chunk_id stringlengths 27 28 | text stringlengths 26 1.5k | metadata dict | source_filename stringclasses 1
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|---|---|---|---|
africas_history.pdf_chunk_0 | # I.
## AFRICA'S HISTORY | {
"Header 1": "I.",
"Header 2": "AFRICA'S HISTORY",
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_1 | ## General
Historians who are accustomed to reconstruct history from written documents or from tablets or papyri do not find a fruitful field of research in Negroid Africa outside the sphere of the Egyptian civilization. In Africa, documented history does not begin before the arrival of the Europeans in the fifteenth... | {
"Header 1": "I.",
"Header 2": "General",
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_2 | So far, archaeology has been unable to assist substantially in rounding out the picture of Africa's past. At the present time archaeological evidence is not only sporadic, but for many sections of the continent almost completely lacking. Even where, as in northern, eastern, and southern Africa, comparatively large numb... | {
"Header 1": "I.",
"Header 2": "General",
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1312
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_3 | # Bushmen and Pygmies
It appears rather certain that the Bushmen as well as the Pygmies, who now survive only in the uninviting desert lands of the Kalahari and in the dense forests of the Equatorial region, were once the sole masters over wider territories in East, South, and Central, and perhaps even in West, Afric... | {
"Header 1": "Bushmen and Pygmies",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_4 | Most noteworthy among the relics of Africa's early periods are the rock-paintings (petrographs) and rock-engravings (petroglyphs) which have been discovered in many parts of the continent (Fig. 2). Scattered over the Saharan north, from the Atlas Mountains of Morocco to the djebels and wadis of Nubia and Kordofan, in t... | {
"Header 1": "Bushmen and Pygmies",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_1"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjI... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_5 | No reliable chronology for Africa's rock-art has been established as yet, nor have the sequences of the various styles been analyzed in any serious or convincing manner. In view of the fact that both petrographs and petroglyphs of southern Europe belong to specific periods of the Old and New Stone Ages there, several i... | {
"Header 1": "Bushmen and Pygmies",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_2"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjI... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_6 | 
Fig. 3. Bushman ornaments. Necklace made of ostrich egg shell discs ( 170 cm . long) and bracelets cut from the hide of a zebra. (diameter ca. 6 cm .)
While there is sufficient circumstantial evidence to associate the Bushmen (as well as their cultural predecessors) with the rock-art of Sou... | {
"Header 1": "Bushmen and Pygmies",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_2"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjI... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_7 | Evaluating, then, the scanty facts of archaeology and interrelating them with still scantier linguistic and ethnological interpretations, one might conclude that during the Late Stone Age periods Africa south of the Sudan was inhabited by Bushmanoid and Pygmoid peoples, while the northern parts of the continent were oc... | {
"Header 1": "Bushmen and Pygmies",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 4031
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_8 | # Negroes
How long the Negroes, those "typical" Africans, have inhabited this continent, it is difficult to say. It has been conjectured that it was only about 6000 or 7000 B.C. when the first Negro crossed the straits of Aden, and that from there the Negroes began their gradual expansion into the grasslands and fore... | {
"Header 1": "Negroes",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_3"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjI... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_9 | # The Chief Ethnic Groups
Irrespective of the ancient history of African peoples, it may suffice generally to regard Bushmen (and Pygmies), Negroes, and Hamites as the original inhabitants of the continent. Such a statement needs, however, immediate explanation. Laymen and scholars alike desire specific definition of... | {
"Header 1": "The Chief Ethnic Groups",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_10 | Thus it seems likely that originally the Hamites were members of the White Caucasian race and that they had a culture centered around animal breeding. The Negroes, on the other hand, are part of the dark races (perhaps physically related to the Melanesians) and are basically agriculturists, while Bushmen and Pygmies (a... | {
"Header 1": "The Chief Ethnic Groups",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 800
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_11 | Nevertheless certain distinctions between the groups remain. In general the Hamites are lighter in complexion than the Negroes. Among the former, animal breeding is more frequent than among the latter, and conversely the Hamites appear less interested in agricultural pursuits than do the Negroes. The list of such compa... | {
"Header 1": "The Chief Ethnic Groups",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1987
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_12 | The great majority of the Negroes, whether by choice or force of circumstances, live in the forest or forested zones of the continent where agriculture is rather easy and animal breeding somewhat difficult. Only in east and southeast Africa where, as we shall learn later, Hamitic influence is strong and the environment... | {
"Header 1": "The Chief Ethnic Groups",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_4",
"img_ref_5"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMj... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_13 | # Arab and Moslem Influences
Several events during our present era have had a lasting effect upon Africa, its peoples, and its cultures. Beginning in the seventh century, Moslems first conquered North Africa and then began their southward penetration both along Africa's East Coast and into the Sudan regions of the in... | {
"Header 1": "Arab and Moslem Influences",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_14 | In East Africa the sultanate of Kilwa, extending along the major portion of Africa's East Coast, was a center of political and commercial power. From the tenth century onward it carried on a very profitable trade with Arabia and India, a trade which probably dated from a considerably earlier period than the actual sett... | {
"Header 1": "Arab and Moslem Influences",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1041
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_15 | Perhaps more important than the introduction of material objects was the change in the economic and political structure of many African societies. In East Africa, Arab traders were primarily interested in securing slaves and ivory and, to a lesser degree, gold. Although slavery had not been unknown in pre-Arab days, la... | {
"Header 1": "Arab and Moslem Influences",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2311
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_16 | The monopoly system which came into existence for many articles gave to the chief not only an elevated economic position but a superior -political position as well. This position was utilized not only for the further strengthening of their political and economic influence within their own tribal group, but appears to h... | {
"Header 1": "Arab and Moslem Influences",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_6"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIy... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_17 | of the seventh century and continued throughout the present millennium, only came to an end, as far as territorial conquest is concerned, at the turn of this century, when European penetration brought these advances to a halt. Islam, as a religion, continued to expand, in spite of the opposition on the part of Christia... | {
"Header 1": "Arab and Moslem Influences",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 4921
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_18 | # The Hamitic Invasions of Equatorial Africa
Although a great deal of evidence regarding the Arab and Moslem penetration exists, there is almost none concerning a similar expansion by the North African Hamites. These people, who appear to have inhabited large parts of North Africa, are believed to be responsible for ... | {
"Header 1": "The Hamitic Invasions of Equatorial Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_19 | # Hottentots
A possibly earlier, in any case a more consequential Hamitic migration must have been that of the Hottentots who, at the time of the European occupation of the southern Cape, inhabited large areas of what became later the Cape Colony and South West Africa. In connecting the Hottentots with the Hamites of... | {
"Header 1": "Hottentots",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_20 | ## Hamites in East Africa
Later Hamitic migrations are better substantiated, not, to be sure, by conclusive historical evidence, but by inferences of a cultural, a linguistic, and a somatological character. In East Africa two major Hamitic invasions are discernible. The first, which may have originated among the Gall... | {
"Header 1": "Hottentots",
"Header 2": "Hamites in East Africa",
"image_references": [
"img_ref_7"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIy... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_21 | 29-94-12 N4.4933-6
Fig. 7. Upper part of a chief's baton used by the Lunda tribes of the Kasai district, Belgian Congo. (baton is 60 cm . long)
Hamites of this wave extended their conquest still farther to the south. According to tradition, the ruling class of the Walipa on the southeastern... | {
"Header 1": "Hottentots",
"Header 2": "Hamites in East Africa",
"image_references": [
"img_ref_7"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIy... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_22 | It may be well to point out that the occupation of territory by Hamites did not necessarily involve especial hardships for the indigenous population. The latter were almost exclusively agriculturists who were cultivating the lowland regions where rainfall is more abundant; the invading Hamites, on the other hand, prefe... | {
"Header 1": "Hottentots",
"Header 2": "Hamites in East Africa",
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2756
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_23 | reports of the nineteenth century are any indication, we may well assume that the wars between Masai and the powerful Negro tribes such as the Akamba and Akikuyu were a rather permanent feature of their intertribal relations. | {
"Header 1": "Hottentots",
"Header 2": "Hamites in East Africa",
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 4068
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_24 | # Hamites in West Africa
Several invasions from northern Africa have had great effect upon the ethnic and political structure of West Africa, where at various times large and powerful states came into existence. As a result of the close proximity between Negroes and Hamites, physical and cultural interrelation must a... | {
"Header 1": "Hamites in West Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_25 | One of the earliest of these invasions resulted in the creation of the various states which we commonly associate with the Mandingo or Mande, now, as throughout the Middle Ages, one of the most important people of the French Sudan. As in East Africa, so here Hamitic elements conquered the native Negroes and ruled them ... | {
"Header 1": "Hamites in West Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 520
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_26 | Further to the east, in the region of present-day Northern Nigeria, there are several states founded by the Hausa. Although now typically Negro in appearance, it is more than likely that the Hausa absorbed a great many Hamitic and Arabic elements and became the forgers of many empires. Such well-known states as Sokoto ... | {
"Header 1": "Hamites in West Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1639
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_27 | The backbone of all of these states was not the ruling aristocrats who lived from the labor of those they ruled, or the large number of peasants who, unaffected by the splendor of these states, continued to cultivate their crops or to attend to their cattle, but the middle class of merchants and artisans. These came to... | {
"Header 1": "Hamites in West Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2840
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_28 | The highly developed states and towns of the West Sudan strongly attracted the Hamitic desert tribes, who must have looked upon the cultures of the Sudan as the Germanic tribes viewed the splendor of Rome. Time and again new invading groups seem to have made their appearance in the Sudan. In more recent times we note t... | {
"Header 1": "Hamites in West Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3958
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_29 | The Fulani or Pheul, as they are called in French possessions, have had a greater and more far-reaching effect upon West Africa. They spread over Western and Central Sudan, where they seem to have been located since the thirteenth century. Essentially a pastoral folk, they infiltrated into all sections of the country. ... | {
"Header 1": "Hamites in West Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 4763
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_30 | , most of these later invasions were less consequential than the earlier ones. Although new ruling families appeared in the sultanates of the Sudan and an intensification of Islam is noticeable, the aggressors quickly adopted the culture of those they conquered. Today the Fulani emirs of Northern Nigeria have little in... | {
"Header 1": "Hamites in West Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 5844
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_31 | Not all the large states of western and central Africa owe their origin to the direct invasions of Hamites. The desire to defend themselves against the onslaught from the north appears to have given a strong impetus to the creation of Negro states. The Mossi and Gurma
Fig. 8. Earthenware ve... | {
"Header 1": "Hamites in West Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_8"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIy... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_32 | # Early European Influences Upon Africa's Political Development | {
"Header 1": "Early European Influences Upon Africa's Political Development",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 0
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_33 | It is doubtful that the well-known kingdoms of the West African Coast have had a very long history. The states of Ashanti, of Dahomey, of the Yoruba, or of Benin, to mention a few of the betterknown political groupings, may well have been the result of European contact with Africa. According to historical evidence it i... | {
"Header 1": "Early European Influences Upon Africa's Political Development",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 66
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_34 | , increased their political power. Aside from the fact that many of the West Coast states had similar origins, few likenesses existed between them. Here the unifying bond of Islam was absent, and they consequently developed along traditional lines. Social and political institutions in Ashanti are different from those a... | {
"Header 1": "Early European Influences Upon Africa's Political Development",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1228
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_35 | states which followed oligarchic patterns. The different kingdoms retained independent features in their family organization and in their religious orientation as well. But similarities exist in their economic structures. Although basically agricultural, their favorable geographical and climatic location, combined with... | {
"Header 1": "Early European Influences Upon Africa's Political Development",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1683
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_36 | Moreover, once these crafts were established, competition between the artisans arose which contributed toward the perfection of their work and, since the possession of objects of value became a tribute to the social prestige of the owner, in some areas certain crafts were protected by the king or by other aristocrats, ... | {
"Header 1": "Early European Influences Upon Africa's Political Development",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2481
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_37 | European influence was felt in other parts of Africa as well. The kingdom of Kongo, which covered the area around the mouth of the Congo River and reached back into pre-European periods, came under Portuguese sway as early as the end of the fifteenth century. After the king of Kongo had been baptized in 1491 and had be... | {
"Header 1": "Early European Influences Upon Africa's Political Development",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 3231
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_38 | Indirect European influence may also be responsible for the creation of the short-lived Zulu empire in South Africa. Here, at the beginning of the last century, the Zulu chief Chaka, reorganizing his tribesmen in European military patterns, created a fighting force which succeeded in conquering wide regions of the sout... | {
"Header 1": "Early European Influences Upon Africa's Political Development",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 4147
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_39 | # Negro Developments in Central Africa
Up to this point we have paid particular attention to those historical developments which were caused by other peoples within the Negro regions. It would be fallacious to assume that all the larger political states have been founded by such external influences. When Europeans fi... | {
"Header 1": "Negro Developments in Central Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_9"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMj... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_40 | 
Fig. 9. Wooden mask of the Basonge, Kasai District of the Belgian Congo. (height 38 cm .) | {
"Header 1": "Negro Developments in Central Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [
"img_ref_9"
],
"images_base64": [
"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/2wBDAQkJCQwLDBgNDRgyIRwhMjIyMj... | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_41 | The rulers, irrespective of the stimulus which carried them into power, were symbols of divine power; they were intermediaries between the spiritual and material worlds. The states were religious in their sanctions as well as in character. Although European penetration may have altered their structure and weakened thei... | {
"Header 1": "Negro Developments in Central Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 1546
} | africas_history.pdf |
africas_history.pdf_chunk_42 | , when visited by Bastian in the middle of the last century, was hardly more than an insignificant village chief, although the traditions of the former offices, titles, and dignities were still alive. The expanding European penetration did not permit a recovery. Europe determined Africa's history and the political deve... | {
"Header 1": "Negro Developments in Central Africa",
"Header 2": null,
"image_references": [],
"images_base64": [],
"start_index": 2775
} | africas_history.pdf |
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