src_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀ | tgt_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀ | src_summary stringlengths 41 2.74k ⌀ | tgt_summary stringlengths 41 2.64k ⌀ | input_ids list | attention_mask list | labels list | text stringlengths 946 37.7k ⌀ | summary stringlengths 29 3.02k ⌀ | gem_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀ | gem_parent_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀ | id stringlengths 1 7 ⌀ | src_document dict |
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D'Ieteren | D'Ieteren | D'Ieteren SA () is a company, based in Belgium that is engaged in automobile distribution and vehicle glass repair and replacement (VGRR). | D’Ieteren, fondé en 1805, est un groupe belge actif dans la distribution automobile et la réparation et le remplacement de vitres automobiles. | [
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D. H. Lawrence | D. H. Lawrence | David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer and poet. His collected works represent, among other things, an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. Lawrence's writing explores issues such as sexuality, emotional health, vitality, spontane... | David Herbert Lawrence, plus connu comme D. H. Lawrence, ( à Eastwood au Royaume-Uni - à Vence en France) est un écrivain britannique. Auteur de nouvelles, romans, poèmes, pièces de théâtre, essais, livres de voyage, traductions et lettres, il est célèbre notamment pour son roman "L’Amant de lady Chatterley". | [
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Hard disk drive | Disque dur | A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital data using one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a mov... | Un disque dur (parfois abrégé DD ; en anglais, hard disk drive, HD ou HDD) est une mémoire de masse à disque tournant magnétique utilisée principalement dans les ordinateurs, mais également dans des baladeurs numériques, des caméscopes, des lecteurs/enregistreurs de DVD de salon, des consoles de jeux vidéo | [
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Deir el-Medina | Deir el-Médineh | Deir el-Medina (), or Dayr al-Madīnah, is an ancient Egyptian village which was home to the artisans who worked on the tombs in the Valley of the Kings during the 18th to 20th dynasties of the New Kingdom of Egypt (ca. 1550–1080 BCE) The settlement's ancient name was "Set maat" "The Place of Truth", and the workmen who... | Deir el-Médineh (ou "Deir al-Médîna") est le nom arabe d'un village de l'Égypte antique où résidait la confrérie des artisans chargés de construire les tombeaux et les temples funéraires des pharaons et de leurs proches durant le Nouvel Empire (de la à la ). Le village se situe sur le chemin qui mène du Ramesséum à la ... | [
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Denmark | Danemark | Denmark (, ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Denmark proper, which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island. The islands a... | Le Danemark, en forme longue le royaume de Danemark ou le royaume du Danemark (en et "), est un pays souverain d’Europe du Nord et de Scandinavie, dont le territoire métropolitain est situé au sud de la Norvège, de laquelle il est séparé par le Skagerrak ; au sud-sud-ouest de la Suède, le Kattégat faisant office de fro... | [
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Dublin | Dublin | Dublin (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Situated on a bay on the east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey, it lies within the province of Leinster. It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. It has an urban area population of 1,173,179, while the po... | Dublin ( ;'' ) est la plus grande ville de l'île d'Irlande et de l'État d'Irlande, dont elle est la capitale (Belfast étant la capitale de l'Irlande du Nord). La ville est située à proximité du point central de la côte orientale de l'île et au centre du comté de Dublin. Dublin est la plus grande ville d'Irlande en impo... | [
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Linux distribution | Distribution Linux | A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection that is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety o... | Une distribution Linux, appelée aussi distribution GNU/Linux pour faire référence aux logiciels du projet GNU, est un ensemble cohérent de logiciels, la plupart étant des logiciels libres, assemblés autour du noyau Linux. | [
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Keep | Donjon | A keep (from the Middle English "kype") is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars have debated the scope of the word "keep", but usually consider it to refer to large towers in castles that were fortified residences, used as a refuge of last resort should th... | Le donjon est la tour la plus haute d'un château fort au Moyen Âge, destinée à servir à la fois de point d'observation, de poste de tir et de dernier refuge si le reste de la fortification vient à être prise par un ennemi. Cette tour, ou ce bâtiment fortifié, sert aussi en général de résidence au seigneur du château. | [
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Law | Droit | Law is commonly understood as a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate conduct, although its precise definition is a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a col... | Le droit est défini comme, ou de façon plus complète. Ces règles, appelées règles de droit, sont abstraites et obligatoires et indiquent ce qui « doit être fait ». Ces règles juridiques peuvent trouver leur source dans une source normative « supérieure », extérieure, transcendante, comme le droit naturel, ou découlent ... | [
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Dow Jones Industrial Average | Dow Jones Industrial Average | The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a stock market index that measures the stock performance of 30 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. Although it is one of the most commonly followed equity indices, many consider the Dow to be an inadequate represent... | Le Dow Jones Industrial Average (abrégé en DJIA et souvent raccourci en Dow Jones) est le plus vieil indice des bourses de New York et le plus vieil indice boursier du monde. Cet indice est la propriété de Dow Jones Indexes, une coentreprise détenue à 90 % par CME Group et à 10 % par Dow Jones and Company. | [
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David Lynch | David Lynch | David Keith Lynch (born January 20, 1946) is an American filmmaker, painter, musician, singer, sound designer, photographer, and actor. He is best known for writing and directing films such as "Eraserhead" (1977), "The Elephant Man" (1980), "Blue Velvet" (1986), and "Mulholland Drive" (2001), which are often regarded b... | David Lynch est un cinéaste, scénariste, photographe, musicien et peintre américain né le à Missoula (Montana). Il est l'auteur de 10 longs-métrages, sortis entre 1977 et 2006. Nommé aux Oscars du cinéma comme meilleur réalisateur pour "Elephant Man" (1980), "Blue Velvet" (1986) et "Mulholland Drive" (2001), il a reçu ... | [
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Dune (novel) | Dune (roman) | Dune is a 1965 science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert, originally published as two separate serials in "Analog" magazine. It tied with Roger Zelazny's "This Immortal" for the Hugo Award in 1966, and it won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel. It is the first installment of the "Dune" saga, and in ... | Dune (titre original : "Dune") est un roman de science-fiction de l'écrivain Frank Herbert, publié aux États-Unis en 1965. Il s'agit du premier roman du "cycle de Dune". | [
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights | Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme | The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favour, none against, eight abs... | La Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme (DUDH) est adoptée par l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies le à Paris au palais de Chaillot par la résolution 217 (III) A. Elle précise les droits fondamentaux de l'homme. Sans véritable portée juridique en tant que tel, ce texte est une proclamation de droits, par co... | [
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Dolmen | Dolmen | A dolmen () is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more vertical megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "table". Most date from the early Neolithic (40003000 BC) and were sometimes covered with earth or smaller stones to form a tumulus. Small pad-stones may be wedged... | Un dolmen est une construction mégalithique préhistorique constituée d'une ou plusieurs grosses dalles de couverture (tables) posées sur des pierres verticales qui lui servent de pieds (les orthostates). Le tout était originellement recouvert, maintenu et protégé par un amas de pierres et de terre nommé tumulus. Les do... | [
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Dance | Danse | Dance is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements... | La danse est l'art de mouvoir le corps humain constitué d'une suite de mouvements ordonnés, souvent rythmés par de la musique. | [
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Dominica | Dominique (pays) | Dominica ( or ; ; Island Carib: ), officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically situated as part of the Leeward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. The island is ... | La Dominique (en anglais '), en forme longue le Commonwealth de Dominique"', est un pays et une île de l'archipel des Caraïbes, située entre les îles françaises des Saintes et de Marie-Galante (deux dépendances de la Guadeloupe) au nord, et de la Martinique, au sud. Son nom précolombien est "Wai'tu kubuli", qui signifi... | [
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Dennis Tito | Dennis Tito | Dennis Anthony Tito (born August 8, 1940) is an American engineer and entrepreneur, most widely known as the first space tourist to fund his own trip into space. In mid-2001, he spent nearly eight days in orbit as a crew member of ISS EP-1, a visiting mission to the International Space Station. This mission was launche... | Dennis Tito est un homme d'affaires californien d'origine italienne et un millionnaire américain, né le à New York, connu pour avoir été le premier « touriste de l'espace ». | [
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Doctrine | Doctrine | Doctrine (from, meaning "teaching" or "instruction") is a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the essence of teachings in a given branch of knowledge or in a belief system. The etymological Greek analogue is "catechism". | Une doctrine (mot attesté en 1160, du latin "doctrina", « enseignement », « théorie », « méthode », « doctrine ») est un ensemble global de conceptions d'ordre théorique enseignées comme vraies par un auteur ou un groupe d'auteurs. | [
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Drawing | Dessin | Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, various kinds of paints, inked brushes, colored pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, ... | Le dessin est une technique de représentation visuelle sur un support plat. Le terme « dessin » désigne à la fois l'action de dessiner, l'ouvrage graphique qui en résulte, et la forme d'un objet quelconque. | [
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Duke Reid | Duke Reid | Arthur "Duke" Reid CD (21 July 1915 – 1 January 1975) was a Jamaican record producer, DJ and label owner. | Arthur "Duke" Reid, surnommé Trojan, né en 1915 dans la Paroisse de Portland (Jamaïque) et mort en 1975, est un producteur de musique jamaïcain. | [
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Hilbert space | Espace de Hilbert | The mathematical concept of a Hilbert space, named after David Hilbert, generalizes the notion of Euclidean space. It extends the methods of vector algebra and calculus from the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and three-dimensional space to spaces with any finite or infinite number of dimensions. A Hilbert space is an ... | En mathématiques, un espace de Hilbert est un espace vectoriel réel (resp. complexe) muni d'un (resp. hermitien), qui permet de mesurer des longueurs et des angles et de définir une orthogonalité. De plus, un espace de Hilbert est complet, ce qui permet d'y appliquer des techniques d'analyse. Ces espaces doivent leur n... | [
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Disc jockey | Disc jockey | A disc jockey, more commonly abbreviated as DJ, is a person who plays recorded music for an audience. Most common types of DJs include radio DJs, club DJs, who perform at a nightclub or music festival, mobile DJs, who are hired to perform at public and private events (weddings, parties, festivals), and turntablists who... | Un (, ) ou (), est un animateur qui sélectionne, diffuse et mixe de la musique à destination d'un public, que ce soit pour une émission radiophonique, dans une discothèque ou à l'occasion d'un événement spécifique. | [
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Dictionary | Dictionnaire | A dictionary is a listing of words in one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc. or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in anoth... | Un dictionnaire est un ouvrage de référence contenant un ensemble des mots d’une langue ou d’un domaine d’activité généralement présentés par ordre alphabétique et fournissant pour chacun une définition, une explication ou une correspondance (synonyme, antonyme, cooccurrence, traduction, étymologie). | [
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E3 | Electronic Entertainment Expo | E3, also known as the Electronic Entertainment Expo, is a trade event for the video game industry. The Entertainment Software Association (ESA) organizes and presents E3, which many developers, publishers, hardware and accessory manufacturers use to introduce and advertise upcoming games and game-related merchandise to... | L’ (en français : « Expo de divertissements électroniques »), plus connu sous le nom de E3 ou E, est l'un des plus grands salons internationaux du jeu vidéo et des loisirs interactifs. À la suite d'une refonte du salon, après l'édition 2006, son nom avait été modifié pour devenir l'E3 Media and Business Summit lors des... | [
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Autonomous communities of Spain | Communautés autonomes d'Espagne | In Spain, an autonomous community () is a first-level political and administrative division, created in accordance with the Spanish constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy of the nationalities and regions that make up Spain. | Les communautés autonomes (, abrégé en "CC.AA.") sont le premier niveau de subdivision territoriale du royaume d'Espagne. Au nombre de 17, auxquelles il faut ajouter les villes autonomes de Ceuta et Melilla, elles bénéficient toutes d'un régime d'autonomie interne. | [
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Eraserhead | Eraserhead | Eraserhead is a 1977 American experimental body horror film written, directed, produced, and edited by David Lynch. The film's score and sound design were also created by Lynch, with pieces by a variety of other musicians also featured. Shot in black and white, "Eraserhead" is Lynch's first feature-length effort follow... | Eraserhead est un film américain en noir et blanc écrit, réalisé et produit par David Lynch, sorti en 1977. Ce premier long métrage du cinéaste découle d’un scénario de 22 pages qualifié par son auteur d’. Fidèle collaborateur de David Lynch à la suite du film, l’acteur Jack Nance ("Dune, Blue Velvet, Sailor et Lula, M... | [
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Ancient Egyptian deities | Divinités égyptiennes | Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt. The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion, which emerged sometime in prehistory. Deities represented natural forces and phenomena, and the Egyptians supported and appeased them through offe... | Les dieux et déesses de l’Égypte antique représentent une foule considérable de plus d'un millier de puissances surnaturelles ; divinités cosmogoniques, divinités provinciales, divinités locales, divinités funéraires, personnification de phénomènes naturels ou de concepts abstraits, ancêtres déifiés, démons, génies, di... | [
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Douglas MacArthur | Douglas MacArthur | General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (26 January 18805 April 1964) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his ... | Douglas MacArthur, né le à Little Rock en Arkansas et mort le à Washington, DC, est un général américain et "field marshal" philippin. Il fut le chef d'état-major de l'armée américaine durant les années 1930 et joua un rôle prépondérant sur le théâtre Pacifique de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il reçut la "Medal of Honor... | [
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Emperor of Japan | Empereur du Japon | The Emperor of Japan is the head of the Imperial Family and the head of state of Japan. Under the 1947 constitution, he is defined as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people." Historically, he is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion. In Japanese, the Emperor is called, literally "heavenly s... | L' est le chef de l'État japonais "de facto". Selon la Constitution promulguée en 1947 lors de l'occupation ayant suivi la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il a en réalité un rôle uniquement symbolique et détient sa fonction du peuple japonais. | [
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Esperanto | Espéranto | Esperanto () is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. It was created by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Zamenhof first described the language in "The International Language", which he published in five languages under the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto". (This book is often n... | L’espéranto est une langue construite internationale utilisée comme langue véhiculaire par des personnes provenant d’au moins 120 pays à travers le monde, y compris comme langue maternelle. N’étant la langue officielle d’aucun État, l'espéranto permet d'établir un pont neutre entre cultures ; certains locuteurs nomment... | [
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Enron | Enron | Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas. It was founded in 1985 as a merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, both relatively small regional companies. Before its bankruptcy on December 3, 2001, Enron employed approximately 29,000 staff and was a maj... | Enron était une entreprise américaine du secteur de l'énergie, qui fut l'une des plus importantes entreprises américaines par sa capitalisation boursière. | [
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Eukaryote | Eukaryota | Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea), which have no membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes belong to the domain Eukaryota or Eukarya. Their name comes from the Greek εὖ ("eu", "well" or "good") and κάρυον ("karyon", "nut" or "kernel")... | Les Eucaryotes (Eukaryota) sont un domaine regroupant tous les organismes, unicellulaires ou multicellulaires, qui se caractérisent par la présence d'un noyau et généralement d'organites spécialisés dans la respiration, en particulier mitochondries chez les aérobies mais aussi hydrogénosomes chez certains anaérobies. O... | [
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Essive case | Essif | The essive case, or similaris case (abbreviated ) is one example of a grammatical case, an inflectional morphological process by which a form is altered or marked to indicate its grammatical function. The essive case on a noun can express it as a definite period of time during which something happens or during which a ... | En linguistique, l’essif est un cas grammatical exprimant un état ou une qualité. Il peut s'exprimer en français au moyen des locutions comme "en tant que", "en qualité de" ou "comme". Dans d’autres langues - en particulier le finnois et l’estonien -, il s’exprime au moyen d'un suffixe spécifique qui est ajouté au mot ... | [
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Rocket propellant | Ergol | Rocket propellant is the reaction mass of a rocket. This reaction mass is ejected at the highest achievable velocity from a rocket engine to produce thrust. The energy required can either come from the propellants themselves, as with a chemical rocket, or from an external source, as with ion engines. | Un ergol, dans le domaine de l'astronautique, est une substance homogène employée seule ou en association avec d'autres substances et destinée à fournir de l'énergie. Les ergols sont les produits initiaux, séparés, utilisés dans un système propulsif à réaction. Ils sont constitués d'éléments oxydants (comburant) et réd... | [
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Spanish language | Espagnol | Spanish (), or Castilian (, ), is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today is a global language with more than 483 million native speakers, mainly in Spain and the Americas. It is the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese, and the world's fourth-most spoken lang... | L’espagnol (en espagnol '), ou le castillan (en espagnol '), est une langue romane parlée en Espagne et dans de nombreux pays d'Amérique et d'autres territoires dans le monde associés à un moment de leur histoire à l'Empire espagnol. | [
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Local extinction | Espèce extirpée | Local extinction or extirpation is the condition of a species (or other taxon) that ceases to exist in the chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions. | En biologie et écologie, une espèce extirpée est une espèce qui n'existe plus à un endroit ou dans un pays, mais que l'on peut retrouver dans d'autres régions du monde. On parle d'extinction locale. | [
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Dreamcast | Dreamcast | The is a home video game console released by Sega on November 27, 1998 in Japan, September 9, 1999 in North America, and October 14, 1999 in Europe. It was the first in the sixth generation of video game consoles, preceding Sony's PlayStation 2, Nintendo's GameCube and Microsoft's Xbox. The Dreamcast was Sega's final h... | La est une console de jeux vidéo développée par Sega, et le successeur de la Saturn. Commercialisée dès novembre 1998 au Japon, elle est la première console de sixième génération présente sur le marché, avant ses concurrentes. Son nom est composé des mots'(rêve) et'(de "" : diffuser). Elle a été connue pendant son déve... | [
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Europe | Europe | Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered t... | L’Europe est considérée conventionnellement comme un continent, délimité à l’ouest par l’océan Atlantique et la mer de Norvège, et au nord par l’océan Arctique. Sa limite méridionale est marquée par le détroit de Gibraltar qui la sépare de l'Afrique, tandis que les détroits respectivement du Bosphore et des Dardanelles... | [
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Set (mathematics) | Ensemble | In mathematics, a set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. The arrangement of the objects in the set does not matter. For example, the numbers 2, 4, and 6 are distinct objects when considered separately, but when they are considered collectively they form a single ... | En mathématiques, un ensemble désigne "intuitivement" une collection d’objets (les éléments de l'ensemble), « une multitude qui peut être comprise comme un tout » (au sens d"'omnis"). | [
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Euro | Euro | The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 of the member states of the European Union. This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area, and counts about 343 million citizens. The euro, which is divided into 100 cents, is the second-largest and second-most traded currency in the foreign exch... | L'euro (€) est la monnaie unique de l'union économique et monétaire, formée au sein de l'Union européenne ; elle est commune à dix-neuf États membres de l'Union européenne qui forment ainsi la zone euro. | [
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Estonian language | Estonien | Estonian ( ) is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch spoken in Estonia. It is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people; 922,000 people in Estonia and 160,000 outside Estonia. It is a Southern Finnic language and is the second-most-spoken language among all the Finnic languages. | L’estonien est une langue appartenant à la branche fennique de la famille des langues ouraliennes. Il est étroitement apparenté au finnois et plus lointainement au hongrois. Il est parlé par environ, dont la très grande majorité () habite en Estonie. | [
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Émile Benveniste | Émile Benveniste | Émile Benveniste (; 27 May 1902 – 3 October 1976) was a French structural linguist and semiotician. He is best known for his work on Indo-European languages and his critical reformulation of the linguistic paradigm established by Ferdinand de Saussure. | Émile Benveniste (prononciation : /bɛ̃venist/) est un linguiste français né à Alep (Syrie) le, et mort à Versailles le. Né Ezra Benveniste, il a été naturalisé français en 1924. Il s'est illustré par ses travaux tant dans le domaine de la grammaire comparée des langues indo-européennes que dans celui de la linguistique... | [
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Sustainable development | Développement durable | Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depends. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and re... | Le développement durable (, parfois traduit par "développement soutenable") est une conception de la croissance économique qui s'inscrit dans une perspective de long terme et qui intègre les contraintes liées à l'environnement et au fonctionnement de la société. Selon la définition donnée dans le rapport de la Commissi... | [
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Musical ensemble | Ensemble musical | A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instruments, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Some music ensembles consist solely of sing... | Un ensemble musical est un groupe de musiciens habitués à pratiquer ensemble, en amateur ou professionnellement. Par exemple, en musique classique, un quatuor à cordes constitue un « ensemble de solistes » — comprenant les premier et deuxième violons, l'alto et le violoncelle — tandis qu'une chorale à quatre voix const... | [
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Endangered species | Espèce en danger | An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and invasive species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red Lis... | En biologie et écologie, l'expression « espèce en danger » s'applique à toute espèce risquant de disparaître à court ou moyen terme. Selon le congrès mondial de l'UICN de septembre 2016,, ce qu'un article du 10 août, dans la revue "Nature" traduit sous le titre « Les ravages des fusils, des filets et des bulldozers » a... | [
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Vector space | Espace vectoriel | A vector space (also called a linear space) is a collection of objects called vectors, which may be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers, called "scalars". Scalars are often taken to be real numbers, but there are also vector spaces with scalar multiplication by complex numbers, rational numbers, or gene... | En mathématiques, plus précisément en algèbre linéaire, un espace vectoriel est un ensemble d'objets, appelés vecteurs, que l'on peut additionner entre eux, et que l'on peut multiplier par un scalaire (pour les étirer ou les rétrécir). En d'autres termes, c'est un ensemble muni d'une structure permettant d'effectuer de... | [
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Edgar Rice Burroughs | Edgar Rice Burroughs | Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American speculative fiction writer, best known for his prolific output in the adventure, science fiction and fantasy genres. Among his most well-known creations include Tarzan of the Apes, Lord of the Jungle, John Carter of Mars and Carson Napier of Venu... | Edgar Rice Burroughs, né à Chicago le et mort à Los Angeles le, est un romancier américain, créateur de "Tarzan", l'homme-singe, l'un des personnages de fiction les plus connus au monde et de "John Carter", l'un des premiers héros de science fiction. Il est également l'auteur de plusieurs séries de science-fiction et d... | [
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Placentalia | Placentalia | Placentalia is one of the three extant subdivisions of the class of animals Mammalia; the other two are Monotremata and Marsupialia. The placentals are partly distinguished from other mammals in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. The name is something of a m... | Les placentaires (Placentalia) forment une infra-classe très diversifiée de mammifères thériens caractérisés par le fait qu'ils accouchent des juvéniles par contraste avec les marsupiaux qui accouchent de larves ou les monotrèmes qui pondent des œufs. Cela est rendu possible par la présence d'un placenta, plus développ... | [
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Ethernet | Ethernet | Ethernet () is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since retained a good deal of backward compatibility an... | Ethernet est un protocole de réseau local à commutation de paquets. C'est une norme internationale : "ISO/IEC 802-3". Depuis les années 1990, on utilise très fréquemment Ethernet sur paires torsadées pour la connexion des postes clients, et des versions sur fibre optique pour le cœur du réseau. Cette configuration a la... | [
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GNU Emacs | GNU Emacs | GNU Emacs is free and open source text editor. It was created by GNU Project founder Richard Stallman. In common with other varieties of Emacs, GNU Emacs is extensible using a Turing complete programming language. GNU Emacs has been called "the most powerful text editor available today". With proper support from the un... | GNU Emacs est l’une des deux versions les plus populaires de l’éditeur de texte Emacs (l’autre version est XEmacs). Ces deux versions sont majoritairement compatibles et ont de très nombreux points communs, décrits dans l’article Emacs. | [
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Enki Bilal | Enki Bilal | Enki Bilal (born Enis Bilalović;, ; born October 7, 1951) is a French comic book creator, comics artist and film director. | Enes Bilal, dit Enki Bilal, est auteur de bande dessinée et réalisateur français, né le à Belgrade en Yougoslavie (actuellement en Serbie). | [
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Greenhouse effect | Effet de serre | The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere. | L’effet de serre est un processus naturel résultant de l’influence de l'atmosphère sur les différents flux thermiques contribuant aux températures au sol d'une planète. La prise en compte de ce mécanisme est nécessaire pour expliquer les températures observées à la surface de la Terre et de Vénus. Dans le système solai... | [
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Regular expression | Expression régulière | A regular expression (shortened as regex or regexp; also referred to as rational expression) is a sequence of characters that define a "search pattern". Usually such patterns are used by string searching algorithms for "find" or "find and replace" operations on strings, or for input validation. It is a technique develo... | En informatique, une expression régulière ou expression rationnelle ou expression normale ou motif, est une chaîne de caractères, qui décrit, selon une syntaxe précise, un ensemble de chaînes de caractères possibles. Les expressions régulières sont également appelées regex (un mot-valise formé depuis l'anglais ""). Les... | [
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Examples of differential equations | Exemples d'équations différentielles | Differential equations arise in many problems in physics, engineering, and other sciences. The following examples show how to solve differential equations in a few simple cases when an exact solution exists. | Cet article présente quelques exemples d'équations différentielles. Les équations différentielles sont utilisées pour résoudre des problèmes en physique, en ingénierie et dans plusieurs autres sciences. | [
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Species | Espèce | In biology, a species () is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual repro... | Dans les sciences du vivant, l’espèce (du latin "", « type » ou « apparence ») est le taxon de base de la systématique. Il existe plus d'une vingtaine de définitions de l'espèce dans la littérature scientifique. La définition la plus communément admise est celle du concept biologique énoncé par Ernst Mayr en 1942 : une... | [
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Estonia | Estonie | Estonia ( ), officially the Republic of Estonia (), is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia... | L'Estonie, en forme longue la République d'Estonie ( et ), est un pays d'Europe du Nord. Le pays partage ses frontières avec la Russie sur son flanc est et avec la Lettonie au sud. La mer Baltique s'ouvre à l'ouest, tandis que le golfe de Finlande, où se trouve la capitale Tallinn, constitue une délimitation naturelle ... | [
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Edgar Allan Poe | Edgar Allan Poe | Edgar Allan Poe (; born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and of Am... | Edgar Allan Poe, né le à Boston et mort à Baltimore le, est un poète, romancier, nouvelliste, critique littéraire, dramaturge et éditeur américain, ainsi que l'une des principales figures du romantisme américain. Connu surtout pour ses contes il a donné à la nouvelle ses lettres de noblesse et est considéré comme l’inv... | [
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Natural environment | Environnement | The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial. The term is most often applied to the Earth or some parts of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather and natural resources that affect human ... | L'environnement est « l'ensemble des éléments (biotiques ou abiotiques) qui entourent un individu ou une espèce et dont certains contribuent directement à subvenir à ses besoins », ou encore comme « l'ensemble des conditions naturelles (physiques, chimiques, biologiques) et culturelles (sociologiques) susceptibles d’ag... | [
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Far-right politics | Extrême droite | Far-right politics, also referred to as the extreme right or right-wing extremism, are politics further on the right of the left–right political spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of extreme nationalism, nativist ideologies and authoritarian tendencies. | Le terme extrême droite est employé pour classer des mouvements, des organisations et des partis politiques historiquement disposés à l'extrême droite des hémicycles parlementaires. La question de sa délimitation suscite le débat, surtout celle de ses « invariants », mais plusieurs usages en sont distingués. | [
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Émile Durkheim | Émile Durkheim | David Émile Durkheim ( ; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917) was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline of sociology and—with Karl Marx and Max Weber —is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science. | David Émile Durkheim, né le à Épinal et mort le à Paris, est un sociologue français considéré comme l'un des fondateurs de la sociologie moderne. | [
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Fiji | Fidji | Fiji ( ; ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, "Fijī"), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec Islands to the south... | Les Fidji ou les îles Fidji, en forme longue la république des Fidji (en fidjien et, en anglais et, en hindi des Fidji, et, ), est un pays d'Océanie situé dans l'Ouest de l'océan Pacifique sud. L'archipel, qui fait partie de la Mélanésie, se trouve à à l'ouest-nord-ouest des Tonga, à au sud-ouest de Wallis-et-Futuna et... | [
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Flail (weapon) | Fléau d'armes | A flail is a weapon consisting of a striking head attached to a handle by a flexible rope, strap, or chain. The chief tactical virtue of the flail was its capacity to strike around a defender's shield or parry. Its chief liability was a lack of precision and the difficulty of using it in close combat, or closely ranked... | Le fléau d'armes est une arme blanche contondante utilisée au Moyen Âge européen. Bien qu'il désigne un objet bien spécifique, de nombreuses inexactitudes qui se sont perpétuées au fil du temps ont conduit à une confusion avec des armes proches. | [
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Fortran | Fortran | Fortran (; formerly FORTRAN, derived from "Formula Translation") is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. | Fortran ("") est un langage de programmation utilisé principalement pour le calcul scientifique. Inventé en 1954, c'est le plus ancien langage de programmation de haut niveau, suivi notamment par Lisp (1958), Algol (1958) et COBOL (1959). Le nombre de bibliothèques scientifiques écrites en Fortran et les efforts contin... | [
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Domestication | Domestication | Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group. | La domestication d'une espèce, animale ou végétale, est l'acquisition, la perte ou le développement de caractères morphologiques, physiologiques ou comportementaux nouveaux et héréditaires, résultant d’une interaction prolongée, d'un contrôle voire d'une sélection délibérée de la part des communautés humaines. Elle se ... | [
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Internet service provider | Fournisseur d'accès à Internet | An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers can be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned. | Un fournisseur d'accès à Internet ou FAI (aussi appelé fournisseur de service Internet ou FSI) est un organisme (généralement une entreprise mais parfois aussi une association) offrant une connexion à Internet, le réseau informatique mondial. | [
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Finland | Finlande | Finland ( ;, ), officially the Republic of Finland (, ), is a country located in the Nordic region of Europe. Bounded by the Baltic Sea to its southwest, the Gulf of Bothnia on the west, and the Gulf of Finland on the south, it shares land borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, and Norway to the north. He... | La Finlande ( ; ), en forme longue la république de Finlande ( ; ), est un pays d'Europe du Nord, membre de l'Union européenne depuis 1995. | [
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Ferdinand de Saussure | Ferdinand de Saussure | Ferdinand de Saussure (; ; 26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician. His ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in both linguistics and semiology in the 20th century. He is widely considered one of the founders of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major founders... | Ferdinand de Saussure, né à Genève le et mort à Vufflens-le-Château le, est un linguiste suisse. Reconnu comme le précurseur du structuralisme en linguistique, il s'est aussi distingué par ses travaux sur les langues indo-européennes. | [
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Franche-Comté | Franche-Comté | Franche-Comté (,, ; Frainc-Comtou: "Fraintche-Comtè"; ; ; ; all ) is a cultural and historical region of eastern France. It is composed of the modern departments of Doubs, Jura, Haute-Saône and the Territoire de Belfort. In 2016, its population was 1,180,397. | La Franche-Comté ( ) est une région culturelle et historique de l'Est de la France métropolitaine qui correspond approximativement à l'ancien comté de Bourgogne (aussi appelée "Franche Comté de Bourgogne"). Elle est appelée "Fraintche-Comtè" en franc-comtois et "Franche-Comtât" en arpitan, les deux langues comtoises tr... | [
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Federal Bureau of Investigation | Federal Bureau of Investigation | The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice, the FBI is also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both ... | Le'(qui est littéralement traduit par « Bureau fédéral d'enquête »), ou très couramment nommé par son sigle'() est, aux États-Unis, le principal service fédéral de et un service de renseignement intérieur. En 2010, la juridiction du FBI recouvre plus de deux cents catégories de crimes fédéraux, faisant du FBI l'organis... | [
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Felidae | Felidae | Felidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, colloquially referred to as cats, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a felid. The term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to the domestic cat ("Felis catus"). | Les Félidés (Felidae) ou Félins sont une famille de mammifères placentaires de l'ordre des carnivores et du sous-ordre des féliformes. Si on exclut le taxon fossile des Proailurinae, qui ne possède qu'un seul et unique genre connu, on y distingue trois sous-familles : les « petits félins » (Felinae), les « grands félin... | [
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2002 Cannes Film Festival | Festival de Cannes 2002 | The 55th Cannes Film Festival started on 15 May and ran until 26 May 2002. The Palme d'Or went to the Polish-French-German-British co-produced film "The Pianist" directed by Roman Polanski. | La du Festival de Cannes a lieu du 15 au. La maîtresse de cérémonie est l'actrice française Virginie Ledoyen. | [
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François Bayrou | François Bayrou | François Bayrou (, born 25 May 1951) is a French centrist politician and the president of the Democratic Movement (MoDem), who was a candidate in the 2002, 2007 and 2012 French presidential elections. | François Bayrou ( ), né le à Bordères (Basses-Pyrénées), est un essayiste et homme politique français. Ministre de l'Éducation nationale sous trois gouvernements de droite de 1993 à 1997, il est également député des Pyrénées-Atlantiques entre 1986 et 2012, président du conseil général des Pyrénées-Atlantiques de 1992 à... | [
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Frank Herbert | Frank Herbert | Franklin Patrick Herbert Jr. (October 8, 1920 – February 11, 1986) was an American science-fiction author best known for the 1965 novel "Dune" and its five sequels. Though he became famous for his novels, he also wrote short stories and worked as a newspaper journalist, photographer, book reviewer, ecological consultan... | Frank Herbert, né Frank Patrick Herbert, Jr. le à Tacoma dans l'État de Washington et mort le à Madison dans le Wisconsin, est un écrivain américain, auteur de romans de science-fiction. | [
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Ford Motor Company | Ford | Ford Motor Company, commonly known as Ford, is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand, and most luxury cars u... | Ford (officiellement Ford Motor Company ou FMC) est un constructeur automobile américain, basé à Dearborn, une banlieue de la ville de Détroit, dans le Michigan. | [
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Frans Eemil Sillanpää | Frans Emil Sillanpää | Frans Eemil Sillanpää () (16 September 1888 – 3 June 1964) was one of the most famous Finnish writers and in 1939 became the first Finnish writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and th... | Frans Emil Sillanpää (né le à Hämeenkyrö, Finlande - mort le à Helsinki) est un écrivain finlandais, romancier et nouvelliste, adepte du néo-réalisme psychologique. Ses principaux romans, "Sainte Misère" (1919) et "Silja ou Une brève destinée (1931)", évoquent la guerre civile finlandaise. | [
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Public holidays in Japan | Fêtes et jours fériés au Japon | Prior to Japan's adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the dates of holidays were based on the traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar. Thus, New Year's Day, for example, was celebrated at the beginning of spring, as it is in modern China, Korea, and Vietnam. Japan has 16 national, government-recognized holidays. | Le Japon est un des pays au monde à posséder le plus de fêtes (') et de jours fériés (). Ils proviennent pour la plupart des rites des deux grandes croyances japonaises que sont le shintoïsme et le bouddhisme au Japon. | [
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Potassium ferricyanide | Ferricyanure de potassium | Potassium ferricyanide is the chemical compound with the formula K[Fe(CN)]. This bright red salt contains the octahedrally coordinated [Fe(CN)] ion. It is soluble in water and its solution shows some green-yellow fluorescence. It was discovered in 1822 by Leopold Gmelin, and was initially used in the production of ultr... | Le ferricyanure de potassium () aussi connu comme prussiate rouge, rouge de Prusse, ou hexacyanoferrate (III) de potassium, est un composé de coordination stable à la température et à la pression qui forme des cristaux rouge rubis. | [
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Trifunctional hypothesis | Fonctions tripartites indo-européennes | The trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society postulates a tripartite ideology (""idéologie tripartite"") reflected in the existence of three classes or castes—priests, warriors, and commoners (farmers or tradesmen)—corresponding to the three functions of the sacral, the martial and the econom... | La tripartition, ou les fonctions tripartites indo-européennes, est une thèse formulée par Georges Dumézil à partir de la mythologie comparée. Selon lui, les sociétés d'origine indo-européenne organisent l'activité humaine en trois fonctions, correspondant aux domaines religieux, guerrier et économique, qui sont exercé... | [
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François Bourgeon | François Bourgeon | François Bourgeon (born July 5, 1945, Paris) is a French comics artist. He is author of several noted Franco-Belgian comics album series. | François Bourgeon, né le à Paris, est un scénariste et dessinateur de bande dessinée français. Il est l'auteur d'œuvres renommées comme "Les Passagers du vent", "Les Compagnons du crépuscule" et "Le Cycle de Cyann" qui lui ont valu plusieurs prix et distinctions. | [
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Fanzine | Fanzine | A fanzine (blend of "fan" and "magazine" or "-zine") is a non-professional and non-official publication produced by enthusiasts of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre) for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by... | Un fanzine (contraction de l'expression anglaise « fanatic magazine ») est une publication, imprimée ou en ligne, périodique ou non, institutionnellement indépendante, créée et réalisée par des amateurs passionnés pour d'autres passionnés. | [
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Fête de la Musique | Fête de la musique | The Fête de la Musique, also known in English as Music Day, Make Music Day or World Music Day, is an annual music celebration that takes place on 21 June. On Music Day the citizens of a city or country are allowed and urged to play music outside in their neighborhoods or in public spaces and parks. Free concerts are al... | La Fête de la musique a lieu à travers le monde le 21 juin (date qui coïncide le plus souvent avec le premier jour de l'été dans l'hémisphère nord), principalement le soir et la nuit jusqu'au lendemain matin. Elle est actuellement célébrée dans une centaine de pays. Divers festivals de musique locaux qui se déroulaient... | [
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Diplôme d'Ingénieur | Formation d'ingénieurs en France | The Diplôme d'Ingénieur (, often abbreviated as "Dipl. Ing.") is a postgraduate degree in engineering "(see Engineer's Degrees in Europe)" usually awarded by the French Grandes Écoles in engineering. It is generally obtained after five to seven years of studies after the French Baccalauréat. | Cet article décrit les différentes études menant au titre d'ingénieur en France. Au, il y a 205 écoles d'ingénieurs françaises accréditées par la CTI à délivrer un diplôme d'ingénieur. | [
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Freenet | Freenet | Freenet is a peer-to-peer platform for censorship-resistant communication. It uses a decentralized distributed data store to keep and deliver information, and has a suite of free software for publishing and communicating on the Web without fear of censorship.<ref name="Peers in a Client/Server World, 2005">Taylor, Ian ... | Freenet est un réseau informatique anonyme et distribué construit sur l'Internet. Il vise à permettre une liberté d'expression et d'information totale fondée sur la sécurité de l'anonymat, et permet donc à chacun de lire comme de publier du contenu. Il offre la plupart des services actuels d'Internet (courriel, Web, fo... | [
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First-person shooter | Jeu de tir à la première personne | First-person shooter (FPS) is a video game genre centered on gun and other weapon-based combat in a first-person perspective; that is, the player experiences the action through the eyes of the protagonist. The genre shares common traits with other shooter games, which in turn makes it fall under the heading action game... | Le jeu de tir à la première personne (en anglais FPS pour "First-person shooter") ou en vue subjective, aussi appelé Doom-like est un genre de jeu vidéo de tir fondé sur des combats en vision subjective (« à la première personne »), c'est-à-dire que le joueur voit l'action à travers les yeux du protagoniste. | [
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Finnish language | Finnois | Finnish, whose endonym is'( or') is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. Finnish, along with Swedish, is an official language of Finland; Finnish is also an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both Standard Finnish a... | Le finnois ou suomi (en finnois : ) est une langue finno-ougrienne, de la branche fennique de la famille des langues ouraliennes, utilisant l'alphabet latin. | [
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Ariane (rocket family) | Ariane (fusée) | Ariane is a series of a European civilian expendable launch vehicles for space launch use. The name comes from the French spelling of the mythological character Ariadne. France first proposed the Ariane project and it was officially agreed upon at the end of 1973 after discussions between France, Germany and the UK. Th... | Ariane est le nom générique d'une famille de lanceurs civils européens de satellites. Le programme Ariane est lancé en 1973 par l'Agence spatiale européenne afin de donner les moyens à l'Europe de mettre en orbite ses satellites sans dépendre des autres puissances spatiales. Ce projet avait été précédé d'un échec avec ... | [
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1965 French presidential election | Élection présidentielle française de 1965 | The 1965 French presidential election, held on 5 December and 19 December, was the first direct presidential election in the Fifth Republic and the first since the Second Republic in 1848. It had been widely expected that incumbent president Charles de Gaulle would be re-elected, but the election was notable for the un... | L'élection présidentielle française de 1965, deuxième élection présidentielle de la, se tient les 5 et pour élire le président de la République française pour un mandat de sept ans. | [
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International Monetary Fund | Fonds monétaire international | The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty aro... | Le Fonds monétaire international ou FMI (en anglais, "International Monetary Fund" ou "IMF") est une institution internationale regroupant, dont le but est de. | [
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Christian fundamentalism | Fondamentalisme chrétien | Christian fundamentalism began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among British and American Protestants as a reaction to theological liberalism and cultural modernism. Fundamentalists argued that 19th-century modernist theologians had misinterpreted or rejected certain doctrines, especially biblical inerrancy, ... | Le fondamentalisme chrétien est une position religieuse qui soutient une interprétation stricte et littéraliste de textes sacrés, qui est surtout présente dans le protestantisme. Le terme « fondamentalisme » en lui-même signifie, en général, une adhésion rigide aux principes fondamentaux d’un domaine quelconque. | [
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Fascism | Fascisme | Fascism () is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, as well as strong regimentation of society and of the economy which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, ... | Le fascisme est un système politique autoritaire qui associe populisme, nationalisme et totalitarisme au nom d'un idéal collectif suprême. Mouvement révolutionnaire, il s'oppose frontalement à la démocratie parlementaire et au libéralisme traditionnel, et remet en cause l'individualisme codifié par la pensée philosophi... | [
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Noncommutative geometry | Géométrie non commutative | Noncommutative geometry (NCG) is a branch of mathematics concerned with a geometric approach to noncommutative algebras, and with the construction of "spaces" that are locally presented by noncommutative algebras of functions (possibly in some generalized sense). A noncommutative algebra is an associative algebra in wh... | La géométrie non commutative, développée par Alain Connes, est un type de géométrie algébrique distincte de la géométrie algébrique telle qu'on l'entend habituellement (celle développée par Alexandre Grothendieck), car s'intéressant à des objets non commutatifs. | [
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Florida | Floride | Florida (, ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. With a population of over 21 million, Florida is the third-most populous and the 22nd-most extensive of the 50 United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to... | La Floride (en ; en ) est un État américain situé dans le sud-est des États-Unis, sur la côte dite du Golfe. Elle est bordée à l’ouest par le golfe du Mexique, au nord par l'Alabama et la Géorgie et à l’est par l’océan Atlantique. Avec plus de d'habitants en 2019, il s'agit du troisième État le plus peuplé du pays (apr... | [
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National Rally (France) | Rassemblement national | The National Rally (, ; RN), until June 2018 known as the National Front (, ; FN), is a right-wing populist and nationalist political party in France. Although most political commentators place the RN on the far-right, other sources suggest that the party's position on the political spectrum has become more difficult t... | Le Rassemblement national (RN), dénommé Front national (FN) jusqu'en 2018, est un parti politique français d'extrême droite fondé en 1972 à l'initiative d'Ordre nouveau. Il est présidé par Jean-Marie Le Pen de sa création à 2011, puis par sa fille Marine Le Pen. | [
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François Mitterrand | François Mitterrand | François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in the history of France. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the... | François Mitterrand, né le à Jarnac (Charente) et mort le à Paris (arrondissement), est un homme d'État français, président de la République du au. | [
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2002 French presidential election | Élection présidentielle française de 2002 | The 2002 French presidential election consisted of a first round election on 21 April 2002, and a runoff election between the top two candidates (Jacques Chirac and Jean-Marie Le Pen) on 5 May 2002. This presidential contest attracted a greater than usual amount of international attention because of far-right candidate... | L'élection présidentielle française de 2002 a pourvu à l'élection, au suffrage universel et au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours, du président de la République française pour le premier mandat quinquennal de l'histoire. C'est la huitième élection présidentielle de la et la septième au suffrage universel direc... | [
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Geometry | Géométrie | Geometry (from the ; "geo-" "earth", "-metron" "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer. | La géométrie est à l'origine la branche des mathématiques étudiant les figures du plan et de l'espace (géométrie euclidienne). Depuis la fin du, la géométrie étudie également les figures appartenant à d'autres types d'espaces (géométrie projective, géométrie non euclidienne, par exemple). | [
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1995 French presidential election | Élection présidentielle française de 1995 | Presidential elections in France to elect the fifth president of the French Fifth Republic took place on 23 April and 7 May 1995. | L'élection présidentielle française de 1995 est la septième élection présidentielle à se tenir sous le régime de la Cinquième République, et la sixième au suffrage universel direct depuis la réforme constitutionnelle de 1962. Les premier et second tour sont respectivement organisés les 23 avril et. | [
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GNU Compiler Collection | GNU Compiler Collection | The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is a compiler system produced by the GNU Project supporting various programming languages. GCC is a key component of the GNU toolchain and the standard compiler for most projects related to GNU and Linux, including the Linux kernel. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) distributes GCC un... | , abrégé en GCC, est un ensemble de compilateurs créés par le projet GNU. GCC est un logiciel libre capable de compiler divers langages de programmation, dont C, C++, Objective-C, Java, Ada et Fortran. | [
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GNU | GNU | GNU () is an operating system and an extensive collection of computer software. GNU is composed wholly of free software, most of which is licensed under the GNU Project's own General Public License (GPL). | GNU est un système d’exploitation libre créé en 1983 par Richard Stallman, maintenu par le projet GNU. Il reprend les concepts et le fonctionnement d’UNIX. | [
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Cannes Film Festival | Festival de Cannes | The Cannes Festival (; ), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (') and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is... | Le Festival de Cannes est un festival de cinéma international se déroulant chaque année en mai à Cannes (Alpes-Maritimes, France) durant douze jours. Il a été fondé le d'après une idée de Philippe Erlanger – qui lui vint dans le wagon-lit lors de son retour de la Mostra de Venise en 1938. Cette première date, fixée au,... | [
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8395,
8,
140625,
21640,
40,
3402,
14179,
30614,
19249,
30686,
22,
409,
253,
113501,
15,
207735,
9,
63344,
70141,
4,
9942,
16,
15676,
54,
18299,
16183,
5,
891,
10,
5325,
9896,
446,
95,
104,
25,
... | null | null | null | null | null | null |
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