Shumit/Heart-Failure-Text · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)

Heart failure occurring as a result of a problem with the heart’s ability to relax, called ‘preserved ejection fraction.’

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)

Heart failure caused by a problem with the pumping function of the heart, called ‘reduced ejection fraction’.

Maximally tolerated dose

The maximal dose of a medication that you can tolerate without experiencing side effects such as dizziness, low blood pressure and light headedness.

Target dose, optimal dose

A target, or “optimal” dose, is the goal dose of medication recommended by the heart failure treatment guidelines.
CANCER AND HEART FAILURE
Cancer and Heart Failure
Cancer and heart disease are the world’s leading causes of mortality. Although both diseases are well-known, many people are unaware of the relationship between cancer therapy and heart function.
Some cancer survivors may experience a greater risk of developing heart problems as a result of their cancer treatment. This is called cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction, or cardiotoxicity.

LIVING WITH CARDIOTOXICITY
The goal of a cardio-oncology program is to help prevent short- and long-term cardiac complications of cancer therapy. Your cardio-oncology team will work closely with you and other specialists to ensure that your heart is safe prior to, during, and following your cancer therapies.

CANCER THERAPIES AND THE HEART
Medications and cancer therapies may have short and long-term effects on the heart. Some cancer survivors are at risk of developing heart problems as a result of their cancer treatment. Cancer is treated with one or more of the following: chemotherapy, immune therapy, surgery, radiation and HER 2 targeted therapies.
Learn more about different cancer therapies and their impact on the heart:
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy drugs can have an impact on your heart. Anthracyclines are one class of chemotherapy medications that can damage the cell structures and DNA inside the heart muscle, leading to decreased heart function.
Immune Therapy
The immune system works by recognizing foreign ‘outsider’ cells and boosting the body’s defense system (antibodies) to attack them, preventing damage to the body. Immune responses attack any foreign invader, such as bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells. The immune system can also produce cytokines, which are substances that act as messengers; cytokines tell the body’s cells to attack foreign cells.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy is a key component in cancer care to help reduce the risk of recurrence and death. It is used to treat several cancers, including breast, lung, esophagus, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy drugs can have an impact on your heart. Anthracyclines are one class of chemotherapy medications that can damage the cell structures and DNA inside the heart muscle, leading to decreased heart function.
Anthracyclines include doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, and idarubicin. They are used to treat:
Carcinoma: breast, liver, thyroid, small cell lung, bladder, esophagus, and stomach
Leukemias: acute lymphoblastic, acute myeloblastic
Lymphomas: Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Sarcoma: Soft tissue tumors, Ewing’s Osteogenic bone
Sarcoma: Soft tissue tumors, Ewing’s Osteogenic bone.

RISK FACTORS
People at higher risk of impacted heart function as a result of anthracyclines include:
Women
BIPOC
Those over 65 or under 18 years of age
Those with health conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol
Those who have previously had radiation therapy or chemotherapy
Those who smoke, have a high alcohol intake, and/or maintain a sedentary lifestyle
Those who have a family history of heart disease before age 50
Patients receiving more than 250 mg/m2 of doxorubicin during their treatment
Patients with a high doses of doxorubicin
Those diagnosed with heart dysfunction years after treatment with anthracyclines.
The most common type of heart dysfunction after chemotherapy is called dilated cardiomyopathy. It occurs when the bottom chambers of the heart (ventricles) become enlarged and are unable to pump blood to the body. Over time, this can cause the heart to become weakened and stressed, leading to heart failure or arrhythmias.

HER2-TARGETED THERAPIES (TRASTUZUMAB AND PERTUZUMAB)
The growth and function of breast cancer cells are controlled by receptors activated by estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), or human epidermal growth factor (HER2). If any of these three elements are produced by the body in abnormally high levels, it can cause breast cancer cells to divide and grow.
There are three common types of breast cancer:
ER or PR positive (+)
HER2 positive (+)
Triple negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-)
Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the HER2-receptor. Approximately 15-20% of patients with breast cancer whose tumors overexpress HER2-receptors require trastuzumab in the treatment of both early and advanced disease stages. There are other cancers that are HER2-positive where patients are treated with trastuzumab, such as gastrointestinal cancers.
It is estimated that people treated with anthracyclines and HER2-targeted therapies have a 3-5% risk of developing cardiotoxicity. Monitoring for cardiotoxicity while patients are receiving HER-2 targeted therapy is key, as trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity is a relatively common cause of interruption of cancer treatment.

STATINS
Statins have been shown to stabilize heart function and prevent hospitalizations from heart failure. Patients with cardiotoxicity may be prescribed statins during their cancer treatment and beyond.

DIET
A healthy diet includes:
A variety of fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables have important nutrients. They should make up half of your plate at lunch and dinner and be your primary snack choice.
Whole grains and whole grain products life whole grain bread, oats, corn, barley, farro, oatmeal, brown and wild rice, and quinoa.
Healthy protein sources such as legumes, nuts, fish, seafood, low fat dairy, and lean and unprocessed meat and poultry.
Prioritize proteins that come from plants (beans, peas, lentils, nuts, seeds, and tofu) as they have more fibre and less saturated fat than other types of protein.
Liquid non-tropical vegetable oils
Foods prepared with little or no salt
Water. Replace sugary drinks with water as your drink of choice.
Limited processed foods
Limited added sugars
No alcohol (or very limited, if at all).
Find Heart Healthy Recipes on UHN’s website.

CANADA’S FOOD GUIDE

Canada’s Food Guide is an eating plan created by Health Canada to help people in Canada make healthy food choices. It is available in different languages. Top tips include:
1. Focus on your plate.
Health Canada recommends a plate loaded with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. These foods have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, including risk factors such as high blood pressure and elevated blood cholesterol.
Dairy is included as a protein. To reduce your saturated fat intake, choose low fat milk, cheese, and yogurt.
2. Eat more plant-based foods.
Choose beans, lentils, soy, and nuts more often. The goal to improve heart health is to reduce saturated fat, which comes mostly from animal-based foods such as beef, chicken, and dairy products.
3. Think “outside of the box.”
Choose more whole foods and fewer ultra-processed foods that are loaded with sugar, sodium, and saturated fat.
Shop the outside aisles at the grocery store, avoiding inner aisles where the processed foods are located.
4. Drink smart.
Choose water instead of sugar-sweetened beverages, which make up the main source of total sugars in the Canadian diet. Excess sugar is linked to obesity and heart disease. Make water your drink of choice!
5. Be mindful when eating.
Cook more often
Eat with others
Reflect on your eating habits
Enjoy your food

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)

Heart failure occurring as a result of a problem with the heart’s ability to relax, called ‘preserved ejection fraction.’

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)

Heart failure caused by a problem with the pumping function of the heart, called ‘reduced ejection fraction’.

Maximally tolerated dose

The maximal dose of a medication that you can tolerate without experiencing side effects such as dizziness, low blood pressure and light headedness.

Target dose, optimal dose

A target, or “optimal” dose, is the goal dose of medication recommended by the heart failure treatment guidelines.

CANCER AND HEART FAILURE

Cancer and Heart Failure

Cancer and heart disease are the world’s leading causes of mortality. Although both diseases are well-known, many people are unaware of the relationship between cancer therapy and heart function.

Some cancer survivors may experience a greater risk of developing heart problems as a result of their cancer treatment. This is called cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction, or cardiotoxicity.

LIVING WITH CARDIOTOXICITY

The goal of a cardio-oncology program is to help prevent short- and long-term cardiac complications of cancer therapy. Your cardio-oncology team will work closely with you and other specialists to ensure that your heart is safe prior to, during, and following your cancer therapies.

CANCER THERAPIES AND THE HEART

Medications and cancer therapies may have short and long-term effects on the heart. Some cancer survivors are at risk of developing heart problems as a result of their cancer treatment. Cancer is treated with one or more of the following: chemotherapy, immune therapy, surgery, radiation and HER 2 targeted therapies.

Learn more about different cancer therapies and their impact on the heart:

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy drugs can have an impact on your heart. Anthracyclines are one class of chemotherapy medications that can damage the cell structures and DNA inside the heart muscle, leading to decreased heart function.

Immune Therapy

The immune system works by recognizing foreign ‘outsider’ cells and boosting the body’s defense system (antibodies) to attack them, preventing damage to the body. Immune responses attack any foreign invader, such as bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells. The immune system can also produce cytokines, which are substances that act as messengers; cytokines tell the body’s cells to attack foreign cells.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is a key component in cancer care to help reduce the risk of recurrence and death. It is used to treat several cancers, including breast, lung, esophagus, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

CHEMOTHERAPY

Chemotherapy drugs can have an impact on your heart. Anthracyclines are one class of chemotherapy medications that can damage the cell structures and DNA inside the heart muscle, leading to decreased heart function.

Anthracyclines include doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, and idarubicin. They are used to treat:

Carcinoma: breast, liver, thyroid, small cell lung, bladder, esophagus, and stomach

Leukemias: acute lymphoblastic, acute myeloblastic

Lymphomas: Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Sarcoma: Soft tissue tumors, Ewing’s Osteogenic bone

Sarcoma: Soft tissue tumors, Ewing’s Osteogenic bone.

RISK FACTORS

People at higher risk of impacted heart function as a result of anthracyclines include:

Women

BIPOC

Those over 65 or under 18 years of age

Those with health conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol

Those who have previously had radiation therapy or chemotherapy

Those who smoke, have a high alcohol intake, and/or maintain a sedentary lifestyle

Those who have a family history of heart disease before age 50

Patients receiving more than 250 mg/m2 of doxorubicin during their treatment

Patients with a high doses of doxorubicin

Those diagnosed with heart dysfunction years after treatment with anthracyclines.

The most common type of heart dysfunction after chemotherapy is called dilated cardiomyopathy. It occurs when the bottom chambers of the heart (ventricles) become enlarged and are unable to pump blood to the body. Over time, this can cause the heart to become weakened and stressed, leading to heart failure or arrhythmias.

HER2-TARGETED THERAPIES (TRASTUZUMAB AND PERTUZUMAB)

The growth and function of breast cancer cells are controlled by receptors activated by estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), or human epidermal growth factor (HER2). If any of these three elements are produced by the body in abnormally high levels, it can cause breast cancer cells to divide and grow.

There are three common types of breast cancer:

ER or PR positive (+)

HER2 positive (+)

Triple negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-)

Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the HER2-receptor. Approximately 15-20% of patients with breast cancer whose tumors overexpress HER2-receptors require trastuzumab in the treatment of both early and advanced disease stages. There are other cancers that are HER2-positive where patients are treated with trastuzumab, such as gastrointestinal cancers.

It is estimated that people treated with anthracyclines and HER2-targeted therapies have a 3-5% risk of developing cardiotoxicity. Monitoring for cardiotoxicity while patients are receiving HER-2 targeted therapy is key, as trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity is a relatively common cause of interruption of cancer treatment.

STATINS

Statins have been shown to stabilize heart function and prevent hospitalizations from heart failure. Patients with cardiotoxicity may be prescribed statins during their cancer treatment and beyond.

DIET

A healthy diet includes:

A variety of fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables have important nutrients. They should make up half of your plate at lunch and dinner and be your primary snack choice.

Whole grains and whole grain products life whole grain bread, oats, corn, barley, farro, oatmeal, brown and wild rice, and quinoa.

Healthy protein sources such as legumes, nuts, fish, seafood, low fat dairy, and lean and unprocessed meat and poultry.

Prioritize proteins that come from plants (beans, peas, lentils, nuts, seeds, and tofu) as they have more fibre and less saturated fat than other types of protein.

Liquid non-tropical vegetable oils

Foods prepared with little or no salt

Water. Replace sugary drinks with water as your drink of choice.

Limited processed foods

Limited added sugars

No alcohol (or very limited, if at all).

Find Heart Healthy Recipes on UHN’s website.

CANADA’S FOOD GUIDE

Canada’s Food Guide is an eating plan created by Health Canada to help people in Canada make healthy food choices. It is available in different languages. Top tips include:

1. Focus on your plate.

Health Canada recommends a plate loaded with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. These foods have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, including risk factors such as high blood pressure and elevated blood cholesterol.

Dairy is included as a protein. To reduce your saturated fat intake, choose low fat milk, cheese, and yogurt.

2. Eat more plant-based foods.

Choose beans, lentils, soy, and nuts more often. The goal to improve heart health is to reduce saturated fat, which comes mostly from animal-based foods such as beef, chicken, and dairy products.

3. Think “outside of the box.”

Choose more whole foods and fewer ultra-processed foods that are loaded with sugar, sodium, and saturated fat.

Shop the outside aisles at the grocery store, avoiding inner aisles where the processed foods are located.

4. Drink smart.

Choose water instead of sugar-sweetened beverages, which make up the main source of total sugars in the Canadian diet. Excess sugar is linked to obesity and heart disease. Make water your drink of choice!

5. Be mindful when eating.

Cook more often

Eat with others

Reflect on your eating habits

Enjoy your food