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In 1883, the French writer Joris-Karl Huysmans replied to Pissarro in a letter to Pissarro's accusation that Cézanne was only briefly mentioned in Huysman's book L'Art Moderne by suggesting that Cézanne's view of the motifs was distorted by astigmatism : "[...] but it There is certainly an eye defect involved, which I ... |
The art dealer Ambroise Vollard first came into contact with Cézanne's works in 1892 through the paint dealer Tanguy, who had exhibited them in his shop in the Rue Clauzel in Montmartre in return for the delivery of painting utensils . Vollard recalled the lack of response: the shop was rarely visited, "since it was no... |
The art critic Gustave Geffroy was one of the few critics who judged Cézanne's work fairly and unreservedly during his lifetime. As early as 25 March 1894, he wrote in the Journal about the then current relationship between Cézanne's painting and the efforts of younger artists, that Cézanne had become a kind of forerun... |
Posthumous exhibitions |
Two retrospectives posthumously paid tribute to the artist in 1907. From 17 to 29 June, the Bernheim-Jeune gallery in Paris showed 79 watercolours by Cézanne. The 5th Salon d'Automne then paid homage to him from 5 October to 15 November, exhibiting 49 paintings and seven watercolours in two rooms in the Grand Palais. V... |
In 1910, some of Cézanne's paintings were shown in the Manet and the Post-Impressionists exhibition in London (another one followed in 1912). The exhibition had been initiated by the painter and art critic Roger Fry in the Grafton Galleries, which wanted to introduce English art lovers to the work of Édouard Manet, Geo... |
Influence on modernity and misinterpretations |
Cézanne! Cézanne was the father of all of us. |
A kind of dear god of painting. |
Many "productive" misunderstandings lie hidden in the reception of the works and the supposed intentions of Cézanne, which had a considerable influence on the further course and development of modern art. The list of those artists who more or less justifiably referred to him and who coined individual elements from the ... |
Immediately after Cézanne's death in 1906, stimulated by a comprehensive exhibition of his watercolours in the spring of 1907 at the Galerie Bernheim-Jeune and a retrospective in October 1907 at the Salon d'Automne in Paris, a lively examination of his work began. Among young French artists, Henri Matisse and André Der... |
Cézanne expert Götz Adriani notes, however, that the Cézanne's reception by Cubists – particularly by the Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger, who placed Cézanne at the beginning of their way of painting in their 1912 treatise Du "Cubisme" – was arbitrary because they largely ignored the motivation gained from observing ... |
One of the many examples of Cézanne's influence on modernism is the 1888 painting Mardi Gras in the Pushkin Museum, which shows his son Paul with his friend Louis Guillaume and in costumes from the Commedia dell'arte. Picasso took inspiration from it for the harlequin theme in his pink period. Matisse, in turn, took up... |
Numerous artists were inspired by Cézanne's work. The painter Paula Modersohn-Becker saw Cézanne's paintings in Paris in 1900, which deeply impressed her. Shortly before her death, she wrote to Clara Westhoff in a letter on 21 October 1907 : "I am thinking and thinking a lot these days about Cézanne and how he is one o... |
Inspired by Cézanne, Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger wrote: |
Cézanne is one of the greatest of those who changed the course of art history ... From him we have learned that to alter the colouring of an object is to alter its structure. His work proves without doubt that painting is not—or not any longer—the art of imitating an object by lines and colours, but of giving plastic [... |
Along with the work of Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin, the work of Cézanne, with its sense of immediacy and incompletion, critically influenced Matisse and others prior to Fauvism and Expressionism. Cézanne's explorations of geometric simplification and optical phenomena inspired Picasso, Braque, Metzinger, Gleizes,... |
Ernest Hemingway compared his writing to Cézanne's landscapes. As he describes in A Moveable Feast, I was "learning something from the painting of Cézanne that made writing simple true sentences far from enough to make the stories have the dimensions that I was trying to put in them." |
Cézanne's painting The Boy in the Red Vest was stolen from a Swiss museum in 2008. It was recovered in a Serbian police raid in 2012. |
Films about Cézanne |
Une visite au Louvre, 2004. Filmed and directed by Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet about Cézanne, based on the posthumously published conversations with the painter, handed down by his admirer Joachim Gasquet. The film describes a walk by Cézanne in the Louvre past the paintings of his fellow artists. |
On the 100th anniversary of Cézanne's death in 2006, two documentaries from 1995 and 2000 about Paul Cézanne and his motif La Montagne Sainte-Victoire were re-released. Cézanne's triumph was re-shot for the 2006 anniversary year. |
The Violence of the Motive, 1995. A film directed by Alain Jaubert. A mountain near his hometown of Aix-en-Provence becomes Cézanne's main motif. He shows La Montagne Sainte-Victoire from different perspectives and at different times of the year more than 80 times. The motif becomes an obsession that Jaubert gets to th... |
Cézanne – the Painter, 2000. A film by Elisabeth Kapnist. The story of a passion and a lifelong artistic search: the painter Cézanne, his childhood, his friendship with Zola and his encounter with Impressionism are portrayed. |
The Triumph of Cézanne, 2006. A film by Jacques Deschamps. Deschamps takes the 100th anniversary of Cézanne's death in October 2006 as an opportunity to trace the genesis of a legend. Cézanne encountered rejection and incomprehension before he was allowed to rise to the Olympus of art history and the international art ... |
The 2016 film Cézanne and I explores the friendship between the artist and Émile Zola. |
In fiction |
Paul Cézanne figures prominently in the award winning Historical Fiction Novel, The Dream Collector, Book 1: "Sabrine & Sigmund Freud" (2023) by R.w. Meek (Historium Press) in which Cézanne's relationship with Émile Zola is explored, as well as Cézanne's phobia of touch and his painting method of 'modulation'. |
Cézanne and philosophy |
The French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard argues in his work Misère de la philosophie, that Cézanne has, so to speak, the sixth sense: he senses the reality in the making before it is completed in normal perception. So the painter touches on the sublime when he sees the overwhelming quality of the mountainous landsc... |
Cézanne's stylistic approaches and beliefs regarding how to paint were analyzed and written about by the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty who is primarily known for his association with phenomenology and existentialism. In his 1945 essay entitled "Cézanne's Doubt", Merleau-Ponty discusses how Cézanne gave up cl... |
Art market |
The increase in value of Cézanne's work can be seen from the auction of his painting Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier on 10 May 1999, which sold for $60.5 million at Sotheby's in New York, the fourth-highest price paid for a painting up to that time, and the most expensive still life painting at the time. |
Cézanne's watercolour Still Life with Green Melon set the record for a work on paper at an auction, when it sold for $25.5 million in 8 May 2007, far above its estimate of $18 million. A preparatory watercolour for The Card Players series previously thought lost for sixty years sold for $19.1 million on 1 May 2012 to a... |
One of the five versions of Cézanne's The Card Players was sold in 2011 to the Royal Family of Qatar for a price variously estimated at between $250 million ($338.6 million today) and possibly as high as $300 million ($406.3 million today), either price signifying a new mark for highest price for a painting up to that ... |
On 8 November 2022, $138 million US was paid for the painting La Montagne Sainte-Victoire as part of the Paul Allen collection sale at Christie's in New York City to setting a new mark for a price paid for his work at auction. |
Nazi-looted art |
In 2000 French courts ordered the seizure of Cézanne's "The sea at l'Estaque" which was part of the "From Fra Angelico to Bonnard: masterpieces from the Rau Collection" exhibition at the Musée du Luxembourg because of a claim that it had been looted by Nazis from the gallery owner Josse Bernheim-Jeune. |
In 2020 the provenance of a Cézanne from the Buehrle collection came under scrutiny. The painting, Paysage, had already been flagged as potentially problematic in the 2015 Schwarzbuch Bührle: Raubkunst für das Kunsthaus Zürich?. In Die Wochenzeitung, Keller said the provenance of Paysage had been "whitewashed". "Among ... |
In 2023, a last minute settlement was reached between the heirs of Jacob Goldschmidt and the Museum Langmatt, a foundation founded by Dr. Sidney Brown, concerning Cézanne's Fruits et pot de gingembre. The deal was brokered by Christie's after it was discovered that Goldschmidt, a Jewish art dealer, had sold the artwork... |
Cézanne's Provence |
Visitors to Aix-en-Provence can discover Cézanne's landscape motifs along five marked trails from the city center. They lead to Le Tholonet, the Jas de Bouffan, the Bibémus quarry, the banks of the River Arc and the Les Lauves workshop. |
The Atelier Les Lauves has been open to the public since 1954. An American foundation initiated by James Lord and John Rewald made this possible with funds provided by 114 donors. They bought it from the previous owner Marcel Provence and transferred it to the University of Aix. In 1969 the studio was transferred to th... |
During their lifetime, most of the residents of Aix mocked their fellow citizen Cézanne. More recently, they even named a university after their world-famous artist: in 1973 it was founded in Aix-en-Provence, the Paul Cézanne University with the departments of law and political science, business administration as well ... |
As a result of their rejection of his works in the past, the Musée Granet in Aix had to make do with a loan of paintings from the Louvre in order to be able to present visitors with Cézanne, the son of their city. In 1984, the museum received eight paintings and some watercolours, including a motif from the Bathers ser... |
Gallery |
Landscapes |
Still life paintings |
Portraits and self-portraits |
Bathers |
Watercolours |
See also |
List of paintings by Paul Cézanne |
Cézanne (typeface) |
Post-Impressionism |
Marie-Hortense Fiquet |
List of artwork associated with Agnes E. Meyer |
Croix de Provence on the Montagne Sainte-Victoire |
Notes |
References |
Further reading |
Andersen, Wayne (2003) The Youth of Cézanne and Zola: notoriety at its source: art and literature in Paris, Geneva and Boston: Editions Fabiart ISBN 0972557350 |
Andersen, Wayne (2004) Cézanne and the Eternal Feminine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN 052183726X |
Armstrong, Carol (2018) Cézanne's Gravity, New Haven and London: Yale University Press ISBN 9780300266832 |
Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, Nina M. (2003) Cézanne and Provence: The Painter in His Culture, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press ISBN 0226423085 |
Bernard, Émile (1925) (1925) Souvenirs sur Paul Cézanne: une conversation avec Cézanne: la méthode de Cézanne, Paris: R.G. Michel OCLC 423843520 |
D'Souza, Aruna (2008) Cézanne's Bathers, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 9780271032146 |
Dambrowski, André (2013) Cézanne, Murder, and Modern Life, Berkeley, University of California Press ISBN 0520273397 |
Danchev, Alex (2013) The Letters of Paul Cézanne, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, ISBN 978-1-60606-160-2 |
Gasquet, Joachim (1991) Joachim Gasquet's Cézanne, Translated by C. Pemberton. London and New York: Thames & Hudson OCLC 802912360 |
Kendall, Richard, ed. (1988) Cézanne: By Himself, London: Macdonald ISBN 0760755582 |
Kendall, Richard (1989) The History and Techniques of the Great Master Cézanne, London: Tiger Books International ISBN 1855010089 |
Lewis, Mary Tompkins (1989) Cézanne's Early Imagery, Berkeley: University of California Press ISBN 9780520322134 |
Machotka, Pavel (2008) Cézanne: The Eye and the Mind, 2 vols. Marseille: Editions Crès ISBN 2753700478 |
Pissarro, Joachim (2006) Cézanne/Pissarro, Johns/Rauschenberg: Comparative Studies on Intersubjectivity in Modern Art, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521836409 |
Rilke, Rainer Maria (1944) Lettres sur Cézanne, Paris: Editions Correa ISBN 2020260492 |
Sidlauskas, Susan (2009) Cézanne's Other: The Portraits of Hortense, Berkeley: University of California Press ISBN 9780520257450 |
Simms, Matthew (2008) Cézanne's watercolours: between drawing and painting, New Haven and London: Yale University Press ISBN 9780300140668 |
Smith, Paul (1996) Interpreting Cézanne, London: Tate Publishing ISBN 1854371711 |
Zola, Émile (1928) Correspondance (1858–1871), 2 vols. Oeuvres Complètes. Paris: François Bernouard ISBN 9780274259649 |
External links |
Online Exhibition of Paul Cezanne |
National Gallery of Art, Cézanne in Provence |
Paul Cézanne at the Museum of Modern Art |
Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California |
Impressionism: A Centenary Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art – Exhibition catalog: Cézanne (pp. 49–63) |
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