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Levey, Michael (1980). Painting in Eighteenth-Century Venice (Second ed.). Oxford: Phaidon. |
Links, J. G. (1977). Canaletto and his Patrons. London: Paul Elek. pp. 55–56. |
Martineau, Jane, and Robison, Andrew, The Glory of Venice: Art in the Eighteenth Century, 1994, Yale University Press/Royal Academy of Arts, ISBN 0300061862 (Catalogue for exhibition in London and Washington) |
Mauroner, Fabio (April 1940). "Michiel Marieschi with Catalogue of the Etchings". The Print Collector's Quarterly. 27 (2): 179. |
Wittkower, Rudolf (1993). Art and Architecture Italy, 1600-1750. Penguin Books. p. 501. |
External links |
Media related to Michele Marieschi at Wikimedia Commons |
www.artistarchive.com A catalogue of the 21 plates from Magnificentiores Selectioresque Urbis Venetiarum Prospectus. |
Canaletto, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Marieschi |
Michele Pace del Campidoglio (1625-1669) was an Italian painter of still-life depicting fruit and flowers. |
Biography |
Pace del Campidoglio was born in Rome or Vitorchiano in 1625. He was called 'Di Campidoglio' from an office he held in the Campidoglio, or Capitol, at Rome. There was a fine picture by him in the collection of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough at Blenheim, and many others are to be found in England. He died in 1669 in Rome. |
References |
Attribution: |
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1889). "Pace, Michelangelo, called Di Campidoglio". In Armstrong, Sir Walter; Graves, Robert Edmund (eds.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (L–Z). Vol. II (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. |
Mihály Munkácsy (20 February 1844 – 1 May 1900) was a Hungarian painter. He earned international reputation with his genre pictures and large-scale biblical paintings. |
Early years |
Munkácsy was born as Mihály Leó Lieb (Hungarian: Lieb Mihály Leó) to Mihály Lieb, an bureaucrat of Bavarian origin, and Cecília Reök, in Munkács, Hungary, Austrian Empire, the town from which he later adopted his pseudonym. |
After being apprenticed to itinerant painter Elek Szamossy, Munkácsy went to Pest, the largest city in Hungary (now part of Budapest), where he sought the patronage of established artists. |
With the help of the landscape artist Antal Ligeti, he received a state grant to study abroad. In 1865, he studied at the Academy of Vienna under Karl Rahl. In 1866, he studied at the Munich Academy, and in 1868 he moved to the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf to study with the popular genre painter Ludwig Knaus. In 1867, he travelled to Paris to see the Universal Exposition. |
After his Paris trip, his style became lighter, with broader brushstrokes and tonal colour schemes - he was probably influenced by modern French painting seen at the Exposition. |
In his early career Munkácsy painted mainly scenes from the daily lives of peasants and poor people. First he followed the colourful, theatrical style of contemporary Hungarian genre painters (e. g. Károly Lotz, János Jankó), for example in The Cauldron (1864) or Easter Merrymaking (1865). In the next years he paid more attention to the landscape around his figures (Storm in the Puszta, 1867). From the Düsseldorf genre painters he learnt to represent different emotions in his figures and to treat them as a group (The Last Day of a Condemned Man, 1869). He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. |
The Last Day of a Condemned Man |
In 1869, Munkácsy painted his much acclaimed work The Last Day of a Condemned Man, considered his first masterpiece. The picture was rewarded with the Gold Medal of the Paris Salon in 1870. It made Munkácsy a popular painter in an instant. It suggests torture caused by oppression, moral uncertainty and reactions to an impending tragic end in visual form. However, it aptly captures the capabilities of the Hungarian master in painting. |
Munkácsy, together with his friend, the landscapist László Paál, moved to Paris, where he lived until the end of his life. He continued to paint genre pictures like Making Lint (1871) and Woman Gathering Brushwood (1873). The zenith of his career was between 1873 and 1875, when he painted Midnight Ramblers, Farewell, Churning Woman, and Pawnshop. He married the widow of Baron de Marches in 1874, after which his style evolved; departing from the typical subjects of realism, he produced colourful salon paintings and still lifes. |
In the late 1870s he also worked in Barbizon, together with Paál, and painted fresh, richly coloured landscapes, such as Dusty Road, Corn Field, and Walking in the Woods. The assimilation of László Paál's style is apparent in the landscapes painted during the 1880s, such as Avenue and The Colpach Park. His realist portraits, including of Franz Liszt and of Cardinal Haynald, were also made during this time. |
In 1878, he painted a historical genre picture, The Blind Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to his Daughters, which marked a new milestone in his oeuvre. It is set in a richly furnished room. The picture was bought (and successfully sold) by Austrian-born art dealer Charles Sedelmeyer, who offered Munkácsy a ten-year contract. This deal made Munkácsy wealthy and an established member of the Paris art world. |
Trilogy |
Sedelmeyer wanted Munkácsy to paint large-scale pictures which could be exhibited on their own. They decided that a subject taken from the Bible would be most suitable. In 1882 Munkácsy painted Christ in front of Pilate, followed by Golgotha in 1884. The trilogy was completed with Ecce Homo in 1896. |
Sedelmeyer took these three huge paintings on tour across Europe and the United States. The first two were purchased by US department store magnate John Wanamaker. After Wanamaker's death they were exhibited in the Grand Court of his Philadelphia store every Easter, with special Lenten music programs often arranged around them. The spaciousness of the Grand Court favorably accommodated the paintings' heroic size. During other parts of the year they were kept in a special vault adjacent to the Wanamaker Organ. Wanamaker reportedly paid the highest price for its time ever paid to a living artist. For years the Hungarian government sought to gain ownership. When the store chain was bought by Michigan shopping-mall magnate A. Alfred Taubman, the popular paintings were quietly auctioned in 1988, Joey and Toby Tanenbaum bought Christ in front of Pilate, and they donated it to the Art Gallery of Hamilton (AGH) in 2002. The AGH loaned it to the Déri Museum in Debrecen from 2002 until 2007, and again from 2009 until 2014. In 2009, all three were installed in a special wing of the Déri Museum. At that point, Ecce Homo! (1896) and Golgotha (1884) were respectively owned by the Hungarian state and by Hungarian-American art collector Imre Pákh. After the painting was returned to Canada, the Hungarian government sought to purchase it outright and in February 2014, it bought the painting for $5.7 million. |
Munkácsy did not abandon genre painting, but his settings changed. In the 1880s he painted many salon pictures, set in lavishly furnished homes of rich people. His most often depicted subjects were motherhood (Baby's Visitors, 1879), the happy moments of domestic life (The Father's Birthday, 1882), children and animals (Two Families in the Salon, 1880). His elegantly dressed, dainty young women also appear in landscape settings (Three Ladies in the Park, 1886). These pictures were extremely popular (especially among US buyers) and fetched high prices. Beside these urban subjects Munkácsy also continued to paint rural scenes and dramatic, intensely emotional landscapes. |
Last phase: 1887–1896 |
Towards the end of his career he painted two monumental works: Hungarian Conquest for the House of Parliament, and a fresco, Apotheosis of Renaissance, for the ceiling of Kunsthistoriches Museum in Vienna. |
He was commissioned to paint the large ceiling painting of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. The work, completed in 1888, was titled Glorification of the Renaissance. |
Although Munkácsy, who was very conscious about earthly comfort and social prestige, became a celebrity, he was always unsure and always questioning his own talent. By the 1890s, his depression grew into a severe mental illness which was probably intensified by the syphilis which he contracted in his youth. His last pictures are troubled and sometimes even bizarre (e.g. Victim of Flowers, 1896). |
Towards the end of his life when disease was demanding more and more of his energy and finally darkness descended on his mind, he completed two pictures involving several figures. In one of them, Strike (1896), he illustrated the subject of the picture, rather unusual at his time, in a new style of character portrayal with the old passionate approach only superficially present. |
Death |
In the summer of 1896 Munkácsy's health sharply declined. After treatment in Baden-Baden, he retired to Colpach and Paris. Later he was taken to a mental hospital at Endenich near Bonn. He collapsed and died there on 1 May 1900. On 9 May he was buried in the Kerepesi Cemetery, Budapest. |
Legacy |
Neither 19th century visual art nor the historical developments of Hungarian art can be discussed without considering Munkácsy's contributions. His works are considered the apogee of national painting. He was a standard-setter, an oeuvre of reference value. He was one of the few with whom the antiquated colour techniques of 19th century Austro-Hungarian painting reached its most powerful and most lavish expression. |
In 2005, the Hungarian National Gallery organized in Budapest the first ever comprehensive exhibition of Munkácsy's paintings scattered throughout the world. As many as 120 pieces were borrowed from different institutions, museums and private collections. The exhibition catalogue published on the occasion, entitled Munkácsy a nagyvilágban (Munkácsy in the World) also included a number of reproductions of his paintings. The three-month exhibition was a feast for Hungarians who had little access to his original works. Paintings by Munkacsy are in the Milwaukee Art Museum, Dayton Institute of Art (Ohio), and the Albany (New York) Museum of Art and History, and The Condemned is part of the Founding Collection at the Frye Art Museum in Seattle (Washington). His paintings also hang in the Arad Art Museum (Romania) and the Ferenc Mora Art Museum (Szeged, Hungary). |
Mihály Munkácsy is honored by Hungary by issuing a postage stamps: on 1 July 1932 which bears his portrait; on 18 March 1977 his painting “Flowers” was depicted on a postage stamp in the series Flowers by Hungarian Painters. |
Honored by Luxembourg by issuing two postage stamps on 20 May 1996. |
A crater on the planet Mercury was named in his honor. |
References |
Attribution |
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Munkacsy, Michael von" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. |
Bibliography |
James Joyce "Royal Hibernian Academy 'Ecce Homo'", 1899. |
Végvári, Lajos: Munkácsy Mihály élete és művei (the Life and Work of Mihály Munkácsy), Budapest, 1958. |
Munkácsy a nagyvilágban / Munkácsy in the World. Exhibition Catalogue. Ed. by Gosztonyi, Ferenc. Hungarian National Gallery – Szemimpex Kiadó, Budapest, 2005. |
External links |
mihalymunkacsy.org, 37 works by Mihaly Munkácsy |
Japan Mint: 2005 International Coin Design Competition -- see competitor design, "In Memoriam Mihály MUNKÁCSY, Master of Hungarian Art of Painting" ... also see "Fine Works" plaster model, Attila Ronay (designer) |
Alessandro Bonvicino (also Buonvicino) (c. 1498 – possibly 22 December 1554), more commonly known as Moretto, or in Italian Il Moretto da Brescia (the Moor of Brescia), was an Italian Renaissance painter from Brescia, where he also mostly worked. His dated works span the period from 1524 to 1554, but he was already described as a master in 1516. He was mainly a painter of altarpieces that tend towards sedateness, mostly for churches in and around Brescia, but also in Bergamo, Milan, Verona, and Asola; many remain in the churches they were painted for. The majority of these are on canvas, but a considerable number, including some large pieces, are created on wood panels. There are only a few surviving drawings from the artist. |
He also painted a few portraits, but these are more influential. A full-length Portrait of a Man in the National Gallery, London, dated 1526, seems to be the earliest Italian independent portrait at full length, all the more unexpected as the subject, though clearly a wealthy nobleman, shows no sign of being from a princely ruling family. This format, and the background of an exterior largely closed off by a column the man leans on, was taken up by his main assistant Giovanni Battista Moroni, who painted mainly portraits and was one of the most important portraitists of the mid-16th century. |
He was a prominent and pious citizen of the small city of Brescia, belonging to at least two of the most prominent confraternities. |
Biography |
He was born at Rovato, in Brescian territory, and studied first under Fioravante Ferramola. Others state he trained with Vincenzo Foppa. His brothers Pietro and Jacopo were also painters. He may have been apprenticed to Titian in Venice and modelled his earlier portrait-painting on the Venetian style. On the other hand, the style also resembles that of Giorgione or late Bellini. He conceived a great enthusiasm for Raphael, though he never travelled to Rome; on the other hand, his classical serenity resembles that shown by Leonardo and his followers in Lombardy such as Bramantino. He may have consulted with his contemporary Girolamo Savoldo. |
Moretto excelled more in sedate altarpieces than in narrative action, and more in oil painting than in fresco, although he painted fine frescoes depicting the idle daughters of Count Martinengo in one of the palaces near Brescia. In 1521, he worked with Girolamo Romanino in the Cappella del Sacramento in the Old Cathedral of Brescia, where Moretto completed a Last Supper, Elijah in the Desert, and a Fall of Manna. He was active during 1522–1524 in Padua. |
He painted alongside Lorenzo Lotto at Santa Maria Maggiore in Bergamo. In Brescia, he completed a Five Virgin Martyrs and his masterpiece, the Assumption of the Madonna for the church of San Clemente; a Coronation of the Madonna with four saints (c. 1525) for the church of Santi Nazaro e Celso; and a St Joseph for Santa Maria delle Grazie. Another work, with two small children depicted, is his canvas of St Nicholas of Bari presenting two children to Virgin (1539) originally painted for the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli, but now in the Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo. He collaborated with Floriano Ferramola in the decoration of the dome of Brescia Cathedral. |
In the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna is a St Justina (once ascribed to Il Pordenone); in the Staedel Museum, Frankfurt, the Madonna Enthroned between Sts. Anthony and Sebastian; in the Berlin Museum, a colossal Adoration of the Shepherds, and a large votive picture (one of the master's best) of the Madonna and Child, with infant angels and other figures above the clouds, and below, amid a rich landscape, two priests; in the National Gallery, Central London, is a St Bernardino and Other Saints. |
Throughout his career his works display an internal oscillation between the traditions of Venetian painting and the Central Italian schools. Simultaneously he looked at the form and colour of Venetian artists such as Titian and Palma the Elder whilst his classicising, sweet intensity earned him the name "Raphael of Brescia". Though there is some uncertainty regarding his studio, he took on a number of pupils, the most important of whom was the portraitist Giovanni Battista Moroni. He also influenced Callisto Piazza. |
Il Moretto was stated to have been a man of great personal piety, preparing himself by prayer and fasting for any great act of sacred art, such as the painting of the Virgin-mother. |
Public collections |
Moretto is represented in the following collections: National Gallery, London; Metropolitan Museum, New York; Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; Staedel Museum, Frankfurt; Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice; Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo, Brescia (Annunciation); Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan; National Gallery of Art, Washington; Louvre, Paris; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford; Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, amongst others. |
Further works |
Works |
Enthroned Madonna and Child with Saint James the Great and Saint Jerome (1517) |
Christ with the Cross (1518) |
The Dead Christ Adored by Saint Jerome and Saint Dorothy (1520–1521) |
Holy Cross Standard (1520–1521) |
Standard of Our Lady of Mercy (1520–1522) |
Salvation Triptych (1521–1524 or 1527–1528) |
Our Lady of Mount Carmel (c. 1522) |
Assumption of the Virgin (1524–1526) |
Orzinuovi Altarpiece (1525–1530) |
Portrait of a Man (1526) |
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