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summarize: "Astronomy" (from the Greek ἀστρονομία from ἄστρον "astron", "star" and -νομία "-nomia" from νόμος "nomos", "law" or "culture") means "law of the stars" (or "culture of the stars" depending on the translation). Astronomy should not be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs... | Astronomy (from ) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bu... | en | en | 99 | [
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summarize: A delineation of moral realism into a minimal form, a moderate form, and a robust form has been put forward in the literature. The robust model of moral realism commits moral realists to three theses: The minimal model, i.e. moral universalism, leaves off the metaphysical thesis, treating it as matter of c... | Moral realism (also ethical realism or moral Platonism) is the position that ethical sentences express propositions that refer to objective features of the world (that is, features independent of subjective opinion), some of which may be true to the extent that they report those features accurately. This makes moral re... | en | en | 156 | [
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summarize: The word "tourist" was used in 1772 and "tourism" in 1811. It is formed from the word "tour",
The economic foundations of tourism are essentially the cultural assets, the cultural property and the nature of the travel location. The World Heritage Sites are particularly worth mentioning today because they are... | Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. The World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally, in terms which go "beyond the common perception of tourism as bei... | en | en | 98 | [
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summarize:
Initially, the term 'philosophy' referred to any body of knowledge. In this sense, philosophy is closely related to religion, mathematics, natural science, education, and politics. Though as of the 2000s it has been classified as a book of physics, Newton's "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (1... | Philosophy (from, ) is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570 – 495 BCE). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical d... | en | en | 70 | [
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summarize: Biology derives from the Ancient Greek words of βίος; romanized bíos meaning "life" and -λογία; romanized logía (-logy) meaning "branch of study" or "to speak". Those combined make the Greek word βιολογία; romanized biología meaning biology. Despite this, the term βιολογία as a whole didn't exist in Ancient ... | Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution. Despite the complexity of the science, there are certain unifying concepts that consolidate it into a single, cohere... | en | en | 111 | [
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summarize: The word "chemistry" comes from "alchemy," which referred to an earlier set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism and medicine. It is often seen as linked to the quest to turn lead or another common starting material into gold, though in ... | Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances. | en | en | 38 | [
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summarize:
Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences. Early civilizations dating back before 3000 BCE, such as the Sumerians, ancient Egyptians, and the Indus Valley Civilisation, had a predictive knowledge and a basic understanding of the motions of the Sun, Moon, and stars. The stars and planets, believed to r... | Physics (from, from "phýsis" 'nature') is the natural science that studies matter, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves. | en | en | 59 | [
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Historical linguistics is the study of language change over time particularly with regards to a specific language or group of languages. Historical linguistics was among the first sub-disciplines to emerge in linguistics, and was the most widely practised form of linguistics in the late 19th century. There ... | Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It involves the analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay between sound and meaning. Linguistics also deals with the social, cultural, historical, and political factors t... | en | en | 94 | [
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Metals are shiny and lustrous, at least when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured. Sheets of metal thicker than a few micrometres appear opaque, but gold leaf transmits green light. The solid or liquid state of metals largely originates in the capacity of the metal atoms involved to readily lose their ... | A metal (from Greek μέταλλον "métallon", "mine, quarry, metal") is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires). ... | en | en | 96 | [
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summarize: The history of mathematics can be seen as an ever-increasing series of abstractions. The first abstraction, which is shared by many animals, was probably that of numbers: the realization that a collection of two apples and a collection of two oranges (for example) have something in common, namely quantity of... | Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as quantity (number theory), structure (algebra), space (geometry), and change (mathematical analysis). It has no generally accepted definition. | en | en | 43 | [
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summarize: In the perspective of the history of art, artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early pre-historic art to contemporary art; however, some theorists feel that the typical concept of "artistic works" fits less well outside modern Western societies. One early sense of the definition ... | Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual ideas, or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. Other activities related to the production of works of art include the cr... | en | en | 75 | [
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summarize: Geocaching was originally similar to the 160-year-old game letterboxing, which uses clues and references to landmarks embedded in stories. Geocaching was conceived shortly after the removal of Selective Availability from the Global Positioning System on May 2, 2000, because the improved accuracy of the syste... | Geocaching is an outdoor recreational activity, in which participants use a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver or mobile device and other navigational techniques to hide and seek containers, called "geocaches" or "caches", at specific locations marked by coordinates all over the world. | en | en | 52 | [
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summarize: The English word "politics" derives from the Greek word (), the name of Aristotle's classic work, "Politiká." In the mid-15th century, Aristotle's composition would be rendered in Early Modern English as ""Polettiques"", which would become ""Politics"" in Modern English. The singular "politic" first atteste... | Politics (from, ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations between individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The academic study of politics is referred to as political science. | en | en | 49 | [
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summarize: As a young man, Bein participated in the Polish movement for independence from Russia, for which he was exiled for several years; thus he was forced to finish his medical training in Kazan. Bein authored many technical books and articles, and founded the Warsaw Ophthalmic Institute and the Polish Ophthalmolo... | Kazimierz Bein (1872 – June 15, 1959), often referred to by his pseudonym Kabe, was a Polish ophthalmologist, the founder and sometime director of the Warsaw Ophthalmic Institute ("Warszawski Instytut Oftalmiczny"). | en | en | 42 | [
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summarize: A movie theater may also be referred to as a movie theatre, movie house, film house, film theater or picture house. In the US, theater has long been the preferred spelling, while in the UK, Australia, Canada and elsewhere it is theatre. However, some US theaters opt to use the British spelling in their own ... | A movie theater (American English), cinema (British English), or cinema hall (Indian English), also known as a picture house, the pictures, or the movies, is a building that contains auditoria for viewing films (also called movies) for entertainment. Most, but not all, theaters are commercial operations catering to the... | en | en | 99 | [
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summarize: The first release of Mandrake was based on Red Hat Linux (version 5.1) and K Desktop Environment 1 in July 1998. It has since moved away from Red Hat's distribution and has become a completely separate distribution in its own right. Mandriva now includes a number of original tools, mostly to ease system conf... | Mandriva Linux (a fusion of the French distribution Mandrake Linux and the Brazilian distribution Conectiva Linux) is a discontinued Linux distribution developed by Mandriva S.A. | en | en | 28 | [
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summarize:
The word "encyclopedia" ("encyclo"|"pedia") comes from the Koine Greek, transliterated "enkyklios paedia", meaning "general education" from "enkyklios" (ἐγκύκλιος), meaning "circular, recurrent, required regularly, general" and "paedia" (παιδεία), meaning "education, rearing of a child"; together, the phras... | An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either from all branches or from a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic cat... | en | en | 106 | [
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summarize: NetBSD was originally derived from the 4.3BSD-Reno release of the Berkeley Software Distribution from the Computer Systems Research Group of the University of California, Berkeley, via their Net/2 source code release and the 386BSD project. The NetBSD project began as a result of frustration within the 386BS... | NetBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system based on the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). It was the first open-source BSD descendant officially released after 386BSD was forked. It continues to be actively developed and is available for many platforms, including servers, desktops, handheld devices... | en | en | 58 | [
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summarize: Didactics is a theory of teaching, and in a wider sense, a theory and practical application of teaching and learning. In demarcation from "mathetics" (the science of learning), didactics refers only to the science of teaching. This theory might be contrasted with open learning, also known as experiential le... | A didactic method ( "didáskein", "to teach") is a teaching method that follows a consistent scientific approach or educational style to present information to students. The didactic method of instruction is often contrasted with dialectics and the Socratic method; the term can also be used to refer to a specific didact... | en | en | 67 | [
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summarize: Definitions of literature have varied over time: it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the 18th century, literature denoted all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" writing. Conte... | Literature, most generically, is any body or collection of written work. More restrictively, literature refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, and sometimes deploys language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. | en | en | 51 | [
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summarize: Each chemical element has a unique atomic number ("Z") representing the number of protons in its nucleus. Most elements have differing numbers of neutrons among different atoms, with these variants being referred to as isotopes. For example, carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes: all of its atoms hav... | The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends. The seven rows of the table, called periods, generally have m... | en | en | 128 | [
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
581,
120164,
23180,
4,
2843,
51529,
237,
70,
120164,
23180,
111,
80854,
4,
83,
10,
169196,
42,
44116,
111,
70,
165045,
80854,
4,
3129,
621,
137356,
71,
390,
34627,
1771,
14012,
4,
77556,
19,
180346,
4,
136,
456,
64240,
214,
16... |
summarize: Czech is a member of the West Slavic sub-branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. This branch includes Polish, Kashubian, Upper and Lower Sorbian and Slovak.
The term "Old Czech" is applied to the period predating the 16th century, with the earliest records of the high medieval peri... | Czech (; Czech ), historically also Bohemian (; "lingua Bohemica" in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group. Spoken by over 10 million people, it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech is closely related to Slovak, to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree, ... | en | en | 104 | [
250004,
250054,
103655,
83,
10,
32786,
111,
70,
10542,
187414,
238,
1614,
9,
21684,
206,
111,
70,
187414,
238,
32845,
206,
111,
70,
93951,
9,
183921,
46876,
14449,
5,
3293,
32845,
206,
96853,
28820,
127,
4,
129392,
22985,
66,
4,
26655,
... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
103655,
15,
74,
103655,
6,
247,
186768,
538,
2843,
211462,
19,
15,
74,
44,
65279,
11,
56352,
13,
16409,
58,
23,
42845,
247,
83,
10,
10542,
187414,
238,
46876,
111,
70,
103655,
1104,
294,
7182,
344,
21115,
5,
23172,
1098,
390,
... |
summarize: The word is a derivative of the Greek ("paidagōgia"), from ("paidagōgos"), itself a synthesis of ("ágō"), "I lead", and (, genitive, ) "boy, child": hence, "attendance on boys, to lead a child". It is pronounced variously, as,, or. Negative connotations of pedantry have sometimes been intended, or taken, at ... | Pedagogy (), most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, refers to the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken as an academic discipline, is the study of how knowledge and skills ar... | en | en | 99 | [
250004,
250054,
581,
2565,
83,
10,
30057,
4935,
111,
70,
160600,
24073,
18790,
6063,
69376,
7366,
74054,
1295,
24073,
18790,
6063,
69376,
8797,
74054,
68034,
10,
142518,
90,
164,
111,
24073,
50008,
69376,
74054,
44,
568,
37105,
830,
136,
... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
92352,
519,
3432,
15,
247,
2684,
39210,
538,
217064,
237,
70,
51515,
47,
128169,
4,
15005,
7,
47,
70,
154453,
136,
41361,
111,
52080,
4,
136,
3642,
903,
9433,
79507,
7,
4,
136,
83,
79507,
71,
390,
4,
70,
2265,
4,
68894,
13... |
summarize:
The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. In 1973 in a key, p... | Linux ( ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution. | en | en | 43 | [
250004,
250054,
581,
992,
4084,
172852,
5426,
509,
29024,
14,
4126,
136,
29479,
297,
23,
31060,
4,
99,
17672,
1230,
618,
25,
7,
33500,
115816,
90,
23,
70,
14098,
46684,
390,
19825,
170028,
4,
124748,
52927,
55391,
4,
120469,
19909,
2468... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
29908,
15,
1388,
83,
10,
14449,
111,
9803,
31344,
992,
4084,
9,
5062,
172852,
76519,
35509,
98,
70,
29908,
77924,
583,
4,
142,
172852,
5426,
77924,
583,
5117,
121447,
98,
6088,
21567,
12898,
4,
390,
25497,
223,
6653,
35263,
7,
... |
summarize:
Copper, silver, and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table; these three metals have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility, and electrical and thermal conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements contribute little to interatomic interact... | Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material,... | en | en | 101 | [
250004,
250054,
1311,
8079,
4,
115392,
4,
136,
86761,
621,
23,
21115,
534,
111,
70,
120164,
23180,
74,
6097,
17262,
12924,
7,
765,
1632,
91,
9,
748,
3137,
289,
77556,
19,
98,
2663,
111,
10,
152382,
104,
9,
100184,
1900,
6,
128019,
1... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
1311,
8079,
83,
10,
165045,
12830,
678,
70,
26582,
3003,
15,
161063,
1388,
136,
34627,
1771,
14012,
13646,
1650,
83,
10,
32977,
4,
960,
133,
2886,
4,
136,
95279,
44555,
12924,
678,
4552,
11192,
70,
42,
2749,
136,
39108,
289,
5... |
summarize: The existence of escape velocity is a consequence of conservation of energy and an energy field of finite depth. For an object with a given total energy, which is moving subject to conservative forces (such as a static gravity field) it is only possible for the object to reach combinations of locations and s... | In physics (specifically, celestial mechanics), escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for a free, non-propelled object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body, that is, to achieve an infinite distance from it. Escape velocity is a function of the mass of the body and distance to the center of... | en | en | 66 | [
250004,
250054,
581,
6,
116311,
111,
144281,
191060,
939,
83,
10,
179804,
6620,
111,
17467,
1363,
111,
48302,
136,
142,
48302,
44457,
111,
94418,
13,
6,
168867,
5,
1326,
142,
36746,
678,
10,
34475,
3622,
48302,
4,
3129,
83,
98567,
28368... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
360,
6,
34053,
27744,
7,
15,
159975,
25958,
4,
4157,
1084,
289,
135969,
7,
247,
144281,
191060,
939,
83,
70,
15440,
38352,
44841,
100,
10,
4092,
4,
351,
9,
36290,
2118,
71,
36746,
47,
144281,
1295,
70,
137352,
43315,
79507,
11... |
summarize: In the following, it is assumed that the system is a two-body system and the orbiting object has a negligible mass compared to the larger (central) object. In real-world orbital mechanics, it is the system's barycenter, not the larger object, which is at the focus. Specific orbital energy, or total energy, ... | In gravitationally bound systems, the orbital speed of an astronomical body or object (e.g. planet, moon, artificial satellite, spacecraft, or star) is the speed at which it orbits around either the barycenter or, if one object is much more massive than the other bodies in the system, its speed relative to the center o... | en | en | 71 | [
250004,
250054,
360,
70,
25632,
4,
442,
83,
41591,
71,
450,
70,
5426,
83,
10,
6626,
9,
37873,
5426,
136,
70,
103173,
214,
36746,
1556,
10,
22024,
735,
2661,
46889,
154186,
47,
70,
150679,
15,
58905,
16,
36746,
5,
360,
2773,
9,
32554... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
360,
137352,
43315,
538,
6,
99091,
76519,
4,
70,
103173,
289,
38352,
111,
142,
116920,
6827,
14361,
707,
36746,
15,
13,
5,
177,
5,
23208,
4,
6,
59533,
4,
66733,
99675,
13,
4,
32628,
56379,
4,
707,
6057,
16,
83,
70,
38352,
... |
summarize: In the early modern period, the term "historiography" meant "the writing of history", and "historiographer" meant "historian". In that sense certain official historians were given the title "Historiographer Royal" in Sweden (from 1618), England (from 1660), and Scotland (from 1681).
Understanding the past ap... | Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians have studied that topic using particular sources, techniques, and theoretical ap... | en | en | 136 | [
250004,
250054,
360,
70,
39395,
5744,
14922,
4,
70,
13579,
44,
66029,
87168,
58,
131148,
44,
2347,
32562,
111,
32692,
830,
136,
44,
66029,
31,
41382,
56,
58,
131148,
44,
85528,
19,
740,
360,
450,
10422,
24233,
51521,
4816,
1779,
3542,
... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
29995,
87168,
83,
70,
35187,
111,
70,
150624,
111,
4816,
1779,
23,
168698,
32692,
237,
142,
108858,
80244,
4,
136,
390,
111938,
83,
2499,
14361,
111,
186768,
4488,
98,
10,
17311,
28368,
5,
581,
34488,
87168,
111,
10,
29458,
2845... |
summarize:
An object's average acceleration over a period of time is its change in velocity formula_2 divided by the duration of the period formula_3. Mathematically,
Instantaneous acceleration, meanwhile, is the limit of the average acceleration over an infinitesimal interval of time. In the terms of calculus, instan... | In mechanics, acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time. Accelerations are vector quantities (in that they have magnitude and direction). The orientation of an object's acceleration is given by the orientation of the net force acting on that object. The magnitude of an object'... | en | en | 79 | [
250004,
250054,
893,
36746,
25,
7,
83080,
197108,
1830,
645,
10,
14922,
111,
1733,
83,
6863,
15549,
23,
191060,
939,
26168,
454,
304,
101637,
71,
390,
70,
115,
30494,
111,
70,
14922,
26168,
454,
363,
5,
123426,
2227,
71407,
4,
166945,
... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
360,
135969,
7,
4,
197108,
1830,
83,
70,
34515,
111,
15549,
111,
70,
191060,
939,
111,
142,
36746,
678,
15072,
47,
1733,
5,
9852,
123079,
21094,
621,
173,
18770,
102134,
2449,
15,
73,
450,
1836,
765,
101668,
13,
136,
48225,
19... |
summarize: Let the projectile be launched with an initial velocity formula_1, which can be expressed as the sum of horizontal and vertical components as follows: The components formula_3 and formula_4 can be found if the initial launch (i.e., elevation) angle, formula_5, is known:
In projectile motion, the horizontal m... | Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object or particle (a projectile) that is projected near the Earth's surface and moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only (in particular, the effects of air resistance are assumed to be negligible). This curved path was shown by Galileo to be a p... | en | en | 205 | [
250004,
250054,
10842,
70,
13452,
1340,
186,
83184,
297,
678,
142,
61475,
191060,
939,
26168,
115187,
4,
3129,
831,
186,
36510,
297,
237,
70,
10554,
111,
124001,
136,
79259,
82761,
7,
237,
28960,
7,
12,
581,
82761,
7,
26168,
454,
363,
... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
27331,
1340,
78112,
83,
10,
3173,
111,
78112,
122446,
390,
142,
36746,
707,
915,
26147,
15,
11,
13452,
1340,
16,
450,
83,
30378,
71,
43573,
70,
64883,
25,
7,
71579,
136,
25813,
7,
33233,
10,
9709,
4126,
60875,
1379,
70,
22631,... |
summarize: The magnitude of the centripetal force on an object of mass "m" moving at tangential speed "v" along a path with radius of curvature "r" is: where formula_3 is the centripetal acceleration. The direction of the force is toward the center of the circle in which the object is moving, or the osculating circle ... | A centripetal force (from Latin "centrum", "center" and "petere", "to seek") is a force that makes a body follow a curved path. Its direction is always orthogonal to the motion of the body and towards the fixed point of the instantaneous center of curvature of the path. Isaac Newton described it as "a force by which bo... | en | en | 105 | [
250004,
250054,
581,
101668,
13,
111,
70,
69514,
5408,
289,
37772,
98,
142,
36746,
111,
46889,
44,
39,
58,
98567,
99,
25269,
80973,
38352,
44,
334,
58,
33233,
10,
60875,
678,
4567,
223,
111,
130661,
6644,
44,
42,
58,
83,
12,
7440,
2... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250004,
62,
69514,
5408,
289,
37772,
15,
161063,
42845,
44,
61668,
830,
44,
30090,
58,
136,
44,
64794,
107,
830,
44,
188,
40,
343,
18939,
83,
10,
37772,
450,
30482,
10,
14361,
28960,
10,
9709,
4126,
60875,
5,
1650,
7,
48225,
83,
113... |
summarize: A non-rotating perfect sphere of uniform mass density, or whose density varies solely with distance from the centre (spherical symmetry), would produce a gravitational field of uniform magnitude at all points on its surface. The Earth is rotating and is also not spherically symmetric; rather, it is slightly ... | The gravity of Earth, denoted by, is the net acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the combined effect of gravitation (from mass distribution within Earth) and the centrifugal force (from the Earth's rotation). | en | en | 43 | [
250004,
250054,
62,
351,
9,
109645,
1916,
15787,
6,
157695,
111,
61514,
46889,
168,
7,
2481,
4,
707,
124901,
168,
7,
2481,
41110,
7,
31247,
538,
678,
62488,
1295,
70,
11698,
15,
7,
94266,
21533,
954,
3019,
15123,
247,
2806,
27489,
10,... | [
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137352,
1363,
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161063,
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113068,
28032,
64883,
16,
136,
70,
6... |
summarize: A familiar example of a trajectory is the path of a projectile, such as a thrown ball or rock. In a significantly simplified model, the object moves only under the influence of a uniform gravitational force field. This can be a good approximation for a rock that is thrown for short distances, for example at ... | A trajectory or flight path is the path that an object with mass in motion follows through space as a function of time. In classical mechanics, a trajectory is defined by Hamiltonian mechanics via canonical coordinates; hence, a complete trajectory is defined by position and momentum, simultaneously. Trajectory in quan... | en | en | 75 | [
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4734,
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61924,
71,
390,
94674,
33... |
summarize: To have a constant velocity, an object must have a constant speed in a constant direction. Constant direction constrains the object to motion in a straight path thus, a constant velocity means motion in a straight line at a constant speed. For example, a car moving at a constant 20 kilometres per hour in a c... | The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time. Velocity is equivalent to a specification of an object's speed and direction of motion (e.g. to the north). Velocity is a fundamental concept in kinematics, the branch of classical mechanics ... | en | en | 71 | [
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23,
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4911,
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4,
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53697,
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269... | [
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60089,
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29458,
2320,
111,
142,
36746,
25,
... |
summarize: Geography is a systematic study of the Universe and its features. Traditionally, geography has been associated with cartography and place names. Although many geographers are trained in toponymy and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the space and the temporal database distrib... | Geography (from Greek:, "geographia", literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets. The first person to use the word γεωγραφία was Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE). Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks a... | en | en | 89 | [
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2206,
87168,
83,
10,
242161,
35187,
111,
70,
153543,
136,
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700,
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1556,
2809,
137272,
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41718,
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3687,
123055,
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106073,
5941,
20787,
41382,
1314,
621,
25550,
297,
23,
266... | [
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2206,
87168,
15,
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160600,
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44,
429,
229772,
830,
218500,
44,
13,
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10,
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70,
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111,
70,
33532,
4,
66139,
4,
23,
109261,
16037,
4,
136,
11521,
21004,
12... |
summarize: An approach to defining what is meant by "area" is through axioms. "Area" can be defined as a function from a collection M of special kind of plane figures (termed measurable sets) to the set of real numbers, which satisfies the following properties: It can be proved that such an area function actually exis... | Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina, in the plane. Surface area is its analog on the two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional object. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model ... | en | en | 104 | [
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276,
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8562,
111,
47880,
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15,
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250004,
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16128,
83,
6863,
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70,
6626,
9,
157955,
71579,
111,
10,
1... |
summarize: An object is known by the application of senses. The properties of an object are inferred by learning and reasoning based on the information perceived. Abstractly, an object is a construction of our mind consistent with the information provided by our senses, using Occam's razor. In common usage an object i... | In common usage, a physical object or physical body (or simply an object or body) is a collection of matter within a defined contiguous boundary in three-dimensional space. The boundary must be defined and identified by the properties of the material. The boundary may change over time. The boundary is usually the visib... | en | en | 125 | [
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5,
581,
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142,
36746,
621,
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31635,
214,
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70,
4677,
21778,
1399,
4126,
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233973,
538,
4,
142,
36746,
83,
10,
50961... | [
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250004,
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12282,
10821,
6,
99091,
6635,
23,
17262,
9,
157955,
32628,
5,
581,
... |
summarize: Historically, classical mechanics came first and quantum mechanics is a comparatively recent development. Classical mechanics originated with Isaac Newton's laws of motion in Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica; Quantum Mechanics was developed in the early 20th century. Both are commonly held to cons... | Mechanics (Greek ) is the area of physics concerned with the motions of macroscopic objects. Forces applied to objects result in displacements, or changes of an object's position relative to its environment. This branch of physics has its origins in Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes (see Hist... | en | en | 162 | [
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24... | [
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23935,
9035,
4,
707,
65572,
111,
14... |
summarize: The names of Silesia in different languages most likely share their etymology— ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Latin, Spanish and English: "Silesia"; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;. The names all relate to the name of a river (now Ślęza) and mountain (Mount Ślęża) in mid-southern Silesia, which served as a place of cult for pagans before Chri... | Silesia (,, ) is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is approximately and the population is estimated at around 8,000,000 inhabitants. Silesia is split into two main sub-regions of Lower Silesia in the west and Upper Silesia in the... | en | en | 83 | [
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44,
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2819,
2819,
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1650,
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83,
189275,
136,
70,
43904,
83,
25902,
3674,
99,
... |
summarize: There are several distinct phenomena which can be used to measure mass. Although some theorists have speculated that some of these phenomena could be independent of each other, current experiments have found no difference in results regardless of how it is measured: The mass of an object determines its acce... | Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied. An object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies. | en | en | 49 | [
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250054,
8622,
621,
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250004,
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7,
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2843... |
summarize:
Michael Olaui or Mikkel Olofsson (Finnish "Mikael Olavinpoika") was born in c. 1510 in the village of Torsby in Pernå ("Pernaja"), Nyland ("Uusimaa"), in what now is part of Finland) but then was part of the Kalmar Union. He was named after the patron saint of Pernå's church. The exact date of his birth, li... | Mikael Agricola (; c. 1510 – 9 April 1557) was a Finnish Lutheran clergyman who became the de facto founder of literary Finnish and a prominent proponent of the Protestant Reformation in Sweden, including Finland, which was a Swedish territory at the time. He is often called the "father of literary Finnish". | en | en | 60 | [
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40137,
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707,
132994,
180,
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14037,
56,
111,
82575,
53,
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4745,
136,
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197097,
502,
54137,
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summarize: Measurement has been important ever since humans settled from nomadic lifestyles and started using building materials, occupying land and trading with neighbours. As trade between different places increased, the need for standard units of length increased. And later, as society has become more technologicall... | Length is a measure of distance. In the International System of Quantities, length is a quantity with dimension distance. In most systems of measurement a base unit for length is chosen, from which all other units are derived. In the International System of Units (SI) system the base unit for length is the metre. Lengt... | en | en | 96 | [
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summarize: Outdoor recreation consists of a range of various outdoor activities. Although many are considered sports, participants need not associate with teams, competitions or clubs. Activities include backpacking, canoeing, canyoning, caving, climbing, hiking, hill walking, hunting, kayaking, and rafting. Arguably, ... | Outdoor recreation or outdoor activity refers to recreation engaged in out of doors, most commonly in natural settings. The activities themselves — such as fishing, hunting, backpacking, and horseback riding — characteristically dependant on the environment practiced in. | en | en | 44 | [
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summarize: Any unit of length gives a corresponding unit of volume: the volume of a cube whose sides have the given length. For example, a cubic centimetre (cm) is the volume of a cube whose sides are one centimetre (1 cm) in length. In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of volume is the cubic m... | Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains. Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre. The volume of a container is generally understood to b... | en | en | 173 | [
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summarize: The area has been inhabited almost without interruption since the stone age. Its history stretches back to the 13th century when Krnov acquired town rights. The town was founded in 1221 and served as the capital of an independent duchy from 1377 to 1523. From 1938 to 1945 it was one of the municipalities in ... | Krnov (;, Polish: "Karniów" or "Krnów", ) is an Upper Silesian town in the northeastern Czech Republic, in the Moravian-Silesian Region, the District of Bruntál. It lies at the confluence of the rivers Opava and Opavice, near the Polish border. | en | en | 53 | [
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summarize: Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not the same in modern physics. Matter is a general term describing any 'physical substance'. By contrast, mass is not a substance but rather a quantitative "property" of matter and other substances or systems; various types of mass are defined within p... | In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic particles, and in everyday as well as scientific usage, "matter" generally includes... | en | en | 169 | [
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summarize: Temperature is a measure of the random submicroscopic motions and vibrations of the particle constituents of matter. These motions comprise the internal energy of a substance. More specifically, the thermodynamic temperature of any bulk quantity of matter is the measure of the average kinetic energy per clas... | Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic temperature is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point. At this point, absolute zero, the particle constitue... | en | en | 137 | [
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summarize: Grabowski was born in Nowe Dobra, a village 10 km northeast of Chełmno. Soon after his birth, the family moved from Nowe Dobra to Thorn, Prussia (now Toruń, Poland). Due to his parents' poverty, Grabowski had to start working soon after leaving elementary school. Nevertheless, he prepared himself, driven by ... | Antoni Grabowski (June 11, 1857 – July 4, 1921) was a Polish chemical engineer, and an activist of the early Esperanto movement. His translations had an influential impact on the development of Esperanto into a language of literature. | en | en | 45 | [
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summarize: Born in the province of Groningen in northeast Netherlands, Bulthuis was a customs officer by profession from 1889 until 1924. In his youth he was a Volapükist. In 1899 he received a diploma in Volapük as a master teacher (eo:ĉefinstruisto). His third son, Rico Bulthuis (The Hague 1911 - 2009) became a respe... | Hendrik Jan Bulthuis (15 September 1865 in Warffum – 27 April 1945 in Noordbroek) was a Dutch customs official, author, and translator of more than thirty works into Esperanto. One of his novels, "Idoj de Orfejo" ("Children of Orpheus") is listed in William Auld's. | en | en | 58 | [
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summarize: A chemical substance may well be defined as "any material with a definite chemical composition" in an introductory general chemistry textbook. According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a pure chemical element or a pure chemical compound. But, there are exceptions to this definition; a p... | A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Some references add that chemical substance cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical separation methods, i.e., without breaking chemical bonds. Chemical substances can be simple substances, ... | en | en | 72 | [
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summarize: Lanti's parents were peasant farmers. In his early life he worked as an agricultural labourer, carpenter, furniture maker and designer. He was self-educated, and studied in the evening. In 1914 he was mobilised in the First World War and served as an ambulance driver. He learnt Esperanto in 1914–15 at the We... | Eugène Lanti was a pseudonym of Eugène Adam (19 July 1879 in Normandy, France – 17 January 1947 in Mexico). Lanti was an Esperantist, socialist and writer. He was a founder of Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, and a longtime editor of the internationalist socialist magazine "Sennaciulo". Lanti was a critic of Stalinism and t... | en | en | 89 | [
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summarize: Charge is the fundamental property of forms of matter that exhibit electrostatic attraction or repulsion in the presence of other matter. Electric charge is a characteristic property of many subatomic particles. The charges of free-standing particles are integer multiples of the elementary charge "e"; we say... | Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charge: "positive" and "negative" (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively). Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other... | en | en | 101 | [
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26866,
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25534,
83,
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57266,
111,
5941,
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summarize: Having already learned Esperanto in childhood, Privat and fellow student Hector Hodler founded in 1903 the journal "Juna Esperantisto" (The Young Esperantist). Though still an adolescent in 1905, he walked 600 kilometres to participate in the first World Congress of Esperanto in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, whe... | Edmond Privat (17 August 1889 – 28 August 1962) was a Francophone Swiss Esperantist. A historian, university professor, author, journalist and peace activist, he was a graduate of the University of Geneva and a lecturer for the World Peace Foundation. His collective works consist of original dramas, poems, stories, tex... | en | en | 68 | [
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summarize: At the age of four, he contracted measles and as a result, became blind.
From 1907 to 1914 he worked as a violinist for the Moscow orchestra for the blind. Around this time he studied Esperanto, as well as English. He travelled to Britain in 1912 and studied in a school for the blind. There he met the anarch... | Vasili Yakovlevich Eroshenko ( ) (12 January 1890 – 23 December 1952) was a blind, anarchist(ref?)writer, translator, esperantist, linguist, poet and teacher. He wrote in Esperanto and Japanese. | en | en | 42 | [
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summarize: Baldur learned Esperanto at school in 1949 and was active in the movement to promote the use of this language since 1952. He was president of the Icelandic Esperanto Association for many years. He presided over the World Esperanto Association's literary contest from 1975 to 1985. He was president of the orga... | Baldur Ragnarsson (25 August 1930 – 25 December 2018) was an Icelandic poet and author of Esperanto works. He was a teacher and a superintendent of schools in Iceland. | en | en | 33 | [
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summarize: According to the legend, after defeating the Ming China. In early 1428, Emperor Lê Lợi was boating on the lake when a Golden Turtle God (Kim Qui) surfaced and asked for his magic sword, Heaven's Will. Lợi concluded that Kim Qui had come to reclaim the sword that its master, a local God, the Dragon King ("Lon... | Vladimir Valentinovich Varankin (12 November 1902 – 3 October 1938) was a Russian writer of literature in Esperanto, an instructor of western European history, and director of the Moscow Ped. Instituto for foreign languages. He wrote the novel "Metropoliteno". | en | en | 48 | [
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summarize: Born in Oppeln, Silesia, Jan Fethke attended Oppeln's grammar school. Together with his brothers Stefan and Edmond, Fethke learned Esperanto in 1919, when aged sixteen. After leaving grammar school, he edited the periodical "Esperanto Triumfonta" for several years. Between 1923 and 1924 studied at Technical... | Jan Fethke (26 February 1903 – 16 December 1980) was a German-Polish film director and, under the pen name Jean Forge, a successful author. He also was a famous proponent of the language Esperanto. | en | en | 40 | [
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summarize:
Sekelj's father was a veterinarian, and as a result the family moved around extensively. Several months after Tibor's birth the family moved to Cenei (now in Romania), where Tibor lived until he was ten years old. While Hungarian was his "mother tongue", the commonly spoken language was German. Sekelj had a... | Tibor Sekelj (14 February 1912 – 20 September 1988), also known as Székely Tibor according to Hungarian orthography, was a Hungarian born polyglot, explorer, author, and 'citizen of the world.' In 1986 he was elected a member of the Academy of Esperanto and an honorary member of the World Esperanto Association. Among h... | en | en | 146 | [
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summarize: Generally speaking, methods of temporal measurement, or chronometry, take two distinct forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organising intervals of time, and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas... | Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to q... | en | en | 87 | [
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summarize: Piron was a psychotherapist and taught from 1973 to 1994 in the psychology department at the University of Geneva in Switzerland. His French-language book "Le défi des langues — Du gâchis au bon sens" (The Language Challenge: From Chaos to Common Sense, 1994) is a kind of psychoanalysis of international comm... | Claude Piron, also known by the pseudonym Johán Valano, was a Swiss psychologist, Esperantist, translator, and writer. He worked as a translator for the United Nations from 1956 to 1961 and then for the World Health Organization. | en | en | 44 | [
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summarize: Auld was born at Erith in Kent, and then moved to Glasgow with his parents, attending Allan Glen's School. After wartime service in the Royal Armed Forces, he studied English Literature at Glasgow University, and then qualified as a teacher. In 1960, he was appointed to a secondary school in Alloa and he re... | William Auld (6 November 1924 – 11 September 2006) was a British poet, author, translator and magazine editor who wrote chiefly in Esperanto. | en | en | 28 | [
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summarize: He was born into the family of Francisko Filip, a weaver in Přibyslav who already had four other children: Jan's brothers Venceslao and Francisko and sisters Karla and Maria. After four years, another brother, Karlo, was born. Jan Filip spent his childhood in Přibyslav, where he attended primary school. He w... | Jan Filip (born 9 December 1911 in Přibyslav; died 21 November 1971 in Kratonohy, near Hradec Králové) was a Czech priest, doctor of theology, professor, writer, Esperantist, and lexicographer. | en | en | 39 | [
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summarize: International recommendations for the use of symbols for quantities are set out in ISO/IEC 80000, the IUPAP red book and theIUPAC green book. For example, the recommended symbol for the physical quantity "mass" is "m", and the recommended symbol for the quantity "electric charge" is "Q".
Subscripts are used ... | A physical quantity is a property of a material or system that can be quantified by measurement. A physical quantity can be expressed as the combination of a numerical value and a unit. For example, the physical quantity mass can be quantified as "n" kg, where "n" is the numerical value and kg is the unit. | en | en | 65 | [
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summarize: The Delegation was founded in 1901 by French academics Louis Couturat and Léopold Leau, who had noted the language difficulties arising among international bodies convening during the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. Working with European esperantists, they gathered support for the Delegation from professional so... | The Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language () was a body of academics convened in the early part of the 1900s (decade) to decide on the issue of which international auxiliary language should be chosen for international use. The ultimate decision of the committee charged by the Delegation was... | en | en | 77 | [
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summarize: "One newton is the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the direction of the applied force." In 1946, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) Resolution 2 standardized the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to ac... | The newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force. It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically Newton's second law of motion. | en | en | 44 | [
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summarize: The three Gorgon sisters—Medusa, Stheno, and Euryale—were all children of the ancient marine deities Phorcys (or "Phorkys") and his sister Ceto (or "Keto"), chthonic monsters from an archaic world. Their genealogy is shared with other sisters, the Graeae, as in Aeschylus's "Prometheus Bound", which places bo... | In Greek mythology, Medusa (; Μέδουσα "guardian, protectress") also called Gorgo, was one of the three monstrous Gorgons, generally described as winged human females with living venomous snakes in place of hair. Those who gazed into her eyes would turn to stone. Most sources describe her as the daughter of Phorcys and ... | en | en | 125 | [
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summarize: A unit of measurement is a standardised quantity of a physical property, used as a factor to express occurring quantities of that property. Units of measurement were among the earliest tools invented by humans. Primitive societies needed rudimentary measures for many tasks: constructing dwellings of an appro... | A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity. Any other quantity of that kind can be expressed as a multiple of the unit of measurement. For example, a length is a physical quantity. The ... | en | en | 129 | [
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summarize: The unit is named after Blaise Pascal, noted for his contributions to hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, and experiments with a barometer. The name pascal was adopted for the SI unit newton per square metre (N/m) by the 14th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1971.
The pascal can be expressed using S... | The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength. The unit, named after Blaise Pascal, is defined as one newton per square metre. The unit of measurement called standard atmosphere (atm) is defined as. | en | en | 61 | [
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summarize: Zamenhof had three goals, as he wrote in "Unua Libro": According to the database "Ethnologue" (published by the Summer Institute of Linguistics), up to two million people
is one of the most popular online learning platforms for Esperanto. Already in 2013, the "lernu.net" site reported 150,000 registered us... | Esperanto () is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. It was created by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Zamenhof first described the language in "The International Language", which he published in five languages under the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto". (This book is often n... | en | en | 89 | [
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summarize:
Zamenhof was born on, the son of Markus Zamenhof ( – ) and Rozalia (Sofer) Zamenhof (1839 – ), in the multi-ethnic city of Belostok in Russian Empire (now Białystok in Poland). At that time the city was in the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire as a result of the 1807 Treaties of Tilsit. His parents w... | Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (; ; – ) was a Polish ophthalmologist, linguist and the inventor of the international language Esperanto, the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language in the world. | en | en | 35 | [
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summarize: The following fields of science are generally categorized within the Earth sciences:
Plate tectonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the Earth's crust. Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle which is... | Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical and chemical constitution of the Earth and its atmosphere. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. Earth scien... | en | en | 90 | [
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summarize: At first Faraday considered the physical reality of the "lines of force" as a possibility, yet several scholars agree that for Faraday their physical reality became a conviction. One scholar dates this change in the year 1838. Another scholar dates this final strengthening of his belief in 1852. Faraday expe... | A line of force in Faraday's extended sense is synonymous with Maxwell's line of induction. According to J.J. Thomson, Faraday usually discusses "lines of force" as chains of polarized particles in a dielectric, yet sometimes Faraday discusses them as having an existence all their own as in stretching across a vacuum. ... | en | en | 126 | [
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90,
44,
59801,
... |
summarize: Pressure is the amount of force applied at right angles to the surface of an object per unit area. The symbol for it is "p" or "P". The IUPAC recommendation for pressure is a lower-case "p". However, upper-case "P" is widely used. The usage of "P" vs "p" depends upon the field in which one is working, on the... | Pressure (symbol: "p" or "P") is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled "gage" pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure. | en | en | 52 | [
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1... | [
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450,
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15917,
3674,
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26336,
429,
81147,
15,
289,... |
summarize: The SI system defines the coulomb in terms of the ampere and second: 1 C = 1 A × 1 s. The 2019 redefinition of the ampere and other SI base units fixed the numerical value of the elementary charge when expressed in coulombs, and therefore fixed the value of the coulomb when expressed as a multiple of the fun... | The coulomb (symbol: C) is the International System of Units (SI) unit of electric charge. The unit is the amount of electric charge (symbol: "Q" or "q") transported by a constant electric current of one ampere in one second: | en | en | 53 | [
250004,
250054,
581,
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581,
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70,
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3789,
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25534,
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44,
2737,
58,
707,
44,
864,
18939,
... |
summarize: Kepler's laws improved the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agreed with Copernicus: The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the foregoing rules give fair approximations of planet... | In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619. These improved the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus, replacing its circular orbits and epicycles with elliptical trajectories, and expl... | en | en | 62 | [
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621,
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43041,
46964,
603,
17721,
611,
6463,
136,
611,
2947,
5,
... |
summarize: From Coulomb's law, a particle with electric charge formula_1 at position formula_2 exerts a force on a particle with charge formula_3 at position formula_4 of When the charges formula_3 and formula_1 have the same sign this force is positive, directed away from the other charge, indicating the particles rep... | An electric field (sometimes abbreviated as E-field) surrounds an electric charge, and exerts force on other charges in the field, attracting or repelling them. Electric fields are created by electric charges, or by time-varying magnetic fields. Electric fields and magnetic fields are both manifestations of the electro... | en | en | 69 | [
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110281,
214,
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69495,
30319,
2856,
5,... |
summarize: The Pegasos I supports the IBM Microprocessor 750CXe CPU (G3), has 100 Mbit/s Ethernet onboard and uses registered 168-pin PC133 SDR-SDRAM. It was discontinued after a hardware bug in the MAI Logic ArticiaS northbridge was discovered. Later versions of the Pegasos I came with a hardware fix which was designa... | Pegasos is a MicroATX motherboard powered by a PowerPC 750CXe or PowerPC 7447 microprocessor, featuring three PCI slots, one AGP slot, two Ethernet ports (10/100/1000 & 10/100), USB, DDR, AC'97 sound, and FireWire. Like the PowerPC Macintosh counterparts, it boots via Open Firmware. | en | en | 55 | [
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17262,
167752,
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1632,
62,
32566,
24897,
4,... |
summarize: One possible etymology that has been suggested is: Βελλεροφόντης from βέλεμνον, βελόνη, βέλος ("projectile, dart, javelin, needle, arrow, bullet") and -φόντης ("slayer") from φονεύω ("to slay"). However, Geoffrey Kirk says that "Βελλεροφόντης means'slayer of Belleros. Belleros could have been a Lycian, a loc... | Bellerophon (; Ancient Greek: Βελλεροφῶν) or Bellerophontes () is a hero of Greek mythology. He was "the greatest hero and slayer of monsters, alongside Cadmus and Perseus, before the days of Heracles", and his greatest feat was killing the Chimera, a monster that Homer depicted with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a... | en | en | 126 | [
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509,
44,
2347,
158036,
40814,
136,
14865,
88... |
summarize: After the end of World War II in Europe (1939–45), and the decisions of the earlier Tehran, Casablanca and Yalta Conferences, the Allies by the Berlin Declaration of June 5, 1945, had assumed supreme authority over Germany. In the "Three Power Conference of Berlin" (formal title of the Potsdam Conference) fr... | The Potsdam Agreement () was the August 1945 agreement between three of the Allies of World War II, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union. It concerned the military occupation and reconstruction of Germany, its borders, and the entire European Theatre of War territory. It also addressed Germany's ... | en | en | 70 | [
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3387,
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10271,
98501,
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70,
134349,
32528,
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142837,
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116338,
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167618,
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summarize: In Homer's "Odyssey", Elysium is described as a paradise: According to Eustathius of Thessalonica the word "Elysium" (Ἠλύσιον) derives from ἀλυουσας (ἀλύω, to be deeply stirred from joy) or from ἀλύτως, synonymous of ἀφθάρτως (ἄφθαρτος, incorruptible), referring to souls' life in this place. Another suggesti... | Elysium or the Elysian Fields (, "Ēlýsion pedíon") is a conception of the afterlife that developed over time and was maintained by some Greek religious and philosophical sects and cults. Initially separate from the realm of Hades, admission was reserved for mortals related to the gods and other heroes. Later, it expand... | en | en | 101 | [
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6664,
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390,
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summarize:
An active network contains at least one voltage source or current source that can supply energy to the network indefinitely. A passive network does not contain an active source. An active network contains one or more sources of electromotive force. Practical examples of such sources include a battery or a ... | An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical components (e.g., batteries, resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches, transistors) or a model of such an interconnection, consisting of electrical elements (e.g., voltage sources, current sources, resistances, inductances, capacitances). An electrical circuit... | en | en | 147 | [
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99,
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1632,
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43581,
31344,
450,
831,
100677,
48302,
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16,
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3299,... |
summarize: Because of the obscurity of the name "Perseus" and the legendary character of its bearer, most etymologists presume that it might be pre-Greek; however, the name of Perseus' native city was Greek and so were the names of his wife and relatives. There is some idea that it descended into Greek from the Proto-I... | In Greek mythology, Perseus (; ) is the legendary founder of Mycenae and of the Perseid dynasty. He was, alongside Cadmus and Bellerophon, the greatest Greek hero and slayer of monsters before the days of Heracles. He beheaded the Gorgon Medusa for Polydectes and saved Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus. He was the s... | en | en | 79 | [
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summarize: A treaty is an official, express written agreement that states use to legally bind themselves. A treaty is an official document that expresses that agreement in words; it is also the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their defined relationships. There is no prerequ... | A treaty is a formal written agreement entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. Regardless of terminology, only instrume... | en | en | 70 | [
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summarize: The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft, which was prepared by René Cassin. Cassin worked from a first draft, which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey. The structure was influenced by the "Code Napoléon", including a preamble and introductory general princip... | The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favour, none against, eight abs... | en | en | 70 | [
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summarize: Science in a broad sense existed before the modern era and in many historical civilizations. Modern science is distinct in its approach and successful in its results, so it now defines what science is in the strictest sense of the term. Science in its original sense was a word for a type of knowledge, rather... | Science (from the Latin word "scientia", meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. | en | en | 36 | [
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summarize: The International Police Association was founded on 1 January 1950 under the Esperanto motto on its emblem, "Servo per Amikeco" (Service through Friendship), to create friendly links and encourage cooperation between individual police officers around the world. It organizes participation in international, na... | The International Police Association (IPA) is the largest organisation for police officers in the world, founded by British sergeant Arthur Troop (1914–2000). The association has 72 national sections and over 360,000 members and associate members. | en | en | 42 | [
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summarize: A mechanical clock, one which does not depend on measuring the relative rotational position of the earth, keeps uniform time called "mean time", within whatever accuracy is intrinsic to it. That means that every second, minute and every other division of time counted by the clock will be the same duration as... | The second (symbol: s, abbreviation: sec) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) (French: Système International d’unités), commonly understood and historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 sec... | en | en | 150 | [
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summarize: "Metre" is the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in nearly all English-speaking nations except the United States and the Philippines, which use "meter." Other Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, and the Scandinavian languages likewise spell the word "meter." Measuring devices (such as a... | The metre (Commonwealth spelling) or meter (American spelling) (from the French unit "mètre", from the Greek noun μέτρον, "measure") is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). The SI unit symbol is m. The metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in of a second... | en | en | 169 | [
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summarize: The internal energy,, expresses the thermodynamics of a system in the "energy-language", or in the "energy representation". As a function of state, its arguments are exclusively extensive variables of state. Alongside the internal energy, the other cardinal function of state of a thermodynamic system is its ... | In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is the energy contained within the system. It is the energy necessary to create or prepare the system in any given state, but does not include the kinetic energy of motion of the system as a whole, nor the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force... | en | en | 99 | [
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summarize: The kilogram is defined in terms of three fundamental physical constants: The speed of light, a specific atomic transition frequency, and the Planck constant. The formal definition is: This definition makes the kilogram consistent with the older definitions: the mass remains within 30 ppm of the mass of one... | The kilogram (also kilogramme) is the base unit of mass in the metric system, formally the International System of Units (SI), having the unit symbol kg. It is a widely used measure in science, engineering, and commerce worldwide, and is often simply called a kilo in everyday speech. | en | en | 59 | [
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summarize: Foglar was born in 1907 and grew up in Prague, capital of Bohemia. Because his father died prematurely he was brought up in rather poor material conditions by his mother. To earn some extra money young Slavik used to copy the popular detective stories, "cliftonky", earning 20 heller per copy. (This initially... | Jaroslav Foglar (6 July 1907 – 23 January 1999) was a famous Czech author who wrote many novels about youths (partly also about Boy Scouts movement) and their adventures in nature and dark city streets. His signature series is "Rychlé šípy", which was adapted into comics by Jan Fischer. | en | en | 58 | [
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summarize: The specific heat capacity of a substance, usually denoted by formula_4, is the heat capacity formula_5 of a sample of the substance, divided by the mass formula_6 of the sample: where formula_8 represents the amount of heat needed to uniformly raise the temperature of the sample by a small increment formula... | The specific heat capacity of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample. Informally, it is the amount of energy that must be added, in the form of heat, to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in its temperature. The SI unit of... | en | en | 84 | [
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summarize: From a thermodynamics point of view, at the melting point the change in Gibbs free energy "∆G" of the substances is zero, but there are non-zero changes in the enthalpy ("H") and the entropy ("S"), known respectively as the enthalpy of fusion (or latent heat of fusion) and the entropy of fusion. Melting is t... | Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases, typically by the application of heat or pressure, which increases the substance's temperature to the melting point. At the melting point, t... | en | en | 87 | [
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621,
351,
9,
80510,
65572,
23,
... | [
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1,
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1,
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1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
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119485,
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3229,
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51312,
7,
4,
205794,
390,
70... |
summarize: In classical Greek mythology, Europa (, "Eurṓpē") was a Phoenician princess. One view is that her name derives from the ancient Greek elements εὐρύς ("eurús"), "wide, broad" and ὤψ ("ōps", gen. ὠπός, "ōpós") "eye, face, countenance", hence their composite "Eurṓpē" would mean "wide-gazing" or "broad of aspect... | Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered t... | en | en | 129 | [
250004,
250054,
360,
54704,
289,
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759,
927,
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3974,
15,
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647,
474,
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18939,
509,
10,
66084,
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26531,
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83,
450,
604,
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1295,
70,
142,
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... | [
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1172,... |
summarize: The atoms, molecules or ions that make up solids may be arranged in an orderly repeating pattern, or irregularly. Materials whose constituents are arranged in a regular pattern are known as crystals. In some cases, the regular ordering can continue unbroken over a large scale, for example diamonds, where eac... | Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas and plasma). The molecules in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. A solid is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to a force applied to the surface. Unlike a liquid, a solid... | en | en | 157 | [
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250054,
581,
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707,
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538,
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209716,
7,
621,
137356,
71,
23,
10,
... | [
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1... | [
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70541,
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19713,
41170,
111,
200,
86... |
summarize:
The concept of copyright developed after the printing press came into use in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The printing press made it much cheaper to produce works, but as there was initially no copyright law, anyone could buy or rent a press and print any text. Popular new works were immediately r... | Copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to make copies of a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creati... | en | en | 93 | [
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47,
27489,
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... | [
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82575,
53,
4,
84172,
4... |
summarize: As a field, technical translation has been recognized, studied, and developed since the 1960s. Stemming from the field of translation studies, the field of technical translation traditionally emphasized much importance on the source language from which text is translated. However, over the years there has be... | Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the translation of documents produced by technical writers (owner's manuals, user guides, etc.), or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological... | en | en | 130 | [
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96335,
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70,
44457,
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121392,
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89160,
538,
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10... | [
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23009,
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38937,
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4,
3021,
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247,
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summarize: The mechanisms of energy transfer that define heat include conduction, through direct contact of immobile bodies, or through a wall or barrier that is impermeable to matter; or radiation between separated bodies; or friction due to isochoric mechanical or electrical or magnetic or gravitational work done by ... | In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter. The various mechanisms of energy transfer that define heat are stated in the next section of this article. | en | en | 45 | [
250004,
250054,
581,
191619,
7,
111,
48302,
12302,
450,
61924,
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4,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1... | [
250004,
360,
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4,
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83,
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23,
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47,
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5426,
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3789,
3501,
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111,
26866,
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581,
67842,
191619,
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111,
48302,
12302,
450,
6192... |
summarize:
Historically, translation studies has long been "prescriptive" (telling translators how to translate), to the point that discussions of translation that were not prescriptive were generally not considered to be about translation at all. When historians of translation studies trace early Western thought abou... | Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and localization. As an interdiscipline, Translation Studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These include comparative lit... | en | en | 65 | [
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250054,
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25958,
4,
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32032,
5844,
58,
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3900,
143,
22230,
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6275,
450,
35107,
7,
111,
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450,
3542,
959,
479,
32032,
5844,
3542,
13... | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1... | [
250004,
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76811,
136,
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194927,
132268,
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summarize: The English word "translation" derives from the Latin word "translatio", which comes from "", "across" + "", "to carry" or "to bring" ("-latio" in turn coming from "latus", the past participle of "ferre"). Thus "translatio" is "a carrying across" or "a bringing across": in this case, of a text from one langu... | Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source language text by means of an equivalent target language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between "translating" (a written text) and "interpreting" (oral or signed communication between users... | en | en | 80 | [
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58,
997,
44,
830,
44,
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85358,
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188,
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58,
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