Mock Transformation: Secure 1889.pdf
SEAT 930 SECUEE havebeenenteredintoregulatingtheexerciseoftheright.'SeeVisit,1.SEAT.SeePermanent;Stock-ex-change.SEATED.Settled;actuallyoccupied.Opposed,unseated.Saidofland,inearlierlegislation.Residencewithoutcultivationorcultivationwith-outresidenceconstitutesseatedland.Temporarysuspensionofanactualoccupationwillnotrenderseatedlandunseated.^AtractceasestobeunseatedassoonasactuallyoccupiedwithaviewtopermanentiTse,^Theimprovementofapartfixesthecharacterofthewholetractasseated.*Landonceseatedmay,byabandonment,becomeunseated.^SEA-WORTHY.SeeSea,Sea-worthy.SEC.SeeSecundum.SECESSIOK".SeeGovernment,Defacto.SECK.SeeRent,Eent-seck.SECOND.SeeDistress;Exchange,3 ; Mortgage;Punishment.SECONDARY.SeeConveyance;Evi-dence;Use,2.SECONDS.SeeBattery;Duel.SECRET.SeeConceal;Dispose,2;Equity;Lien;Partner;Possession,Ad-verse;Sbohete.SECRETARY.SeeAgent:Depart-ment;Desceiptio;Directors.SECRETE.Appliestoanymakingawaywithpropertywhichputsitunlawfullyoutofthereachofacreditor.*Maybebyputtinglegalimpedimentsinthewaybywhichheispreventedfromgettingpossessioninorder•toeffectpayment.*SeeBankruptcy.SECRETS,STATE'S.SeeCommuni-^CATION,Privileged,1.SECT.SeeReligion;Sectarian.SECTA.SeeSuit,1.SECTARIAN.Areligioussectisahodyornumberofpersonsunitedintenets,butconstitutingadistinctorganizationorparty•byholdingsentimentsordoctrinesdifferentJromthoseofothersectsorpeople.Inthe •'Woolsev,Int.Law,§208;1Kent,164;6Webster'sWorks,38a,335;11Edinb.Rev.9;35ForeignQuar.Rev.311.=5Pet.*468;6Watts,269;55Pa.90;73id.418;15W..N.C^262.s7W.&S.248.<2Watts,421;19Pa.292;29id!.106;34id.332.»9Watts,156;4Pa.214;6id.210;38id.40;56id.374."Gaultu.Dussault,4Can.Leg.News,321(1881);3id.258. senseintendedbytheconstitutionofNevada,everysectofthatcharacteris"sectarian."iaRomanCatholicOrphanasylumisa"sectarianinstitution,"althoughonlyCatholicchildrenaretaughttheprinciplesoftheCatholicchurch,andProt-estantchildrenthetenetscommontoallChristianpeople.*SeeReligion;School,Public.SECTION.SeeLands,Public;Parcel,2.SECUNDUM.L.Following;accord-ingto.Secundumallegataetprobata.Ac-cordingtoallegationsandproofs.SeeAlle-GARE,Allegata,etc.Secundumartem.Accordingtothetradeorcalling.Secundumlegem.Conformablytolaw.Secundumregulam.Accordingtorule.SECURE.21.Tomakesafeorcertain:toprotect,insure,save,ascertain.'Congressmaysecuretoauthorsandinventorstheexclusiverighttotheirrespectivewritingsanddis-coveries.*Thetermdoesnothereiint)lytheprotec-tionofanacknowledgedlegalright.Actspasse-dintheexerciseofthepowercreaterights,ratherthansanctionpreviouslyexistingrights.^To"secure"adebtmaymeantosaveit.^2.Toassure,guarantee,indemnify;torendercertainthatmoneywillbepaidoranobligationperformed.As,foranon-residentplaintifftoberequiredtose-curepaymentofthecosts(g.1;.)ofthesuithehasinstituted;foradebtortosecurehiscreditorbygiv-inghimalienuponrealty:thecreditorbeingthensaidtobe"secured."Acontractbywhichavendoragreestoexecuteaconveyanceassoonasthevendee"securesthepay-ment"ofthepurchase-money,means,notwhenhepaysitinmone.7,butwhenhegivessomethingbymeansofwhichpaymentmay,atanyfuturetime,beprocuredorcompelled.*3.Toprocure;toperfect.To"secure"amechanic'slienmeanstodosuchactsaswillperfectanincipientlien,thatis,makeitavailable.'Security.(1)Aninstrumentwhichguaranteesthecertaintyofsomespecificthing,as,paymentorperformance.(2)Asurety.Writtenafterthenameofonewhosignsapromis-sorynote,means"surety."*SeeSurety.
StateV.Hallock,16Nev.385(1882),Leonard,C.J.'L.se-cwrus,freefromanxiety.sWheatonv.Peters,8Pet.*660(1834),M'Lean,J.'Constitution,Art.I,sec.8.«Oliverv.Sterling,20OhioSt.401(1870).8FootV.Webb,59Barb.53(1866).'BostonV.Chesapeake,iStc.R.Co^,76Va.181(1882).»Favoritev.Stidham,84Ind.425(
SECURITY931 SECURITY (3)Individualsafety.SeePersonalSecu-rity(3).Securities.Writtenassurancesforthere-turnorpaymentofmoney;evidencesofindebtedness.Inpopularacceptation,includesbillsofexchange,promissorynotes,andbondsforthepaymentofmoney.'Collateralsecurity.Asecuritysidebysidewith,orinadditionto,othersecurityastheprimaryorprincipalobligation,orad-ditionaltothedebtor'sownengagement.Thus,whenonemancovenantswithanother,andentersintoabondtoperformthecove-nant,thebondisthecollateralsecurity.^Abondaccompanyingamortgageisanotherexample.Suchsecurityisfrequentlytermedthe"collateral,"andtheplural"collaterals"isingeneraluse.Asepai-ateobligation,attachedtoanothercontracttoguaranteeitsperformance;also,atransferofproperty,orofanothercon-tract,toinsuretheperformanceoftheprin-cipalengagement*Thetransferestablishesaprivityofcontract"whichinveststhecreditorwithownershipofthesecuritiesforthepurposesofdominionoverthedebtassigned.Thecreditormustuseduediligencetocollectapromissorynoteleftwithhimascollateralsecurity,orsufferthelossoftheamountofit."Heshouldgivenoticeofhisintentiontosellthesecurity,afterde-faultofpayment,andalsoofthetimeandplaceofsale,intheabsence-ofacontractto,sellexmeromotu.'Butheisnotboundtoapplythecollateralbeforeenforcinghisdirectremedyagainstthedebtor.'Thecollateralmayberedeliveredforcollectionbythedebtorastrusteeforthepledgee.*Itmayberegarded£issettledincommercialjuris-prudence—therebeingnostatutoryregulationtothecontrary—thatwherenegotiablepaperisreceivedinpaymentofanantecedentdebt;orwhereitistrans-ferredbyindorsementascollateralsecurityforadebtcreated,orapurchasemade,atthetimeofthetrans-fer;orthetransferistosecureadebt,notdue,underanagreementexpressedortobeclearlyimpliedfromthecirciunstancesthatthecollectionoftheprincipal 'JenningsuDavis,31Conn.139-40(1862).'ChambersburgIns,Co.v.Smith,11Pa.187(1849),Coulter,J.;Shoemakerv.Nat.Mechanics'Bank,2Abb.U.S.423(1869).s[Lochranev.Solomerf,33Ga.292(186S).*Hannav.Holton,78Pa.334(1875).*SempleManuf.Co.v.Detwiler,30Kan.398-99(1883),cases."DavisV.Funk,.39Pa.250(1861);Loomiso.Stave,7im.623(1874);2Kent,581-S3;Story,Bailm.§310.'LewisV.UnitedStates,92U.S.623(1«75),eases.8WhiteV.Piatt,5Denio,269(1SJ8);Clarkv.Iselin,2).Wall.368(1874). debtistobepostponedordelayeduntilthecollateralmatured;orwheretimeisagreedtobegivenandisactuallygivenuponadebtoverdue,inconsiderationofthetransferofnegotiablepaperascollateralsecu-ritytherefor;orwherethetransferrednotetakestheplaceofotherpaperpreviouslypledgedascollateraltoradebt,eitheratthetimesuchdebtwascontractedorbeforeitbecamedue,—ineachcasetheholderwhotakesthptransferredpaperbeforeitsmaturity,andwithoutnotice,actualorotherwise,ofanydefensethereto,isheldtohavereceiveditin.theduecourseofbusiness,andbecomesaholderforvalue,entitledtoenforcepayment,withoutregardtoanyequityorde-fensewhichexistsbetweenpartiestothepaper.Butthereisaconflictofauthoritywherethenoteistransferredbeforematurityascollateralsecuritymerely,withoutothercircumstances,foradebtprevi-ouslycreated.Abundantauthoritysustainstheposi-tionthatifsuchpaperbesoindorsedthattheholderbecomesapartytotheinstrument,althoughthetrans-feriswithoutexpressagreementbythecreditorforindulgence,thattransferisnotanimproperuseofthepaper,andisasmuchintheusualcourseofcommer-cialbusinessasisitstransferinpaymentofsuchdebt.Ineithercasethebonafideholderisunaffp'tedbyequitiesordefensesbetweenthepriorpartiesofwhichhehadnonotice.'Thedoctrineastoanantecedentdebtdoesnptap-plytoaninstrumentconveyingpropertyassecurityinconsiderationonlyofpre-existingindebtedness.'Thedecidedweightofauthorityisthatantecedentindebtednessconstitutesampleconsiderationforanewcontract.Counter-security.Securitygiventoaper-sonwhohasbecomesuretyforanother.Theconditionisthatifhewhofirstbecamesuretyshallsufferexpenseorloss,thepersonaccommoda.tedwillindemnifyhim.Marshalsecurities.SeeMarshal,2.Personalsecurity,(i)Evidenceofindebt-ednesswhichbindsthepersonaltyofthedebtor;chosesinactionorotherpersonalestatepledgedtotheperformanceofacon-tract.Opposed,realsecurity:anobligationinthenatureofalienonland.(2)Securityoftheperson;rightofper-sonalsecurity:consistinginaperson'slegalanduninterruptedenjoymentofhislife,limbs,body,health,andreputation,''qq.v.SeealsoLiberty,1;Right,2. 'BrooklynCity&NewtonR.Co.v.Nat.BankoftheRepublicofNewYork,102U.S.26-28(1880),cases,Harlan,J.CliffordandBradley,JJ.,filedconcur-ringopinions;MillerandField,JJ.,dissented.2People'sSavingBankv.Bates,120U.S.564r^7(1887),cases.3Merchants'Bankv.McClelland,9Col.610(1886),cases.[1El.Com.119;Wabash,&c.E.Co.v.Shacklet,105111.379(1883).
SECUS 933 SEDUCTION Publicsecurity.Thesafetyorprotectionofthecommunity.SeePolice,2.Publicsecurities.Evidencesofindebted-nessonthepartofthepeopleofaStateoroftheUnitedStates.Maymeansecuritiesissuedunderlegislativesanc-tioninfurtheranceofworksdeemedpromotiveoftheinterestsofthepublic'Railroadbondsarenot"publicsecurities,"withinthe/Ordinarymeaningofthoseterms."SeeDebt,Public.~ SeegenerallyAvailable;Bond;Deposit,2;Obli-gation,4;Tax,2.SECUS.L.Otherwise;tothecontraryeffect.SED.L.But.Sedqusere.Butexamine.Sedvide.Butsee.Expressionswhichdirectattentiontoacaseorauthoritysupportingadoctrinecontrarytothatlaiddown.SeeQU..BRB.SEDGEFLAT.Atractoflandbelowhigh-watermark.^SeeMeadow.SEDITIOM"."Conducttendingtowardtreason,butwantinganovertact;attemptsmade,bymeetingsorspeeches,orbypubli-cations,todisturbthetranquillityofthestate,whichdonotamounttotreason.'Calledseditiousconspiraciesandlibels.Aseditiouslibeltendstoexcitedisaffectionwiththegovernment,andthusinducearevolutionaryspirit.*TheactofCongressofJuly14,'1798,wascalledthe"seditionlaw,"becauseitsobjectwastopreventpo-liticaldisturbances.Itwaslimitedtoashortdura-tion,andexpiredbylimitation;itsconstitutionalitywasquestioned,butneverpasseduponbythecourts.'SeeSearch-warrant.SEDUCE.8"Seduce"and"entice"areoftenusedindifferentlyintheold,andsome-timesinthelater,books.Ajourneymanwassaidtobeseducedwhenenticedawayfromhisemployer'sservice.'Althoughageneralterm,havingavariety 'HallV.Commissioners,10Allen,102(1865);46Vt,786.2HaleV.Commissioners,137Mass.114(1884).Astowateringrailroadsecurities,see21Am.LawRev.696-704(1887),cases.s(aiurchV.Meeker,34Conn.424(1867). . *L.secUtio,agoingapart,dissension.'Abbott'sLawDiet.»Cooley,Const.Lira.426-30;2Steph.Hist.Cr.LawEng.377;Queenv.O'Brien,4Cr.LawMag.424(188.S);Whart.St.Tr.22.'2Story,Const.§§1293-94.8L.se-ducere,toleadaside,astray.«Bigelow,Torts,139.SeeLumleyv.Gye,2El.&B.216(1853):Bigelow,Ld.Cas.Torts,306,325-28,cases. ofmeaningsaccordingtothesubjecttowhichitisapplied,whenreferringtotheconductofamantowardafemaleisuni-versallyunderstoodtomean:anenticementofheronhisparttothesurrenderofherchastity,bymeansofsomeart,influence,promiseordeceptioncalculatedtoaccom-plishthatobject,andtoincludeyieldingofherpersontohim.'Seduction.Theuseofsomeinfluence,promise,art,orothermeansonthepartofamanbywhichheinducesawomantosur-renderherchastityandvirtuetohisem-braces.^WhilenowacrimeinmostoftheStates,atcom-monlawwas'notso.Aninjuredhusbandhadanac-tionforcriminal"conversation;"butaparentormasterhadnostandingincourtunlessthefemaleasdaughterordomesticowedhimservice,and,inconse-quenceoftheseduction,shewasinsomedegreelessabletoassistinhousewiferywork;or,unlesstherewasatrespassuponproperty.Thelaw,whilepunisb-ingevenwithdeathactsofviolenceagainstwomen,leftherchastityexposedtotheartificesonthese-ducer."Anactionforseductiongrowsoutofthelossofserviceintherelationofmasterandservant.Someservice,howevertrivial,mustbeshowntohavebeendoneandtohavebeenduefromthefemaletotheplaintiff.'Theconsentofaminordaughterisnodefensetoanactionbythefather;andheshouldbeallowedcompensationforhismentalsufferingaswellasforthelossofservices,etc.*Buttheparentcannotrecoverdamageswhen,withhisknowledge,thedefendantandhisdaughterslepttogetheraccordingtothecustomknownas"bund-ling."*Theageofconsent,inatleasttwentyStates,untilrecently,wastenyears.Ithasbeenraisedtofour-teeninConnecticut,Illinois,Ohio,Wisconsin,andVermont;tofifteeninNebraska;tosixteeninMichi-gan,NewJersey,andPennsylvania;andtoeighteeninColoradoandKansas.InEngland,since1886,ithasbeensixteen.'SeeChaste;Conversation,1;Debauch;Fornica-tion. 'State11.Bierce,27Conn.320(1868),Storrs,C.J.'[Croghanv.State,22Wis.446(1868),Cole,J.geealso40Ark.482;77Ind.334;38Iowa,224;108Mass.488;11Mich.278;17Pa.126;100id.28.'3Christian,Bl.Com.*140,142;4Bl.Com.212;1B.&Aid.722."WoodV.State,48Ga.282(1873);Kinneyv.Laugh-enour,89N.C.367-68(1883);Wood,Master&S.§246;Martinv.Payne,9Johns.387(1812):Bigelow,Ld.Cas.Torts,286,290-305,cases.'Barbourv.Stephenson,32r.R.66(1887).'HoUisV.Wells,3Clark,*30(Pai,184B).'Seegenerally3Cr.LawMag.3-31-47(1882),cases.