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african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_0	ANTA DIOP	{ "Header 1": "THE AFRICAN ORIGIN OF CIVILIZATION", "Header 2": "CHEIKH", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 0 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_1	![img-0.jpeg](img_ref_1) 1. The Sphinx, as the first French scientific mission found it in the nineteenth century. This profile is neither Greek nor Semitic: it is Bantu. Its model is said to have been Pharaoh Chephren (circa 2600 в.с., Fourth Dynasty), who built the second Giza pyramid.	{ "Header 1": "THE AFRICAN ORIGIN OF CIVILIZATION <br> Myth or Reality", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [ "img_ref_1" ], "images_base64": [ "data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQw...	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_2	![img-1.jpeg](img_ref_2) Translated from the French by MERCER COOK LAWRENCE HILL \& COMPANY New York - Westport This book consists of selections from nations nègres et culture, first published by Présence Africaine, Paris, 1955. antériorité des civilisations nègres: Mythe ou Vérité Historique?, first published by...	{ "Header 1": "Cheikh Anta Diop", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [ "img_ref_2" ], "images_base64": [ "data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMj...	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_3	Diop, Cheikh Anta. The African origin of civilization. Translation of sections of Antériorité des civilisations nègres and Nations nègres et culture. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Negroes in Egypt. 2. Egypt-Civilization- To 332 B.C. 3. Negro race-History. 1. Title. DT61.D5613 913.32'06'96 73-81746 ISBN ...	{ "Header 1": "Cheikh Anta Diop", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 793 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_4	TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE ..... ix PREFACE The Meaning of Our Work ..... xii CHAPTER I What Were the Egyptians? ..... I CHAPTER II Birth of the Negro Myth ..... 10 CHAPTER III Modern Falsification of History ..... 43 CHAPTER IV Could Egyptian Civilization Have ..... 85 Originated in the Delta? CHAPTER V Could Egyptian Civil...	{ "Header 1": "Table of Contents", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 0 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_5	Early History of Humanity: ..... 260 Evolution of the Black World CONCLUSION ..... 276 NOTES ..... 278 NOTES ON ARCHEOLOGICAL TERMS USED IN THE TEXT ..... 297 BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ..... 300 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ..... 305 INDEX ..... 313	{ "Header 1": "Table of Contents", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 797 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_6	1. The Sphinx Frontispiece 2. Handsome East African ..... 8 3. The God Osiris ..... 11 4. Lord Tera Neter ..... 12 5. Narmer (or Menes) ..... 13 6. Zoser ..... 14 7. Cheops ..... 15 8. Mycerinus and the Goddess Hathor ..... 16 9. Mentuhotep I ..... 17 10. Sesostris I ..... 18 11. Ramses II and a Modern Watusi ..... 19 ...	{ "Header 1": "List of Illustrations", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 0 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_7	27. Patesi, King of Lagash ..... 42 28. The Famous Dark Red Color ..... 44 29. Prisoners of Abu Simbel ..... 60 30. Aryan, Libyan, and Semitic Captives ..... 61 31. Narmer's Tablet ..... $80-81$ 32. A Black Queen of Sudan ..... 96 33. Egyptian Totemic Deities ..... 99 34. The Tower of Babel ..... 171 35. Falcon and C...	{ "Header 1": "List of Illustrations", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 770 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_8	To introduce Cheikh Anta Diop to English-speaking readers, we present, with the author's consent, ten chapters from his first published volume: Nations nègres et culture (1954), and three from his latest work: Antériorité des civilisations nègres: mythe ou vérité historique? (1967). For purposes of continuity and acces...	{ "Header 1": "Translator's Preface", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 0 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_9	Dr. Diop's method is multi-faceted and reflects his varied background as "historian, physicist, and philosopher." Obenga singles him out as "the only Black African of his generation to have received training as an Egyptologist." As a Senegalese, he has had direct contact with the oral traditions and social structure of...	{ "Header 1": "Translator's Preface", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 611 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_10	"While pursuing this research," he told the First International Congress of Black Writers and Artists in September 1956, "we have come to discover that the ancient Pharaonic Egyptian civilization was undoubtedly a Negro civilization. To defend this thesis, anthropological, ethnological, linguistic, historical, and cult...	{ "Header 1": "Translator's Preface", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 1449 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_11	2. Présence Africaine, numbers 8-10, June-November, 1956, p. 339. A good example of this is Chapter XII of the present volume in which he replies to a critical review of Nations nègres. More than a decade ago Immanuel Wallerstein summarized Dr. Diop's contribution as follows: Perhaps the most ambitious attempt to...	{ "Header 1": "Translator's Preface", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 2308 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_12	The Aryans have developed patriarchal systems characterized by the suppression of women and a propensity for war. Also associated with such societies are materialist religion, sin and guilt, xenophobia, the tragic drama, the city-state, individualism, and pessimism. Southerners, on the other hand, are matriarchal. The ...	{ "Header 1": "Translator's Preface", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 3080 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_13	Born on December 29, 1923, at Diourbel, Senegal, Cheikh Anta Diop received his master of arts degree and his doctorate from the University of Paris. Since 1961 he has been on the staff of IFAN (Institut Fondamental de l'Afrique Noire) ${ }^{4}$ in Dakar, where he directs the radiocarbon laboratory which he founded. In ...	{ "Header 1": "Translator's Preface", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 4044 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_14	World Festival of Negro Arts, he shared a special award with the late W. E. B. DuBois, as the writer who had exerted the greatest influence on Negro thought in the twentieth century. All numbered footnotes in the present volume (except for inserted material included between square brackets and so indicated) are the a...	{ "Header 1": "Translator's Preface", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 4974 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_15	I began my research in September 1946; because of our colonial situation at that time, the political problem dominated all others. In 1949 the RDA* was undergoing a crisis. I felt that Africa should mobilize all its energy to help the movement turn the tide of repression: thus I was elected Secretary General of the RDA...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 0 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_16	That article contained a résumé of Nations nègres, the manuscript of which was already completed. All our ideas on African history, the past and future of our languages, their utilization in the most advanced scientific fields as in education generally, our concepts on the creation of a future federal state, continenta...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 832 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_17	[^0] [^0]: *Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (Democratic African Rally), the RDA. founded in 1946, "was the first interterritorial movement in French West Africa, created before parties in territories other than Senegal or Ivory Coast had taken root." Ruth S. Morgenthau, Political Parties in French-speaking West ...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 1804 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_18	The cultural concept especially will claim our attention here; the problem was posed in terms of restoring the collective national African personality. It was particularly necessary to avoid the pitfall of facility. It could seem too tempting to delude the masses engaged in a struggle for national independence by takin...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 2743 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_19	Admittedly three factors compete to form the collective personality of a people: a psychic factor, susceptible of a literary approach; this is the factor that would elsewhere be called national temperament, and that the Negritude poets have overstressed. In addition, there are the historical factor and the linguistic f...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 3284 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_20	[^0] [^0]: *Starting especially with the administration of Franklin, secretary general of the RDA students at Montpellier. Cf. the article by Penda Marcelle Ouegnin: "Un compte-rendu du Congrès de la FEANF organisé par les ERDA aux Sociétés savantes le 8 avril 1953," in the same bulletin cited above, MayJune 1953. ...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 4252 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_21	cultural revolution properly understood. All the headlong flights of certain infantile leftists who try to bypass this effort can be explained by intellectual inertia, inhibition, or incompetence. The most brilliant pseudo-revolutionary eloquence ignores that need which must be met if our peoples are to be reborn cultu...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 4877 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_22	Our investigations have convinced us that the West has not been calm enough and objective enough to teach us our history correctly, without crude falsifications. Today, what interests me most is to see the formation of teams, not of passive readers, but of honest, bold research workers, allergic to complacency and busy...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 5534 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_23	1. Ancient Egypt was a Negro civilization. The history of Black Africa will remain suspended in air and cannot be written correctly until African historians dare to connect it with the history of Egypt. In particular, the study of languages, institutions, and so forth, cannot be treated properly; in a word, it will be ...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 5924 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_24	The ancient Egyptians were Negroes. The moral fruit of their civilization is to be counted among the assets of the Black world. Instead of presenting itself to history as an insolvent debtor, that Black world is the very initiator of the "western" civilization flaunted before our eyes today. Pythagorean mathematics, th...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 6723 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_25	A visitor to Thebes in the Valley of the Kings can view the Moslem inferno in detail (in the tomb of Seti I, of the Nineteenth Dy- nasty), 1700 years before the Koran. Osiris at the tribunal of the dead is indeed the "lord" of revealed religions, sitting enthroned on Judgment Day, and we know that certain Biblical pa...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 7388 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_26	In a word, we must restore the historical consciousness of the African peoples and reconquer a Promethean consciousness. 2. Anthropologically and culturally speaking, the Semitic world was born during protohistoric times from the mixture of whiteskinned and black-skinned people in western Asia. This is why an understan...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 8375 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_27	4. In L'Afrique Noire précoloniale (1960), I had two objectives: (1) to demonstrate the possibility of writing a history of Black Africa free of mere chronology of events, as the preface to that volume clearly indicates; (2) to define the laws governing the evolution of African sociopolitical structures, in order to ex...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 9233 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_28	"La Pigmentation des anciens Egyptiens. Test par la mélanine," Bulletin de l'IFAN, 1973 (in press). the key problems; once they are solved, a scholar can proceed to write the history of Africa. Consequently, it is evident why we are paying particular attention to the solution of such problems and of so many others wh...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 9947 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_29	5. To define the image of a modern Africa reconciled with its past and preparing for its future.* 6. Once the perspectives accepted until now by official science have been reversed, the history of humanity will become clear and the history of Africa can be written. But any undertaking in this field that adopts compromi...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 10669 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_30	Similarly, it is not a matter of looking for the Negro under a magnifying glass as one scans the past; a great people has nothing to do with petty history, nor with ethnographic reflections sorely in need of renovation. It matters little that some brilliant Black individuals may have existed elsewhere. The essential fa...	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 11444 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_31	8. In L'Unité culturelle de l'Afrique Noire, we tried to pinpoint the features common to Negro African civilization. [^0] [^0]: *Cf. Cheikh Anta Diop, Les Fondements culturels et industriels d'un futur Etat fédéral d'Afrique Noire.	{ "Header 1": "PREFACE", "Header 2": "The Meaning of Our Work", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 12345 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_32	9. In the second part of Nations nègres, we demonstrated that African languages could express philosophic and scientific thought (mathematics, physics, and so forth)* and that African culture will not be taken seriously until their utilization in education becomes a reality. The events of the past few years prove that ...	{ "Header 1": "Meaning of Our Work", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 0 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_33	10. I am delighted to learn that one idea proposed in L'Afrique Noire précoloniale-the possibilities of pre-Columbian relations between Africa and America-has been taken up by an American scholar. Professor Harold G. Lawrence, of Oakland University, is in fact demonstrating with an abundance of proof the reality of tho...	{ "Header 1": "Meaning of Our Work", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 363 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_34	I should like to conclude by urging young American scholars of good will, both Blacks and Whites, to form university teams and to become involved, like Professor Lawrence, in the effort to confirm various ideas that I have advanced, instead of limiting themselves to a negative, sterile skepticism. They would soon be da...	{ "Header 1": "Meaning of Our Work", "Header 2": null, "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 1031 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_35	In contemporary descriptions of the ancient Egyptians, this question is never raised. Eyewitnesses of that period formally affirm that the Egyptians were Blacks. On several occasions Herodotus insists on the Negro character of the Egyptians and even uses this for indirect demonstrations. For example, to prove that the ...	{ "Header 1": "CHAPTER 1", "Header 2": "What Were the Egyptians?", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 0 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_36	To show that the inhabitants of Colchis were of Egyptian origin and had to be considered a part of Sesostris' army who had settled in that region, Herodotus says: "The Egyptians said that they believed the Colchians to be descended from the army of Sesostris. My own conjectures were founded, first, on the fact that the...	{ "Header 1": "CHAPTER 1", "Header 2": "What Were the Egyptians?", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 859 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_37	Diodorus of Sicily writes: The Ethiopians say that the Egyptians are one of their colonies which was brought into Egypt by Osiris. They even allege that this country was originally under water, but that the Nile, dragging much mud as it flowed from Ethiopia, had finally filled it in and made it a part of the continent....	{ "Header 1": "CHAPTER 1", "Header 2": "What Were the Egyptians?", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 1464 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_38	In his Geography, Strabo mentioned the importance of migrations in history and, believing that this particular migration had proceeded from Egypt to Ethiopia, remarks: "Egyptians settled Ethiopia and Colchis." ${ }^{6}$ Once again, it is a Greek, despite his chauvinism, who informs us that the Egyptians, Ethiopians, an...	{ "Header 1": "CHAPTER 1", "Header 2": "What Were the Egyptians?", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 2426 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf
african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf_chunk_39	According to the Bible, Egypt was peopled by the offspring of Ham, ancestor of the Blacks: "The descendants of Ham are Chus, Mesraim, Phut and Canaan. The descendants of Chus are Saba, Hevila, Sabatha, Regma and Sabathacha. . . . Chus was the father of Nemrod; he was the first to be conqueror on the earth. . . . Mesrai...	{ "Header 1": "CHAPTER 1", "Header 2": "What Were the Egyptians?", "image_references": [], "images_base64": [], "start_index": 3402 }	african-origin-of-civilization-complete.pdf