Split (1)

train · 22.3M rows

chunks stringlengths 1 1.02k
increase albedo when it condenses into clouds. Scientists generally treat evapotranspiration as a net cooling impact, and the net climate impact of albedo and evapotranspiration changes from deforestation depends greatly on local climate. In seasonally snowcovered zones, winter albedos of treeless areas are 10 to 50 ...
ally warming effect of albedo change and cooling effect of carbon sequestration on planting forests. They found that new forests in tropical and midlatitude areas tended to cool; new forests in high latitudes e.g., Siberia were neutral or perhaps warming. Water Water reflects light very differently from typical terre...
he terminator early morning, late afternoon, and near the poles. However, as mentioned above, waviness causes an appreciable reduction. Because light specularly reflected from water does not usually reach the viewer, water is usually considered to have a very low albedo in spite of its high reflectivity at high angles ...
also serve as blankets to trap warmth." Albedo and climate in some areas are affected by artificial clouds, such as those created by the contrails of heavy commercial airliner traffic. A study following the burning of the Kuwaiti oil fields during Iraqi occupation showed that temperatures under the burning oil fires ...
he aerosol population called cloud condensation nuclei. Increased nuclei concentrations lead to increased cloud droplet number concentrations, which in turn leads to increased cloud albedo, increased light scattering and radiative cooling first indirect effect, but also leads to reduced precipitation efficiency and inc...
farming, and urbanization change the albedo of various areas around the globe. However, quantification of this effect on the global scale is difficult, further study is required to determine anthropogenic effects. Albedo in Astronomy In astronomy, the term albedo can be defined in several different ways, depending up...
whereas unusually high radar albedo is indicative of high metal content in asteroids. Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, has one of the highest known optical albedos of any body in the Solar System, with an albedo of 0.99. Another notable highalbedo body is Eris, with an albedo of 0.96. Many small objects in the outer Sola...
irectly behind the observer and the Bond albedo measuring total proportion of electromagnetic energy reflected. Their values can differ significantly, which is a common source of confusion. In detailed studies, the directional reflectance properties of astronomical bodies are often expressed in terms of the five Hapke...
planetary radar astronomy, a microwave or radar pulse is transmitted toward a planetary target e.g. Moon, asteroid, etc. and the echo from the target is measured. In most instances, the transmitted pulse is circularly polarized and the received pulse is measured in the same sense of polarization as the transmitted puls...
em, the OC echo dominates and the most commonly reported radar albedo parameter is the normalized OC radar albedo often shortened to radar albedo where the denominator is the effective crosssectional area of the target object with mean radius, . A smooth metallic sphere would have . Radar Albedos of Solar System Obje...
aw of thermal radiation Opposition surge Polar seesaw Radar astronomy Solar radiation management References External links Albedo Project Albedo Encyclopedia of Earth NASA MODIS BRDFalbedo product site Ocean surface albedo lookuptable Surface albedo derived from Meteosat observations A discussion of Lunar...
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a pronounced , plural aes. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, cro...
d by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled as a triangular head with two horns extended. When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter to represent the glottal stopthe consonant sound that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the first phoneme of the Phoenician...
preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English. Typographic variants During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter "A". First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. There was al...
cursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or AngloIrish semiuncial or AngloSaxon majuscule of Great Britain. By the 9th century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the presentday form, was the principal form used in bookmaking, before the a...
was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting ...
tin and Greek sound; the diphthong as in ace and major usually when is followed by one, or occasionally two, consonants and then another vowel letter this results from Middle English lengthening followed by the Great Vowel Shift; the modified form of the above sound that occurs before , as in square and Mary; the ro...
Other languages In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as , , or . An exception is Saanich, in which and the glyph stands for a closemid front unrounded vowel . Other systems In phonetic and phonemic notation in the International Phonetic Alphabet, is used for the ope...
, rays, etc. A capital A is also typically used as one of the letters to represent an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A. "A" is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status A, A or A, the best grade that can be assigned by teacher...
A a Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems Latin letter alpha script A, which represents an open back unrounded vowel in the IPA Latin small letter alpha with retroflex ...
on system Glottal A, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations an ordinal indicator ngstrm sign a turned capital letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification "for all" At sign Argentine austral Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets Se...
Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24thmost populous of the U.S. states. With a total of of inland waterways, ...
ry. The British won the territory in 1763 until losing it in the American Revolutionary War. Spain held Mobile as part of Spanish West Florida until 1813. In December 1819, Alabama was recognized as a state. During the antebellum period, Alabama was a major producer of cotton, and widely used African American slave lab...
e mid20th century. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly underrepresented. Highprofile events such as the Selma to Montgomery march made the state a major focal point of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. During and after World War II, Alabama grew as the state's economy d...
t the college level at schools such as the University of Alabama, Auburn University, Alabama AM University, Alabama State University, Troy University, the University of South Alabama, and Jacksonville State University, play a major part of the state's culture. Etymology The EuropeanAmerican naming of the Alabama River...
early as 1702, the French called the tribe the , with French maps identifying the river as . Other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. and possibly Alabahmu. The use of state names derived from Native American languages is common in the U.S.; a...
the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. History PreEuropean settlement Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. Trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mo...
e Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood. Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in presentday Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee, an Iroquoian langua...
to the British in the Seven Years' War, it became part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1783. After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War, the territory was divided between the United States and Spain. The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the ...
. Most of what is now the northern twothirds of Alabama was known as the Yazoo lands beginning during the British colonial period. It was claimed by the Province of Georgia from 1767 onwards. Following the Revolutionary War, it remained a part of Georgia, although heavily disputed. With the exception of the area aroun...
ned, served as the territorial capital from 1817 to 1819. Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14, 1819, with Congress selecting Huntsville as the site for the first Constitutional Convention. From July5 to August 2, 1819, delegates met to prepare the new state constitution. Huntsville served as temporar...
around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew mainly from slave labor. The area also drew many poor, disenfranchised people who became subsistence farmers. Alabama had an estimated population of under 10,000 people in 1810, but it increased to more than 300,000 people by 1830. Most Native American tribes we...
on By 1860, the population had increased to 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080, were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were free people of color. On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union. After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joined the Confederate States o...
May 1865 until its official restoration to the Union in 1868. From 1867 to 1874, with most white citizens barred temporarily from voting and freedmen enfranchised, many African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state. Alabama was represented in Congress during this period by three AfricanAmerican congressm...
in Alabama ended in 1874, when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence. They wrote another constitution in 1875, and the legislature passed the Blaine Amendment, prohibiting public money from being used to finance religiousaffiliated s...
,000 African Americans eligible to vote in 1900. The numbers dropped even more in later decades. The state legislature passed additional racial segregation laws related to public facilities into the 1950s jails were segregated in 1911; hospitals in 1915; toilets, hotels, and restaurants in 1928; and bus stop waiting ro...
n 1965 to enforce their constitutional rights as citizens. The ruraldominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans, but it did not relieve them of paying taxes. Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in t...
several vocational buildings were completed by 1937 in the state. Several of the surviving school buildings in the state are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Continued racial discrimination and lynchings, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation...
represented for decades in the state legislature, which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes, as it was required by the state constitution. This did not change until the late 1960s following a lawsuit and court order. Industrial development related to the demands of World W...
censuses. They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas. One result was that Jefferson County, containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than onethird of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in ser...
developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than sixty years. Other changes were made to implement representative state house and senate districts. African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the civi...
l specifically challenged in court. According to The New York Times, by 2017, many of Alabama's AfricanAmericans were living in Alabama's cities such as Birmingham and Montgomery. Also, the Black Belt region across central Alabama "is home to largely poor counties that are predominantly AfricanAmerican. These counties ...
luding Chilton County, adopted a system of cumulative voting for election of representatives in multiseat jurisdictions. This has resulted in more proportional representation for voters. In another form of proportional representation, 23 jurisdictions use limited voting, as in Conecuh County. In 1982, limited voting wa...
dustries, such as automobile assembly, replaced some the state's older industries in the late twentieth century, but the state's economy and growth lagged behind other states in the area, such as Georgia and Florida. 21st century In 2001, Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed a statue of the Ten Com...
te in the United States with of total area 3.2 of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the secondlargest inland waterway system in the United States. About threefifths of the land area is part of the Gulf Coastal Plain, a gentle plain with a general descent towards the ...
oth land area and water area. Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskeg...
he first officially recorded cave in the United States; Noccalula Falls in Gadsden features a 90foot waterfall; Dismals Canyon near Phil Campbell, home to two waterfalls, six natural bridges and allegedly served as a hideout for legendary outlaw Jesse James; Stephens Gap Cave in Jackson County boasts a 143foot pit, two...
the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme "starwound" because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface. In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th reco...
S., with high temperatures averaging over throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and hurricanes. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken. South ...
onal Climatic Data Center for the period January 1, 1950, to June 2013. Several longtracked F5EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities since 1950 than any other state. The state was affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak and was devastated tremendously by the 2011 Super Outbreak. The 201...
in Mobile and around in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 ...
h. The state is usually ranked among the top in nation for its range of overall biodiversity. Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and once boasted huge expanses of pine forest, which still form the largest proportion of forests in the state. It currently ranks fifth in the nation for the diversity of...
des a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 into the state. Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people. The state had...
f English ancestry out of a total state population of 2,824,719 making them 41 of the state at the time and the largest ethnic group. In 2011, 46.6 of Alabama's population younger than age1 were minorities. The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are American 13.4, Irish 10.5, English 10.2, German 7.9, and Sco...
t, their selfidentification was often overlooked as the state tried to impose a binary breakdown of society into white and black. The state has officially recognized nine American Indian tribes in the state, descended mostly from the Five Civilized Tribes of the American Southeast. These are the following. Poarch Band...
ech which was taken across the border from Tennessee. In the major Southern speech region, there is the decreasing loss of the final r, for example the "boyd" pronunciation of "bird". In the northern third of the state, there is a South Midland "arm" and "barb" rhyming with "form" and "orb". Unique words in Alabama Eng...
regularly. A majority of people in the state identify as Evangelical Protestant. , the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are the Southern Baptist Convention, The United Methodist Church, and nondenominational Evangelical Protestant. In Alabama, the Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of ad...
the Cumberland Presbyterian Church6,000 members in 59 congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America5,000 members and fifty congregations plus the EPC and Associate Reformed Presbyterians with 230 members and nine congregations. In a 2007 survey, nearly 70 of respondents could name all four of the Christ...
d by the state legislature on January 25, 1844. Later immigrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries tended to be Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe. Jewish denominations in the state include two Orthodox, four Conservative, ten Reform, and one Humanistic synagogue. Muslims have been increasing in Alabama, with ...
r temples within a tenmile radius of Bayou La Batre, include Chua Chanh Giac, Wat Buddharaksa, and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan. The first community of adherents of the Bah Faith in Alabama was founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy, who moved from Chicago to Fairhope. Bah centers in Alabama exist in Birmingham, Huntsville, and Fl...
et diabetes in the country, exceeding 10 of adults. On May 14, 2019, Alabama passed the Human Life Protection Act, banning abortion at any stage of pregnancy unless there is a "serious health risk", with no exceptions for rape and incest. The law, if enacted, would punish doctors who perform abortions with 10 to 99 ye...
, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates. Nonagricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations; 71,750 in business and financial operations; 36,790 in computerrelated and mathematical occupation; 44,200 in architecture and engineering; 12,410 in life, physical, and social sciences; 32,26...
conomic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was 170billion, or 29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2012 GDP increased 1.2 from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information. In 2010, per capita income for the state was 22,984. The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8...
l outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, fish, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production, according to various reports, with Texas, Georgia ...
s and 2 processors. Reasons for this decline include increased feed prices, catfish alternatives, COVID19s impact on restaurant sales, disease, and fish size. Industry Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products including castiron and steel pipe; paper, lumber, and wood products; mining mostly coal; p...
bama currently ranks 4th in the nation for vehicle exports. Automakers accounted for approximately a third of the industrial expansion in the state in 2012. The eight models produced at the state's auto factories totaled combined sales of 74,335 vehicles for 2012. The strongest model sales during this period were the ...
2013. Companhia Siderrgica Nacional submitted a combined bid for the mill at Calvert, plus a majority stake in the ThyssenKrupp mill in Brazil, for 3.8billion. In July 2013, the plant was sold to ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel. The Hunt Refining Company, a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa ...
d produce up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017. The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States. It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabamabased Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility. Tourism and entertainment According to Business Insi...
ch as Victoryland; amusement parks such as Alabama Splash Adventure; the Riverchase Galleria, one of the largest shopping centers in the southeast; Guntersville Lake, voted the best lake in Alabama by Southern Living Magazine readers; and the Alabama Museum of Natural History, the oldest museum in the state. Mobile is...
been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes and contrast of environments. Movies filmed in Alabama include Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Get Out, 42, Selma, Big Fish, The Final Destination, Due Date, Need For Speed and many more. Healthcare UAB Hospital, USA Health University Hospital, H...
ler banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham area, including ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including Harbert Management Corporation. Electronics and communications Telecommunications provider ATT, form...
over 850 amendments and almost 87,000 words, it is by some accounts the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the United States Constitution. There has been a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution. Critics argue that Alabama's constitution maintains highly...
ing, or defeating state legislation. The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature. The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority most state Legislatures require a twothirds majority to override a veto. Until 1964, the state elected state senato...
o have geographically based systems. At that time, Alabama and many other states had to change their legislative districting, as many across the country had systems that underrepresented urban areas and districts. This had caused decades of underinvestment in such areas. For instance, Birmingham and Jefferson County t...
ials, such as the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and other constitutional officers, take office the following January. The judiciary is responsible for interpreting the Constitution of Alabama and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The state's highest court is the Supreme Court of Al...
In some years, it imposes more death sentences than does Texas, a state which has a population five times larger. However, executions per capita are significantly higher in Texas. Some of its cases have been highly controversial; the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned 24 convictions in death penalty cases. It was the o...
nties are also added to purchases.ref For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile County, Alabama is 10 and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1, which means a diner in Mobile County, Alabama would pay an 11 tax on a meal. In 2020, sales and excise taxes in Alabama accounted for 38 of all state and local rev...
Constitution, which centralizes power in the state legislature, only seven counties Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa in the state have limited home rule. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local polici...
us counties. The rural bias of the state legislature, which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house, affected politics well into the 20th century, failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas. "The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of l...
ban the sale of alcohol, and there are many dry municipalities in counties which permit alcohol sales. Politics During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1874, the political coalition of white Democrats kno...
state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas. As counties were the basis of election districts, the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly threequarters of the century, until a series ...
ctoral systems, which allowed the majority of the population to dominate elections. Some changes at the county level have occurred following court challenges to establish singlemember districts that enable a more diverse representation among county boards. In 2007, the Alabama Legislature passed, and Republican govern...
ed as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state. For nearly a hundred years local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election. Since the mid to late 20th century, however, white co...
lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench. In the early 21st century, Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices. Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education. In 2010, Rep...
ors, etc. in the state are still held by Democrats. Many rural counties have voters who are majority Democrats, resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary. Similarly many metropolitan and suburban counties are majorityRepublican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican Primary, ...
Senate as a Democrat in 1986 and reelected in 1992, but switched parties immediately following the November 1994 general election. In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans Bradley Byrne, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Morris J. Brooks, Martha Roby,...
n. That represented an increase of 444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year. In 2007, more than 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress AYP toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama. While Alabama's public education system has...
her education include 14 fouryear public universities, twoyear community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are four medical schools as of fall 2015 University of Alabama School of Medicine, University of South Alabama and Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine and The Edwa...
ate degrees to a multitude of doctoral level programs. The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016. Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses Troy, Dothan, Mo...
niversities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73. According to the 2012 U.S. News World Report, Alabama had four tier one universities University of Alabama, Auburn University, University of Alabama at Birmi...
WAFF 48 NBC, Huntsville WPMI 15 NBC, Mobile WSFA 12 NBC, Montgomery PBSAlabama Public Television WBIQ 10 PBS, Birmingham WIIQ 41 PBS, Demopolis WDIQ 2 PBS, Dozier WFIQ 36 PBS, Florence WHIQ 25 PBS, Huntsville WGIQ 43 PBS, Louisville WEIQ 42 PBS, Mobile WAIQ 26 PBS, Montgomery WCIQ 7 PBS, Mount Cheaha The C...
t held from 1973 to 1980. Alabama has hosted several professional golf tournaments, such as the 1984 and 1990 PGA Championship at Shoal Creek, the Barbasol Championship PGA Tour, the Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions, Airbus LPGA Classic, and Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic LPGA Tour, and The Tradition Champions Tour. C...
of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, LendingTree Bowl, and AlabamaMississippi All Star Classic; the stadium seats 40,646. In 2009, BryantDenny Stadium and JordanHare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, aft...
state; I20I59 travel from the central west Mississippi state line to Birmingham, where I59 continues to the northeast corner of the state and I20 continues east towards Atlanta; I85 originates in Montgomery and travels eastnortheast to the Georgia state line, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and I10 traverses ...
S11, US29, US31, US43, US45, US72, US78, US80, US82, US84, US90, US98, US231, US278, US280, US331, US411, and US431. There are four toll roads in the state Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery; NorthportTuscaloosa Western Bypass in Tuscaloosa and Northport; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka; and Beach Express in ...
h Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama The History of a Deep South State 1994. Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century 2004. Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography 4 vols, 1921. Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama A Personal History of My State 2004. ...
act Sheet 1819 establishments in the United States Southern United States States and territories established in 1819 States of the Confederate States States of the Gulf Coast of the United States States of the United States U.S. states with multiple time zones Contiguous United States
In Greek mythology, Achilles or Achilleus was a hero of the Trojan War, the greatest of all the Greek warriors, and is the central character of Homer's Iliad. He was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia. Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince Hector...
ends. Etymology Linear B tablets attest to the personal name Achilleus in the forms akireu and akirewe, the latter being the dative of the former. The name grew more popular, even becoming common soon after the seventh century BC and was also turned into the female form Achillea, attested in Attica in the fourth ce...
, to mean "a corps of soldiers", a muster. With this derivation, the name obtains a double meaning in the poem when the hero is functioning rightly, his men bring distress to the enemy, but when wrongly, his men get the grief of war. The poem is in part about the misdirection of anger on the part of leadership. Anothe...