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Scientists are prying 8,000 feet beneath the Earth's crust. Their goal: to explore a geological formation that underlies Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York that they believe could be usable as a storage locker for carbon emissions from coal and natural gas plants.
The intended receptacle for the carbon dioxide is the Newark Basin, layers of rock and sand thousands of feet below the Garden State. It was born in the late Triassic period, from 201 million to 251 million years ago, when supercontinent Pangea was still splitting. The Atlantic didn't yet exist, and only a lake separated the Jersey Shore from the coast of Mauritania (now near the Sahara Desert in Africa).
Now federal officials and academics are exploring the Newark Basin with an eye toward the future, to see if it can hold gasses produced through the use of fossil fuels.
The idea is that carbon emissions would be pressurized and piped deep underground, away from the atmosphere, where they would remain indefinitely.
"Here in the metropolitan New York area, in New York, New Jersey, there's a lot of hydrocarbons being burned, a lot of CO2 generated," explained Rutgers professor Dennis Kent. "The idea is to find a place near where the CO2 is generated to find a resting home."
Kent is working with experts from Rutgers, Columbia University, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Sandia Technologies exploring the idea for the National Energy Technology Laboratory.
The team has about $10 million in federal money to spend in its research, as do similar groups of scientists looking at the Black Warrior Basin in Alabama and the Rock Springs Uplift in Wyoming.
"Congress said go out and characterize 10 specific sites, and gather even more specific sites," explained NETL's John Litynski. "These are the first to actually complete their drilling operations."
The first drilling site in this round of funding was off the New York State Thruway just north of the Jersey border, where scientists extracted core samples from around an 8,000-foot section of the Earth's history.
The workers used a tall drill rig suitable for mineral exploration and attracted their fair share of attention from curious passing motorists, Litynski said.
They already had some shallower cores of earth in hand from earlier studies near Princeton and Rutgers in New Brunswick.
Litynski said the government has spent about $1.1 billion since 1997 on the technology known as carbon sequestration, which some experts think is necessary to containing emissions that drive global warming.
"Carbon capture and storage technologies offer the potential for reducing CO2 emissions and, in turn, mitigating global climate change without adversely influencing energy use or hindering economic growth," states a NETL fact sheet.
Some environmentalists disagree with that: Greenpeace International put out a report calling the technology a "dangerous distraction" and questioning its safety and efficacy.
Some New Jersey environmentalists agree.
"Whenever you hide (carbon) in a rock formation, whether it's off the coast or on land, if you have an earthquake or natural pressure from gas in the land trying to rise, there could be a fissure or a crack and it could wind up getting released," said Jeff Tittel, director of the New Jersey Sierra Club. "What's disturbing is the Newark Basin is under one of the more populated areas of the country. If there was a breach, it could be catastrophic; you could be jeopardizing the lives of thousands of people."
The Newark Basin may be one of the first sites to be explored, but it's a relative blank slate compared with the others, since New Jersey hasn't traditionally been drilled much by the oil and gas industry.
No conclusions have been drawn yet, but the work shows promise, according to Paul Olsen, a Columbia professor who works in Palisades, N.Y., at the school's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
"We don't have a lot of data at the moment, because we're still in the process of the analyses," Olsen said. "The assumption was that you'd have extensive sandstones. That is borne out by the new results."
Sandstone is good news because it's a porous type of rock that carbon emissions can be stored in and around: Picture a bucket of golf balls, explained Kent.
"If you had a bunch of golf balls and you look at 'em, there's going to be spaces in between. Many sediment particles are round, they're not square and they can't fit together exactly," Kent said. "That creates space that, in our case, we're looking for so we can push some of the CO2 (emissions in). What you need for carbon sequestration is, you've got to put it somewhere."
But that doesn't mean compressed liquid or gas CO2 will be pumped under the Garden State any time soon, even after $1 billion of federal spending exploring the option of sequestration.
It's likely to be many years before the Newark Basin is pumped full of carbon emissions, if it ever is.
"This is just a first step," Kent said. "Chances are in our lifetimes, it may never be used for this purpose. It's just to get an assessment for the potentials."
Eliot Caroom: (973) 392-7919 or firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:9e797359-1619-4ec4-b499-f4ec4d96cbf3> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2012/06/a_carbon_sequestration_graveya.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098849.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00111-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957126 | 1,102 | 3.609375 | 4 |
At DentalHouse, we believe in the importance of taking care of your overall health so that you can smile brightly and with confidence at Christmas and throughout the year. Here are our 5 top tips for keeping your health in check this holiday season: 1. Don’t overindulge (too much) Let’s face it, food plays a [...]
Gum disease is an infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth. Infection leads to a red, swollen and tender area. This area often bleeds when the teeth are brushed or the tender area is touched. How does gum disease come about? Gum disease comes about when large amounts of bacteria branch together to form a [...]
Sugar is the single largest cause of dental caries (or tooth decay as it is more commonly known) The facts: Twenty-three percent of 8-year-olds and 40% of 15-year-olds consume sweet snacks or drinks between normal meals three or more times a day10; half (48%) of all adults snack between meals, most commonly on biscuits and [...]
Gum disease is an infection of the tissues that surround and support your teeth. It is a major cause of tooth loss. Because gum disease (also know was periodontal disease) is usually painless, you may not know you have it. It is caused by plaque, the sticky film of bacteria that is constantly forming on [...]
Your children’s oral health and brushing habits can have a huge impact on their long-term dental health We know that helping your child get into the habit of brushing twice a day for two minutes is not an easy task so we have developed our 5 top tips to make brushing fun for your little [...]
€225 with €50 donation to Alan McGarry Love's charitable efforts in aid of Associação Cultural Somos Crianças Orphanage in Brazil. Offer Valid until 31/7/18 Quote "alanmcgarrylove" to get yours.
DentalHouse would like to thank all Trinity students who took part in our May student promotion.
Team DentalHouse are proud to announce that we have been awarded WhatClinic's 2018 Patient Service Award for great customer service! | <urn:uuid:ed25d0af-3061-4c3c-9884-74dd4fff86a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://dentalhouse.ie/category/general-dentist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823442.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210191406-20181210212906-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.966237 | 450 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Gemini's Public Information Officer Opens the Public Information and Outreach Office
August 3, 1998
"Gemini Observatory Update", to appear in Hilo's Herald Tribune, Friday August 7th.
Archeologists estimate that somewhere between 1500-2000 years ago, the first Polynesians arrived in Hawai'i. Few would argue that the stars were an important guide as these early explorers migrated across the vast Pacific. While the first Hawaiians saw essentially the same sky we see today, our understanding of the universe has changed remarkably since then.
We can only guess what the first Hawaiians thought about the nature of our universe. However, I think it's safe to say that most early Hawaiians knew more naked-eye astronomy than most folks today. As devoted and skilled sky watchers, the Polynesians and Hawaiians were among the most proficient early astronomers on our planet. Today, this legacy of skywatching continues atop Mauna Kea as a revolutionary new observatory called Gemini keeps the spirit of exploration alive and well in Hawai'i.
The Gemini 8-meter Observatory Project is part of an international effort to create two identical large telescopes - one in Hawai'i to study the sky lying over the northern hemisphere, and one in Chile to observe the southern sky. Together, these telescopes will help to propel our understanding of the universe to new heights.
However, lofty goals like these often start from humble beginnings. Currently, the Gemini staff can be found in temporary offices located in downtown Hilo where computer boxes serve as office walls and staff have become very close - literally! A few miles away, local contractors and technicians are scrambling to ready Gemini's new Northern Operations Center at Hilo's University Park. When fully occupied, as many as 70 staff will live and work in Hilo, supporting each of these 100 million-dollar state-of-the-art observatories on each side of the globe. This facility will also serve as the primary observatory headquarters for at least the next 2 years.
Outside the new Hilo headquarters, seven flags display the colors of the partner countries that have contributed to make this project a reality. The United States, through the National Science Foundation, is contributing about 50% of the cost of this project, while the flags of Canada, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Australia also fly high over the new Hilo facility.
Upon entering the new Hilo facility, a large window in the front lobby reveals the brains of Gemini - "mission control" where the telescope atop Mauna Kea (and even the scope in Chile) can be controlled. Director Dr. Matt Mountain maintains that, "Remote observing is the most efficient way to run a large telescope like Gemini. With a minimum staff on the summit and scientific staff in Hilo, people work much smarter and we can make much better use of the facility."
Over 2 miles above Gemini headquarters, the first of the twin telescopes is almost ready to start collecting starlight with its huge mirror. In late June, the 8.1 meter mirror (27 feet across) made its 3 day voyage from Kawaihae Harbor to the Gemini Observatory site. As the biggest single-piece mirror ever transported to the summit, the 28 foot-wide crate required road improvements and even temporary removal of road signs before the mirror could make its way up the Saddle Road to its home on the top of Hawai'i.
Because Gemini uses a relatively thin mirror, it requires a special support structure to adjust for sagging of the mirror due to its own weight (about 25 US Tons). As of this writing, the support structure or "mirror-cell" is awaiting passage through the Panama Canal and should be mated with the mirror in the next few months. Then a thin coat of reflective metal will be applied to the mirror's surface and this collection of glass, metal and electronics will be transformed into one of the world's most powerful telescopes.
Late this year it is anticipated that the Gemini telescope atop Mauna Kea will celebrate "first-light" when the first image taken through a UH camera glows on a computer monitor down in Hilo. Following this event, systems will be further tested and refined, instruments will be added and scientists will start using the telescope to do what Gemini will do best - explore the depths of our universe.
"Once scientific work begins at Gemini in late 1999 we should immediately start to realize some of the scientific goals of the project," said Gemini astronomer Dr. Phil Puxley. These goals include uncovering evidence for new planetary systems beyond our solar system, providing a better understanding of the evolution of stars and galaxies, and even observing the most distant galaxies ever seen to learn how our universe began and might ultimately end.
Finding answers to big questions is what makes us human and undoubtedly what led the first Polynesians to Hawai'i. The staff and scientists of the Gemini project are proud to be part of this exciting Hawaiian heritage of exploration and to be an active part of the Big Island community.
With the establishment of the Gemini Public Information and Outreach Office, local residents, educators and students are invited to contact me if you have questions about our facility, or astronomy in general. I can be reached at 933-7110, or at 974-2510 once we move to our new headquarters by the second week in August. I can also be contacted by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:35e54b9a-231c-4a0b-aad3-21a5f7b83cc7> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.gemini.edu/node/41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661974.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00012-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938549 | 1,115 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Senate Agriculture Committee Chairman Anthony Cannella (R-Ceres) held an informational hearing at the California Science Center in Los Angeles highlighting the multibillion-dollar toll on California’s economy caused by invasive pest infestations and the importance of coordination between rural and urban communities in stopping these pests.
“Experts peg the negative economic impact caused by invasive pests at $3 billion every year, making pest prevention a concern for all California communities – not just those in rural areas,” said Sen. Cannella. “Today’s hearing offered an important opportunity to better understand the harm invasive pests pose to urban landscaping, waterways and public health and to discuss the role urban communities play in pest prevention and control.”
Recently, much of Florida’s citrus crop was destroyed by the Asian citrus psyllid, which spreads Huanglongbing, the most devastating disease of citrus in the world. The pest was first discovered in California in 2008; last year, quarantines were in effect in parts of Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties. In October, officials discovered five live Khapra beetle larvae and two dead adults in shipments stopped at the Los Angeles International Airport and at the Los Angeles-Long Beach port complex, respectively. The Khapra beetle destroys seeds and grains, including rice, which is one of California’s top agricultural commodities.
“In light of our state’s persistent budget crisis, it will be all the more important in the months ahead to leverage local, state and federal partnerships to control these invasive pests, which can wreak havoc on our state’s $37 billion agriculture industry and can contribute to rising food prices,” continued Cannella. “I look forward to working with our agriculture industry, academic research and urban community partners in the months ahead to continue protecting our state from invasive pests.”
Testifying at today’s hearing were California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services Director Dr. Robert Leavitt, United States Department of Agriculture Plant Protection and Quarantine California Plant Health Director Helene Wright, Los Angeles County Agricultural Commissioner Kurt Floren, Lindcove Research and Extension Center Director Dr. Beth Grafton-Cardwell, University of California Cooperative Extension County Director and Environmental Horticulture Advisor Dr. John Kabashima, and Village Nurseries’ Mike Babineau. | <urn:uuid:9645fade-312c-4da4-8184-5c0d6008aeac> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.westernfarmpress.com/government/invasive-pests-inflict-multibillion-dollar-toll-california | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211403.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817010303-20180817030303-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.907672 | 504 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Examples of use
In major keys, major chords are found on the I, IV and V (1st, 4th and 5th) degrees of the scale.
In F major, that means F, Bb and C. These three chords form the basis of a huge number of popular songs.
In a minor key, a major chord is found on the III, V and VI (3rd, 5th and 6th) degrees of the scale.
For example, in Bb minor, there are major chords on Db, Gb and F | <urn:uuid:acea6e6e-8360-4fff-9655-659db55001ee> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/F.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482284.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205213531-20191206001531-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.973524 | 116 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Wellness is a state of complete physical, psychological, and social health. It is defined by the World Health And Wellness Organization as the lack of ailment, infirmity, and also handicap. Nevertheless, different meanings of health exist, including one that concentrates on mental health and wellness. All the same, the World Health and wellness Organization defines health and wellness broadly. For instance, people that remain in health are typically better, have less anxiety, and also live longer than those that are in poor health.
Health and wellness can be impacted by numerous variables, consisting of genetics as well as way of life. For instance, higher socioeconomic standing has been connected to better health, better education and learning, and also far better access to healthcare. On the other hand, reduced socioeconomic status is related to more stress and anxiety, poorer health, and more marital and financial instability. Furthermore, bad wellness is commonly worsened by social variables, such as absence of access to healthy and balanced foods.
In 1948, the Globe Health Organization (WHO) adopted a constitution that recognized health and wellness as a fundamental human right. According to the constitution, everybody deserves to enjoy the highest achievable requirement of health, no matter race, political ideas, or financial status. In addition, many country states have actually recommended the right to health and wellness in their constitutions. Therefore, they are legally called for to shield the right to wellness and also attend to its determinants.
The meaning of wellness is regularly altering, integrating brand-new findings and changing beliefs. Health can impact a person’s emotional health, the method they associate with their peers, and the method they communicate with the environment. It can additionally affect their physical problem and the capacity to perform social activities. In short, it is necessary to identify what type of health is right for each person as well as create methods accordingly.
The plurality of interpretations of wellness shows the multiplicity of contexts that specify it. Among the first contexts in which the idea arises is the house context. Within this context, ideas make good sense mainly within the home, yet also outside the home. It is essential to recognize that conceptualizing is a procedure of building a phenomenon, including its boundary as well as web content. The goal of conceptualizing is to provide it a specific significance and identity. Moreover, most concepts of wellness indicate a social connection between the specific and also culture.
To put it simply, health and wellness is a state of full physical, mental, as well as social wellness. Health and wellness might also be specified as the lack of illness or infirmity. The Globe Health Organization has actually used many different definitions of health and wellness. But the basic meaning of health is that of total physical, mental, as well as social health, as well as is a reflection of an individual’s genetics, physical environment, and also way of life. Yet it is additionally a state of well-being as well as the ability to handle day-to-day jobs and also demands.
However, the definition of healthiness is not simple and relies on a range of aspects. As an example, a private with a weak heart might be not able to carry out well in a literally requiring atmosphere. In contrast, a person with a strong immune system might be able to cope with physical hardships and also conditions. Moreover, a person’s psychological condition may additionally affect their physical weight and basic performance.
While Australians have accessibility to high quality health and wellness information, there are still several elements of the healthcare system that lack adequate details to sustain policymaking. The absence of nationwide information, incomplete and hard to reach data, and also absence of person-centred data are all indicators of data gaps. Additionally, data are not in a meaningful layout, as well as some information might not be representative of one individual.
Health and wellness disparities are one more problem worsened by socioeconomic status as well as race. Indigenous Americans, Hispanics, as well as other ethnic groups, specifically Blacks, have consistently encountered obstacles to healthiness. These spaces can be reduced by boosting possibilities for all. By enhancing accessibility to premium education and learning, better job leads, and also enrichment opportunities, variations in wellness can be closed.
Historically, health and wellness was considered to be a vital factor in human existence. Greek thinkers understood health as the equilibrium as well as unity of the heart and soul. Additionally, they highlighted the relevance of proper diet regimen and exercise for a healthy way of life. Similarly, old Indian and also Chinese medicine integrated comparable concepts. According to the Greek philosopher Pindar, “Health and wellness is a state of convenience and also absence of discomfort.” These ideas of health and wellness have been influential in the history of medication.
Achieving and keeping wellness is an ongoing process. It is shaped by adjustments in understanding as well as healthcare methods, arranged interventions, and personal methods.
Preserving and attaining good health is vital for living life to the greatest. A healthy and balanced way of living aids the body as well as the mind regrow and also stop illness. It also aids extend an individual’s life-span. In other words, wellness is an energetic way of life that advertises wellness and also protects against condition. It is also a matter of maintaining the body’s all-natural metabolic efficiency.
Regardless of the variations in between races and ethnic groups, Americans can gain from boosted health and wellness and well-being. Raising chances for every person can help in reducing gaps in wellness and also enhance health equity. Improved access to education and learning, job opportunity, and enrichment chances for all people can assist to improve the lifestyle and also decrease health and wellness disparities. Nevertheless, boosting health is difficult, and also there are a range of barriers in the method of health.
Accessibility to details concerning health and wellness is vital for the health care system in modern-day society. While wellness information is commonly offered in Australia, there are still information spaces that can limit the efficiency of treatment. There are several reasons for data gaps. For example, in some areas there are no national wellness information at all, or the data is not detailed or meaningful. Furthermore, some data are event-based, as opposed to person-centred. This means it is hard to track the use of multiple services by a bachelor, and it is difficult to establish how that individual uses a number of services at the same time. Article source
Health-related lifestyle has ended up being a significant concern in public health. The Globe Health and wellness Organization defines health and wellness as a person’s complete physical, mental, and also social wellness. In 2005, the that identified the importance of enhancing people’s quality of life. With life expectancy increasing, researchers are looking beyond morbidity and mortality prices to gauge lifestyle. | <urn:uuid:c205290a-8010-4401-a8e3-88e85cc45511> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://thefreebiesworld.com/currently-is-the-time-for-you-to-know-the-truth-about-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710813.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201121601-20221201151601-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.96988 | 1,389 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Bands of strong thunderstorms are wrapping around the center of Tropical Storm Anggrek in the Southern Indian Ocean, according to satellite imagery. NASA's Aqua satellite captured an infrared look at those strong thunderstorms today.
NASA's Aqua satellite passed over Anggrek on Nov. 3 at 07:05 UTC (3:05 a.m. EDT) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard captured an infrared image of the cold thunderstorms within the system. The image showed that strong, high thunderstorm cloud tops tightly circled the storm's center. There was also strong convection (rapidly rising air that forms the thunderstorms the power a tropical cyclone) along the southern edge of the low-level center of circulation.
At 0900 UTC (5 a.m. EDT), Tropical Storm Anggrek's maximum sustained winds were near 50 knots (57 mph) with higher gusts. It was about 140 nautical miles south of the Cocos Islands near 14.6 South and 96.9 East. It was moving southwest near 7 mph and is expected to continue moving in that direction.
Anggrek is in an area of moderate vertical wind shear (winds that can weaken and tear apart a tropical cyclone). By the weekend, Anggrek is forecast to steadily weaken and dissipate as it encounters cooler waters and stronger wind shear. | <urn:uuid:c6560d14-2580-43bd-bdf8-6e3fa2d40a68> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/nsfc-tsa110310.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686077.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919235817-20170920015817-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.937424 | 283 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Massachusetts is leading the charge in dual-use solar installations, making it possible to grow some crops and pasture animals while generating clean energy.
By Sarah Shemkus Read full Civil Eats article here
he solar panels in the fields at the University of Massachusetts Crop Research and Education Center don’t look like what most of us have come to expect. Instead of hunkering close to the earth, they’re mounted seven feet off the ground, with ample room for farmers or cows to wander underneath. Panels are separated by two- and three-foot gaps, instead of clustering tightly together. Light streams through these spaces and, underneath, rows of leafy kale and Brussels sprouts replace the typical bare earth or grass.
This unusual arrangement is one of the first examples of a dual-use solar installation—sometimes called agrivoltaics. It’s a photovoltaic array that’s raised far enough off the ground and spaced in such a way that some crops can still grow around and beneath the panels. The goal is to help farmers diversify their income through renewable energy generation, while keeping land in agricultural use and reducing greenhouse gas emissions…. | <urn:uuid:5223bc09-0234-4fcb-a77f-9d9edf240a14> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://elliecohen.org/2019/01/24/agrivoltaics-solar-panels-on-farms-could-be-a-win-win/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740679.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815035250-20200815065250-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.907353 | 243 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Relationships and Resources
An Origin of Man's Needs
A person engages in relationships to meet physical and spiritual needs, as well as to better create an identity for the self. These are also reasons people engage in parasocial relationships. Parasocial relationships are one-sided interpersonal relationships that are made possible by technological mediation. These types of bonds allow for a projection of identity onto partners who are not engaged in the relationship, hence the one-sided nature of these relationships. For most people, such relationships take the form of emotional attachment to celebrities, or even attachment to fictional characters portrayed by celebrities. Advances in technology increasingly create the possibility of parasocial bonds that are not just mediated by technology, as in the case of reading about a celebrity’s personal life, but that exist with the technology itself. This is especially the case with technology that emulates human intelligence or is otherwise personified. However, the meaning must still be created and contextualized by human authors, or as Thomas Streeter wrote, “a new gadget has to be given social meaning.”
Social relationships have historically helped humans survive and thrive as a practical concern by gathering and sharing resources. Just as no person is an island unto him/herself, no person is able to live without some aid from others. Emotions are feedback loops that reinforce this need for both sociability and resources, with negative emotions resulting from not gaining enough external life-giving resources. These resources contribute to human consciousness in a direct way, as long-term memory requires new proteins to expand, but short-term memory does not. If a person were a goldfish with no memory and an eternally-repeating present moment, an extension of the self and abstracted relationships would not be necessary or desired. Implicit memory reinforces skills and reflexes through synaptic consolidation, but explicit memory, which is in charge of human consciousness, aids recollection in humans so that they seek to actively further life and minimize a waste of resources. The potential to understand death as a possible future, or to perceive of a future at all, is what gives humankind the power of imagination.
Extending the Self With Technology
Questions of Authorship
Imagination, coupled with the desire to minimize risk and maximize reward, has encouraged humankind to create technologies that serve to distance itself from life-threatening situations. Technology, then, is an extended body for humankind’s ideas, a safe means of transportation to new intellectual arenas without fear of harm to a corporeal form. But extending the self into forms that are not human bodies and/or creating devices that in some way mimic human traits are both potential ways to create some confusion about the origins of technologically-mediated minds. Is the technology acting on its own agency and sentience? Or does it just serve as a conduit for human sentience? Sometimes, it is clear what the origin of the idea or communication is; when a person answers his/her voicemail, he/she doesn’t think the phone has crafted the message. Quite the opposite, an ingrained technology may be so invisible that a person does not even consciously consider the mediation of the communication. As Marshall McLuhan said, “The content blinds us to the form.” However, an answering machine potentially obscures the origins of a message. If someone doesn’t leave a name and number, the origin of the message may be unknown.
In a similar way, mediated technologies like books or television obscure the original author of the message. In a narrative format, this is done purposely to create a suspension of disbelief in the audience that allows it to relate directly to fictional characters rather than the original author. One of the most enduring examples of narrative transportation into perceiving characters as real are those that appear in religious texts such as the Christian Bible. For many people, this transportation is so complete as to grant agency to characters from these texts, fully believing that the character of God is the actual author of the text. Like the example of the answering machine, the technology of the book obscures the original author, making it unclear if it was God or human.
Bringing the Fire of Choice to Man
In the modern world, consumers understand that all communications ultimately have a human origin, even if technology obscures that origin. As Kevin Kelly writes, advances in technology are the expressions of personal decisions made by humans, with the technology acting on personal agency. This lack of real agency is true for characters in stories as well. All characters are the results of human endeavor. But the potential for creating a sentient technology granted with its own agency is a popular subject for fictional narratives. An example of this is in the viral video/fictional TED talk for the movie Prometheus. In it, technocratic CEO Peter Weyland (actor Guy Pearce) states that “We...can create cybernetic individuals...who will be completely indistinguishable from us. Which leads to an obvious conclusion...We are the gods now.” The character’s assumption is that creating a sentient artificial life would elevate humankind in relation to the new consciousness. But if God or the gods are just characters whose agency is determined by human authors, then becoming God or gods is tantamount to becoming characters who are no longer in control of their own destinies.
However, the more popular notion among humanity for achieving godhood is not a loss of agency, but an acquisition of power. As Henry Miller wrote in The Colossus of Maroussi, “If men cease to believe that they will one day become gods, then they will surely become worms.” Other stories conflate the same point with stark literalness, as when the protagonist Leto Atreides II, in pursuit of power, simultaneously becomes both sandworm and God Emperor in Frank Herbert’s Dune novels. All of these stories have in common a human author’s offered opinion on the meaning of self and identity, and these opinions are fictionally reinforced by the agency granted to the characters espousing “their” viewpoints, not the author’s. The technology of the book or movie creates a gap between the author’s real-world self and his or her ideas, and this gap allows for a self-examination that is only possible through media. The audience considers the author’s voice in constructing the message, but also examines the ideas of the text separate from their origin (this is of course even easier to do if the author’s real identity is obscured or distorted). In this way, assuming abstracted points of view and ideas through mediated sources is an exercise in continually constructing and defining a personality for the self.# This potentially leads to solipsism and the idea that people themselves are not inherently interesting, but relevant only for what ideas those people express.
What Happens When Our Ideas Gain Their Own Skin?
If people are valued because of their ideas and opinions, and not as defined by their corporeal form, then it is not that much of a leap to grant agency to other forms that can prove sentience. Which is where we will continue in the next part of this examination of parasocial relationships. Would you like to know more? | <urn:uuid:a4ff86d5-ca17-4e29-ad89-b3bb99c89fa8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.infobarrel.com/Defining_the_Self_Through_Parasocial_Relationships | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822116.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017144041-20171017164041-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.950283 | 1,461 | 3.25 | 3 |
Bryanston Science Society explores the ocean depths
On 14 November the Science Society welcomed Dr Jon Copley, an Associate Professor in Marine Ecology at Southampton University and also the current British record holder for the individual who has dived deepest under the ocean.
Dr Copley’s talk, the third of this term’s Science Society lectures, was about life at the bottom of the deep oceans, which cover half of the planet but appear very alien to us on the surface. In particular he discussed his discoveries of new species around geothermal vents caused by the separation of tectonic plates. He even brought some preserved examples of crabs and shrimps from these exotic locations and a sample of solidified lava from the seabed that we could pass around and touch.
Expeditions mean living and working on a ship for months at a time and recent exploration has included the East Scotia Ridge near South Georgia. The main tool used is a remotely controlled submarine about the size of a car which can dive to 6,500m. It stays at depth for a long time powered by an umbilical cable and controlled by scientists on board the ship. While exploring the Cayman trench Dr Copley also used a manned submarine. The sub is not connected to the ship and is battery powered, limiting the time it can be used. The pressure inside is kept at 1 atmosphere while the pressure outside is thousands of times greater. The cabin is a perfect sphere of thick titanium to withstand the pressure. Looking through a porthole offers opportunities to explore that are not possible with a remote controlled camera.
During the talk Dr Copley also revealed some of the technical developments made possible by this research including new optical fibres, cancer drugs and low temperature biological washing powders. He finished with a statement that was evidently true from all we had seen and heard, that this research offers the chance to explore the unknown in a way that few scientific fields can. | <urn:uuid:b12ad3cb-5152-4e5f-b4e5-8a0ba61efabd> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.bryanston.co.uk/news/?pid=3&nid=57&storyid=161 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102757.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816231829-20170817011829-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.959926 | 397 | 3.140625 | 3 |
- TO ENJOY NATURE -
Outdoor Education includes educational activities which are based on the use of the natural environment as a privileged pedagogical setting where children can have educational experiences and learn by doing, thus stimulating long-term memory.
Practicing didactics in nature, does not simply mean moving the educational activities outside, but rather contextualizing teaching in a natural environment that becomes a real classroom with enormous educational potential. It means involving children in this “natural classroom” at 360°, so that he or she can experiment, marvel, play, and explore. Children thus are exposed to a natural learning that is not constrained by a rigid educational program. Being in close contact with nature and learning in a natural environment, will also foster the development of new skills, such as motor, creative and interpersonal skills through a sensory and experience-based approach.
We believe that it is necessary for children to live real experiences in nature and establish a functional pedagogical link between nature and learning in order to become conscious and aware adults. Through Environmental Education, children will be educated about sustainability and environmental issues, motivated and encouraged to protect our planet and be more aware of the world around them.
The childhood benefits related to the rediscovered bond with nature, also concern the child’s psycho-physical well-being.
A great number of scientific evidence has demonstrated countless positive implications of this bond with nature. For example, studies from the World Health Organization (WHO) reveal that a natural education reduces the possibility of long-term childhood disorders such as fragility. The WHO explains that children experiencing excessive sedentariness early on, often are subject to negative repercussions in learning and motor advancements.
Outdoor education also has a positive effect on the strengthening of the child’s immune defences and reducing anxiety and stress. As a direct consequence, children are less likely to fall sick, are more relaxed and show less concentration and behavioural problems.
- TO BE CHILDREN -
The natural environment plays an essential role, but it is important to combine this setting with specific educational objectives tailored to children’s age and personality.
In line with the ministerial guidelines on pre-school competences and key guidelines established at the European level, Iaia has four main priorities:
- Identity building: developing self-confidence, acting with awareness, feeling secure in the school context and building a positive self-image.
- Development of autonomy: trusting others, feeling satisfied doing things on one’s own and being able to ask for help. To be open to social relations with teachers and peers, to participate actively, to be able to understand one’s own potential and to express one’s feelings and opinions.
- Development of key competences (motor, cognitive, emotional, linguistic and social): playing, moving, manipulating, snooping, questioning, learning through experience and exploration, listening and understanding narrations, speaking both about factual events and inventing stories in a creative way.
- First experiences of citizenship: discovering and knowing how to live with other people, resolving disagreements that may arise through shared rules, showing interest in considering the point of view of others and understanding gender differences, recognising equal rights for all.
- to choose freely in the future by learning English -
The choice to teach in English at pre-school age will ensure that children attending Iaia have a reliable language base in English. This is fundamental for becoming aware citizens in an increasingly multicultural and multilingual society, as well as preparing students for future school choices.
Furthermore, neurolinguistic studies have shown that the early acquisition of several languages “sculpts” the child’s brain microanatomically, as opposed to the process of learning a second language when an adult.
This early language acquisition, leads to the development of phonological and morphosyntactic skills that will be stored in the implicit (long-term) memory, which is designed for automatic behaviour. As a result, there will be a natural use of the foreign language and a better acquisition of its pronunciation, morphology and syntax.
It has also been shown that learning a second language from an early age improves problem solving skills, encouraging creativity and abstract thinking.
IAIA offers an educational approach inspired by the CLIL method and based on the
T.P.R. -S (Total Physical Response – Storytelling), a teaching method which is particularly effective in the acquisition of new vocabulary. By combining a word with the relevant action, it allows the involvement of the child’s body and senses (visual, auditory and kinesthetic) in language acquisition.
As a result, our educational program has a playful pedagogical formula and is based on gaining experience in English during daily and concrete activities. The program includes hands-on activities, exploration of the natural world, songs, nursery rhymes, narratives, interactive activities and educational materials related to our pedagogical objectives.
The process of learning the foreign language will be supported mainly by the use of body language and facial expressions, allowing children to easily understand a concept before they even know the words, and without the need to translate the words into their mother tongue. It is important that the English language is used as much as possible so that children can learn from listening, emulation of sounds and repetition, which is essential to help understand the language and acquire its rhythm. In this way English is “experienced” in the general educational and emotional context.
The Italian language, instead, will be used in specific educational activities related to learning new and more complex concepts for Italian mother tongue children.
IAIA OUTDOOR EDUCATION
IAIA SRL SB – P.IVA 12306570016 – C.F. 12306570016 | Sede operativa: strada Pino Torinese 61 – 10020 Baldissero T.se (TO) – Sede legale: via Cavour 41 – 10123 TORINO | <urn:uuid:6faf0ceb-9e10-421b-b1b7-17149c66dfe5> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://iaiaedu.com/en/the-method/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033816.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220624213908-20220625003908-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.94509 | 1,239 | 3.90625 | 4 |
The term FODMAP is an acronym, deriving from “Fermentable, Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides and Polyols“. The restriction of these FODMAPs from the diet has been found to have a beneficial effect for sufferers of irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders.
The low FODMAP diet is a dietary approach used to decrease/minimize symptoms of:
These symptoms are quite common and are present in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. They are hard to treat and can be very disruptive. These symptoms are often present in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
The FODMAP Foods
The term FODMAPs is used to describe a collection of short-chain carbohydrates found in many common foods. FODMAPs stands for Fermentable Oligo-, Di- and Mono-saccharides, and Polyols.
Consuming foods high in FODMAPs results in the above symptoms. These food items are poorly absorbed, highly osmotic and rapidly fermented by GI bacteria, leading to increased volume of liquid and gas in the GI tract, which then leads to GI tract distention that causes changes in GI motility, bloating, discomfort and flatulence.
A low FODMAP diet should result in a decrease in digestive symptoms. There is a cumulative effect of these foods on symptoms. In other words, eating foods with varying FODMAP values at the same time will add up, resulting in symptoms that you might not experience if you ate the food in isolation.
Click HERE to view or download a FODMAP Food Chart
F – Fermentable or produce gas
O – (Fructans and Galactans): Fructans are carbohydrates that are completely malabsorbed because the intestine lacks an enzyme to break their fructose-fructose bond. For this reason, fructans can contribute to bloating, gas, and pain. Wheat accounts for the majority of people’s fructan intake. Galactans are carbohydrates that are malabsorbed for the same reason as fructans; the intestine does not have the enzyme needed to break down galactans. Consequently, galactans can contribute to gas and GI distress.
D – (Lactose): Lactose is the carbohydrate found in cows, sheep’s and goat milk. Lactose intolerance is caused by partial or complete lack of the enzyme lactAse which digests lactose. When lactose is not completely digested, it contributes to the abdominal bloating, pain, gas and diarrhea, often occurring 30 minutes to two hours following the consumption of milk and milk containing products.
M – (Fructose): Fructose is a carbohydrate found in fruit, honey, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and agave syrup, but not all fructose containing foods need to be limited on a low FODMAPs diet. Fructose malabsorption is similar to lactose intolerance, in that fructose is not completely digested in the GI tract due to the lack of an enzyme, but unlike lactose intolerance the absorption of fructose is dependent on another carbohydrate, glucose. Therefore, fructose containing foods with a 1:1 ratio of fructose to glucose are generally well tolerated on FODMAPs diet and conversely, foods with excess fructose compared with glucose, such as apples, pears and mangos, will likely trigger abdominal symptoms.
A – and
P – (Polyols): Polyols are also known as sugar alcohols. They are found naturally in some fruits and vegetables and added as sweeteners to sugar-free gums, mints, cough drops and medications. Sugar alcohols have varying effects on the bowel.
Low FODMAP Diet instructions:
To assess your tolerance for these compounds, eliminate foods high in FODMAPs for 6-8 weeks and then gradually reintroduce foods to identify bothersome foods. Reintroduce one food every four days with a 2-week break between bothersome foods. The goal is to identify the threshold at which you are able to consume FODMAP containing foods without causing bothersome GI symptoms.
Foods that are high in FODMAPs may aggravate your GI complaints but they are not causing an allergic reaction or an autoimmune reaction in your body. The foods high in FODMAPs that elicit GI symptoms are causing functional discomfort in your gut that result in gas, bloating, distention etc.
Online Resources for More Information:
Gibson PR, Narrett, JS. Clinimal ramifications of malabsorption of fructose and other short-chain carbohydrates. Practical Gastroenterology, August 2007
Gibson PR, Sheperd SJ. Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach. J of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 25(2010) 252-258
Scarlat, K FODMAPs Basics, Well Balanced. Food. Life. Travel.
Scarlata, K. Successful Low FODMAP living. Today’s Dietitian, March 2012
Scarlata, K The FODMAPs Approach-Minimize Consumption of Fermentable Carbs to Manage Functional Gut Disorder Symptoms. Today’s Dietician, August 2010 | <urn:uuid:a4bf0260-c511-4e83-a71a-487c1e637be4> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.regionalgi.com/patient-care/fodmap-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155924.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919043926-20180919063926-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.91429 | 1,087 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Understanding the MECE Framework
The MECE Framework is a structured way to understand and analyze complex problems. It stands for Mutually Exclusive and Collectively Exhaustive. Its focus is to break down a problem into clear and complete parts. If you know the MECE Framework, you will have a better outlook on how to solve problems.
Stage 1 is to gather all related information and data. This is very important to gain a good understanding of the problem. For example, if it is about online dating, you need to explore the various stages and factors people go through when they do online dating.
Stage 2 is to break down the problem into separate categories. When it comes to online dating, this could mean categorizing the different stages that people go through. These stages can include making a profile, browsing, making contact, and going on dates. By categorizing them separately, you can analyze each part and find any issues or opportunities for improvement.
Stage 3 is to make an exhaustive analysis. For online dating, this means thinking about all possible factors and variables that can affect the process. You should consider individual preferences, messaging strategies, and profile attractiveness. This thorough analysis makes sure you do not miss anything, so you can understand online dating better.
By using the MECE Framework, you can get a structured and complete perspective on the different stages of online dating. This framework allows a systematic analysis that looks at all the factors which can help you succeed in online dating. By following the tips and advices provided by Dating9, you can get the best results out of your dating journey.
The Growing Popularity of Online Dating
With the rise of online dating platforms and the influential role of technology on modern dating, the popularity of online dating is soaring. From the convenience of finding potential partners to the diverse range of options available, this section explores the growing phenomenon of online dating and how it has transformed the way people approach romantic relationships. One of the newest and most innovative approaches to the online dating world is compassionate dating site – an online platform that utilizes psychologically driven algorithms to connect compatible individuals that are looking for meaningful, long–term relationships.
The Rise of Online Dating Platforms
Online dating platforms have shot up in popularity due to the rise of technology in recent years. Smartphones and the Internet have enabled people to connect in ways that were not possible before. This has created a surge in online dating services, catering to various interests and demographics.
- Online dating has become more common and diverse.
- People are taking advantage of the convenience and efficiency of online dating.
- Online services offer a larger selection of partners than traditional methods.
- Technology makes it easier to meet people with similar interests and values.
- Online dating gives people more control over their dating experience.
- The rise of online dating reflects a change in attitudes to digital interactions and relationships.
Furthermore, these services provide features such as messaging, profile creation, and compatibility testing to help users find compatible partners. Technology has also changed how people start relationships. Online dating platforms have become a key feature of modern dating culture, providing opportunities for connection and romance that were once limited by location.
It’s important to remember that online dating is continuously changing and adapting to meet the needs of users. With advances in technology and increased awareness of online safety, these platforms are becoming increasingly popular as they offer people new possibilities for finding love and companionship. A great way to find relationship success is by joining a dating older women dating site.
The Influence of Technology on Dating
Technology has had a major influence on dating lately. Online dating platforms give individuals access to more potential partners than ever before. This has changed the way people meet and form relationships, as tech makes communication much easier. Algorithms also play an essential role in matchmaking, using data and AI to find suitable matches. Tech has been beneficial for marginalized communities, providing a platform to connect with similar backgrounds and experiences.
Dating apps and websites make finding a partner much simpler and more accessible. People can browse profiles and communicate from the comfort of their own home, crossing geographical barriers. Personality tests and matchmaking algorithms help suggest compatible matches.
Tech has completely revolutionized the beginning stages of online dating. Creating an attractive profile with nice photos is crucial to catching the attention of potential partners. Crafting the first message is also a key factor that will make or break the connection. Online messaging tools allow people to take more time constructing their opening lines.
Studies have been conducted to assess the impact of online dating on relationships. Results reveal that technology has changed how people perceive relationships. Online dating has enabled individuals to explore different types of connections, like casual hookups or long-term partnerships.
It’s important to remember that there are certain challenges and setbacks related to online dating. Safety should be taken seriously, so be cautious about sharing personal details and meeting in person. Recognizing red flags is also necessary to avoid dangerous situations.
Lots of success stories have come from the influence of tech on dating. Individuals who may not have even crossed paths in real life can find their soulmate through online platforms. Tech gives people the opportunity to broaden their social circles and find love outside of their immediate environment. These success stories prove the positive effect technology has had on modern dating culture.
The 8 Stages of Online Dating
Embark on an exciting journey through the 8 stages of online dating. Discover the secrets behind choosing the perfect dating app or site, creating an irresistible profile, and mastering the art of the first move. We’ll explore the intricacies of navigating initial conversations, transitioning to in-person meetings, and defining the relationship. Learn how to stay patient, embrace setbacks, and have fun along the way. Plus, unlock essential safety precautions to ensure a secure online dating experience. Get ready to dive into the world of online romance!
Choosing the Right Dating App or Site
Choosing the right dating app or site is essential. Online dating platforms have made it simpler to meet new people. Technology has changed the way we date, giving us plenty of options.
Before deciding what to use, figure out your goal and what you want from a relationship. Different apps and sites provide different preferences. Research the platforms and compare them. Check out user demographics, success rates, and features. Pick a platform that’s right for you.
An intuitive interface can improve the online dating experience. Look for apps and sites that are easy to understand. Safety is important too. Go for platforms with strong security measures such as identity verification and moderation. Check if they offer resources on safe online dating practices.
Reading reviews from other users can help you. Pay attention to feedback on fake profiles, privacy, and user satisfaction. Trust your instincts when choosing. Finding success in online dating starts with the right platform.
Creating an attractive profile is also important. Remember, a picture is worth a thousand swipes. Pick the right dating app or site and create an appealing profile.
Creating an Attractive Profile
Creating an eye-catching profile is essential for online dating. It’s the first impression matches have of you. Experts say taking time to make an interesting profile can boost your chances of finding a compatible date. Here are three steps for making an attractive profile:
|1||Pick photos well: Select high-quality images that show who you are and what you like doing. Use different shots that show different aspects of your life, such as hobbies, activities, and interests. Don’t use group shots or heavily filtered pictures, as these can be misleading when meeting someone in person.|
|2||Write a compelling bio: Keep it short but engaging, giving potential matches a look into your personality and interests. Use your own voice and show off your sense of humor or special traits that make you different from others. Don’t include generic clichés or meaningless statements; instead, highlight what makes you genuinely interesting and date-worthy.|
|3||Highlight compatibility: Clearly say what you want in a partner to attract like-minded people. List specific qualities or values that are important to you in a relationship and explain why they’re meaningful. This helps filter out incompatible matches and boosts the chances of finding a good match.|
By following the above steps, you can create an attractive profile that catches the attention of potential dates. To make the profile even more eye-catching, consider adding personal anecdotes or stories that show who you are. Authenticity is key, so don’t be scared to show the real you.
You can also discuss your aspirations and goals in your profile. This gives potential matches a better understanding of what you’re looking for in a relationship and where you see yourself in the future.
Remember, an attractive profile isn’t just about getting as many matches as possible. It’s about finding the right match for you. Show your true self and let your profile portray your unique qualities. Putting effort into creating an attractive profile increases your chances of finding someone who truly appreciates and resonates with the real you.
Making the First Move: Messaging Tips
Messaging is a must when it comes to online dating. It’s the first move that starts the conversation between two individuals. It needs thoughtful and strategic communication for a successful connection. Here are key tips for sending messages in online dating:
- Start off personalized: Reference something from the person’s profile or show interest in their hobbies or interests. It shows that you have taken the time to read their profile.
- Keep it brief and interesting: Long-winded messages could be off-putting. Aim for an engaging message that captures attention and leaves wanting more.
- Respectful and courteous: Maintain a polite and respectful tone while messaging. Avoid overly forward or inappropriate comments.
- Show your personality: Let your true self shine through your messages. Inject humor, share interesting anecdotes, or showcase your passions.
- Don’t be scared to ask questions: Asking thoughtful questions shows genuine interest. It keeps the conversation going and lets you learn more about each other.
These tips help when making the first move in online dating. It sets the foundation for meaningful interactions and increases chances of success. Personalizing messages, keeping them engaging, being courteous, showing personality, and asking questions are key to successful online interactions. They help navigate the initial stages of online dating and create positive experiences.
Now, let’s explore the next stage: Navigating Initial Conversations and Assessing Compatibility. It’s like tightrope walking; it’s a 50-50 chance of finding a compatible partner or becoming awkward.
Navigating Initial Conversations and Assessing Compatibility
Choosing the perfect dating app or site is the first step when it comes to initial conversations. Crafting an attractive profile is important for finding compatible matches and starting engaging conversations. When messaging, use thoughtful and personalized messages to create a positive rapport with potential partners.
It’s essential to ask open-ended questions, actively listen, and show genuine interest in the other person during initial conversations. Taking the next step by arranging face-to-face meetings allows individuals to evaluate if their compatibility goes beyond virtual interactions.
As the conversations progress, one should discuss expectations, boundaries, and what each individual seeks from the relationship. Patience and enjoyment are key during this stage. Staying motivated, having fun, and maintaining an open mindset are key elements to finding a compatible partner. Lastly, safety is key – be aware of precautions and red flags to protect yourself throughout the online dating journey.
Transitioning from Online to Offline: The Importance of In-Person Meetings
Online dating is about transitioning from virtual communication to real-life meetings. This is very important for getting to know someone and creating a real connection. Research shows that successful relationships involve smooth transitions.
You need to choose the right dating app or site. Create an attractive profile and make the first move by sending interesting messages. As conversations progress, assess compatibility. Don’t rely on online communication; plan for in-person meetings.
Real-life dates are where the true essence of the relationship is explored further. Observe body language, tone of voice and chemistry. These elements help to build a genuine connection and understand if there is attraction.
Each stage of online dating contributes to the transition process. Building trust and rapport online lays the foundation for comfortable offline interactions. Take safety precautions during these transitions. Red flags should be observed and boundaries set if necessary.
Transitioning from online dating to real-life is key for creating meaningful connections. Through mindful navigation of the stages before meeting offline, genuine relationships can flourish beyond the digital realm.
Defining the Relationship
During the stage of ‘defining the relationship’, individuals need to communicate openly and honestly. They talk about topics like exclusivity, future plans, and if they are compatible. To do this, people need good communication skills and be open about their feelings and goals.
Experts suggest taking time and being on the same page before going forward. It is important to have clear boundaries, respect each other’s feelings, and be prepared for any outcome.
The process of defining the relationship can be tricky. But it is important for creating a strong foundation in a romantic partnership. Open communication, trust, and a shared vision for the future are essential for having a healthy and successful relationship.
Patience and Enjoyment: Dealing with Setbacks and Having Fun
Patience and enjoyment are key in online dating. Setbacks are common, but just a part of the journey. Embracing them with resilience and a positive mindset helps you learn and understand your preferences.
To enjoy online dating, stay open-minded and curious. Have a sense of humor when setbacks come up. Balance is essential too. Take breaks for self-care and mental well-being.
Effective communication is crucial. Adapt to the personality of your match. Recognize each person’s unique style and use active listening. Highlight similarities and shared interests to build a connection.
The importance of patience and perseverance is shown in Emily’s story. She faced setbacks, no replies, and bad dates. But she kept trying and eventually found Alex. They clicked and have been happily dating since. Patience and perseverance lead to enjoyment and love.
Ensuring Safety: Precautions and Red Flags to Look Out for
When online dating, it’s a must to prioritize safety and be aware of potential red flags. Take precautions and stay alert! It’s important to balance caution with open-mindedness.
To ensure safety, never share too much personal info early on. Keep an eye out for warning signs; inconsistent stories, excessive flattery, or money requests are all red flags.
Meeting in public for the first date is vital. Even better, inform a friend or family member of the meeting. With the right awareness and preparedness, one can navigate online dating with confidence.
Recognizing red flags is essential to maintaining safety and well-being. Educate yourself on common indicators of deception. Establish trust before divulging personal info or meeting in person. Keep skepticism and caution in mind to increase safety while exploring online dating possibilities.
Insights from Dating Experts and Studies
Insights from dating experts and studies reveal eye-opening perspectives on the world of online dating. Discover expert tips for successful online dating, the impact of online dating on love and relationships, how online dating has transformed dating culture, the power of algorithms in matchmaking, and the positive impact of online dating on marginalized communities. Get ready to dive deep into the fascinating realm of online dating with the knowledge and insights shared by experts in the field.
Expert Tips for Successful Online Dating
Online dating can be a great success if you pay attention to the advice of experts. This advice is based on research and the knowledge of experienced professionals. To make your online dating experience successful, remember to:
- Be yourself: Show who you really are in your profile and conversations. This will ensure that you attract people who are compatible with you.
- Choose the right platform: It is important to find a platform that fits your needs. Different sites are designed for different kinds of people.
- Take your time: Building a connection takes time. Don’t rush and get to know someone before meeting them offline.
Experts also suggest other tips for successful online dating. You should understand how technology affects dating, create an attractive profile and use effective messaging strategies. Following these tips will help you find success in online dating.
The Impact of Online Dating on Love and Relationships
Online dating has massively impacted love and relationships. It has altered the way people meet and connect with potential partners, providing a plethora of opportunities. Here are some of its key effects:
- Accessibility: Online dating platforms have made it simpler for individuals to encounter and converse with a larger group of possible partners.
- Social Norms: The expansion of online dating has changed societal opinions on dating and relationships. With more people adopting the online dating lifestyle, there is more approval of meeting partners through digital channels, which has led to a greater variety of relationship dynamics.
- Compatibility: Online dating platforms use complex algorithms that consider factors like interests, values, and objectives to match people based on compatibility. This system has been found to improve the probability of successful and rewarding relationships.
Plus, online dating has also resulted in unforeseen results like blurring the boundaries between online and offline interactions. An essential tip for navigating the internet dating world is to do so with an open outlook. Be willing to try different options and be patient in finding the ideal match. Swipe left for a dinner date, swipe right for a cultural transformation: How online dating has revolutionised the dating landscape.
How Online Dating Has Transformed Dating Culture
Online dating has completely changed the way people date. It has made it more convenient and accessible to explore relationships. Technology has impacted traditional dating methods and replaced them with virtual interactions and matchmaking systems.
There are a few factors that have influenced this shift. Dating apps and websites have widened the pool of possible partners, so people can connect with those they would not have crossed paths with otherwise. Additionally, personality tests and complex algorithms make it easier to match people who are compatible.
Moreover, initial conversations and assessments of compatibility now take place online. This has changed the dynamics of getting to know someone, as people can chat virtually before deciding to meet in person. Safety is still important though, so precautions should be taken and any red flags should be taken seriously.
To sum up, online dating has revolutionized dating culture. It provides people with numerous options and opportunities to find potential partners. Through virtual interactions and advanced algorithms, it has become a powerful tool in forming relationships in the modern world.
The Power of Algorithms in Matchmaking
Algorithms wield tremendous power in matchmaking. Dating sites use them to analyze user data, likes, and actions to present suitable matches. By assessing interests, values, and goals, these algorithms can quickly browse databases of potential partners. The potency of these algorithms lies in their capacity to hasten the matchmaking process and improve the chances of finding a compatible partner.
These matchmaking algorithms are based on extensive research and analysis of prosperous relationships. They look at factors such as personality traits, compatibility indicators, and demographic info to determine possible matches. Through complex calculations and pattern recognition techniques, algorithms can spot similarities between people that could mean compatibility.
Moreover, algorithms learn and adjust as per user feedback and engagements. As users interact with the platform and give feedback on matches, the algorithms refine their matching capability over time. This improves the precision and efficiency of the matchmaking process.
Furthermore, some algorithms also take into account other factors such as geography or mutual connections. By looking at extra variables, algorithms can boost the chances of successful matches by raising the likelihood of real-world connections.
Online dating: Bringing love to the corners, one swipe at a time!
Positive Impact of Online Dating on Marginalized Communities
Online dating brings joy to marginalized communities. It gives them a platform to connect and form meaningful relationships. LGBTQ+ or people from ethnic minority backgrounds can find like-minded people who share their interests. This gives them a sense of belonging and support.
Geographical limits are broken. People from different locations can find each other, increasing the chances of finding a suitable match.
Features on online dating platforms prioritize inclusivity. People can specify their gender identity or sexual orientation, allowing them to express themselves authentically and find compatible matches.
Online dating helps marginalized communities by connecting them with people who understand their experiences. It breaks down geographical barriers and offers inclusive features, making it an empowering tool for those seeking love and companionship.
EliteSingles’ Guide to Online Dating can guide you to success with finding love online. Swiping left and right isn’t enough – a guidebook is essential!
EliteSingles’ Guide to Online Dating Success
In EliteSingles’ Guide to Online Dating Success, we will navigate through the crucial stages of finding love on the internet. From being ready to start dating to maintaining motivation, each sub-section will provide you with invaluable insights and tips for a successful online dating journey. Get prepared to choose the right dating site, create an appealing profile, make a memorable first impression, build trust, and be ready for that exciting first date. Let’s unlock the path to finding meaningful connections through the world of online dating.
Being Ready to Start Dating
Are you ready to date? Several important factors need considering. According to the reference data, one key aspect is picking the right dating platform. With the growth of online dating platforms, it is vital to select one that meets your requirements and goals. Technology has given us a wide range of options. Research and pick the platform carefully – it will enhance your online dating experience.
Creating an attractive profile is another essential step. This involves showing your qualities and interests, to attract potential matches. Putting effort into creating a profile shows commitment which increases your chances of success.
Other details worth considering are personality tests and intelligent matchmaking. This can help you find compatible matches based on shared values, interests and preferences. Utilizing this increases your chances of finding meaningful connections and experiences with online dating.
Don’t miss out on potential connections and experiences. Get started with online dating now. More people are using digital platforms for meeting new people. Don’t let fear or hesitation hold you back – take the plunge!
Choosing the Right Dating Site
When selecting a dating site, consider factors such as:
- Target Audience: Different dating sites appeal to different demographics, like age or religious groups. Knowing the target audience can help you decide which one best fits your needs.
- Features: Assess the features offered by each website and decide which are most necessary for your dating experience. Some may have better matching algorithms or communication tools than others.
- Pricing Options: Compare the pricing plans of various sites and assess how much you’re willing to spend. Some offer free memberships with limited features, while others may require a subscription fee.
Other factors to consider include user reviews and success stories, customer support availability, and security measures.
My friend’s story is a great example of why it’s important to find the right dating site. Initially, she was overwhelmed by the range of options. But after researching and considering her needs, she found a specialized site that connected people with similar hobbies. This allowed her to meet someone who shared her interest in hiking, leading to a meaningful relationship.
Finding love online is like a personality test – the answers are potential soulmates.
Utilizing Personality Tests and Intelligent Matchmaking
Personality tests and intelligent matchmaking are game-changers in online dating. They provide key insights into users’ personalities, so potential partners with compatible traits can be suggested. This personalized approach saves users time and effort by connecting them with matches who meet their specific criteria.
To fully benefit from these technologies, users must engage actively. Answer the questions honestly and thoughtfully during personality assessments. Also, explore suggested matches based on their test results, not just looks.
By embracing personality tests and intelligent matchmaking, individuals increase their chances of finding meaningful connections. It is an efficient way to find compatible partners, fostering the potential for long-lasting relationships.
Creating a great profile is essential. Think of it as a dating resume: instead of listing skills, showcase your best selfies.
Creating an Appealing Profile
For the perfect online dating profile, pick the right pics! Select high-quality and recent snaps for maximum appeal. Make sure to show different parts of your life.
Craft a captivating bio. Give a glimpse of who you are, and what you’re looking for. Use positive words, and show off unique qualities and hobbies.
Showcase your interests! Let potential matches know what you love, and what you value. That will help draw in like-minded folks.
It’s important to keep your profile fresh with new info or experiences. That will make it more engaging for potential matches.
So, chose a great pic. Craft a killer bio. And show off your interests. And don’t forget to keep it up to date. After all, a picture’s worth a thousand swipes!
Selecting the Perfect Profile Photo
Choosing the ideal profile photo is essential for online dating. It’s the initial impression potential matches will have of you. Here are some key factors to consider when selecting the perfect profile photo:
Firstly, showcase your authentic self. Avoid using heavily edited or filtered photos that may distort your genuine image.
Secondly, prioritize high-quality images that are clear and high-resolution. Such photos are more likely to attract attention and create a positive impression. Blurry or low-quality photos can give the wrong impression.
Thirdly, opt for a picture where you appear confident and approachable. Show a natural smile and good posture.
Additionally, display diversity in your profile. Include pictures of yourself engaged in hobbies, spending time with loved ones, etc.
Furthermore, pay attention to the background and surroundings in your photos. A clean and simple background will highlight your best features.
Lastly, seek feedback from friends/family members. They may provide insights on which photos present you in the best light.
By considering these factors, you can select the perfect profile photo. It will catch attention, accurately represent your true self, and increase your chances of making meaningful connections in online dating.
Making a Memorable First Impression: Crafting the First Message
Creating a great initial message is serious business when it comes to online dating. It can determine if a relationship will start, and set the tone for any future conversations. According to experts on “The 8 Stages of Online Dating,” there are tips to help make the first message a success.
Making a good first impression, as per the experts, is all about making the message personal. Don’t just send generic, copy-pasted messages. Instead, mention something from the recipient’s profile or talk about a shared interest. This shows that you’re interested and have made an effort.
Authenticity is essential. Let your personality and writing style show through. According to EliteSingles’ Guide to Online Dating Success, being genuine in the first message creates a stronger bond. Avoid cliches and don’t try too hard to impress. That way, your first message will be memorable.
To sum up, following expert advice, personalizing content, and being authentic will increase your chances of making a good first impression. Crafting the first message is key to making a memorable one, setting the tone for future conversations, and possibly leading to meaningful connections.
Building Trust and Rapport Online
Creating trust and rapport online requires forming a link and giving a sense of reliability and comfort in virtual interactions. This includes building a base of honest communication, truthfulness, and genuineness.
Experts suggest that being true and see-through in online dating profiles is essential. Making an attractive profile that correctly portrays oneself is vital for establishing trust with possible partners. This can be done by displaying one’s hobbies, values, and ambitions.
On top of creating an eye-catching profile, having meaningful conversations is vital too. In the beginning, effective chatting involves active listening, sympathy, and asking insightful questions. This allows individuals to work out if they are compatible and build a stronger connection.
Switching from online to offline interactions is a major step in establishing trust and rapport. Meeting in person gives a chance to confirm the bond formed online. It is important to ensure safety during these meetings by selecting public places and informing family or friends about the plans.
To make sure of trustworthiness online, it is necessary to make the relationship clear. Open communication about desires, limits, and intentions can foster mutual comprehension and generate trust between people.
Finally, building trust and rapport online is reliant on being genuine, good communication, and taking appropriate security precautions throughout the process of online dating. By making these a top priority, people can manage the intricacies of virtual relationships with assurance. A well-prepared first date is like a safety net, just in case your potential match turns out to be a circus act!
Preparing for the First Date: Tips and Suggestions
To ace a first date, pick the right spot, dress to impress, do your research, have interesting activities planned, be on time, and go in with an open mind and positive attitude. These are tips to help, not rules to follow; the aim is to make a connection and have a great time!
Keep the faith, ’cause online dating could lead to something special.
Maintaining Motivation and Openness to New Experiences
In the world of online dating, motivation and openness are essential. By doing this, you boost your chances of finding a meaningful connection. To stay motivated and open, be proactive when initiating conversations, engage with the dating community, and be genuinely interested.
Online dating offers many opportunities. It is now easier and more convenient than ever before. When using these platforms, take steps to make a great profile that shows off your unique qualities.
It is important to keep an open mind when starting conversations and assessing compatibility. Don’t lose enthusiasm when transitioning online interactions to offline meetings. This sets the groundwork for the relationship.
Be patient and enjoy the journey. It is okay to experience setbacks. By staying motivated and optimistic, you can explore new possibilities. Take safety measures to protect yourself. Be aware of red flags and take advantage of safety features provided by the dating app or site. This will help you stay motivated and secure.
Consultation with a Psychologist: The Benefits of Online Dating
Online dating is now popular! Folks need help with it, so they turn to psychologists for guidance. Consulting a psychologist offers many advantages for those looking for love and companionship online. Here’s how:
- Guidance: Psychologists have an understanding of people’s behavior. They offer advice on how to appear in profiles, talk to potential matches, and manage expectations during dating.
- Emotional Support: Online dating can be emotionally draining. Having a psychologist can provide emotional support during the journey.
- Self-Reflection & Growth: People must think about their desires, values, and relationship goals when dating online. With a psychologist, they can gain a deeper understanding of themselves and build self-awareness.
It’s important to find a psychologist specialized in relationships and online dating. Communication with the psychologist is also key for success. Consulting with a psychologist can improve chances of finding meaningful connections and navigating the dating landscape.
Conclusion: The Prospects and Potentials of Online Dating
Online dating is full of possibilities and opportunities for people looking for true connections. Specialists think it helps individuals go through the 8 stages quickly and easily, until they find their perfect match. First, make an eye-catching and genuine profile that shows off your interests and values. This is key to successful online communication.
As you advance, you can talk and exchange with possible matches. That way, you can learn more about each other’s personalities, interests, and aspirations. With the advantage of online platforms, you can easily filter potential matches based on what you like and need.
Meeting in person is part of the online dating experience. This gives you a chance to see if you really are compatible. Professionals emphasize being honest and having realistic expectations during the process. Also, be careful when meeting someone new.
Online dating has more than just finding love. It’s a chance to build connections and expand your social circle. You can meet people with similar interests, make friends, and explore shared passions.
So, online dating has lots of possibilities and potentials for those wanting real relationships. With help from experts and understanding the 8 stages, you can go through it effectively and improve your chances of finding the perfect partner. Online dating doesn’t guarantee success, but it can help you find and engage with others, upping your chances of finding lasting relationships. | <urn:uuid:12fb5cd0-8456-4641-8f9c-679cfba3fc3f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.dating9.com/the-8-stages-of-online-dating-according-to-experts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233509023.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925151539-20230925181539-00653.warc.gz | en | 0.925995 | 6,843 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Study finds that black patients who visit the emergency department with ACS have more symptoms and higher symptom severity than white patients.
Health care disparities are a hot topic. Everyone should be able to access care and reap the benefits of medical advances. Researchers have great interest in how health care delivery and receipt differs by race or ethnicity, sex or gender identity, age, disability, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. In many areas of medicine, overall outcomes have improved, but only for certain groups. In general, patients of lower socioeconomic status or of color have less access to care and less promising outcomes than other groups. Researchers from the University of Illinois at Chicago and Salem Health Systems in Salem, Oregon, looked at potential health disparities for patients being seen for probable acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the emergency department (ED).
Their prospective study
, published in the July issue of Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care
, identified disparities between non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites (n = 663) presenting to 4 EDs with symptoms that suggested ACS. The researchers tracked clinical presentation, treatment, and patient-reported outcome variables at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months in geographically diverse locations.
Treatment (or care) appeared to be similar for patients regardless of race, and more than 80% of the sample was insured; this is an encouraging finding.
Blacks were disadvantaged on all statistically significant measures compared with whites, however. Blacks with confirmed ACS tended to be younger, have lower income, and have less education. They were particularly disadvantaged in terms of preventable and/or modifiable risk factors, reporting more hypertension, diabetes, and tobacco use. At clinical presentation, black patients reported more symptoms and higher symptom severity, and had longer prehospital delays that exceeded the 3 hours recommended for optimal treatment than white patients.
Blacks who reported palpitations, unusual fatigue, and chest pain were more than 3 times as likely as whites to have ACS confirmed. Blacks with ACS also made more outpatient visits for care and had more symptoms 1 month following discharge.
The authors conclude that when patients present with symptoms suggestive of ACS, significant racial disparities remain in clinical presentation and outcomes for blacks. Black patients’ symptoms were different from white patients’ symptoms, indicating that the classic presentation profile may not apply across races. These patients sorely need patient-centered interventions to improve their prognoses. Prevention remains critical. | <urn:uuid:4168cbf0-b294-4da6-9b3c-5a39d098b4d4> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.pharmacytimes.com/resource-centers/ACS/Acute-Coronary-Syndrome-The-Sad-Facts-in-Black-and-White | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982949773.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200909-00074-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954439 | 493 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Space Sand, just like sand from Mars! - Explore the hydrophobic properties of Space Sand!
This sand has been exposed to the vapors of a silicon compound, which changes the composition of the sand and makes it un-bondable with water - hydrophobic!
Try it for yourself - pour it into water and watch in amazement as it never gets wet. Form it into stalagmite figures, shapes and even letters under water! Use a spoon to remove the sand from the water and watch it magically dry as it comes out! There are many creative uses for Space Sand - it has been used to clean oil spills, improve the growth of plants by providing aeration for the roots, and is even being used in experiments covering the Mars exploration.
What fun and interesting experiments can you conduct using Space Sand?
Here's one to get you started, make a Sand Raft!
- Slowly sprinkle your space sand on top of water
- If you leave small amount on the surface of the water, it will float
- As you add more Space Sand, it will sink, penetrating the surface tension of the water. | <urn:uuid:8e6a55de-4f41-48e7-b081-b3317099f6c2> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.arborsci.com/space-sand-1-lb-red | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174215.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00105-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922849 | 233 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Pardon all of my questions below. I'm basically looking to find online resources regarding my inquiry. If you can answer any of them off the bat, that would be awesome!!
It seems that humans and mammals give off certain frequencies from our nervous systems. For example, dogs are able to sense when their master is coming home, even when their distance is close to a mile away. Also, cats are able to sense when a human is about to die. They can feel the frequency the person is giving off, and react differently.
Where can I learn more about this frequency that humans give off?
Has anyone ever done research on this subject?
Is this electromagnetic frequency or something else?
Are there devices that can measure this frequency that the human nervous system gives off?
Are there devices that can generate this frequency that the human nervous system gives off? | <urn:uuid:c4004282-379e-48ca-b036-a00900780141> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/9867/can-someone-provide-resources-on-human-electromagnetic-frequencies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922871.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014522-00217-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960157 | 175 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Bowmar's Adventures in Music Listening, Level 1By Dr. Leon Burton, Dr. Charles Hoffer, and Dr. William Hughes, with contributing editor June Hinckley Student Activity Book Grade: K-2 Item: 00-BMR08201S
|Bowmar's Adventures in Music Listening, Level 1: Big Book||$49.95||View|
|Bowmar's Adventures in Music Listening, Level 1: Coloring Book||$9.95||View|
An integrated elementary listening program for music classes, regular classes, libraries and home use. Includes 32 great musical selections complete with historical information, composer/arranger biographical information, musical features sketches, cross-curricular connections and anticipated outcomes. Meets the National Music Standards. | <urn:uuid:11498025-8b2d-4994-b064-d48c916c20a3> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.alfred.com/bowmars-adventures-in-music-listening-level-1/p/00-BMR08201S/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588244.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027212831-20211028002831-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.766827 | 158 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Gumboro Disease or commonly called Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is an acute highly contagious viral disease of young chickens. The bursa of Fabricius is the primary organ in the development of the immune system of chickens. This rounded sac-like structure is just above the cloaca of chickens. This structure will continually develop until it reaches 4-5 months and then it will start to regress or shrink.
Incidence of IBD is now considered to be very high. Young birds are highly susceptible.... between 3 to 6 weeks of age.
The best time to administer Gumboro vaccine is at 2-3 weeks of age (in high-risk areas) followed at 16-18 weeks of age (as booster shot).
It is important to immunize your Broodstocks to confer parental immunity to their progeny. Such maternal antibodies will protect the chick for 1-3 weeks.
The chicks were not affected...simply because they are still confined in a limited area. Improper handling of the vaccine might have triggered the outbreak.. I hope, the swelling of the face, is just a simple case of Coryza (bacterial) because it can easily be treated with an antibiotic (capsule or injectable), given for 4-5 consecutive days.(mercury drug). What worries me ay yung panlolobo ng katawan because that is another complication. It would be best to instruct your VET to bring the suspected bird to a Diagnostic Lab for proper evaluation. Please request to include Sensitivity Testing.
RULE: Rear your chicks isolated from older birds because mixed rearing multiplies the chances of disease infection. | <urn:uuid:6320c984-c151-4a0f-84d1-3a584e66493a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.sabong.net.ph/forum/showthread.php?19335-TIPS-from-DOC-TJT/page20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246649738.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045729-00107-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93893 | 339 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Persian literature (Persian: ادبیات فارسی, Adabiyât-i fârsi) comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, the Caucasus, and Turkey, regions of Central Asia (such as Tajikistan) and South Asia where the Persian language has historically been either the native or official language. For instance, Rumi, one of best-loved Persian poets born in Balkh (in what is now the modern-day Afghanistan) or Vakhsh (in what is now the modern-day Tajikistan), wrote in Persian and lived in Konya, then the capital of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, the wider Caucasus, Turkey, western parts of Pakistan, India, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia. Not all Persian literature is written in Persian, as some consider works written by ethnic Persians in other languages, such as Greek and Arabic, to be included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic poets and writers have also used the Persian language in the environment of Persianate cultures.
Described as one of the great literatures of humanity, including Goethe's assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature, Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of Middle Persian and Old Persian, the latter of which date back as far as 522 BCE, the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid inscription, the Behistun Inscription. The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the Arab conquest of Persia c. 650 CE. After the Abbasids came to power (750 CE), the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats of the Arab empire and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties such as the Tahirids and Samanids being based in Khorasan.
Very few literary works of Achaemenid Iran have survived, due partly to the destruction of the library at Persepolis. Most of what remains consists of the royal inscriptions of Achaemenid kings, particularly Darius I (522–486 BC) and his son Xerxes. Many Zoroastrian writings were destroyed in the Islamic conquest of Iran in the 7th century. The Parsis who fled to India, however, took with them some of the books of the Zoroastrian canon, including some of the Avesta and ancient commentaries (Zend) thereof. Some works of Sassanid geography and travel also survived, albeit in Arabic translations.
No single text devoted to literary criticism has survived from Pre-Islamic Iran. However, some essays in Pahlavi, such as "Ayin-e name nebeshtan" (Principles of Writing Book) and "Bab-e edteda’I-ye" (Kalileh o Demneh), have been considered as literary criticism (Zarrinkoub, 1959).
Some researchers have quoted the Sho'ubiyye as asserting that the Pre-Islamic Iranians had books on eloquence, such as 'Karvand'. No trace remains of such books. There are some indications that some among the Persian elite were familiar with Greek rhetoric and literary criticism (Zarrinkoub, 1947).
While initially overshadowed by Arabic during the Umayyad and early Abbasid caliphates, New Persian soon became a literary language again of the Central Asian and West Asian lands. The rebirth of the language in its new form is often accredited to Ferdowsi, Unsuri, Daqiqi, Rudaki, and their generation, as they used Pre-Islamic nationalism as a conduit to revive the language and customs of ancient Iran.
So strong is the Persian inclination to versifying everyday expressions that one can encounter poetry in almost every classical work, whether from Persian literature, science, or metaphysics. In short, the ability to write in verse form was a pre-requisite for any scholar. For example, almost half of Avicenna's medical writings are in verse.
Works of the early era of Persian poetry are characterized by strong court patronage, an extravagance of panegyrics, and what is known as سبک فاخر "exalted in style". The tradition of royal patronage began perhaps under the Sassanid era and carried over through the Abbasid and Samanid courts into every major Iranian dynasty. The Qasida was perhaps the most famous form of panegyric used, though quatrains such as those in Omar Khayyam's Ruba'iyyat are also widely popular.
Khorasani style, whose followers mostly were associated with Greater Khorasan, is characterized by its supercilious diction, dignified tone, and relatively literate language. The chief representatives of this lyricism are Asjadi, Farrukhi Sistani, Unsuri, and Manuchehri. Panegyric masters such as Rudaki were known for their love of nature, their verse abounding with evocative descriptions.
Through these courts and system of patronage emerged the epic style of poetry, with Ferdowsi's Shahnama at the apex. By glorifying the Iranian historical past in heroic and elevated verses, he and other notables such as Daqiqi and Asadi Tusi presented the "Ajam" with a source of pride and inspiration that has helped preserve a sense of identity for the Iranian People over the ages. Ferdowsi set a model to be followed by a host of other poets later on.
The 13th century marks the ascendancy of lyric poetry with the consequent development of the ghazal into a major verse form, as well as the rise of mystical and Sufi poetry. This style is often called Araqi (Iraqi) style, (western provinces of Iran were known as The Persian Iraq (Araq-e-Ajam) and is known by its emotional lyric qualities, rich meters, and the relative simplicity of its language. Emotional romantic poetry was not something new however, as works such as Vis o Ramin by As'ad Gorgani, and Yusof o Zoleikha by Am'aq Bokharai exemplify. Poets such as Sana'i and Attar (who ostensibly have inspired Rumi), Khaqani Shirvani, Anvari, and Nizami, were highly respected ghazal writers. However, the elite of this school are Rumi, Sadi, and Hafiz Shirazi.
Regarding the tradition of Persian love poetry during the Safavid era, Persian historian Ehsan Yarshater notes, "As a rule, the beloved is not a woman, but a young man. In the early centuries of Islam, the raids into Central Asia produced many young slaves. Slaves were also bought or received as gifts. They were made to serve as pages at court or in the households of the affluent, or as soldiers and bodyguards. Young men, slaves or not, also, served wine at banquets and receptions, and the more gifted among them could play music and maintain a cultivated conversation. It was love toward young pages, soldiers, or novices in trades and professions which was the subject of lyrical introductions to panegyrics from the beginning of Persian poetry, and of the ghazal. " During the same Safavid era, many subjects of the Iranian Safavids were patrons of Persian poetry, such as Teimuraz I of Kakheti.
In the didactic genre one can mention Sanai's Hadiqat-ul-Haqiqah (Garden of Truth) as well as Nizami's Makhzan-ul-Asrār (Treasury of Secrets). Some of Attar's works also belong to this genre as do the major works of Rumi, although some tend to classify these in the lyrical type due to their mystical and emotional qualities. In addition, some tend to group Naser Khosrow's works in this style as well; however true gems of this genre are two books by Sadi, a heavyweight of Persian literature, the Bustan and the Gulistan.
After the 15th century, the Indian style of Persian poetry (sometimes also called Isfahani or Safavi styles) took over. This style has its roots in the Timurid era and produced the likes of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, and Bhai Nand Lal Goya.
The most significant prose writings of this era are Nizami Arudhi Samarqandi's "Chahār Maqāleh" as well as Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi's anecdote compendium Jawami ul-Hikayat. Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir's famous work, the Qabus nama (A Mirror for Princes), is a highly esteemed Belles-lettres work of Persian literature. Also highly regarded is Siyasatnama, by Nizam al-Mulk, a famous Persian vizier. Kelileh va Demneh, translated from Indian folk tales, can also be mentioned in this category. It is seen as a collection of adages in Persian literary studies and thus does not convey folkloric notions.
Among the major historical and biographical works in classical Persian, one can mention Abolfazl Beyhaghi's famous Tarikh-i Beyhaqi, Lubab ul-Albab of Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi (which has been regarded as a reliable chronological source by many experts), as well as Ata-Malik Juvayni's famous Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini (which spans the Mongolid and Ilkhanid era of Iran). Attar's Tazkerat-ol-Owliya ("Biographies of the Saints") is also a detailed account of Sufi mystics, which is referenced by many subsequent authors and considered a significant work in mystical hagiography.
The oldest surviving work of Persian literary criticism after the Islamic conquest of Persia is Muqaddame-ye Shahname-ye Abu Mansuri, which was written during the Samanid period. The work deals with the myths and legends of Shahnameh and is considered the oldest surviving example of Persian prose. It also shows an attempt by the authors to evaluate literary works critically.
One Thousand and One Nights (Persian: هزار و یک شب) is a medieval folk tale collection which tells the story of Scheherazade (Persian: شهرزاد Šahrzād), a Sassanid queen who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King Shahryar (Persian: شهریار Šahryār), to delay her execution. The stories are told over a period of one thousand and one nights, and every night she ends the story with a suspenseful situation, forcing the King to keep her alive for another day. The individual stories were created over several centuries, by many people from a number of different lands.
During the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 8th century, Baghdad had become an important cosmopolitan city. Merchants from Persia, China, India, Africa, and Europe were all found in Baghdad. During this time, many of the stories that were originally folk stories are thought to have been collected orally over many years and later compiled into a single book. The compiler and 9th-century translator into Arabic is reputedly the storyteller Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad el-Gahshigar. The frame story of Shahrzad seems to have been added in the 14th century.
The biggest Persian dictionary is Dehkhoda Dictionary (16 volumes) by Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda. It is the largest comprehensive Persian dictionary ever published, comprising 16 volumes (more than 27000 pages). It is published by the Tehran University Press (UTP) under the supervision of the Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute. It traces the historical development of the Persian language, providing a comprehensive resource to scholars and academic researchers, as well as describing usage in its many variations throughout the world. He names 200 Persian lexicographical works in his dictionary, the earliest, Farhang-i Oim (فرهنگ اویم) and Farhang-i Menakhtay (فرهنگ مناختای), from the late Sassanid era.
Also highly regarded in the contemporary Persian literature lexical corpus are the works of Dr. Mohammad Moin. The first volume of Moin Dictionary was published in 1963.
In 1645, Christian Ravius completed a Persian-Latin dictionary, printed at Leiden. This was followed by J. Richardson's two-volume Oxford edition (1777) and Gladwin-Malda's (1770) Persian-English Dictionaries, Scharif and S. Peters' Persian-Russian Dictionary (1869), and 30 other Persian lexicographical translations through the 1950s.
Currently English-Persian dictionaries of Manouchehr Aryanpour and Soleiman Haim are widely used in Iran.
|* Thousands of friends are far too few, one enemy is too many. *|
هزاران دوست کماند و یک دشمن زیاد
Hezārān dust kam-and, o [va] yek doshman ziād.
|* The wise enemy is better than the ignorant friend. *|
دشمن دانا بهتر از دوست نادان است
Doshman-e dānā behtar az dust-e nādān ast.
|* The wise enemy lifts you up, the ignorant friend casts you down. *|
دشمن دانا بلندت میکند. بر زمینت میزند نادان ِ دوست
Doshman-e dānā bolandat mikonad. Bar zaminat mizanad nādān-e dust.
William Shakespeare referred to Iran as the "land of the Sophy". Some of Persia's best-beloved medieval poets were Sufis, and their poetry was, and is, widely read by Sufis from Morocco to Indonesia. Rumi (Maulānā ), in particular is renowned both as a poet and as the founder of a widespread Sufi order. The themes and styles of this devotional poetry have been widely imitated by many Sufi poets. See also the article on Sufi poetry.
Starting from the early 16th century, Persian traditions had a large impact on Georgian ruling elites, which in turn resulted in Persian influence on Georgian art, architecture and literature. This cultural influence lasted until the arrival of the Russians.
The names of many Šāh-nāma heroes, such as Rostom-i, Thehmine, Sam-i, or Zaal-i, are found in 11th- and 12th-century Georgian literature. They are indirect evidence for an Old Georgian translation of the Šāh-nāma that is no longer extant. ...
The Šāh-nāma was translated, not only to satisfy the literary and aesthetic needs of readers and listeners, but also to inspire the young with the spirit of heroism and Georgian patriotism. Georgian ideology, customs, and worldview often informed these translations because they were oriented toward Georgian poetic culture. Conversely, Georgians consider these translations works of their native literature. Georgian versions of the Šāh-nāma are quite popular, and the stories of Rostam and Sohrāb, or Bījan and Maniža became part of Georgian folklore.
Farmanfarmaian in the Journal of Persianate Studies:
Distinguished scholars of Persian such as Gvakharia and Todua are well aware that the inspiration derived from the Persian classics of the ninth to the twelfth centuries produced a ‘cultural synthesis’ which saw, in the earliest stages of written secular literature in Georgia, the resumption of literary contacts with Iran, “much stronger than before” (Gvakharia, 2001, p. 481). Ferdowsi’s Shahnama was a never-ending source of inspiration, not only for high literature, but for folklore as well. “Almost every page of Georgian literary works and chronicles [...] contains names of Iranian heroes borrowed from the Shahnama” (ibid). Ferdowsi, together with Nezāmi, may have left the most enduring imprint on Georgian literature (...)
Despite that Asia Minor (or Anatolia) had been ruled various times prior to the Middle Ages by various Persian-speaking dynasties originating in Iran, the language lost its traditional foothold there with the demise of the Sassanian Empire. Centuries later however, the practise and usage in the region would be strongly revived. A branch of the Seljuks, the Sultanate of Rum, took Persian language, art and letters to Anatolia. They adopted Persian language as the official language of the empire. The Ottomans, which can "roughly" be seen as their eventual successors, took this tradition over. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire. The educated and noble class of the Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as sultan Selim I, despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of Shia Islam. It was a major literary language in the empire. Some of the noted earlier Persian literature works during the Ottoman rule are Idris Bidlisi's Hasht Bihisht, which begun in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the Salim-Namah, a glorification of Selim I. After a period of several centuries, Ottoman Turkish (which was highly Persianised itself) had developed towards a fully accepted language of literature, which was even able to satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%. The Ottomans produced thousands of Persian literary works throughout their century long lifespan.
With the emergence of the Ghaznavids and their successors such as the Ghurids, Timurids and Mughal Empire, Persian culture and its literature gradually moved into South Asia too. In general, from its earliest days, Persian literature and language was imported into the subcontinent by culturally Persianised Turkic and Afghan dynasties. Persian became the language of the nobility, literary circles, and the royal Mughal courts for hundreds of years. In the early 19th century, Hindustani replaced it.
Under the Moghul Empire of India during the 16th century, the official language of India became Persian. Only in 1832 did the British army force the South Asia to begin conducting business in English. (Clawson, p. 6) Persian poetry in fact flourished in these regions while post-Safavid Iranian literature stagnated. Dehkhoda and other scholars of the 20th century, for example, largely based their works on the detailed lexicography produced in India, using compilations such as Ghazi khan Badr Muhammad Dehlavi's Adat al-Fudhala (اداة الفضلا), Ibrahim Ghavamuddin Farughi's Farhang-i Ibrahimi (فرهنگ ابراهیمی), and particularly Muhammad Padshah's Farhang-i Anandraj (فرهنگ آناندراج).
Persian literature was little known in the West before the 18-19th century. It became much better known following the publication of several translations from the works of late medieval Persian poets, and it inspired works by various Western poets and writers.
Perhaps the most popular Persian poet of the 19th and early 20th centuries was Omar Khayyam (1048–1123), whose Rubaiyat was freely translated by Edward Fitzgerald in 1859. Khayyam is esteemed more as a scientist than a poet in his native Persia, but in Fitzgerald's rendering, he became one of the most quoted poets in English. Khayyam's line, "A loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou", is known to many who could not say who wrote it, or where:
گر دست دهد ز مغز گندم نانی
وز می دو منی ز گوسفندی رانی
وانگه من و تو نشسته در ویرانی
عیشی بود آن نه حد هر سلطانی
gar dast dehad ze mağz-e gandom nâni
vaz mey do mani ze gusfandi râni
vânge man o tow nešaste dar virâni
'eyši bud ân na hadd-e har soltâni
Ah, would there were a loaf of bread as fare,
A joint of lamb, a jug of vintage rare,
And you and I in wilderness encamped—
No Sultan's pleasure could with ours compare.
The Persian poet and mystic Rumi (1207–1273) (known as Molana in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan; and as Mevlana in Turkey), has attracted a large following in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Popularizing translations by Coleman Barks have presented Rumi as a New Age sage. There are also a number of more literary translations by scholars such as A. J. Arberry.
The classical poets (Hafiz, Sa'di, Khayyam, Rumi, Nizami and Ferdowsi) are now widely known in English and can be read in various translations. Other works of Persian literature are untranslated and little known.
During the last century, numerous works of classical Persian literature have been translated into Swedish by baron Eric Hermelin. He translated works by, among others, Farid al-Din Attar, Rumi, Ferdowsi, Omar Khayyam, Sa'adi and Sana'i. Influenced by the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg, he was especially attracted to the religious or Sufi aspects of classical Persian poetry. His translations have had a great impact on numerous modern Swedish writers, among them Karl Wennberg, Willy Kyrklund and Gunnar Ekelöf. More recently classical authors such as Hafez, Rumi, Araqi and Nizami Aruzi has been rendered into Swedish by the iranist Ashk Dahlén, who has published several essays on the development of Persian literature. Excerpts from Ferdousi's Shahnama has also been translated into Swedish prose by Namdar Nasser and Anja Malmberg.
During the last century, numerous works of classical Persian literature have been translated into Italian by Alessandro Bausani (Nizami, Rumi, Iqbal, Khayyam), Carlo Saccone ('Attar, Sana'i, Hafiz, Nasir-i Khusraw, Nizami, Ahmad Ghazali, Ansari of Herat), Angelo Piemontese (Amir Khusraw Dihlavi), Pio Filippani-Ronconi (Nasir-i Khusraw, Sa'di), Riccardo Zipoli (Kay Ka'us, Bidil), Maurizio Pistoso (Nizam al-Mulk), Giorgio Vercellin (Nizami 'Aruzi), Giovanni Maria D'Erme ('Ubayd Zakani, Hafiz), Sergio Foti (Suhrawardi, Rumi, Jami), Rita Bargigli (Sa'di, Farrukhi, Manuchehri, 'Unsuri), Nahid Norozi (Sohrab Sepehri, Khwaju of Kerman, Ahmad Shamlu), Faezeh Mardani (Forugh Farrokhzad, Abbas Kiarostami). A complete translation of Firdawsi's Shah-nama was made by Italo Pizzi in the 19th century.
In the 19th century, Persian literature experienced dramatic change and entered a new era. The beginning of this change was exemplified by an incident in the mid-19th century at the court of Nasereddin Shah, when the reform-minded prime minister, Amir Kabir, chastised the poet Habibollah Qa'ani for "lying" in a panegyric qasida written in Kabir's honor. Kabir saw poetry in general and the type of poetry that had developed during the Qajar period as detrimental to "progress" and "modernization" in Iranian society, which he believed was in dire need of change. Such concerns were also expressed by others such as Fath-'Ali Akhundzadeh, Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani, and Mirza Malkom Khan. Khan also addressed a need for a change in Persian poetry in literary terms as well, always linking it to social concerns.
The new Persian literary movement cannot be understood without an understanding of the intellectual movements among Iranian philosophical circles. Given the social and political climate of Persia (Iran) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which led to the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–1911, the idea that change in poetry was necessary became widespread. Many argued that Persian poetry should reflect the realities of a country in transition. This idea was propagated by notable literary figures such as Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda and Abolqasem Aref, who challenged the traditional system of Persian poetry in terms of introducing new content and experimentation with rhetoric, lexico-semantics, and structure. Dehkhoda, for instance, used a lesser-known traditional form, the mosammat, to elegize the execution of a revolutionary journalist. 'Aref employed the ghazal, "the most central genre within the lyrical tradition" (p. 88), to write his "Payam-e Azadi" (Message of Freedom).
Some researchers argue that the notion of "sociopolitical ramifications of esthaetic changes" led to the idea of poets "as social leaders trying the limits and possibilities of social change".
An important movement in modern Persian literature centered on the question of modernization and Westernization and whether these terms are synonymous when describing the evolution of Iranian society. It can be argued that almost all advocates of modernism in Persian literature, from Akhundzadeh, Kermani, and Malkom Khan to Dehkhoda, Aref, Bahar, and Taqi Rafat, were inspired by developments and changes that had occurred in Western, particularly European, literatures. Such inspirations did not mean blindly copying Western models but, rather, adapting aspects of Western literature and changing them to fit the needs of Iranian culture.
Following the pioneering works of Ahmad Kasravi, Sadeq Hedayat, Moshfeq Kazemi and many others, the Iranian wave of comparative literature and literary criticism reached a symbolic crest with the emergence of Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub, Shahrokh Meskoob, Houshang Golshiri and Ebrahim Golestan.
Persian literature in Afghanistan has also experienced a dramatic change during the last century. At the beginning of the 20th century, Afghanistan was confronted with economic and social change, which sparked a new approach to literature. In 1911, Mahmud Tarzi, who came back to Afghanistan after years of exile in Turkey and was influential in government circles, started a fortnightly publication named Saraj’ul Akhbar. Saraj was not the first such publication in the country, but in the field of journalism and literature it launched a new period of change and modernization. Saraj not only played an important role in journalism, it also gave new life to literature as a whole and opened the way for poetry to explore new avenues of expression through which personal thoughts took on a more social colour.
In 1930 (1309 AH), after months of cultural stagnation, a group of writers founded the Herat Literary Circle. A year later, another group calling itself the Kabul Literary Circle was founded in the capital. Both groups published regular magazines dedicated to culture and Persian literature. Both, especially the Kabul publication, had little success in becoming venues for modern Persian poetry and writing. In time, the Kabul publication turned into a stronghold for traditional writers and poets, and modernism in Dari literature was pushed to the fringes of social and cultural life.
Three of the most prominent classical poets in Afghanistan at the time were Qari Abdullah, Abdul Haq Betab and Khalil Ullah Khalili. The first two received the honorary title Malek ul Shoara (King of Poets). Khalili, the third and youngest, was drawn toward the Khorasan style of poetry instead of the usual Hendi style. He was also interested in modern poetry and wrote a few poems in a more modern style with new aspects of thought and meaning. In 1318 (AH), after two poems by Nima Youshij titled "Gharab" and "Ghoghnus" were published, Khalili wrote a poem under the name "Sorude Kuhestan" or "The Song of the Mountain" in the same rhyming pattern as Nima and sent it to the Kabul Literary Circle. The traditionalists in Kabul refused to publish it because it was not written in the traditional rhyme. They criticized Khalili for modernizing his style.
Very gradually new styles found their way into literature and literary circles despite the efforts of traditionalists. The first book of new poems was published in the year 1957 (1336 AH), and in 1962 (1341 AH), a collection of modern Persian (Dari) poetry was published in Kabul. The first group to write poems in the new style consisted of Mahmud Farani, Baregh Shafi’i, Solayman Layeq, Sohail, Ayeneh and a few others. Later, Vasef Bakhtari, Asadullah Habib and Latif Nazemi, and others joined the group. Each had his own share in modernizing Persian poetry in Afghanistan. Other notable figures include Leila Sarahat Roshani, Sayed Elan Bahar and Parwin Pazwak. Poets like Mayakovsky, Yase Nien and Lahouti (an Iranian poet living in exile in Russia) exerted a special influence on the Persian poets in Afghanistan. The influence of Iranians (e.g. Farrokhi Yazdi and Ahmad Shamlou) on the newly established Afghan prose and poetry, especially in the second half of the 20th century, must also be taken into consideration.
Prominent writers from Afghanistan like Asef Soltanzadeh, Reza Ebrahimi, Ameneh Mohammadi, and Abbas Jafari grew up in Iran and were influenced by Iranian writers and teachers.
The new poetry in Tajikistan is mostly concerned with the way of life of people and is revolutionary. From the 1950s until the advent of new poetry in France, Asia and Latin America, the impact of the modernization drive was strong. In the 1960s, modern Iranian poetry and that of Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri made a profound impression in Tajik poetry. This period is probably the richest and most prolific period for the development of themes and forms in Persian poetry in Tajikistan. Some Tajik poets were mere imitators, and one can easily see the traits of foreign poets in their work. Only two or three poets were able to digest the foreign poetry and compose original poetry. In Tajikistan, the format and pictorial aspects of short stories and novels were taken from Russian and other European literature. Some of Tajikistan's prominent names in Persian literature are Golrokhsar Safi Eva, Mo'men Ghena'at, Farzaneh Khojandi and Layeq Shir-Ali.
Among the best-known playwrights are:
Well-known novelists include:
Prominent 20th century critics include:
Saeed Nafisi analyzed and edited several critical works. He is well known for his works on Rudaki and Sufi literature. Parviz Natel-Khanlari and Gholamhossein Yousefi, who belong to Nafisi's generation, were also involved in modern literature and critical writings. Natel-Khanlari is distinguished by the simplicity of his style. He did not follow the traditionalists, nor did he advocate the new. Instead, his approach accommodated the entire spectrum of creativity and expression in Persian literature. Another critic, Ahmad Kasravi, an experienced authority on literature, attacked the writers and poets whose works served despotism.
Contemporary Persian literary criticism reached its maturity after Sadeq Hedayat, Ebrahim Golestan, Houshang Golshiri, Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub and Shahrokh Meskoob. Among these figures, Zarrinkoub held academic positions and had a reputation not only among the intelligentsia but also in academia. Besides his significant contribution to the maturity of Persian language and literature, Zarrinkoub boosted comparative literature and Persian literary criticism. Zarrinkoub's Serr e Ney is a critical and comparative analysis of Rumi's Masnavi. In turn, Shahrokh Meskoob worked on Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, using the principles of modern literary criticism.
Mohammad Taghi Bahar's main contribution to this field is his book called Sabk Shenasi (Stylistics). It is a pioneering work on the practice of Persian literary historiography and the emergence and development of Persian literature as a distinct institution in the early part of the 20th century. It contends that the exemplary status of Sabk-shinasi rests on the recognition of its disciplinary or institutional achievements. It further contends that, rather than a text on Persian ‘stylistics’, Sabk-shinasi is a vast history of Persian literary prose, and, as such, is a significant intervention in Persian literary historiography.
Critical analysis of Jami's works has been carried out by Ala Khan Afsahzad. His classic book won the prestigious award of Iran's Year Best book in the year 2000.
Historically, the modern Persian short story has undergone three stages of development: a formative period, a period of consolidation and growth, and a period of diversity.
In this period, the influence of the western literature on the Iranian writers and authors is obvious. The new and modern approaches to writing is introduced and several genres have developed specially in the field of short story. The most popular trends are toward post-modern methods and speculative fiction.
Notable Persian poets, modern and classical, include Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Simin Behbahani, Forough Farrokhzad, Mohammad Zohari, Bijan Jalali, Mina Assadi, Siavash Kasraie, Fereydoon Moshiri, Nader Naderpour, Sohrab Sepehri, Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani, Ahmad Shamlou, Nima Yushij, Houshang Ebtehaj, Mirzadeh Eshghi (classical), Mohammad Taghi Bahar (classical), Aref Ghazvini (classical), Parvin Etesami (classical), and Shahriar (classical).
A few notable classical poets have arisen since the 19th century, among whom Mohammad Taghi Bahar and Parvin Etesami have been most celebrated. Mohammad Taghi Bahar had the title "king of poets" and had a significant role in the emergence and development of Persian literature as a distinct institution in the early part of the 20th century. The theme of his poems was the social and political situation of Iran.
Parvin Etesami may be called the greatest Persian woman poet writing in the classical style. One of her remarkable series, called Mast va Hoshyar (The Drunk and the Sober), won admiration from many of those involved in romantic poetry.
Nima Yushij is considered the father of modern Persian poetry, introducing many techniques and forms to differentiate the modern from the old. Nevertheless, the credit for popularizing this new literary form within a country and culture solidly based on a thousand years of classical poetry goes to his few disciples such as Ahmad Shamlou, who adopted Nima's methods and tried new techniques of modern poetry.
The transformation brought about by Nima Youshij, who freed Persian poetry from the fetters of prosodic measures, was a turning point in a long literary tradition. It broadened the perception and thinking of the poets that came after him. Nima offered a different understanding of the principles of classical poetry. His artistry was not confined to removing the need for a fixed-length hemistich and dispensing with the tradition of rhyming but focused on a broader structure and function based on a contemporary understanding of human and social existence. His aim in renovating poetry was to commit it to a "natural identity" and to achieve a modern discipline in the mind and linguistic performance of the poet.
Nima held that the formal technique dominating classical poetry interfered with its vitality, vigor and progress. Although he accepted some of its aesthetic properties and extended them in his poetry, he never ceased to widen his poetic experience by emphasizing the "natural order" of this art. What Nima Youshij founded in contemporary poetry, his successor Ahmad Shamlou continued.
The Sepid poem (which translates to white poem), which draws its sources from this poet, avoided the compulsory rules which had entered the Nimai’ school of poetry and adopted a freer structure. This allowed a more direct relationship between the poet and his or her emotional roots. In previous poetry, the qualities of the poet’s vision as well as the span of the subject could only be expressed in general terms and were subsumed by the formal limitations imposed on poetic expression.
Nima’s poetry transgressed these limitations. It relied on the natural function inherent within poetry itself to portray the poet’s solidarity with life and the wide world surrounding him or her in specific and unambiguous details and scenes. Sepid poetry continues the poetic vision as Nima expressed it and avoids the contrived rules imposed on its creation. However, its most distinct difference with Nimai’ poetry is to move away from the rhythms it employed. Nima Youshij paid attention to an overall harmonious rhyming and created many experimental examples to achieve this end.
Ahmad Shamlu discovered the inner characteristics of poetry and its manifestation in the literary creations of classical masters as well as the Nimai’ experience. He offered an individual approach. By distancing himself from the obligations imposed by older poetry and some of the limitations that had entered the Nimai’ poem, he recognized the role of prose and music hidden in the language. In the structure of Sepid poetry, in contrast to the prosodic and Nimai’ rules, the poem is written in more "natural" words and incorporates a prose-like process without losing its poetic distinction. Sepid poetry is a developing branch of Nimai’ poetry built upon Nima Youshij's innovations. Nima thought that any change in the construction and the tools of a poet’s expression is conditional on his/her knowledge of the world and a revolutionized outlook. Sepid poetry could not take root outside this teaching and its application.
According to Simin Behbahani, Sepid poetry did not receive general acceptance before Bijan Jalali's works. He is considered the founder of Sepid poetry according to Behbahani. Behbahani herself used the "Char Pareh" style of Nima, and subsequently turned to ghazal, a free-flowing poetry style similar to the Western sonnet. Simin Behbahani contributed to a historic development in the form of the ghazal, as she added theatrical subjects, and daily events and conversations into her poetry. She has expanded the range of traditional Persian verse forms and produced some of the most significant works of Persian literature in the 20th century.
A reluctant follower of Nima Yushij, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales published his Organ (1951) to support contentions against Nima Yushij's groundbreaking endeavors. In Persian poetry, Mehdi Akhavan Sales has established a bridge between the Khorassani and Nima Schools. The critics consider Mehdi Akhavan Sales as one of the best contemporary Persian poets. He is one of the pioneers of free verse (new style poetry) in Persian literature, particularly of modern style epics. It was his ambition, for a long time, to introduce a fresh style to Persian poetry.
Forough Farrokhzad is important in the literary history of Iran for three reasons. First, she was among the first generation to embrace the new style of poetry, pioneered by Nima Yushij during the 1920s, which demanded that poets experiment with rhyme, imagery, and the individual voice. Second, she was the first modern Iranian woman to graphically articulate private sexual landscapes from a woman's perspective. Finally, she transcended her own literary role and experimented with acting, painting, and documentary film-making.
Fereydoon Moshiri is best known as conciliator of classical Persian poetry with the New Poetry initiated by Nima Yooshij. One of the major contributions of Moshiri's poetry, according to some observers, is the broadening of the social and geographical scope of modern Persian literature.
A poet of the last generation before the Islamic Revolution worthy of mention is Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani (M. Sereshk). Though he is from Khorassan and sways between allegiance to Nima Youshij and Akhavan Saless, in his poetry he shows the influences of Hafiz and Mowlavi. He uses simple, lyrical language and is mostly inspired by the political atmosphere. He is the most successful of those poets who in the past four decades have tried hard to find a synthesis between the two models of Ahmad Shamloo and Nima Youshij.
In the twenty-first century, a new generation of Iranian poets continues to work in the New Poetry style and now attracts an international audience thanks to efforts to translate their works. Éditions Bruno Doucey published a selection of forty-eight poems by Garus Abdolmalekian entitled Our Fists under the Table (2012), translated into French by Farideh Rava. Other notable names are poet and publisher Babak Abazari (1984–2015), who died under mysterious circumstances in January 2015, and emerging young poet Milad Khanmirzaei.
(...) Iranian power and cultural influence dominated eastern Georgia until the coming of the Russians
His name is given as Jamāl-al-Din Moḥammad Sidi (or Sayyedi) in the early sources. He lived from 963 AH-999 AH; c. 1556-1590 CE; known by his pen-name Urfi, or Orfi or Urfi Shirazi (Persian: عرفی شیرازی), was a 16th-century Persian poet.He was born in Shiraz and in his youth, he migrated to India and became one of the poets of the court of Akbar the Great. He is one of the most prominent Persian poets of Indian style.Abdul Ali Mustaghni
Abdul Ali Mustaghni (1875-1933) was an Afghan poet. He is one of the most influential poets in modern Persian literature. He was named as the "founder of Pashto modern literature of the country" by President Hamid Karzai.Banu Goshasp
Banu Goshasp (Persian: بانو گشسپ) or Goshasp Banu is an important heroine in Iranian mythology. She is the daughter of Rustam and the wife of the hero Giv. She is mentioned in several Persian epics including the Banu Goshasp Nama.Book of Arda Viraf
The Book of Ardā Wīrāz (Middle Persian Ardā Wīrāz nāmag, ardaː wiːraːz naːmag, sometimes called the "Arda Wiraf") is a Zoroastrian religious text of the Sasanian era written in Middle Persian. It contains about 8,800 words. It describes the dream-journey of a devout Zoroastrian (the Wīrāz of the story) through the next world. The text assumed its definitive form in the 9th-10th centuries after a long series of emendations.Borzu Nama
The Borzu Nama (pronounced as Borzū-Nāma or Borzū-Nāme) (Persian: برزونامه) is a Persian epic poem of about 65,000 couplets recounting the exploits and adventures of the legendary hero Borzu, son of Sohrab and grandson of Rostam.Bundahishn
Bundahishn /bʊndaˈhɪʃn/ Avestan: 𐬠𐬎𐬥 𐬛𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬥𐬍𐬵 Bun-dahišnīh , meaning "Primal Creation", is the name traditionally given to an encyclopediaic collection of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology written in Book Pahlavi. The original name of the work is not known.
Although the Bundahishn draws on the Avesta and develops ideas alluded to in those texts, it is not itself scripture. The content reflects Zoroastrian scripture, which, in turn, reflects both ancient Zoroastrian and pre-Zoroastrian beliefs. In some cases, the text alludes to contingencies of post-7th century Islam in Iran, and in yet other cases, such as the idea that the Moon is farther than the stars, it reiterates scripture even though science had, by then, determined otherwise.Dana-i Menog Khrat
The Dana-i Menog-i khrat, (Persian:دانای مینوی خرد) or 'opinions of the spirit of wisdom', a Middle Persian book which was written about 8th century.
It comprises the replies of that spirit to sixty-two inquiries, or groups of inquiries, made by a certain wise man regarding various subjects connected with the Zoroastrian religion. This treatise contains about 11,000 words, and was long known, like the Shikand-gumanic Vichar (53), only through its Pazand version, prepared by a Persian zoroastrian writer, Neryosang in middle age.
This book is translated to English by West in 1871. followed by a translation of the Pahlavi text in 1885.Fereydun
Fereydun (Persian: فریدون - Feraydūn or Farīdūn; Middle Persian: Frēdōn; Avestan: Θraētaona), also pronounced and spelled Freydun, Faridon and Afridun, is the name of an Iranian mythical king and hero from the kingdom of Varena. He is known as an emblem of victory, justice, and generosity in Persian literature.Indo-Persian culture
Indo-Persian culture refers to those Persian aspects that have been integrated into or absorbed into the cultures of the Indian subcontinent.
Persian influence was first introduced to the Indian subcontinent by Muslim rulers of Turkic and Afghan origin, especially with the Delhi Sultanate from the 13th century, and in the 16th to 19th century by the Mughal Empire. In general, from its earliest days, aspects of the culture and language were brought to the Indian subcontinent by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan rulers, such as Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in the 11th century.
Persian was the official language of the Delhi Sultanate, the Bengal Sultanate, the Bahamani Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature. Many of the Sultans and nobility in the Sultanate period were Persianised Turks from Central Asia who spoke Turkic languages as their mother tongues. The Mughals were also culturally Persianized Central Asians (of Turco-Mongol origin on their paternal side), but spoke Chagatai Turkic as their first language at the beginning, before eventually adopting Persian. Persian became the preferred language of the Muslim elite of north India. Muzaffar Alam, a noted scholar of Mughal and Indo-Persian history, suggests that Persian became the official lingua franca of the empire under Akbar for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature. The influence of these languages led to a vernacular called Hindustani that is the ancestor of today's Urdu and Hindi.Iranian studies
Iranian studies (Persian: ايرانشناسی Īrānšenāsī), also referred to as Iranology and Iranistics, is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of the history, literature, art and culture of Iranian peoples. It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies.
Iranian studies is broader than and distinct from Persian studies, which is the study of the modern Persian language and literature specifically. The discipline of Iranian Studies focuses on broad trends in culture, history, language and other aspects of not only Persians, but also a variety of other contemporary and historical Iranian peoples, such as Azeris, Kurds, Lurs, Gilakis, Talysh, Tajiks, Pashtuns, Ossetians, Baluchis, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Parthians, Sogdians, Bactrians, Khwarazmians Mazandaranis, etc.List of Iranian writers
Following is a list of Iranian writers (in alphabetical order) who are notable for their work.List of Persian poets and authors
The list is not comprehensive, but is continuously being expanded and includes Persian writers and poets from Iran, Afghanistan,Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. This list is alphabetized by chronological order. Although a few authors in this list do not have their ethnic origin, nevertheless they have enriched Persian culture and civilization by their remarkable contributions to the rich Persian literature. The modern Persian speaker comprehends the literature of the earliest Persian poets including founder of the Persian poetry and literature Rudaki (approximately 1150 years ago) all the way down to the works of modern Persian poets. Some names that lived during the turn of a century appear twice.Middle Persian literature
Middle Persian literature is the corpus of written works composed in Middle Persian, that is, the Middle Iranian dialect of Persia proper, the region in the south-western corner of the Iranian plateau. Middle Persian was the prestige dialect during the era of Sassanid dynasty.
The rulers of the Sassanid Empire (224–654 CE) were natives of that south-western region, and through their political and cultural influence, Middle Persian became a prestige dialect and thus also came to be used by non-Persian Iranians. Following the Arab conquest of the Sassanian Empire in the 7th century, shortly after which Middle Persian began to evolve into New Persian, Middle Persian continued to be used by the Zoroastrian priesthood for religious and secular compositions. These compositions, in the Aramaic-derived Book Pahlavi script, are traditionally known as "Pahlavi literature". The earliest texts in Zoroastrian Middle Persian were probably written down in late Sassanid times (6th–7th centuries), although they represent the codification of earlier oral tradition. However, most texts, including the zand commentaries and translations of the Zoroastrian canon, date from the 9th to the 11th century, when Middle Persian had long ceased to be a spoken language, so they reflect the state of affairs in living Middle Persian only indirectly. The surviving manuscripts are usually 14th-century copies.Other, less abundantly attested varieties of Middle Persian literature include the 'Manichaean Middle Persian' corpus, used for a sizable amount of Manichaean religious writings, including many theological texts, homilies and hymns (3rd–9th, possibly 13th century). Even less-well attested are the Middle Persian compositions of Nestorian Christians, evidenced in the Pahlavi Psalter (7th century); these were used until the beginning of the second millennium in many places in Central Asia, including Turfan (in present-day China) and even localities in Southern India.Mohammad Moin
Mohammad Moin (Persian: Mohamad Moin, also his surname could be transliterated as Mo'in) (July 12, 1914, Rasht, Iran – July 4, 1971, Tehran, Iran) was a prominent Iranian scholar of Persian literature and Iranian Studies.
Mohamad Moin studied at the Higher Institute of Science in Tehran and obtained his BA in literature and philosophy in 1934. He subsequently went to Belgium and graduated in applied psychology, anthropology and cognitive science under Elmer Knowles. On returning to Iran he carried out his doctoral research under Ebrahim Pourdavoud at the University of Tehran, culminating in a thesis with the title "Mazdayasna and its Influence on Persian Literature" for which he received a PhD with honours in Persian literature and linguistics. He is the first doctoral graduate in Persian literature from the University of Tehran.
He was later appointed full professor at University of Tehran, from which position he was subsequently promoted as Distinguished Professor to the Chair of Literary Criticism and Research in Literary Texts at the same university. He is best known for his famous Mo'in Dictionary as well as his contributions to The Dehkhoda Dictionary, a work he did in collaboration with Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda himself.
Mo'in was President of the literature commission of the International Congress of Iranian Studies and Director of the Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute.
Mohammad Mo'in died in 1971 in Tehran. He is buried in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, Gilan, Iran. His burial chamber was vandalized in 1981 by vigilantes, thought to be due to Mo'in's ties to the political elite of the Pahlavi Era.Nozhat al-Majales
Noz'hat al-Majāles (Persian: نزهة المجالس "Joy of the Gatherings/Assemblies") is an anthology which contains around 4,100 Persian quatrains by some 300 poets of the 5th to 7th centuries AH (11th to 13th centuries AD). The anthology was compiled around the middle of the 7th century AH (13th century) by the Persian poet Jamal al-Din Khalil Shirvani. Jamal al-Din Khalil Shirvani (Persian: جمال خلیل شروانی) compiled his anthology in the name of 'Ala al-Din Shirvanshah Fariborz III (r. 1225-51), son of Goshtasp. The book was dedicated to Fariboz III.Poetry of Afghanistan
Poetry of the modern-day region called Afghanistan has ancient roots, which is mostly written in Dari (Persian) and Pashto. Afghan poetry relates to the culture of Afghanistan.Qaani
Mirza Habibollah Shirazi, known as Qaani (Persian: قاآنی), is one of the most famous poets of the Qajar era. He was born in 1808 in Shiraz, where he attended elementary school. At an early age, Qaani went to Mashhad for further study. He wrote a poem to praise Fath Ali Shah Qajar during the former's visit to Tehran, and called him "Mojtahed of the Poets".
Qaani studied Arab and Persian literature and had great interest in hekmat. He was familiar with French and English, and was knowledgeable in mathematics and rhetoric. In logic he was considered a master.
Qaani's poetry collection consisted of over twenty thousand verses. He wrote a book, Parishaan, in the style of Golestan. Qaani died in Tehran in 1270 AH, and was buried in the shrine of His Highness Abdol Azim. He died in 1854 in Rey.Rudaba
Rūdāba or Roodabeh (Persian: رودابه) is a Persian mythological female figure in Ferdowsi's epic Shahnameh. She is the princess of Kabul, daughter of Mehrab Kaboli and Sindukht, and later she becomes married to Zal, as they become lovers. They had two children, including Rostam, the main hero of the Shahnameh.
Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of Iran, Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. | <urn:uuid:9683ba1f-72bc-48e9-a597-2f8f7056e74d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://howlingpixel.com/i-en/Persian_literature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256571.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521202736-20190521224736-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.958195 | 12,453 | 3.75 | 4 |
The term enlightenment, in the simplest definition, refers to the act of fully comprehending one’s condition, for the purpose of gaining an understanding of their sense of self. Enlightenment is a difficult concept or term to assign a concrete definition, since it can define virtually most states of being aware of one’s self, across both religious and non-religious practices.
Enlightenment is commonly used in Western cultures in religious contexts. As an example, it accurately translates many Buddhist concepts and terms, such as kensho, botable bodhi and satori. Other terms that relate enlightenment to Asian religions include Kevala Jnana in Jainism and moksha in Hinduism.
In regards to an individual, enlightenment itself can represent the sudden fostering of light in a place where darkness once resonated. It represents the feeling an individual may experience when becoming aware of themselves in a way they haven’t before. To become enlightened implies that one understands the conditioning of their spirit, through the absorption of concepts that penetrate their soul and mind in an evocative manner.
Although it’s not likely that many will achieve total enlightenment throughout their lifetimes, they can alternatively attain a form of enlightenment through seeking knowledge; the act of being open to seeking and absorbing that aforementioned knowledge can help an individual become more aware of themselves, and they’ll eventually take that information and carry it within them for the remainder of their lives.
There are as many ways to achieve enlightenment as there are existing concepts relating to the term. The most common way for many to seek enlightenment involves the art of meditation and yoga. Meditation itself is the act of training the mind to accept or retain a certain state of consciousness that benefits someone’s state of being.
Several forms of meditation exist, such as more strict and controlled practices to casual and easy to adapt versions of the art. Meditation must be practiced regularly, in order to allow one to gain and develop unconscious customary behaviors that may produce positive effects on one’s physical and mental well being. As an example, a person can meditate for at least 15 minutes of their day and immediately see results after a continued regime over a period of a few months.
There isn’t, however, a single and definitive resource to help one achieve total spiritual enlightenment. The path for many to achieve enlightenment depends on their own personal goals and what they hope to realize within themselves, so they can gain a sense of peace they’ve never achieved before. | <urn:uuid:e443f8fe-ae87-4753-bc0e-b58a36aab38f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.handonyoga.com/2012/11/what-is-enlightenment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121305.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00450-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952379 | 511 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Jan 22, 2018
In January 1888, after a disarming warm spell, a violent storm of blinding snow and bitter cold suddenly struck the American Midwest, trapping farmers in fields, travelers on roads, and hundreds of children in schoolhouses with limited fuel. In this week's episode of the Futility Closet podcast we'll describe the Children's Blizzard, one of the most harrowing winter storms in American history.
We'll also play 20 Questions with a computer and puzzle over some vanishing vultures.
In 1835 an assassin shot two good pistols at Andrew Jackson and both misfired.
In 1958 Brooklyn College chemistry professor Homer Jacobson built a self-replicating model train.
Sources for our feature on the Children's Blizzard:
David Laskin, The Children's Blizzard, 2004.
Mitchell Newton-Matza, ed., Disasters and Tragic Events, 2014.
Steven L. Horstmeyer, The Weather Almanac, 2011.
"The Pitiless Blizzard," Aurora Daily Express, Jan. 16, 1888.
"Victims of the Storm," Bridgeport Morning News, Jan. 19, 1888.
"In the Neighborhood," Deseret News, Jan. 24, 1888.
"A Brave Girl," Gettysburg [Pa.] Compiler, Jan. 31, 1888.
Edythe H. Dunn, "Not Even an Act of God," Phi Delta Kappan 30:7 (March 1949), 245-249.
Jill Callison, "The Children's Blizzard," Argus Leader, Dec. 26, 2004.
Maria Houser Conzemius, "That's Why They Call It the Children's Blizzard," Iowa City Press-Citizen, March 13, 2007.
Steve Tracton, "Freak, Deadly Storm: Children's Blizzard of 1888," Washington Post, Jan. 14, 2011.
Jeanie Mebane, "Blizzard!" Cobblestone 33:3 (March 2012).
"One-Room Schoolhouse Lives," Argus Leader, Sept. 4, 2012.
Beccy Tanner, "213 Schoolchildren Perished in the Great Plains Blizzard of 1888," Wichita Eagle, Dec. 31, 2012.
Alyssa Ford, "125 Years Ago, Deadly 'Children's Blizzard' Blasted Minnesota," MinnPost, Jan. 11, 2013.
Tom Lawrence, "Children's Blizzard Struck Great Plains 125 Years Ago," McClatchy-Tribune Business News, Jan. 12, 2013.
Paula Quam, "Warm Weather Like This Week's Preceded 1888 Deadly Blizzard," Saint Paul Pioneer Press, Dec. 19, 2015.
Sean Potter, "Retrospect: January 12, 1888: The Children's Blizzard," Weatherwise (accessed Jan. 6, 2018).
Amber Pariona, "The Ten Deadliest Blizzards In History," World Atlas, April 25, 2017.
"Hitler's Sunken Secret," NOVA, pbs.org.
Karen Schrock, "Twenty Questions, Ten Million Synapses," ScienceLine, July 28, 2006.
"A Heroic Commando, A Deadly Mission to Sabotage Nazi Bomb -- and the Pregnant Widow He Left Behind," Cork Evening Echo Holly Bough, Christmas 2017.
Please consider becoming a patron of Futility Closet -- on our Patreon page you can pledge any amount per episode, and we've set up some rewards to help thank you for your support. You can also make a one-time donation on the Support Us page of the Futility Closet website.
Many thanks to Doug Ross for the music in this episode.
If you have any questions or comments you can reach us at firstname.lastname@example.org. Thanks for listening! | <urn:uuid:9bf87ae0-a8ee-4ea0-a78c-ea74763aab8d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://futilitycloset.libsyn.com/webpage/186-the-childrens-blizzard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703515075.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118154332-20210118184332-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.873503 | 783 | 2.65625 | 3 |
REPORTER Danielle Morris visited Porlock Weir to learn more about a new venture taking place which hopes to bring employment and tourism to the area.
Porlock Futures, a sub-group of the parish council, last month planted oyster bags in the sea and poles ready to farm mussels as part of a two-year trial.
This project is to set up Great Britain’s first community-sustainable shellfish farm producing oysters and mussels.
The trestles you can see here are visible only once a month at low-tide, when it’s a race against time and tide to ensure everything is ship-shape.. Danielle joined the group to check on the first month’s progress.
VOLUNTEERS work hard to make sure everything is ship-shape before the tide comes in.
OYSTERS might be considered a food for fine dining nowadays but back in the 19th Century, the shellfish delicacy was the food of the people.
Right here in West Somerset, oysters saved the people of Porlock from starvation.
“You wouldn’t think it but oysters were actually food eaten by the poor,” Roger Hall tells me.
“It wasn’t until much later on that they were considered a treat.”
Roger is among a handful of members of Porlock Futures, a sub-group of the parish council which was set up to develop ideas to enhance the local economy and employment opportunities. Now it is hoped the ‘food of the poor’ will help keep poverty at bay.
The first of their plans is ‘Porlock Bay Shellfish’ and less than a month ago the first bags of oysters went into the bay.
The trestles, which have been made by Allerford Forge, are only visable once a month for a few hours during low tide.
That means the volunteers have to work quickly to check everything is in order and make any repairs and observations.
I joined the group on the first of their monthly checks to see how it was all going and find out how exactly you farm oysters.
“Not only did the locals enjoy our oysters but they were sent from the railway in Minehead up to London,” Roger explains.
“Porlock oysters attained a national reputation for quality and taste. Brown’s Hotel would only serve our oysters and it would be great if history repeated itself.”
Local legend has it that Porlock’s feasting suddenly came to an end one day when ‘ships from the East’ pillaged the oyster beds in the Bristol Channel in the late 19th Century.
The area in which the two-year trial is taking place is owned by Porlock Manor Estate.
Estate owner Mark Blathwayt has been “extremely helpful and supportive and his knowledge of the coast has been so valuable”, said Roger.
It’s not just oysters which are being farmed either.
As we made our way down to the beach, rope was being tied to long wooden poles, known as Bouchot Poles.
THE Bouchout Poles which will be used to grow mussels.
The rope is used to catch mussel spawn which clings on to it and grows into mussels as the tide comes and goes.
There are already mussels in the area so the group hope their efforts will be successful although if not they will then buy mussel spawn to attach.
On a gloriously sunny and surprisingly warm day, I asked the group if they worried about when the winter weather returns.
Roger had already pointed out where fierce tides earlier this year had “moved the beach back”, almost completely burying a walking sign and tree.
Dave Salter, another member of Porlock Futures, said: “It does worry us and that is something we are going to have to face when the time comes.
“The weather hasn’t been anywhere near as bad as what it was back at the beginning of the year but already some of the bags have been split open, just a tiny amount, and we’ve lost some of the oyster seed.
But it is all part of the learning experience.”
As well as the weather, there is also other sealife to contend with.
Dave adds: “We have to put plastic rings at the bottom to stop crabs climbing up the poles and eating the mussels ... there really is so much to think about here.”
So how exactly are oysters farmed?
Plastic mesh bags are filled with partgrown and seed oysters, then secured to low metal trestles along the beach.
Oysters only grow when they are feeding from nutrients the sea brings in, so the trestles are positioned at a level for which the majority of time they are completely submerged.
Two types of oysters are grown – diploids and triploids.
Diploids are ‘parents’ with two genes and triploids are hybrids with an extra gene making them sterile; therefore the latter don’t spawn and grow all year round whereas the diploids can lose up to 70% of their body weight.
DAVE Salter from Porlock Futures examines an oyster left in one of the bags which had split open, losing nearly all of its contents.
It’s not only Porlock’s past which has encouraged the project either.
Resident Tony Kenyon had the idea to farm oysters back in 2008.
He told me: “Porlock is the perfect place for oysters, not only because of the history but because of the environment.
It fits in well with the landscape and there is more money in oysters, if the plan is successful.
“It is exciting to see people so enthusiastic about the project and that we’ve finally started the work but I won’t be happy until I see results and we have a long wait yet.”
So far 12 Bouchet Poles and eight oyster trestles containing between 17,000 and 20,000 oysters have been installed, and if the trial is successful there are further plans afoot.
Dave Salter added: “Any money we make will go back into the community to set up more projects to help boost tourism and job opportunities.”
The group has already planned its next venture – a micro-brewery with beer called ‘Sea Breeze’.
PHOTOS: Maureen Harvey. | <urn:uuid:ddd0346f-7175-4d7c-b839-07245d9b674b> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.thisisthewestcountry.co.uk/news/11240856.Feature__Porlock_s_pearl_of_a_project/?ref=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702039825.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195359-00234-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969694 | 1,377 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Empirical SCOTUS: An opinion is worth at least a thousand words (Corrected)
on Apr 3, 2018 at 12:03 pm
Supreme Court opinions come in all different shapes and sizes. Some are short and sweet, and others are dense, long, and hard to follow. Some reasons behind relative opinion length are obvious. Even though the justices tend not to grant cases with facile solutions, certain cases are particularly complex and involve extensive fact patterns. Along with the superficial reasons that define an opinion’s length, other factors lie below the surface. Justices have distinct writing patterns. Some believe in brevity, while others are quite verbose.
Strategically, opinions vary in length depending on the receptivity of other justices. If the chief justice is in the majority, the chief delegates majority opinion authorship to any justice in the majority. If the chief is not in the majority, this delegation is performed by the most senior justice in the majority. Once an opinion has an author, though, that justice must maintain the majority coalition. Depending on the text of the opinion, certain justices may be persuaded to join with the majority, while others might decide that their views more closely align with those in a dissent. Majority opinion lengths vary as authoring justices aim to appease and maintain a majority, yet to not dissuade members of majority from staying on.
Just this term we have seen a variation of over 5,000 words in opinion length between the Supreme Court’s longest majority opinion, Jennings v. Rodriguez, and the shortest opinion, Murphy v. Smith. At 8,824 words, though, Jennings doesn’t hold a candle to last year’s longest signed majority opinion in Cooper v. Harris, which runs to 10,773 words.
The average number of opinion words changes over time as well. This post tracks signed majority opinions written between 1951 and the end of the 2013 term; the average majority-opinion length by term is displayed below along with a trend line and 95-percent confidence interval.
As this graph shows, the mean majority-opinion length steadily increased from under 4,000 words to over 6,000 words across this period.
Building on the importance of the majority coalition, we can also examine opinion length depending on the difference in the size of the Supreme Court’s majority versus the number of dissenting voters.
Perhaps not surprisingly, opinions in the most closely divided cases averaged significantly more words than unanimous opinions. This trend was relatively consistent for the increments in between.
The difference in majority-opinion size is also evident when clustering opinions by certain characteristics. Using the Supreme Court Database, I grouped opinions according to coding by issue. To ensure that the correlations were not based on idiosyncratic instances, I only used issues coded in at least 25 cases. Issues with opinions that averaged at least 5,000 words are displayed below.
Based on the issue coding, the central issue in the longest-average opinions is abortion. Abortion opinions like Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey are long not only in an effort to please a majority coalition, but also to explain the nuances of what makes certain behavior legal and certain behavior illegal. The complexity of abortion law is also evident in the constantly changing state laws (e.g., the recent legislation in Mississippi) that attempt to track the boundaries under the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Constitution.
Cases dealing with facets of the Constitution, such as the establishment clause, also involve contentious areas in which jurisprudence is constantly evolving to the strictures of the law (and its interpretation). Cases dealing with complex issues like mergers also fall toward the top of the word length list. Also, cases with issues like natural resources, which often examine agencies’ interpretations of statutes, lead to lengthy opinions.
Even though the Supreme Court’s examination of agencies’ interpretations often leads to extensive majority opinions, it does not always do so. The following figure looks at the difference in opinion word length depending on the agency whose decision the court ultimately examined.
Because cases that deal with natural resources average such a high word count, it follows that cases initially reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency fall high in this figure. This can be compared with opinions in cases initially reviewed by the Internal Revenue Service, which, although they have been somewhat common before the Supreme Court in certain years, do not tend to be particularly lengthy.
Moving back to the issue of opinion assignment, the assigner may have an influence on opinion length often related to the majority coalition and issue in the case.
For that reason, two associate-justice opinion assigners averaged higher word counts than any chief justice over this period. Justices John Paul Stevens and William Brennan tended to vote alongside the more liberal justices during the years when Warren Burger and William Rehnquist were chief justice. In accordance with the notion that recent opinions tend to be longer than older ones, opinions assigned by Chief Justice John Roberts are the next longest on average.
But perhaps more interesting than looking at majority assigner is the figure displaying the authoring justices’ relative opinion lengths.
Interestingly, Stevens also tops the list that ranks justices by their average opinion length. Stevens, who was also the most common dissenter while on the court, was often the liberal voice on a conservative court. Justice David Souter, another typically liberal justice who sat alongside Stevens, comes next on this list, followed by Justice Harry Blackmun, who authored, among other opinions, the 11,787-word abortion opinion Roe v. Wade. On the other end of the spectrum, justices who sat on the court near the middle of the 20th century dominate the bottom of this figure.
Looking at the justices with a finer-toothed comb, the next figure breaks down average opinion length by justice and by the general case area. This figure only focuses on instances when justices authored at least five majority opinions in a given issue area.
This figure shows, for instance, that Blackmun’s opinions dealing with attorneys averaged over 10,000 words. This set includes Blackmun’s 11,526-word opinion in Bates v. State Bar of Arizona. Conversely, Justice Antonin Scalia’s federal-tax opinions, such as the 2,744-word opinion in Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Bollinger, averaged on the short end of the length spectrum.
One of the more interesting questions that can be answered with this data is which signed opinions were the lengthiest across this period. The following figure has the answer.
Only two signed opinions, those in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission and Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board, were over 40,000 words long. This also shows that opinions closer to 25,000 words were much more common than much longer ones. Two Louisiana-boundary opinions are both in the top 11. Stevens, the justice with the longest opinions on average, has two in this figure, McConnell and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. Interestingly, so do Justices Felix Frankfurter, John Marshall Harlan and Potter Stewart. The only sitting justice with an opinion in this figure is Justice Anthony Kennedy with his opinion in TBS v. Federal Communications Commission.
If the Supreme Court continues to have smaller and smaller caseloads each term, we may continue to see opinion lengths grow. Although the opinions this term have by no means been short (they are 4,876 words long on average), we are fewer than 20 signed opinions deep at this point in the term. The more contentious and lengthy decisions tend to come in the latter part of the term. Last term’s longest opinion, in Cooper v. Harris, was released in May. We may expect to see the average for this term increase by several thousand words, but this will only be possible if the justices write much longer opinions on average for the remainder of the term.
This post was originally published on Empirical SCOTUS.
An earlier version of this post indicated that the word count for Cooper v. Harris was 21,625, not 10,773. | <urn:uuid:1aab011c-c701-4284-9ebc-66d817d9b500> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/04/empirical-scotus-an-opinion-is-worth-at-least-a-thousand-words/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.953153 | 1,658 | 2.921875 | 3 |
(From page 321-2) What the nutritionists of the 1920s and 1930s didn't then know is that animal foods contain all of the essential amino acids (the basic structural building blocks of proteins), and they do so in the ratios that maximize their utility to humans. They also contain twelve of the thirteen essential vitamins in large quantities. Meat is a particularly concentrated source of vitamins A, E, and the entire complex of B vitamins. Vitamins D and B12 are found only in animal products (although we can usually get sufficient vitamin D from the effect of sunlight on our skin).
The thirteenth vitamin, vitamin C, ascorbic acid, has long been the point of contention. It is contained in animal foods in such small quantities that nutritionists have considered it insufficient and the question is whether this quantity is indeed sufficient for good health. Once James Lind demonstrated that scurvy could be prevented and cured by eating fresh fruits and vegetables, nutritionists assumed that these foods are an absolutely essential dietary source of vitamin C. What had been demonstrated, they will say, is that scurvy is "a dietary deficiency resulting from lack of fresh fruit and vegetables." To be technically accurate, however, Lind and the nutritionists who followed him in the study of scurvy demonstrated only that the disease is a dietary deficiency that can be cured by the addition of fresh fruits and vegetables. As a matter of logic, though, this doesn't necessarily imply that the lack of vitamin C is caused by the lack of fresh fruits and vegetables. Scurvy can be ameliorated by adding these to the diet, but the original lack of vitamin C might be caused by other factors. In fact, given that the Inuit and those Westerners living on the Inuit's vegetable- and fruit-free diet never suffered from scurvy, as Stefansson observed, then other factors must be involved. This suggested another way of defining a balanced diet. It's possible that eating easily digestible carbohydrates and sugars increases our need for vitamins that we would otherwise derive from animal products in sufficient quantities.
Further on page 325:
Nutritionists would establish by the late 1930s that B vitamins are depleted from the body by the consumption of carbohydrates. "There is an increased need for these vitamins when more carbohydrate in the diet is consumed," as Theodore Van Itallie of Columbia University testified to McGovern's Select Committee in 1973. A similar argument can now be made for vitamin C. Type 2 diabetics have roughly 30% lower levels of vitamin C in their circulation than do nondiabetics. Metabolic syndrome is also associated with "significantly" reduced levels of circulating vitamin C, which suggests that vitamin-C deficiency might be another disorder of civilization. One explanation for these observations -- described in 1997 by the nutritionists Julie Will and Tim Byers, of the Centers for Disease Control and the University of Colorado, respectively, as both "biologically plausible and empirically evident" -- is that high blood sugar and/or high levels of insulin work to increase the body's requirements for vitamin C.
Aren't vitamin C levels low in people with MS, too? Much food for thought in Taubes' book! | <urn:uuid:2f754330-dff5-491d-a959-0e63f9694072> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.thisisms.com/forum/diet-f9/topic4781.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500800767.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021320-00417-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955927 | 652 | 3.578125 | 4 |
- Year Created: 2013
- Submitted to ArtBase: Tuesday Apr 30th, 2013
- Original Url: http://jnelemans.com/Eindhoven.html
- jeroennelemans, primary creator
Take full advantage of the ArtBase by Becoming a Member
Early mapmakers frequently used imagery from early works without giving credit to the original cartographers. Eindhoven is made from multiple screenshots using Google Earth of road markers in the city of Eindhoven. These new maps of Eindhoven cannot be separated from the mechanism of its creation, as the map becomes a negative space of the plexiglas, which is removed with a laser cutter, allowing the LED light to be revealed. | <urn:uuid:13b68424-62ea-44b1-b807-a5b16618d825> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://rhizome.org/portfolios/artwork/56551/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988312.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00258-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893548 | 154 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Wikipedia is gearing up for an explosion in digital content with new servers and storage designed to handle larger photo and video uploads.
Video file sizes are quickly reaching the dozens and hundreds of megabytes, and the proliferation of high-megapixel cameras means even small photos can take up a few megabytes, says Brion Vibber, CTO at the Wikimedia Foundation, which operates Wikipedia. Until early 2008, the user-generated encyclopedia's primary media file server had just 2TB of total space, Vibber says.
"For a long time, we just did not have the capacity [to handle very large media files]," he says.
Wikipedia has since scaled up from 2TB to 24TB and now 48TB of storage for its primary medial file server, and recently raised file upload limits from 20MB to 100MB. The amount of storage actually being used is about 5TB but that will grow quickly, Vibber says.
For example, users are uploading public domain classical music, and some recordings can last a half-hour. Documentary films that are out of copyright are also being uploaded, and some users are struggling to keep files under the 100MB limit, according to Vibber.
Vibber's long-term goal is to let users upload feature-length, high-quality videos, but in addition to capacity limits he says there are challenges related to getting files in the appropriate format and the physical movement of large files.
"There's no limit, and there's no practical limit," Vibber says. "The limits will get bigger and bigger to where it will be relatively easy for someone who has a legitimate need to upload a two-hour video of good quality."
Wikipedia's new servers and storage were supplied by Sun which provided donations and special pricing on Sun Fire x4500 and x4150 servers and StorageTek arrays. Wikipedia, which handles more than 10 billion page views a month, also uses Sun's open source MySQL as its primary database software.
Wikimedia operates a primary data center in Tampa, Fla., and caching centers in Amsterdam and South Korea, and has a total of 450 or so commodity servers from a mix of vendors, Vibber says.
The site's technology goals this year and next include improving usability, making it easier to edit articles and upload videos and photos, and integration with media file sites like Flickr, he says.
The donations from Sun came in the midst of a big fundraising push by Wikimedia, which raised more than US$6 million from 125,000 donors, allowing it to fund operations through the end of its fiscal year on June 30. Wikimedia is a nonprofit and the encyclopedia Web site is devoid of advertising, so the site relies on donations, grants and gifts. Wikipedia has a paid staff of 23 employees, about eight of which are in IT. | <urn:uuid:e6b257f9-3dc2-4f8c-8fe1-184ad1b4a5f8> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/273003/wikipedia_gears_up_explosion_digital_media/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863939.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620221657-20180621001657-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.95282 | 578 | 2.59375 | 3 |
REHAB IN MOTION: The impact of bone fractures can be significant
Broken bones, otherwise known as bone fractures, can happen for many different reasons.
Normally, people suffer from a fracture as a result of having performed an activity that subjected the bone to excessive pressure, stress, or a deep impact. For example, a fall, or a car accident, etc. If the impact is great enough, any normal person can fracture a bone. Any fracture caused by excessive impact is known as normal fracture. Fractures that occur because of repeated impacts over a period of time are known as stress fractures.
Certain medical conditions such as osteopenia, osteoporosis, bone marrow cancer, bone cyst, or inherited bone disorders can weaken the bones to such an extent that trivial impacts can also cause the bones to fracture. These fractures are different from normal fractures because the impact involved in causing the fracture can be quite trivial. Even if the impact is not trivial it is certainly less than is necessary to fracture a normal healthy bone. This type of fracture is known as a pathologic fracture. A crack, not only a break, in the bone is also known as a fracture. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body. There are several different ways in which a bone can fracture; for example a clean break to the bone that does not damage surrounding tissue or tear through the skin is known as a closed fracture or a simple fracture. On the other hand, one that damages surrounding skin or tissue is known as a compound fracture or an open fracture. Compound or open fractures are generally more serious than simple fractures, with a much higher risk of infection. Most human bones are surprisingly strong and can generally stand up to fairly strong impacts or forces. However, if that force is too powerful, or there is something wrong with the bone, it can fracture. The precise amount of force that it takes to fracture a bone depends on many different factors such as the type of bone, the direction of the impact, the size of the object that impacts the bone and the speed at which it impacts the bone.
The older we get, the less force our bones can withstand. Approximately 50 per cent of women and about 20 per cent of men have a fracture after they are 50 years old.
Because children’s bones are more elastic, when they do have fractures they tend to be different. Children also have growth plates at the end of their bones - areas of growing bone - which may sometimes be damaged.
With all types of fractures, as soon as a fracture occurs, the body acts to protect the injured area, forming a protective blood clot and callus or fibrous tissue. New “threads” of bone cells start to grow on both sides of the fracture line. These threads grow toward each other until the fracture closes and the callus is absorbed.
Next Week… types of fractures, the healing process, and treatment and rehabilitation after a fracture.
Ben Chatterson is a physiotherapist at Rehabilitation in Motion which has four Island locations including two in Campbell River – Willow Point (250) 923-3773 and Quinsam (across from Save On Foods), (250) 286-9670 – as well as Comox Valley (250) 334-9670 and Port Alberni (250) 723-9675. Ben Chatterson works at the Comox Valley Clinic. Visit www.rehabinmotion.com | <urn:uuid:1c98ad2b-093d-499d-8d65-ae087494e7a5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.northislandmidweek.com/news/160864055.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653645/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00090-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944458 | 704 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Historical Forum Debate: Did Women Have a Renaissance?
Did European women and men benefit equally from the Renaissance? After reading the “Taking Sides” handout and researching the roles of women in the Medieval versus the Renaissance period, you should be able to argue one side or the other.
Read the “Taking Sides” handout (like below) and divide up based on the issue of whether or not women benefitted equally from the Renaissance. Here are some questions to consider, and be sure you can answer and debate these questions by providing EVIDENCE:
• What was the Renaissance, or what were some of the major ideas of the Renaissance time period?
• Did women receive the same kind of educational benefits as men during the Renaissance?
• Did Renaissance society demonstrate an advancement in socially acceptable roles for women? Did Renaissance society and culture offer greater opportunities for women?
• How did Renaissance society and culture view women’s physical and emotional needs in relation to those of men?
• What are examples of women who experienced advancement in the Renaissance (art, education, politics, religion)?
• How do the roles, opportunities and acceptable norms for women in the Renaissance compare to previous eras (like the Medieval period)?
Women from the Renaisssance to the Enlightenment (focus upon the Renaissance Period)
BOYS -- PRO (Women DID Have a Renaissance)
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Paint: definition and properties
Normal paint is a rather viscous suspension. The paint is based on linseed oil, oil, latex and emulsion. It also must include film formers on the surface, and pigments. Film-forming substances are the common basis by which after drying on the painted surface is formed from an opaque solid film. Also in the ink composition must be solvent to material purchased form most convenient for application.
There are different types of paints – water-dispersion, silicate, adhesive, art. Their properties usually depend on the film-forming material, which is included in their composition. Typically, they are used to create a protective layer on the surface.
Enamel: definition and properties
Enamel is called a suspension of pigments prepared on the basis of varnish. After drying, the enamel forms an opaque film with a matte or glossy texture. This coating has excellent decorative properties. The protective characteristics of the enamel is much higher than that of oil paints.
In the composition of enamels contains a large amount of film-forming substance and a small percentage of fillers. The process of drying of the surface coated with enamel, usually takes up to six hours. The main feature of enamels you can assume the presence in their composition of finely dispersed pigment. The concentration of this pigment is quite large. That is why the enamel paint is best suited for working with metallics. Unlike oil paints, enamel practically washed out by the solvent. Before use, it is recommended to mix thoroughly to bundle into individual fractions was negligible.
The main differences of paint from enamel
There are several basic differences between paints and enamels. The composition of any paint contains large amounts of fillers, while enamel is mainly composed of substances forming the film.
Unlike paints, enamels often have a sharp, unpleasant smell due to the presence in their composition of varnishes. By the way, modern high quality paint may not have a smell. But enamel is much better protects the surface from UV rays, temperature changes and other environmental influences. | <urn:uuid:c23ca984-47e9-491e-8948-b95db145bf8a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://eng.kakprosto.ru/how-902008-paint-and-enamel-what-is-the-difference | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513194.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117205246-20210117235246-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.953949 | 433 | 3.609375 | 4 |
It’s this time of year when I really start to miss the fresh produce from my garden. Winter has just started and it seems like such a long time until my garden will again be flourishing. During these cold winter months it is as important as ever for us to get enough vegetables. Winter squash can be a great vegetable to incorporate into your diet to make sure you are getting necessary nutrients. In fact, it’s called winter squash because it can be harvested in the fall and reserved for use all winter long! It is full of fiber, Vitamin A and C, as well as many antioxidants to keep your body healthy and strong.
Because of it’s thick skin, winter squash doesn’t bruise easily. This is why it doesn’t spoil quickly and lasts such a long time. Fifty degrees is the ideal storage temperature for winter squash. When stored at fifty degrees some varieties of winter squash can last up to 6 months. However, you want to avoid refrigerating it. When stored below 40 degrees, like in the refrigerator, winter squash can cause “chilling injuries” which alter the flavor and texture of the vegetable. If stored at temperatures warmer than 50 degrees, winter squash will usually last for 2-3 months.
It has an especially tough rind. The rind is edible, but most people like to remove it because it is so tough. This squash can be a great substitute for sweet potatoes in many recipes. It’s very versatile and can be roasted, pureed, or used in soups and stews.
When selecting a butternut squash, look at the stem. It should be firmly attached. The squash should feel heavy in your hand. Avoid choosing any squash that have wrinkly skin or cuts in the skin. Although unprepared squash will store for several months, cut up pieces should be stored in the refrigerator and will last for about 5 days.
The same thick skin that keeps butternut squash from spoiling can also make it tough to prepare. An easy way to remove the skin of the butternut squash is to cook it in your microwave for a few minutes before removing the skin. First, poke several holes in the squash with a fork. This allows built up pressure from steam inside the squash to escape so the squash doesn’t explode! Next, slice the top and the bottom of the squash. The top is the end where you can see the stem growing out. The bottom is the opposite end. Now, stick it in the microwave on high for 3-5 minutes. This will soften the skin enough that it becomes easier to peel off with a knife or vegetable peeler. With the skin removed, the squash is now ready for you to prepare however you would like.
Click here to check out these Top 10 Ways to Use Butternut Squash.
Certified Nutrition Education Assistant
Categories: Create Amazing Veggies | <urn:uuid:cb9c1960-2553-46ce-866b-7b5c55ad9995> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://createbetterhealth.org/2014/11/22/cooking-in-season-butternut-squash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155188.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804205700-20210804235700-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.938145 | 596 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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