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train

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The dataset generation failed

Error code:   DatasetGenerationError
Exception:    TypeError
Message:      Couldn't cast array of type string to null
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1837, in _prepare_split_single
                  writer.write_table(table)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 765, in write_table
                  self._write_table(pa_table, writer_batch_size=writer_batch_size)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 773, in _write_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2369, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2303, in cast_table_to_schema
                  cast_array_to_feature(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1852, in wrapper
                  return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
                                           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2143, in cast_array_to_feature
                  return array_cast(
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1854, in wrapper
                  return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2005, in array_cast
                  raise TypeError(f"Couldn't cast array of type {_short_str(array.type)} to {_short_str(pa_type)}")
              TypeError: Couldn't cast array of type string to null
              
              The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1348, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
                                       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 980, in convert_to_parquet
                  builder.download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 890, in download_and_prepare
                  self._download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 951, in _download_and_prepare
                  self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1683, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1869, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the dataset

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segment_id string	course_id string	course_name string	instructor string	institute string	lecture_title string	lecture_number int64	youtube_url string	youtube_deep_link string	start_sec float64	end_sec float64	duration_sec float64	transcript string	ocr_text string	ocr_confidence float64	ocr_failed bool	is_code_segment bool	content_type string	chunking_strategy string	word_count int64	boundary_method null
cn-lec002-c1-001	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=0s	0	37.96	37.96	Hello, so welcome to this course on Computer Networks and Internet Protocols. So, this course we will be taking I will be taking jointly with Dr. Sandhif Chakravati of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT Kharagpur. So, as the name suggests, we will be primarily looking	PROF. SOUMYA KANTI GHOSH DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR --- y ly mama \|\| (C3. arene Zz yi re COMPUTER NETWORKS AND INTERNET PROTOCOLS Introduction SOUMYA K GHOSH SANDIP CHAKRABORTY CCOMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IT KHARA...	0.6162	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	46	null
cn-lec002-c1-002	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=37s	37.96	75.72	37.76	around all sorts of aspects in compensing computer network and Internet Protocols. So, though all of us are somewhat means rather everybody is accustomed with using computer network in some form of other and it has become a part and parcel of our life right anywhere any disruption in the computer network is as if disru...	y ly mama \|\| (C3. arene Zz yi re COMPUTER NETWORKS AND INTERNET PROTOCOLS Introduction SOUMYA K GHOSH SANDIP CHAKRABORTY CCOMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IT KHARAGPUR IT RHARAGPUR --- ; A) K y oS r	0.5699	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	82	null
cn-lec002-c1-003	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=75s	75.72	113.4	37.68	to any aspects we talk about is so, this network become all pervasive and we need to look into this means working principles of the network. So, this course primarily aims at looking into that the backbone or background or the what the what activities go to the back of the network which helps us in having a this whole ...	; A) K y oS r --- Objectives of the Course + Understand how two computers in the Internet talk to each other * Go through the basic functionalities of the computer networks + Learn how to program the network + Learn the future of the computer network — Do we need any further chanaes in the desian? erect Network Rat...	0.7031	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	72	null
cn-lec002-c1-004	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=113s	113.4	147.4	34	of this course. So, we try to understand how to computer in the network talks to each other right like if I say if I try WWW or if you try WWW at KGPAC dot in. So, what are the activities goes on at the background the page gate displayed right or if I do a if I send a mail what it goes on type of things right we need t...	Objectives of the Course + Understand how two computers in the Internet talk to each other * Go through the basic functionalities of the computer networks + Learn how to program the network + Learn the future of the computer network — Do we need any further chanaes in the desian? erect Network Rates Functionalities ...	0.7241	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	97	null
cn-lec002-c1-005	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=147s	147.4	180.36	32.96	write my own application programs or own programs in a network. And also try to look at the other aspects like what is what is in future what we are looking for given our different aspects of with with with our needs and different glorification of several network enabled applications. So, what type of designs or what a...	Objectives of the Course Understand how two computers in the Internet talk to each other Go through the basic functionalities of the computer networks Learn how to program the network Learn the future of the computer network — Do we need any further chanaes in the desian? eet Network Prenat Functionalities Architect...	0.743	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	72	null
cn-lec002-c1-006	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=180s	180.36	220.04	39.68	other sense what is the future of this computer network we try to open up. This also may help you in some of you who are looking for some of the research activities around this may help you in finding out some research directions. So, what we look at we have a in a broadly we have a set of functionalities one side and ...	Objectives of the Course Understand how two computers in the Internet talk to each other Go through the basic functionalities of the computer networks Learn how to program the network Learn the future of the computer network — Do we need any further chanaes in the desian? ionaliti Network Protocols Functionalities A...	0.7384	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	93	null
cn-lec002-c1-007	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=220s	220.44	255.32	34.88	flat terms or layman terms it is a set of rules which allows me to execute something right. So, if I want to do something. So, this is the protocol I want to follow. So, network also have a set of protocols and using this protocol I want to achieve some functionalities right like I want to transfer a file given my unde...	Objectives of the Course Understand how two computers in the Internet talk to each other Go through the basic functionalities of the computer networks Learn how to program the network Learn the future of the computer network — Do we need any further chanaes in the desian? ere Network Garett Functionalities Architect...	0.7325	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	85	null
cn-lec002-c1-008	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=255s	255.32	289.96	34.64	So, there are functionalities I want to achieve from this network right. The network as such the architecture of the network should be supportive for the things right. Though there are general ah ah architecture backbone I may look into some specialized thing when I do some specific like multimedia transmission may hav...	Objectives of the Course Understand how two computers in the Internet talk to each other Go through the basic functionalities of the computer networks Learn how to program the network Learn the future of the computer network — Do we need any further chanaes in the desian? Functionalitie: er Protocols tonalities Arch...	0.7235	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	95	null
cn-lec002-c1-009	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=289s	289.96	325.08	35.12	functionalities and this protocols is is basically the network architecture. This is a very very broad view of the things we want to look into deep into the ah aspects. Now ah so, obviously comes that what is this network architecture. So, a way to visualize how to remote computers talk to each other right. So, it is a...	So, What is Network Architecture? + Away to visualize how two remote comnuters talk to each other	0.7407	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	87	null
cn-lec002-c1-010	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=325s	325.08	358.12	33.04	So, even even even if I look at our even not in case of the network forget about the network if I want to communicate with somebody else at the other things or some other party. I need to fall some for I need to follow some set of protocols when I when I am delivering a lectures I I am following some protocols and type...	So, What is Network Architecture? + Away to visualize how two remote comnuters talk to each other --- What is Network NPTEL ONL ONLINE IT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.6993	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	93	null
cn-lec002-c1-011	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=358s	358.12	389.56	31.44	the things provides me a way to communicate between to any systems whether it is in my same network or whether it is in the different network right. One may be here a dietic crack poor one may be somewhere else in the world. So, ah so, our basic objective is that two systems ah talking to each other right these two sys...	What is Network NPTEL ONL ONLINE IT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.678	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	91	null
cn-lec002-c1-012	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=389s	389.56	424.76	35.2	So, the basic vanilla thing is that I have been two systems and somewhere I I connect a wire between these two network interfaces like there may be some some way of connecting them and then there is two system talks to each other right this can be two ah direct systems or ah so, what we have for this we require a need ...	What is Network NPTEL ONL ONLINE IT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architectu Requirement: Convert digital data to analog ignal and vice versa NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architectu (contd...) Requirement: Convert digital data to analog Phy: ‘al signal and vice ver...	0.6832	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	91	null
cn-lec002-c1-013	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=424s	424.76	458.84	34.08	connected between the two systems. So, what I require I require a physical wire and as the signal transmitted by the typical wire say say even if you consider our ah previous device to communicate through telephone lines and type of things or still we do in some cases. So, what is there it basically converts this digit...	What is Network Architectu (contd...) Requirement: Convert digital data to analog Phy: ‘al signal and vice versa Physical _ \| NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architectu (contd...) Requirement: Convert digital data to analog Phy: al signal and vice versa L Physical \| NPTEL ONLIN...	0.6644	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	86	null
cn-lec002-c1-014	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=458s	458.84	490.04	31.2	to digital ah data and placed it to the system. So, I have two applications at two systems they are generating some data underlining network ah interface converting it to the analog signal being carried at the things etcetera. This basic communication path which allows things to communicate is the physical. So, whateve...	What is Network Architectu i= i=. Requirement: Convert digital data to analog Phy: al signal and vice versa La Physical \| NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES.	0.6279	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	84	null
cn-lec002-c1-015	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=490s	490.04	525	34.96	be cable it can be fiber it can be ah normal it can be Bluetooth it can be Wi-Fi etcetera, but I require a physical connection right there should be a connectivity which carries this signal from one part to another right. And then ah if I have more than one like only not two party more than two parties are communicatin...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.5629	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	85	null
cn-lec002-c1-016	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=525s	525	560.68	35.68	or some what we say in our terms a concept of hub or switch in between where it has a multiport things I can connect to the things and then I communicate with the other three systems can communicate. The property of this ah device is allows it to communicate to one another. So, one way of looking them is that they when...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.5696	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	108	null
cn-lec002-c1-017	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=560s	560.68	594.44	33.76	others can listen all everybody can listen. So, they are in the same broadcast domain either. So, this sort of things at a vanilla ah things what we say that there is a say I can think there is a concentrator of this wire where we where the wire is basically terminates and allows to communicate to each other right. So,...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES.	0.5797	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	89	null
cn-lec002-c1-018	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=594s	594.44	626.12	31.68	as a amplifier. Sometimes we call that at the physical layer they are hub or repeater. So, they repeats ah they basically energize the signal right. So, ah this physical layer here the requirement is ensure proper scheduling in the media access right. Now, the underlining media so, like a communicates a communicates wi...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTELONLIN NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- Requirement: Ensure proper scheduling in Phy: ical media access a cl NPTELONLIN G ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES --- Requirement: Ensure proper sche...	0.5731	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	65	null
cn-lec002-c1-019	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=626s	626.12	656.12	30	there will be some collision. So, there should be some media access protocol need to be scheduled or need to be ensured that how this access should be there otherwise what will happen there should be lot of retransmission. So, if the physical at the physical layer if I all things are connected at the first layer then w...	Requirement: Ensure proper scheduling in Physical \| media access NPTELONLIN INLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES --- Requirement: Ensure proper scheduling in Physical media access NPTELONLIN LINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.5825	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	83	null
cn-lec002-c1-020	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=656s	656.12	695.96	39.84	wants to talk nobody is waiting for others to the thing. So, there will be lot of collision if there are collision then ah say I am on one of the party I need to again tell my own story whatever I have told. So, that means, that is a retransmission and in doing so, what I am doing I am losing that I am taking more time...	Requirement: Ensure proper scheduling in Physical media access NPTELONLIN LINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES --- Requirement: Ensure proper scheduling in media access NPTELONLIN INLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES Data Link Physical	0.6103	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	115	null
cn-lec002-c1-021	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=696s	696.76	734.12	37.36	are at a or what we say data link layer right where these collision domains are divided. So, they though they listen to the same broadcast what collision are reduced. So, effectively we increase the available bandwidth of the things. So, this layer 2 activity allows us to have a better bandwidth realization of the thin...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) L2 Switch Data Link ee) Requirement: Ensure proper scheduling in Physical media access —_____ NPTELONLIN LINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) is: [ice 3) i L2 Switch —— Data Link Requirement: Ensure proper scheduling in Phy...	0.6008	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	87	null
cn-lec002-c1-022	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=734s	734.12	768.84	34.72	between A to B B to C C to D or D to E etcetera are not colliding. So, that retransmission is less and effectively we are treating much more bandwidth what we say in network terms they are in different collision domain, but still in the same broadcast domain they are listen to they are in the same broadcast domain, but...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) = [eect 3 L2 Switch LE Requirement: Ensure proper scheduling in media access Data Link Physical NPTELONLIN LINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES --- L2 Switch a Requirement: Ensure proper scheduling in media access NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. ...	0.6108	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	86	null
cn-lec002-c1-023	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=770s	770.12	802.04	31.92	university institute type of things. So, there are several departments every departments as several labs class room etcetera a different labs etcetera which are having different set of computers and we require. So, there are there are huge variety huge number of systems come into play and as such there may be two group...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE. ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES.	0.5634	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	64	null
cn-lec002-c1-024	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=802s	802.2	835.4	33.2	they are talking among themselves, but as such there is they are not this group is not talking with each other in other sense they are conversation being heard by them or they are conversation being heard by this group will create a collision or network congestion right and it may lead to again bandwidth loss. So, I ne...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES.	0.566	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	76	null
cn-lec002-c1-025	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=835s	835.4	865.88	30.48	collision domain, but even we listen to each other right. So, they are in the same broadcast domain right. So, though we could handle this collision, but they are in the same broadcast domain right. So, in order to handle this so we need to find out a suitable way to forward this data from one to another right and they...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- What is Network Architecture? Network Data Link ee Physical Requirement: Find out a suitable pat! NPTEL ONLI INLINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.6436	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	76	null
cn-lec002-c1-026	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=865s	865.88	898.2	32.32	like here in a classroom I am we are discussing about network computer network internet internet protocols. In the next class room there may be something going on say something on a class on economy. So, economics or a class on say chemical bonding right. So, had it been a one class say two parallel system in a large c...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) Network Data Link Physical Requirement: Find out a suitable path to forward data NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES.	0.6757	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	71	null
cn-lec002-c1-027	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=899s	899	929.4	30.4	is hard today, but now if it is a different physically card so my broadcast is not going to there are other things right. In order to communicate now from here to here what I require I require another way to go that I have to go out from the this particular gate or room, catch hold of some percent if somebody is there ...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) Network Data Link Physical Requirement: Find out a suitable path to forward data NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) = Network Data Link Physical Requirement: Find out a suitable path to forward data NPTEL ON...	0.6771	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	101	null
cn-lec002-c1-028	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=929s	929.4	962.28	32.88	domains are divided the protocols domain certain. So, I in networks now we say these are two different networks. In order to connect these two networks I require a network level device which will allow me to connect right. So, what we say this is a layer three or the network layer type of things where routing is possib...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) = Network Data Link Physical Requirement: Find out a suitable path to forward data NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.6934	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	87	null
cn-lec002-c1-029	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=963s	963.56	996.84	33.28	level three or network layer right or mostly they are known as a L3 switches or routers. So, whenever we have different networks like in this case if you see this is a network this forms a network this forms a network in order to communicate I require a L3 switch or routers. So, that routers can communicate this in thi...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) = Network Data Link Physical Requirement: Find out a suitable path to forward data NPTEL ONLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) L3 Switch or Routers = Network Data Link Physical Requirement: Find out a suitable path to forward data ...	0.6733	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	85	null
cn-lec002-c1-030	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=996s	996.84	1,030.84	34	there can be other networks connected from other ports etcetera. So, they can communicate with each other right. So, this is this way I have a network layer type of things. So, what I what we try to see that initially from the physically we can connect right two things they are in the same collision domain etcetera in ...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) = Network Data Link Physical Requirement: Find out a suitable path to forward data NPTELONLIN LINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) L3 Switch or Routers = Network Data Link Physical Requirement: Find out a suitable path to forward dat...	0.6634	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	106	null
cn-lec002-c1-031	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1031s	1,031.16	1,061	29.84	a L3 switch or a router. So, sorry so if we try to see so there are different networks communicating to each other and there are some inter between links right or what we say data links or this	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) Network B) Data Link Physical NPTELONLIN LINE CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) e oO, NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSE!	0.5833	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	39	null
cn-lec002-c1-032	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1062s	1,062.68	1,095.08	32.4	write the road networks these are high speed connected links or gateway or data paths between the things. So, I have different networks across the world and they are connected with different type of mechanisms and these routers across this world layer 3 or layer 3 plus switches distributed over the network allows these...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION couRSE! --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSE? --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSE!	0.5625	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	78	null
cn-lec002-c1-033	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1095s	1,095.08	1,133.08	38	here wants to compute communicate to here it needs to find the path either this path or this path there may be multiple paths like in case of our road network. So, different cities different regions are connected by these road networks you can have multiple paths and you choose a optimum path right based on your requir...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSE! --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION couRSE! Is --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION cOUF --- What is Network Architecture? (cont...	0.5625	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	89	null
cn-lec002-c1-034	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1134s	1,134.44	1,164.2	29.76	interruption or if there is a some congestion in the path so there some other paths can be chosen etcetera. So, there are multiple paths and so and so forth rather if we like to see that they are all somewhat independent things. There is this particular network at 4 or network at 2 1 they do not control each other righ...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION couRSE! --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSE! --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) : NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSE! --- What is Network Architecture? (con...	0.559	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	72	null
cn-lec002-c1-035	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1164s	1,164.2	1,195.16	30.96	and still it can communicate because they follow a underlining protocol and there is a definite network architecture for that. So, I can I can say this is the way I architect the internet right or I until my network. So, it can be at a small scale right it is in a department how you think make the networking thing it c...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION couRSE! --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSE?	0.566	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	94	null
cn-lec002-c1-036	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1195s	1,195.24	1,227.16	31.92	agreed upon protocols right how they communicate is agreed upon protocols and that should be a network architecture which may vary from installation to installation and even within installation we can have different type of flavors of the things, but nevertheless they allowed you they follow standard protocols right. W...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) NPTEL ONLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSE? --- NT KHARAGPUR Network Data Link Physical Requiremer ind to end traffic control in the network NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.6579	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	63	null
cn-lec002-c1-037	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1227s	1,227.16	1,259.4	32.24	communicate to anything to anything because they follow from protocol anyway these days segregating data voice and other things are slowly becoming their becoming conversion networks and type of things they follow is becoming more what we say consolidated to provide a better service. So, what we see that with these thr...	NT KHARAGPUR Network Data Link Physical Requiremer ind to end traffic control in the network NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.7339	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	63	null
cn-lec002-c1-038	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1259s	1,259.4	1,290.92	31.52	or some sort of a traffic control in the network right. So, there should be some physical connection there should be some data link for hop to hop connection and there should be a network layer to have a network to network connection right. Over and above we require a layer called transport right or mostly what we say ...	NT KHARAGPUR Network Data Link Physical Requiremer ind to end traffic control in the network NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES --- Network Data Link Physical Requirement: End to end traffic control in the network NPTELONLIN LINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- What is Network Architectur Transport Network Da...	0.7012	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	88	null
cn-lec002-c1-039	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1290s	1,290.92	1,323	32.08	layer right. So, it it gives a process to process communication. So, one is physical connectivity, one is hop to hop connectivity, one is network to network even system to series system connectivity but there can be multiple processes in the system process to process communication is handled by this transport layer typ...	What is Network Transport Network Data Link Physical Requirement: End to end traffic control in the network NPTELONLIN NT KHARAGPUR LINE CERTIFICATION COURSES --- What is Network Architectur Transport Network Data Link Physical Requirement: End to end traffic control in the network NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICAT...	0.7053	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	82	null
cn-lec002-c1-040	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1323s	1,323.08	1,359.16	36.08	details into the things, but we try to have a overview that these are the stacking of the layers which are there in our realization of any computer network or internet working or what you say data communication the whatever way you try to put it whenever there is a movement of a some data from one node to another node ...	What is Network Transport Network Data Link Physical Requirement: End to end traffic control in the network NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION cOuRSES --- What is Network Transport Network Data Link Physical Requirement: End to end traffic control in the network NPTEL ONLI LINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.74	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	93	null
cn-lec002-c1-041	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1359s	1,359.16	1,396.52	37.36	in between and to the other point like in between router may not want to open up up to the transport layer right. If there is a hop to hop connection the data link layer may not require that needs to be open up to the this up to the data link layer so not even that network layer is not required. So, sorry intermediate ...	=> —— — --- What is Network Architecture? (contd...) Application Transport Network Protocol Network Stack Data Link Physical NPTEL ONL LINE CERTIFICATION COURSES	0.6475	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	97	null
cn-lec002-c1-042	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1396s	1,396.6	1,433.16	36.56	for if I am having a mail application I am looking for the mail application that in turns uses some transport layer that in turns uses some network layer in turn data link and physical all stack is there, but the at the top it is the application layer. This is the this is the typical protocol stack popularly referred a...	What is Network Architecture? (contd...) a Application Transport Network Protocol \| Network Stack Data Link CERTIFICATION COURSES --- Application Transport Network Protocol Network SEG Data Link ITieiaRAcrUR CeIeATON cOURSES	0.6378	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	91	null
cn-lec002-c1-043	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1433s	1,433.88	1,467.64	33.76	look into the things right into one by one into the all the aspects of this particular protocol stack is in this particular course. So, what we try to name there if there is a source and a destination of somewhere in the network then somewhere other a path should be established between the source and destination and th...	Data Transfer between Two Remote Machines	0.8333	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	90	null
cn-lec002-c1-044	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1467s	1,467.64	1,505.64	38	things, but nevertheless I require a path to communicate from the source to destination right. And this overall different layer of structure so at the source and destination what the things are going on these are basically applications what the user is using primarily right like I say www atcgpsc.in. So, what I am doin...	Data Transfer between Two Remote Machines	0.8333	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	85	null
cn-lec002-c1-045	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1505s	1,505.96	1,540.92	34.96	and at the other end somewhere the server is there atcgps server is there so he treats to the things. So, the applications things are going on but it is taking it is using this intermediate layer to communicate right that we will we will look into this aspects. So, what we see if we look at from this picture to this pi...	Data Transfer between Two Remote Machines --- Data Transfer between Two Remote Machines jource il = --- ata isfer between Two Remote Machines Application Application Transport Transport Network Network Network \|_Data Link Data tink \| \| Data Link Datalink \| \| Data Link Physical Physical = —_ Physical Physical \| Physic...	0.7072	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	111	null
cn-lec002-c1-046	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1540s	1,540.92	1,573.08	32.16	is a layer to switch it can open the packet up to the data link layer right rest of the things is a payload for the data link layer then it goes to this some routing device and it have a up to the network layer. So, it no it network layer means it can see this by which network it transmits and find out the path then it...	ata isfer between Two Remote Machines Application Application Transport Transport \| eases! Network Network Network \|_Data Link Datalink \| \| Data Link Data Link \| \| Data Link Physical Physical \| \| Physical \| \| Physical 12] «am \|\| Physical NpTEL ONL CeeATON cOURSES --- ata isfer between Two Remote Machines Application...	0.6867	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	97	null
cn-lec002-c1-047	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1573s	1,573.08	1,603.16	30.08	here to here other packet moves from here to here and things goes on into in the communication the communication. But the intermediate devices can open the packets up to the things which is which it can handle right rest is a payload for the things right had it been there is a hub so it could have opened only up to the...	Data Transfer between Two Remote Machines Application \| Application Transport _ Transport — —$—$—— el Network Network Network \|_ Data Link Datalink \| \| Datatink \| Datalink \| \| Data Link Physical Physical ° \| Physical \| Physical \| Physical ls re op AST NPTEL ONLINE TEL ONL NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES --- Da...	0.643	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	90	null
cn-lec002-c1-048	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1604s	1,604.04	1,634.44	30.4	communication between source and destination right. So, protocols at different layers if we try to see or whatever we are looking at is more popular protocols at different layer. If we look at the application layer the popular protocol is HTTP for what by which we access web pages etcetera that is the predominant proto...	Data Transfer between Two Remote Machines Application Application ay Transport Transport \| aati \|e la Network Network Network Data Link Datalink \| \| Datalink \| Datalink \| \| Data Link Physical Physical \| —_ Physical Physical Physi \| a i p__\ NPTEL ONLINE TEL ONL NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- Protocols at D...	0.6815	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	61	null
cn-lec002-c1-049	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1634s	1,634.44	1,668.28	33.84	transfer protocol and there is a predominant protocol called SMPP, simple maintenance for protocol so there are TCP UDP RTP and these are the predominant protocol in the transport layer right. We will see that some are connection oriented some are connection less some are real time protocol and so on so forth. Similarl...	Protocols at Different Layers \| Application \| HTTP, FTP, SMTP \| —_—oooes\| \| Transport TCP, UDP, RTP \| Network IPv4, IPv6, MPLS \| DataLink Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, UMTS, LTE \| Physical NPTELONLIN INLINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES --- Protocols at Different Layers \| Application — HTTP, FTP, SMTP \| Trans...	0.7088	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	67	null
cn-lec002-c1-050	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1668s	1,668.28	1,702.6	34.32	IP layer I different protocol like IPv4 IPv6 MPLS and so on so forth similarly at data link layer Ethernet Wi-Fi Bluetooth UTMS UMTS and LTE type of things different setup protocol. Major predominant protocol definitely is the Ethernet and Wi-Fi but we have other protocols to communicate at physical layer is more of th...	Protocols at Different Layers \| Application HTTP, FTP, SMTP \| Transport \| TCP, UDP, RTP \| Network IPv4, IPv6, MPLS \| Data Link Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, UMTS, LTE ———eE Physical NPTEL ONL INLINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES --- Protocols at Different Layers \| Application \| HTTP, FTP, SMTP \| Transport \|...	0.7468	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	92	null
cn-lec002-c1-051	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1703s	1,703.72	1,737.16	33.44	communications or what we say signal and data communication that which are used by the things right. So, if you there are some of the what we say protocols or which are which we do not we cannot place in a particular layer rather like if we talk about DNS it is somewhere between application and transport SMP this is be...	Protocols at Different Layers Application HTTP, FTP, SMTP \| Transport TCP, UDP, RTP Network IPv4, IPv6, MPLS \| ' Data Link _ Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, UMTS, LTE \| Physical NPTEL ONL LINE NT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES --- Protocols at Different Layers \| Application \| HTTP, FTP, SMTP \| Transport TCP, UDP, R...	0.7612	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	71	null
cn-lec002-c1-052	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1737s	1,737.16	1,769.4	32.24	Some in some reference they are considered at in network layer ARP and so forth but never the less they use that cross layer phenomena. So, this are what we say cross layer protocols they connect between two layers correct. So, what if we want to look at computer network that can be two way of looking at it like if I h...	Network Management and Control - Cross Layer Protocols { \| Application \| HTTP, FTP, SMTP DNS \| TCP, UDP, RTP \| Transport SNMP + IPv4, IPv6, MPL! \| Network v4, IPV6, S ARP, DHCP \| . \| Datalink \| Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, UMTS, LTE —s\| Physical NPTELONLIN LINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- Network Manag...	0.7209	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	86	null
cn-lec002-c1-053	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1769s	1,769.4	1,808.6	39.2	So, one is bottom-up approach or is the top-down approach. So, both are fine both are accepted and type of things in this particular course we will be taking this this top-down approach we will start from application transport network and goes to the physical layer type of things. So, we will be going in this bottom-do...	Two Ways to Learn Computer Networks Application Application \| Transport Transport Network Network Data Link Data Link Physical Physical NPTEL ONLI INLINE ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- Two Ways to Learn Computer Networks Application Application Transport Transport Network Network Data Link Data Link Physical Physic...	0.6771	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	86	null
cn-lec002-c1-054	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1808s	1,808.6	1,843.08	34.48	which will be good for you to refer like one book is by Cruz Cruz and Ross computer network. There are this is primarily having the way we will follow that is top-down there are bottom-up they primarily follow this bottom-up but nevertheless it really hardly matters that which book you refer computer networks. So, this...	Books / Resources to Follo Application Transport Network Data Link NT KHARAGPUR Physical COMPUTER “meomnon NETWORKING NPTEL ONLINE KUROSE » ROSS CERTIFICATION COURSES --- Books / Resources to Follo Application Transport Network Data Link NT KHARAGPUR Physical COMPUTER “meomnon NETWORKING NPTEL ONLINE KU...	0.6343	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	80	null
cn-lec002-c1-055	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1843s	1,843.72	1,879.88	36.16	IBM Redbook is a nice reference which is over the internet again you can refer TCP, IP, guide this is also available online. So, this will be some of the books and there are several internet sources like one is IETF is one of the measures source there are RFCs related to network protocols request for comments. So, it w...	Books / Resources to Follow 0x TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview Application TCP/IP rr 4] Transport \| Coys Network Data Link @ Physical http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/gg243376.html ‘www.tepipguide.com, NPTELONLIN LINE NT KHARAGPUR ‘CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- Books / Resources to Follow 0x TCP/IP Tu...	0.6478	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	84	null
cn-lec002-c1-056	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 1:Introduction to Computer Networks – A brief history	2	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ&t=1879s	1,879.88	1,912.36	32.48	and there are several resources which give you gives you a things that how this protocols are developed what new things are coming up and so on and so forth. So, with this let us conclude our this first introductory lecture will be continuing with the subsequent lectures on those on the on this internet and internet te...	Internet Resources	0.5882	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	60	null
cn-lec011-c1-001	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=0s	0	31.42	31.42	Hello, so today we will discuss about 2 more protocol at the application level, right SEMTP and SNMP. So, we will take a overview of this protocol, we have already discussed	PROF. SOUMYA KANTI GHOSH DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR	0.6566	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	31	null
cn-lec011-c1-002	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=31s	31.42	64.34	32.92	FTP, HTTP, TELnet and so forth, other client server base. So, this case is also. So, as any type any application layer protocol, they rely on underlining other layers like transport, P, etc. So, SEMTP is for transferring mail from one to another. So, mail as we all know or realize is became a part and parcel of our lif...	PROF. SOUMYA KANTI GHOSH DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR	0.6566	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	68	null
cn-lec011-c1-003	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=64s	64.34	94.98	30.64	is something difficult to communicate also, right. So, it is now become slowly becoming an official channel of communication and several cases of official channel of communication. Another protocol is SNMP which is mainly for management purpose. Now, you see if you look at the overall networking even in a small or in a...	PROF. SOUMYA KANTI GHOSH DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR --- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. ek Se ee A	0.6216	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	74	null
cn-lec011-c1-004	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=94s	94.98	126.74	31.76	different subnetworks and several routers etc. Even if we do not go outside the network, itself the internal dynamics of the network is extremely complicated, right. And to manage this, we require something to some information to do that, right. So, we can only it is not only only when the failure is there, signal is n...	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. ek Se ee A	0.6024	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	66	null
cn-lec011-c1-005	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=127s	127.38	157.78	30.4	network. So, this is one of the protocol which is SNMP which gives that it helps us in collecting and acting on the information from different network resources. So, we will have a brief overview of the these two protocol and before we go to the other layers, right. So, simple mail transfer protocol at its stands for i...	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. ek Se ee A	0.6024	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	71	null
cn-lec011-c1-006	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=157s	157.78	196.02	38.24	2-mail client at 1-8 popular SMTP server is works on its CTCP on the basis of TCP and works on port 25, right. So, it is the port 25 where the SMTP server is active, right. Traditionally, what we say default port is port 25. So, it was protocol was originated long back with RFC 821 in 1982, then we have a 22 for messag...	SMTP * Protocol originated in 1982 (RFC821, Jon Postel) * Standard message format (RFC822,2822, D. Crocker) * Goal: To transfer mail reliably and efficiently User User - - NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- SMTP * Protocol originated in 1982 (RFC821, Jon Postel) * Standard message format (RFC822,...	0.6382	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	72	null
cn-lec011-c1-007	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=196s	196.18	231.78	35.6	one thing one say one mail client to another mail client at the other end, right. Now, now whenever there is a there is a client server protocol, the server need to listen at one port which is port 25 in this case. So, whatever mail you are coming received by your mail server like say we have a mail server is CAC, CAC,...	SMTP * Protocol originated in 1982 (RFC821, Jon Postel) * Standard message format (RFC822,2822, D. Crocker) * Goal: To transfer mail reliably and efficiently User User - SMTP client NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES.	0.6599	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	72	null
cn-lec011-c1-008	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=232s	232.42	266.02	33.6	our generic mail server here, institute mail server. So, it receives that port 25 by default. If not, there are other changes in there. There can be other type of things also like what we say there can be mail gateway security type of things, then we have some other configuration, but nevertheless the standard default ...	SMTP * Protocol originated in 1982 (RFC821, Jon Postel) * Standard message format (RFC822,2822, D. Crocker) * Goal: To transfer mail reliably and efficiently User User - SMTP client NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- SMTP * SMTP clients and servers have two User A main components — User Agents —...	0.6979	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	86	null
cn-lec011-c1-009	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=266s	266.02	300.98	34.96	25, right. So, SMTP clients and server that two major component one is that user agent prepare the message including in mail up like some agents the popular agents in your serial 100 bird Uroa. You can have lot of other agents. There is a mail transfer agent, transfer the mail across the internet, right. And this is an...	SMTP * SMTP clients and servers have two User A main components — User Agents — Prepares the message, encloses it in an envelope. (ex. Thunderbird, Eudora) = Mail Transfer Agent — Transfers the mail across the internet (ex. Sendmail, Exim) = Analogous to the postal system in many ways NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CE...	0.7365	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	90	null
cn-lec011-c1-010	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=300s	300.98	337.7	36.72	end which is the message, right. If it is a two way thing then it can send and it access the server and so on so forth, the server thing. So, SMTP demo should be running at the two end. So, ideally what I can have we can have two different mail servers things which can communicate this mail and we have the other users ...	CC NE eee SMTP * SMTP clients and servers have two User A User B main components — User Agents — Prepares the message, encloses it in an envelope. (ex. Thunderbird, Eudora) — Mail Transfer Agent — Transfers the mail across the internet (ex. Sendmail, Exim) — Analogous to the postal system in many ways NPTEL ONLINE...	0.7406	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	110	null
cn-lec011-c1-011	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=337s	337.7	368.34	30.64	some sort of a directly web link or I am pulling that mail to some other client at the things. We will talk about it, right. So, these are the user agents, a mail transfer agents. So, there is little bit problem in the arrow it should have been here and this should have pointed here. So, SMTP also allows use of relays ...	SMTP * SMTP clients and servers have two UseriAl main components — User Agents — Prepares the message, encloses it in an envelope. (ex. Thunderbird, Eudora) — Mail Transfer Agent — Transfers the mail across the internet (ex. Sendmail, Exim) — Analogous to the postal system in many ways NPTEL ONLINE IIT KHARAGPUR ...	0.7615	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	72	null
cn-lec011-c1-012	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=368s	368.34	398.5	30.16	other than MTA acting as a server client, server and client it also allows MTA relay. So, getting a mail it is relayed to the internet to the other mail and so on and so forth, right. So, mail gateway are used to mail relay prepared by the protocol other than SMTP and convert it to the SMTP, right. So, this basically i...	SMTP also allows the use of Relays allowing other MTAs to relay the mail Mail Gateways are used to relay mail prepared by a protocol other than SMTP and convert it to SMTP NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURS! --- * SMTP also allows the use of Relays allowing other MTAs to relay the mail * Mail Gateways are...	0.8378	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	75	null
cn-lec011-c1-013	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=399s	399.22	430.58	31.36	goes to this different relays and these the things. So, they are it acts as a mail we have that mail gateway which allows that mail to go to the other end of the thing. Now, if you look at the typical format of a email. So, mail is a mail is a text file envelope that is sender address receiver address and other informa...	* SMTP also allows the use of Relays allowing other MTAs to relay the mail * Mail Gateways are used to relay mail prepared by a User A protocol other than SMTP and * convert it to SMTP. q NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES --- SMTP also allows the use of Relays allowing other MTAs to relay the mail Ma...	0.8171	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	85	null
cn-lec011-c1-014	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=430s	430.58	467.54	36.96	information and mail body contains the actual information of the message, right. So, this is the typical thing. So, mail from something mail to the address and there are other details and then we have that actual context. So, we have that envelope this is the overall message which has a header part and a body part. And...	CN Typical form of an Email * — Mailis a text file + Envelope - sender address receiver address other information + Message — IIT KHARAGPUR Mail Header — defines the sender, the receiver, the subject of the message, and other information Mail Body ~ Contains the actual information in the message NPTEL ONLINE ‘p...	0.805	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	85	null
cn-lec011-c1-015	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=467s	467.54	500.74	33.2	of the sender received to email of intended recipient, data body of the message and quit or quitting this thing. So, these are the standard keywords which are there in the in the mail under the SMTP. If you remember we are talking about that during our HTTP discussion or text review lecture that we can use telnet like ...	SMTP Keywords Keyword Arguments HELO Sender's Host Domain Name MAIL FROM: Email Address of sender RCPT TO: Email of Intended recipient DATA Body of the message QUIT NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES. rr re ear re --- SMTP Keywords Keyword Arguments HELO Sender's Host Domain Name MAIL FROM: Email Address of sende...	0.7824	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	61	null
cn-lec011-c1-016	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=502s	502.02	532.5	30.48	blank 80 provided that is that is not knows any security barrier. So, it will talk to that port 80 and then go on you can say gate post and type of comment. Here also if I know the mail server and if I that is allowed that I can connect like that. So, telnet I can have say cac.iitgpac.in so it will return me that after...	SMTP Keywords Keyword Arguments HELO Sender's Host Domain Name MAIL FROM: Email Address of sender RCPT TO: Email of Intended recipient DATA Body of the message QUIT NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- SMTP Keywords Keyword Arguments HELO Sender's Host Domain Name MAIL FROM: Email Address of sender RCPT TO: Emai...	0.7943	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	78	null
cn-lec011-c1-017	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=532s	532.5	568.42	35.92	received to putting the data and type of things. So, I can instead of having any separate front end module or agent I can communicate like this, right. So, that is the possibility that that is the beauty of this having interoperable services across the thing. There are few more keywords like reset or verify name to be ...	SMTP Keywords Keyword Arguments HELO Sender's Host Domain Name MAIL FROM: Email Address of sender RCPT TO: Email of Intended recipient DATA Body of the message QUIT NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES. rere ear re --- SMTP Keywords Keyword Arguments HELO Sender's Host Domain Name MAIL FROM: Email Address of sender...	0.7667	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	80	null
cn-lec011-c1-018	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=568s	568.42	607.7	39.28	so popular keyword, but these are the things which are also allowed in the SMTP. There are some status code to has as is the success. Then we have three assets, command can be accepted in more with more information. Four assets is the command was reacted, but air condition is temporary, right and five assets is the com...	SMTP Keywords Arguments Name to be verified Mailing list to expand Command Name NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- Status Codes * The Server responds with a 3 digit code that may be followed by text info — 2## - Success — 3##- Command can be accepted with more information — 4## - Command was rejected, but err...	0.7119	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	85	null
cn-lec011-c1-019	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=607s	607.7	640.82	33.12	established then the 2 20 service ready that is the 2 as we have seen 2 x axis is the success thing. Then hello some message goes and then it says ok like this. So, initially the connection is established between the 2 the client and the server client request for the connection the connection established the server res...	Connection Establishme' IITKHARAGPUR MTA MTA client server TCP Connection Establishment 220 service ready HELO deanza.edu ;—_> 250 OK NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- MTA MTA client server TCP Connection Establishment 220 service ready HELO deanza.edu jt 250 OK NPTEL ONLINE IIT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COU...	0.6615	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	83	null
cn-lec011-c1-020	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=642s	642.18	677.94	35.76	So, if you go on expanding things so it goes from mail from it responded with a ok message it is received 2 for these ok message then the data then start mail input and go on doing these other information. So, this is the envelope this is the header with a blank line you go on the body of the message right. So, and the...	Connection Establishme' IIT KHARAGPUR MTA MTA client server TCP Connection Establishment 220 service ready HELO deanza.edu >_> 250 OK -— NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES. » --- Message Progress NPTEL ONLINE IIT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- Message Progress 3 NPTEL ONLINE IIT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION CO...	0.638	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	101	null
cn-lec011-c1-021	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=677s	677.94	711.94	34	way of the MTA. So, connection termination is sending a quit a formal quit by the mail client and then mail 221 receive service close messages send by the MTA. So, one is the there are some problems of in our generic SMTP extends SMTP that it can	Connection Terminatio MTA MTA client erver I+ QUIT >» <— 221 service closed #— rcp Connection Termination NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- Connection Terminatio MTA MTA client server I QUIT -—> <—_\| 221 service closed #— aT Ce Connection Termination NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION ...	0.7118	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	48	null
cn-lec011-c1-022	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=712s	712.9	749.14	36.24	not handle all sort of data set. So, there is a SMTP extension what we say my multi purpose internet mail extension. So, transform a non-SK character to a NVIDE or network virtual terminal XK character right. So, otherwise it will not be able to communicate with the thing. So, we can now we have text, application, imag...	ss Ee Solution: SMTP extensions ¢ MIME -— Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions — Transforms non-ASCII data to NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) ASCII data * Text — User User * Application ° ° + mage t f * Audio Non-ASCII code Non-ASCII code * Video 7-bit NVT ASCII 7-bit NVT ASCII Bino \| 7-bit NVT ASCII SD \| NPTEL O...	0.791	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	86	null
cn-lec011-c1-023	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=749s	749.14	783.38	34.24	if those are if there is a non-SK character there are there may be problem in transmission because those escape character etcetera may interrupt the thing right. So, this mine takes care of that. So, it it converts it to a 7 bit NVIDE ASKY which the SMTP envelope takes as a payload and the communication is between this...	a a Solution: SMTP extensions * MIME -— Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions — Transforms non-ASCII data to NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) ASCII data * Text Le User User * Application ° A + age ft f * Audio Non-ASCII code Non-ASCII code * Video 7-bit NVT ASCIL 7-bit NVT ASCII ere \| 7-bit NVT ASCII Syn \| NPTEL ON...	0.8102	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	91	null
cn-lec011-c1-024	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=784s	784.5	819.7	35.2	gives a way to communicate between the two with non-SKY type of character sets right which comprises text, application, image or audio video. There can be situation where some of the things are blocked like if you some of the mail server may not accept application or executable files. Some mail servers may not accept v...	a Solution: SMTP extensions * MIME -— Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions — Transforms non-ASCII data to NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) ASCII data * Text oe User User * Application ° ° + mage ft f * Audio Non-ASCII code Non-ASCII code * Video 7-bit NVT ASCIL 7-bit NVT ASCII ena \| 7-bit NVT ASCII Sym \| NPTEL ONL...	0.8142	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	85	null
cn-lec011-c1-025	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=819s	819.7	854.74	35.04	different restriction on the above SMTP right. Basic FCNTP allows the communication between the two SMTP server client system. So, there are typical mine headers located between the email header and the body header like if you remember this was our email header and the body header and it lies between these two and ther...	Solution: SMTP extensions ¢ MIME -— Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions — Transforms non-ASCII data to NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) ASCII data * Text a User User * Application ° ° + Image * * Audio Non-ASCII code Non-ASCIl code * Video MIME T-bit NVT ASCH 7-bit NVT ASCII [sure } 7-bit NVT ASCII oan NPTEL ONLINE ...	0.7484	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	67	null
cn-lec011-c1-026	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=854s	854.74	887.3	32.56	type, content transfer including type, content ID and content description. So, these are the thing which the mine header, mine header contents and there are several other constant like what are the different type of things will be there, text, plain text, multipart, message, image, video, application. There can be diff...	MIME Head * Located between the Email Header and Body — MIME-Version: 1.1 Content-Type: type/subtype Content-Transfer-Encoding: encoding type Content-Id: message id Content-Description: textual explanation of \| non-textual contents i] NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- MIME Headers * Located betw...	0.7216	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	80	null
cn-lec011-c1-027	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=887s	887.3	923.06	35.76	also has a rich set of headers to handle different kind of data. So, MTA and mail access protocol right. So, there is another thing that if I have a mail server, so how I can access that mail. So, MTA delivers the email to the user's mailbox. So, user's mailbox is lying in the mail server can be complex with numerous d...	MIME Headers (cont’d * — Content-Type — Type of data used in the Body Text plain, unformatted text; HTML = Multipart: Body contains diferent data types — Message: Body contains a whole, part, or pointer to a message — _ Image: Message contains a static image (JPEG, GIF) — Video: Message contains an animated image (MPE...	0.7888	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	82	null
cn-lec011-c1-028	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=923s	923.06	954.1	31.04	different kind of what we say mail server or mail client which acts on the things. Now, this mail access protocol can be used by the user to retrieve the email from the mailbox. So, two popular three as pop three and IMF four. So, these are the two popular mail access protocols. So, what it does? So, it is from the all...	MTAs and Mail Access Protocols + The MTA delivers email to the user’s mailbox * Can be complex with numerous delivery methods, routers, and ACLs + Exim, Postfix, Sendmail + The Mail Access Protocols are used by the users to retrieve the email from the mailbox — POP3 — IMAP4 NPTEL ONLINE IIT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION ...	0.8545	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	72	null
cn-lec011-c1-029	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=954s	954.1	986.02	31.92	pop three actually pulls that message from the mail server or in some cases that is goes on in push pull form and to the to your that mail access what we are looking at, that the mail access protocols right. Similarly, IMF also acts in a similar fashion. But so, post office protocol or pop three it is simple. Allows us...	POP vs. IMAP NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. Pere eases --- POP vs. IMAP NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. --- Post Office Protocol v3 * Simple + Allows the user to obtain a list of their Emails ¢ Users can retrieve their emails « Users can either delete or keep the email on thei...	0.7292	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	68	null
cn-lec011-c1-030	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=986s	986.02	1,020.42	34.4	emails. Users can retrieve their emails, users can either delete or keep mail in their systems and minimize the server resources. In other sense this pop three or even IMF allows the user to manage it mail right and can it is gives a front end to the user to handle its mail services. So, on the other hand IMF before is...	Post Office Protocol v3 * Simple + Allows the user to obtain a list of their Emails ¢ Users can retrieve their emails ¢ Users can either delete or keep the email on their system * Minimizes server resources NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. e --- Post Office Protocol v3 * Simple + Allows the user...	0.781	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	72	null
cn-lec011-c1-031	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1020s	1,020.42	1,053.14	32.72	than pop three. User can check email header before downloading right. So, in case of IMF four, the user can check the header before downloading and then take a call whether to download. Email can be accessed from any location. Can search email for a specific string of characters before downloading right. So, it can be ...	Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) v4 Has more features than POP3 User can check the email header before downloading Emails can be accessed from any location Can search the email for a specific string of characters before downloading User can download parts of an email User can create, delete, or rename mailboxes ...	0.798	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	81	null
cn-lec011-c1-032	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1053s	1,053.14	1,084.66	31.52	to handle his mailbox in other sense. User can download part of an email. User can create delete rename mailboxes of any server. So, it is a it is a in the mail server in its own mailbox, it gives a lot of flexibility in handling that mailbox. So, that is that is the part of this in case of a IMF or IMF version 4. So, ...	Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) v4 Has more features than POP3 User can check the email header before downloading Emails can be accessed from any location Can search the email for a specific string of characters before downloading User can download parts of an email User can create, delete, or rename mailboxes ...	0.7984	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	78	null
cn-lec011-c1-033	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1086s	1,086.74	1,121.62	34.88	mail how SMTP works. Now, let us have another protocol that SNMP or simple network management protocol. So, SNMP so, fundamental objective or basic objective of SNMP is to manage all aspects of network as well as application related to the network. So, that means, it is it is it is a more of a protocol which allows man...	Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) NPTEL ONLINE IITKHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. » a i Ane --- Se Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Fundamental objective of Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is to manage all aspects of a network, as well as applications related to that network. > Monitor:...	0.6756	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	69	null
cn-lec011-c1-034	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1122s	1,122.1	1,155.14	33.04	seen it is the major purpose is transferring data etcetera from one part to another right. Anyway in case of SNMP it is primarily to manage the network and especially the network as it expands the overall management becomes a major issue not only from the failure but to give a better bandwidth service and so on so fort...	se NE Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Fundamental objective of Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is to manage all aspects of a network, as well as applications related to that network. » Monitor: SNMP implementations allow network administrators to monitor their networks in order to--among other thi...	0.6815	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	81	null
cn-lec011-c1-035	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1158s	1,158.02	1,187.14	29.12	to ensure the health of the network right. So, there are other things but it entire to ensure the health of the network forecast usage and capacity and in problem determinations. So, this is one of the things so, that is a monitoring of the network. The other part is SNMP provides the capability of the network administ...	Nee Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Fundamental objective of Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is to manage all aspects of a network, as well as applications related to that network. » Monitor: SNMP implementations allow network administrators to monitor their networks in order to--among other thing...	0.6792	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	80	null
cn-lec011-c1-036	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1187s	1,187.14	1,223.22	36.08	network problems dynamically etcetera. So, one is one is monitoring so, what what is the thing that it is getting regular information about the thing another is based on the information the network manager or the administrator can take a call on the things that means, it can manage the things like implement new network...	Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Fundamental objective of Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is to manage all aspects of a network, as well as applications related to that network. » Monitor: SNMP implementations allow network administrators to monitor their networks in order to--among other things--e...	0.6838	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	97	null
cn-lec011-c1-037	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1223s	1,223.22	1,254.26	31.04	the status of the network or information about the network. So, SNMP implements a manager client sub agent model which confirm very closely to the client server model right. So, it is sort of a agent based fix. So, RFC 1157 defines the component and interaction involved in SNMP community which include management inform...	SS Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) + SNMP implements a manager/agent/subagent model, which conforms very closely to the client/server model. * RFC 1157 defines the components and interactions involved in an SNMP community, which include: » AManagement Information Base An SNMP agent > Anmanager SNMP agent sn...	0.7112	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	66	null
cn-lec011-c1-038	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1254s	1,254.26	1,287.78	33.52	SNMP sub agent. So, these constitutes or define there is these are the things which are which are required for this operation of the SNMP. And SNMP agent is a software that runs on a piece of network equipment it can be host router printer and others and maintains the information about the configuration or current stat...	Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) + SNMP implements a manager/agent/subagent model, which conforms very closely to the client/server model. + RFC 1157 defines the components and interactions involved in an SNMP community, which include: > AManagement Information Base > AnSNMP agent > Anmanager SNMP agent sn...	0.7078	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	82	null
cn-lec011-c1-039	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1287s	1,287.86	1,321.38	33.52	etcetera this SNMP agents runs on a on that particular equipment. So, it is a software which runs on either in the host network printer in a router and or any network type of devices. And that maintains information about the configuration and current state of the database right. So, information in the database is descr...	Nee Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) + SNMP agent is software that runs on a piece of network equipment (host, router, printer, or others) and that maintains information about its configuration and current state in a database ¢ Information in the database is described by Management Information Bases (MIBs) ...	0.7134	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	77	null
cn-lec011-c1-040	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1321s	1,321.38	1,353.7	32.32	So, SNMP manager is an application program that connects to the SNMP agent to query or modify the database in the agent. So, the manager connects to the SNMP agent to either query the agent from data or update the database or modify the database. SNMP protocol is the application layer used by SNMP agents and manager to...	is Nee Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) ¢ SNMP agent is software that runs on a piece of network equipment (host, router, printer, or others) and that maintains information about its configuration and current state in a database ¢ Information in the database is described by Management Information Bases (MIBs...	0.7101	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	88	null
cn-lec011-c1-041	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1353s	1,353.7	1,384.5	30.8	protocol basic protocol. So, what we have we have agent which is collecting data we have a management information base to have the database we have a SNMP manager that is the application program that contacts the SNMP agent to query and modify the database and we have a SNMP protocol is the application layer protocol t...	a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) ¢ SNMP agent is software that runs on a piece of network equipment (host, router, printer, or others) and that maintains information about its configuration and current state in a database ¢ Information in the database is described by Management Information Bases (MIBs) ¢ ...	0.7093	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	79	null
cn-lec011-c1-042	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1384s	1,384.5	1,415.86	31.36	So, we have this management management station where SNMP manager process is running SNMP this protocol is running it runs SNMP incidentally runs on prime value on UDP we have our NERLINE IP then the IP network and the data things are there. So, if there is a query it goes through and access this agent. So, the from th...	Nee SNMP - Interactions Management Station Managed System ‘SNMP Manager SNMP Agent —- Process Process. \| MiB SNMP [SNMP messages >] SNM _— L___c IP Network >—— 5 oC NPTEL ONLINE IIT KHARAGPUR CERTIFICATION COURSES. » --- SNMP - Interactions Management Station ae ~ ‘SNMP messages: =\| SNMP a nerve — — NPTEL ONLI...	0.6355	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	88	null
cn-lec011-c1-043	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1415s	1,415.86	1,447.3	31.44	information base right. So, it contains the database address. So, the manager this agent is sitting in some network devices. So, this this SNMP messages are communicated between these two between these two SNMP of the manager and SNMP of the agent. So, what is this MIB is specific specifies the management object MIB is...	SNMP - Interactions Management Station ga] al al ue [*SNMP messages] Fated -_ iw —@& IP Network) ———— NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES ad IIT KHARAGPUR --- SNMP - Interactions Management Station Managed System ‘SNMP Manager aol [7 SNMP messages] er - IP Network. >— Sa NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES. » I...	0.6992	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	59	null
cn-lec011-c1-044	cn	Computer Networks	Prof. Sujoy Ghosh	IIT Kharagpur	Lecture 10:Application Layer V – Internet Mail Transfer (SMTP), Network Management (SNMP)	11	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkE2ps9IcUQ&t=1447s	1,447.3	1,479.94	32.64	describe named object using a syntax which is described in abstract syntax notation 1. So, ASN1 is a formal language for describing the data and its property. So, it is a standard formal standard way of representation. In Linux MIB files are in the directory that particular directory and MIB 2 defined in RFC 1 2 1 3 de...	ss Ne Management Information Bases (MIBs) + AMIB specifies the managed objects + MIB isa text file that describes managed objects using the syntax of ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation 1) + ASN.1 is a formal language for describing data and its properties + In Linux, MIB files are in the directory /usr/share/snmp/mibs...	0.7683	false	false	conceptual	C1_fixed	84	null

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