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Baruch Spinoza | Shirley, Samuel (2002). Morgan, Michael L. (ed.). Spinoza Complete Works, with the Translations by Samuel Shirley. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-620-5. OCLC 49775415.
Edwin Curley (ed.), 1985, 2016. The Collected Works of Spinoza (two volumes), Princeton: Princeton University Press.(Excludes the Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae).
Spruit, Leen and Pina Totaro, 2011. The Vatican Manuscript of Spinoza's Ethica, Leiden: Brill. This is the only known surviving manuscript of Spinoza's Ethics, discovered in the Vatican archive and published in a bilingual Latin-English edition. | What editions and manuscripts of the works of Spinoza are mentioned? | Edwin Curley (ed.) - The Collected Works of Spinoza (two volumes), Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Spinoza's works in the translation by Samuel Shirley in "Spinoza Complete Works", Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
The Vatican Manuscript of Spinoza's Ethica, Leiden: Brill. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza | ما هي الطبعات والمخطوطات المذكورة لأعمال سبينوزا؟ | إدوين كيرلي (محرر) - الأعمال الكاملة لسبينوزا (مجلدان)، برينستون: مطبعة جامعة برينستون.
أعمال سبينوزا في ترجمة صموئيل شيرلي في «الأعمال الكاملة لسبينوزا»، إنديانابوليس: دار هاكيت للنشر.
المخطوطة الفاتيكانية لكتاب الأخلاق لسبينوزا، ليدن: بريل. |
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region | In the aftermath of the coup-led against the Ba'ath Party, al-Bakr became the party's dominant driving force and was elected secretary-general of the Regional Command in 1964. Saddam Hussein received full party membership and a seat in the Regional Command of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party because he was a close protege of al-Bakr. With al-Bakr's consent, Hussein initiated a drive to improve the party's internal security. In 1964, Hussein established the Jihaz Haneen, the party's secretive security apparatus, to act as a counterweight to the military officers in the party and to weaken the military's hold on the party. | How did Saddam Hussein rise to prominence within the Iraqi Ba'ath Party following the coup against the Ba'ath Party, and what key actions did he take to assert his influence? | Saddam Hussein rose to prominence within the Iraqi Ba'ath Party following the coup against the Ba'ath Party due to being a close protege of al-Bakr, who was the dominant driving force of the party at that time.
He received full party membership and a seat in the Regional Command of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party because of his relationship with al-Bakr.
Key actions he took to assert his influence included initiating a drive to improve the party's internal security and establishing the Jihaz Haneen, a secretive security apparatus, to counterbalance the military officers within the party and weaken their hold on the party. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region | كيف ارتقى صدام حسين إلى مكانة بارزة داخل حزب البعث العراقي بعد الانقلاب ضد حزب البعث، وما هي الإجراءات الرئيسية التي اتخذها لتأكيد نفوذه؟ | برز صدام حسين في حزب البعث العراقي بعد الانقلاب ضد حزب البعث لكونه تلميذاً مقرباً من البكر، الذي كان القوة المحركة المهيمنة للحزب في ذلك الوقت.
حصل على العضوية الكاملة في الحزب ومقعد في القيادة الإقليمية لحزب البعث العراقي بسبب علاقته بالبكر.
شملت الإجراءات الرئيسية التي اتخذها لتأكيد نفوذه بدء حملة لتحسين الأمن الداخلي للحزب وإنشاء جهاز حنين، وهو جهاز أمني سري، لموازنة الضباط العسكريين داخل الحزب وإضعاف قبضتهم على الحزب. |
Nandana Fort | It was ruled by the Hindu Shahi kings until, in the early 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni expelled them from Nandana. Al-Biruni carried out his measurements of the circumference of the Earth here.
The Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab (TDCP) was tasked by the Prime Ministers Office to rehabilitate the site with the aim of making it an international tourist destination. Prime Minister Imran Khan had been informed of the decrepit state of the site by his wife's nephew, Shahroze Khan, who had previously heard about the state of the fort from Paul Salopek, a New York Times contributor. In February 2021, the PM and several aides and cabinet members attended an official event celebrating the restoration of the site.
Anandapala, the son of Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi dynasty, had erected the Shiva temple in Nandana. | Can you summarize the historical events and restoration of the Shiva temple in Nandana, including its rulers and notable visitors? | **Historical Events:**
- The Hindu Shahi kings ruled Nandana.
- In the early 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni expelled the Hindu Shahi kings from Nandana.
- Al-Biruni measured the circumference of the Earth in Nandana.
- Anandapala, the son of Jayapala, built the Shiva temple in Nandana.
**Restoration:**
- The Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab (TDCP) was tasked with rehabilitating the site.
- Prime Minister Imran Khan attended an official event celebrating the restoration of the site in February 2021, accompanied by his aides and cabinet members.
- The restoration aimed to make the site an international tourist destination.
**Notable Visitors:**
- Al-Biruni
- Paul Salopek, a New York Times contributor
- Prime Minister Imran Khan and his aides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandana_Fort | هل يمكنك تلخيص الأحداث التاريخية وترميم معبد شيفا في ناندانا، بما في ذلك حكامه وزواره البارزين؟ | **أحداث تاريخية:**
- حكم ملوك الشاهي الهندوس نندانا.
- في أوائل القرن الـ 11، طرد محمود الغزنوي ملوك الشاهي الهندوس من نندانا.
- قاس البيروني محيط الأرض في نندانا.
- بنى أناندابالا، ابن جايابالا، معبد شيفا في نندانا.
**الترميم:**
- تم تكليف مؤسسة تنمية السياحة في البنجاب (TDCP) بإعادة تأهيل الموقع.
- حضر رئيس الوزراء عمران خان حدثًا رسميًا احتفالًا بترميم الموقع في فبراير 2021، برفقة مساعديه وأعضاء مجلس وزرائه.
- هدف الترميم إلى جعل الموقع وجهة سياحية دولية.
**زوار بارزون:**
- البيروني
- بول سالوبيك، مساهم في صحيفة نيويورك تايمز
- رئيس الوزراء عمران خان ومساعدوه |
Algeria national football team | The FLN football team was a team made up mainly of professional players in France, who then joined the Algerian independence movement of the National Liberation Front (FLN), and assisted in organizing football matches against national football teams. The FLN linked African football to anti-colonial resistance using the idea of Pan-Africanism as a legitimizing tool and symbol of national identity. The French authorities easily obtained the non-recognition of the team by FIFA. | Can you summarize the role of the FLN football team in the Algerian independence movement? | The FLN football team played a key role in the Algerian independence movement by assisting in organizing football matches against national teams, linking African football to anti-colonial resistance, and symbolizing national identity through Pan-Africanism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team | هل يمكنك تلخيص دور فريق كرة القدم التابع لجبهة التحرير الوطني في حركة الاستقلال الجزائرية؟ | لعب فريق جبهة التحرير الوطني لكرة القدم دورًا رئيسيًا في حركة الاستقلال الجزائرية من خلال المساعدة في تنظيم مباريات كرة القدم ضد المنتخبات الوطنية، وربط كرة القدم الأفريقية بالمقاومة ضد الاستعمار، وتجسيد الهوية الوطنية من خلال الوحدة الأفريقية (الحركة الأفريقية الجامعة). |
Al-Khwarizmi | Al-Khwārizmī's third major work is his Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ (Arabic: كتاب صورة الأرض, "Book of the Description of the Earth"), also known as his Geography, which was finished in 833. It is a major reworking of Ptolemy's second-century Geography, consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features following a general introduction.
There is one surviving copy of Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ, which is kept at the Strasbourg University Library. A Latin translation is at the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. The book opens with the list of latitudes and longitudes, in order of "weather zones", that is to say in blocks of latitudes and, in each weather zone, by order of longitude. As Paul Gallez notes, this system allows the deduction of many latitudes and longitudes where the only extant document is in such a bad condition, as to make it practically illegible. Neither the Arabic copy nor the Latin translation include the map of the world; however, Hubert Daunicht was able to reconstruct the missing map from the list of coordinates. Daunicht read the latitudes and longitudes of the coastal points in the manuscript, or deduced them from the context where they were not legible. He transferred the points onto graph paper and connected them with straight lines, obtaining an approximation of the coastline as it was on the original map. He did the same for the rivers and towns.
Al-Khwārizmī corrected Ptolemy's gross overestimate for the length of the Mediterranean Sea from the Canary Islands to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean; Ptolemy overestimated it at 63 degrees of longitude, while al-Khwārizmī almost correctly estimated it at nearly 50 degrees of longitude. He "depicted the Atlantic and Indian Oceans as open bodies of water, not land-locked seas as Ptolemy had done." Al-Khwārizmī's Prime Meridian at the Fortunate Isles was thus around 10° east of the line used by Marinus and Ptolemy. Most medieval Muslim gazetteers continued to use al-Khwārizmī's prime meridian. | Describe Al-Khwārizmī's Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ, including its creation, content, surviving copies, and its contributions to geography. | Creation: Al-Khwārizmī's Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ was finished in 833.
Content:
- It is a major reworking of Ptolemy's second-century Geography.
- The book consists of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features.
- The book opens with the list of latitudes and longitudes, in order of "weather zones".
Surviving Copies:
- There is one surviving copy of the Arabic version, which is kept at the Strasbourg University Library.
- A Latin translation is at the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid.
Contributions to Geography:
- The book includes a system of listing coordinates by weather zones, allowing for the deduction of many latitudes and longitudes where documents are in poor condition.
- Al-Khwārizmī corrected Ptolemy's overestimate of the length of the Mediterranean Sea.
- He depicted the Atlantic and Indian Oceans as open bodies of water, not land-locked seas.
- His Prime Meridian at the Fortunate Isles was used by many medieval Muslim gazetteers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi | صِف كتاب «صورة الأرض» للخوارزمي، بما في ذلك إنشاؤه، ومحتواه، والنسخ الباقية منه، وإسهاماته في علم الجغرافيا. | الإنشاء: تم الانتهاء من كتاب "صورة الأرض" للخوارزمي في عام 833.
المحتوى:
- إنه إعادة صياغة رئيسية لكتاب "الجغرافيا" لبطليموس من القرن الثاني.
- يتكون الكتاب من قائمة تضم 2402 من إحداثيات المدن والمعالم الجغرافية الأخرى.
- يبدأ الكتاب بقائمة خطوط العرض والطول، مرتبة حسب «المناطق المناخية».
النسخ الباقية:
- هناك نسخة واحدة باقية من النسخة العربية، محفوظة في مكتبة جامعة ستراسبورغ.
- توجد ترجمة لاتينية في المكتبة الوطنية الإسبانية في مدريد.
المساهمات في الجغرافيا:
- يتضمن الكتاب نظامًا لسرد الإحداثيات حسب المناطق المناخية، مما يسمح باستنتاج العديد من خطوط العرض والطول حيث تكون الوثائق في حالة سيئة.
- صحح الخوارزمي مبالغة بطليموس في تقدير طول البحر الأبيض المتوسط.
- صور المحيطين الأطلسي والهندي كمسطحات مائية مفتوحة، وليس كبحار مغلقة باليابسة.
- استخدم العديد من الجغرافيين المسلمين في العصور الوسطى خط الطول الرئيسي الذي وضعه عند الجزر السعيدة (جزر الكناري). |
Lahore | Lahore Badami Bagh Bus Terminal (known colloquially as "Lari Adda") serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in Punjab and neighbouring provinces. Lahore Jinnah Bus Terminal is also a major bus stand in southern Lahore. Apart from these stations, multiple privately owned bus transportation companies operate from Band Road (referred to colloquially as Chowk Yateem Khana), offering intercity transport at varying fares and comfort levels. | What information can be gathered about the bus terminals and bus transportation services in Lahore, Pakistan? | Lahore has multiple bus terminals and bus stands.
- Lahore Badami Bagh Bus Terminal (also known as "Lari Adda") is a major bus hub providing intercity bus services in Punjab and neighboring provinces.
- The terminal is served by multiple bus companies.
- Lahore Jinnah Bus Terminal is another major bus stand in southern Lahore.
- Multiple privately owned bus transportation companies operate from Band Road (also known as Chowk Yateem Khana).
- These bus companies offer intercity transport services at varying fares and comfort levels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore | ما هي المعلومات التي يمكن جمعها عن محطات الحافلات وخدمات النقل بالحافلات في لاهور، باكستان؟ | تمتلك لاهور محطات حافلات ومواقف حافلات متعددة.
- محطة حافلات لاهور بادامي باغ (المعروفة أيضًا باسم «لاري أدا») هي مركز رئيسي للحافلات يوفر خدمات الحافلات بين المدن في البنجاب والمقاطعات المجاورة.
- تخدم المحطة شركات حافلات متعددة.
- محطة حافلات لاهور جناح هي محطة حافلات رئيسية أخرى في جنوب لاهور.
- تعمل شركات نقل بالحافلات متعددة مملوكة للقطاع الخاص من شارع باند (المعروف أيضًا باسم تشوك يتيم خانه).
- تقدم شركات الحافلات هذه خدمات النقل بين المدن بأسعار ومستويات راحة متفاوتة. |
Abu Dhabi | Zayed Sport City is a large free zone complex in the heart of Abu Dhabi city with a mixed-use of properties and sporting facilities to encourage sport participation. ZSC offers practice facilities for basketball, billiards, football, paintball and a dedicated ice rink. The complex is also home to the Zayed Sports City Stadium, the largest in the UAE with a seating capacity of 45,000 and is the headquarters of the Abu Dhabi Sports Council, which is responsible for hosting events in the city and Mubadala Arena, the home of the UAE Jiu Jitsu team. | Describe Zayed Sport City in Abu Dhabi. | Zayed Sport City is a large free zone complex located in the heart of Abu Dhabi city.
It is a mixed-use complex with properties and sporting facilities.
The complex offers various practice facilities including basketball, billiards, football, and paintball.
There is also a dedicated ice rink.
The Zayed Sports City Stadium is located within the complex and it is the largest stadium in the UAE, with a seating capacity of 45,000.
It serves as the headquarters of the Abu Dhabi Sports Council.
The complex is also home to the Mubadala Arena, which is the home of the UAE Jiu Jitsu team. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi | صِف مدينة زايد الرياضية في أبوظبي. | مدينة زايد الرياضية هي مجمع منطقة حرة كبير يقع في قلب مدينة أبوظبي.
إنه مجمع متعدد الاستخدامات يضم عقارات ومرافق رياضية.
يوفر المجمع مرافق تدريب متنوعة تشمل كرة السلة والبلياردو وكرة القدم والبينتبول (رياضة كرات الطلاء).
كما يوجد حلبة تزلج على الجليد مخصصة.
يقع استاد مدينة زايد الرياضية داخل المجمع وهو أكبر ملعب في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، بسعة تصل إلى 45,000 مقعد.
يعمل كمقر لمجلس أبوظبي الرياضي.
كما يضم المجمع حلبة مبادلة، وهي موطن فريق الجوجيتسو الإماراتي. |
Persecution of Ahmadis | In March of 2023, the Ahmadiyya Muslim community's annual convention, the Jalsa Salana, in Ahmednagar and Panchagarh was attacked by anti-Ahmadi protestors in Bangladesh. The protestors, who demanded a ban on activities carried out by the community, clashed with the police and were met with rubber bullets and tear gas. The clash resulted in approximately 30-50 people injured as well as two deaths, as the protestors also looted several shops and around 20 homes belonging to Ahmadis, were also vandalised. Some journalists who attempted to report on the situation were also injured in the clash. Initial reports indicated that homes were not only vandalised but at least 20 to 25 were torched and the community decided to call of the event. A hate campaign was also being propagated in order to instigate further attacks. | What occurred during the 2023 Jalsa Salana convention in Bangladesh, involving the Ahmadiyya Muslim community? | The convention was attacked by anti-Ahmadi protestors.
Protestors clashed with the police.
Rubber bullets and tear gas were used to disperse the protestors.
Approximately 30-50 people were injured, and there were 2 deaths.
Several shops and at least 20-25 homes belonging to Ahmadis were vandalised, with some being torched. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis | ماذا حدث خلال مؤتمر الجلسة السنوية 2023 في بنغلاديش، والذي يتعلق بالجماعة الأحمدية المسلمة؟ | تم مهاجمة المؤتمر من قبل محتجين مناهضين للأحمدية.
اشتبك المحتجون مع الشرطة.
تم استخدام الرصاص المطاطي والغاز المسيل للدموع لتفريق المحتجين.
أصيب ما يقرب من 30-50 شخصًا، وكانت هناك حالتا وفاة.
تم تخريب العديد من المتاجر وما لا يقل عن 20-25 منزلًا تابعًا للأحمديين، مع إحراق بعضها. |
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