fault plane measured as an angle between the fault plane and the surface. For example, 0 degrees is a horizontal fault and 90 degrees is a vertical fault. Rake is the angle, measure in the fault plane, between the strike and the direction in which the material above the fault moved relative to the material on the bottom of the fault (slip direction). Orientation of second possible fault plane The orientation of the two possible fault planes is the best solution we can find to match the observed first motions at the seismometers using a grid search method. The uncertainty of the strike, dip, and rake indicate the number of degrees by which those values can vary and still match the observations satisfactorily. Code, or name, to designate a particular seismic station Network Code indicates the organization responsible for a particular station, the PNSN consists of UW=University of Washington, UO=University of Oregon, and CC=Cascade Volcano Observatory The quality of an observed P arrival polarity indicates how well you can tell whether it is up or down and can range from 0 (poor) to 1 (good). The channel name allows one to distinguish between data from different kinds of sensors. The first character indicates the sample rate of the data, examples are E=100Hz, B=40 or 50Hz, H=80 or 100 Hz. The second character indicates whether the channel is a high (H) gain or low (L) gain velocity channel or a strong-motion acceleration channel (N). The third character indicates the direction of motion measured, Z=up/down, E=east/west, N=north/south. Polarity means the direction of motion, in this context it means whether it is up (U) or down (D).	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32432000
Supplement Forms/Alternate Names : - Potassium Chloride - Potassium Bicarbonate - Chelated Potassium (Potassium Aspartate, Potassium Citrate) Principal Proposed Uses Potassium is a mineral found in many foods and supplements. But you will never see pure potassium in a healthfood store or pharmacy—it is a highly reactive metal that bursts into flames when exposed to water! The potassium you eat, or take as a supplement, is composed of potassium atoms bound to other nonmetallic substances—less exciting, perhaps, but chemically stable. Potassium is one of the major electrolytes in your body, along with sodium and chloride. Potassium and sodium work together like a molecular seesaw: when the level of one goes up, the other goes down. All together, these three dissolved minerals play an intimate chemical role in every function of your body. The most common use of potassium supplements is to make up for potassium depletion caused by diuretic drugs. These medications are often used to help regulate blood pressure, but by depleting the body of potassium, they may inadvertently make blood pressure harder to control. Potassium is an essential mineral that we get from many common foods. True potassium deficiencies are rare except in cases of prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, or with the use of diuretic drugs. However, in one sense, potassium deficiency is common, at least when compared to the amount of sodium we receive in our diets. It is probably healthy to take in at least five times as much potassium as sodium (and perhaps 50 to 100 times as much). But the standard American diet contains twice as much sodium as potassium. Therefore, taking extra potassium may be a good idea in order to balance the sodium we consume to such excess. Bananas, orange juice, potatoes, avocados, lima beans, cantaloupes, peaches, tomatoes, flounder, salmon, and cod all contain more than 300 mg of potassium per serving. Other good sources include chicken, meat, and various other fruits, vegetables, and fish. Potassium pills can cause injury to the esophagus if they get stuck on the way down, so make sure to take them with plenty of water. Interactions You Should Know About If you are taking: - Loop diuretics or thiazide diuretics : You may need more potassium. - ACE inhibitors (eg, captopril , lisinopril , enalapril ), potassium-sparing diuretics (eg, triamterene or spironolactone ), or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole : You should not take potassium except on the advice of a physician. - Potassium: You may need extra magnesium and vitamin B 12 . - Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board - Review Date: 07/2012 - - Update Date: 07/25/2012 -	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32435000
ICSI Intracytoplasmic sperm injection What is ICSI? ICSI is a procedure that is used with in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in which one sperm is injected directly into one egg in order to fertilise it. The technique has been especially useful for men with very low sperm counts and low motility, since ICSI ensures that the sperm reaches the egg directly rather than waiting for the sperm to naturally fertilise the egg. Thus, ICSI is sometimes used as a treatment method for male infertility. ICSI is now used as part of nearly half of all IVF treatments. Which infertility problems can ICSI help? ICSI can help overcome many problems causing male infertility such as: • low sperm count • low sperm motility • No sperm in semen • damaged or absent vas deferens • retrograde ejaculation • irreversible vasectomy • immunological factors (e.g. anti-sperm antibodies) • other conditions that prevent the fertilisation of the egg How is ICSI done? As with normal IVF, the woman is given fertility drugs to stimulate her ovaries to produce several mature eggs for fertilisation. The man would then produce a semen sample by masturbating into a sample pot. If the man does not have sperm within his semen, then it may be possible for the doctor to retrieve sperm from his testicle under an anaesthetic. The woman is then given an anaesthetic to remove the eggs using a fine hollow needle. Ultrasound is used to help the doctor locate the eggs. Within the laboratory a scientist then injects one single sperm into the egg (ICSI); this is done several times to produce up to 10 possible embryos. The sperm and egg are then placed into an incubated within a Petri dish and checked the following day to look for signs of fertilisation. If fertilisation has occurred then an embryo (group of cells) will have formed, which can be seen under a microscope. The procedure is then the same as IVF, embryos which have formed can be transplanted into the woman’s uterus through the cervix using a thin catheter. A maximum of three embryos can be placed back into the uterus, however many clinics are now moving towards only putting one or two embryos back. Multiple births carry a greater risk to both the mother and the babies. Any embryos which are left can be frozen and used in future treatments, in case the cycle is not successful. ICSI success rate ICSI has the highest fertilisation rate of 60-70%; however pregnancy success rates are similar to that of normal IVF. This is because there are other factors which effect success such as the fertilised embryos developing properly and the embryo implanting in the uterus correctly. Therefore the success rate of ICSI is similar to IVF in the region of 25%, depending upon age. Benefits of ICSI ICSI enables couples to achieve parenthood who would not otherwise do so due to male factor infertility. Men with very low sperm count are able to have their own genetic child by using ICSI. It is also possible to retrieve immature sperm from the testes, enabling men to have a child who have previously had a vasectomy. ICSI has also helped couples have a child who have experienced unexplained infertility. Risks of ICSI ICSI involves taking one sperm and inserting it directly into the egg. Under normal fertilisation sperm have to compete and only the strongest and healthiest sperm makes it through the cell wall into the egg. It is thought that there may be a higher risk of congenital and health problems for the resulting child due to this procedure. A research study showed that 4.2% of children born from ICSI had a malformation which mainly affected boy’s urinary and genital systems. This was a 3 fold increase compared to children conceived naturally. The same study found that ICSI babies had more childhood illnesses and needed more medical intervention before the age of 5. The long term effects of ICSI have yet to be properly seen or researched. For many parents the advantages of having their own genetic child far outweigh the risks of ICSI.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32439000
Kiew, Ruth (1978) Floristic Components of the Ground Flora of a Tropical Lowland Rain Forest at Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak. Pertanika, 1 (2). pp. 112-119. The floristic components of the ground layer at the Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, are described. These components are associated with microhabitats. The microhabitats of the riverine system include the shallow stream, rocky banks and banks of larger rivers, and those of the shaded forest include permanently wet areas, rocky litter-free slopes, steep litter covered slopes, surfaces of logs, roots or rocks and the flat well-drained alluvial forest. Possible causes of the uneven distribution of the ground layer species of the flat well-drained alluvial forest are discussed. The species composition of this alluvial forest is compared with other published reports from the Danum Valley, Sabah and Pasoh Forest Reserve Malaya, and with some other lowland forest types such as kerangas and peat swamp forest in Sarawak. The phenomenon of iridescence and variegation of leaves is briefly noted. \|Keyword:\|\|Floristic Components, Ground Layer, Lowland rainforest, Microhabitat, Distribution of tropical Herbaceous plants, Variegated foliage.\| \|Faculty or Institute:\|\|Faculty of Environmental Studies\| \|Deposited By:\|\|Nur Izyan Mohd Zaki\| \|Deposited On:\|\|09 Nov 2009 02:45\| \|Last Modified:\|\|27 May 2013 06:58\| Repository Staff Only: item control page Document Download Statistics This item has been downloaded for since 09 Nov 2009 02:45.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32441000
New target blocks B-ALL, boosts Gleevec's effectiveness against CML in mice BAR HARBOR, MAINE--Three years ago, using the first of a new class of drugs known as "small molecule kinase inhibitors," medicine slammed shut a door used by cancer. Researchers at The Jackson Laboratory just found another door that kinase inhibitors may close to cancer. The gene BCR-ABL1 causes two types of leukemia: chronic myelogeneous leukemia (CML) and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). In both cancers, enzymes that should regulate the growth and development of white blood cells go awry, resulting in uncontrolled growth of the cells. The Swiss-based pharmaceutical company Novartis developed Gleevec, the first kinase inhibitor used to fight cancer by blocking the errant enzyme. It proved effective against chronic phase of CML, but not the advanced phase or against B-ALL. In some patients, it seems CML can develop a resistance to Gleevec. In the May 2004 issue of Nature Genetics, a research team headed by Shaoguang Li, M.D., Ph.D., of The Jackson Laboratory, announces success with another kinase inhibitor that blocks a different path used by cancer. Studying mice, the researchers discovered that the BCR-ABL1 gene activates three additional enzymes that lead to B-ALL leukemia. One of these enzymes may also be involved when CML patients no longer respond to Gleevec. "Because of drug resistance, it becomes increasingly difficult to stop progression of and cure this disease by targeting at only one place in a multi-molecule-involved signaling pathway used by cancer," says Dr. Li. "So we needed to find a combined drug therapy targeting simultaneously more than one places in the pathway." First, the team developed the first efficient and accurate mouse models of both forms of BCR-ABL1-induced leukemia. Next, they discovered that three of the Src kinase class of enzymes are required for B-ALL but not for CML, suggesting that different therapeutic strategies should be used for treating these two diseases although they are induced by the same BCR-ABL1 cancer-causing gene. Finally, in drug treatment studies, they found that the kinase inhibitor, known as CGP76030 produced by Novartis, blocked those three critical Src kinase enzymes. The drug impaired the proliferation of B-lymphoid leukemic cells and prolonged the survival of mice with B-ALL. Their findings suggest additional therapeutic agents for treating this type of leukemia in humans. ALL is the type of leukemia that predominantly strikes children. Among ALL cases, 85% are of the B-ALL type. According to oncologist-turned-researcher Dr. Li, the preclinical studies suggest a specific prediction: "Drugs targeting the Src kinases may be useful for the therapy of BRC-ABL1-induced acute leukemia, particularly B-ALL. While these drugs are not effective or useful during the chronic phase of myeloid leukemia, there may be a rationale for dual kinase inhibitor therapy of more advanced leukemia. Increased activation of Src kinases has been observed in CML patients who have become resistant to Gleevec." Dr. Li and his team are currently developing additional mouse models lacking in different combinations of the Src kinases, in an effort to make available a range of targeted therapies for this category of cancer. Collaborating with Dr. Li and members of his laboratory (Dr. Yiguo Hu, Dr. Yuhua Liu and Shawn Pelletier) were Drs. Richard Van Etten (Tufts-New England Medical Center, USA), Elisabeth Buchdunger and Doriano Fabbro (Novartis Pharma AG, Switzerland), Markus Warmuth (Novartis Pharma AG, USA), and Michael Hallek (Universität zu Köln, Germany). The research was supported by grants from the Irving A. Hansen Foundation and The V Foundation for Cancer Research to Shaoguang Li, and the National Institutes of Health and a Leukemia and Lymphoma Society SCOR grant to Richard A. Van Etten. Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity. -- Albert Einstein	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32443000
ST. PAUL, Minn. – Looking into our eyes may help doctors predict who is at risk for stroke. A new study found that people with changes in the small blood vessels in their eyes are more likely to later suffer a stroke than people without these signs. The results held true even after researchers took into account traditional risk factors for stroke such as smoking and high blood pressure, according to the study published in the October 11, 2005 issue of Neurology, the scientific journal of the American Academy of Neurology. The study involved 3,654 Australians age 49 and older. Researchers took special photographs of the retina of the eyes of the participants and examined them for changes suggestive of small blood vessel damage, or retinopathy. These small vessel changes can be seen in the early stages of the condition, well before eyesight is affected. "The blood vessels in the eyes share similar anatomical characteristics and other characteristics with the blood vessels in the brain," said Paul Mitchell, MD, PhD, of the University of Sydney in Australia. "More research needs to be done to confirm these results, but it's exciting to think that this fairly simple procedure could help us predict whether someone will be more likely to have a stroke several years later." The researchers followed the participants for seven years, tracking which participants had strokes or transient ischemic attacks, also called mini-strokes. For those who died during the study, researchers examined the cause of death to determine whether stroke was involved. Those with eye blood vessel damage were 70 percent more likely to have a stroke during the study than those without the damage. The risk was higher in those with small vessel signs in the eye but without severe high blood pressure; they were 2.7 times more likely to have a stroke than those without eye signs. The risk was also higher for those with more than one type of blood vessel lesion. (Because diabetes can cause this type of eye damage, these results did not include participants with diabetes, which is also a risk factor for stroke.) The signs of damage include tiny bulges in the blood vessels, or microaneurysms, and hemorrhages, or tiny blood spots where the microaneurysms leak blood. Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. Consistency is the last refuge of the unimaginative. -- Oscar Wilde	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32444000
\|Abstract:\|\|During the period March 9-22, 1936, there occurred in close succession over the northeastern United States, from the James and upper Ohio River Basins in Virginia and Pennsylvania to the river basins of Maine, two extraordinarily heavy storms, in which the precipitation was almost entirely in the form of rain. The depths of rainfall mark this period as one of the greatest concentrations of precipitation, in respect to time and magnitude of the area covered, of which there is record in this country. At the time of the rain there were also accumulations of snow on the ground over much of the storm-affected region that were large for the season. The comparatively warm temperatures associated with the storms thawed the snow and added materially to the quantities of water to be disposed of by drainage into the waterways, by surface storage in lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, by absorption in the ground, and, probably in comparatively negligible degree, by evaporation. The total quantity of water that had to be disposed of in these ways ranged between 10 and 30 inches in depth over much of the region. The water disposed of by natural storage, absorption, and evaporation amounted to average depths over the many river basins generally within the range of 1 to 3 inches, with a significant degree of uniformity and systematic areal distribution. The remainder of the rain and snow water, generally much larger or even several times larger in amount than surface storage, absorption, and evaporation, required accommodation by the channels of the brooks, creeks, and rivers. There were generally two distinct flood peaks, and in many of the basins the destruction was seriously aggravated, especially during the first flood, by the break-up of thick ice cover accumulated through a winter of exceptionally continuous and severe cold weather. The resulting floods were extraordinarily severe, and records of river stages, extending on some streams back to or nearly to the time of settlement by white men, were broken many of them by wide margins. The peak of the Connecticut River at Hartford, Conn., was 8.6 feet higher than had been experienced since the settlement by white men, 300 years ago. The Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pa., was 3.5 feet higher than had been known in a period of record covering about 200 years. The Ohio River at Pittsburgh, Pa., was 6.1 feet higher than had been known in the period beginning 1762. This volume presents many of the facts of these notable floods with respect to the New England rivers, for permanent record and for study and reference by engineers concerned with the building of highways, bridges, and industrial plants, planners of river development, and others. Similar volumes for the region from the Hudson River to the Susquehanna River and for the Potomac, James, and upper Ohio River Basins are presented in companion Water-Supply Papers 799 and 800 respectively. In this volume records of stage and discharge for the period Including the floods are presented for about 150 measurement stations; peak discharges with comparative data for other floods at more than 400 measurement points are summarized; crest stages along an aggregate length of stream channel of 2,820 miles are tabulated; and results of detailed studies of the rainfall and run-off and many other kinds of flood information are presented.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32449000
Since 1993, RAN’s Protect-an-Acre program (PAA) has distributed more than one million dollars in grants to more than 150 frontline communities, Indigenous-led organizations, and allies, helping their efforts to secure protection for millions of acres of traditional territory in forests around the world. Rainforest Action Network believes that Indigenous peoples are the best stewards of the world’s rainforests and that frontline communities organizing against the extraction and burning of dirty fossil fuels deserve the strongest support we can offer. RAN established the Protect-an-Acre program to protect the world’s forests and the rights of their inhabitants by providing financial aid to traditionally under-funded organizations and communities in forest regions. Indigenous and frontline communities suffer disproportionate impacts to their health, livelihood and culture from extractive industry mega-projects and the effects of global climate change. That’s why Protect-an-Acre provides small grants to community-based organizations, Indigenous federations and small NGOs that are fighting to protect millions of acres of forest and keep millions of tons of CO2 in the ground. Our grants support organizations and communities that are working to regain control of and sustainably manage their traditional territories through land title initiatives, community education, development of sustainable economic alternatives, and grassroots resistance to destructive industrial activities. PAA is an alternative to “buy-an-acre” programs that seek to provide rainforest protection by buying tracts of land, but which often fail to address the needs or rights of local Indigenous peoples. Uninhabited forest areas often go unprotected, even if purchased through a buy-an-acre program. It is not uncommon for loggers, oil and gas companies, cattle ranchers, and miners to illegally extract resources from so-called “protected” areas. Traditional forest communities are often the best stewards of the land because their way of life depends upon the health of their environment. A number of recent studies add to the growing body of evidence that Indigenous peoples are better protectors of their forests than governments or industry. Based on the success of Protect-an-Acre, RAN launched The Climate Action Fund (CAF) in 2009 as a way to direct further resources and support to frontline communities and Indigenous peoples challenging the fossil fuel industry. Additionally, RAN has been a Global Advisor to Global Greengrants Fund (GGF) since 1995, identifying recipients for small grants to mobilize resources for global environmental sustainability and social justice using the same priority and criteria as we use for PAA and CAF. Through these three programs each year we support grassroots projects that result in at least:	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32453000
The Bell on display under the Trinity College gazebo on the site of the original Trinity College and High School was made by the Henry McShane & Co. Bell Foundry of Baltimore, MD, in 1879. The Bell and the Gothic style papyrus-leaf columns that the gazebo stands upon are the only surviving Trinity College artifacts in Trinity. Both appear to date to the post-Civil War renovation and expansion of the original 1855 brick Trinity College building. The photo above, from the Duke University Archives, shows the building from the south in 1861, with President Braxton Craven and the all-male student body posing in their new role as commander and cadet corps of the “Trinity Guard.” The three-story brick building appears similar to any of the five cotton mills built on Deep River from 1838-1850, and in fact the college building was the focal point of Trinity in exactly the same manner as the factory was the raison-d’etre of any mill village. One major difference is that the windows of the college are much larger than the windows in any factory. Organizing the home guard unit was Craven’s last-ditch effort to keep his student body from enlisting in the army en mass; during the war, however, he and the students were put on active duty guarding the Confederate prisoner of war camp at the former Salisbury Cotton Mill. The 1855 college building was expanded between 1872-1874 with a large wing that fronted the road which is now NC62. The new wing set at a cross-angle to the 1855, so that the whole made a T-plan. The new wing contained classrooms and a chapel; the balcony of the chapel was supported by the papyrus columns which were re-used in the 1924 Trinity High School building. The 1874 college building’s pointed windows and door openings gave it a vague Gothic Revival style which was popular for educational buildings and would be carried to its pinnacle in North Carolina in the 1924 West Campus at Duke University in Durham. My favorite picture of Trinity College is the only one that shows the campus and grounds, a drawing on the cover of an 1883 commencement program. Whether this garden actually existed is unclear (the photo above only shows a field or wild flower meadow), the 1883 drawing shows a lively Victorian knot garden, with extensive flower beds and gravel walks. When Trinity College was moved to Durham in 1892, the old college buildings were turned into a private college preparatory school, which became a public school in the early 20th century. In 1924 a special school tax district was established in Trinity and a new elementary school and high school building was built on the site of the college. That was in turn torn down in 1981, and the historic site is now a parking lot. The gazebo is squeezed between NC 62 and the fence around the lot.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32454000
Print friendly version Other Names for this Disease - Pelletier-Leisti syndrome - Short stature with delayed bone age, expressive language delay, a triangular face with a prominent nose and deep-set eyes See Disclaimer regarding information on this site. Some links on this page may take you to organizations outside of the National Institutes of Health. Floating-Harbor syndrome is a genetic disorder that was named for the first two identified patients who were seen at Boston Floating Hospital and Harbor General Hospital in California. The main characteristics of this syndrome are short stature, delayed bone growth, delay in expressive language, and distinct facial features. The exact cause of Floating-Harbor syndrome is not known. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. - Floating Harbor Syndrome Support Group. http://www.floatingharborsyndromesupport.com/. Accessed May 7, 2009. - Floating Harbor Syndrome. National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Floating%20Harbor%20Syndrome. Accessed May 7, 2009. On this page - Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on Floating-Harbor syndrome. Click on the link to go to GHR and review the information. - The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is a federation of more than 130 nonprofit voluntary health organizations serving people with rare disorders. Click on the link to view information on this topic. - PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Floating-Harbor syndrome. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic. - The The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database contains genetics resources that discuss Floating-Harbor syndrome. Click on the link to go to OMIM and review these resources.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32455000
Imagine a cheap, tiny, hovering aerial drone capable of being launched with the flick of a person’s wrist and able to provide manipulable 360-degree surveillance views. It’s real, it’s inspired by maple seeds, and the company behind it, Lockheed Martin, envisions a future in which swarms of the new drones can be deployed at a fraction of the cost and with greater capabilities than drones being used today by the military and other agencies. “Think about dropping a thousand of these out of an aircraft,” said Bill Borgia, head of Lockheed Martin’s Intelligent Robotics Lab, in a phone interview with TPM, “Think about the wide area over which one collect imagery. Instead of sending one or two expensive, highly valuable aircraft like we do today, you could send thousands of these inexpensive aircraft, and they are almost expendable.” The new drone which looks like very similar to a maple seed, with a small pod-like body attached a single whirring blade, is called the Samarai. The name is derived from the Latin word “samara,” which means a winged seed, just like the one that inspired its physical design, flight pattern and construction. In June, Lockheed Martin released a video demo of the drone’s capabilities, and it is clearly impressive, launched by hand and piloted using a tablet computer, which also displays the drone’s live surveillance feed. “You can literally pull this out of your pocket, throw it into the air, and it can start flying,” Borgia told TPM. “It can take off and land vertically indoors.” Borgia said that the drone, or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), was designed to be deployed in confined settings, such as urban environments or even inside buildings, where it could be piloted into different rooms and hover outside of windows, collecting surveillance footage with ease. The technology behind the drone is even more sophisticated than it looks. There are only two moving mechanical parts in the entire tiny 30-cm aircraft: The piece that makes the propeller rotate and a flap on the large wing that comprises most of the drone’s form. Then there’s the Samarai’s realtime video feed, which an operator can pan and tilt in a full 360 degrees, a capability not found on any other drone of its class, this despite the fact that the drone only contains one camera which is constantly being whipped around by the rotating motion of the aircraft itself. In order to obtain a steady video feed with the ability to virtually pan and tilt, Lockheed relies on a series of image processing algorithms, Borgia told TPM. “The algorithms sort of de-rotate the video and turn it back into a frame-by-frame view, similar to what you would see on any basic TV,” Borgia said. “All of the image processing is done onboard.” That means that even if disconnected from the cloud or a control server, the Samarai would still be able to provide its operators with constant surveillance capabilities. Borgia declined to specify the drone’s range or endurance, that is, the time it’s able to stay aloft in the air. However, he did note that the Lockheed researchers behind Samarai had experimented with battery-powered and carbon-based fuel versions (the battery powered version is the one demonstrated in the video). Borgia further said that the researchers had “developed simulation tools that allow us to scale the vehicle to meet specific applications,” asked for by customers. Lockheed Martin has not revealed any of its customers or potential partners on the Samarai yet, but Borgia said the company would make announcements “when the customers were ready.” Besides the 30-cm version shown in the June demo video, Lockheed also has field-tested a 17-cm version and is working now to scale down the Samarai even further, to the size of an actual maple seed. Asked about any potential privacy concerns presented by the Samarai, especially in light of the recent release of a voluntary industry “code of conduct” from drone manufacturers, Borgia said that “customers will have to work through the hurdles.” Lockheed Martin began work on the Samarai in 2007 under a Defense Department program called “nano air,” designed to produce “an extremely small, ultra lightweight air vehicle system.”	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32466000
Today is the first official Digital Archives Day. All day, archivists and conservators working in digital archives of all kinds will be sharing their work under the #DigitalArchivesDay hashtag, and blogging at dayofdigitalarchives.blogspot.com I wanted to take a moment today to briefly talk about an innovation in digital imaging and computing that has become a frustation to many artists that have been experimenting with the web since the early years: Anti-aliasing. Put simply, anti-aliasing is a method of image processing that uses interpolation, to construct "new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points." This is a function of digital signal processing that has many many important applications, from helping typefaces look good on screen, to making images not look odd when scaled down. The use of anti-aliasing that we are talking about here though, is quite specific: the display of resized digital images and video in web browsers. To illustrate how anti-aliasing has affected an era of web content, we will look at Cory Arcangel's "Data Diaries." Data Diaries on Turbulence.org In 2002, when Arcangel created "Data Diaries," if one were set the size of an image or video embedded in a web page larger than it's actual size, the browser would use nearest neighbor interpolation to display the image. In other words – if one were to embed a 50 x 50 px image or video as 100 x 100 px, each pixel would appear to double in size. This default form of nearest neighbor interpolation was exploited to aesthetic ends by many early net artists, including Cory. When Cory made Data Diaries, he rendered the original videos at the dimension of 50 x 25 px - so tiny! He embedded these videos at dimensions of 500 x 266 px ...	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32473000
Definitions of Ho: - noun: a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs together with yttrium; forms highly magnetic compounds - name: A surname (common: 1 in 10000 families; popularity rank in the U.S.: #1275) Search for Ho at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster "Works flawlessly!": RhymeZone apps for iPhone/iPad and Android! Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app Copyright © 2013 Datamuse	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32475000
History of the Breed Long before they were driving cattle across the West, horses were a strong part of American history. Colonial settlers brought their trusty steeds with them from overseas, and these sturdy animals tilled fields, pulled wagons, and carried important documents throughout the colonies. Settlers had a penance for speed, and would often stage horse races as a distraction from the menial tasks of colonization. However, the settlers' horses were beat time and again by the faster, more agile horses owned by the local Chickasaw Indians. Settlers traded and bred their English horses with these native mounts, creating a lighter, quicker line of racing horses. These horses were called the "Celebrated American Quarter Running Horse," an homage to the quarter-mile race most commonly run by the Colonial settlers. Horse racing was also popular in England, and a wealthy settler by the name of John Randolph imported one of these Godolphin Arabians named Janus in 1752. Janus was lighter and faster than even the Chickasaw Indian horses, and he crossed them to create a line of horses that were the prototype to the modern American Quarter horse. The Revolutionary War brought an influx of Thoroughbred horses to the colonies, and these mounts were bred to local horses to further refine the breed. The last part of the Quarter horse puzzle came in the form of native Mustangs throughout the southwestern United States. The Mustang imparted the short, stocky body type that is the hallmark of the American Quarter horse we know and love today. Prominent Quarter Horses All Quarter horses trace back to the same few sires and dams, but there are a few standouts that all Quarter horse enthusiasts recognize. One of the most influential sires in the Quarter horse world wasn't even a Quarter Horse. Native Dancer was a Thoroughbred stallion foaled in 1950, and is one of the most notable horses in the history of racing. Quarter horse breeders crossed their fastest mares with him in order to produce faster, more agile mounts. King, the 234th registered American Quarter horse, can be found in the lineage of nearly every modern Quarter horse. He was a stocky bay stallion that embodied the speed, grace and power that became the hallmarks of the breed. Doc Bar is another familiar name in the Quarter horse world. Bred to be a working cow horse, this stallion was sought after for his maneuverability, a trait common in modern Quarter horses. Dash For Cash is arguably the most prominent racing-lined Quarter horse stallion in history. He is ranked and the #2 all-time leading sire by earnings, eclipsed only by his son, First Down Dash. The Quarter Horse Today Today's Quarter horse is the perfect combination of speed, grace and agility. A true working man's horse, the Quarter horse is just as comfortable on the farm as he is charging down the arena after a speeding steer. Quarter horses are the most popular horse in the world of rodeo, with the majority of cowboys riding these tenacious, agile horses. Enthusiasts compete in a wide variety of sports, from dressage and hunter under saddle to western pleasure to barrel racing. The American Quarter Horse Association sponsors competitions around the country, and hold their World Show in Oklahoma City in November. This show brings together the best of the best in the Quarter horse world, pairing horse and rider against other teams, showering the best competitors in each sport with awards and accolades. Quarter horses truly are the most versatile breed in the world.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32480000
No sooner have I written about the Mammoth than the BBC picks up the story... Scientists have pieced together part of the genetic recipe of the extinct woolly mammoth. The 5,000 DNA letters spell out the genetic code of its mitochondria, the structures in the cell that generate energy. The research, published in the online edition of Nature, gives an insight into the elephant family tree. It shows that the mammoth was most closely related to the Asian rather than the African elephant. The three groups split from a common ancestor about six million years ago, with Asian elephants and mammoths diverging about half a million years later. "We have finally resolved the phylogeny of the mammoth which has been controversial for the last 10 years," lead author Michael Hofreiter of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, told the BBC News website. San Nakji for President!	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32492000
The primary goal of We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution is to promote civic competence and responsibility among the nation's elementary and secondary students. What makes the program so successful is the design of its instructional program, including its innovative culminating activity. The instructional program enhances students' understanding of the institutions of American constitutional democracy. At the same time, students discover the contemporary relevance of the Constitution and Bill of Rights. The culminating activity is a simulated congressional hearing in which students "testify" before a panel of judges. Students demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of constitutional principles and have opportunities to evaluate, take and defend positions on relevant historical and contemporary issues. This is performance assessment in action! Elementary and middle school level classes may conduct noncompetitive hearings in front of a classroom or auditorium-size audience with community members acting as judges. Teachers at the high school level may conduct a noncompetitive hearing, but are encouraged to participate in the nationwide competitive program. High school teams compete at a statewide hearing, and state champions travel to Washington, D.C. in the spring to represent South Carolina in the We the People national finals. Read the speech by South Carolina We the People district coordinator Charles Hinderliter at the 2006 We the People	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32495000
Interpreter for Zoom Language Zoom language is new language developed at DePaul University by Dr. Jia. ZOOM stands for Z-based Object Oriented Modeling notation. It's made up of 3 different parts: zoom specification notations ZOOM-S, zoom design notation ZOOM-D and zoom implementation language ZOOM-I. The syntax of ZOOM-I is closely based on syntax of java language. It adds several extensions to java language such as enumerations, set and list formations, relations and function mappings and more. Programming language design is a challenging task. Development and testing of first implementation of the language is much easier and flexible done by implementing an interpreter. Changes to static or dynamic semantics of a language are more easily done in interpreter than compiler. My project is to implement interpreter for the ZOOM-I language. The interpreter is going to be GUI application with easy development of zoom programs. working on basic statements and expressions of Zoom-I langauge. - 5/11/03: basic java statements and expressions for primitive types - 5/19/03: extended expressions for List declaration and manipulation - 5/26/03: extended expressions for Set declaration and manipulation - 5/31/03: Start work on Object oriented features - 7/31/03: Object-oriented features finished - 8/01/03: TBD - Expected Completion: November 2003 - Initial Presentation - Power Point Slides - David A. Watt & Deryck F. Brown. Programming Language Processors in Java. Prentice Hall, 2000. - Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, Jeffrey D. Ullman. Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools. Addison-Wesley,1988. - Ravi Sethi. Programming Languages, Concepts & Constructs. Addison-Wesley, 1996. - Randy M. Kaplan. Constructing Language Processors for Little Languages. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32502000
Information for Contributors Every scientist knows the power of engaging students in working with real data. Working with data derived from observations in the field, experiments, analyses, remote sensing or modeling lies at the core of being a geoscientist and is one of the most exciting things we do. The ability to learn effectively from our own data and that of others is the mark of an accomplished scientist and is a common goal for our students. This session is designed to allow the entire GSA community to come together to share and discuss how we use data to help students learn concepts, think scientifically, and develop their skills in making interpretations and communicating conclusions. We invite contributions from throughout the geosciences involving all kinds of data in the full spectrum of approaches to helping students of all ages learn geoscience. The contributions to this session will be preserved in an on-line searchable collection designed to foster continued sharing and interaction. To make the session and the resulting collection of highest use as we think about teaching and work to adapt and adopt ideas from colleagues, we ask that each contributor - Submit an abstract for Session 32 that introduces or summarizes the example they wish to present (Deadline July 15) Description of Session 32, View Abstracts - Complete the submission form (offline - no longer valid) which includes uploading a pdf file of their poster (Deadline Oct 31) - Display your poster at the Sunday, November 2, 1:00 session at GSA Guidelines for Poster Preparation The form must be completed in a single session (leaving the session erases the data) at the same time your poster is uploaded. You may find it simplest to review the questions on the form, compose brief answers to them offline and then actually fill out the form in one go once your poster is complete. As guidelines to help make these presentations both comprehensive and useful, we ask that all abstracts and posters address learning goals; instructional context; required data, tools and equipment; and evaluation strategies in addition to providing a description of the activity and its outcomes. You may wish to use the same text in the poster that you develop for the form below. The session will take place on Sunday afternoon, November 1 in the poster hall. There are opportunities for several hundred posters. The one paper rule is waived for this session.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32515000
The scene: Scientist Jian Chen adjusts optics mounted for an experiment at one of several PULSE laser laboratories housed at SLAC. (PULSE is a joint SLAC/Stanford University laser science institute.) In this experiment, a small fleck of sample material is held in a special “diamond anvil cell” and torqued to pressures up to 12 gigapascals—120,000 times greater than atmospheric pressure, similar to conditions deep inside the Earth. Chen and colleagues then use three separate, highly precise beams of pulsed laser light, bouncing variously through the specialized optics, to measure the behavior of electrons in the material under pressure. Experiments of this sort give scientists clues about the nature and dynamics of the atomic world that could aid in developing new materials with exotic properties. The shot: Canon 5D Mk II, 17-35mm/f2.8L lens @ 17mm, f/7.1. ISO 200, 1/40 sec exposure. Three lights (all Speedlites), one triggered with a Pocket Wizard II, the others with optical slaves: one camera left (close, with a red gel), one camera right (at full power, to cast the hard shadows), and one camera left (farther from the camera, with grid, visible in frame) to illuminate Chen. Used a tripod and remote trigger for this one. (All while wearing the same goggles Chen is wearing… tough way to shoot!)	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32531000
How green is my EV? It’s a lot like one of those maths problems that gave you fits in sixth grade: A salesman leaves home in Denver and drives his electric car to a meeting in Boulder. At the same time, a physicist driving the same model electric car sets out from her loft in Los Angeles, heading to an appointment near Anaheim. For both, the traffic is light, and the cars consume an identical amount of battery power while travelling the same number of kilometres. Being purely electric, they emit zero tailpipe pollutants during their trips. The test question: Are their carbon footprints also equal? The answer may be a surprise. According to a report that the Union of Concerned Scientists plans to release this week, there would be a considerable difference in the amount of greenhouse gases - primarily carbon dioxide - that result from charging the cars’ battery packs. By trapping heat, greenhouse gases contribute to climate change. The advocacy group’s report, titled ‘‘State of Charge: Electric Vehicles’ Global Warming Emissions and Fuel Cost Savings Across the United States,’’ uses the electric power requirements of the Nissan Leaf as a basis for comparison. The Leaf, on sale in the United States for more than a year and the most widely available electric model from a major car maker, sets a logical baseline. The California part of the story is upbeat: A hypothetical Los Angeles Leaf would be accountable for the release of an admirably low level of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, about the same as a petrol car using 3 litres per 100km. But the Denver car would cause as large a load of greenhouse gases to enter the atmosphere as some versions of the petrol-powered Mazda 3, a compact sedan rated at 7.1 litres per 100km in combined city and highway driving by the Environmental Protection Agency. In simple terms, the effect of electric vehicles on the amount of greenhouse gases released into the environment can span a wide range, varying with the source of the electricity that charges them. California’s clean power makes the Leaf a hero; the coal-dependent utilities serving Denver diminish the car’s benefits as a global-warming fighter. The UCS report, which takes into account the full cycle of energy production, often called a well-to-wheels analysis, demonstrates that in areas where the electric utility relies on natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric or renewable sources to power its generators, the potential for electric cars to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions is great. But where generators are powered by burning a high percentage of coal, electric cars may not be even as good as the latest petrol models — and far short of the thriftiest hybrids. With petrol hovering around $4 a gallon and mass-production EVs like battery-powered versions of the Ford Focus and Honda Fit (as well as plug-in hybrids like the Chevrolet Volt, Toyota Prius PHV and Ford Fusion Energi models) either on sale now or coming soon, the report arrives at an ideal time. Its analysis can help shoppers make informed decisions. It also fills a gap: Many of the existing studies on electric-car efficiency were completed before models like the Leaf came to market; others have expressed their results in science-lab terms like pounds of carbon dioxide emissions per year, not especially useful to consumers. Car makers have not always helped their customers understand the issues, either, typically painting electrics and hybrids with a green brush and an idealistic setting. The attempt to forge a simple message has created mistaken impressions, too. During a discussion with business leaders and journalists at the French Consulate in New York early this month, the chief executive of Nissan and Renault, Carlos Ghosn, doubled down in declaring an environmental edge for electrics over the best gasoline models. ‘‘Even if you could use electricity only from coal,’’ Ghosn says, ‘‘you’re still better off using an electric car than using gasoline.’’ It is a position that Nissan says it has held since the Leaf program began, yet the studies that the company offers in support of its position show electrics outperforming only vehicles with fuel economy ratings from about 6.5L/100km to 8.7L/100km. Assembled over nine months in 2011, the UCS report provides clarification in several ways, examining charging costs under various conditions and offering comparisons among the Leaf, the Mitsubishi i-MiEv electric and the Volt plug-in hybrid. Most revealing, perhaps, is the geographical breakdown of electricity generation. In a worst-case situation, with electric power generated from a high proportion of coal - as it is in a wide swath of the country’s mid-section - an electric car or a plug-in hybrid will generate slightly more full-cycle global-warming emissions, as the report calls the greenhouse gases, than the best petrol-powered small car. In areas where the cleanest electricity is available - regions served by hydroelectric, natural gas or nuclear generating plants - greenhouse gas emissions may be less than half that of today’s best petrol-engined vehicles. Put another way, for 45 per cent of the U.S. population, an EV will generate lower levels of greenhouse gases than a petrol-powered vehicle capable of 4.7L/100km in combined city-highway driving. Cities in this group include the predictable - Seattle, for example - as well as the less obvious, such as Buffalo or New Orleans. About 37 per cent of Americans live in regions where a Leaf’s greenhouse gas emissions would equate to a gasoline-powered vehicle rated at 4.7L/100km to 5.7L/100km. Some 18 per cent of the population lives in regions with a comparatively dirty power supply, where the well-to-wheels carbon footprint of a Leaf would be the equivalent of a vehicle such as the Chevrolet Cruze, Ford Focus and Hyundai Elantra. Here’s another way to look at it: If one region were completely dependent on coal for power, its electric cars would be responsible for full-cycle global-warming emissions equivalent to a car capable of 7.8L/100km in mixed driving. In a region totally reliant on natural gas, an electric would be equivalent to a 4.7L/100km. The report divides the United States into 26 regions. Each region comprises a single interconnected electricity grid, although several utility companies may operate within a region. Because the utilities sell power among themselves, the emission levels for one city or utility cannot be pinpointed for every hour of every day, but regional analysis provides an approximation of average emissions over time. The report’s analysis is based on the EPA’s 2007 Emissions and Generation Resource Integrated Database, the most recent compilation of data available. For each region, the average amount of global-warming emissions generated to produce a kilowatt-hour of electricity was calculated, taking into account emissions resulting from the transportation of fuel to the power plant. To convert those power plant emission levels to a litres per 100km figure, calculations were based on the power draw of the Nissan Leaf: 0.34 kilowatt-hours per mile. The Volt, which draws 0.36 kilowatt-hours per mile, requires slightly more power. The report makes it possible to compare electrics with conventional hybrids that rely solely on a petrol engine to charge their battery. In the dirtiest regions of the country, the hybrid would generate lower levels of full-cycle emissions than the electric car, but a breakdown of the data shows that more than half of Americans live in regions where an electric car has lower well-to-wheels carbon emissions than today’s best full-hybrid vehicles, while 17 per cent live in areas where they would be equal. Of course, conventional gas-powered vehicles are getting cleaner as engineering advances improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. On the other hand, electrics and plug-ins will become cleaner without technology changes as coal-burning power plants are replaced with natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, wind or solar facilities. Don Anair, a senior engineer in the UCS clean vehicles program, said utilities in the dirtiest electric-grid regions of the United States generate 2.5 to 3 times more global-warming emissions than those in the cleanest regions, so there is much room for progress. But he sees the industry trending in the right direction. ‘‘A number of old coal-fired power plants are now being retired,’’ he said. ‘‘Given emission standards recently introduced by the current administration, any new coal-fired plants would be far cleaner than their predecessors.’’ New York Times	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32538000
But in the mid-1800s, that was hardly the case. The name "Los Angeles" is Spanish for The Angels. There is much more to this name, however. In 1769, Father Juan Crespi, a Franciscan priest accompanying the first European land expedition through California, wrote in his journal about a beautiful river they had discovered. In 1781, a new settlement was established along that same river. That settlement officially came to be known as "El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Angeles", or "The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels". \|Avila Adobe, late19th century\| (Photo source unknown) Historic Olvera Street started out as a short lane called Wine Street. In 1877 the street was extended and its name changed to Olvera Street in honor of Agustin Olvera, who owned a home at the end of the street across from the Plaza, and who was the first county judge of Los Angeles. \|The Olvera Street Plaza, circa 1886\| (Photo reprinted courtesy of Los Angeles Public Library Photo Archives) By 1903 the street had considerably declined, and an electrical substation was built next to the Avila Adobe to provide power for Los Angeles' electric streetcars. The Italian Hall, a center for Italian organizations, was constructed in 1907 at the north end of Olvera Street. Across the street, the Italian winery expanded its building in 1914. The condition of Avila Adobe deteriorated over the following years and was finally condemned in 1926 by the City Health Department. This caught the attention of socialite Christine Sterling, who during a visit to the Plaza and Olvera Street in 1926, was so appalled by the run-down condition of the oldest part of the City, that she began a public campaign to save the Adobe and Olvera Street. With a vibrant future of the Olvera Street area in mind, Sterling envisioned a colorful Mexican marketplace and cultural focal center. With funding provided by several influential businessmen and publicity from the Los Angeles Times, she established a corporation to revitalize Olvera Street. Descendants of the Avila family gave permission to allow Sterling to renovate the Adobe. In addition, she solicited money, materials and labor to accomplish the repairs. Unusual help received by Mrs. Sterling included engineers from the City Department of Water and Power who drew up plans to grade the street, and the Sheriff's Department who provided prisoners to do the labor. In 1929, the Los Angeles City Council closed Olvera Street to automobile and bus traffic, creating a lovely pedestrian avenue for people to stroll, shop and dine -- as seen in the attached vintage video produced back in 1937 as a travel promotion, and which is reflective of the 1930s. Today, both the Avila Adobe and Olvera Street are part of the Los Angeles Plaza Historic District, which is a designated California State Historic Park. The entire District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and Avila Adobe is a registered California Historical Landmark. The Avila Adobe is open to the public as a museum -- furnished as it might have appeared in the late 1840s -- and Olvera Street is a favourite of locals as well as tourists seeking a "peek" at what life was like in early Los Angeles. Avila Adobe and Olvera Street are included in our "Los Angeles Architecture -- An Eclectic Landscape"© custom-designed itinerary, May 1-7, 2013. For more information about this unique and comprehensive heritage and cultural tour covering L.A.'s architectural history from "early settlement to the present", visit us at http://www.snobbytours.com/EclecticLAarchitecture.html Reservations close March 1, 2013. © 2013 Snobby Tours®, Inc. All Rights Reserved.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32540000
It’s like I always say, what good is urban fashion if a venomous animal lays your ass to rest with venom? Game over. You need to be aware of the venomous animals that can turn your happy day upside down. Like this stonefish below. That mother has venomous dorsal spines. That means your going to need a size 14 kx1 just to fit your swollen foot. Venomous Phylogeny: Dorsal spines Habitat: Coasts regions of Indo-Pacific oceans/Florida/Caribbean 4. Blue-Ringed Octopus Venomous Phylogeny: The toxin is produced by bacteria in the salivary glands Habitat: Tide pools and coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, 3. Inland Taipan Venomous Phylogeny: Fangs/venom glands Habitat: Arid regions of central Australia 2. Brazilian Wandering Spider Venom: Neurotoxin causing loss of muscle control and breathing problems, resulting in paralysis and eventual asphyxiation. Habitat: Tropical South America 1. Box Jellyfish Venomous Phylogeny: Each tentacle has about 500,000 cnidocytes, containing nematocysts, a harpoon-shaped microscopic mechanism that injects venom into the victim Habitat: Tropical and subtropical oceans, including the Atlantic and east Pacific/California/the Mediterranean/Japan and as far south as South Africa	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32545000
Animal with an elongate, ribbon-like body bearing an adhesive depression at the posterior end. It reaches a length of 20-70 mm and a width of 5-7 mm. The dorsal surface is reddish-yellow with three longitudinal red bands (one median and two lateral). The cephalic regions are whitish, as well as the border of the body and the ventral surface. The numerous eyes are strewn fanwise over the anterior region (C. rubrocincta-head). Tentacles are absent. The mouth and the short pharynx are situated posteriorly. The intestinal trunk extends anteriorly to the cerebral organ, with numerous pairs of lateral branches, which are not anastomosing. The genital pores are separated. The male copulatory complex lies dorsally or posteriorly to its aperture; the prostatic organ is pyriform, interpolated; penis-papilla in penis-pocket; duplicate male complex sometimes occurs. The vagina is short; shell-chamber spacious, dorso-ventrically compressed; no [t]Lang's vesicle[/t]; the uterine canals extend into anterior third of body, where they remain separated. Life-cycle not known. Under stones between the tidemarks and on bryozoan colonies. English Channel. Records also from Cape Verde Isle, Mediterranean and Japan.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32547000
Geared toward upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, this elementary introduction to classical umbral calculus requires only an acquaintance with the basic notions of algebra and a bit of applied mathematics (such as differential equations) to help put the theory in mathematical perspectiv... read more Customers who bought this book also bought: Our Editors also recommend: Infinite Sequences and Series by Konrad Knopp Careful presentation of fundamentals of the theory by one of the finest modern expositors of higher mathematics. Covers functions of real and complex variables, arbitrary and null sequences, convergence and divergence, Cauchy's limit theorem, more. Infinitesimal Calculus by James M. Henle, Eugene M. Kleinberg Introducing calculus at the basic level, this text covers hyperreal numbers and hyperreal line, continuous functions, integral and differential calculus, fundamental theorem, infinite sequences and series, infinite polynomials, more. 1979 edition. Introductory Discrete Mathematics by V. K . Balakrishnan This concise, undergraduate-level text focuses on combinatorics, graph theory with applications to some standard network optimization problems, and algorithms. More than 200 exercises, many with complete solutions. 1991 edition. Technical Calculus with Analytic Geometry by Judith L. Gersting Well-conceived text with many special features covers functions and graphs, straight lines and conic sections, new coordinate systems, the derivative, much more. Many examples, exercises, practice problems, with answers. Advanced undergraduate/graduate-level. 1984 edition. Geared toward upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, this elementary introduction to classical umbral calculus requires only an acquaintance with the basic notions of algebra and a bit of applied mathematics (such as differential equations) to help put the theory in mathematical perspective. Subjects include Sheffer sequences and operators and their adjoints, with numerous examples of associated and other sequences. Related topics encompass the connection constants problem and duplication formulas, the Lagrange inversion formula, operational formulas, inverse relations, and binomial convolution. The final chapter offers a glimpse of the newer and less well-established forms of umbral calculus. 1984 edition. Unabridged republication of the edition published by Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Florida, 1984. This book was printed in the United States of America. Dover books are made to last a lifetime. Our US book-manufacturing partners produce the highest quality books in the world and they create jobs for our fellow citizens. Manufacturing in the United States also ensures that our books are printed in an environmentally friendly fashion, on paper sourced from responsibly managed forests.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32559000
Meta tags are a great way for webmasters to provide search engines with information about their sites. Meta tags can be used to provide information to all sorts of clients, and each system processes only the meta tags they understand and ignores the rest. Meta tags are added to the <head> section of your HTML page and generally look like this: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="Description" CONTENT="Author: A.N. Author, Illustrator: P. Picture, Category: Books, Price: £9.24, Length: 784 pages"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="+nxGUDJ4QpAZ5l9Bsjdi102tLVC21AIh5d1Nl23908vVuFHs34="/> <title>Example Books - high-quality used books for children</title> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"> Google understands the following meta tags (and related items): \|\|This tag provides a short description of the page. In some situations this description is used as a part of the snippet shown in the search results. More information\| \|\|While technically not a meta tag, this tag is often used together with the "description". The contents of this tag are generally shown as the title in search results (and of course in the user's browser). More information\| These meta tags can control the behavior of search engine crawling and indexing. The robots meta tag applies to all search engines, while the "googlebot" meta tag is specific to Google. The default values are "index, follow" (the same as "all") and do not need to be specified. We understand the following values (when specifying multiple values, separate them with a comma): You can now also specify this information in the header of your pages using the "X-Robots-Tag" HTTP header directive. This is particularly useful if you wish to limit indexing of non-HTML files like graphics or other kinds of documents. More information about robots meta tags \|\|When we recognize that the contents of a page are not in the language that the user is likely to want to read, we often provide a link to a translation in the search results. In general, this gives you the chance to provide your unique and compelling content to a much larger group of users. However, there may be situations where this is not desired. This meta tag tells Google that you don't want us to provide a translation for this page.\| \|\|You can use this tag on the top-level page of your site to verify ownership for Webmaster Tools. Please note that while the values of the "name" and "content" attributes must match exactly what is provided to you (including upper and lower case), it doesn't matter if you change the tag from XHTML to HTML or if the format of the tag matches the format of your page. More information\| \|\|This defines the page's content type and character set. Make sure that you surround the value of the content attribute with quotes - otherwise the charset attribute may be interpreted incorrectly. We recommend using Unicode/UTF-8 where possible. More information\| \|\|This meta tag sends the user to a new URL after a certain amount of time, and is sometimes used as a simple form of redirection. However, it is not supported by all browsers and can be confusing to the user. The W3C recommends that this tag not be used. We recommend using a server-side 301 redirect instead.\| Other points to note: - Google can read both HTML and XHTML-style meta tags, regardless of the code used on the page. - With the exception of verify, case is generally not important in meta tags. This is not an exclusive list of available meta tags, and you should feel free to use unlisted meta tags if they are important to your site. Just remember that Google will ignore meta tags it doesn't know.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32565000
Throughout the Ages Throughout the Ages was created to meet the primary source needs of New York state K-6 history teachers. The site collection includes more than 500 photographs, letters, paintings, advertisements, and maps. To navigate the site, choose an area of interest and subtopic (for example "leisure" under the heading "community"), and scroll to a source of interest. The source will offer a caption. In some cases, historical context, focus questions, and the correlating New York state standards will also be listed. Be sure to click on each of these section titles, as items such as resources and historical background only display once selected. One feature to look into is the automatic handout maker. For each image, you can automatically generate a handout by selecting any or all of the following categories: caption, historical background, standards/key ideas, historical challenge, interdisciplinary connections, and resources. For some images, these will already be filled out. For others, you can type anything you want for all, some, or one of those categories. Don't worry about deleting existing text if you don't want it on your handout. It will be back the next time you load your page.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32573000
A new survey finds that one in three homeless people in Boston are clinically obese, a number that casts in relief the strange reality of food in the 21st century United States. Not long ago, malnourishment was embodied by emaciation. Now it’s far more likely to be hidden in folds of fat. “This study suggests that obesity may be the new malnutrition of the homeless in the United States,” wrote the researchers, led by Harvard Medical School student Katherine Koh, in an upcoming Journal of Urban Health study. The findings are the latest and most dramatic illustration of what’s called the “hunger-obesity paradox,” a term coined in 2005 by neurophysiologist Lawrence Scheier to describe the simultaneous presence of hunger and obesity. Around that time, a vernacular sea change occurred, with “hunger” and its connotations of starvationreplaced by “food insecure,” a term more descriptive of people who might consume enough raw calories but not enough nutrients. The paradox fit with a general modern relationship in the United States between weight and wealth. Whereas obesity was once a sign of wealth, it now tracks with poverty. The poorer and less food-secure people are, the more likely they are to be overweight or obese.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32577000
International fairs enabled merchants coming from distant regions to meet one another easier and in easily accessable places. The merchants at these fairs also enjoyed special protection from the local authorities. However some of these authorities were negative towards some visitors, because they were certain foreigners. At the same time international fairs enabled these local authorities, which usually organised them, to tax and control more easily the foreign traders. The international fairs of Europe, which grew up from the C12th onwards, atracted many traders from Italy, France, England, Spain, Germany, Flanders, Brabant, Switzerland and Savoy. The notable fairs of this time were the fairs of Champagne and Flander, which have been referred to as what has been called the 'world' economy of the middle ages. These fairs history, probably dates back to the C10th, but information about them have only been found from 1114 onwards. The main fairs were held at Troyes in the summer and five lesser fairs around it throughout the year. The goods there were of the utmost variety: cloths and wollens from Flanders and Northern France; silks from Lucca; leather from Spain, Pisa, Africa and Provence; furs from Germany; and linens from Champagne and Germany. The Italians also brought spices, wax, sugar, lacquer and dye-woods. There is also mention of cotton, grain and horses being traded. It was however the cloth trade which surpassed all others at these international fairs, as the cloth producing araes of the Low Countries and Nortnern France could not sell its cloth anyware else. However the character of the fairs changed between the 13th and 14th Centuries. At the beginning of the C13th, these fairs were indeed the centre of international commercial activity. But when the Italians acquired the northern cloths from these fairs and began distribution throughout the Mediterranean world, it can be seen that from the late C13th onwards money-changing begins to take precedence over trade. It can be said that the chief function of these fairs now became the regulation of the capital market. The Champagne fairs declined in the C14th due to two primary factors; first the industrialisation of Italy and secondly the change in the precious metal market from gold to silver. It is now that the fairs of Flanders and the annual fair of Bruges took over as the important international fairs of Europe in the C14th. This was due to the fact that Flanders was a major area in the trade of cloths. The products traded at these fairs, of Flanders and Bruges, were simular to that of the Champagne fairs, although emphasis was now on trade in precious metals and money changing. The Ypres fair is an emphasis of this. These fairs however started to decline with the emergence of permanent trade in towns.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32582000
hate [heyt] Show IPA \|Part of Speech:\|\|verb\| \|Definition:\|\|dislike very strongly\| \|Synonyms:\|\|abhor, abominate, allergic to, anathematize, be disgusted with, be hostile to, be loath, be reluctant, be repelled by, be sick of, be sorry, bear a grudge against, can't stand, contemn, curse, deprecate, deride, despise, detest, disapprove, disdain, disfavor, disparage, down on, execrate, feel malice to, have an aversion to, have enough of, have no use for, loathe, look down on, nauseate, not care for, object to, recoil from, scorn, shudder at, shun, spit upon, spurn\| \|Notes:\|\|hate means to 'dislike intensely, loathe' and despise means 'look down on contemptuously'\| \|Category:\|\|1. Social Affections\| hate, hatred, vials of hate., disaffection, disfavor; alienation, estrangement, coolness; enmity; animosity., umbrage, pique, grudge; dudgeon, spleen bitterness, bitterness of feeling; ill blood, bad blood; acrimony; malice; implacability (revenge)., repugnance (dislike); demonophobia, gynephobia, negrophobia; odium, unpopularity; detestation, antipathy; object of hatred, object of execration; abomination, aversion, bête noire; enemy; bitter pill; source of annoyance. hate, detest, abominate, abhor, loathe; recoil at, shudder at; shrink from, view with horror, hold in abomination, revolt against, execrate; scowl; disrelish (dislike)., owe a grudge; bear spleen, bear a grudge, bear malice (malevolence) [more]; conceive an aversion to., excite hatred, provoke hatred; be hateful; stink in the nostrils; estrange, alienate, repel, set against, sow dissension, set by the ears, envenom, incense, irritate, rile; horrify; roil. hating; abhorrent; averse from (disliking); set against., bitter (acrimonious) implacable (revengeful) [more]. unloved, unbeloved, unlamented, undeplored, unmourned, uncared for, unendeared, unvalued; disliked., crossed in love, forsaken, rejected, lovelorn, jilted., obnoxious, hateful, odious, abominable, repulsive, offensive, shocking; disgusting (disagreeable); reprehensible. no love lost between. \|Browse Concept Index »\|	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32602000
--Faramir, "The Two Towers" Although regarded as high fantasy (and thus conflated with "escapism," often by those who should know better), J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is also a treatise on war. Books 3 and 4 of Tolkien's tale (The Two Towers) shift the focus of the story from that of the adventures of the Fellowship to a broader conflict brewing in Middle Earth. The company emerges from the dark pit of Moria and the bright woods of Lorien only to be swept up in the machinations of Saruman and the great battle at Helm's Deep. In my re-reading of The Lord of the Rings I recently passed through the vast bogs and fens which lie between the Emyn Muil and Mordor. This wide stretch of trackless, treacherous land is home to the Dead Marshes, named for the spectral corpses of fallen men, elves, and orcs that lie beneath its muck and dark waters. At one time their bodies lay on the dry Dagorlad, the site of a great months-long battle of the second age of Middle Earth. In this battle the Last Alliance of elves, men, and dwarves fought Sauron's forces at the gates of Mordor. The forces of good prevailed as Isildur cut the One Ring from Sauron's hand, but only after tremendous loss of life on both sides. Gradually the swamp spread, covering the land and the bodies of the slain. Tolkien wrote in a letter that he drew his inspiration for the landscape of the Dead Marshes from experiences in the Somme, but it's no great stretch to speculate that this terrible battle made an impact in other, more profound ways on The Lord of the Rings. In the first day of the Somme the British suffered their worst loss of men in a single day in British history; 57,000 casualites, including 19,000 young men whose lives were snuffed out like candles in a hail of German machine-gun fire and shrapnel. Among those to die in the Somme were Tolkien's good friends Rob Gilson and G.B. Smith (for a compelling and complete recounting of Tolkien's wartime years and its influence upon his writings, I heartily recommend Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle Earth, by John Garth). In the Dead Marshes Frodo, Sam, and Gollum come face-to-face with death as the great fear--that it is simply the end, and that there is no immortal soul. Our lives are simply snuffed out when our bodies fail or are destroyed. All men, good and evil alike, are mingled together in the common lot of corruption, the grave, where good deeds in life are not rewarded by the eternal hereafter--because there isn't one. The images of the dead in the pools reflect this horror, notes Frodo: They lie in all the pools, pale faces, deep deep under the dark water. I saw them: grim faces and evil, and noble faces and sad. Many faces proud and fair, and weeds in their silver hair. But all foul, all rotting, all dead. A fell light is in them. In another passage from The Two Towers that I had forgotten, Sam, Frodo, and Gollum manage to find a brief respite in the land of Ithilien, still fair and flowering even though it has fallen beneath the shadow. But this peace is only an illusion, a respite: When Sam leaves the path to examine the trees, he stumbles on a ring still scorched by fire, and in the midst of it finds a pile of charred and broken bones and skulls. Tolkien witnessed too much of this senseless loss of young life in his experience during the Somme, which explains why death weighs heavily on his mind in The Lord of the Rings. Elves alone have the gift of immortality, but men are mortal and "doomed to die." As men dwindle from the greatness of their elder days so too are their lifespans reduced. Yet The Lord of the Rings is also infused with heroic men and martial victories. Garth posits that Tolkien did not believe that the sacrifice of young men's lives was a waste, if given for the right reasons. Writes Garth: "It [The Lord of the Rings] examines how the individual's experience of war relates to those grand old abstractions; for example, it puts glory, honour, majesty, as well as courage, under such stress that they often fracture, but are not utterly destroyed." Tolkien personified his feelings about concepts like glory, honour, and courage in the peoples of Rohan. Rohan is at constant war with the orcs and wild men, and like the Dunedain must remain ever alert, guarding against encroaching evil. They believe that death on the battlefield, while sorrowful, is never in vain as long as their acts are remembered. Thus the wistful (and my personal favorite) bit of Tolkien poetry, the Lament for Eorl the Young: Where now the horse and the rider? Where is the horn that was blowing? Where is the helm and the hauberk, and the bright hair flowing? Where is the hand on the harpstring, and the red fire glowing? Where is the spring and the harvest and the corn growing? They have passed like rain on the mountain, like a wind in the meadow; The days have gone down in the West behind the hills into shadow. Who shall gather the smoke of the dead wood burning, Or behold the flowing years from the Sea returning? This piece captures Tolkien's ambivalent feelings about war. The poem on the one hand portrays the magnificence of Eorl, resplendent in his war gear and the full flower of his years, using the symbolic language of spring and harvests and growing corn. But the song also mourns his death, asking again and again "Where has he gone?" in a question that cannot be answered. Eorl's passing leaves no trace, like a whisp of smoke. For the living only his memories remain. The Riders of Rohan remember their dead with songs like these and through the simbelmyne, a small white flower which grows on their graves and tombs. According to the Encyclopedia of Arda, "simbelmynë is translated as 'Evermind': a reference to the memories of the dead on whose tombs the flower grew." Tolkien does not take war lightly and the men of Rohan, though portrayed in a sympathetic light, are not his ideal. That place is held by Faramir, Tolkien's portrayal of man at his best. Faramir sees war with a keen eye, and tells Sam and Frodo that the high men of Numenor, of which he is a descendant, have "fallen" and are becoming like the Rohirrim, loving valor for valor's sake: "Yet now, if the Rohirrim are grown in some ways more like to us, enhanced in arts and gentleness, we too have become more like to them, and can scarce claim any longer the title High...For as the Rohirrim do, we now love war and valor as things good in themselves, both a sport and an end." Tolkien's clearest view on war is revealed in a famous passage in which Sam views the body of a dead soldier from the south, slain at his feet by arrows from Faramir's men in the woods of Ithilien: He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil of heart, or what lies and threats had led him on the long march from his home; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace. In other words, war is terrible and of last resort, and slain foes are, in the end, just men--and therefore to be pitied. War is necessary when "destroyers" like Sauron or Hitler would impose their will on the free peoples of the world, but it is a duty to be carried out, not glorified. It brings with it too much death and sorrow. In his famous foreward to The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien wrote: One has indeed personally to come under the shadow of war to feel fully its oppression; but as the years go by it seems now often forgotten that to be caught in youth by 1914 was no less hideous an experience than to be involved in 1939 and the following years. By 1918 all but one of my close friends were dead. Tolkien never forgot the loss of Gilson and Smith, nor the Somme. At some level it fed into his passion for language and myth, providing fertile ground for a great tale. We have The Lord of the Rings to thank.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32604000
Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition. Compete \| FAQ \| Contact Us Science, Religion and Darwin's Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin is credited with developing the theory of evolution following his famous voyage aboard the H.M.S. Beagle. Follow Darwin's life, from his childhood fascination with collecting insects through his travels and discoveries, to the latter days of his life when he was ill with Chaga's disease. You can also read about the other theories of evolution--religious and scientific. This site includes a brief philosophical musing by Daniel Dennet. BrianKaohsiung American School, Kaohsiung, Taiwan DuncanCampus Middle School, Englewood, CO, United States PeterCA, United States 19 & under Martin WilliamsKaohsiung American School, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Science & Technology > Life Science > Evolution Philosophy, Religion & Mythology	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32612000
There are a number of ways of exciting standing waves in ropes and springs using non-commercial vibrators such as loudspeakers,1 jigsaws,2 motors,3 or a simple tuning fork,4 including the rhythmical shaking of a handheld Slinky. We have come up with a very simple and cheap way of exciting stationary waves in a string, which anyone, particularly children, can try at home. It consists of using an electric toothbrush to produce a regular sideways motion that can be easily transmitted to an elastic cord. Most suitable for this experiment is the kind of unit that has a metal rod protruding from the front (see Fig. 1, which shows our Braun Oral-B®) to which a brush is normally affixed. The ends of the cord are attached to stands. Elastic cords that come with some school notebooks work well for this experiment, but a longer cord allows the observation of a larger number of modes. The toothbrush unit is placed near one end of the cord, which is wrapped once around the rod. As the toothbrush vibrates at a fixed frequency, standing waves (see Fig. 2) may be tuned by changing the tension of the cord while keeping its length constant. We have found up to five harmonics with a 150-cm cord. The toothbrush can be connected to a small potentiometer to reduce the dc voltage and hence the frequency of the motor, allowing the tuning of the standing waves with a fixed tension.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32624000
California Myotis (Myotis californicus) - Protection Status Notes - Little is known about population trends. The species is not state or federally protected. - Myotis californicus is a small bat with dark brown to black ears and wing membranes, a distinctly keeled calcar, and pelage that varies from dark brown to pale reddish‑yellow to blond. It differs from M. ciliolabrum, which is sympatric and similar in appearance, by having a more globose skull, narrower rostrum, overall more delicate appearance, and no black mask. These two species are often difficult to distinguish in the field. - Life History - M. californicus mates during autumn, perhaps in the spring in California. In spring or early summer, females form maternity colonies where they give birth to one pup per year. Individuals are known to be active periodically in the winter, even at temperatures below freezing. California myotis have been known to live up to 15 years. During summer, M. californicus roost alone or in small groups in caves, mines, rocky hillsides, under tree bark, and in buildings. Recent studies in Canada have documented maternity colonies of up to 52 individuals roosting under sloughing bark, and in cracks and hollows of large diameter, intermediate stage snags (preferably ponderosa pine). In winter, solitary individuals and small groups have been found in caves, mines, and buildings. California myotis are acrobatic fliers and use small waterholes to obtain needed moisture; the kidneys are adapted for arid environments. Individuals are most active soon after sunset and periodically rest at night roosts. They typically feed on moths and flies, but have been known to eat other insects. - This species occurs in a wide variety of habitats. While typical of deserts and interior basins in the western U.S., it also occurs in forested and mountainous regions. - M. californicus ranges across much of western North America from southeastern Alaska and southwestern British Columbia, through most of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, and south to Baja California and much of mainland Mexico, and into Guatemala. This western species known in Texas from the Trans-Pecos region is one of the few species that winters in Texas. - Threats and Reasons for Decline - M. californicus may be affected by closure of abandoned mines without adequate surveys and by recreational caving. The species may be affected by some timber harvest practices, particularly the removal of large diameter snags. Like all bats it also could be subject to contaminant poisoning. - Ongoing Recovery - Conservation and management recommendations are similar to the previously discussed long-legged myotis. Known colonies in buildings, trees, and cliff crevices should be protected from disturbance. Bat-friendly gates can prevent human disturbance of hibernation sites in caves and mines. - More information is needed on roosting and foraging requirements.The use and acceptance of bat gates needs to be studied. For more information - Refer to the online version of The Mammals of Texas for additional details on the California Myotis.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32625000
The "Methane" experiment was proposed during the TransCom 2008 meeting in Utrecht. The first protocol was discussed during the post-ICDC8 TransCom meeting in Jena, followed by the final protocol in 2010. Since then 16 models or model variants have performed the simulations. Previous TransCom experiments focused on chemically non-reactive species (SF6, CO2, 222Rn). A CH4 intercomparison requires introduction of atmospheric chemistry, which means a significant new model development for the traditional TransCom participants. However, to focus on model transport properties, the CH4 chemistry is reduced to offline radical (OH, O1D, Cl) only, which means the full-chemistry modellers have to scale down chemistry. During discussion at Jena, methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) was included for tracking tropospheric OH abundance in the models, as well as SF6 and 222Rn for model transport evaluations. Prescribed fluxes are input to a transport model and 20 years of simulation is run with meteorological forcing appropriate for 1988-2007. Hourly concentrations of all species are output for 280 locations. At 115 locations, species profiles, surface fluxes and meteorological variables are also output. The protocol (version 7) . It details the input fluxes, regridding instructions and lists of the output sites and required file formats (similar to TransCom continuous experiment). Instructions are included for accessing the ftp site for downloading input files and uploading model submissions. The model output is freely available for research purposes but please note the "conditions of use" . The data are available in two formats: the original model submissions containing output for all sites. Output files can be downloaded from ftp fxp.nies.go.jp (refer to the Protocol files for access information). In an effort towards ease of access, time series at a subset of surface sites are archived at the WMO World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (http://gaw.kishou.go.jp/) publications and presentations Patra, P. K., S. Houweling, M. Krol, P. Bousquet, L. Bruhwiler, and D. Jacob (2010), Protocol for TransCom CH4 intercomparison, Version 7, April (available online at transcom.project.asu.edu/pdf/transcom/T4.methane.protocol_v7.pdf ). Patra, P. K., S. Houweling, M. Krol, P. Bousquet, D. Belikov, D. Bergmann, H. Bian, P. Cameron-Smith, M. P. Chipperfield, K. Corbin, A. Fortems-Cheiney, A. Fraser, E. Gloor, P. Hess, A. Ito, S. R. Kawa, R. M. Law, Z. Loh, S. Maksyutov, L. Meng, P. I. Palmer, R. G. Prinn, M. Rigby, R. Saito, C. Wilson, TransCom model simulations of CH4 and related species: Linking transport, surface flux and chemical loss with CH4 variability in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., Submitted, 2011. presentations at the 10th TransCom workshop, University of California, Berkeley, 2010, (Saturday Session) are available on the TransCom-CH4 FTP server at NIES. for more information	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32628000
Tri States Public Radio Staff Fri September 7, 2012 Volcano Shoots Geyser Of Water Up Into Space Originally published on Tue October 9, 2012 10:53 am What we have here is a moon — a small one (slightly wider than the state of Arizona) — circling Saturn. If you look closely, you will see a small splay of light at its top, looking like a circular fountain. That's because it is a fountain — of sorts. A bunch of volcano-like jets are sending fantastically high geysers of water vapor up into the sky, so high that you can see them in this remarkable print by Michael Benson, back lit by light bouncing off of Saturn. It turns out this moon, called Enceladus, is a snowball containing what may be a sea of liquid water, warmed by the squishes and stretches of Saturn and other moons that pass nearby (plus it may have a hot, rocky core.) All that gravity pushing and pulling on this little ball squeezes the liquid inside so it shoots up through some fissures at the top. Nobody knew these fountains were there until the Cassini spacecraft flew near enough to Enceladus to find them. But now comes the amazing part. Water Hose In The Sky Some of that water vapor turns into ice and the crystals fall like snow back onto the moon at a rate of 0.02 inches a year; but some ice is thrown so high, it joins a ring around Saturn, one of the outer rings, labeled "E." Take a look at this image of the same moon, Enceladus — it's the dark spot inside the bright flare — getting real close to the E ring. According to Sascha Kempf of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, this moon is "feeding" water crystals into Saturn's ring. Who knew that a moon could spray ice onto a planetary ring? Before these photos were taken, scientists thought teeny meteorites, called micrometeoroids, would slam into Saturn's moons kicking up dust (adding to dust from a long exploded moon) and that's how the rings were formed. Nobody imagined that the rings would be fed by geysers. But that seems to be what's happening to the E ring. According to Kempf, the ring will carry those ice nuggets around Saturn for an orbit or two, until they meet the moon again and are recaptured. But some crystals just keep circling and circling for 50, maybe 400 years. The E ring is astonishingly thin. Its debris is thousands of miles across, but often only 3 meters (about 9.3 feet) high. A giraffe traveling on this ring would poke out like a giant. Seeing "True Color" Michael Benson just published his print of water shooting off Enceladus from a digital transmission sent by the Cassini probe. It appears in his about-to-be published book Planetfall: New Solar System Visions. What Cassini saw came back as a batch of digital information — lots of ones and zeroes — which can be turned into black and white images. Working from a series of picture fragments that Cassini transmits in small batches, Michael put them together into a single shot, then chose the hues and levels of light based on what is called "true color," what a person would see if he happened on the scene. "I believe I was the first to see this sight the way it would appear to an actual visitor, simply by virtue of having logged the time to create the composite image, which is made of 19 raw spacecraft frames, and took several days to composite," he wrote me. This is the way I like to tour the solar system. Find a chair. Sit. Turn some pages. Gaze. Wonder. The price isn't bad, either.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32634000
More mushrooms, less pollution! Yes, you heard right: growing more mushrooms may be the best thing we can do to save the environment and mushroom expert Paul Stamets explains how in "Mycelium Running," a ground-breaking manual for saving the world through mushroom cultivation. The science goes like this: fine filaments of cells called mycelium, the fruit of which are mushrooms, already cover large areas of land around the world. As the mycelium grows, it breaks down plant and animal debris, recycling carbon, nitrogen, and other essential elements in the creation of rich new soil. What Stamets has discovered is that the enzymes and acids that mycelium produces to decompose this debris are superb at breaking apart hydrocarbons-the base structure common to many pollutants. Available here from your favorite online book retailer. Below is an alphabetical list to other individuals, businesses, and organizations we support and wish to share.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32638000
by Alexandra Friedman: “It is a complete failure,” sighed Jenn Baka from her hotel room in Tamil Nadu, India. After months of studying a unique plant on a Fulbright Scholarship, Baka has deemed it—the jatropha curcas—a flop. Just a few years ago, it was hailed as the crown jewel of Indian sustainable energy. The renewable energy industry began to explore the biofuel potential of jatropha, a plant that produces toxic, non-edible nuts. With a readily extractable 45 percent oil content and the ability to run in any diesel machine after processing, jatropha caught the attention of governments, private companies and NGOs alike. The Indian government championed jatropha from the start, largely due to the energy needs of its burgeoning population and its dependency on foreign fuel as the fourth largest consumer of oil in the world. With over one billion people and nearly all of its fertile land allocated to food crops, India’s land shortages render most biofuel cultivation impossible. Still, the Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy pledged to achieve 20 percent biodiesel consumption by 2017 and to provide the entire Indian population with a source of renewable energy by 2015. For a while, jatropha seemed like the answer, launching to the top of the national Indian energy agenda due to its purported ability to grow anywhere. In 2003 the Indian government began to set aside officially designated “wasteland” as jatropha test sites, where a combination of public and private investment enabled the planting of jatropha plantations. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act of 2005, which guarantees rural Indian households 100 days of employment on manual labor projects, provided the necessary workforce to plant jatropha. “It was promoted as a crop that can survive in marginal environments under rain-fed conditions, meaning no fertilizer or extra water required, so farmers took up the crop. Surprise, surprise—it doesn’t grow well in marginal conditions,” explained Baka. At first glance an almost messianic plant, jatropha promised to bolster employment levels and turn wastelands into producers of clean, renewable energy. Researchers had estimated that one acre would yield between 200 and 400 gallons of oil, significantly more than current biofuels like soy and canola oil. But after years of trying to harvest the nut’s potential, researchers and farmers have begun to accept failure. “Jatropha is a pandemic like H1N1. It is not going to solve the energy crisis of the world, but rather take away land where large populations are growing,” said Dr. K.K. Tripathi of the Indian Department of Biotechnology, who has conducted multiple government and private studies revealing poor yields of jatropha. Dr. Robert Bailis of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, who is currently researching the lifecycle of jatropha as a biofuel, agreed: “Unfortunately, the plant was really over-hyped if you go back four, five years. It was pitched as this miracle crop that can grow in really poor conditions and give great yields with very little input and very little attention from the farmer,” he said, “and none of that is true.” This trend is especially apparent in the private sector, where companies are steadily decreasing investment in jatropha projects. In 2009 British Petroleum sold its rights in an estimated $12.1 million jatropha project joint venture with D1 Oils for a mere $818,900, making a timely departure before D1 Oils fell into financial woes. Megha Rathee, chief operating officer at green consultancy firm Earth 100, commented on dwindling governmental investment: “The expected yield of jatropha never came into being, so the government lost interest.” The haphazard implementation of projects like these causes skepticism among researchers like Bailis, who questions the motives of corporations and the Indian government behind the push for jatropha. “People don’t act ethically when it comes to business,” he insisted. Unfortunately, farmers have suffered much more than private investors. A lack of buyers and refineries means that many of these farmers cannot sell their product, even with the government’s push for jatropha. On top of that, many farmers have reported poor yields and insist that in the three-year-plus period it takes to grow, process, and sell jatropha, they could turn a higher profit by planting crops like sorghum or sugarcane. Over a third of the 700 farmers Baka interviewed were promised loans from agricultural banks to replace their normal food crops with jatropha, many more receiving encouragement from the local government. Few have received compensation for their efforts. Jatropha’s final redeeming quality—that it grows in fallow and otherwise unused land—also falls short. Proponents of the plant argue that regardless of yield, jatropha does not compete for valuable food crop space, especially when planted in “wasteland” areas. But Baka found discrepancies in the government terminology of “wasteland.” Baka noted that one village leader she met while doing survey work in Tamil Nadu told her that “the local state government body had forced him to plant jatropha in his village even though he said he didn’t have land. The government was trying to promote it so heavily and do these propagation schemes that they even forced him [to find land] to plant it.” Because of this external pressure, villages that grow jatropha are often forced to cultivate it in common land areas, normally used as public space for gathering fuel wood or grazing animals. The Indian government definition of wastelands is “lands that can be put to more productive use with effort.” In many instances, “there is this whole other energy economy situated there that’s not mentioned in any of the government assessments of wastelands,” said Baka. These wastelands are often home to trees used for fuel wood, charcoal production, electricity production and tire retreading. In some locales, jatropha has achieved success: A handful of private companies promoting the plant have implemented an effective system of jatropha production, refinement and exportation. Gold Star Biofuels, a private jatropha oil manufacturer, is one such company. Through its unique humanitarian focus on its farmers, Gold Star, “helps the economy of the country by providing jobs to unemployed farmers, keeps the families together on the farms, pays all of our farmers U.N. wages on levels projected for 2015 and pays national insurance,” explained Jack Holden, the company’s executive director. Earth 100, part of Goldman Sachs Group’s efforts to reduce its carbon foot-print in India, has similarly achieved success as a buyer in the jatropha oil manufacturing industry. They provide companies with ‘green fleets’ of cars that are powered solely by nonedible biofuels like jatropha. Most of Earth 100’s jatropha comes from wild sources, picked and collected by villagers in an alternative, organic manner of cultivation. Aside from the social benefits, jatropha seedcakes produced as a byproduct of oil extraction can help replenish the soil. “The technology needed for avoiding chemical fertilizer is very important and significant in reducing the carbon footprint as well as energy use and improving the scenario towards sustainability [of jatropha],” said Dr. Alok Adholeya of the Energy and Resources Institute. Despite these small-scale successes, the overriding failure of jatropha has left many projects abandoned. The true sustainability of the plant is yet to be determined: Factors influencing the yield, the carbon balance of jatropha, and the amount of energy used to manufacture the oil and the seedcake must still be researched. The enigma of jatropha remains unsolved. As Rathee explained, “Jatropha is not the ideal solution, but it’s the only one that we have right now.” Alexandra Friedman ’14 is in Pierson College. Contact her at email@example.com.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32639000
A device developed in the 1930s may be the most successful cancer cure ever invented. Rife frequency therapy is an early, non-toxic cancer treatment that has fallen into obscurity — but one that deserves to be resurrected! In 1933, an American inventor named Royal R. Rife invented an audio-frequency emitting device that was capable of sending frequencies into a person’s body that would destroy microorganisms found to be casually associated with cancer. Though the theory may sound more like science fiction than real life, it’s supported by the repeated research of numerous highly respected scientists. Unfortunately, like so many alternative cancer cures, Rife’s machines were discredited by industry elites, who regarded Rife’s work as pseudomedicine. As a result, Rife machines were never put into widespread use by mainstream medicine. It is believed by many alternative health practitioners that the medical industry’s rejection of Rife’s machines was caused by a conspiracy involving the American Medical Association, the Department of Public Health, and other elements of “organized medicine.” Pleomorphism: The Key to Rife’s Cancer Cure Rife’s work is totally unlike any other work done in pursuit of a cure for cancer — before, during or after his lifetime. He believed that cancer was a kind of virus, and in order to pursue his theory, he invented a microscope that was 8 times more powerful than those used by his contemporaries. Using his unique microscope, Rife discovered two organisms, which he named “BX” and “BY” and which appeared to cause carcinomas and sarcomas, respectively. Further, he found that the organisms were pleomorphic — which means they could take different forms. In one form, the organisms were harmless, but in the other, they caused cancer. The idea of pleomorphic entities comes from a French scientist, Antoine Beauchamp. In the early days of microbiology, Beauchamp and Louis Pasteur led opposing camps in the ideological war over the forms microbes could take. Pasteur’s ideas dominated, but scientists since have proven Beauchamp’s idea of pleomorphism to be correct, and the issue is still debated to this day. This pleomorphic view of microorganisms is key to Rife’s cancer cure — but it contradicts elements of other theories behind the highly profitable antibiotic drugs that rose to popularity during Rife’s lifetime. Thus, thanks to a collusion of professional biases and profit margins, Rife’s work was cast into oblivion. Sine Wave Destroys the Cancer Virus This is especially tragic because Rife didn’t just determine the cause of cancer (the pleomorphic organisms BX and BY), he found a way to destroy it. Rife discovered that exposing diseased organisms and cells to a modified form of their own oscillation pattern (vibrational energy) destroys the diseased cells, while leaving healthy cells intact and unharmed. A specific frequency in particular called the sine wave could destroy the cancer virus. Thereafter, Rife adapted x-ray technology and built a “ray tube” that he used to zap the organisms with the desired audio frequency. With his special microscope, Rife could watch as cancer viruses were instantly killed by his sine wave treatment. In order to achieve those results for humans, however, he had to find a way to get the audio waves into the deep tissues inside the human body. The key was a carrier wave capable of penetrating tissue. Rife ingeniously found a way to “piggyback” the frequencies so they could travel as a unit, but remain separate and distinct. This method of delivery allowed Rife to treat cancers anywhere in the body. His treatment, approved for and used on humans in the 1930s, is completely non-toxic and does not damage healthy tissue in any way. Though great successes were achieved using Rife’s “ray tube,” ineffective business practices undermined Rife’s efforts to produce more machines. Finding a Real Rife Machine A typical Rife machine consists of a 9-volt battery, wiring, a switch, a timer and 2 short copper cylinders. All one has to do is hold the 2 copper cylinders in one’s hands and relax for about 30 minutes. The machine delivers an “almost undetectable” current to the body. Since none of the Rife machines sold today are identical to the first model, the primary difficulty for those interested in this treatment is determining if the machine in question functions in a manner close enough to Rife’s original. Rife machines that are currently available vary widely in the type of resonant frequencies they emit. There’s a Rife machine which comes with the same double-bubble bulb configuration used by Royal Rife in his laboratory, and contains over 800 frequencies for treating a wide array of health conditions, including cancer. Typing the key phrase “Rife machines” on any search engine will reveal many commercially available machines that feature different configurations of functionality and programmability, and they range from $300 to $3,000 or more. Caveat Emptor: Unscrupulous entrepreneurs selling devices that bear Rife’s name have been marketing their products using fraudulent claims, and some have been convicted of health fraud. It is advisable to exercise caution and due diligence when purchasing a Rife device — and be sure to buy only from reputable companies. 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Sept. 19, 2011 – University of Utah engineers who built wireless networks that see through walls now are aiming the technology at a new goal: noninvasively measuring the breathing of surgery patients, adults with sleep apnea and babies at risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Because the technique uses off-the-shelf wireless transceivers similar to those used in home computer networks, “the cost of this system will be cheaper than existing methods of monitoring breathing,” says Neal Patwari, senior author of a study of the new method and an assistant professor of electrical engineering. While he estimates it will be five years until such a product is on the market, Patwari says a network of wireless transceivers around a bed can measure breathing rates and alert someone if breathing stops without any tubes or wires connected to the patient. “We can use this to increase the safety of people who are under sedation after surgery by knowing if they stop breathing,” he says. “We also envision a product that parents put around their baby’s crib to alert them if the baby stops breathing. It might be useful for babies at risk of SIDS.” The American Academy of Pediatrics says there is “no evidence that home monitors are effective” for preventing SIDS. Since 2005, the group has opposed the use of breathing monitors to prevent SIDS, but has said they “may be useful in some infants who have had an apparent life-threatening event,” including some combination of apnea [abnormal interruptions in breathing], color change, limpness and choking or gagging. “The AAP recognizes that monitors may be helpful to allow rapid recognition of apnea, airway obstruction, respiratory failure, interruption of supplemental oxygen supply, or failure of mechanical respiratory support,” the group states. In addition to other possible uses, Patwari wants to conduct research with doctors to test his method as an infant-breathing monitor, and, if it proves useful, develop it as a medical device that would need federal approval. He also says it may be useful for adults with sleep apnea, which causes daytime fatigue and impairs a person’s performance. SIDS monitors now on the market include FDA-approved medical devices that measure heart rate and respiration and are connected to babies with wires, electrodes and-or belts. Other monitors, which are non-medical and over-the-counter versions, detect a lack of sound, or use mattress sensors to detect a lack of movement. Patwari says that with the new method, “the patient or the baby doesn’t have to be connected to tubes or wired to other sensors, so they can be more comfortable while sleeping. If you’re wired up, you’re going to have more trouble sleeping, which is going to make your recovery in the hospital worse.” Some opposition to SIDS monitors is based on a fear that parents will depend on monitors instead of following other, more effective medical measures, including always placing babies on their backs to sleep, keeping redundant bedding and soft objects out of the crib, and not having babies share a bed with adults. Yet many parents want monitors too. The AAP acknowledges “distribution of home monitors continues to be a substantial industry in the United States.” New Uses for Wireless Technology Wireless technology has become pervasive, from wireless phones to wireless networks linking home computers. In 2009, Patwari and then-graduate student Joey Wilson showed how a couple dozen wireless transceivers – devices that transmit and receive radio signals – could be used to literally see through walls to detect the location of a burglar, people trapped by a fire or hostages held captive inside a building. They formed a University of Utah spinoff company, Xandem Technology LLC, which is commercializing the wireless networks for use as motion detectors for burglar alarm systems, to help police locate hostages and even to alert out-of-town, vacationing parents if a crowd of teenagers is partying at their home during their absence. Patwari’s new study points out pros and cons of adding wireless detection of breathing to the motion-detecting capability. “A search and rescue team may arrive at a collapsed building and throw transceivers into the rubble, hoping to detect the breathing of anyone still alive inside,” Patwari and colleagues write. “Police or SWAT teams may deploy a network around a building to determine if people are inside.” “On the other hand, the ability to measure breathing from a wireless network has privacy implications,” they add. “We have shown previously that a network deployed around external walls of a building can detect and track a person who is moving or changing position. If this system can also detect and monitor a sleeping person’s breathing, it would have additional utility for eavesdroppers or thieves.” The Study: Using Wireless Transceivers to Detect Breathing Because of efforts to patent the new use of the wireless breathing-detection technology – which has been named BreathTaking – Patwari is posting his study on the online scientific preprint website ArXiv this week before submitting it to a journal for formal publication. Patwari conducted the study with Wilson; Sai Ananthanarayanan, a postdoctoral electrical engineer; Sneha Kasera, an associate professor of computer science; and Dwayne Westenskow, a professor of anesthesiology and research professor of bioengineering. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation. In a new study, Patwari showed a network of 20 wireless transceivers placed around a hospital bed could reliably detect breathing and estimate breathing rate to within two-fifths of a breath per minute based on 30 seconds of data. This is different than using wireless transmitters to relay measurements from conventional breathing monitors. The motion of the chest and abdomen during breathing impedes the wireless radio signals crisscrossing a bedridden patient, who in the study was Patwari himself. Each of the 20 transceivers or “nodes” can transmit and receive to the other 19, meaning there can be up to 380 measurements (20 times 19) of radio signal strength within a short period of time (the transceivers transmit one after the other). The study was conducted in a clinical room used for research at the University of Utah School of Medicine’s Department of Anesthesiology. Patwari reclined on a hospital bed and listened to a metronome to time his breathing so he inhaled and exhaled 15 times per minute – about the average breathing rate for a resting adult. His breathing was measured two ways: by the experimental wireless network, and by a carbon dioxide monitor connected to his nostrils by tubes. It calculated breathing rate by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled with each breath. Patwari also tested the wireless network with no one in the hospital bed. The study found the wireless network could measure breathing within 0.4 to 0.2 breaths per minute, an insignificant error rate given that most breathing monitors round to the nearest breath per minute, he says. If a bedridden person or baby moves, the wireless system detects the movement but cannot measure their breathing at the same time. To decide if someone is breathing or not, the wireless system uses a computer algorithm – basically, a set of formulas. Patwari says his algorithm squares the amplitude or loudness of the signal on each link between nodes, then averages it over all 380 links. A number larger than 1.5 indicates breathing has been detected. Patwari also measured how many nodes were required to measure breathing accurately. The minimum was 13 nodes or transceivers, while the rate of incorrect breathing measurements fell to zero when 19 nodes were used. The study also showed the height of the nodes around the hospital bed didn’t significantly affect breathing measurements. Patwari plans more research on whether different or multiple radio frequencies might detect breathing better than the one 2.4 gigahertz frequency used in the study. He also wants to test whether the system can detect two people breathing at the same rate but not in sync – something that might make it possible to design a system that could detect not only the location of hostages in a building, but the number held together.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32652000
- Urge Home - Your Body - Your Mind - Drugs and Alcohol - Beyond School - Our Society - Connecting You If someone drinks too much or has an adverse reaction while drinking, it is very important they receive professional help as soon as possible. Quick responses can save lives... Stay with the person until the ambulance arrives. Ensure the person gets enough air by keeping crowds back and opening windows. Loosen tight clothing. Keep them warm- use blankets or a coat (but not too warm). If the person is unconscious, don't leave them on their back - they could choke. Clear any vomit away from their mouth. Turn them on their side and into the recovery position. Gently tilt their head back so their tongue does not block their airway. If breathing has stopped, give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. If there is no pulse, apply CPR. Provide the ambulance officers with as much information as you can - what they have been drinking, how much they have been drinking, and any pre-existing medical conditions that you know the person has. Give someone fluids (even water) if you think they're in shock or unconscious. Leave someone alone, especially if they are unconscious. If the person is asleep and you are unable to wake them up. Look at the person's skin. If it is cold, clammy, pale, bluish in colour.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32654000
Explanation Illustration Intervention General Middle School High School Undergraduate "The girls are more determined…the boys don't pay attention." "Girls are more focused and boys kind of have this thing with their friends, they are the class clowns." "Boys are always goofing off and talking about other stuff--goofing off and not paying attention.” “Half the boys in our class, if they do problems wrong on the board, they laugh and blow it off.”	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32667000
Resistance mechanisms are employed by bacterial organisms to gain a growth advantage in conditions that impose a tremendous selective pressure, resulting in the materialization of isolates that are resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials. Surveillance systems are commonly used in human medicine to track the frequency and emergence of these strains, and this information is used to implement infection control policies aimed at reducing the number of these organisms. The implementation and sophistication of these monitoring programs in veterinary medicine lags behind the human counterpart. With the increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MRSA) in humans, particular emphasis is placed on methicillin-resistant staphylocci (MRS) at the OSU-VMC. All staphylococcal species isolated during routine microbiological examination are screened for the presence of the mecA gene, which defines an isolate as being methicillin-resistant. This gene is carried on the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome (SCCmec), which can be used to help further classify MRS organisms. Healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) is typically isolated from patients in a healthcare setting, tends to be multidrug resistant, and is usually associated with SCCmec types I, II, or III. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is typically isolated from young, healthy individuals with no history of indwelling medical devices, recent visitation to a healthcare facility, or any other risk factors for HA-MRSA. CA-MRSA is usually associated with skin and soft tissue infections, is generally susceptible to multiple antimicrobial classes, contains the Panton-valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene, and is most often associated with SCCmec types IV, V, VI, and VII. Additionally, using DNA fingerprinting methods, HA-MRSA strains are generally most related to USA types 100, 500, and 800, while CA-MRSA are most related to USA types 300 and 400. Bidirectional transmission facilitates the zoonotic potential of these organisms. Unlike human medicine, long term veterinary studies are lacking, so little information is available to determine how the prevalence of MRSA and MRSP have changed over time. However, the availability of DNA fingerprinting methods such as PFGE have facilitated efforts to determine if isolates from separate sources are clonally related; these results provide information that can be used to better characterize how MRSA and MRSP are being transmitted between humans, animals, and the environment. Our study will provide information on prevalence, including changes over time and will provide information that can be used to track the movement of pathogens among and between patients within the veterinary medical center. This information can be used to guide the judicious use of antimicrobials and to implement infection control procedures aimed at limiting the spread of pathogens between animals, the hospital environment, hospital staff, and owners. The main objectives of this project are:	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32669000
Women, Men and Suffrage Nancy Kohlhoff, Valparaiso branch (Ed Note: This is the sixth in a series of our exclusive publication of the manuscript written by Nancy after much research to fill in the gaps left by history books when dealing with women’s issues and their struggle to gain the vote.) The movement for woman’s rights which was entangled with abolition from the beginning of the century had no impetus until Elizabeth Stanton took the lead. She was not the first to "analyze critically the plight of women and enumerate the changes needed to raise them from domestic servitude" to positions of equality with men. But, unlike most other reformers, Elizabeth believed reform must include more than the vote and property rights for women. She wanted to collapse the patriarchy, to remove the very underpinnings of entrenched social and religious customs. That was enough to keep her in conflict most of the time with relatives, friends and enemies. In her letters, articles and speeches, Elizabeth boldly stated contraception should be available to women. The practice, barely discussed by respectable people in her time, was denounced by the clergy and most people living then who had ever had the good fortune to hear of it. She also said divorce should be obtained easily and custody of children awarded to their mothers. Consumption of alcohol, without government regulation or local control, was a serious social problem in the 19th century. Elizabeth observed the plight of women and children deprived of food, clothing and shelter, as well as their subjection to physical and emotional abuse, because of the excessive drinking habits of husbands and fathers. Yet, the law allowed that fathers, even though they may have abandoned the family, owned their children. It was common practice for custodial fathers to "farm out" their children for wages which were then collected by the drunkards and used to sustain their debilitating habits. Elizabeth also argued that men whose wives worked for wages should not be allowed to collect those wages. She scorned husbands who came to the factories and mills on payday, took their wives’ earnings and spent the money gambling or at the local saloon before their wives had returned home after a twelve-hour-a-day, six-day work week. She demanded equal pay for women for equal work. A woman then was paid about one-quarter what a male earned for doing the same job. She advocated labor unions for the working poor, including men and women. Elizabeth advocated admission of women into higher education. Until 1833, when Oberlin College admissions policy made "no distinction to color or sex," no college or university in the country which admitted men, admitted women. In 1838, Zeruiah Porter became the first woman to graduate from Oberlin although she completed only the "Literary Course," not the regular college course which men took. Elizabeth believed schools should be co-educational and provide the same training for females that was provided for males. She thought women should participate in sports, ride bicycles and exercise vigorously. Elizabeth raised seven children but very infrequently left her home for public activity until she was fifty, when her last child became independent. However, she held controversial views on child rearing, too. She said babies should not be swaddled, as was the custom. She wanted them to be bathed daily and taken outside for sunshine and fresh air. She also encouraged mothers to give their infants water to drink in addition to their regular diet. She did not believe in corporeal punishment, but said children could be disciplined by reason and persuasion. She thought the wale-boned corsets worn by young girls and women dislodged every vital organ in the female body, and she refused to wear them. About the only custom Elizabeth did not defy was women’s long dress. Although she wore the "bloomer" costume or "free dress" for several years, she finally gave it up because she thought it diverted attention from more important reforms for women. Women appearing in public in the bloomer dress were frequently jeered by passers-by and pelted with rotten fruit or vegetables by rowdy street urchins. Because of her outspoken challenge to the status quo, Elizabeth was suspect to nearly every segment in society. Politicians, physicians, clergymen, businessmen and most women denounced her radical views. Although there was never a public rift between Elizabeth and Henry, he seemed to copy best by ignoring her and keeping his distance. Progress at last Nevertheless, throughout the years, people were reading her essays and listening to her speeches. As she grew older, her reputation remained essentially unaltered, but the people did not. She had changed the way people thought. Her 80th birthday was celebrated in the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. A well-known newspaper editor paid her this tribute: "Every woman who seeks the legal custody of her children; who finds the door of a college or university open to her; who administers a post-office or a public library; who enters upon a career of medicine, law or theology; who teaches school or tills a farm or keeps a shop or rides a bicycle—every such woman owes her liberty largely to yourself and to your earliest and bravest co-workers." During her last years, Elizabeth, then widowed, dwelt on woman’s self-reliance. In looking back over her life, it occurred to her that she had managed by her robust energy, intelligence, good-natured wit, and her own spiritual and moral strengths. Henry, always an advocate of equality in the abstract, apparently never made the connection between equality in the marriage and harmony in the home. In her most famous speech, "The Solitude of Self," she said, (in abbreviate form) "No matter how much women prefer to lean, to be protected and supported, nor how much men prefer to have them do so, they must make the voyage of life alone. The talk of sheltering woman from the fierce storms of life is sheerest mockery, for they beat on her just as they do on man. Whatever the theories may be of woman’ dependence on man, in the supreme moments of her life he cannot bear her burdens. [In] the tragedies and triumphs of human experience each mortal stands alone. The strongest reason why we ask for woman a voice in government, in religion, in social life, is because she must relay on herself." (Quotes from Griffith, Elizabeth, In Her Own Right, Oxford University Press, 1984; general background from various published sources on woman’s history. Copyright 1993)	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32686000
Samarium: the essentials Samarium has a bright silver lustre and is reasonably stable in air. It ignites in air at 150°C. It is a rare earth metal. It is found with other rare earth elements in minerals including monazite and bastnaesite and is used in electronics industries. Samarium: historical information Samarium was discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1853 by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in an "earth" called didymia. The element was isolated in 1879 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran from the mineral samarskite, named in honour of a Russian mine official, Colonel Samarski, and which therefore gave samarium its name. Samarium: physical properties Samarium: orbital properties Isolation: samarium metal is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory, which is just as well as it is difficult to isolate as the pure metal. This is largely because of the way it is found in nature. The lanthanoids are found in nature in a number of minerals. The most important are xenotime, monazite, and bastnaesite. The first two are orthophosphate minerals LnPO4 (Ln deonotes a mixture of all the lanthanoids except promethium which is vanishingly rare) and the third is a fluoride carbonate LnCO3F. Lanthanoids with even atomic numbers are more common. The most comon lanthanoids in these minerals are, in order, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium. Monazite also contains thorium and ytrrium which makes handling difficult since thorium and its decomposition products are radioactive. For many purposes it is not particularly necessary to separate the metals, but if separation into individual metals is required, the process is complex. Initially, the metals are extracted as salts from the ores by extraction with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Modern purification techniques for these lanthanoid salt mixtures are ingenious and involve selective complexation techniques, solvent extractions, and ion exchange chromatography. Pure samarium is available through the electrolysis of a mixture of molten SmCl3 and NaCl (or CaCl2) in a graphite cell which acts as cathode using graphite as anode. The other product is chlorine gas. WebElements now has a WebElements shop at which you can buy periodic table posters, mugs, T-shirts, games, molecular models, and more.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32687000
What a perfect activity for a seven year old (or a twelve year old, a 25 year old, a 45 year old or a 72 year old!) I love that origami teaches Little Mr. B. the skill of carefully reading & following detailed, step-by-step instructions -- the same skill he learns when following instructions for putting together a Lego set. Except that, at the end of a Lego project, he ends up with a big, plastic piece of junk, while when he completes an origami project, he ends up with a lovely bit of paper-art (Me? Biased against Legos? No, not me!) Besides the pair of technicolor penguins pictured above, we've made... Mama & baby owls... Papa & baby hedgehogs... And a little, purple bat! There are so many good books for creating origami with children. We found these at our local library: Super Simple Origami by Irmgard Kneissler Absolute Beginner's Origami by Nick Robinson Super Quick Origami Animals by Nick Robinson Origami for Children by Mari Ono & Roshin Ono Origami Toys That Tumble, Fly & Spin by Paul Jackson Making Origami Fish Step by Step by Michael G. LaFosse Making Origami Birds Step by Step by Michael G. LaFosse	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32689000
The Book of Job is the 18th book of the Old Testament of the Bible, and contains a single story of a man named Job (prounounced to rhyme with "robe"). In the story, Job, a faithful servant of God, has his life turned upside down and his family killed because of a bet that God makes with Satan. Job, who lives in the land of Uz, is "perfect and upright". (Job 1:1 ) He has a happy marriage with many sons and daughters, and he owns plenty of livestock and servants. God meets Satan and asks: "Have you considered my servant Job? There is no one on earth like him; he is blameless and upright, a man who fears God and shuns evil." (Job 1:8 ) Satan replies that Job is good only because he has a good life, "stretch out your hand and strike everything he has, and he will surely curse you to your face." God agrees to this wager, and gives Satan complete power over Job's life. First Satan kills Job's servants and livestock (Job 1:14-17 ). Then he kills Job's sons and daughters (Job 1:18-19 ). Job himself is afflicted with terrible boils over his entire body (Job 2:7-8 ). Yet Job does not renounce God, even though his wife tells him that he should. He does, however, complain a lot about his situation, cursing the day he was born. Job's neighbors then accuse him of wickedness, asserting that if he renounces his sin and returns to righteousness, he will be restored to health and prosperity. They assume that he must have been wicked, because otherwise God would not have allowed bad things to happen to him. Job spends many chapters arguing with these neighbors, asserting that he has done nothing wrong and has nothing to answer for. He tries to rationalize his situation, but also asks God what he did to deserve his terrible fate. He initially receives no answer, and chastises his neighbors for lying in order to defend God (Job 13:7-11 ). Then Elihu, the youngest of the neighbors and supposed author of the book of Job, speaks up against Job with a supposedly much better argument, which comes down to: "God is way bigger and better than you, so don't question him and just apologize, even if you don't know what you did." Finally God appears to Job to respond to his pleas. He essentially goes on a long tirade, not answering Job's questions, but instead repeatedly making comments like this: "Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast understanding." (Job 38:4 ) "Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? declare if thou knowest it all." (Job 38:18 ) "Knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the earth?" (Job 38:33 ) And so forth. Job is chastened. He humbly replies: "Behold, I am vile; what shall I answer thee? I will lay mine hand upon my mouth. Once have I spoken; but I will not answer: yea, twice; but I will proceed no further." (Job 40:4-5 ) God then proceeds to brag about his accomplishments, and Job continues to be sorry for questioning him. So God wins his bet with Satan, and he rewards Job by giving him more than he had before. Job receives twice as many livestock and servants, and has the same number of sons and daughters, only his new daughters are the very prettiest in the nation. Job lives to be 140 years old and dies happy. The moral of this story is that we cannot understand God's motives, but if we trust in God unquestioningly, then he will provide for us. God never did explain his reasons to Job. When Job asked, God's answer was basically "Were you there when I created the universe? No, so shut up!" According to the story, the real reason he dealt out all this punishment, misery, and the deaths of Job's innocent children and servants, was to settle a bet. That strikes some atheists as extremely petty. And speaking of the children and servants, why get them involved? They were not even directly related to the bet. What did they do to deserve death? No doubt Job found consolation in his new family, but that is not much comfort to the dead family.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32706000
Viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes Enology - n. :a science that deals with wine and wine making The V&E Department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. For over one hundred years the University of California has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. The continuing excellence of the Department has enabled California growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the Golden State to achieve its potential and become a premier wine-producing region. UC Davis Extension Short Courses The University of California offers many courses to the general public to assist in furthering their educational goal. These courses are offered through the university's outreach division UC Davis Extension. While UC Davis Extension offers courses for a wide variety of topics, in conjunction with the Department of Viticulture & Enology, they have developed a number of excellent wine making and grape growing classes. Within the last few years we have begun to adapt classes so that they may be offered as distance learning courses via the internet. More information on class schedules and requirements can be found on the University Extension web site. read more >	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32717000
By Kate Kelland LONDON (Reuters) - Just one sleepless night can hamper the body's ability to use insulin to process sugar in the bloodstream, according to a study which scientists say might help explain why diabetes is on the rise. Researchers said their findings suggest it may be no coincidence that while sleep duration has shortened in western societies in the past decade there has also been an increase in cases of "insulin resistance" and adult-onset diabetes. "Our findings show a short night of sleep has more profound effects on metabolic regulation than previously appreciated," said Esther Donga, director of Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands, who led the study published on Wednesday. Type 2 diabetes is caused by the body's inability to adequately use insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, to control glucose sugar produced from food. Sugar levels rise and can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and major arteries. The disease, linked to poor diet and lack of exercise, is reaching epidemic levels. An estimated 180 million people now suffer from diabetes around the world. Previous studies have found that several nights of poor sleep can result in impaired use of insulin, but Donga said this was the first study to examine the effects of only a single bad night's sleep. The Dutch scientists examined nine healthy people -- once after a night of eight hours sleep and once after a night of just four hours. The findings, published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (JCEM), showed that partial sleep restriction during a single night reduced some types of insulin sensitivity by 19 to 25 percent. "Our data indicate that insulin sensitivity is not fixed in healthy (people), but depends on the duration of sleep in the preceding night," Donga wrote in the study. "In fact it is tempting to speculate that the negative effects of multiple nights of shortened sleep on glucose tolerance can be reproduced, at least in part, by just one sleepless night." A study by U.S. scientists published last year found that people who slept less than six hours a night were 4.5 times more likely to develop abnormal blood sugar readings in six years compared with those who slept longer. Experts say adults typically need between seven and nine hours sleep a night. Donga said further studies were needed to see whether ways of improving sleep duration could help stabilize glucose levels in patients with diabetes. (Editing by Andrew Roche)	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32718000
\|Title: \|\|Sticky Graphics: Creating Memorable Graphic Design using Mnemonics and Visual Hooks\| \|Publisher: \|\|Switzerland: Rotovision SA\| \|Issue Date: \|\|2006 \| \|Additional Links: \|\|http://www.wlv.ac.uk/Default.aspx?page=16092\| \|Abstract: \|\|The researchers question the ways in which visual factors play a vital role in affecting memory, specifically examining the ways in which the visual language of graphic design plays a vital role in modifying memory. Glaser and Knight discusses what personal influences and world issues influence memory (for example family and individual preference). This research emerges from their interest in mnemonics and the fact that there was a lack of research specifically relating to visual mnemonics within graphic design. The strategies involve interdisciplinary text based research and original research with professionals leading to analysis and synthesis. The book is organized in terms of visual content and its spatial context, the pursuit of emotional response, tactile response and closes with a chapter on metaphor, metonomy and simile. The work is referenced to experienced, professional graphic designers, with examples of visual communication from around the world. The authors collate archive, analyze and present visual examples that demonstrate how visual language can aid memory. Glaser’s primary focus is on the visual aspects, while Knight’s is upon linguistic content.\| \|Description: \|\|Glaser and her co-author examine working methodologies, communication strategies, audience comprehension and retention within contemporary visual communication practices. The research focuses on the roles of graphic wit and shock, image, colour and composition, visual figures of speech and the use of materials and processes in the context of creating visual mnemonics.\| \|Appears in Collections: \|\|Art, Design and Creative Technology\| \|Files in This Item:\| There are no files associated with this item. All Items in WIRE are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32720000
Outsmarting Poison Ivy and Other Poisonous Plants Publication Year: 2010 Type: Federal resource, Online publication Approximately 85% of the population will develop an allergic reaction if exposed to poison ivy, oak or sumac, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. This fact sheet provides information on how to avoid poison ivy exposure and how to treat the rash from poison ivy, oak and sumac. This publication is available only on the Internet. U.S. Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Ave. Silver Spring MD 20993 Phone: (301) 796-8240 Emergency Operations Toll-free Phone: (800) 332-4010 Food and Seafood Info. Is this your organization's publication? Contact us if your information has changed. A federal government website managed by the Office on Women's Health in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 200 Independence Avenue, S.W. • Washington, DC 20201	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32723000
The Tornado of 1985 - Tornado Memories On May 31, 1985, a series of tornadoes hit Northeastern Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, leaving behind a wide path of death and devastation. Homes and businesses were destroyed and it was many years before recovery efforts were completed. The Local History and Genealogy Center of the Warren-Trumbull County Public Library has started a collection of photographs, newspaper articles and reminiscences from those who experienced the disaster. Our goal is to create a centralized collection of information relating to the tornado, so that future generations will have access to the events of that night more than 20 years ago, and the courage and community that arose in the hours, days and weeks following. See a sample of photographs from our larger collection at the Photographic Memories page. Read what others remember about the Tornado of 1985 at our Memories From Around the Valley page. (A complete collection of written memories - including submissions not available online - is on file in the Local History and Genealogy Center.) To learn more about severe weather events in the Buckeye State visit the Severe Weather In Ohio: Online Exhibit on the Ohio Historical Society Website. You may also want to visit this site by Jim Bruner, it is dedicated to all who lost their lives from the May 31, 1985 tornadoes that devastated Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Canada. Return to the Local History & Genealogy page.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32727000
Total Lunar Eclipse On Saturday, Western States Get Rare View The last total lunar eclipse of 2011 — and the last one until April 15, 2014 — occurs Saturday morning. And though those of us in the eastern U.S. won't really be able to enjoy it, NASA says that some folks in western states will have "a rare way to begin the day." If the sky is clear, they'll be able to "face west to see the red [eclipsed] moon sinking into the horizon" as the sun rises behind their backs to the east. The best part of the show should be between 6:06 a.m. and 6:57 a.m. Pacific time. The Washington Post's Capital Weather Gang blog notes that it might not seem possible for anyone to be able to see a rising sun and a fully eclipsed moon at the same time because "by definition, a lunar eclipse occurs when the sun and moon are 180 degrees apart, with Earth moving between them to form a straight line." But, thanks to atmospheric refraction, the rare view will be available if you're in the right place. "Atmospheric refraction causes astronomical objects to appear higher in the sky than they are in reality. For example: when you see the sun sitting on the horizon, it is not there really. It's actually below the edge of the horizon, but our atmosphere acts like a lens and bends the sun's image just above the horizon, allowing us to see it. ... "The same holds true with the moon, as well." There's even a name for when an eclipsed moon sets just as the sun rises: it's a selenelion (or selenehelion, Space.com says). Among cities where Space.com says the effect should be visible, assuming the skies are clear: Los Angeles, Phoenix, Denver and Winnipeg. It has a chart showing some cities and their selenelion times posted here. Other good views of the eclipse (though not a rising sun at the same time), says ABC News, will be "from places like Hawaii, Alaska and Guam, where it will be the middle of the night, and from eastern Asia and Australia, where (remember, they're on the other side of the International Date Line) it will be Saturday evening." Regular Two-Way readers know we do enjoy a lunar eclipse.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32730000
Plants to be Studied: Tomato, especially Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum pennellii. - Project Objectives: Plants acquire the bulk of their energy from light capture by leaves, and leaf shape has direct consequences on the efficiency of light capture and photosynthetic carbon fixation. As a result, leaf shape must be optimized in response to variation in light quality. To understand the genetic programs controlling fundamental developmental processes, genetic networks regulating both environmental response and morphological form must be integrated. This proposal uses a genomics approach to understand natural variation in leaf morphology and light response, and to investigate the mechanism by which these two genetic networks are integrated to ensure optimal developmental pattern. - Experimental Approaches: To elucidate developmental networks, we are using a "genetical genomics" approach, taking advantage of near isogenic mapping lines (NILs) where regions of the S. pennellii genome have been introgressed into S. lycopersicum. Importantly, the parental species vary significantly in both light response and leaf complexity. We are sequencing the parental line transcriptomes to deep coverage to acquire genome-wide mRNA sequence and SNP information. The resulting data will be used to expand the tomato UniGene set and to develop a dense genome-wide marker database for S. lycopersicum and S. pennellii. The NIL population will be phenotyped for leaf development and light-response traits and characterized for genome-wide transcript levels and genotypes by massively parallel short-read sequencing. Construction of genetic networks regulating leaf morphology and light development from this genotype, phenotype, and trancript profile data will be coupled with genetic and transgenic approaches to identify central regulators of development and developmental variation. The resulting network will then be used as a guide to survey natural variation found in additional wild tomato accessions.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32733000
With summer just around the corner, the days are getting longer and the nights are getting shorter. This means more hours a day that the sun is in contact with your skin. With this prolonged UV exposure, it is important to keep your skin protected. Keep reading for some helpful tips on using sunscreen to effectively guard your skin during the summer months. Choosing Your Sunscreen Do you ever wonder how effective your sunscreen really is? Are certain types better than others? Does SPF actually mean anything? Keep reading for some tips on choosing sunscreen. What kind is the best? There are two main types of sunscreen: physical blockers and chemical blockers. Each one has its pros and cons. Physical blockers are made from titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, which are materials that sit on the surface of the skin and are not quickly absorbed. Because of this, physical blockers reflect UV rays. This type of sunscreen lasts longer than chemical blockers, but because it is not absorbed can be easily washed or sweated off. Chemical blockers, on the other hand, are made up of benzophenones. These chemicals help to absorb UV radiation. Because this type of sunscreen does soak into the skin, it is much more water resistant than physical blockers. However, it wears off much faster, and therefore needs to be reapplied more frequently. Both chemical and physical blockers are effective in protecting your skin from UV rays, but which one you use should depend on the situation. If you are going to be in water or sweating a lot, a chemical blocker would probably be the best choice. Any other sun exposure would most likely be fine with a physical blocker. What does SPF even mean? SPF stands for sun protection factor. A common misconception about SPF is that the higher the number, the less you have to reapply. In actuality, the SPF number is only a guide to how long you can go without reapplying. A good rule of thumb is to multiply the number of minutes it takes you to burn without sunscreen times the SPF number to find your maximum sun exposure time with sunscreen. For example, if it normally takes you 15 minutes to burn, and you use a sunscreen of 20 SPF, then you can go a maximum of 300 minutes in the sun before reapplying. This equation is not always accurate, however, because most people use less sunscreen than the amount used in testing; therefore, reapplication needs to be even more frequent. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends using a sunscreen that is of an SPF 30 or higher, and protects against both UVA and UVB rays. In order for sunscreen to be effective, it is important to apply it properly. Here are some tips for using sunscreen: - Apply sunscreen 15-30 minutes before going outside so that it has time to fully absorb into your skin. - One ounce is usually enough to cover all surfaces of your body. Typically one ounce is about 2 tablespoons. - Reapply every two hours or after swimming or heavily sweating. - Don’t forget your lips! Use a lip balm with an SPF of 30 or higher to protect your lips from getting burned, too. Soothing a Burn If you do get burned, there are some easy home remedies you can try to help ease the pain. - Aloe vera or a cool compress to cool off the burn and reduce stinging. - Drink water and use lotion to restore moisture back into your skin. - Blend washed potatoes in a food processor or blender and apply the mixture to the burned area. Once it dries, wash it off. The potatoes help to relieve some of the pain accompanied by the burn. - Taking an over-the-counter pain reliever such as aspirin may also help to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. While one sunburn may only cause you a slight inconvenience, repeated exposure to the sun’s UV rays without protection could possibly lead to skin cancer. Because of this, it is important to use sunscreen anytime you will be in contact with the sun and to reapply often. Be sure to use enough to generously cover all exposed areas, and your skin will have a much better chance at surviving the summer. Are you afraid of going to the dentist? Studies show that about 15% of Americans suffer from dental anxiety or phobia. There are many different factors that may contribute to this fear; however, it is important to overcome dental fears, otherwise it may have a negative effect on your health. Keep reading for some tips to help set your mind at ease at the dentist. Fear of the Pain/Drill If the fear of excruciating pain from the drill or other procedure is what’s keeping you from going to the dentist, there are some steps you can take to help make the idea less scary. First, do your research. Familiarize yourself with the procedure so that you know exactly what to expect every step of the way. Learn about the technology used; today’s advanced technology makes many procedures painless. Ask your dentist, too, as his technique may be different from what is normally done. If you are still hesitant, keep your eyes closed and ask your dentist if you can put in your headphones and listen to music while he is working on your mouth. If you can’t see or hear what’s going on, it may help reduce any pain or discomfort you might otherwise experience. Fear of Needles The needle numbs your mouth for the procedure, but what numbs your mouth for the needle? If you’re afraid of that sharp needle piercing your soft gum tissue, talk to your dentist. Depending on the procedure, the dentist may be able to use another means of numbing, such as nitrous oxide. If not, he may be able to use a strong numbing gel to desensitize the area before the needle goes in. It may also help to close your eyes, so that you do not see the needle being put in your mouth. In some cases, people may be avoiding the dentist because they are embarrassed by the condition of their teeth. If you are embarrassed by your teeth, talk to your dentist. It is a dentist’s job to provide you with dental care – regardless of the state of your teeth. Chances are the dentist has seen much worse, and the only way to repair your smile is to see a dentist. Voice any insecurities you have to your dentist. He or she will be able to ease your mind about getting dental care. Effect on Overall Health Severe dental anxiety can have negative effects on your health. Letting fear keep you from seeing the dentist can result in poor dental health, which in turn can affect your overall health. If your teeth and gums become chronically infected, this can affect speech patterns and the ability to chew and digest properly, and even lead to heart disease. Because the effect of avoiding the dentist extends beyond dental health, it is important to overcome any dental fear and go in for regular cleanings. Dental anxiety keeps many people from visiting the dentist, but that can have detrimental effects on oral health. If fear or nervousness is keeping you from seeing the dentist, talk to your dentist about your concerns. He or she should be able to provide you with what you need to make your experience comfortable. 90% of Americans think they have a healthy diet, according to a survey by Consumer Reports. However, many foods and habits that are widely considered to be healthy may actually be causing more harm than good. Are you promoting a healthy lifestyle, or are your habits hurting you more than you know? Keep reading to find out what foods and habits are surprisingly unhealthy. Surprisingly Unhealthy Foods - Dried fruit and nuts: Dried fruit and nuts do have some nutritional value as an excellent source of fiber, vitamin C, and healthy fats and protein. However, the fruit and nut mixtures often have a ton of added salt and sugar. They may even include other items in the mix, such as chocolate chips. All of these things combined turn an otherwise healthy snack into a health hazard. Look for mixes without added sugar or salt, to enjoy the snack without the risk. Or buy plain nuts and dried fruit and make the mix yourself! - Granola: Granola is a great source of potassium, fiber and protein, but it can also be high in fat and calories. In addition, many of the items eaten with or added to granola are unhealthy, such as yogurt, chocolate or sugar. Try pairing granola with low-calorie cereals to add more nutritional value, and portion control is always key. - Bran muffin: While bran itself is very heart healthy and friendly to the digestive system, adding it to a muffin somewhat negates the nutritional value. Muffins contain a lot of sugar and fat. In fact, health expert and author Joan Salge Blake even said that a bran muffin could potentially have more calories than a donut! The best option is to head straight for the bran and skip the muffin altogether; but, if you must have the muffin, there are some recipes available for healthier muffins. - Veggie patties: Veggie burgers certainly have a lot of healthy nutrients in them; however, the pre-made, frozen patties usually contain a lot of added ingredients such as yeast extract, cornstarch and gums which have little nutritional value. Check the label for the ingredients and nutrition information before buying veggie patties to make sure they are a healthy choice. - Reduced fat peanut butter: You would think anything with reduced fat would be a healthier option than the fatty, regular stuff, right? While oftentimes this is the case, the fat in peanut butter is actually healthy. Removing it therefore eliminates a lot of the nutritional value. Stick with regular peanut butter, but watch your portions since peanuts tend to be high in calories. Surprisingly Unhealthy Habits - Using hand sanitizer: While hand sanitizer can be helpful for hand washing on the go, it really isn’t any more effective than soap and water. In addition, some hand sanitizing gels contain the ingredient triclosan, which can actually help promote the growth of bacteria. Look for brands that contain at least 60% alcohol which help kill bacteria more effectively. - Wearing flip flops: Flip flops help keep your feet cool during the summer, but that’s about the only favor the shoes do for your feet. Flip flops have no arch support or structural support for your feet, which can lead to strained muscles. Likewise, wearing no shoes at all can have a similar effect. For your summer footwear, opt for comfortable sandals that will provide plenty of support for your feet. - Drinking bottled water: While drinking it bottled is better than not drinking water at all, only drinking bottled water is not the healthiest option. Bottled water contains no fluoride, as opposed to tap water, which does. A fluoride deficiency can lead to tooth decay, so it is important to try to get fluoride in your water. If you are concerned about what might be in tap water, you can get a purifier such as Brita or PUR. These purifiers eliminate any impurities in the water but keep the fluoride. - Cleaning with disinfecting products: Cleaners that claim to be disinfectant or antibacterial may seem useful in cleaning your home, but inhaling the chemicals in these cleaners can have negative effects on your health. These products contain chemicals called quaternary ammonium compounds, which can lead to asthma if inhaled. In addition, some products also contain a cancer-causing chemical called 2-butoxyethanol. Disinfectant cleaners have not been proven to be any more effective than regular cleaners, so you may want to stick with those if you are concerned about the health risk. - Overbrushing your teeth: Brushing your teeth is definitely a good thing, but brushing them too hard or too often can be damaging to the enamel, making teeth more prone to tooth decay. Dentists recommend brushing for two minutes, 2-3 times a day with a soft bristled brush to avoid potential damage. If needed, you can rinse away any food particles left over from eating with a glass of water in between brushings. Eating well and avoiding harmful habits is essential to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, it is important to be aware of what could potentially have a negative influence on your health. To find out more about what you can do to be healthier, talk to your doctor. Dental hygiene is very important to overall health. However, dental care is most effective when done properly. Many people do not realize that they are taking care of their teeth incorrectly. If you’re worried you might be one of these people, read on to discover some helpful tips on proper dental care. The Proper Way to Brush Brushing teeth is a daily task. However, many people are unaware that there is a right and wrong way to brush their teeth. In fact, according to a survey by Men’s Health News, 90% of people brush their teeth wrong. Here’s the proper way to brush your teeth, starting with choosing the right toothbrush. Certain toothbrushes are better for your oral health than others. Choose a toothbrush that is comfortable for you to use, because the more comfortable it is for you, the more likely you are to brush your teeth. Many sizes and handle varieties are available, but these things are a matter of preference. The bristles, however, should be soft. Hard bristles are abrasive and can damage enamel. In addition, your toothbrush should be stored in an environment that allows it to completely dry in between uses. Toothbrush cases and caps are great for storing your toothbrush during travel, but should not be used immediately after use as they will lock in the moisture, increasing the chance of bacterial growth. Don’t let this fact tempt you to skimp on rinsing your brush after each use, though; leaving the toothbrush un-rinsed can cause bacteria to grow, as well. In addition, you should replace your toothbrush every 3-4 months, as it becomes worn out and is no longer as effective. How to Brush Brushing should be done a minimum of twice daily, at morning and at night. Too much brushing, however, can wear away enamel and irritate gums. To prevent this, professionals discourage brushing more than three times a day. Brushing should take a total of about two minutes, spending about 30 seconds on each quadrant of the mouth. When brushing, the brush should be held at a 45 degree angle, using short strokes in a circular, up and down motion. Many people move their brush horizontally, but this can wear ridges in your enamel that cause teeth to become dull and rough. Don’t forget to get the inner surfaces of your teeth and your tongue, too! The Proper Way to Floss Flossing is often neglected, but is an essential part of your daily oral hygiene routine. Flossing gets in the tight spaces that your toothbrush can’t fit into. In addition, flossing has also been linked to the prevention of diabetes and other diseases. However, flossing is only effective when performed correctly; otherwise, it may cause more harm than good. Choosing the Right Floss There are many different types of floss available. You should use either nylon floss, which is multifilament, or PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) floss with one filament. While the nylon floss is much cheaper, its many filaments make it easy for the floss to tear or shred while in use. PTFE floss is one strand and therefore can easily slide in and out of tight spaces; however, it can be very expensive. Floss is available in either waxed or unwaxed. Both are effective, so the choice is up to you. It is better to use regular floss instead of harps or Waterpiks, however, as it is the most effective. How to Floss To floss, cut off about 18 inches of floss. Wrap the ends around both of your middle fingers until only about 1-2 inches remains. Place in between two teeth and begin flossing in an up and down motion. Curve the floss around the base of each tooth to get any bacteria along the gum line. When you are done, work the floss back down from in between the teeth and go to the next tooth. Be sure to always use a clean section of floss for each tooth, or else you will just be putting bacteria back in your mouth. Flossing should be done once a day, either in the morning or at night. Some say that flossing should be done before brushing, because the bacteria and food particles removed with floss could be blocking the tooth’s exposure to fluoride if brushing is done first. The Proper Way to Use Mouthwash Mouthwash is probably the most overlooked part of oral hygiene with only 31% of adults claiming to use mouthwash. However, while mouthwash is not a necessary part of oral hygiene, it is very beneficial in killing extra bacteria missed from brushing and flossing. It also helps to freshen breath and strengthen teeth. Choosing Your Mouthwash There are many types of mouthwash available: fluoride, antiseptic, cosmetic, and more. There is no one “right” mouthwash, so you should choose the one that best fits your dental needs. However, make sure that whichever mouthwash you choose is non-alcoholic. Alcohol dries out your mouth, which can promote the growth of bacteria because saliva has anti-bacterial properties. Mouthwash that contains alcohol could actually cause more harm than good, so be sure to stay away from alcohol based products. How to Use Mouthwash After you’ve brushed and flossed, measure out 20mL of mouthwash and gargle the liquid for 45-60 seconds. Be careful not to swallow any of the mouthwash. After you are finished gargling, spit the mouthwash out and rinse with water, unless stated otherwise in the directions on the bottle. It is best not to eat or drink anything for 30 minutes after use for maximum effectiveness. If you use a mouthwash, you should use it one to two times a day. It can be used at any time of day, though some say it is most effective in the afternoon so the fluoride can integrate into the tooth structure. While brushing your incorrectly is definitely better than skipping brushing all together, it is not as effective and could potentially damage your teeth. For the best results, use the proper methods listed for brushing, flossing and using mouthwash. Talk to your dentist for more information on proper dental care. March 20th marked the first day of spring this year, and for many people that means warmer weather, green grass and blooming flowers. For some, however, the beginning of spring is not as cheerful an event. To these people, spring only has one meaning – allergies. Roughly 20% of the American population suffers from some sort of allergy. Because spring is the time of year when everything begins to bloom and grow, it is also the time of year when airborne allergies like pollen become most prevalent. Keep reading to find out more about seasonal allergies and what you can do to avoid them. Cause of Allergies Have you ever wondered how allergies develop, or why you react to a particular allergen? The exact cause of allergies is unknown, but there are many factors that are thought to play a part in the development of allergies. - Genetics. Certain allergies can be hereditary. If one or both of your parents are allergic to something, there’s a good chance you will develop that allergy as well. However, you may not always develop the same allergy as your parents. While allergies are typically genetic, the substance you are allergic to may vary from generation to generation. - Age. Chances of allergy development can increase after repeated exposure to a particular substance that the body does not recognize. Therefore, experts believe that the likelihood of developing allergies increases later in life due to continuous exposure to an allergen. - Immune Response. Scientists also believe that how your immune system responds to certain intruders plays a part in the development of allergies. If the immune system identifies a substance that has entered the body as a dangerous intruder, it will fight to eliminate the substance and develop a sensitivity to it. - Your Environment. Where you live (or are) can also have an effect on allergic reactions. If a certain allergen has a high prevalence in a particular area, it is unlikely that people who live in that area will react to that substance. Because they are exposed to it often, the immune system recognizes it as a normal substance. However, if someone from a different area is exposed to that allergen, they may develop the allergy because their immune system does not recognize it. Allergies can be treated with prescription or over-the-counter medication. Any of the following types of medicine are commonly taken for allergies: - Nasal steroids - Expectorants such as guaifenesin In addition, some non-medical treatments may be done to help relieve allergies. Some types of acupuncture have been known to treat allergies, as well as some over-the-counter saline sprays. You may also consider getting an air filter for your house to make sure the air that is coming in is pure. It is also a good idea to avoid going outside or to places where your allergies may be triggered. If you’re prone to allergies, you may want to take extra caution during the spring months to avoid coming into contact with allergens. Try one of these helpful tips for allergy-proofing your home. - Close your windows and doors. In both your car and at home, open windows/doors invite airborne allergens in. Keep them closed to keep out potential allergy-causing substances. - Don’t use fans. Not only do fans help spread allergens throughout a room, they are also a common breeding ground for some common allergens, such as dust mites. Avoid fan usage during allergy season as it may worsen allergies. - Dry clothes inside. Drying clothes on a clothes line outside may attract substances to stick to clothing, causing allergies. Keep clothes allergen-free by drying them inside. - Wear a hat/sunglasses. If you can’t avoid going outside for the duration of allergy season, try putting on a hat or sunglasses. This will help keep allergens out of your eyes and face to avoid irritation. If you think you may have allergies, contact your doctor. There are tests that can be taken to find out what specifically you are allergic to, and a doctor can prescribe medication as needed. While most allergies do not have a permanent cure, they are highly treatable with the proper medication and care.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32735000
This article was originally distributed via PRWeb. PRWeb, WorldNow and this Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. SOURCE: Bohlsen Group Freeda J. Simmons-McMillan's work continues following her passing. Nashville, TN (PRWEB) December 13, 2012 Throughout our nation’s history, differences in race and culture have been, and continue to be, a major factor in conflicts and hate crimes. With ‘Black & White in a Multi-Colored America’, Freeda J. Simmons-McMillan set out to break down the barriers created by cultural and racial differences. With the belief that lack of acceptance stems from a lack of familiarity, Simmons-McMillan created the works in the book to educate the readers about the similarities and differences between people of different cultures, emphasizing that people are all equal, no matter the background. Simmons-McMillan, who was a nurse for more than twenty years, died suddenly in 2010. Following her death, her daughter, Galileo Simmons, compiled her mother’s work into ‘Black & White in a Multi-Colored America’. “Prior to my mother’s death, she was writing and creating art, hoping that one day it would be published,” says Simmons. “Many years before her death, she asked that if anything happened to her, I would continue her work and get the book published.” Simmons, who is also a nurse, says that her mother pulled from her own life experiences and beliefs to write the book. “She was inspired to write the book based on her own interactions with the many different people she treated during her long career as a nurse,” says Simmons. “Through reading my mother’s experiences and insights, my hope is that readers will look into themselves and change their way of thinking about people with different racial or cultural backgrounds.” According to Simmons, the book is built on her mother’s belief that individual parts are never greater than the sum and all people are woven together to create a bigger, beautiful picture. ‘Black & White in a Multi-Colored America’ By Freeda J. Simmons-McMillan Available at http://www.amazon.com About the authors A nurse for more than twenty years, Freeda J. Simmons-McMillan met and interacted with people from many different backgrounds and races. As a nurse, she worked in many different capacities, including surgery, intensive care and emergency. Sadly, she passed on in early 2010. Following her death, her daughter Galileo Simmons compiled and published Freeda’s works. ‘Black & White in a Multi-Colored America’ is the product of those works. For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/prweb2012/12/prweb10228137.htm	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32740000
The BBC and Master Computer Public Domain Library BASIC IV ROM Routines Page Last Altered: 8FAE Execute next command line / program statement Submitted by Steve Fewell This routine has many entry points (depending on how the last statement finished and what needs to be done to tidy up before the next statement can be executed. The entry points are listed between square brackets (). Therefore, this routine may not necessarily be executed in the order described. [&8FAE] Skip the rest of the line. This routine is called when a DATA keyword is found (as DATA statements are skipped when reached and not executed (as the READ command controls how they are handled). It is also called when the DEF keyword is found (as function and procedure definitions are not directly executed until they are called by an FN or PROC keyword). This routine is also called when a REM keyword is found, to skip the rest of the line - as it is a comment line. Additionally, this routine is also executed when a '' command is found (the '' command is first passed to the Operating System OSCLI routine and then this routine skips the line - so that BASIC doesn't try to execute the '' command. The rest of the line is skipped as follows: Set A to #&0D (the end of line character - '<cr>'). * Set Y to the BASIC Text Pointer A offset (&0A) - 1. * Keep incrementing Y and checking the character at BASIC Text pointer A (&0B-&0C) plus Y (offset) with the character in A (the '<cr>' character) until the characters match. * Call routine &9BBC to update the BASIC Text Pointer A address (to include the Y offset value) and to reset the offset (&0A) to 1. (basically, this adds Y to the Text Pointer A address (&0B-&0C)). [&8FBD] This routine checks whether the last character read (in A) is '<cr>', if it isn't then jump to &8FAE to skip the rest of the line. Now, we are at the end of the line (i.e. we have reached the '<cr>' character). [&8FC1] If the BASIC Text pointer MSB address is #&07 then there are no more program lines to execute (as we were executing a statement from the command line - and not from within a program), so jump to &8F86 to prompt for the next command line input. Set Y to #&01. Load the next character (offset Y) from the BASIC text pointer A location. If the character is negative (i.e. #&FF) then we have reached the end of the program, so jump to &8F86 to prompt for the next command line input. [&8FDB] Set the BASIC Text pointer A offset (location &0A) to #&04 (i.e. the first character of the program If the TRACE flag (location &20) is on (i.e. it's value is not zero), then: - * Set IWA to the Line number (MSB byte (&2B) = the first byte at BASIC Text pointer A (offset 1) and the LSB byte (&2A) - = the second byte at BASIC text pointer A location (offset 2)). - * Call routine &9C4B to display the TRACE line number (in the IWA) on the screen. line - after the line number and line length). Jump to &900D to execute the statement at the BASIC Text pointer A location. [&8FEB] Check for special start statement characters '', '=', 'EXT keyword' and '[' Set Y to the BASIC Text pointer A offset (location &0A) minus 1. Load the character at the BASIC text pointer A location (plus offset - Y) (this should be the first character of the If the character is '' then jump to &8FA4 to execute the ''-command. If the character is '[' then set the OPT flag (location &28) to 3 (default setting) and jump to &8920 to begin If the character is '=' then jump to &9060 to deal with returning from a function and setting the return variable's If the character is 'EXT keyword' then jump to &BE93 to execute the 'EXT =' statement. Note: In BASIC 2, it was not possible to assign a file length (EXT) value, only to read the EXT value; therefore, only 1 BASIC token exists for the 'EXT' keyword (unlike PTR, PAGE, LOMEM and HIMEM which have 2 keyword tokens, one for the setting of the value (where the keyword occurs before the '='), and one for the reading of the value (where the keyword occurs after the '=')). When BASIC version 4 was written, there was not enough spare BASIC Keyword token values to have two 'EXT' keywords (one for 'EXT =' and the other for '= EXT'), so this workaround directly tests for the 'EXT' keyword appearing at the start of a statement (along with the other special start statement characters '', '[' and '=') in order to distinguish between the reading of the EXT value and the writing of the EXT value. The EXT address in the keyword execution address table points to the EXT read (=EXT) routine - this is used when the EXT keyword is not at the start of the BASIC program statement. [&9000-&9048] Execute the BASIC statement [&9000] Decrement the BASIC Text pointer A offset (location &0A). [&9002] Call routine &9BA6 to check for the end of statement ('Syntax error' if ':', '<cr>' or 'ELSE' not found). [&9005] Load the character pointed to by BASIC Text Pointer A. If the character is not ':' then jump back to &8FBD to skip the rest of the program line and then proceed to execute the statement on the next line. [&900B] Set Y to the BASIC Text Pointer A offset (location &0A). [&900D] Keep incrementing the BASIC Text Pointer A offset (location &0A) until we have found a non-space character. This skips any spaces at the beginning of the BASIC Statement. If the first non-space character is more than or equal to #&CF (PTR=, PAGE=,...,OSCLI), [i.e. it is not a Command Line-only statement (e.g. OLD, NEW, RENUMBER, EDIT) or a middle of statement keyword (e.g. MID$, ELSE, AND, LEN), but a valid keyword that can occur at the start of a program Statement], then: [&9019] Jump to the keyword's execution address, as follows: Multiply the character's ASCII Code by 2 & add the result to the base address &874D to form a pointer to the execution address (LSB first, MSB next) of the required BASIC keyword. This resulting address is jumped to. Example 1: Character = &CF [PTR= token] = 11001111 multiply by 2 = 10011110 (which is &9E in hex). So, &874D + &9E = &87EB (The LSB of the execution address for the PTR= keyword (&87EC is the MSB of the address)). Example 2: Character = &FF [OSCLI token] = 11111111 multiply by 2 = 11111110 (which is &FE in hex). So, &874D + &FE = &884B (The LSB of the execution address for the OSCLI keyword (&884C is the MSB of the address)). BASIC Keywords between 128 and 141 are not considered. as these Keywords are used in the middle of statements (and are not functions), so the statements/expression handler will deal with these values. These keywords are as follows: AND, DIV, EOR, MOD, OR, ERROR, LINE, OFF, STEP, SPC, TAB(, ELSE and THEN. [&901E] Execute the BASIC Command line statement (which can include keywords OLD, NEW, AUTO, EDIT, etc...) If the first/next non-space character on the command line is more than or equal to #&C6 ('AUTO') then jump back to &9019 to jump to the execution address for the BASIC keyword. This includes all BASIC statement start keywords (but not middle of statement keywords like MID$, LEN, =PTR, AND, etc...). Otherwise (the character is less than #&C6) continue to &9025 to check for a variable name. [&9025] Check for variable name If the character is less than #&CF then check whether it is a variable name as follows: * Set BASIC Text pointer B location to the BASIC Text Pointer A location. (&19=&0B, &1A=&0C, &1B=Y) * Call routine &9909 to evaluate a variable name at the BASIC text pointer B location. * If routine &9909 returns with a value other than zero then jump to the LET keyword routine (address &904F). to assign a value to the variable, as the variable was found and the address of the variable's value was found * Otherwise, (routine &9909 returned zero) the variable is either invalid or hasn't been created yet, so: - * Check the carry flag status (as returned by routine &9909). If carry is set then jump to &8FEB to - check whether the BASIC statement begins with a special character ('', '[', '=' or 'EXT keyword', - and issue 'Syntax error' [via check end of statement routine &9BA6] if none of these special - characters match the character at the start of the statement). - Store the BASIC text pointer B offset (in X) back to location &1B. - * Call routine &9B86 to check whether the next non-space character after the variable name is an '=' character. - If it isn't then issue the 'Mistake' error, as the variable assignment is not correct and a variable - cannot appear at the start of a statement unless it is being assigned a value. - * Otherwise, '=' was found sucessfully. - * Call routine &9854 to add the new variable name to the variable pointer table. - * If the variable type is a float (location &2C contains #&05) then set X to #&06; otherwise, set X to - #&05. This specifies the amount of space to allocate for the variable's value. - * Call routine &9883 to allocate space for the variable (and initialise it's value to zero/null). - * Decrement the BASIC text pointer A offset (so that BASIC Text pointer A points to the first character of the - variable name) and continue to the LET keyword routine to evaluate the variable name (again!) and - assign the value specified after the '=' to the variable. Disassembly for the Execute next command line / program statement routine \|\|BNE -5 --> &8FB3 \|\|032 188 155 \|\|20 BC 9B \|\|JSR &9BBC Update BASIC Text pointer A (Add offset value & then reset offset to 1) \|\|BRA 4 --> &8FC1 Process the next program line \|\|BNE -19 --> &8FAE Skip the rest of the line and process the next program line \|\|BEQ -65 --> &8F86 Read & execute command line input \|\|BMI -71 --> &8F86 Read & execute command line input \|\|BEQ 10 --> &8FDB \|\|032 075 156 \|\|20 4B 9C \|\|JSR &9C4B Display current line number (IWA) on screen [if TRACE is on] \|\|BRA 44 --> &900D \|\|076 032 137 \|\|4C 20 89 \|\|JMP &8920 '[' Begin Assembly \|\|076 147 190 \|\|4C 93 BE \|\|JMP &BE93 EXT = \|\|BEQ -80 --> &8FA4 '*'-Command \|\|BEQ -23 --> &8FE1 \|\|BEQ -20 --> &8FE8 \|\|BEQ 96 --> &9060 '=' Return from Function Call (FN) \|\|032 166 155 \|\|20 A6 9B \|\|JSR &9BA6 Check end of Statement \|\|BNE -78 --> &8FBD Skip the rest of the line (until '<cr>' found) & process the next program line \|\|BEQ -10 --> &900B \|\|BCC 12 --> &9025 \|\|124 077 135 \|\|7C 4D 87 \|\|032 224 142 \|\|20 E0 8E \|\|JSR &8EE0 Get next non-space character pointed to by Ptr A \|\|BCS -12 --> &9019 \|\|032 009 153 \|\|20 09 99 \|\|JSR &9909 Evaluate variable/array name & return the address of the value \|\|BNE 27 --> &904F Create variable (LET) \|\|BCS -75 --> &8FEB \|\|032 134 155 \|\|20 86 9B \|\|JSR &9B86 Check for '=' \|\|032 084 152 \|\|20 54 98 \|\|JSR &9854 Create new variable name in variable pointer table \|\|BNE 1 --> &9045 \|\|032 131 152 \|\|20 83 98 \|\|JSR &9883 Allocate space for variable Disassembly for 9B86 Check for '=' routine \|\|032 213 142 \|\|20 D5 8E \|\|JSR &8ED5 Get next non-space character (PTR B) \|\|BNE -45 --> Mistake error	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32741000
Abandoned Communities ..... Porth y Nant It was Richard Muir’s book The Lost Villages of Britain that got me hooked on the topic of abandoned communities. Near the end of the book Richard gave a short list of some of his favourite deserted villages. He then said that there is one village, Porth y Nant, that has all the ideal qualities combined to produce perfection. He regarded it as a place “glorious in its beauty”, and he was impressed by the fact that it was about to be restored and turned into a centre for the promotion and teaching of the Welsh language. Porth y Nant lay in a small valley, Nant Gwrtheyrn, that runs down the lower slopes of Yr Eifl mountain towards the sea. The location of Porth y Nant can be found on Google Maps by entering “Nant Gwrtheyrn”. In the aerial view you can make out the original track running through the modern conifer forest as well as the present road. What the aerial view does not convey is the extreme steepness of the original track, in places one in three. In the middle of the nineteenth century there were three farms in Nant Gwrtheyrn. A granite quarry called Porth y Nant was opened in 1861. It was opened by a Liverpool company called Kneeshaw and Lupton. The main output was rectangular granite setts, carved into shape at the quarry. At that time there was great demand for setts for use in paving the roads of the towns and cities of Lancashire. A jetty was built so that steam ships could carry the setts by sea to Liverpool, Manchester, or Birkenhead. Soon after the opening of the quarry a terrace of small houses was built to provide accommodation for the workers. Later, in 1878, as workers were joined by wives, partners, and children, two more terraces of houses were built at right angles to each other further up the valley. One was known as Sea View as it faced west towards the beach, the other Mountain View as it looked towards the mountain and the quarry. Other buildings erected at about the same time were the Plas, a large house for the quarry manager west of Mountain View, and a chapel of the Calvinistic Methodist denomination. People living at Porth y Nant were familiar with several stories and legends associated with the earlier history of Nant Gwrtheyrn. In particular they would have heard about: • Vortigern, a fifth century British ruler whose attempts to negotiate with the invading Saxons went badly wrong. According to the local legend he was forced to flee and eventually found refuge in the valley that was given his name, Gwrtheyrn being the Welsh form of Vortigern. For everything you will ever want to know about Vortigern go to the Vortigern Studies website. • Rhys and Meinir, two cousins who fell in love and arranged to be married at the church in Clynnog Fawr (a place well worth a visit, by the way). Meinir failed to turn up for the wedding. In a distressed state Rhys spent months searching for Meinir, until a lightning strike opened a hollow tree and inside it he saw the skeleton of Meinir, still clad in its wedding dress. • Ellis Bach, so called because of his very short stature, who as well as being a very good poet was renowned for his ability to climb over rough mountain slopes. He could be relied upon to round up sheep and goats ready for market day, but on the day itself was never to be seen. Two houses in Mountain View The former Seilo chapel, with part of Sea View terrace to the left A section of the old track, known as the Corkscrew or Screw	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32752000
Early galaxies full of cosmic dust Space dust Astronomers have found dusty giant galaxies were already in existence 13 billion years ago, far earlier than previously thought. The discovery reported in the Astrophysical Journal, means planets, which are made from coalescing dust particles, may also have already formed that far back in time. The study's lead author Assistant Professor Steven Finkelstein from the University of Texas, says the discovery came as a complete surprise. "I don't think we really expected that," says Finkelstein. "We thought that 13 billion years ago would have been so early in the universe, that dust really didn't have a chance to form." "But we now know that's simply not the case, at least in the most massive galaxies." Using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, Finkelstein and colleagues found that on average, galaxies appear less dusty the further back in time they look. "If you go far enough back, dust doesn't exist in galaxies," says Finkelstein. "That's what you would expect, because only hydrogen and helium were made in the big bang, and dust is made up of heavier elements like carbon, silicon and magnesium produced by the first generations of stars." Finkelstein hypothesises why dust is only found in these early massive galaxies. "Galaxies have large outflows of gas and dust from their interstellar medium, and it's a lot easier for that outflow to occur in low mass galaxies, where there's less gravity," says Finkelstein. "Dust may be forming in all early epoch galaxies, but it's only sticking around in big galaxies because they have enough mass to hang on to their dust." The findings are based on data from CANDELS, the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey, a huge two-month study carried out by the Hubble Space Telescope. Finkelstein and colleagues examined the colour of galaxies in the Hubble images to see how red they look. "Dust makes things appear red, so the redder a galaxy looks, the more dust it has," says Finkelstein. "As well as being important for planet formation, the dust also blocks out some of the light, making it more difficult to determine how luminous a galaxy is, and consequently how much star formation is taking place in it." Finkelstein and colleagues have more work to do, including taking spectroscopy of these galaxies to work out what they're made of. "We can do some of that now with today's ten-metre telescopes," says Finkelstein. "But we're really waiting for the next generation of big telescopes, such as the 25-metre Giant Magellan Telescope, and the space-based James Webb Telescope which will let us look even farther back in space-time to see what's there."	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32753000
Science subject and location tags Articles, documents and multimedia from ABC Science Monday, 11 March 2013 The ability of ecosystems to adapt to climate change has been put under the microscope and the news is good for tuna and tropical rainforests. Wednesday, 6 June 2012 Consumers in developed countries are adding significantly to threats to biodiversity in developing countries via international trade. Thursday, 12 January 2012 With voices hardly louder than an insect's buzz, the tiniest frogs ever discovered are smaller than a coin. Friday, 2 December 2011 A huge treasure trove of artefacts including thousands of fragments of pottery provides the first evidence that the sea-faring Lapita people settled in mainland Papua New Guinea. Wednesday, 29 July 2009 The high rate of extinction in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands is set to get worse unless urgent action is taken to protect biodiversity in the area, warn scientists. Wednesday, 17 December 2008 When it comes to stick insects it seems you really can't judge a tree lobster by its cover, a new study finds. Tuesday, 2 December 2008 Australia's best defence against an outbreak of avian influenza is an invisible line passing through the Indonesian archipelago between Bali and Lombok that birds are reluctant to cross, a team of zoologists says. Monday, 10 November 2008 A rock commonly found in southeast corner of the Arabian Peninsula could be used to soak up the main greenhouse gas carbon dioxide at a rate that could help slow global warming, scientists say. Friday, 5 September 2008 More attention should be given to a potential environmental disaster in Papua New Guinea downstream from one of the world's largest copper mines, say some scientists. Wednesday, 27 August 2008 The animated clownfish Nemo may have found his way home a lot sooner if he had trusted his nose, according to researchers. Thursday, 7 August 2008 New Australian research has resolved an ongoing debate regarding the timing of a major tectonic plate collision in the South Pacific region, the effects of which we're still experiencing. Monday, 7 July 2008 Indigenous Australian body art, such as tattoos and intentional scarring may help to unravel mysteries about where certain groups traveled in the past, what their values and rituals were, and how they related to other cultures, according to an Australian researcher. Wednesday, 30 April 2008 Some of Australia's most important watery war graves could be located for about one-tenth of the cost of finding HMAS Sydney, the nation's most high-profile naval shipwreck, a researcher says. Friday, 7 March 2008 Sea levels are set to fall over millions of years, making the current rise blamed on climate change a brief interruption of an ancient geological trend, scientists say. Tuesday, 8 May 2007 Aboriginal Australians are descended from the same modern human ancestors who left Africa to populate other parts of the world, says a new genetic study.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32754000
Math Magician for iOS Are you up to the challenge? Now available on iTunes Interactive Flipchart activity to practice the days of the week. Use the pen to fill in today's date. Drag and drop the days of the week to complete each sentence. Print out the flowers. Give each student one flower and have them draw a picture or write something related to the word on the flower. Make stems and leaves and create a bulletin board.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32756000
Ask a question about 'Grièges' Start a new discussion about 'Grièges' Answer questions from other users is a commune The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to incorporated municipalities or villages in the United States or Gemeinden in Germany... in the Ain Ain is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation... department in eastern France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... The Veyle is a long river in the Ain département, eastern France. Its source is in Chalamont. It flows generally northwest. It is a left tributary of the Saône into which it flows between Grièges and Crottet, near Mâcon.-Communes along its course:... forms most of the commune's northern border, then flows into the Saône The Saône is a river of eastern France. It is a right tributary of the River Rhône. Rising at Vioménil in the Vosges department, it joins the Rhône in Lyon.... , which forms the commune's western border.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32761000
Washington Petitions for Land Law separate from Oregon The following data is extracted from Bancroft Works, Volume 31, History Of Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889, Hubert H. Bancroft, 1890. The History Company, Publishers, San Francisco.. The most important matter to which the attention of the national legislature was called was a change in the land law, to effect which congress was memorialized to grant them a surveyor-general of their own, and a land system "separate from, and wholly disconnected with, that of Oregon territory." 1. To be relieved from the prohibition preventing the holders of donation certificates from selling any portion of their claims before they received a patent; their certificates to be prima facie evidence of title. Suggestions were given as to the manner of establishing a claim by witnesses before the surveyor-general. 2. That persons entitled to a donation should be permitted to take irregular fractions of land. 3. That town proprietors should be authorized to convey lots by valid deeds, the same as if a patent had been issued. 4. That when either parent of a child or children should have died upon the road to Washington, the survivor should be entitled to as much land as both together would have been entitled to; provided the land taken in the name of the deceased should be held in trust for the children. Or when either parent should have started for or arrived in the territory, and the other, though not yet started, should die, having a child or children, the surviving parent should be entitled, by complying with the provisions of the law, to the full amount that both parents and such child or children would have been entitled to had they all arrived in the territory. Or that when both parents should die after having begun their journey to Washington, or before locating a claim, having a child or children, such child or children should, by guardian, be entitled to locate as much land as both parents would have taken under the law had they lived. 5. That widows immigrating to and settling in the territory should be allowed to take the same amount of land as unmarried men, by compliance with the law. 6. That all persons who should have located claims under the provisions of the donation law prior to the 1st of Jan., 1852, should be entitled to their patents as soon as the land should have been surveyed, and they have obtained a certificate from the surveyor-general. And that all persons NI ho should have located claims subsequent to the 1st day of Jan., 1832, should be entitled to patents by residing thereon for the term of two years, or by having made improvements to the amount of four hundred dollars; provided, that the removal of timber from the public lands without intention to reside thereon should be regarded as trespass; the improvements to be estimated by the increased value of the lands by clearing, cultivating, fencing, and building. 7. That all American citizens, or those who had declared their intention to become such, including American half-breeds, on arriving at the age of twenty-one, should be entitled to the benefit of the donation act. 8. That the provisions of the law be extended to an indefinite period. 9. That each single person should be entitled to receive 160 acres, and a man and wife double that amount; provided, that the estate of the wife should be sole and separate, and not alienable for the debts or liabilities of the husband. 10. That all persons who had failed or neglected to take claims within the time prescribed by law should be permitted to take claims as if they had but just arrived in the country. Wash. Jour. Council, 1834, 179-81. Source: Bancroft Works, Volume 31, History Of Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889, Hubert H. Bancroft, 1890. The History Company, Publishers, San Francisco.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32763000
A pharmacy technician is one of the most basic careers in the medical industry. Entering the medical profession does not necessarily mean training to become a doctor or a nurse. Other careers may involve the medicine needed to make people overcome illness or live more normal lives. Here is a closer look at what this professional does, the salary that is involved, what training is required, and the job outlook. This position holds the responsibility of helping licensed pharmacists with clerical duties involved with running a pharmacy. This person will make sure that the business runs smoothly. They may collect money, answer the phone, or stock shelves. They may also get involved with deeper administrative duties like maintaining accurate records of patients and handling insurance issues. They must be very careful to steer clear of dangers and make safety a number one priority. The size of the pharmacy will affect the job duties of this profession. People who work in clinics or large pharmacies will usually physically measure medicine and deal directly with customers. At smaller pharmacies, these people may simply run the cash register or answer the telephone. At times, they may also fill prescriptions. Accuracy is vital in all counting, weighing, measuring, and mixing of medication. Many techs will work behind a pharmacy counter and stand on their feet most of the day. Some of these individuals will find employment in drugstore chains, supermarkets, or hospitals. If working in the public eye, they should have a friendly disposition and be able to deal with customers who may be sick or in pain. A pharmacist tech holds the necessary skills to run a pharmacy without the total educational qualifications to be an active pharmacist. They not only work alongside a pharmacist filling prescriptions, they also handle administrative duties and move supplies after delivery. They usually hold odd work hours unlike the standard 9-5 job, especially if they are employed by a pharmacy that is open 24 hours. Many will be required to work nights and weekends. All of these features along with experience will be the framework for determining a pharmacy tech’s salary. Technicians without formal qualifications will receive lower pay than those with more education. Salary will also be higher with people who have a large amount of work experience. Average Salary Ranges According to Pharmacytechnicianhq.info, the average salary of a new technician will be around $25,000 a year. The normal range will be from $20,000 to $40,000 per year. A technician may earn a higher salary when working for a hospital instead of a drugstore. When working for the government or while doing scientific research, a person may earn upwards of $50,000 a year. Alaska, California, Hawaii, and Washington are the highest paying states for this field, paying $35,000 as median income. The job commonly includes good health and retirement benefits and paid sick leave. People who want to increase their salary should seriously consider more education. Training And Schools When a person discovers that they want to become work in this career feild, they must first graduate from high school. Other requirements will differ from state to state. Some places make a student pass a test or finish a formal program of training. Some technicians learn their craft by training on the job. Other people will attend vocational schools or a community college. These classes usually last one year and deal with many different subjects like ways to dispense medicine, keeping records, math used in pharmacies, law, and ethics. They also learn names, uses, actions, and proper medical dosing. One benefit to attending school for this field is obtaining an internship with a hospital or other local pharmacy. This is very valuable experience. The cost for training will vary. Most schools charge by the credit and an average program includes 36 credits. Financial aid is often available to individuals who cannot afford the cost up front. For people who unable to commit to a real school environment, there are also online programs available. Online classes give a person much more freedom with time constraints. A person can work at a personal pace, going fast through easy subjects and spending more time on harder areas. One drawback of this route of education is that no internships are given. On a positive note, a quality online school will have instructors within reach through telephone or email to deal with any questions a student may have. A usual course load through online education is split into sections or modules. A test is normally given at the end of each section. Costs will also vary with these programs, but all of the online learning programs in this field are less expensive than traditional schools. There are other options to receive training for this profession. First, a person can partake in an internship program. This gives hand on training as a student studies next to an experienced professional. Many national retail chains like CVS and Walgreens offer these types of programs. Not every program is similar. For example, Walgreens’ program is accredited by the American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP). This is a paid program that offers national certification and full preparation for a job in this field. It provides experience in a high tech atmosphere and is a good way to expand career options through the company as they offer many positions throughout the organization. Certain local pharmacies may also offer internship programs. Working on the job will also provide a great learning opportunity. With each passing day at work, a person can expand their knowledge and skills. However, many pharmacies prefer to hire employees with previous training or education. To advance past the job of a general tech, many people choose to continue their education and become a certified pharmacy technician. Not every state requires a person to become certified to practice as a pharmacy assistant. However, if a person is to achieve certification after completing the appropriate courses, a person will need to pass the National Pharmacy Technician Certification (PTCB) exam. Becoming certified will greatly enhance future employment prospects. It will be necessary to acquire recertification every two years thereafter and a person must pursue 20 hours of education within that 2 year time period. People with this certification will be delegated work from a licensed pharmacist according to rules and regulations of individual states. These people will take written prescriptions, prescriptions sent by email, as well as phone orders. A certified technician can read and fill all of these medications. Even though they have a good knowledge about different medicines, any clerical questions must be addressed by a licensed pharmacist. One of the best online schools to obtain certification is the Ultimate Medical Academy. As the pharmaceutical industry expands, this school continues to keep up to date with the latest technology and prepare students to achieve a long and prosperous job. This is a flexible course of study geared to help a student pass all necessary national and statewide exams. Penn Foster Career School is another online school that provides all of the necessary practical training in this field and includes all textbooks and learning aids at an affordable price. There are different kinds of degrees and certifications. A certificate in pharmacy technology gives students the skills needed to fill and mix IVs, handle pharmacy inventory, take orders, and help pharmacists throughout regular daily activities. A pharmacy tech program may or may not offer students the chance to sit for the examination which can earn a student a diploma. However, they train people to communicate using medical terminology, fill prescriptions, and give a better understanding behind how certain medicines affect the body. These will train people to begin an entry level position in a pharmacy. An Associate Degree in Applied Science is a real college degree that requires completion of both pharmaceutical technology classes like chemistry and biology, along with general education classes. Students will be a trained to mix IV solutions, fill prescriptions, take orders, manage inventory, and comprehend how medicine treats illness. It is an excellent start for people who want to advance their future career in this industry. Jobs And Employment Opportunities The job growth rate for pharmacy techs are on the rise and are expected to grow faster than average in the coming years. There are many reasons for this including the fact that people are living longer and need medicine as they reach old age. Also, pharmacists are starting to take an active role in patient care. This means that a technician must fill in for the basic duties that pharmacists no longer have the time to finish. The development of new medical treatments are also placing higher demands for technicians. As previously stated, a person can work as a technician in a hospital, clinic, local chain or pharmacy inside of a department store, or supermarket. Working in a retail environment will keep a technician active. They must be keep customers constantly satisfied. Jobs in this area offer some of the best chances for advancement. The best reasons to work here is that these jobs usually provide regular working hours, insurance, and retirement planning. Mail order pharmacies are also a place to seek employment. As the internet is controlling more and more aspects of life, people are used to transactions that do not involve direct interaction. Mail order requires less operating costs and gives the ability to serve a broader customer base. This gives employees better pay, benefits, and overall flexibility. Working int he mail order field is good for independent workers. These people are responsible for receiving orders, reading prescriptions, counting medication, and labeling finished bottles. For people who enjoy personal care and being part of a team, getting a job in a hospital or nursing home may be a smart option. Technician jobs involve patient care by filling prescriptions, delivering them, and recording dosages on patient logs. It is not necessary to become certified to find employment in this area, yet it may open up new opportunities with higher pay. A person can take courses in a classroom or online to obtain certification. The future job outlook is very promising in this field. If a person is detail oriented, likes dealing with people, and is fascinated with the medical industry, the job of a pharmacy technician may be the ideal profession.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32774000
http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art26019.asp -- in canda our national bird is the common loon- in british columbia our provincial bird is the stellers jay- whatis your,s : : WHATS YOUR PROVINCIAL OR STATE OR COUNTRY BIRD The native bird of New Zealand is the kiwi...unfortunately like the majority of our native birds, it is endangered. Thanks for posting the link Cerinthe. Very interesting indeed! Very well said, lynty2.........coming from another Pisces!!!!! Canada's national bird is the Common Loon,Gavia Immer. It is a beautiful bird with a lovely haunting call, heard often at dawn and dusk but not restricted to those times of day. I have heard them call deep into the night and during daylight hours as well. The Commom Loon also happens to be the Provincial bird of Ontario. The above URL has a bit of information on the Common Loon. The call of the Common Loon has the same haunting qualities, for me, as the Fish Eagle of South Africa. Both calls make me think of the wide open spaces, the sky, the land and water. Could it be that I identify because I am a Pisces baby ? ))) The national bird of Australia is the emu and of New South Wales the laughing kookaburra. In the USA , like Tanya above mentioned, it is the Bald Eagle. Here in Florida the state bird is the mosquito - lol- really it is Yes, the robins defend their territories without mercy and the male will often kill an intruder (or be killed by them) but they are very 'friendly' towards humans, if we choose to be anthropormorphic about them! And South Africa's national bird is the Blue Crane I live in Virginia, and our state bird is the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) And as Tanya already stated, our National bird is the Bald Eagle. I've enjoyed reading your posts and looking up the links to see your birds.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32781000
Freezing Parkinson's in its Tracks Wednesday, May 2, 2012 TAU researcher developing therapy to halt symptoms in Parkinson's patients Parkinson's disease, a disorder which affects movement and cognition, affects over a million Americans, including actor Michael J. Fox, who first brought it to the attention of many TV-watching Americans. It's characterized by a gradual loss of neurons that produce dopamine. Mutations in the gene known as DJ-1 lead to accelerated loss of dopaminergic neurons and result in the onset of Parkinson's symptoms at a young age. The ability to modify the activity of DJ-1 could change the progress of the disease, says Dr. Nirit Lev, a researcher at Tel Aviv University's Sackler Faculty of Medicine and a movement disorders specialist at Rabin Medical Center. Working in collaboration with Profs. Dani Offen and Eldad Melamed, Dr. Lev has now developed a peptide which mimics DJ-1's normal function, thereby protecting dopamine- producing neurons. What's more, the peptide can be easily delivered by daily injections or absorbed into the skin through an adhesive patch. Based on a short protein derived from DJ-1 itself, the peptide has been shown to freeze neurodegeneration in its tracks, reducing problems with mobility and leading to greater protection of neurons and higher dopamine levels in the brain. Dr. Lev says that this method, which has been published in a number of journals including the Journal of Neural Transmission, could be developed as a preventative therapy. Guarding dopamine levels As we age, we naturally lose dopamine-producing neurons. Parkinson's patients experience a rapid loss of these neurons from the onset of the disease, leading to much more drastic deficiencies in dopamine than the average person. Preserving dopamine-producing neurons can mean the difference between living life as a Parkinson's patient or aging normally, says Dr. Lev. The researchers set out to develop a therapy based on the protective effects of DJ-1, using a short peptide based on the healthy version of DJ-1 itself as a vehicle. "We attached the DJ-1-related peptide to another peptide that would allow it to enter the cells, and be carried to the brain," explains Dr. Lev. In pre-clinical trials, the treatment was tested on mice utilizing well-established toxic and genetic models for Parkinson's disease. From both a behavioral and biochemical standpoint, the mice that received the peptide treatment showed remarkable improvement. Symptoms such as mobility dysfunctions were reduced significantly, and researchers noted the preservation of dopamine-producing neurons and higher dopamine levels in the brain. Preliminary tests indicate that the peptide is a viable treatment option. Though many peptides have a short life span and degrade quickly, this peptide does not. Additionally, it provides a safe treatment option because peptides are organic to the body itself. Filling an urgent need According to Dr. Lev, this peptide could fill a gap in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. "Current treatments are lacking because they can only address symptoms — there is nothing that can change or halt the disease," she says. "Until now, we have lacked tools for neuroprotection." The researchers also note the potential for the peptides to be used preventatively. In some cases, Parkinson's can be diagnosed before motor symptoms begin with the help of brain scans, explains Dr. Lev, and patients who have a genetic link to the disease might opt for early testing. A preventative therapy could help many potential Parkinson's patients live a normal life. For more neuroscience news from Tel Aviv University, click here.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32782000
All Hallows' Eve is approaching and soon the celebration of Halloween will begin. According to tradition, all sorts of ghosts, goblins and ghoulish creatures creep and crawl from their dark, dank domiciles on the night of Oct. 31 to terrorize the earth's human inhabitants. Of the horrifying creatures that run rampant on All Hallows' Eve, some are grotesque human figures and some are animals including bats, snakes, spiders and even an insect or two. It's not surprising that insects and spiders are part of the ghastly crew relegated by generations of humanity to a starring role on Halloween. Spiders as a group have earned their spot by being somewhat reclusive and stringing their webs in every nook and cranny. Of course the food habits of spiders and the presence of poison fangs in some adds to the macabre atmosphere. The Black Widow spider may even be considered the queen of Halloween trick or treaters. She has earned her haunting title because of her murderous behavior Mating in predatory insects and spiders is a dangerous and somewhat deadly game. In these arthropods, the male sometimes becomes a meal for his mate. The Black Widow spiders, the small male tries to sneak away from his mate but is not often successful. Hence, she becomes the Black Widow. Moths have been associated with Halloween scenes. These night-flying insects are attracted to lights. No doubt the presence of moths dancing around a candle flame during a spiritual event, such as a funeral wake, has contributed to a mystical view of the insect. In the Middle Ages and earlier, the moth was considered to be a spirit, a human soul. One moth is appropriately named for a role in Halloween celebrations. It is called the Death's Head Moth (one of the largest moths found in Europe), because it has wing markings in the shape of a skull and crossbones. In the poem “Haunted House,” Thomas Hood makes use of this insect in a refrain suitable for any Halloween celebration: “The air was thick, and in the upper room The bat-or something in its shape-was winging; And on the wall, as chilly as a tomb The death's head moth was clinging.” It's not surprising that spiders and insects are used to spice up many Halloween celebrations. After all, some people consider these arthropods the chief of the world's creepy crawlies.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32784000
Swaminarayan Akshardham, Delhi, India • 360° Aerial Panorama This panorama can be opened in several different resolutions. High resolution panorama with the best quality is about 7 Mb large and it is suitable for fast internet connections and modern computers. For slower internet and old weak computers we created the smaller low resolution panorama. Some small details have been sacrificed but the size of low resolution panorama is nomore than 2 Mb. Open Aerial Panorama (high resolution) As you might know, almost all followers of Hinduism live in India, and no wonder the world's largest Hindu temple is situated in the capital of India. Speaking of Delhi landmarks, one would traditionally mention Red Fort, Qutub Minar, and India Gate on Kingsway. So how come Swaminarayan Akshardham (which means "temple of the God"), a magnificent and beautiful temple, is not so famous? The answer is simple: it is very "young". It was opened in 2005. The construction took over 5 years and involved 7 thousand artisans and 3 thousand construction workers from all over India. Their combined efforts gave birth to a building 42 meters high, 94 meters wide, and 106 meters long. The structure of Akshardham consists of 234 pillars, 9 shiny domes, 20 four-sided towers, and over 20 thousand figurines depicting themes from Indian mythology. There are over 148 statues of an elephant alone! All the facing was done by hand. Outer surface of the temple is faced with pink sandstone, while the inner surface is faced with white marble. In India, pink color symbolizes love for God, and white color symbolizes absolute purity and peace. Thanks to its enormous size the temple is included in the Guinness Book of World Records. The temple complex takes up 12 hectares of land and includes the temple itself, several parks, a museum, a large cultural center where one can learn about Indian traditions and customs, water canals, which you can traverse by boats, and lots of cafes and souvenir shops. Every evening there is a laser show with dancing fountains on Swaminarayan Akshardham grounds. The fountains are built in the form of a lotus placed inside a large bowl-shaped basin. The inner side of the basin serves as steps and benches for thousands of viewers. Construction of this beautiful site was funded by donations and done through a spirit of volunterism. In order to fill in all man-made lakes and canals surrounding the temple required huge supply of water from 151 ponds around the country. In a country, where clean water is as precious as gold, it was quite a generous donation as well. Let's take a moment and listen to Stas Sedov's story about the photo shoot. During last days of our trip across India we planned to shoot several sights in the capital of the country: Red Fort, Qutub Minar, and others. We didn't plan to photograph Swaminarayan Akshardham. We knew that we couldn't even bring a cell phone inside the temple, not to mention other heavy photo equipment. However, our success in Taj Mahal encouraged us to request a photo permit for Swaminarayan Akshardham. When we entered the temple first time we had only one document in our hands: photography permit for Delhi and Taj Mahal. At the time we were not sure what to expect, but we decided to take our chances anyway. Even if we failed with a permit, at least we would see a new wonder of the world. The next thing we know, we are talking to the middle-age man from the local administration. It's hard to remember what exactly we were talking about, but we got him interested in our project. At the moment he didn't give us a definite answer. But he did ask us to give him time to see if it was possible to get permit for aerial photography. Meanwhile he assigned a guide to give us a half-hour tour around museums and the temple grounds. To tell you the truth, I didn't know of Swaminarayan Akshardham existence. For me it was just another Indian temple. But that was before I entered its premises... Usually, at the end of every trip, when almost every day you see wonders of nature and artisan masterpieces, your emotions get "washed out". It is very unlikely that something would be able to surprise you. But this was an exception! To say that I was surprised is to say nothing! I was smitten by the grandeur of the idea and its magnificent implementation in stone. It's hard to describe the range of feelings you experience while walking the grounds of Swaminarayan Akshardham. You feel harmony, tranquility, and strength of your spirit. The only time I experienced something similar was during my visit to the Meteora monasteries in Greece. Our guide told us that the temple has no iron elements in its structure, and no cement. The concrete was used only in the foundation. The rest was made of stone. Marble and granite for the construction was delivered from all over the world. It was processed using special technology, and then joint together. All pillars of the temple are stacked, and all stone elements are turned 90 degrees after being connected. It was done to provide seismic resistance in case of earthquakes, which sometimes happen in India. Imagine the level of precision required for stone processing to assemble this big "puzzle". Beside the buildings' structure, wall facing is quite impressive: stone figurines cover the walls all around! The size of the carvings ranges greatly: from actual size to palm size, but even the smallest figurines have the highest level of detail. The time of our excursion flew by. I was heading toward the exit, but felt confident that we would be back here. We were called the following evening and granted the permit to photograph Swaminarayan Akshardham. Our first photo session was scheduled early in the morning, just before the site opens for tourists. Pigeons, flying in the morning sky, quickly welcomed our RC helicopter to their flock. It was the most comfortable photo session we had in India: both by the atmosphere and the working process. Everything indeed went very smoothly. The temple security arranged an area for us in the center of the alley for the night shooting. The temple lighting was switched on 15 minutes earlier than usual especially for our photo shoot. We just couldn't do a bad job in these perfect conditions. Leaving premises I realized that I had just completed my most important photo shoot in India. It wasn't Taj Mahal that won me over in this extraordinary and amazing country, but Swaminarayan Akshardham! I truly hope to return to this temple one more time someday. nikunjnik's shingala, India "I did not know about this temple. It is magnificent and I hope to visit it some day. Thanks!" Birgit Blume, Germany C D PATEL, India Pravinbhai Thaker, India Nitin Thacker CA, India "I hope to visit this TEMPLE one day. What a marvel? Only unique foresight, planning and will of God can enable one to build such a unique structure. Jai Swaminarian to everyone" Praful Rughani, United Kingdom "Probably best place to visit and see Indian artitechture, it is amazing" Ghanshyam Patel, United Kingdom ANIL UPADHYE, India "Maybe the best place on earth." Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Iran مجمد فرخی, Iran "There is no doubt that Akshardham temple is now identity for Delhi. Delhi missed its spiritual soul for over 900 years and now with Akshardham temple the 'REAL SOUL' of Delhi-Sanatan Dharma is ever impressive and divine. Congratulations to AIRPANO team that you have truly captured the architectural SOUL of Akshardham temple... Amazing...Captivating...Art in its best form and technology..." Praful Jethwa, Australia "Vary nice many thanks" Harshad Patel, United Kingdom ""I just visited Swaminarayan Akshardham temple (DELHI,INDIA) in May 2007. I love that! Must visit again!" "8TH WONDER OF THE WORLD"" JOÃO JOSÉ BRÍGIDA, Portugal nishith chauhan, India """Really, BAPS Swaminarayan Temple is great, Even I am living here in India but, I didn't see it, but because of this panorama I amazed the great temple.., And a amazing photography with its bested photographer"" Rushiraj Gadhavi, India "Wonderful, Never seen such a beautiful monument Delhi should be proud of this wonderful creation." jayantilal Amin, United Kingdom "i like Swaminarayan Akshardham is a so big and so good i coming india and i am go to" Jatin patel, USA "it was so beautiful i cried" patricia towner, United Kingdom "This is the wonderfull place in the world...I'm proud to be a''BAPS''" Saiyam Patel, India "Fabulous & wonderful job done by airpano.com team, Genuinely this website is mind-blowing. It is true that we can pass our whole time without blinking eyes.I really appreciate for this, awesome." Prajwal Sah, Nepal "magnificent and wonderful monument by the Hindu devotees by self-help post independence." chandra shekhar, India VINEETH kunnath, India "I and my wife, Krishna, visited this marvellous piece of art and architecture and were immensely pleased and paid great tributes to Hindu History, our ancestors and the whole Hindu community at large. It is now the first and foremost hallmark of our capital city. thanks who made it." Basheshar Nath BHANOT, United Kingdom "Divine Inspiration, Amazing work and Creating Wonders.. Thanks Airpano.ru too." Akshay Raval, India "Akshardham Temple has remarkably revived the ancient Hindu Art, Spirituality & Architecture with this magnificent, beautiful, grand and marvelous temple in Delhi..." Aditya Agnihotri, India "Overall very nice pan aroma except those birds,by the way how was your experience in the exhibitions?" Jimmy Thomas, India "I have visited akshardham twice,the place is truely divine,peace prevails in this place,you will find peace here-a must visit place...." Neesha patel, India "Wow......!!! It's miracle . It is world best structural engineering. I am proud to be an INDIAN and HINDU. this type of 'DHAM' never bild in the world without pramukhswami maharaj." ravi gohel, India "Akshrdham-"Emrald set in Pearls"" DrDevendra V Shukla, India "JAI PRAMUKH SWAMIJI TO: PUJYA PRAMUKH SWAMIJI BAPA FOR HIS IMAGINATION OF EXCELLENT REMARKABLE MASTERPIECE WORK AND AUSPICIOUS MONUMENTAL OF HEAVENLY CHOICE OF AKSHARDHAM AT NEW DELHI INDIA REGARDS ASHOKPATEL, JYOTI AND FAMILY HOUSTON -TEXAS USA-77034" ASHOK PATEL, USA "I wished i could stay the whole day in this temple. I went in February. The cool breeze and sun set image. There is no words to decribe the feeling inside. I cannot wait to visit this place again with my friends and family .. They should allow ppl to bring books and write or study here.. the air has special powers." Vinothini Kasinathan, Malaysia "Amazing architecture ... Wonderful monument .. World class exhibition and musical fountain ...must see monument ..." Saurabh Vaghela, India "excellent creation of pramukhswami maharaj." Dikesh patel, India "NEVER BEFORE NEVER AGAIN" N.V.S.KRISHNA RAO, India "A very good example of MANAGEMENT in this world.Which is possible because of mu guru " PRAMUKH SWAMI MAHARAJ "...I proud to be a part of " BAPS "" Kamal Vaja, India "Jay Swaminarayn to BAPS AND PRAGAT BHARM SAVARUP PRAMUKHSWAMI MAHARAJ.It very very very good work for world its way for take MOX." Nirav Gajjar, India "Akshardham is a heaven on the earth." Nishi Jalota, India "It is the brightning sun among the world's famous buildings stars." Arjun Mistry, India "Jay Swaminarayana ! The search of PEACE with PURITY is now completed. We are lucky to have such pios dham in INDIA." Rajiv Vaidya, India "One should never miss the opportunity of visiting Akshardham..its Heavenly place." Sowmya Karamcheti, India "every person in the world should visit "akshardham" once in their life... otherwise they miss great opportunity too feel peace & thruth of life..." jaykishan patel, India "Feeling proud to be Indian & BAPS Swaminarayan........... No words to say....... Just Amazing , Jay Swaminarayan" Hardik Dave, India "Em Abril de 2006 visitei este suberbo, magnífico e maravilhoso templo. Todo aquele trabalho em mármore branco e rosa e ouro ... magnífico.No meu entender, deverá ser incluido nas melhores maravilhas do Mundo. Parabéns India. Parabens Akshardham. Repito ...LINDO, LINDO, LINDO" JOÃO JOSÉ BRÍGIDA, Portugal "I visited Swaminarayan Akshardham temple in Aug 2012, it is amazing! Must visit again!" Naseer Thodi, India "I have visited, amaging, like to visit again n again. Seen with ground level only but when saw with aerial eyes its beautyfull." Dinesh Pancholi, India "Speechless !!!!!!!!!!! No words to describe !!!!!" Manish Bhavsar, India ""WOW" "8TH WONDER OF THE WORLD" ..." Akash Patel, India "Amazing wonder, a source of divine inspirations for all times; Thanks to Pramukhswami Maharaj for giving such a divine gift to the society..." Rajendra Sarvaiya, India "This is one of the man made wonders on this beautiful Earth." Vinod Maisuria, Canada "the creation is very good, pramukhaswami is great architectural." Jani kalpesh, India	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32790000
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Starkad, Starkotter, Starkodder, Starkadhr (ice.), Störkudhr (ice.) or Starcatherus (Gesta Danorum) was a Scandinavian legendary hero and skald whose adventures are retold in Gesta Danorum and in Icelandic sagas. He managed to survive a shipwreck after which he was received by the Danish king Fródi. Fródi gave him a longship and the task of patrolling the shores. No mortal man was his equal as he was endowed with superhuman strength and a noble disposition. He was not only remarkable by his size and courage but also by his skaldic skills. Odin bestowed upon him the life of three men so that he would be able to commit as many atrocities. He served many kings, such as Erik and Alrik. The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32799000
Huntington's Disease (HD) by Giuliano Binetti In 1872 G. Huntington described the variety of chorea that came to bear his name. His description contains all the essential features considered disgnostic of Huntington’s Disease (HD): a progressive disorders combining chorea with behavioral disturbances and dementia, transmitted via an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Huntington’s disease is the prototypic neurogenetic disorder, one of the first to be mapped (1983) and subsequently cloned (1993), and the model on which presymptomatic genetic testing is based. Symptoms and course It is usually apparent in the forth or fifth decades, but may occur at almost any age. No clear sex preponderance is evident. Low prevalence rates have been noted in Japan and among African and American blacks, and most patients are of northern European ancestry. The clinical triad of movement disorder, psychiatric features, and eventual dementia will be well known to neurologists. Chorea is the first manifestation in about two thirds of patients, initially a mild fidgetiness apparent only to the careful observer, which gradually progresses and may be the only clinical manifestation of HD for several years. Personality change and eye movement disorders including slow saccades, and head thrusting or blinking to generate saccadic eye movements, are also common early features. A wide range of movement disorders including parkinsonism, loss of postural stability, and dystonia eventually supervene, leading to increasingly functional impairment. Progressive weight loss, often resulting in cachexia, is common. The juvenile onset form of HD may present with parkinsonism, the so-called Westphal variant, while late onset forms may cause chorea alone. The majority of the patients exhibit neuropsychiatric symptoms, the most prevalent being dysphoria, agitation, irritability, apathy, and anxiety. Symptoms range from mild to severe and are unrelated to dementia and chorea. The cognitive disturbances associated to HD may begin early in the disease course and include deficit in attention and concentration, memory retrieval, “executive” functions, and psychomotor speed. The constellation of cognitive and behavior deficits associated with HD forms a so called “subcortical dementia syndrome” tht is distinct from the frank amnesia, aphasia, apraxia, and agnosia that embodies the cortical dementia syndrome associated to disorders such as Alzheimer disease. Death most often results from dysphagia through aspiration pneumonia or suffocation, usually between 10 and 20 years after the onset of symptoms. Suicide is also a common cause of death. Juvenile onset patients have a distinctly poorer prognosis than adults, with a high incidence of seizure disorders late in the course and a much shorter life expectancy. The onset of HD at later life is associated with a slower progression of symptoms. The most important issue in the management of HD is the education of the patient and family about the disease and the implication of the diagnosis for other family mambers. The organisations are invaluable sources of information and support for HD families, as well as help with chronic care patients. Causes and risk factors Huntington's disease results from a genetic mutation on the fourth chromosome. This abnormality causes the death of vital nerve cells in a region of the brain known as the basal ganglia. HD is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that each child of a parent with the disease has a 50 percent risk of inheriting the illness. The huntington gene (IT15 gene) is considered virtually 100 percent “penetrant,” meaning that anyone who inherits the faulty gene will inevitably develop the disease. All “carriers” eventually become “patients.” Prevalence of HD: People Currently Living with Disorder (US data: 30.000). The IT15 gene is composed of 67 exons and encodes a protein of 3,144 amino acids, called huntington. Exon 1 contains a CAG trinucleotide repeat that encodes the amino acid glutamine, followed by another repeat that encodes proline. In unaffected individuals, there are 10–34 CAG repeats. In those affected by HD, there are more than 40 repeats. In those with 35–39 repeats, the disease is variably penetrant. The age of onset of the disease varies inversely with the number of CAG repeats. Individuals with juvenile onset usually have over 55 repeats, and they usually inherit the gene from their father. The expansion is thought to occur via slippage during the DNA replication process. Expansion of a polyglutamine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat beyond the critical threshold of 36 repeats results in disease, and forms the basis of the polymerase chain reaction based genetic test. Inheritance is dominant with full penetrance, meaning that almost all mutation carriers will eventually develop the disease, except those with 36–39 repeats where penetrance is reduced.Predictive genetic testing of asymptomatic at-risk relatives of affected patients is governed by international guidelines. Prenatal testing in known mutation carriers is routinely available, while linkage based exclusion testing is available to those at-risk women who do not wish to know their own gene status. The latter depends on termination of a pregnancy where linkage shows the fetus to have the same 50% genetic risk as the mother. Care and treatment Chorea may respond to dopamine antagonists, both presynaptic (Tetrabenazine or reserpin) and postynaptic (neuroleptics such as haloperidol). The high incidence of serious adverse reactions to these agents limits their use where the movements disorder are truly disambling. Ongoing research/Clinical trials Current research is exploring possible drug treatments, which would prevent the accumulation of anomalous proteins in cells. Other research efforts include the development of a mouse model for Huntington's disease and the CARE-HD study, a clinical drug trial underway at about 20 Huntington Study Group sites. Researchers are evaluating the combination of a medication (remacimide) and co-enzyme Q-10. Both basic (laboratory) and clinical (testing of medications and treatments) research continues to pursue avenues to facilitate new drug testing and experimental surgical techniques. International Huntington Association Callunahof 8 7217 ST Harfsen The Netherlands Tel: +31 - 573 - 431 595) Fax: +31 - 573 - 431 719 email@example.com www.huntington-assoc.com/ - Bilney B, Morris ME, Perry A. Effectiveness of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech pathology for people with Huntington's disease: a systematic review.Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2003 Mar;17(1):12-24. - Feigin A, Zgaljardic D. disease: implications for experimental therapeutics.Curr Opin Neurol. 2002 Aug;15(4):483-9. - McMurray CT. Huntington's disease: new hope for therapeutics.Trends Neurosci. 2001 Nov;24(11 Suppl):S32-8 Last Updated: vendredi 09 octobre 2009	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32809000
How is it diagnosed? Alzheimer's disease is a form of dementia but is not necessarily caused by the same factors which cause other forms of dementia. However, despite a considerable amount of research, the actual cause of the disease remains unknown. There is no single test to determine whether someone has Alzheimer's disease. It is diagnosed by a process of elimination, as well as a careful examination of a person's physical and mental state, rather than by finding actual evidence of the disease. A carer or relative may be asked to provide information about the person's behaviour, e.g. difficulties getting dressed, washing, handling finances, keeping appointments, travelling alone, managing at work and using household appliances. A neuropsychological assessment is usually carried out. This involves finding out about possible problems with memory, language, planning and attention. A simple test called the Mini-Mental State Examination is often used. This involves the person being asked to answer questions such as: What is the date? What city are we in? What is this called? (shown a watch). Another part of the test is to follow a series of simple instructions. A number of tests may be carried out (e.g. blood and urine samples) in order to rule out the possibility of other illnesses which might explain the dementia syndrome or illnesses which might aggravate an already existing case of Alzheimer's disease. In addition to this, a few methods of brain imaging have been developed which produce images of the living brain, thereby revealing possible differences between the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease and those of non-affected individuals. These tests provide a risk-free and pain-free means of examining the brain of a living person. Although they cannot lead to a certain diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, some doctors may use one or more of these techniques to give more weight to a diagnosis. Methods of brain imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging This permits an extremely detailed image of the brain's structure. When one image is placed over another, taken a few months' later, it is possible to see changes at an early stage in a certain part of the brain. CT (Computed Tomography) Scanning This measures the thickness of a part of the brain which becomes rapidly thinner in people with Alzheimer's disease. SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) Scanning This can be used to measure the flow of blood in the brain, which has been found to be reduced in people with Alzheimer's disease as a consequence of nerve cells not working properly. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) The use of this scanning technique is often limited to research settings. It can detect changes in the way the brain of someone with Alzheimer's disease functions. It can, for example, detect abnormal patterns of glucose usage by the brain. The importance of an early diagnosis Although it is not possible to accurately predict dementia, it is extremely important that people who have dementia obtain an early diagnosis. It is only by obtaining a diagnosis that the correct medical treatment can be prescribed. Existing drug treatment is most effective in the early stages, so delaying diagnosis prevents people from benefiting from the latest medical advances, which in many cases lead to a temporary improvement of symptoms. However, memory problems are not always a sign of dementia. Although mental faculties change with age, ageing is not synonymous with dementia. Many older people need more time to assimilate information and this may affect their capacity to learn and remember things. Nevertheless, older people are often worried about these changes and are afraid that they might be developing dementia. At the same time, many people do not know what the symptoms are. This is not surprising, as different kinds of dementia have different symptoms. Furthermore, some forms of dementia (e.g. Alzheimer's disease) are insidious. The following table describes some of the early symptoms of different kinds of dementia. - Difficulties with memory and orientation - Difficulty finding one’s words - Personality change - Lack of interest in hobbies - Slowing down of thought and movement Pick's disease and frontal lobe degeneration - Loss of control and inhibitions - Personality change - Difficulties with language Dementia with Lewy Bodies - Cognitive decline - Similar symptoms to those of Parkinson's disease - Visual hallucinations - Odd lapses of memory and mood swings - Lack of co-ordination - Inclination to withdraw from social activities - Attention difficulties (very rapid progression usually) The presence of one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has dementia. In fact, in the case of older people, the symptoms of depression are very similar to those observed in the early stages of dementia and it is not uncommon for the two to be mixed up. Sometimes, the symptoms are linked to other disorders such as thyroid gland dysfunction, lack of vitamin B12, disorders of the metabolic system, alcohol or drug abuse, infections, surgical operations, stress and intolerance of medication. In such cases, the symptoms may be reversible. A differential diagnosis is clearly essential in order to rule out other causes for the symptoms experienced and correctly diagnose dementia. In case of concern, the family doctor/general practitioner should be consulted. He or she will carry out a few tests and if his/her suspicions are confirmed refer the person concerned to the relevant specialists for further tests. What are the different kinds of diagnosis? There are three possibilities for a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease : possible, probable and certain Alzheimer's disease. Possible Alzheimer's disease A diagnosis of possible Alzheimer's disease is based on the observation of clinical symptoms and the deterioration of two or more cognitive functions (e.g. memory, language or thought) when a second illness is present which is not considered to be the cause of dementia, but makes the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease less certain. Probable Alzheimer's disease The diagnosis is classed as probable on the basis of the same criteria used to diagnose possible Alzheimer's disease, but in the absence of a second illness. Certain Alzheimer's disease Identification of characteristic plaques and tangles in the brain is the only way to confirm with certainty the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. For this reason, the third diagnosis, that of certain Alzheimer's disease, can only be made by brain biopsy or after an autopsy has been carried out. Should the person be informed of their diagnosis? Nowadays more and more people with Alzheimer's disease are being informed of their diagnosis. This is perhaps due to a greater awareness of the disease. Some people might not want to be informed of the diagnosis. However, it is generally considered that everyone should have the right and be given the opportunity to decide whether they would rather know or waive this right. There are pros and cons involved in informing someone of their diagnosis. Also once the decision has been made to inform someone about their diagnosis the problem may arise of how to inform the person. Pros and cons of telling the person In many cases a diagnosis is made as a result of concern expressed by members of the family. Often the person with dementia is unaware or does not agree that they have a problem. They are therefore not interested in obtaining a diagnosis. Some might feel depressed about knowing or feel that they would have been happier not knowing. However, there are many advantages to knowing. When a person knows that they have Alzheimer's disease and understands what it involves, they can plan how to make the most of the remaining years of relative unimpaired mental functioning. They can also take an active role in planning their care, arrange who will care for them, make important financial decisions and even decide to participate in research or make the necessary arrangements to donate brain tissue after their death for research. How to inform the person of the diagnosis Some relatives and friends may find it difficult to approach the subject. Some people would prefer to be told privately on a one-to-one basis, whereas others might find it more reassuring to be told in the presence of their family, who could give them moral and emotional support. Another possibility is to arrange for the person's doctor to tell them. It might help to arrange to go to the doctor together or for the person to go alone. The doctor could then answer any questions that either the carer and/or the person with dementia might have. The way the diagnosis is explained will depend on the person's ability to understand. Some people might understand an explanation of what the disease is, how it tends to progress and the consequences for daily living, whereas others might only be able to grasp that they have a disease which involves the loss of memory. Once informed, they may need support to come to terms with feelings of anger, self-blame, fear and depression. Some might be able to benefit from counselling and support groups, provided that the disease is not too far advanced. Last Updated: mercredi 05 août 2009	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32810000
Probably the most frequently asked question about the ancient Maya is: "Why did that great civilization collapse?" According to the latest literature, academics no longer condone the use of the term "collapse". We now speak of a period of "realignment" or "restructuring". It seems that "collapse" is now politically incorrect. God, I love academia. Call it what you will, the evidence points to a serious shift in Maya life around 900 A.D. The great cities and ceremonial centers were abandoned and the jungle quickly overgrew the formidable structures and the roadways that connected them. Maya life, based on the centuries-old tradition of rule by an elite class came to a rather abrupt and inglorious end. Gone forever were the kings and priests and the elaborate ceremonies and rituals that had been the mainstay of Maya life for hundreds of years. In seeking the cause for the rapid (probably less than fifty years) decline of the Maya world, scholars have considered numerous possibilities: 1. The Maya were abducted by aliens in UFO's. (Actually this explanation's more popular with the National Inquirer crowd and is generally given short shrift by the academics.)Well, if none of the conventional explanations fills the bill, what does the archeological evidence have to say about the relatively sudden demise of the most advanced civilization in the New World? First of all it is important to note that no totally satisfactory explanation for the Maya collapse- OOPS! (make that restructuring) exists. No one absolutely knows for sure what happened, but it's fair to say that there is a growing consensus among archeologists that the root cause was something we all see from day to day and never expect it to catch up with us. Let's set the stage in the Maya world around 900 A.D. Firstly, the population was enormous by today's standards. Ambergris Caye must have had between ten and twenty thousand residents. The island, in fact, is one large archeological site. Belize probably supported around two million people if current estimates are anywhere near correct. Given the amount of arable land and the relatively inefficient slash and burn agricultural methods employed by the Maya, just feeding everybody must have been a monumental effort. Since there were no draft animals available to the Maya, plowing and row-crop dry farming was out of the question. Hence the reliance on slash and burn, wherein the jungle was cut down and burned, returning important nutrients to the soil which would then support the growth of corn, beans, squash, etc., for two or three crops after which the soil would be exhausted and the farmer would be forced to move on to a new jungle plot while allowing the previous plot to return to secondary growth. After a few years the original plot could be re-burned, but by that time there were more children- more mouths to feed. With unrestricted population growth and a finite supply of land for farming purposes with inefficient farming methods, it's easy to see how a human population could slowly slip behind the curve- and face the inevitable disaster. Next week we shall examine the testimony of the spade- a look at the archeological evidence. Copyright San Pedro Sun. Design by Casado Internet Group	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32813000
- Historic Sites The Working Ladies Of Lowell Proud and independent, the farm girls of New England helped build an industrial Eden, but its paternalistic innocence was not to last February 1961 \| Volume 12, Issue 2 While the labor force thus changed, so did the nature of the owning group. The new ownership was well represented by a man like Amos Lawrence, ancestor of many pious churchmen, whose name was bestowed on a new mill town on the Merrimack, built up in the 1840’s. Lawrence was a nonsmoker and nondrinker who demanded the same abstinence of his male employees. Plagued with stomach trouble, he dined briefly and frugally on watery gruel, and he was not a man to listen sympathetically to complaints that a worker’s salary did not buy an adequate diet. Reproached by some critics with his great wealth, he is said to have snarled: “There is one thing you may as well understand; I know how to make money, and you cannot prevent it.” There was something hard here that made the older, paternalistic, nationalistic outlook of the founders of Waltham seem archaic. The difference between Lawrence and Lowell, the towns, was something like the difference between Lawrence and Lowell, the men. In addition, as stockholding in the corporations finally became a little more widespread, the personal link between owner and worker was snapped. The original Boston promoters had been drawn from the same Yankee stock as the mill hands. But the difference between a Boston attorney with a few shares of Suffolk Manufacturing Company in his safe, and Bridget Doyle at her spinning frame, was more than one of money. It was a gap between ways of life and understanding. Moreover, as some stock passed into the hands of guardians and estate administrators, company treasurers were at last able to invoke piously the interests of widows and orphans, as they maintained dividends while slashing wages and stretching out tasks. Through the 1850’s the labor scene darkened as industry spread through the nation. Prices rose in response to gold strikes and industrial booms, but wages remained at ancient levels. Factory workers struck more frequently—and were more frequently replaced by immigrant strikebreakers. Some leaders, despairing of direct action by labor, turned to state legislatures and petitioned for laws restricting the hours of labor and the employment of women and children. Some small gains were made in legislative cutting of the work burden of children under twelve, but most “ten-hour” legislation proposed in New England in the fifties died in the state capitals. The slogans of progress which had justified the beginnings of Waltham and Lowell now rang out to justify a status quo maintained at the price of increasing bitterness. So it was that in 1860 something more than a single defectively built factory lay in ruins in Lawrence. In all New England there was evidence that the United States was going to have to find another way toward justice for labor—was going to have to walk the long road through decades of violence, organization, degradation, cruelty, bitterness, and protest, before the light would dawn again. The short cut to Utopia had run into a dead end, and Lowell was not, as it turned out, the harbinger of a perfect, harmonious, and just industrial society, in which a “circulating current” of laborers gained bread, education, and stature at the machines. It was not the only Utopian experiment of the Jacksonian era to fail. Like the others, it remains in American history as a memory, the surviving token of a lost innocence that believed in the impossible, and for a few short hours in a simpler time, seemed to make it work.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32819000
This Prestwick House Literary Touchstone Edition™ includes a glossary and reader’s notes to help the modern reader contend with Swift’s complex references and vocabulary. First published anonymously in 1727, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels created a storm of criticism—from those who believed the stories to be true and “knew exactly” who Lemuel Gulliver was, to those who demanded that the writer of the seditious tales be hunted down and executed for high treason. Even today, Swift’s vitriolic attacks on politics, culture, and human nature itself have earned him the reputation of a crazed misanthrope. Swift, through his hero, consistently rails against political whims, human follies, and the bestial behaviors of the human race: In Lilliput, Gulliver is twelve times the size of the European-like natives. In Brobdingnag, he is one-twelfth the size of the primitive but moral inhabitants. In Laputa, buildings collapse and clothing does not fit, although constructed by the most “modern” and “reasonable” means. Finally, in the land of the horse-like Houyhnhnms Gulliver realizes that he and his race are nothing but a brood of Yahoos.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32821000
Peacemaker, warrior, cross-cultural community builder, American Indian activist, tribal elder, cultural preservation consultant, Native American issues advisor, Founding Mother of the modern Indian repatriation movement, Nobel Peace Prize nominee, local Unsung Hero, religious advisor, and the Rosa Parks of NAGPRA -- these are a few of the descriptors applied to a unique woman who spent the last 16 years of her life in Ames (1987-2003). Maria Pearson (Running Moccasins) was a proponent of human rights for all Americans, and, in particular, those of American Indians. A member of the Yankton Sioux tribe, she worked tirelessly on behalf of Native American peoples in Iowa and nationwide. Largely through her efforts, the Iowa Burial Code was changed in the 1970s mandating the reburial of American Indian skeletal remains. Her work in Iowa and continued advocacy on behalf of Native American rights was instrumental in the passage of important federal legislation, most recently the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990. This act provides comprehensive protection for Native American burials and associated artifacts on federal properties and in public and private museums and collections. Her accomplishments in this area were recognized not only at a national level but in several international conferences dealing with human rights and repatriation issues. In 1990 she traveled to Venezuela to attend the Second World Archaeological Congress as an official indigenous member of the Executive Council. The BBC made a documentary program, Bones of Contention, about Maria that was broadcast in 1995. Maria was featured in the Leadership 2003 series of the Ames Tribune.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32824000
Mlive: Ann Arbor could see a Geminid meteor shower Thursday night A rare, clear night sky in the Ann Arbor area Thursday night may increase the visibility of the expected Geminid meteor shower, MLive.com reports. The Geminid shower is expected to be visible between 11 p.m. and 2 a.m., according to NASA website. MLive.com reports the meteor shower happens in December as a result of debris from the extinct comet 3200 Phaethonm, coming in contact with the earth's atmosphere. According to NASA, the week of Dec. 10-16 is a good window for seeing the shower, but Thursday night is expected to be the anticipated peak. Michigan often misses the shower due to a layer of overnight lake-effect clouds and in December the cold air blowing over the warmer Great Lakes creates a lot of clouds, however, the mild air Thursday is expected to keep the lake clouds from forming. NASA estimates there may be as many as 30 meteors per hour. For those who still might not be able to see the shower due to city lights, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., will have a live Ustream feed beginning at 11 p.m., of the meteor shower. Read the full report here.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32830000
Carolyn Robertson Payton (1925-2001) by Gwendolyn P. Keita, American Psychological Association* Biography of Carolyn Robertson Payton* Carolyn Robertson Payton is best remembered as the first woman and first African American Director of the United Sates Peace Corps. Her path to this position, as well as her departure say much about her character—open to new opportunities, committed to making a difference, and willing to do what she felt was right no matter the consequences. Payton accepted the position of field assessment officer for trainees for the newly created Peace Corps in 1964. Although women were usually not given overseas staff positions, in 1966 Payton became the Peace Corps Director for the Eastern Caribbean region stationed in Barbados. As one of only two female country directors, her success was critical in demonstrating that women could effectively do the job. This success resulted in gender being dropped as a qualifier for overseas staff positions. After a seven-year absence, Payton was again called to the Peace Corps in 1977, this time by then US President Jimmy Carter who appointed Payton Peace Corps Director. She served for less than two years. Her strong views about the Peace Corps’ mission and its implementation strategies, especially regarding the importance of Peace Corps volunteers being nonpolitical, clashed with those of Sam Brown, then Director of Action, the agency with jurisdiction over the Peace Corps. Payton’s refusal to back down on issues she felt were vital to the Peace Corps’ very existence and the surrounding publicity led President Carter to ask for her resignation. Although a trailblazer in numerous arenas, Payton’s early life was uneventful. She was born in 1925 in Norfolk, Virginia. Her mother was a seamstress and her father a ship steward. She died at her home in Washington, DC on April 11, 2001. Payton had two major influences in her life that helped define her future endeavors. She attributed her courage, loyalty, and commitment to work for equality and justice to her upbringing. She was from a close knit family that emphasized the value of education. Despite being born into slavery, her grandfather saw to it that all of his children attended college. Payton graduated from the public schools of Norfolk, Virginia, and received her BS degree in Home Economics from Bennett College in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1945. Bennett College, a small historically Black women’s college, was the other major influence in Payton’s life. She noted that Bennett shaped her aspirations, attitudes, and expectations and gave her a sense of her capabilities as a woman. Payton remained close to Bennett College throughout her life, establishing a scholarship fund there in the late 1990s. Payton attended the University of Wisconsin from 1945-1948 and completed her MS in Psychology. Issues related to race were intertwined with Payton’s matriculation at Wisconsin, beginning with the financing of her attendance. Her tuition and other expenses were paid by the state of Virginia as part of the state’s “separate but equal” policy. Under this doctrine, the state covered expenses incurred at any out-of-state university if the student pursued a graduate degree in a discipline available to White students at the White state schools, but unavailable to Blacks at the Black state schools. Incensed by class discussions of the intellectual superiority of Whites and wanting to prove that there was no difference in intelligence between the races, Payton conducted her masters thesis on a comparative study of the intelligence of Blacks and Whites as measured by the then newly developed Wechsler-Bellevue Test of Intelligence. She concluded that the test itself was an inaccurate measure of the true ability of Blacks. In 1976, Payton again focused on testing when she served as a field supervisor for the standardization program of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and was responsible for selection of Black participants and the administration and scoring of the testing instrument. Her efforts marked one of the first times Black participants, selected on the basis of age, gender, and socioeconomic level, were included in the development and application of test norms for a prominent test. After graduation, Payton took positions as a psychologist at Livingston College in Salisbury, North Carolina, and later as Dean of Women and a psychology instructor at Elizabeth City State Teachers College in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. She joined the faculty of Howard University in Washington, DC, after completing coursework for her PhD at Columbia University in 1959. At Howard, she taught child, abnormal, and experimental psychology and conducted research on the perception threshold of verticality in rhesus monkeys. She completed her doctoral degree in counseling and student administration at Columbia in 1962. Although best known for her work as Peace Corps director, Payton’s major career contribution was made as Director of the Howard University Counseling Service (HUCS) from 1970 to 1977, and later as Dean of Counseling and Career Development from 1979 until her retirement in 1995. While at the HUCS, Payton established a training and supervision component to address the need for a clinical practicum experience for graduate students in the mental health fields. She also developed a structured in-house training and clinical supervision program for staff and other mental health professionals, in addition to promoting and investing in post-graduate training for her clinical staff. Through her leadership at HUCS, Payton consistently served as a role model for professional women, especially professional Black women. During her tenure, the counseling service staff grew from 4 to 15, and provided counseling and therapy to both students and community clients. Training at HUCS, in addition to the usual clinical material, focused on providing counseling and psychotherapy to ethnic minority, especially African American, men and women. This program eventually developed into the American Psychological Association (APA)-approved Clinical and Counseling Psychology Pre-doctoral Internship in 1983. Payton was a trailblazer in the use of group techniques with African American clients, and the HUCS Group Counseling and Psychotherapy Training Program (established later in the mid-1980’s) was a strong component. Payton was an active member of APA and a fellow of Division 35. She was one of the original members on the Task Force on the Psychology of Black Women in 1976, now the Section on the Psychology of Black Women. The Section’s Early Career Award is named in Payton’s Honor (The Carolyn Payton Early Career Award). Payton served on a number of APA boards and committees including the Committee on Women in Psychology (CWP); the Membership Committee; the Committee of Scientific and Professional Ethics and Conduct; the Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Concerns Committee; and the Policy and Planning Board. She received numerous awards, including several of APA’s most prestigious. In 1982, she received the Distinguished Professional Contributions to Public Service Award. In 1985, the APA Committee on Women in Psychology Leadership Citation Award honored her for her role as “an outstanding teacher, role model, and mentor for women and ethnic minorities. She has provided leadership on ethical and consumer issues in psychology and in eliminating sex bias in psychotherapeutic practice…her commitment to equality and justice for all oppressed peoples has made a precious difference in all our lives.” In 1997, Payton received the APA Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology for her “dedication to using psychology to promote better cross-cultural understanding and to end social injustice by influencing political process…[Her] success in overcoming gender and racial barriers to achieve positions of leadership and prestige make [her] a role model to women and ethnic minorities everywhere. Carolyn Payton is remembered as a foremother of those who pushed for women’s leadership within APA and psychology. She was a wonderful role model for women, especially women of color, and was honored at the first Multicultural Conference and Summit for her pioneering contributions to multicultural psychology. Her sharp wit, incisive comments, ability to see through the verbiage, and passion for social justice will be long remembered. In her article, “Who Must Do the Hard Things?” published in American Psychologist (April 1984), Payton argued that psychology would not survive as a science if we ignored the social implications of our work. With her departure, it is left to all of us to do the “hard things.” *Originally published in The Feminist Psychologist, Newsletter of the Society for the Psychology of Women, Division 35 of the American Psychological Association, Volume 28, Number 3, Summer, 2001. Appearing with permission of the author.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32837000
Pinnacle Curriculum – Developmentally Appropriate for Children…Straightforward Implementation for Teachers. Pinnacle Curriculum is an early childhood curriculum written by a team early childhood experts and designed to engage children in developmentally appropriate activities. - Based on the works of Piaget, Gardner, and Erikson - Developmentally appropriate activities that adhere to NAEYC ( www.naeyc.org ) guidelines. - Clearly stated learning objectives to help facilitate learning in all domains - Flexible programming to accommodate varied learning styles - Carefully selected themes that capture and encourage children’s interest - Long-range goals linked to Key Standards - Provides suggestions to enrich developmental milestones based on research - Interactive activities that help children develop a love for learning while they are growing, playing, and having fun - Easy to follow daily and weekly format and guides - Enriching activity centers and circle times everyday - Suggested book list related to theme for both teacher and parents - Comprehensive Age-Specific Programs for School-Age children, Infants, Toddlers, Twos, Threes, Fours, Pre-K and After School care	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32841000
Another Earth Day has passed us and just as we make resolutions on New Year’s Day, you might have planned to change your energy wasting ways. Those New Year’s resolutions are difficult to maintain, because we often try to do too much. Making just a few small changes is helpful and can be the key to lasting change. Lisa Abraham at Ohio.com has compiled her tips for saving energy in the kitchen. They include being creative when using kitchen appliances and modifying some eating habits. Limit the time the stove/oven is used Never light the oven or turn on a burner when a small appliance will do the job. Microwave ovens, toaster ovens, electric griddles, panini makers and, yes, even a slow cooker all consume less energy than a traditional gas or electric stove. Consistently using these small appliances can make a huge difference in your energy consumption, Jackie Newgent a dietitian, cooking instructor and cookbook author of the newly released Big Green Cookbook (Wiley, 2009). said. Even though slow cookers are typically on for hours at a time, they will burn less energy than a traditional oven to prepare the same dish, such as a roast. Look for ways to lessen the amount of time the oven and burners are on. When cooking pasta, Newgent recommends using skinny varieties, like angel hair, that will cook more quickly. She also uses a method she dubs ”lid cooking” to turn the stove off sooner. Newgent brings a pot of water to a boil, adds her pasta and brings it up to a boil again. But then she turns the heat off, puts a lid on the pot, and lets the pasta finish cooking from the heated water. When baking something, turn the oven off five minutes before the item is done and allow the residual heat in the oven to finish the job, she said. Consider making one meal each week that doesn’t require using the stove at all, such as a salad. Eat more fruits and vegetables, less meat Newgent suggests eating one meatless meal per week. It requires more energy to produce meat than vegetables and fruits. Cutting meat out of just one meal per week can lead to significant energy savings over a year, she said. That salad fits in well here. Think of it as a chance to be a more adventurous eater. Run an energy-efficient kitchen While new major kitchen appliances may not be in the budget for many homeowners, most would see an immediate savings on electric bills with the conversion. Refrigerators should be away from sunlight and heat sources, like ovens. The warmer the environment, the harder the appliance will have to work and the more energy it will use. Refrigerators also need breathing room — at least two or three inches of open space between the coils and the wall behind them to allow for better air circulation. Keeping refrigerator coils clean of dirt, dust and pet hair also will improve performance. The harder an appliance has to work, the faster it will wear out. Constantly opening and closing the refrigerator causes it to lose cold air. The same goes for the oven — keep the door closed as much as possible while in use to keep the hot air inside. Gas stoves typically are less expensive to run than electric ones. Always have the dishwasher fully loaded before running, and consider scraping your dishes instead of rinsing them before loading, to save on water. Newgent also noted that when cooking outdoors, choose a gas grill over charcoal because gas emits less carbon into the atmosphere. Here is a sample recipe from Jackie Newgent’s Big Green Cookbook: CITRUS CREAM OF CAPELLINI 13/4 tsp. sea salt, or to taste 12 oz. whole wheat capellini or angel hair pasta 1/2 cup organic heavy cream 1 tbsp. unsalted organic butter Juice and zest of 1 lemon (about 3 tbsp. juice) 1/4 tsp. freshly ground black or white pepper, or to taste 1/3 cup freshly grated organic or locally produced Parmesan cheese 1/4 cup chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley 1/3 cup raw pine nuts (optional) Bring 6 cups fresh water and 3/4 teaspoon of the salt to a boil in a large saucepan over high heat. Add the pasta and return to a boil. Cover and turn off the heat. Let the pasta ”lid cook” (cook covered while the burner is off) until it is al dente, about 6 minutes. Drain the pasta, reserving 1/2 cup of the cooking liquid. Place the drained pasta back into the dried saucepan and set over medium-high heat. Stir in the cream, butter, lemon juice and zest. Cook while stirring until the pasta is hot, about 1 minute. For a thinner sauce, add the reserved pasta cooking water. Add remaining salt and pepper. Pour the pasta into a serving bowl or serve directly from the saucepan. Sprinkle with the cheese and parsley. Top with the pine nuts, if using, and serve. Makes 6 servings, 1 cup each.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32842000
Dhari al-Fadli, a patient being treated at a diabetes clinic in Kuwait, is a victim of the dark side of his country's economic boom. After his weight hit a peak of 123 kg (271 pounds), Fadli developed such serious diabetes that he had to inject himself with insulin before every meal. Helped by the insertion of a gastric balloon into his stomach to reduce hunger, he has now lost enough weight to stop the injections, but still has to take diabetic medication. "We're all overweight in my family...We have a saying that if you don't have diabetes, you're not a Kuwaiti," said Fadli, a 49-year-old father of five. In fact, more than one in five Kuwaitis suffer from the disease. Oil wealth has given Kuwait and nearby countries in the Gulf some of the highest per capita incomes in the world. But it has also created lifestyles - overeating, high-sugar diets, cushy jobs and heavy reliance on automobiles for transport - that are leading to an explosion of diabetes in the region, experts say. Five of the 10 countries where diabetes is most prevalent are located in the six-nation Gulf Cooperation Council, according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), an umbrella organisation of more than 200 national associations. Kuwait is No. 3 while Qatar is sixth, Saudi Arabia seventh, Bahrain eighth and the United Arab Emirates No. 10. The rest of the top 10 are Pacific island nations with much smaller populations, apart from Lebanon which comes in fifth. A staggering 21.1 percent of people in Kuwait are diabetes sufferers while prevalence rates are around 20 percent in other GCC countries, IDF figures show. In the United States, the rate is 9.6 percent; worldwide, it is 8.5 percent. The problem is so widespread in Kuwait, said Abdulmuhsen al-Shammari, an endocrinologist working at Mubarak al-Kabeer Hospital in the country, that "it is now normal for half a dinner party to be diabetic and for them to ask for each other's medication after they eat". Genetic factors apparently contribute to the Gulf's high incidence of diabetes, an incurable disease in which the body has difficulty absorbing sugars and which is closely associated with obesity, scientists say. It can lead to cardiovascular problems, blindness, strokes and kidney disease. "Research suggests that people (in the Gulf) have a lower set-point at which their body-mass index levels trigger the onset of diabetes," said Maha Taysir, endocrinologist at the Imperial College London Diabetes Clinic (ICLDC) in Abu Dhabi. However, even expatriates living in the Gulf have a higher incidence of diabetes than they do in their home countries, Taysir said. This suggests lifestyles are a major reason for the region's problem. Just two or three generations ago, many inhabitants of region made their living through strenuous work such as fishing, goat-herding and pearl-diving. The development of the Gulf's oil riches changed lifestyles drastically, luring tens of thousands of people into comfortable jobs at lavishly funded state enterprises, or allowing them to live on ample unemployment benefits. Physically tough jobs in the GCC, such as construction and oil field operation, are almost entirely done by millions of foreign workers. Gulf rulers responded to last year's political unrest in the Middle East by increasing welfare benefits for their citizens to buy social peace, which some officials in the Gulf have conceded privately risks further reducing the pressure on people to work. "Exercise is the single most important factor for reducing diabetes ... but it takes a lot of work to get patients here to follow a lifestyle they really don't want to," Taysir said. Some Gulf residents believe the first Gulf War against Saddam Hussein in 1990-1991 may have contributed indirectly to the spread of obesity by fostering a junk food culture. Fast food outlets blossomed in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other countries where thousands of US troops were stationed, and remained part of daily life after the troops withdrew. "The lifestyle, the luxury we live in, the lack of activity and our fatty junk food culture are all contributing factors... Food is delivered, kids play sitting down at their computers... even physical education is a written exam," said Fadli.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32844000
Saturday 15 June Flap-necked chameleon (Chamaeleo dilepis) Flap-necked chameleon fact file - Find out more - Print factsheet Flap-necked chameleon description The flap-necked chameleon’s common name derives from the large, movable flaps that protrude from either side of the upper surface of its neck (2) (4). Normally these flaps lie flat, over a bony protuberance at the back of the head called a “casque” (2), but during threat displays to deter rivals or predators, they can be raised and angled at 90 degrees to the head (2) (4). Males can be distinguished from females by their taller casques, larger flaps and by the small spurs which protrude from the hind legs of some subspecies. At rest, the flap-necked chameleon’s body colouration is usually light green, brown or yellow, with a light or dark stripe extending across the flanks. The flap-necked chameleon’s body is diffusely marked with numerous dark spots, which become bright yellow or orange when it is excited or ready to mate (2). Two low crests formed from large conical scales run down the centre of the upper and lower surfaces of the body (2), with the lower crest beginning at the throat and continuing unbroken over the belly (5). - Length: up to 38 cm (2) Flap-necked chameleon biology Usually found amongst the branches of trees and bushes, the flap-necked chameleon will occasionally descend to the ground in order to seek out new feeding grounds or a mate (7) (8). Like other chameleon species, the flap-necked chameleon has a number of special adaptations for hunting. Its eyes are located on cone-shaped turrets, which can move independently, allowing it to look in two different directions simultaneously, while searching for its insect prey. Once spotted, prey is caught by means of the flap-necked chameleon’s remarkable, extensile tongue. The contraction of special muscles within the tongue rapidly propels it towards the prey, which is snared by a combination of the tongue’s sticky mucous coating and a vacuum created by muscles in the tip (9). When threatened, the flap-necked chameleon presents a dramatic display, rocking from side-to-side, while raising its neck flaps, expanding its throat pouch and gaping its mouth (4) (5). Female flap-necked chameleons are larger than the males and outcompete them for the most favourable areas within their habitat, where prey is most abundant (8). The short mating season is the only time when females will allow males to approach them without conflict. After mating, the female once again becomes aggressive to males, turning black and butting heads with any that approach (7). After a gestation period of around one month (6), the female digs a hole in which the eggs are buried (2). While clutch sizes of up to 60 eggs have been recorded in captivity, in the wild, clutch size may be significantly smaller (2). Hatching takes place around 9 months later (5), with the young reaching sexual maturity after 9 to 12 months (2).Top Flap-necked chameleon range One of the most widely distributed chameleon species (2) (6), the flap-necked chameleon is found throughout almost all of southern and central Africa, with the northern limits of its range extending from Nigeria and Cameroon in the west to Somalia and Ethiopia in the east (3).Top Flap-necked chameleon habitat The flap-necked chameleon occupies forest, bush and grassland savannah (7).Top Flap-necked chameleon statusTop Flap-necked chameleon threats The flap-necked chameleon is one of the most extensively exported chameleon species with almost 50,000 individuals exported between 1977 and 2001. The greatest demand for these chameleons comes from the U.S.A. pet trade (6).Top Flap-necked chameleon conservation The flap-necked chameleon is listed on Appendix II of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and any international trade in this species is therefore strictly controlled and regulated by annual maximum export quotas (3). Despite its popularity in the pet trade, at the present time this species appears to be widespread and common (7). Nevertheless, without proper monitoring of the effects of harvesting for the pet trade, the flap-necked chameleon’s population is at risk of undergoing a significant, but undetected, population decline (6).Top Find out more To learn more about reptile conservation visit: International Reptile Conservation Foundation: Authenticated (23/02/2009) by Edward I. Pollak, Ph.D. Department of Psychology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania.Top - The state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth. - A population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species. IUCN Red List (June, 2011) AdCham.com (January, 2009) CITES (June, 2011) - Meyers, R.A. and Clarke, B.M. (1998) How do flap-necked chameleons move their flaps?. Copeia, 1998: 759 - 761. - CarruthersV. (2005) The Wildlife of Southern Africa: A Field Guide to the Animals and Plants of the Region. Struik, Cape Town. - Carpenter, A.I., Rowcliffe, J.M. and Watkinson, A.R. (2004) The dynamics of global trade in chameleons. Biological Conservation, 120: 291 - 301. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (January, 2009) - Hebrard, J.J. and Madsen, T. (1984) Dry Season Intersexual Habitat Partitioning by Flap-Necked Chameleons (Chamaeleo dilepis) in Kenya. Biotropica, 16: 69 - 72. - Halliday, T. and Adler, K. (2002) The New Encyclopedia of Reptile and Amphibians. Oxford University Press, Oxford. MyARKive offers the scrapbook feature to signed-up members, allowing you to organize your favourite ARKive images and videos and share them with friends. Terms and Conditions of Use of Materials Copyright in this website and materials contained on this website (Material) belongs to Wildscreen or its licensors. 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Please see http://creativecommons.org for details. Any other use Please contact the copyright owners directly (copyright and contact details are shown for each media item) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of Material other than those expressly permitted above. Please note that many of the contributors to ARKive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use. Save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into any other work or publication in any format (this includes but is not limited to: websites, Apps, CDs, DVDs, intranets, extranets, signage, digital communications or on printed materials for external or other distribution). Use of the Material for promotional, administrative or for-profit purposes is not permitted.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32847000
Collection Highlights: Western Art Flask of imitation porcelain Painted in underglaze blue with sprays of foliage and flowers. Italian, Florence, probably between 1575 and 1587, maximum height 18.5 cm. Marked beneath the base with the Dome of Florence Cathedral and F. This is one of about seventy known surviving examples of the earliest successful attempt in Europe to imitate Chinese porcelain. The porcelain-making project was sponsored by the Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany between about 1575 and 1587. The firing temperatures were at the limit of contemporary Italian ceramic technology and the blue has run slightly in firing. The flask was bought in Naples in 1879 by Fortnum, whose gifts and bequest are still the basis of the Ashmolean's collections of sculpture and decorative arts of the Renaissance. [Bequeathed by C.D.E. Fortnum, WA1899.CDEF.C298]. Second Floor, Room 43, Italian Renaissance	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32854000
Many studies have shown that interval training is a very effective way to boost metabolism and burn more fat calories. In addition, interval training is one of the most efficient ways to build fitness. But what exactly is interval training? The following article explains the theory and concept of interval training and offers suggestions for how to apply it to your specific sport. Interval training is a workout that combines varying levels of difficulty for specific time durations. Most interval workouts alternate between high and low intensities. The high intensity portions are often for a shorter time duration and thus are referred to as sprints. Sprints may be as short as 15 seconds for anaerobic workouts or as long as 20 minutes for aerobic training. A rest interval follows the sprint and allows the athlete to slowly recover by performing the same exercise at a much lower intensity. The duration of the rest interval depends on the fitness level of the athlete as well as the duration of the sprint. Interval training utilizes both the aerobic and anaerobic systems of the body. During the sprints, the anaerobic system uses the stored energy from your muscles (glycogen). Since no oxygen is being used during this type of exercise, your body produces lactic acid, which continues to build and eventually forces the athlete into oxygen debt. The rest interval allows the heart and lungs to "pay back" the oxygen debt and break down the lactic acid that has been building up in the muscles. Because the resting interval utilizing the aerobic system, the body uses oxygen to convert stored carbohydrates into expendable energy. Thus, the theory behind interval training is if you practice at higher intensity levels your body will adapt and burn lactic acid at a much more efficient rate during exercise. Through this adaptation, athletes can perform at a higher intensity for a longer time period before pain or fatigue alters their performance. The physiological adaption that occurs with interval training increases the body's ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles and its tolerance of lactic acid accumulation. As a result of these adaptations, athletes experience greater performance, speed and endurance. Another benefit of interval training is the higher caloric expenditure. Calories are burned faster when an athlete performs short, high intensity exercise. Even though there are less intensive resting periods, the higher, anaerobic intervals boost metabolism and burn more calories. While interval training is most often thought of for running workouts, many other forms of exercise can be adapted to this type of training. Biking, swimming, rowing, and even weight training can adhere to the dual nature of interval training. Not only does this type of exercise apply to different sports but is also caters to varying levels of athletes. Novices to a specific sport can set shorter time periods for their sprints and longer intervals for rest. As their fitness level improves, the sprints will become even more intense and last longer while their resting intervals will shorten. Seasoned athletes may really step up their training by pushing their hardest for the sprints and then keep their resting interval at a more moderate pace.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32855000
Oxygen Fuels the Fires of Time Scientists from The Field Museum in Chicago and Royal Holloway University of London, publishing their results this week in the journal Nature Geoscience, have shown that the amount of charcoal preserved in ancient peat bogs, now coal, gives a measure of how much oxygen there was in the past. Until now scientists have relied on geochemical models to estimate atmospheric oxygen concentrations. However, a number of competing models exist, each with significant discrepancies and no clear way to resolve an answer. All models agree that around 300 million years ago, in the Late Paleozoic, atmospheric oxygen levels were much higher than today. These elevated concentrations have been linked to gigantism in some animal groups, in particular insects, the dragonfly Meganeura monyi with a wingspan of over two feet epitomizing this. Some scientists think these higher concentrations of atmospheric oxygen may also have allowed vertebrates to colonize the land. These higher levels of oxygen were a direct consequence of the colonization of land by plants. When plants photosynthesize they evolve oxygen. However, when the carbon stored in plant tissues decays atmospheric oxygen is used up. To produce a net increase in atmospheric oxygen over time organic matter must be buried. The colonization of land by plants not only led to new plant growth but also a dramatic increase in the burial of carbon. This burial was particularly high during the Late Paleozoic when huge coal deposits accumulated. Dr. Ian J. Glasspool from the Department of Geology at the Field Museum explained that: "Atmospheric oxygen concentration is strongly related to flammability. At levels below 15% wildfires could not have spread. However, at levels significantly above 25% even wet plants could have burned, while at levels around 30 to 35%, as have been proposed for the Late Paleozoic, wildfires would have been frequent and catastrophic". However, there were periods in Earth's history when the charcoal percentage in the coals was as high as 70%. This indicates very high levels of atmospheric oxygen that would have promoted many frequent, large, and extremely hot fires. These intervals include the Carboniferous and Permian Periods from 320-250 million years ago and the Middle Cretaceous Period approximately 100 million years ago. "It is interesting", Professor Scott points out, "that these were times of major change in the evolution of vegetation on land with the evolution and spread of new plant groups, the conifers in the late Carboniferous and flowering plants in the Cretaceous". These periods of high fire resulting from elevated atmospheric oxygen concentration might have been self-perpetuating, with more fire meaning greater plant mortality, and in turn more erosion and therefore greater burial of organic carbon, which would have then promoted elevated atmospheric oxygen concentrations. "The mystery to us", Scott states, "is why oxygen levels appear to have more or less stabilized about 50 million years ago".	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32860000
Young headache sufferers and their parents - Keep a headache calendar or diary. Mark down when you have a headache, how bad it is on a 1–10 scale and what you had to do to take it away. Jot down when you had to miss school or work. Download a headache calendar you can use. - Obtain a headache book from the list provided and keep it handy as a reference. Visit the various headache Web sites listed on the sheet provided. Learn as much as possible about your headache condition. This will help you maintain control over your headaches. A list of books and Web sites. - Do not run out of your prescription medications. Plan ahead. - Have an information sheet on file in your school's health room and work with your school nurse to facilitate quick treatment of your headaches. Download an information sheet you can use. - Don't skip meals – this is a potent headache trigger. - Try to wake up and go to sleep at about the same time every day. This can minimize the number of headaches. - Try to identify specific triggers that can bring on your headache and avoid them if possible. All of the recommended books have lists of common headache triggers. Some may be rather obvious to you, others may not. - Biofeedback is a particularly helpful non-drug method for relieving headache pain in children and adolescents. Information is available upon request. - Learn and practice relaxation techniques. - Sometimes, a visit with a pain psychologist will be recommended in order to uncover any factors that may be adding to your headache condition. Medications for headache - Treat the headache early and aggressively. Try to identify signs and symptoms that may tip you off that a headache may soon occur (i.e., neck aching, yawning, fatigue, etc.). - Treat nausea aggressively. Usually, the best choice will be Metoclopramide (Reglan). This not only helps for nausea, but also helps headache medications get absorbed better. Take this at the first sign of a significant headache. - Be aware of rebound headaches. It is easier to prevent this type of headache than to treat them. If you are using short acting, immediate relief medications more than 2 days per week, you could be at risk for developing this condition. - Preventive Medications (those medications used to reduce the number and severity of headaches). - Acute Medications (those used to stop a headache as soon as possible). - Rescue Medications (those medications taken when the acute treatment doesn't work). Remember your treatment goals: - Eliminate emergency room visits for treatment of acute headache pain. - Have a program that works and is well tolerated. - Minimize the impact of your headache on your school and family activities. If you have an appointment scheduled, be sure to keep it. If the headache pattern worsens, call your doctor.	fwe2-CC-MAIN-2013-20-32864000

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