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18 It’s not actually the carrier that’s offering this; rather it’s a capability of the PSAP. E911 is also used on PSTN
trunks, but since that happens without any involvement on your part (the PSTN carriers handle the paper‐
work for you), you are generally not aware that you have E911 on your local lines.
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Chapter 7: Outside Connectivity
Conclusion
It is generally predicted that the PSTN will eventually disappear entirely. Before that
happens, however, a distributed mechanism that is widely used and trusted will be
needed to allow organizations and individuals to publish addressing information so
they can be found. Any voice technology that does not use the PSTN is currently
either a walled-garden proprietary product, or is the playground of spammers and
criminals. We suspect the PSTN may be around for a while yet, and if so, then origi‐
nation and termination will need to be part of your Asterisk system.
Conclusion
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CHAPTER 8
Voicemail
Just leave a message, maybe I’ll call.
—Joe Walsh
Before email and instant messaging became ubiquitous, voicemail was a popular
method of electronic messaging. Even though most people now prefer text-based
messaging systems, voicemail remains an essential component of any PBX.
Asterisk has a reasonably flexible voicemail system named Comedian Mail.1 Voice‐
mail in Asterisk is provided in the dialplan by the app_voicemail.so module.
A Caveat About Voicemail in Asterisk
The app_voicemail module is one of the oldest in Asterisk, and it suffers from many
limitations, especially when compared to other modules that have enjoyed a steady
evolution. The code itself is something few have the nerve to mess with, and thus new
features for this module are unlikely to ever appear. You need to understand that
app_voicemail doesn’t just provide a dialplan application; there are all sorts of things
that have to happen to ensure this all works, such as storage and file management,
interaction with the email system of the operating system, time zone awareness, file
formatting, security, plus a whole basket of various parameters that might need to be
set. The app_voicemail module does all of that, and as a result it ends up being a sort
of kludgy subsystem (on traditional PBXs, the voicemail was in fact a completely sep‐
arate machine).
1 This name was a play on words, inspired in part by Nortel’s voicemail system Meridian Mail. Nortel (and
Meridian Mail) are gone, but Comedian Mail soldiers on.
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Numerous attempts have been made to re-engineer voicemail, but they’ve all come up
short. The reasons are simple: the level of work (and therefore cost) required to re-
engineer it (in such a way as to satisfy the needs of a diverse community), coupled
with a lack of cultural interest in voicemail technology in general, have (thus far)
quickly killed any such initiative.
It’s important to state that Asterisk voicemail works, and works well. You’ll probably
find it suitable to your needs. If you don’t, the community will suggest that you are
more than welcome to take a crack at re-engineering it.
Some of the features of Asterisk’s voicemail system include:
• Unlimited password-protected voicemail boxes, each containing mailbox sub-
folders for organizing voicemail
• Different greetings for busy and unavailable states
• Default and custom greetings
• The ability to associate phones with more than one mailbox, and mailboxes with
more than one phone
• Email notification of voicemail, with the voicemail optionally attached as an
audio file
• Voicemail forwarding and broadcasts
• Message-waiting indicator (flashing light or stuttered dialtone) on many types of
phones
• Company directory of employees, based on voicemail boxes
We’re now going to take you on a tour of the essential parts of the voicemail configu‐
ration file, covering the settings in the general section, the various regional settings
that are possible, integration of voicemail into your dialplan, and a brief under-the-
hood look at how Asterisk stores voicemail in the Linux filesystem.
The voicemail.conf File