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18,400 | get_charset(returns the character set associated with the message payload (for instance'iso- - ' get_charsets([default]returns list of all character sets that appear in the message for multipart messagesthe list will represent the character set of each subpart the character set of each part is taken from 'content-typeh... |
18,401 | internet data handling and encoding of the returned list are tuples (namevaluewhere name is the parameter name and value is the value as returned by the get_param(method get_payload([ [decode]]returns the payload of message if the message is simple messagea byte string containing the message body is returned if the mes... |
18,402 | print short summary of sender/recipient print("from %sm["from"]print("to %sm["to"]print("subject %sm["subject"]print(""if not is_multipart()simple message just print the payload payload get_payload(decode=truecharset get_content_charset('iso- - 'print(payload decode(charset)elsemultipart message walk over all subparts ... |
18,403 | internet data handling and encoding attach(payloadadds an attachment to multipart message payload must be another message object (for exampleemail mime text mimetextinternallypayload is appended to list that keeps track of the different parts of the message if the message is not multipart messageuse set_payload(to set ... |
18,404 | set_type(type [header [requote]]sets the type used in the 'content-typeheader type is string specifying the typesuch as 'text/plainor 'multipart/mixedheader specifies an alternative header other than the default 'content-typeheader requote quotes the value of any parameters already attached to the header by defaultthis... |
18,405 | or omitteda suitable boundary is determined automatically subparts is sequence of message objects that make up the contents of the message params represents optional keyword arguments and values that are added to the 'content-typeheader of the message once multipart message has been createdadditional subparts can be ad... |
18,406 | hashlib the hashlib module implements variety of secure hash and message digest algorithms such as md and sha to compute hash valueyou start by calling one of the following functionsthe name of which is the same as represented algorithmfunction description md (sha (sha (sha (md hash ( bitssha hash ( bitssha hash ( bits... |
18,407 | internet data handling and encoding normallythe initial key value is determined at random using cryptographically strong random number generator an hmac objecthhas the following methodsh update(msgadds the string msg to the hmac object digest(returns the digest of all data processed so far and returns byte string conta... |
18,408 | htmlparser in python this module is called html parser the htmlparser module defines class htmlparser that can be used to parse html and xhtml documents to use this moduleyou define your own class that inherits from htmlparser and redefines methods as appropriate htmlparser(this is base class that is used to create htm... |
18,409 | internet data handling and encoding handle_endtag(tagthis handler is called whenever end tags are encountered tag is the name of the tag converted to lowercase for exampleif the end tag is ''tag is the string 'bodyh handle_entityref(namethis handler is called to handle entity references such as '&name;name is string co... |
18,410 | from urllib request import urlopen import sys class printlinks(htmlparser)def handle_starttag(self,tag,attrs)if tag =' 'for name,value in attrsif name ='href'print(valuep printlinks( urlopen(sys argv[ ]data read(charset info(getparam('charset'#charset info(get_content_charset( feed(data decode(charset) close(python pyt... |
18,411 | internet data handling and encoding for string datayou should assume the use of unicode if byte strings are encountered during encodingthey will be decoded into unicode string using 'utf- by default (although this can be controlledjson strings are always returned as unicode when decoding the following functions are use... |
18,412 | load( **optsdeserializes json object on the file-like object and returns it opts represents set of keyword arguments that can be specified to control the decoding process and are described next be aware that this function calls read(to consume the entire contents of because of thisit should not be used on any kind of s... |
18,413 | internet data handling and encoding raw_decode(sreturns tuple (pyobjindexwhere pyobj is the python representation of json object in and index is the position in where the json object ended this can be used if you are trying to parse an object out of an input stream where there is extra data at the end jsonencoder(**opt... |
18,414 | default)then only official mime types registered with iana are recognized (see guess_extension(type [strict]guesses the standard file extension for file based on its mime type returns string with the filename extension including the leading dot returns none for unknown types if strict is true (the default)then only off... |
18,415 | internet data handling and encoding it is fairly common to see this format used when documents make use of special characters in the extended ascii character set for exampleif document contained the text "copyright ( "this might be represented by the python byte string 'copyright \xa the quoted-printed version of the s... |
18,416 | document once the tree has been builtdom provides an interface for traversing the tree and extracting data neither the sax nor dom apis originate with python insteadpython simply copies the standard programming interface that was developed for java and javascript although you can certainly process xml using the sax and... |
18,417 | internet data handling and encoding locate elementsyou have to navigate through the document hierarchy starting at the root element xml dom minidom the xml dom minicom module provides basic support for parsing an xml document and storing it in memory as tree structure according to the conventions of dom there are two p... |
18,418 | in addition to these attributesall nodes have the following methods typicallythese are used to manipulate the tree structure appendchild(childadds new child nodechildto the new child is added at the end of any other children clonenode(deepmakes copy of the node if deep is trueall child nodes are also cloned hasattribut... |
18,419 | internet data handling and encoding element nodes an element node represents single xml element such as to get the text from an elementyou need to look for text nodes as children the following attributes and methods are defined to get other informatione tagname the tag name of the element for exampleif the element is d... |
18,420 | toxml([encoding]creates string containing the xml represented by node and its children encoding specifies the encoding (for example'utf- 'if no encoding is givennone is specified in the output text writexml(writer [indent [addindent [newl]]]writes xml to writer writer can be any object that provides write(method that i... |
18,421 | internet data handling and encoding an instance tree of elementtree has the following methodstree _setroot(elementsets the root element to element tree find(pathfinds and returns the first top-level element in the tree whose type matches the given path path is string that describes the element type and its location rel... |
18,422 | tree write(file [encoding]writes the entire contents of the tree to file file is either filename or file-like object opened for writing encoding is the output encoding to use and defaults to the interpreter default encoding if not specified ('utf- or 'asciiin most casescreating elements the types of elements held in an... |
18,423 | internet data handling and encoding the element interface although the elements stored in an elementtree may have varying typesthey all support common interface if elem is any elementthen the following python operators are definedoperator description elem[nelem[nnewelem returns the nth child element of elem changes the... |
18,424 | elem getchildren(returns all subelements in document order elem getiterator([tag]returns an iterator that produces all subelements whose type matches tag elem insert(indexsubelementinserts subelement at position index in the list of children elem items(returns all element attributes as list of (namevaluepairs elem keys... |
18,425 | internet data handling and encoding utility functions the following utility functions are defineddump(elemdumps the element structure of elem to sys stdout for debugging the output is usually xml iselement(elemchecks if elem is valid element object iterparse(source [events]incrementally parses xml from source source is... |
18,426 | consider an xml file 'recipens xmlthat makes use of namespacesfamous guacamole southwest favoritelarge avocadoschopped combine all ingredients and hand whisk to desired consistency serve and enjoy with ice-cold beers to work with the namespacesit is usually easiest to use dictionary that maps the namespace prefix to th... |
18,427 | do it is to use the elementtree iterparse(function here is an example of iteratively processing nodes in the previous filefrom xml etree elementtree import iterparse iparse iterparse("music xml"['start','end']find the top-level music element for eventelem in iparseif event ='startand elem tag ='music'musicnode elem bre... |
18,428 | handler objects to perform any processingyou have to supply content handler object to the parse(or parsestring(functions to define handleryou define class that inherits from contenthandler an instance of contenthandler has the following methodsall of which can be overridden in your handler class as neededc characters(c... |
18,429 | internet data handling and encoding startdocument(called at the start of document startelement(nameattrscalled whenever new xml element is encountered name is the name of the elementand attrs is an object containing attribute information for exampleif the xml element is ''name is set to 'fooand attrs contains informati... |
18,430 | from xml sax import contenthandlerparse class recipehandler(contenthandler)def startdocument(self)self initem false def startelement(self,name,attrs)if name ='item'self num attrs get('num',' 'self units attrs get('units','none'self text [self initem true def endelement(self,name)if name ='item'text "join(self textif se... |
18,431 | internet data handling and encoding xmlgenerator([out [encoding]] contenthandler object that merely echoes parsed xml data back to the output stream as an xml document this re-creates the original xml document out is the output document and defaults to sys stdout encoding is the character encoding to use and defaults t... |
18,432 | miscellaneous library modules he modules listed in this section are not covered in detail in this book but are still considered to be part of the standard library these modules have mostly been omitted from previous because they are either extremely low-level and of limited userestricted to very specific platformsobsol... |
18,433 | miscellaneous library modules module description parser pickletools pkgutil pprint accesses parse trees of python source code tools for pickle developers package extension utility prettyprinter for objects extracts information for class browsers compiles python source to bytecode files alternate implementation of the r... |
18,434 | module description resource sched spwd stat syslog resource usage information event scheduler access to the shadow password database support for interpreting results of os stat(interface to unix syslog daemon unix tty control terminal control functions termios tty network the following modules provide support for lesse... |
18,435 | miscellaneous library modules multimedia services the following modules provide support for handling various kinds of multimedia filesmodule description audioop aifc sunau wave chunk colorsys imghdr sndhdr ossaudiodev manipulates raw audio data reads and writes aiff and aifc files reads and writes sun au files reads an... |
18,436 | extending and embedding extending and embedding python appendixpython lib fl ff |
18,437 | lib fl ff |
18,438 | extending and embedding python ne of the most powerful features of python is its ability to interface with software written in there are two common strategies for integrating python with foreign code firstforeign functions can be packaged into python library module for use with the import statement such modules are kno... |
18,439 | extending and embedding python between python and existing functionality written in for librariesyou usually start from header file such as the following/file example *#include #include #include typedef struct point double xdouble ypoint/compute the gcd of two integers and *extern int gcd(int xint )/replace och with nc... |
18,440 | here is main(program that illustrates the use of these functions/main *#include "example hint main(/test the gcd(function *printf("% \ "gcd( , ))printf("% \ "gcd( , ))/test the replace(function *char ["skipping along unaware of the unspeakable peril "int nrepnrep replace( ,','-')printf("% \ "nrep)printf("% \ ", )/test ... |
18,441 | extending and embedding python py_replace(pyobject *selfpyobject *argspyobject *kwargsstatic char *argnames[{" ","och","nch",null}char * ,*sdupchar ochnchint nreppyobject *resultif (!pyarg_parsetupleandkeywords(args,kwargs"scc:replace"argnames& &och&nch)return nullsdup (char *malloc(strlen( )+ )strcpy(sdup, )nrep repla... |
18,442 | and kwargsall of type pyobject *the self parameter is used when the wrapper function is implementing built-in method to be applied to an instance of some object in this casethe instance is placed in the self parameter otherwiseself is set to null args is tuple containing the function arguments passed by the interpreter... |
18,443 | extending and embedding python instancethere are modules named _socket_thread_sreand _fileio corresponding to the programming components of the socketthreadingreand io modules generallyyou do not use these extension modules directly insteadyou create high-level python module such as the followingexample py from _exampl... |
18,444 | more complicated extension modules may need to supply additional build informationsuch as include directorieslibrariesand preprocessor macros they can also be included in setup pyas followssetup py from distutils core import setupextension setup(name="example"version=" "py_modules ['example py']ext_modules extension("_... |
18,445 | extending and embedding python table numeric conversions and associated data types for pyarg_parseformat python type argument type " " "hinteger integer integer integer integer integer integer integer integer integer integer float float complex signed char * unsigned char * short * " " " " " " " " " " "dunsigned short ... |
18,446 | table continued format python type argument type "es#string or bytes "etstring or null-terminated bytes "et#string or bytes " #" " #" *read-only buffer read-write buffer read-write buffer read-write buffer const char *encchar **rint *len const char *encchar **rint *len const char *encchar **rint *len char **rint *len c... |
18,447 | extending and embedding python for handling text or binary datause the " #"" #"" #""es#"or "et#codes these conversions work exactly the same as before except that they additionally return length because of thisthe restriction on embedded null characters is lifted in additionthese conversions add support for byte string... |
18,448 | the " "" "and "uspecifiers return raw python objects of type pyobject "sand "urestrict this object to be string or unicode stringrespectively the " !conversion requires two argumentsa pointer to python type object and pointer to pyobject into which pointer to the object is placed typeerror is raised if the type of the ... |
18,449 | extending and embedding python finallyargument format strings can contain few additional modifiers related to tuple unpackingdocumentationerror messagesand default arguments the following is list of these modifiersformat string description "(items)unpack tuple of objects items consist of format conversions start of opt... |
18,450 | table format specifiers for py_buildvalue(format python type type description ""snone string void char " #string char *int "ybytes char " #bytes char *int " " #"ustring or none string or none unicode char char *int py_unicode " #"uunicode unicode py_unicode char " #unicode char *int " " " " " " " " " " " "cinteger inte... |
18,451 | extending and embedding python table continued format python type type description " &any converterany "sstring any pyobject data processed through converter function same as "osame as "oexcept that the reference count is not incremented creates tuple of items items is string of format specifiers from this table vars i... |
18,452 | void pymodule_addintmacro(pyobject *modulemacroadds macro value to module as an integer macro must be the name of preprocessor macro void pymodule_addstringmacro(pyobject *modulemacroadds macro value to module as string error handling extension modules indicate errors by returning null to the interpreter prior to retur... |
18,453 | extending and embedding python name python exception pyexc_oserror pyexc_overflowerror pyexc_referenceerror pyexc_runtimeerror pyexc_standarderror pyexc_stopiteration pyexc_syntaxerror pyexc_systemerror pyexc_systemexit pyexc_typeerror pyexc_unicodeerror pyexc_unicodeencodeerror pyexc_unicodedecodeerror pyexc_unicodetr... |
18,454 | reference counting unlike programs written in pythonc extensions may have to manipulate the reference count of python objects this is done using the following macrosall of which are applied to objects of type pyobject macro description py_incref(objincrements the reference count of objwhich must be non-null py_decref(o... |
18,455 | extending and embedding python the following example illustrates the use of these macrospyobject *py_wrapper(pyobject *selfpyobject *argspyarg_parsetuple(argspy_begin_allow_threads result run_long_calculation(args)py_end_allow_threads return py_buildvalue(fmt,result)embedding the python interpreter the python interpret... |
18,456 | string that gives name for the input stream this name will appear when the interpreter reports errors if filename is nulla default string of "???is used as the file name int pyrun_simplefile(file *fpchar *filenamesimilar to pyrun_simplestring()except that the program is read from the file fp int pyrun_simplestring(char... |
18,457 | extending and embedding python int pysys_setargv(int argcchar **argvsets command-line options used to populate the value of sys argv this should only be called before py_initialize(accessing python from although there are many ways that the interpreter can be accessed from cfour essential tasks are the most common with... |
18,458 | /import re *re pyimport_importmodule("re")/pat re compile(pat,flags*re_compile pyobject_getattrstring(re,"compile")args py_buildvalue("( )"argv[ ])pat pyeval_callobject(re_compileargs)py_decref(args)/pat_search pat search bound method*pat_search pyobject_getattrstring(pat,"search")/read lines and perform matches *while... |
18,459 | extending and embedding python ctypes the ctypes module provides python with access to functions defined in dlls and shared libraries although you need to know some details about the underlying library (namescalling argumentstypesand so on)you can use ctypes to access code without having to write extension wrapper code... |
18,460 | import ctypes libc ctypes cdll("/usr/lib/libc dylib"libc rand( libc atoi(" " in this exampleoperations such as libc rand(and libc atoi(are directly calling functions in the loaded library ctypes assumes that all functions accept parameters of type int or char and return results of type int thuseven though the previous ... |
18,461 | extending and embedding python table ctypes datatypes ctypes type name datatype python value c_bool c_bytes c_char bool signed char char true or false small integer single character c_char_p c_double c_longdouble c_float c_int c_int c_int c_int c_int c_long c_longlong c_short c_size_t c_ubyte c_uint c_uint c_uint c_uin... |
18,462 | structure fieldctype is ctype class describing the typeand width is an integer bitfield width for exampleconsider the following structurestruct point double xy}the ctypes description of this structure is class point(structure)_fields_ (" "c_double)(" "c_doublecalling foreign functions to call functions in libraryyou si... |
18,463 | extending and embedding python to pass structure to functionyou must create an instance of the structure or union to do thisyou call previous defined structure or union type structuretype as followsstructuretype(*args**kwargscreates an instance of structuretype where structuretype is class derived from structure or uni... |
18,464 | utility functions the following utility functions are defined by ctypesaddressof(cobjreturns the memory address of cobj as an integer cobj must be an instance of ctypes type alignment(ctype_or_objreturns the integer alignment requirements of ctypes type or object ctype_or_obj must be ctypes type or an instance of type ... |
18,465 | extending and embedding python set_errno(valuesets the ctypes-private copy of the system errno variable returns the previous value set_last_error(valuesets the windows lasterror variable and returns the previous value sizeof(type_or_cobjreturns the size of ctypes type or object in bytes string_at(address [size]returns ... |
18,466 | as general noteusage of ctypes is always going to involve python wrapper layer of varying complexity for exampleit may be the case that you can call function directly howeveryou may also have to implement small wrapping layer to account for certain aspects of the underlying code in this examplethe replace(function is t... |
18,467 | extending and embedding python as outputit generates set of and py files howeveryou often don' have to worry much about this if you are using distutils and include file in the setup specificationit will run swig automatically for you when building an extension for examplethis setup py file automatically runs swig on th... |
18,468 | python december python was released-- major update to the python language that breaks backwards compatibility with python in number of critical areas fairly complete survey of the changes made to python can be found in the "what' new in python document available at some sensethe first of this book can be viewed as the ... |
18,469 | appendix python coding conventions that are incompatible needless to saysomeone is not going to have positive learning experience if everything appears to be broken even the official documentation is not entirely up-to-date with python coding requirementswhile writing this bookthe author submitted numerous bug reports ... |
18,470 | set and dictionary comprehensions the syntax expr for in if conditionalis set comprehension it applies an operation to all of the elements of set and can be used in similar manner as list comprehensions for examplevalues squares { * for in valuessquares { the syntax kexpr:vexpr for , in if condition is dictionary compr... |
18,471 | appendix python in these examplesthe variable prefixed by receives all of the extra values and places them in list the list may be empty if there are no extra items one use of this feature is in looping over lists of tuples (or sequenceswhere the tuples may have differing sizes for examplepoints ( , )( , ,"red")( , ,"b... |
18,472 | againit is important to emphasize that python does not attach any significance to annotations the intended use is in third-party libraries and frameworks that may want to use them for various applications involving metaprogramming examples includebut are not limited tostatic analysis toolsdocumentationtestingfunction o... |
18,473 | appendix python when calling this functionthe strict parameter can only be specified as keyword for examplea foo( strict=trueany additional positional arguments would just be placed in args and not used to set the value of strict if you don' want to accept variable number of arguments but want keyword-only argumentsuse... |
18,474 | traceback (most recent call last)file ""line in syntaxerrorcouldn' parse configuration exception objects have _cause_ attributewhich is set to the previous exception use of the from qualifier with raise sets this attribute more subtle example of exception chaining involves exceptions raised within another exception han... |
18,475 | appendix python result this dictionary is what gets populated as the body of the class definition executes here is an example that outlines the basic procedureclass mymeta(type)@classmethod def _prepare_ (cls,name,bases,**kwargs)print("preparing",name,bases,kwargsreturn {def _new_ (cls,name,bases,classdict)print("creat... |
18,476 | if classdict multipleraise typeerror("multiple definitions exist"return type _new_ (cls,name,bases,classdictif you apply this metaclass to another class definitionit will report an error if any method is redefined for exampleclass foo(metaclass=multimeta)def _init_ (self)pass def _init_ (self, )pass error _init_ multip... |
18,477 | appendix python work with and manipulate byte-oriented data such as ascii you might be inclined to use the bytes type to avoid all of the overhead and complexity of unicode howeverthis will actually make everything related to byte-oriented text handling more difficult here is an example that illustrates the potential p... |
18,478 | names that can be successfully decoded as unicode if dirname is string if dirname is byte stringthen all filenames are returned as byte strings new / system python implements an entirely new / systemthe details of which are described in the io module section of "operating system services "the new / system also reflects... |
18,479 | appendix python merely modifying this copy of the localsnot the local variables themselves here is one workarounddef foo()_locals locals(exec(" ",globals(),_localsa _locals[' 'extract the set variable print(aas general ruledon' expect python to support the same degree of "magicthat was possible using exec()eval()and ex... |
18,480 | integers and integer division python no longer has an int type for -bit integers and separate long type for long integers the int type now represents an integer of arbitrary precision (the internal details of which are not exposed to the userin additioninteger division now always produces floating-point result for exam... |
18,481 | library reorganization python reorganizes and changes the names of several parts of the standard librarymost notably modules related to networking and internet data formats in additiona wide variety of legacy modules have been dropped from the library ( gopherlibrfc and so onit is now standard practice to use lowercase... |
18,482 | python program can start to take advantage of useful python features now even if it is not yet ready to make the full migration the other reason to port to python is that python issues warning messages for deprecated features if you run it with the - command-line option for examplebash- python - python (trunk: : moct :... |
18,483 | appendix python example py -import configparser +import configparser -for in xrange( )print * +for in range( )print( *idef spam( )if not has_key("spam")if "spamnot in dd["spam"load_spam(return ["spam"refactoringtoolfiles that need to be modifiedrefactoringtoolexample py as output to will identify parts of the program t... |
18,484 | to - xrange - example py --example py (original++example py (refactored@- , + , @example py import configparser -for in xrange( )+for in range( )print * def spam( )refactoringtoolfiles that were modifiedrefactoringtoolexample py if you look at example py after this operationyou will find that xrange(has been changed to... |
18,485 | appendix python convert the program itself to python using to run the unit testing suite on the resulting code and fix all of the issues that arise there are varying strategies for doing this if you're feeling luckyyou can always tell to to just fix everything and see what happens if you're more cautiousyou might start... |
18,486 | symbols numbers debugger commandpdb module !not equal to operator single quotes ''triple quotes double quotes ""triple quotes comment #in unix shell scripts rewriting on package installation modulo operator string formatting operator %operator bitwise-and operator set intersection operator addition operator list concat... |
18,487 | >greater than or equal to operator >greater than or equal to operator >file redirection modifier to print 'amodeto open(function >right shift operator (argsdebugger commandpdb module >>operator interpreter prompt b_base (functionbinascii module decorator b_hex(functionbinascii module [::extended slicing operator - - b_... |
18,488 | acos(functionmath module addlevelname(functionlogging module acosh(functionmath module address attribute access(functionos module acquire(method of condition objects of lock objects of rlock objects of semaphore objects of basemanager objects of listener objects address familiesof sockets address_family attributeof soc... |
18,489 | append(method append(method of element objects of array objects of deque objects of lists ascii_letters variablestring module ascii_lowercase variablestring module ascii_uppercase variablestring module appendchild(methodof dom node objects asctime(functiontime module appendleft(methodof deque objects asinh(functionmath... |
18,490 | atan(functionmath module atan (functionmath module atanh(functionmath module atexit module - command line option characterbefore string literal atomic operationsdisassembly (reakdebugger commandpdb module attach(methodof message objects decode(functionbase module attrgetter(functionoperator module encode(functionbase m... |
18,491 | baserequesthandler classsocketserver module baserequesthandler classsocketserver module bitwise-negation operator ~ _bases_ attribute bitwise-xor operator ^ of classes of types basestring variable bitwise-or operator | blank lines block_size attributeof digest objects basicconfig(functionlogging module blocking operati... |
18,492 | bufferedrwpair classio module bufferedwriter classio module bufferingand generators extensions and egg files and module reloading compiling with distutils creating with swig example with ctypes releasing global interpreter lock build_opener(functionurllib request module built-in exceptions built-in functions and types ... |
18,493 | cancel_join_thread(methodof queue objects cancel_join_thread(methodof queue objects chained comparisons cannotsendheader exceptionhttp client module changing display of resultsinteractive mode cannotsendrequest exceptionhttp client module changing module name on import capitalize(methodof strings - chained exceptionspy... |
18,494 | class variables sharing by all instances _class_ attribute of instances of methods classes _del_ (method and garbage collection - _init_ (method _init_ (method and inheritance _slots_ attribute abstract base class access control specifierslack of accessing in modules and metaclasses as callable as namespaces attribute ... |
18,495 | close(method of iobase objects of listener objects of pool objects of queue objects of tarfile objects of treebuilder objects of zipfile objects of dbm-style database objects of dispatcher objects of files of generators of generators and synchronization of mmap objects of shelve objects of socket objects of urlopen obj... |
18,496 | common attributeof dircmp objects compress(method common_dirs attributeof dircmp objects of bz compressor objects of compressobj objects common_files attributeof dircmp objects compress_size attributeof zipinfo objects common_funny attributeof dircmp objects compress_type attributeof zipinfo objects commonprefix(functi... |
18,497 | configparser module configparser module configuration files difference from python script - for logging module variable substitution locking nested _context_ attributeof exception objects contextlib module confstr(functionos module @contextmanager decorator conjugate(method continue statement - of complex numbers of fl... |
18,498 | copyfile(functionshutil module countingin loops copyfileobj(functionshutil module countof(functionoperator module copying directories cp encodingdescription of copying files cp encodingdescription of copying cpickle module and reference counting deep copy dictionary of mutable objects shallow copy cprofile module cpu t... |
18,499 | creating programs creating random numbers creating user-defined instances creation of instances steps involved creation of pyc and pyo files critical sectionslocking of critical(methodof logger objects current_thread(functionthreading module currentframe(functioninspect module curryingand partial function evaluation cu... |
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