task_id stringlengths 11 15 | domain stringclasses 1
value | category stringclasses 5
values | difficulty stringclasses 3
values | surface_context dict | hidden_context dict | investigation_graph dict | ground_truth dict | domain_specific unknown |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPAM_easy_001 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | easy | {
"instruction": "User PuzzleheadedBell170 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/technology/139216"
} | {
"summary": "Identical promotional content across 12 unrelated forums in 45 minutes - obvious spam bot"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/technology/139216",
"evidence": "Newark: Best gaming headset for the price!"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/news/139217",
"evidence": "Jokes: Best gaming headset for the price!"
},
{
"url": "http://localhos... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Identical promotional content across 12 unrelated forums in 45 minutes - obvious spam bot"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "551307",
"username": "PuzzleheadedBell170"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Gaming headset",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/headset-pro-x9",
"title": "Best gaming headset for the price!",
"body": "I just got this amazing gaming headset and the sound quality is in... |
SPAM_easy_002 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | easy | {
"instruction": "User RocketSurgeon22 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/Pennsylvania/139231"
} | {
"summary": "Identical VPN promotion across 10 unrelated forums in 50 minutes - clear spam"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/Pennsylvania/139231",
"evidence": "UpliftingNews: Protect your privacy with this VPN"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/UpliftingNews/139232",
"evidence": "LifeProTips: Protect your privacy with this VPN"
},
{
... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Identical VPN promotion across 10 unrelated forums in 50 minutes - clear spam"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "263782",
"username": "RocketSurgeon22"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "VPN service",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/securevpn-2024",
"title": "Protect your privacy with this VPN",
"body": "This VPN service is the best I've tried. Lightning fast speeds and milita... |
SPAM_medium_001 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User schrodingers_pp has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/relationship_advice/139244"
} | {
"summary": "Similar Ergonomic office chair promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/relationship_advice/139244",
"evidence": "Newark: Great ergonomic chair recommendation"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/ColumbiaMD/139245",
"evidence": "Maine: Best time to visit Maine?"
},
{
"url": "http://... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Similar Ergonomic office chair promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "381311",
"username": "schrodingers_pp"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Ergonomic office chair",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/ergo-chair-2024",
"variation_type": "high"
},
"submissions": [
{
"forum_id": 10023,
"forum_name": "Newark",
"titl... |
SPAM_medium_002 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User ScoreLazy42 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/sports/139256"
} | {
"summary": "Similar Language learning app promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/sports/139256",
"evidence": "Jokes: How I became fluent in 6 months"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/movies/139257",
"evidence": "LifeProTips: Is a standing desk worth it?"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Similar Language learning app promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "308592",
"username": "ScoreLazy42"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Language learning app",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/languagemaster-app",
"variation_type": "high"
},
"submissions": [
{
"forum_id": 10015,
"forum_name": "Jokes",
"title":... |
SPAM_medium_003 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User bikerlegs has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/LifeProTips/139270"
} | {
"summary": "Similar Meal prep containers promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/LifeProTips/139270",
"evidence": "LowellMA: Best meal prep containers I've used"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/BridgeportCT/139271",
"evidence": "Maine: Best time to visit Maine?"
},
{
"url": "http://local... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Similar Meal prep containers promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "465430",
"username": "bikerlegs"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Meal prep containers",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/mealprep-containers",
"variation_type": "high"
},
"submissions": [
{
"forum_id": 10017,
"forum_name": "LowellMA",
"title"... |
SPAM_medium_004 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User Real-Problem6805 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/DIY/139283"
} | {
"summary": "Similar Coding bootcamp promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/DIY/139283",
"evidence": "MachineLearning: How I got a developer job in 4 months"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/Documentaries/139284",
"evidence": "BuyItForLife: Best budget headphones for commuting?"
},
{
... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Similar Coding bootcamp promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "529716",
"username": "Real-Problem6805"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Coding bootcamp",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/code-bootcamp-pro",
"variation_type": "high"
},
"submissions": [
{
"forum_id": 10018,
"forum_name": "MachineLearning",
... |
SPAM_medium_005 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User Recluse83 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/OldSchoolCool/139295"
} | {
"summary": "Similar Standing desk converter promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/OldSchoolCool/139295",
"evidence": "BridgeportCT: Standing desk converter recommendation"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/UpliftingNews/139296",
"evidence": "Music: Beginner guitar song suggestions?"
},
{
"u... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Similar Standing desk converter promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "283658",
"username": "Recluse83"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Standing desk converter",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/standdesk-converter",
"variation_type": "high"
},
"submissions": [
{
"forum_id": 10002,
"forum_name": "BridgeportCT",
... |
SPAM_medium_006 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User Rocbockbeer has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/InternetIsBeautiful/139308"
} | {
"summary": "Similar Budget smartphone promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/InternetIsBeautiful/139308",
"evidence": "Art: Amazing budget phone find"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/technology/139309",
"evidence": "AskReddit: Show recommendations like Breaking Bad?"
},
{
"url": "htt... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Similar Budget smartphone promotions across 6 forums - text variations but same URL indicates spam"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "324222",
"username": "Rocbockbeer"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Budget smartphone",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/techphone-budget",
"variation_type": "high"
},
"submissions": [
{
"forum_id": 10000,
"forum_name": "Art",
"title": "Amazin... |
SPAM_hard_001 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | hard | {
"instruction": "User Starhoundfive has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/sports/139320"
} | {
"summary": "Subtle but repeated promotion of investment newsletter across forums - URL variations and soft sell approach indicate astroturfing"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/sports/139320",
"evidence": "EarthPorn: How I'm tracking my portfolio"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/LifeProTips/139321",
"evidence": "Maine: Best time to visit Maine?"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Subtle but repeated promotion of investment newsletter across forums - URL variations and soft sell approach indic... | {
"user": {
"id": "583232",
"username": "Starhoundfive",
"created": "2018-11-19 21:36:47+00"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Investment newsletter",
"url_variations": [
"https://example.com/wealth-insights",
"https://example.com/invest-daily?ref=community",
"https://wealthin... |
SPAM_hard_002 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | hard | {
"instruction": "User Slowhammer45938 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/LifeProTips/139341"
} | {
"summary": "Subtle promotion of dropshipping course across forums - soft-sell approach with URL variations indicates coordinated spam campaign"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/LifeProTips/139341",
"evidence": "Showerthoughts: My experience with online business"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/technology/139342",
"evidence": "BuyItForLife: Good laptop for under $800?"
},
{
"url": "... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Subtle promotion of dropshipping course across forums - soft-sell approach with URL variations indicates coordinat... | {
"user": {
"id": "461007",
"username": "Slowhammer45938"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Dropshipping course",
"url_variations": [
"https://example.com/ecom-success",
"https://example.com/online-business?src=reddit",
"https://ecomsuccess.example.com/start"
],
"variation... |
SPAM_easy_003 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | easy | {
"instruction": "User billy_bob68 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/iphone/139361"
} | {
"summary": "Obvious spam - identical promotional content across 11 unrelated forums in under 1 hour"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/iphone/139361",
"evidence": "Music: These wireless earbuds are amazing for the price!"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/Connecticut/139362",
"evidence": "InternetIsBeautiful: These wireless earbuds are amazing for the pric... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Obvious spam - identical promotional content across 11 unrelated forums in under 1 hour"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "479939",
"username": "billy_bob68",
"created": "2020-04-12 20:48:14+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "4"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Wireless earbuds",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/airpods-alternative-2024",
"variation_type": "identic... |
SPAM_easy_004 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | easy | {
"instruction": "User Not_a_werecat has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/Art/139375"
} | {
"summary": "Obvious spam - identical promotional content across 13 unrelated forums in under 1 hour"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/Art/139375",
"evidence": "DIY: Lost 15 lbs in 3 weeks with this supplement"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/Art/139376",
"evidence": "Newark: Lost 15 lbs in 3 weeks with this supplement"
},
{
"url": "http://... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Obvious spam - identical promotional content across 13 unrelated forums in under 1 hour"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "265402",
"username": "Not_a_werecat",
"created": "2022-06-30 01:08:18+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "2"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Weight loss supplement",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/keto-burn-pills",
"variation_type": "identica... |
SPAM_medium_007 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User Lunatalia has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/Connecticut/139391"
} | {
"summary": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Smart watch promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/fitness-watch-pro",
"evidence": "Connecticut: Best fitness tracker I've found"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/fitness-watch-pro",
"evidence": "DIY: This smart watch changed my routine"
},
{
"u... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Smart watch promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "634520",
"username": "Lunatalia",
"created": "2015-02-05 01:47:33+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "2"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Smart watch",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/fitness-watch-pro",
"variation_type": "high"
},
"submiss... |
SPAM_medium_008 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User Amokbrake has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/DIY/139404"
} | {
"summary": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Portable power bank promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/mega-charger-50000",
"evidence": "DIY: Power bank that lasts for days"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/mega-charger-50000",
"evidence": "MachineLearning: Never worry about phone battery again"
},
{
... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Portable power bank promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "653487",
"username": "Amokbrake",
"created": "2021-08-25 13:11:43+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "1"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Portable power bank",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/mega-charger-50000",
"variation_type": "high"
},
... |
SPAM_medium_009 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User Knightp93 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/DIY/139416"
} | {
"summary": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Noise cancelling headphones promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/silent-pro-headphones",
"evidence": "DIY: Noise cancellation that actually works"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/silent-pro-headphones",
"evidence": "Pennsylvania: Best headphones for work from home"
},... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Noise cancelling headphones promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "228774",
"username": "Knightp93",
"created": "2019-06-08 07:00:31+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "3"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Noise cancelling headphones",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/silent-pro-headphones",
"variation_type": "h... |
SPAM_medium_010 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User dogfood_bag has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/Music/139428"
} | {
"summary": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Air fryer promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/crispy-air-fryer-xl",
"evidence": "Music: Air fryer that lives up to the hype"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/crispy-air-fryer-xl",
"evidence": "EarthPorn: Healthier cooking made easy"
},
{
"u... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Air fryer promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "203293",
"username": "dogfood_bag",
"created": "2021-09-30 01:51:04+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "3"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Air fryer",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/crispy-air-fryer-xl",
"variation_type": "high"
},
"submi... |
SPAM_medium_011 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User EDPforlife has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/MechanicalKeyboards/139441"
} | {
"summary": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Electric toothbrush promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/sonic-clean-brush",
"evidence": "MechanicalKeyboards: Dental hygiene upgrade"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/sonic-clean-brush",
"evidence": "GetMotivated: This toothbrush made a difference"
},
{
... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Electric toothbrush promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "408707",
"username": "EDPforlife",
"created": "2018-04-06 03:28:46+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "1"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Electric toothbrush",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/sonic-clean-brush",
"variation_type": "high"
},
... |
SPAM_medium_012 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User _friendlyfoe_ has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/Showerthoughts/139455"
} | {
"summary": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Robot vacuum promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/clean-bot-2024",
"evidence": "Showerthoughts: Robot vacuum that actually works"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/clean-bot-2024",
"evidence": "MechanicalKeyboards: Best purchase for pet owners"
},
{
... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Robot vacuum promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "626192",
"username": "_friendlyfoe_",
"created": "2017-02-25 00:57:18+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "1"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Robot vacuum",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/clean-bot-2024",
"variation_type": "high"
},
"submi... |
SPAM_medium_013 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User TheRealMadPete has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/DIY/139468"
} | {
"summary": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Blender for smoothies promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/nutri-blend-max",
"evidence": "DIY: Smoothie maker that crushes ice"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/nutri-blend-max",
"evidence": "Showerthoughts: Best blender for daily smoothies"
},
{
"url":... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Blender for smoothies promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "343740",
"username": "TheRealMadPete",
"created": "2019-10-09 09:43:26+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "2"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Blender for smoothies",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/nutri-blend-max",
"variation_type": "high"
... |
SPAM_medium_014 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User originalsquad has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/LifeProTips/139480"
} | {
"summary": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Adjustable dumbbells promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/space-saver-weights",
"evidence": "LifeProTips: Home gym space saver"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/space-saver-weights",
"evidence": "Art: Best adjustable dumbbells"
},
{
"url": "http://loca... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Adjustable dumbbells promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "238606",
"username": "originalsquad",
"created": "2015-11-07 16:01:46+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "1"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Adjustable dumbbells",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/space-saver-weights",
"variation_type": "high"
... |
SPAM_medium_015 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User Snoo68415 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/ManchesterNH/139493"
} | {
"summary": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Blue light blocking glasses promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/eye-protect-glasses",
"evidence": "ManchesterNH: These glasses helped my eye strain"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/eye-protect-glasses",
"evidence": "Documentaries: Blue light protection that works"
},... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Blue light blocking glasses promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "469911",
"username": "Snoo68415",
"created": "2020-07-10 15:31:49+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "3"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Blue light blocking glasses",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/eye-protect-glasses",
"variation_type": "hig... |
SPAM_medium_016 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | medium | {
"instruction": "User Conscious-Secret1482 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/IAmA/139506"
} | {
"summary": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Resistance bands set promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/flex-bands-pro",
"evidence": "IAmA: Resistance bands for home workouts"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/flex-bands-pro",
"evidence": "Showerthoughts: Best portable workout equipment"
},
{
"url"... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"acceptable_actions": [
"BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Coordinated spam - 6 similar Resistance bands set promotions across forums with same URL pattern"
} | {
"user": {
"id": "305370",
"username": "Conscious-Secret1482",
"created": "2022-09-26 10:21:37+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "3"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Resistance bands set",
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/flex-bands-pro",
"variation_type": "high... |
SPAM_hard_003 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | hard | {
"instruction": "User Trolloks007 has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/GetMotivated/139568"
} | {
"summary": "Sophisticated astroturfing - 5 promotional posts promoting Web development bootcamp alternative disguised among 3 legitimate posts. Requires investigation to detect URL patterns and consistent product promotion."
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/codecrafters-path",
"evidence": "Hartford: Bootcamp vs self-taught: my experience"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/codecrafters/projects",
"evidence": "RhodeIsland: Project-based learning actually works"
... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_PROMOTIONAL_POSTS_AND_WARN",
"acceptable_actions": [
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_PROMOTIONAL_POSTS_AND_WARN",
"REMOVE_PROMOTIONAL_POSTS_AND_WARN_OR_BAN"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Sophisticated astroturfing - 5 promotional posts promoting Web develop... | {
"user": {
"id": "318711",
"username": "Trolloks007",
"created": "2017-03-01 17:22:47+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "1"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Web development bootcamp alternative",
"url_base": "codecrafters",
"variation_type": "sophisticated_astroturfin... |
SPAM_hard_004 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | hard | {
"instruction": "User emenelopee has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/ManchesterNH/139593"
} | {
"summary": "Sophisticated astroturfing - 5 promotional posts promoting Freelance business course disguised among 3 legitimate posts. Requires investigation to detect URL patterns and consistent product promotion."
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:8000/external/freelancevault-pricing",
"evidence": "LowellMA: How I went from $20/hr to $100/hr freelancing"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/AskReddit/139596",
"evidence": "BuyItForLife: Client acquisition: what actually worked"... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_PROMOTIONAL_POSTS_AND_WARN",
"acceptable_actions": [
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_PROMOTIONAL_POSTS_AND_WARN",
"REMOVE_PROMOTIONAL_POSTS_AND_WARN_OR_BAN"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Sophisticated astroturfing - 5 promotional posts promoting Freelance b... | {
"user": {
"id": "539496",
"username": "emenelopee",
"created": "2017-07-17 06:00:51+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "5"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Freelance business course",
"url_base": "freelancevault",
"variation_type": "sophisticated_astroturfing"
},
... |
SPAM_hard_005 | reddit | cross_subreddit_spam | hard | {
"instruction": "User QuasarMaster has been flagged for potential spam behavior. Determine the appropriate moderation action.",
"start_url": "http://localhost:9999/f/AskReddit/139618"
} | {
"summary": "Sophisticated astroturfing - 5 promotional posts promoting Finance/investing newsletter disguised among 3 legitimate posts. Requires investigation to detect URL patterns and consistent product promotion."
} | {
"required_nodes": [
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/AskReddit/139618",
"evidence": "CambridgeMA: Started investing at 35 - not too late?"
},
{
"url": "http://localhost:9999/f/LifeProTips/139619",
"evidence": "Documentaries: Finding quality investing content"
},
{
... | {
"decision": "REMOVE_PROMOTIONAL_POSTS_AND_WARN",
"acceptable_actions": [
"REMOVE_ALL_POSTS_AND_BAN_USER",
"REMOVE_PROMOTIONAL_POSTS_AND_WARN",
"REMOVE_PROMOTIONAL_POSTS_AND_WARN_OR_BAN"
],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Sophisticated astroturfing - 5 promotional posts promoting Finance/inv... | {
"user": {
"id": "284513",
"username": "QuasarMaster",
"created": "2016-05-19 05:53:30+00",
"submission_count": "0",
"comment_count": "5"
},
"spam_content": {
"product": "Finance/investing newsletter",
"url_base": "wealthwisdom",
"variation_type": "sophisticated_astroturfing"
},... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
MIRAGE — Do Web Agents Investigate Before They Decide?
Misleading Investigation Reveals Agent Gaps in Evidence.
MIRAGE is a benchmark for investigative competence in autonomous web agents — the ability to recognise when visible information is insufficient, seek hidden context, and integrate discovered evidence into a final decision. The benchmark spans three structurally distinct moderation and policy enforcement domains, each engineered around a two-layer information architecture: a Surface Context (visible, often misleading) and a Hidden Context (decisive, accessible only through proactive investigation).
| Config | Tasks | Environment | Verdict space |
|---|---|---|---|
wikipedia |
300 | self-hosted Kiwix mirror (port 8888) | APPROVE / FLAG / REVERT / ESCALATE |
shopping |
300 | self-hosted Magento Open Source (port 7780) | APPROVE / DENY / ESCALATE / REQUEST_EVIDENCE / FLAG_AND_MONITOR / BAN_ACCOUNT / CANCEL_ORDER |
reddit |
159 | self-hosted Postmill (port 9999) | 8 verdicts spanning approval, correction, ban, lock, escalation |
| Total | 759 |
Loading
from datasets import load_dataset
wiki = load_dataset("SyedNazmusSakib/mirage", "wikipedia", split="test")
shop = load_dataset("SyedNazmusSakib/mirage", "shopping", split="test")
reddit = load_dataset("SyedNazmusSakib/mirage", "reddit", split="test")
print(wiki[0]["surface_context"]["instruction"])
Per-config details
wikipedia — Wikipedia Forensics (300)
Editorial-review tasks set on a self-hosted Kiwix mirror. Each task
simulates a Wikipedia review queue ticket about a flagged edit; the agent
investigates the article and (where applicable) cross-reference pages
before issuing one of four verdicts. Combines two task generations,
distinguished by domain_specific.schema_version:
wiki_v2(200) — multi-hop tasks with 2–4 required URLs across cross-reference and editor-history pages.wiki_v1(100) — single-page editorial-review tasks (vandalism, subtle disinformation, COI).
Categories: false_alarm (72), conflict_of_interest (62),
cross_reference_required (52), coordinated_editing (43),
vandalism_simple (34), hard_disinformation (20),
subtle_disinformation (17). Difficulty: 156 medium / 113 hard / 31 easy.
shopping — Shopping Admin (300)
Fraud and refund-adjudication tasks on a self-hosted Magento Open Source admin panel. Investigation graphs list 5–10 required URLs spanning the flagged order, customer profile, full order history, and related accounts. Combines two task generations:
v3(150) — returns/refunds lifecycle:wardrobing,legitimate_defense,b2b_reseller,reshipping_fraud,account_takeover.v4(150) — order-level transaction signals:gift_card_fraud,cross_account_linking,promo_abuse,false_item_not_received,friendly_fraud_chargeback.
Each category contains 30 tasks, evenly distributed.
reddit — Reddit Moderation (159)
Content-moderation tasks on a self-hosted Postmill mirror with synthetic users, posts, comments, and crosspost networks. The agent investigates user profiles, cross-subreddit submission history, and temporal patterns before issuing one of eight moderation verdicts.
Categories: cross_subreddit_spam (58), user_history_context (26),
fact_checking_source_verification (26), coordinated_brigading (25),
fact_checking_multimodal (24). Difficulty: 38 easy / 76 medium / 45 hard.
Unified task schema
Every row across all three configs follows the same shape:
{
"task_id": "WIKI_V2_COI_001",
"domain": "wikipedia",
"category": "conflict_of_interest",
"difficulty": "hard",
"surface_context": {
"instruction": "[REVIEW QUEUE — Case #...] ...",
"start_url": "http://localhost:8888/..."
},
"hidden_context": {"summary": "Decisive evidence (gold)"},
"investigation_graph": {
"required_nodes": [
{"url": "...", "evidence": "what to extract from this page"}
]
},
"ground_truth": {
"decision": "REVERT",
"acceptable_actions": ["REVERT", "FLAG"],
"harmful_actions": [],
"reasoning": "Gold reasoning trace"
},
"domain_specific": { "...": "preserved source-format fields" }
}
Evaluation framework
Each agent trajectory is decomposed into three sequential stages:
- Investigation Accuracy (
Acc_inv) — fraction of ground-truth evidence URLs the agent actually visited (fuzzy URL matcher). - Reasoning Accuracy (
Acc_rsn) — LLM-as-judge score against gold facts (DeepSeek-V3.2 at temp 0; r=0.92 with human annotators). - Decision Accuracy (
Acc_dec) — correctness of the final verdict with semantic-equivalence partial credit.
Plus secondary metrics: Investigative Efficiency (E_inv), Evidence
Quality (Q_ev), Investigative Hallucination Rate. Two run conditions:
Raw (open-ended) and Hint (evidence-anchored prompts).
See the GitHub repository for the full code, paper, and reproduction harness.
Citation
@inproceedings{mirage2026,
title = {MIRAGE: Do Web Agents Investigate Before They Decide?},
author = {Anonymous},
booktitle = {Submitted to NeurIPS},
year = {2026}
}
License
Code and unified task annotations are released under Apache-2.0. The underlying environments inherit their original licenses: Wikipedia content under CC-BY-SA-3.0, Magento Open Source under OSL-3.0, Postmill under AGPL-3.0. All user/order/post data referenced in tasks is synthetic; surface tickets and editor identities are anonymized fictional accounts.
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