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PRESENT: Jennifer Foley (Chair), Lisa Iodice (Vice-Chair), Sue Plante, Mike Lawler, Sara Santoro, Carole Whitcher, and Wayne Eddy (alternate). Also present: Dianne Hathaway (Library Director), Paul Augros and Scott Gross. CALL TO ORDER Jennifer Foley called the meeting to order at 6:35 p.m. PUBLIC COMMENTS None. APPROVAL OF DECEMBER 2010 MINUTES PUBLIC MINUTES—J. Foley suggested these changes: Page 1: W. Eddy sat on the ZBA in Bow, not in Goffstown. Page 2: Change, The Trustees reviewed the expense to budget analysis. J. Foley questioned the possibility to encumber money for books that are being published in 2011. To, The Trustees reviewed the expense to budget analysis. J. Foley questioned the possibility to encumber money for books to use in the book line to order books now even if they would not be delivered until 2011. D. Hathaway did not think it was ethical to encumber money for books that are being published in 2011. Page 4: Change is in the parenthesis and in bold. S. Plante discussed with the Trustees about action that was taken by {some} staff, following what they read in Staff News that incorrectly stated that as of January 1st, their workday would last ½ hour longer. Page 4: Remove the line This was the best scenario the Trustees could come up with... C. Whitcher motioned to approve the December 15, 2010 minutes, seconded by L. Iodice. All in favor. Motion carried. NON-PUBLIC MINUTES—tabled. January 19, 2011 meeting notes by D. Hathaway were reviewed. There was no quorum. LIBRARY FINANCIALS - $250.00 donation from Sue Plante, no restrictions. The Board decided the money will be spent in the area of Children’s/Youth Services. M. Lawler motioned to accept the donation of $250.00, seconded by S. Santoro. All in favor. Motion carried. - $400.00 donation from the family of Lee Waterman, no restrictions. S. Santoro motioned to accept the donation of $400.00, seconded by S. Plante. All in favor. Motion carried. - $25.00 donation in memory of Marion Stanhope from Susan and Donald Sharland. S. Plante motioned to accept the donation of $25.00, seconded by S. Santoro. All in favor. Motion carried. Trustee’s reviewed their account information. LIBRARY DIRECTOR’S REPORT 1. Meetings and Other Highlights—monthly town department head meeting; GMILCS Personnel Group & Board meeting; NELA Board meeting; 250th anniversary committee meeting; Deliberative Session; NHLA conference committee meeting; weekly staff meetings; two Saturdays worked over the last month. Multiple conversations with Fire Department, Dave Roberge, alarm companies regarding fire panel malfunction and ice on building. 2. Commitments—currently serving on NHLA conference committee as vendor liaison, NELA conference programming committee, GMILCS Personnel Group Chair, Goffstown 250th Anniversary Committee; Junior Director of NELA. 3. Building—Fire panel alarms went off on Saturday, January 29. We evacuated the building and the Fire Department showed up to search and turn off the alarm. The staff was happy I was working that day! Wiring problem was bypassed with the installation of a new wire so all is well as of Tuesday, February 8. We will need to address the installation of de-icing cable in the spring/summer for the areas of the building that have unsafe ice buildup problems, typically the side facing the bank. It is also causing some potential damage to the wooden soffit that Dave will investigate when the snow and ice has melted. 4. GMILCS—mini retreat on February 20 at 1:00 p.m. to engage in a dialog regarding potential new members and membership recruitment. Hooksett Public Library. 5. January, 2011 statistics. The statistics this month show decreases in comparison to January, 2010. The weather forced two full days of closure that may account, in addition to extreme cold that keeps people indoors. I feel positive the numbers will rebound during the year. The counts for reference transactions continue to grow with increases of more than 32% for the total and more than 33% for telephone and email questions. These all take staff dedication and time. Our Common Borrower numbers are interesting this month with an increase in visits to GPL but a decrease in our cardholders going elsewhere. Database usage is still going well with an increase of more than 169% over last January. 42 new cardholders in January. One area to keep a watch over is our e-reader content numbers that have been growing steadily every month. Currently we only have content through the NHSL downloadable service but my fear is that will not be enough in the future. The GMILCS Executive Board has formed a task force to look into additional vendors for this content but it will be a few months until their recommendation is available. As you can imagine, this will impact our budget tremendously when we need to split our limited materials money another way. 6. Staff—Great turnout for our staff/trustee social. Thank you!! 7. Sandy OUTREACH: GADFS planning meeting and GADFS supper at the YMCA. PROGRAMS \| Program \| Attendees \| \|-------------------------------\|-----------\| \| Book discussion \| 6 \| \| Birding program \| rescheduled due to weather \| 8. Friends of the Library are on their winter break and will resume their monthly meetings the second Wednesday of March to begin planning their annual book sale. 9. Articles of interest and education. D. Hathaway commented to the board that e-reader content has dramatically increased and that the library’s content is not keeping up with the demand. She suggested that the board will need to put money into e-reader content. As of now, book money would have to be split with e-reader material, as the library does not currently have additional money to use to purchase e-books. The Trustees asked to see the division of print v. non-print material in the budget. D. Hathaway also commented that the other area that will grow is DVDs. Netflix just announced that they are getting out of the DVD mailing business and are moving to just streaming videos. She believes the library needs to meet the demands of the patrons. SUBCOMMITTEE REPORTS - ADMINISTRATIVE/FINANCE (L. Iodice, S. Plante, T. Marts) The TD Bank CD is coming due and has an interest rate of 0.4%. L. Iodice suggested rolling the CD over into a money market account at an interest rate of 1.1%. L. Iodice motioned to roll the TD Bank CD into a money market account on March 2nd, 2011, seconded by J. Foley. All in favor. Motioned carried. The Trustees began to edit the new Trustee packet. - HUMAN RESOURCES (S. Plante, M. Lawler) The subcommittee reviewed and edited the job descriptions of the director and custodian positions. S. Plante motioned to approve the newly edited job description of the director position, seconded by M. Lawler. All in favor. Motion carried. S. Plante motioned to approve the newly edited job description of the custodian position, seconded by L. Iodice. All in favor. Motion carried. - PLANNING & COMMUNICATION (M. Lawler, S. Santoro, C. Whitcher, J. Foley) M. Lawler recommended that the library have signs in the parking lot to the effect of “No Overnight Parking, Violators Will Be Towed” so that the police department can tow the vehicles. He mentioned that these signs are already in place on other parts of town property. M. Lawler motioned to appropriate the signs in the library’s parking lot that limit parking to patrons only and informs that violators and those who park overnight will be towed, seconded by L. Iodice. All in favor. Motion carried. D. Hathaway will coordinate with the DPW to have the signs made. The Trustees discussed possible ways to market the library to new residents. S. Gross said he would like to write a letter to new residents from the Selectmen, welcoming them to town and included in the letter could be a paragraph feature the library. He will discuss this with the Selectmen at a future meeting. D. Hathaway reported that in a poll of her colleagues, they felt as elected officials it would not count for the Trustees to calculate their hours into a volunteer average, as they are not volunteers, they are elected officials. C. Whitcher asked about the possible need for this information of calculated hours on a future grant proposal. The board agreed that the information would be gathered for grant writing purposes at that time, if the need arises. In 2011 the subcommittee will: - continue to develop library questionnaires - keep the LBOT informed of the needs of the library - monitor interim uses of new land parcel - update the library’s mission statement and goals - work through signage and lighting issues with new parking lot The Board of Trustees is seeking abutter notice status with the town. They would like their name to be included on the assessor’s card, in addition to the Selectmen’s name, so that they are able to receive notifications as an abutter. OLD BUSINESS J. Foley asked the board to start thinking about who will be the next LBOT chair. NEW BUSINESS J. Foley asked the board if they’ve figured out their purpose with the town’s HR Committee? S. Gross said that this year the HR committee will be focusing on their goals. They will begin to have an education process to look at the data and statistics from LGC and the Dept. of Labor. S. Plante is the voice of the Board on the HR Committee. J. Foley suggested that the priority of the board is to become educated about library benefits and compensation so that the board knows where they want to go when the discussion comes up in the coming months/years. The 250th Anniversary Committee requested to use library’s land for a jazz/music ensemble during celebration events. The night they are requesting is the night that the Friends of the Library will be setting up their annual book sale and so it is not possible to fulfill the request. J. Foley felt that it would be a great idea to have a Trustee member in a pumpkin for Pumpkinfest this year. MISCELLANEOUS No updates from BOS & BC monthly meetings and deliberative sessions. Town HR committee meeting cancelled due to snow. No updates from S. Plante. DATES TO REMEMBER 3/08/2011 TOWN ELECTIONS ADJOURNMENT C. Whitcher, seconded by M. Lawler to adjourn the meeting at 9:04 p.m. So voted. Next meeting: March 16, 2011 at 6:30 pm. Reminder – Sara is the LBOT trustee monitor/on-call for March Respectfully submitted, Jessica D’Avanza
Buccaneer 37 87 We Have The Covington High School Covington, Ohio \| Opening \| 2 \| \|---------\|---\| \| Seniors \| 16 \| \| Sports \| 28 \| \| Underclass \| 58 \| \| Activities \| 74 \| \| Faculty \| 104 \| \| Groups \| 112 \| \| Ads \| 124 \| We Have The... Right Idea Here at CHS we possess the "Right Idea". The importance of academics, sports, clubs, student/teacher relationships, and behavior are stressed within these walls. Through the '87 yearbook we will share with you our "right ideas", as they have been captured by our photographers. We believe that these "ideas" will create many memories to cherish. opening/3 We Have The . . . Possibilities "Possibilities" are endless at CHS. You can strive for such goals as National Honor Society or Honor Roll, broaden your interests by joining extracurricular clubs, such as the Science Club or Key Club, and to strive to do your best on a particular team in the many sports Covington has to offer. It is "possibile" to receive many honors and recognition from friends and/or the CHS faculty. 4/Opening Opening/5 6/opening We Have The . . . Style Covington High possesses its own individual "style" which shines through on a day to day basis. The faculty's "style" is to get their subjects across to their students in a clear, optimistic, interesting, and friendly way. Each and every CHS student, whether a freshman or a senior, junior or sophomore, radiates their own personality through their school performances. The "style" of CHS will live forever! We have The... Enthusiasm "Enthusiasm" is expressed in different ways. Some people have a quiet "enthusiasm" that shows in their hard work and determination to succeed, while others of us have a more verbal way of showing our "enthusiasm" by cheering our team on, or yelling from sidelines. But of course on the big game nights, pep rallies, and dances, we show our "enthusiasm" for life in general. We have fun! Opening/9 10/opening We Have The . . . Individuality You don’t have to look far to see the “individuality” of the students at C.H.S., from the lockers plastered with favorite heartthrobs or heroes, to the get-ups of creative minds on Halloween. Different people feel and act differently about different things and at C.H.S. we strive to express that “individuality.” We Have The... Determination "Determination" is a 13-letter word that describes the attitudes of many students "determined" to make a success out of these four years of high school and enjoy it in the process. This "determination" is emmitted from serious scholars and able athletes alike. Opening/13 14/opening We Have The... Imagination "Imagination" is using creative resources, whether thinking what to write about on a crucial up-coming essay, planning a masterpiece in art, or pushing your mind to "imagine" a difficult theory or expression. We use our "imaginations" every day to liven up a boring class or day-dream in studyhall. Haven't you ever wondered what the person sitting next to you was "imagining" about? 16/Seniors we have the... Future '87 Scott William Alexander — “Alex”; OEA Class President — 11; Basketball — 9, 10, 11, 12; Basketball Stat — 9; Art Club — 9, 10, 11; TNT — 9; OOEA — 11, 12; Student Congress — 9, 10, 11, 12; JVS — 11, 12. Nicholas Joseph Bitner — “Bit”; Football — 9, 10, 11, 12; Basketball — 9; Perfect Attendance — 9, 10; Spanish Club — 9, 10; Melissa Renee Brown — “Missy”; Basketball — 9; Chorus — 9; FHA — 9; FHA — 9; Drama Club — 11; Spanish Club — 11, 12; Kandi LaRae Burgess — “Lips”; JVS — 11, 12; Student Services — 12; Faculty Rooms (UV)VS — 11, 12; OOEA — 11, 12; Tammy Jo Burkett — Copper High School — 10, 11; Basketball — 9; Diane Denise Click — Track Stat — 11; Attendance Office — 11; FHA — 9; Art Club — 11; TNT — 11; Heather Lee Collins — JVS — 11, 12; Michelle Dawn Crowell — “Shell”; Class Vice-President — 11, 12; Softball — 9, 10, 11, 12; Cheerleader 9, 10, 11, 12; Captain — 11, 12; Softball Letter — 9, 10, 11, 12; Key Club — 9, 10, 11, 12; President — 12; Board Member — 10; FHA — 9, 12; Bunawees — 9, 10, 11, 12; Art Club — 10, 11; Treasurer — 10; Yearbook Asst. Editor — 10; Editor — 11; Homecoming Queen — 12; Jeff Ivan DeMoss — “Jeff”; Football — 9; Baseball — 9; Basketball — Stat — 9, 10; Larry Lee Earick — “Flea”; Wrestling — 12; Golf — 9, 10; Play Crew — 11, 12; Marching Band — 9, 10, 11, 12; Concert Band — 9, 10, 11, 12; Pep Band — 9, 10, 11, 12; Band Rep. — 11, 12; Band President — 11; Art Club Pin — 9, 10, 11, 12; Art Show Route — 10, 11; Perfect Attendance — 11; Honors Band Medal — 11, 12; Art Club — 9, 10, 11, 12; Spanish Club — 9, 10; Drama Club — 11, 12; Julie Ann Elsas — “Jul”; Basketball — 10, 11, 12; Track — 9, 10, 11, 12; Volleyball — 10, 11, 12; Cheerleader — 9; Front Office — 11, 12; Varsity “C” — 9, 10, 11, 12; Coaches’ Award Track — 11; Most Valuable Track Runner — 10; Girls State — 11; Volleyball Coach’s Award — 12; Homecoming Court — 12; Volleyball Honorable Mention — SRC — 12; Student Council — 9, 10, 11, 12; Key Club — 9, 10, 11, 12; Board Member — 9; Vice-President — 10; Spanish Club — 9, 10; Drama Club — 11, 12; Ad Staff — 11, 12; Jodi Jane Fisher — “Babs”; Softball — 9; FHA — 9, 12; Treasurer — 12; Key Club — 9, 10, 11, 12; Art Club — 9, 10, 11, 12; Drama Club — 11, 12; Homecoming — 12; Dawn Dea Flory — “Dawny”; Student Librarian — 10, 11; FHA — 9, 12; Art Club — 10, 11, 12; Key Club — 12; Board Member — 11, 12; Jerry Daniel Gibboney — JVS — 11, 12; VICA — 11, 12; Darcy Lynne Harrison — “Jose”; FHA — 9; OEA — 11, 12; Spanish Club — 9, 10; Karla Sue Hart — “Sue”; Softball — 9; Marching Band (flags) — 9, 10, 11; Concert Band — 9, 10, 11; Flag Captain — 10, 11; Guidance Office — 9; Attendance Office — 12; Spanish Club — 9, 10; Drama Club — 11; Jr. Fair Board Rep./FHA — 11, 12; James Greg Hogue — “Hoogie”; Chorus — 9; Spanish Club — 10; Drama Club — 12; Julia Lynn Huelsman — Scholarship Team — 10, 11; Basketball — 9, 10, 11, 12; Cross Country — 12; Softball — 9, 10; Volleyball — 9, 10, 11; Cheerleader — 11, 12; National Honor Society — 9, 10, 11; Concert Band — 9, 10, 11; Pep Band — 9; Representative — 11; Perfect Attendance — 11; Art Club Pin — 9, 10, 11; Art Club Ribbons — 9, 10, 11; AHSME Test Winner — 11; Art Show Grand Prize — 10; Varsity “C” — 9, 10, 11, 12; Art Club — 9, 10; Advisor’s Asst. — 10; Drama Club — 11; Sect. — 11; Reporter — 12; Dale Andrew Ingle — “Huey”; Football — 9, 10, 11, 12; FFA — 9, 10; Secretary — 9; President — 10; Timothy David Jay — “Tim”; Baseball — 9; Golf — 9, 10, 11, 12; Art Club Pin — 9, 10, 11; Golf Letter — 9, 10, 11, 12; Art Club — 9, 10, 11; Krista Marie Kiehl — Basketball — 9, 12; Track — 9, 11; Cheerleader — 10, 11; Play Cast — 12; Track Pin — 9, 11; Cheerleading Pin — 10, 11; Key Club — 9, 10, 11; Spanish Jeffrey I. DeMoss Larry L. Earick Julie A. Elsass Jodi J. Fisher Dawn D. Flory Jerry D. Gibboney Darcy L. Harrison Karla S. Hart James G. Hogue Julia L. Huelsman Timothy D. Jay Dale A. Ingle Krista M. Kiehl John D. Kihm Tracy L. Kimmel Melinda F. Kuntz Shane P. Long Jody L. Looker Donald B. Martin William D. Miller John N. Monnin Debbie K. Mowery Brian J. Olson Richard C. Phillis Club — 9; John Douglas Kihm — “Doug”; Football — 9, 11; Tracy Linn Kimmel — Class Secretary — 12; Softball — 9; National Honor Society — 11, 12; Treasurer — 12; Guidance Office — 11; Front Office — 12; FHA — Chapter Degree — 9; Girls State — 11; Homecoming — 12; Spanish Club — 9; Treasurer — 9; Key Club — 9, 10, 11; Board Member — 11; FHA — 9; Melinda Faye Kuntz — “Kuntz”; Class Treasurer — 12; Bas- ketball — 10, 11, 12; Softball — 10, 11, 12; Volleyball — 10, 11, 12; Play Cast — 11; Guidance Office — 10; Front Office — 12; Volleyball MVP — 12; Basketball Hon. Mention SRC — 11; Volley 1st Team SRC — 12; Volley Senior All- Star Team — 12; Varsity “C” — 11, 12; Volley Hon. Men- tion District — 12; Drama Club Treasurer — 11; TNT — 12; Spanish Club — 10; Shane Patrick Long — “Shad”; Football — 9; Baseball — 9, 10, 11, 12; Jody Lynn Looker — JVS — 12; Track — 9, 10; Volleyball — 9; Marching Band — 9, 10; Concert Band — 9, 10; Atten- dance Office — 11; Track Letter — 9, 10; Spanish Club — 9; Drama Club — 9, 11; OEA — 12. Donald Brian Martin — “Bruce”; Class Secretary — 9, 10, 11; Golf — 9, 10, 11, 12; Honorable Mention SRC — 12; Foot- ball Stat — 11, 12; National Honor Society — 11, 12; Vice- President — 12; Student Council — 9, 10, 11, 12; President — 12; Homecoming King — 12; William Donald Miller — “The Kid”; Class President — 9; Treasurer — 10; Football — 9, 10, 12; Basketball — 9, 10, 11; Baseball — 9; Homecoming Court — 12; 2 yr. Football Player — 10, 12; Spanish Club — 9, 10; Student Council — 9, 10, 12; Art Club — 10. John N. Monnin — FFA — 10; FFA Advisor — 10; Debbie Kay Mowery — “Crazy”; JVS — 11, 12. Brian John Olson — “Ols”; Football — 9, 10, 11, 12; Baseball — 9; Wrestling — 9, 10, 11, 12; Homecoming Court — 12; Lineman of the Year — 11, 12; Hon. Mention All-Star — 11, 12; Football All-League SRC — 12; Dayton All-Star Team — 11, 12; All Southwest District — 12; Student Council — 11, 12; Homecoming Ad Club — 12. Richard Cabel Phillis — “Moondog”; Football — 9, 10, 11, 12; Track — 9, 10, 11, 12; Wrestling — 9; Varsity “C” — 10, 11, 12; Mr. Football — 12; Homecoming Court — 12; Football All-League Hon. Mention — 11; 1st Team All-League — 12; Spanish Club — 11, 12. Tracey Lynn Poindexter — FHA — 9; Keith Allan Ponchilla — “Poncho”; Football — 9; Wrestling — 9, 10, 11, 12; TNT — 9, 10; Art Club — 9, 10; VICA — 11, 12; JVS — 11, 12. Gene Duane Rapp — Basketball — 9; Baseball — 9, 10; Golf — 9, 10, 11, 12; Marching Band — 9, 10, 11, 12; Concert Band — 9, 10, 11, 12; Pep Band — 9, 11, 12; Band Letter — 9; Perfect Attendance — 9; Golf Letter — 11; Spanish Club — 10, 11. Lori Dawn Rosengarten — “Yog”; Marching Band — 9, 10, 11. Michael Allan Rosengarten — “Cleek Or Johnny Miller”; Baseball — 9, 10, 11, 12; TNT — 9; Stacey Janell Ross — Basketball — 9; Chorus — 9; Marching Band — 9, 10, 11; Perfect Attendance — 9, 10, 11; FHA — 9, 11, 12; Parliamentary — 9. Dinean Rael Runyan — Class Treasurer — 9; President — 10, 11, 12; Scholarship Team — 9, 10, 11; Basketball — 9, 10; Track — 11, 12; Volleyball — 11, 12; Chorus — 9; National Honor Society — 11, 12; Secretary — 11; President 12; Tanya Alisa Salyer — “Fish”; JVS — 12; Class Historian — 12; Softball — 9, 10, 11, 12; Marching Band — 9, 10; OEA — 12; FHA — 9. Richard Lee Seman — “Rick”; Scholarship Team — 9, 10; Football — 9, 10, 11, 12; Basketball — 9, 10; Baseball — 9, 10, 11, 12; Basketball Stat — 9; National Honor Society — 11, 12; Varsity “C” — 11, 12; Voice of Democracy — 12; Heather Irene Sower — OEA Class Historian — 12; March- ing Band — 9, 10, 11; Attendance Office — 9; FHA Parlia- mentary — 9; Perfect Attendance — 9; FHA Award for Merit — 9; Most Improved — 9; FHA — 9, 10, 11; OEA — 12; Robert Joseph Stollmer — “Rob”; Basketball — 9, 10, 11, 12; Tracey L. Poindexter Keith A. Ponchillia Gene D. Rapp Lori D. Rosengarten Michael A. Rosengarten Stacey J. Ross Dinean R. Runyan NO PHOTO AVAILABLE Tami A. Salyer Richard L. Seman Heather I. Sowers Robert J. Stollmer Dale K. Stump Scott E. Tayler Dana P. Taylor Dorothy J. Thomas Russell L. Thompson seniors/21 Craig P. Turner Billie L. Weyant Melissa M. Whiteman George T. Wise Melissa E. Wise Randy Wood Scott J. Yantis Dean J. Yingst Atsuko Yonezawa BITNER 3 Baseball — 9, 10, 11; Football Stat — 11; Dale Keith Stump — “Chip”; Piqua High School — 9, 10; Baseball — 11, 12; Cross Country — 11, 12; Basketball Stat — 11; Science Club — 12; Scott Edward Tayler — Class Vice-President — 9, 10; Football — 9, 10, 11, 12; Baseball — 9, 10; Wrestling — 9, 10, 11, 12; National Honor Society — 10, 11, 12; Dana Paul Taylor — “Tay”; Scholarship Team — 9, 10, 11; Football — 9, 10, 11, 12; Basketball — 9; Basketball Stat — 9; National Honor Society 11, 12; Play Cast — 11; Jazz Band — 12; Perfect Attendance — 9; Voice of Democracy — 12; Boys’ Basketball — 11; Americanism Winner — 10; Spanish Club — 9, 10; Art Club — 9, 10, 11, 12; Science Club Treasurer — 12; Bucanews Staff — 10, 11, 12; Yearbook Ad Staff — 12; SRC Honorable Mention — 12; Letterman — 11, 12; Piqua Daily Call All-Star Team Guard — 12; Dorothy Jean Thomas — “Pookie”; JVS — 11, 12; Russell Lee Thompson — “Rusty”; Class Treasurer — 11; Track — 10, 11, 12; Cross Country — 9, 10, 11, 12; National Honor Society — 11, 12; Cross Country Letter — 10, 11, 12; Most Valuable Runner — 10; Coach Award — 10; 3rd Year Club Pin — 10, 11, 12; Art Club President — 11, 12; Boys State Alternate — 11; Spanish Club — 9, 10; Art Club — 10, 11, 12; Craig Phillip Turner — JVS — 11, 12; Billie Lou Weyant — Scholarship Team — 10, 11; Softball — 9; Volleyball Stat — 9; Guidance Office — 11, 12; Perfect Attendance — 9; Voice of Democracy — 10; Americanism Winner — 12; Spanish Club — 9, 10; Bucanews — 12; Melissa Marie Whiting — “Lissa”; Cheerleader — 9, 10, 11, 12; Captain — 12; FHA — 9; Key Club — 9, 10, 11, 12; Spanish Club — 9, 10; George T. Wise — Carpentry Class Treasurer — 11; President — 12; Basketball — 9; Track — 9, 10, 11, 12; Cross Country — 9, 10, 11, 12; Basketball Student Manager — 10; Stat — 11, 12; Perfect Attendance — 9; Cross Country Letter — 9, 10, 11, 12; Art Club Pin — 9; Cross Country Coaches Award 10, 12; Art Club — 9, 10; VICA — 11, 12; Melissa E. Wise — “Missy or Munch”; Class and Chapter Newsletters — 12; Softball — 9, 10; Volleyball — 10, 11, 12; FHA Parliamentary — 9; Softball Letter — 10; FHA — 9; OEA — 12; Randy Wood — O.W.E. — 12; Scott Jay Yantis — “Yanti”; Football — 9, 10, 11, 12; Basket- ball — 9; Baseball — 9; Basketball Student Manager — 10; TNT — 9, 10; Art Club — 9, 10; VICA — 11, 12; JVS — 11, 12; Dean Joseph Yingst — “Sticks”; FFA — 9; VICA — 11; Atsuko Yonezawa — Marching, Concert and Pep Bands — 12; Exchange Student Not Pictured: Brian Dershem Jim Fuston Phillip Ouellette Allen Peeples Larry Spurgeon Glenn Wilkop Brent Young Class Of 1987 24/seniors Senior Candids MOST LIKELY TO SUCCEED: Dana Taylor and Dinean Runyan TEACHER'S PET: Scott Tayler, Tracy Kimmel, and Dinean Runyan BEST DRESSED: Dana Taylor and Dawn Flory BEST EYES: Rusty Thompson and Julie Elsass BEST PERSONALITY: Shane Long and Melinda Kuntz BEST LOOKING: Bill Miller and Jodi Fisher BEST FRIENDS TO EVERYONE: Bruce Martin, Michelle Crowell, and Dinean Runyan MOST ATHLETIC: Brian Olson and Julie Elsass MOST POPULAR: Bill Miller and Michelle Crowell MOST SCHOOL SPIRIT: Rusty Thompson and Michelle Crowell CLASS LEADERS: Bruce Martin and Dinean Runyan Senior Favorites Here we have it, Seniors! From a poll taken winter '87 the votes were tallied up for the class clown right up to the most likely to succeed. Congratulations! The winners are as follows: BEST HAIR: Bill Miller and Julia Huelsman CLASS CLOWN: Shane Long, Krista Kiehl, and Melissa Whiteman MOST TALKATIVE: Bill Miller and Dawn Flory SMARTEST: Scott Tayler and Dinean Runyan BEST BODY: Bill Miller and Julie Elsass ROWDIEST: Rusty Thompson and Melissa Whiteman MOST ORGANIZED: Scott Tayler and Dinean Runyan MOST HYPER: Nick Bitner and Jodi Fisher BEST DANCER: Shane Long and Melissa Whiteman 28/sports division we have the ... Winning Spirit '87 30 The 1986 Covington High School football team finished the year with a 5-5 record. The Bucs began the year with a 7-0 shutout of arch-rival, Bradford. Throughout the year the Bucs stayed near the .500 level. By defeating Lehman the final game of the year, Covington assured itself of another non-losing season. In SRC action the Bucs finished 3-3 for 3rd place. Individual honors went to Brian Olson and Rich Phillis who were All-league. Dana Taylor, Heath Finfrock, and Andy Ingle received honorable mention. Brian Olson and Andy Ingle received second team All Southwest District while Brian was on the Journal Herald All-Star team for the second year. Award winners this year were Andy Ingle and Brian Olson as “Lineman of the Year”, Heath Finfrock as “Back of the Year”, and Rich Phillis “Mr. Football”. Back row — (l. to r.) Mark Westfall, Steve Shilt, Scott Ponchilla, Chris Calrk, Steve Spurgeon, Bobby Sellman, Jason Lyle, David Glenn, Jamie Stevenson, Andy Whiteman, Andy Angle, Dusty Stump, Shawn Bartlett, Steve A., Joe Boyer; 2nd row — Tim Schwamberger, Jeff Gaffney, Doug Hartman, Mark Hagan, Kyle Boehringer, Rob Anspach, Jamie Rose, Doug Dilley, Scott Robinson, Cory Smith, Hans Stocker, Josh Burns, Shad Earick, Charlie Burgbacher; 3rd row — Steve Sink, Ray Burton, Tab Brinkman, Shane Powell, Tony Iddings, Heath Finfrock, Randy Hartman, Brian Locker, L.G. Henry, Shawn Lear, Tim Fitzpatrick, David White, Tom Barbosa, Andy Ingle, Dana Taylor, Scott Yantis, Scott Tayler, Brian Olson, Andy Ingle, Bill Miller, Nick Bitner, Rick Seman, Rich Phillis. Seniors: (Back row left to right) Bill Miller, Andy Ingle, Brian Olson, Scott Tayler, Dana Taylor (Front row left to right) Scott Yantis, Nick Bitner, Rich Phillis, Rick Seman. Football 1986 Coaching Staff — (l. to r.) Jack Schwamberger, Charlie Burgbacher, Mark Westfall, Tom Barbee. \| OPPONENT \| WE \| THEY \| \|-------------------\|-----\|------\| \| BRADFORD \| 7 \| 0 \| \| TWIN VALLEY SOUTH \| 8 \| 14 \| \| ARCANUM \| 0 \| 43 \| \| MILTON-UNION \| 13 \| 12 \| \| TIPP CITY \| 0 \| 46 \| \| MECHANICSBURG \| 20 \| 6 \| \| MIAMI EAST \| 34 \| 6 \| \| SPRINGFIELD CATHOLIC \| 0 \| 20 \| \| VERSAILLES \| 6 \| 20 \| \| LEHMAN \| 22 \| 6 \| Statistician: Bruce Martin The boys' cross country team had another fine season this past year. Lead once again by sophomore Ryan Stover, the Bucs finished the season with an impressive 96-24 record. They placed first in the John Bryan and Bob Schul Invitational and second in the Bethel Invitational and District meet. Competing for the second year in a row at the Regional meet, the Bucs were denied a spot as a team in the State meet by one team place. Named Outstanding Runner for the second straight year, Ryan Stover placed 1st in 8 of the Bucs' 11 meets. He also finished fourth in the State meet making first team All-State for the second year in a row. The Bucs had fine senior leadership provided by George Wise, Rusty Thompson, and Chip Stump. George Wise won the Coach's Award for his dedication to cross country and also a trophy for lettering in cross country for four straight years. (L to R) Rusty Thompson, Ryan Stover George Wise, Chip Stump, John Polhamus, Ted Schultz, Reggie Smith, Jason Byers. Coach — Mr. Jim Meyer Boys \| Event \| Place \| \|------------------------------\|-------\| \| John Bryan Invitational \| 1st \| \| Treaty City Invitational \| 4th \| \| Spencerville \| 7th \| \| Miami County Invitational \| 4th \| \| Ohio Caverns Invitational \| 3rd \| \| Ft. Loramie Invitational \| 4th \| \| Bethel Invitational \| 2nd \| \| Bob Schul Invitation \| 1st \| \| CRC \| 3rd \| \| District \| 2nd \| \| Regional \| 4th \| 96-24 Cross Country This was the first year for a complete girls' cross-country team. Despite an overall record of 16-24, the Lady Bucs showed a great deal of heart and desire as they competed throughout the fall. The Lady Bucs are a young team, losing only senior Julia Huelsman to graduation. They have big expectations for next year. Freshman Annie Thompson was named Outstanding Runner while junior Lisa Kenworthy won the Coach's Award for her desire and competitive spirit. (L to R) Jodie Barton, Heather Stover, Annie Thompson, Tricia Zell, Lisa Kenworthy, Jill Emmert, Julia Huelsman Coaches — Mr. Jim Meyer and Mr. Doug Foster Seniors — Rusty Thompson, Chip Stump, George Wise, Julia Huelsman Varsity Team — Top row (L to R) Tina Hite, Brenda Fields; Middle row — Roxanne Stollmer, Maria Kihm, Julie Elsass, Missy Wise; Bottom row — Dinean Runyan, Melinda Kuntz, Mrs. Lakes-Mormon, Jodi Miller, Julie Johnson Seniors — (L to R) Dinean Runyan, Missy Wise, Melinda Kuntz, Julie Elsass Team Captain — Julie Elsass, Melinda Kuntz Volleyball The varsity volleyball team had a successful 11-9 season, despite having only one returning starter. The inexperience of the team made for an up and down season, but the players improved greatly and will be tough competitors next season. Melinda Kuntz was MVP and Julie Elsass earned the Coaches’ Award. The reserve team finished the season with a winning record 10-6. The girls worked hard to achieve this accomplishment. Through their hard work, dedication, and abilities to work together, they improved their volleyball skills. I enjoyed working with the team and wish them all good luck next year. Cindy Byers Reserve Team — Top row — (L to R) Jennie Brant, Lori Salyer, Next row — Candi Johnson, Robyn Martin, Next Row — Renee Marko, Tara Davis, Tammi Johnson, Rhonda Salyer, Pam Sowers; Bottom row — Mary Jacquemin, Nikki Kimmel, Julie Roecker \| OPPONENT \| WE \| THEY \| \|----------\|----\|------\| \| Bradford \| 15 \| 13 \| \| Bethel \| 75 \| 8 \| \| Ansonia \| 12 \| 15 \| \| Munster \| 9 \| 15 \| \| Versailles\| 10 \| 15 \| \| Bradford \| 15 \| 4 \| \| Tipp City\| 9 \| 15 \| \| Miami East\| 15 \| 13 \| \| Arcanum \| 15 \| 15 \| \| Tri Village\| 6 \| 15 \| \| Milton \| 1 \| 15 \| \| Union \| 3 \| 15 \| \| OPPONENT \| WE \| THEY \| \|----------\|----\|------\| \| Bradford \| 15 \| 7 \| \| Bethel \| 15 \| 6 \| \| Ansonia \| 15 \| 8 \| \| Munster \| 15 \| 10 \| \| Versailles\| 15 \| 16 \| \| Tipp City\| 15 \| 11 \| \| Miami East\| 15 \| 12 \| \| Arcanum \| 15 \| 15 \| \| Tri Village\| 15 \| 15 \| \| Milton \| 1 \| 15 \| \| Union \| 3 \| 15 \| \| OPPONENT \| WE \| THEY \| \|----------\|----\|------\| \| West Milton\| 8 \| 15 \| \| SC C \| 13 \| 15 \| \| T.V. South\| 15 \| 15 \| \| Lehman \| 8 \| 15 \| \| Bethel \| 14 \| 10 \| \| Houston \| 15 \| 4 \| \| Newton \| 15 \| 7 \| \| Yellow \| 15 \| 13 \| \| Spring \| 15 \| 15 \| \| Mississinawa\| 4 \| 15 \| \| Valley \| 9 \| 15 \| \| Overall Record\| 11 \| 19 \| \| OPPONENT \| WE \| THEY \| \|----------\|----\|------\| \| West Milton\| 8 \| 15 \| \| SC C \| 13 \| 15 \| \| T.V. South\| 15 \| 15 \| \| Lehman \| 8 \| 15 \| \| Bethel \| 14 \| 10 \| \| Houston \| 15 \| 4 \| \| Newton \| 15 \| 7 \| \| Yellow \| 15 \| 13 \| \| Spring \| 15 \| 15 \| \| Mississinawa\| 4 \| 15 \| \| Valley \| 9 \| 15 \| \| Overall Record\| 10 \| 6 \| Team Captains — Robyn Martin Stats and Managers — Lisa Sotzing, Kristy Gibboney, Melinda Clark Volleyball 38/sports The 1986 Buccaneer golf team ended their season with a 7-10 record. Matt Root led the team in scoring with a 44 average. Bruce Martin was second with a 47.3. Coach Schultz felt that the team had a successful season considering the superb level of competition in the area. Many goals that were set were eventually achieved and he felt the team should be commended on a fine season. (L to R) Tim Jay, Jason Frock, Kyle Kenworthy, Lane Evans, Jason Humphreys, Gene Rapp, Matt Root, Bruce Martin, Coach Schultz Varsity Football & Basketball Cheerleaders (L to R) — Julie Laughman, Julia Huelsman, Melissa Whiteman, Maureen Miller, Michelle Crowell, Angie Finfrock The 1986-87 varsity cheerleaders provided lots of school spirit. Captains Michelle Crowell and Melissa Whiteman and senior Julia Huelsman gave the Bucc squad valuable leadership. At the Piqua Mall Cheerleading competition the Bucs achieved 3rd place. They attended camp at Miami University where they learned many valuable routines and coordinated their spirited year. The 1986-87 reserve cheerleading squad was led by captain Lisa Kenworthy and advisor Carolyn Pemberton. The squad consisting of Wendy Hansen, Lisa Mutzner, Becky Finfrock, Marcy Wolfe, Sherry Campbell, and Kenworthy had a very successful season starting with their 2nd place win at the Piqua Mall Cheerleading Competition. They worked extremely hard at coming up with new cheers and improving their cheering techniques. Melanie Wiford was also a big help during the season when Miss Pemberton could not attend practices and games. Reserve Cheerleaders — Kneeling — Lisa Mutzner, Marcy Wolfe, Wendy Hansen; Standing — Sherri Campbell, Becky Finfrock, Lisa Kenworthy Boys Basketball Seniors — (L to R) — Scott Alexander, Bruce Martin, Rob Stollmer The 1986-87 Covington basketball team had many changes at the beginning of the year. Only one player, Lane Evans, returned with any varsity experience. Also, a new head coach, Steve Fisher, led the Bucs. The team ended the year with a 13-8 record finishing second in the SRC and a championship in the Miami County Holiday Tournament. Many individual honors came to the Bucs as well. Lane Evans and Rob Stollmer were SRC first team selections while Matt Root and Scott Alexander were given honorable mention. Lane Evans was District 9 selection while Rob Stollmer participated in the District 9 All-Star game. The seniors of Bruce Martin, Rob Stollmer, and Scott Alexander provided excellent leadership for the young Bucs. Other honors that were received by the Bucc players included Lane Evans and Rob Stollmer being named to the MCHT All-Tourney team. Lane Evans received the free throw, rebounding, and MVP awards at the banquet while Rob Stollmer was given the Coach’s award. Bruce Martin received the “Black and White Award” for outstanding leadership and scholarship. Boys Varsity Basketball: (L to R) Heath Finfrock, Scott Clark, Paul McGuilvrary, Scott Alexander, Rob Stollmer, Lane Evans, Doug Dilley, Matt Root, Kyle Kenworthy, Bruce Martin; Kneeling — Coach Steve Fisher; Boys Stats: (L to R) Bobby Sellman, Dusty Stump, Jamie Rose; \| OPPONENT \| WE \| THEY \| \|--------------\|-----\|------\| \| Newton \| 50 \| 47 \| \| Houston \| 63 \| 46 \| \| Bethel \| 61 \| 69 \| \| Franklin-Monroe \| 59 \| 51 \| \| Ft. Loramie \| 52 \| 54 \| \| Bradford \| 52 \| 40 \| \| Bethel \| 63 \| 47 \| \| Newton \| 67 \| 48 \| \| Milton \| 79 \| 40 \| \| Ansonia \| 63 \| 50 \| \| Tipp City \| 51 \| 40 \| \| Arcanum \| 55 \| 77 \| \| Tri-Village \| 48 \| 41 \| \| Miami East \| 49 \| 67 \| \| St. Henry \| 52 \| 75 \| \| St. Joe \| 56 \| 59 \| \| Versailles \| 70 \| 63 \| \| Minster \| 54 \| 48 \| \| Lehman \| 55 \| 53 \| \| Russia \| 50 \| 56 \| \| Anna \| 48 \| 56 \| Varsity Boys Captains: (L to R) Scott Alexander, Lane Evans, Bruce Martin; Boys Reserve Boys Reserve Team: (L to R) Tarlton Thomas, Kyle Boehringer, Jason Frock, Alan Davis, Scott Wirrig, Eric Grimes, Doug Dilley, Rich Idle, Kyle Kenworthy, Scott Prenger, Josh Burns, Danny Girouard, Coach Roger Craft: The Covington Reserve boys' team finished the season with a 10-10 record. Though the team started slow, they finished the year strong playing their best basketball after Christmas. Under new coach, Roger Craft, who came to Covington from Twin Valley South, the Bucs were runners-up in the Miami County Holiday Tournament and registered "big wins" over Springfield Catholic, Franklin-Monroe, and Minster. Leading scorers for the team were Doug Dilley and Rich Idle, and Alan Davis. Rebounding leaders were Idle and Dilley. The uniqueness of this team was that everyone contributed in one way or another in the success of this team. \| OPPONENT \| WE \| THEY \| \|--------------\|----\|------\| \| Newton \| 39 \| 50 \| \| Houston \| 40 \| 38 \| \| Bethel \| 36 \| 39 \| \| Franklin Monroe \| 31 \| 30 \| \| Fort Loramie \| 38 \| 55 \| \| Bradford \| 45 \| 25 \| \| Bethel \| 46 \| 30 \| \| Miami East \| 45 \| 36 \| \| Miami Union \| 55 \| 42 \| \| Ansouis \| 27 \| 21 \| \| Tipp City \| 27 \| 46 \| \| Arcanum \| 37 \| 41 \| \| Tri-Village \| 38 \| 26 \| \| Miami East \| 41 \| 47 \| \| St. Henry \| 25 \| 43 \| \| SCC \| 47 \| 36 \| \| Versailles \| 61 \| 47 \| \| Minster \| 51 \| 46 \| \| Lehman \| 52 \| 42 \| \| Russia \| 34 \| 39 \| 10/10 Freshmen Basketball This year’s Freshman team compiled their first winning season ever with a 9-8 record. Congratulations goes out to them on their fine season. I would also like to add that this was a very enjoyable group of young men to work with and I hope that they will work hard in the off-season to help Covington in the future. L-R Brian Dieperink, Bob Sellman, Jamie Rose, Justin Swabb, Jason Lyle, Reggie Smith, Dusty Stump \| OPPONENT \| WE \| THEY \| \|--------------\|------\|------\| \| Russia \| 20 \| 48 \| \| Graham \| 41 \| 26 \| \| Bethel \| 45 \| 21 \| \| Newton \| 30 \| 32 \| \| Milton-Union \| 40 \| 25 \| \| Bethel \| 38 \| 33 \| \| Tipp City \| 32 \| 45 \| \| Miss. Valley \| 46 \| 42 \| \| Newton \| 43 \| 18 \| \| Miami East \| 52 \| 62 \| \| Miami East \| 25 \| 42 \| \| Tri Village \| 61 \| 56 \| \| SCC \| 32 \| 36 \| \| Ft. Loramie \| 45 \| 51 \| \| Versailles \| 47 \| 58 \| \| Lehman \| 45 \| 32 \| \| Lehman \| 34 \| 47 \| 9 8 Girls Stats: (L to R) Tina Hite, Ted Schultz, Sherri Sampson; Varsity Girls Team: (L to R) Julie Elsass, Julia Huelsman, Krista Kiehl, Jenifer Etter, Melinda Kuntz, Jodi Miller, Julie Johnson, Renee Marko, Robyn Martin, Heather Stover, Jill Emmert, Tanja Baker, Coach Jim Meyer; Girls Basketball The Covington girls' basketball team finished the regular season with a record of 11-7. The season was highlighted by upsets over Bradford and Versailles, the 12th and 8th ranked teams in the state; and a victory over the defending state champion, Bethel. Jill Emmert led scoring for the Lady Bucs and the other six starters — Julie Johnson, Julie Elsass, Julia Huelsman, Jodi Miller, Melinda Kuntz, and Krista Kiehl averaged between six and nine points per game. Girls Reserve Team: Standing (L to R) Coach Chris Beseker, Robyn Martin, Jenifer Etter, Tara Davis, Pam Sowers, Shannon Hand, Tammy Johnson; Kneeling Heather Stover, Carolyn Deneke, Shannon Laughman, Penny Heath, Regina Looker; Senior Wrestlers: Scott Tayler and Brian Olson. 1986-87 Wrestling Awards: Scott Tayler and Brian Olson; Four Year Award: Scott Tayler; Most Valuable Wrestler; Tim Fitzpatrick: Mostler Improved Wrestler. \| OPPONENT \| WE \| THEY \| \|-------------------\|-----\|------\| \| Piqua \| 32 \| 26 \| \| Kathryn Ridge \| 22 \| 22 \| \| Mt. Vernon \| 21 \| 10 \| \| Xenia B \| 21 \| 21 \| \| Grove City \| 20 \| 14 \| \| Urbana \| 54 \| 13 \| \| Graham \| 42 \| 24 \| \| Miami East \| 30 \| 33 \| \| Shawnee \| 30 \| 33 \| \| Northeastern \| 84 \| 16 \| \| Northwestern \| 27 \| 38 \| \| SCA \| 7 \| 3 \| \| Versailles \| 33 \| 27 \| \| Dayton Catholic \| 33 \| 33 \| \| Daylon Christian \| 14 \| 6 \| \| West Liberty \| 51 \| 21 \| \| Tri Village \| 60 \| 12 \| \| Milton \| 20 \| 36 \| \| Versailles \| 29 \| 33 \| \| Northridge \| 48 \| 24 \| \| Mechanicsburg \| 30 \| 30 \| \| Mass Valley \| 71 \| 8 \| \| Coldwater \| 61 \| 8 \| WON 16 LOST 6 TIED 1 Urbana Invitational 4th Tray Invitational 4th SPC 4th Districts 3rd Regionals 6th Wrestling The CHS wrestling team had another successful season in '86-87. In dual meets, the Buccs were 16-6-1. They were 1st at the Urbana Invitational. Individual honors went to Scott Tayler who finished 1st in the District and Regional Tournament and Brian Olson who placed 1st in the SRC and the District and Regional. SRC second place honors went to Shane Stachler, Chris Nutter, and Scott Tayler. Nutter, Tayler, and Olson participated in the State Wrestling Tournament though none placed. Career records were set by Scott Tayler, most career wins (105), most career points (515), and most career takedowns (266). Single season highs were made by Brian Olson for wins (38), and single season points (209). Tayler set the single season mark for takedowns — (112). 1986-87 Wrestling Team: Standing (l. to r.) Mr. Jack Schwamberger, Scott Tayler, Jason Byers, Ray Kimmel, Tony Iddings, L.G. Henry, Randy Sowers, Brian Olson, Tim Fitzpatrick; Kneeling — Keith Musgrave, Mr. Tom Barbee, Chris Nutter, Shane Stachler. Boys Baseball — (L to R) 1st row — Dusty Stump, Tarlton Thomas, Chip Stump, Casey Rosengarten, Lance Woodell, Dan Girouard, Doug Hartman; 2nd row — Coach Roger Craft, Wayne Levan, Shane Long, Scott Robbins, Lane Evans, Jarrod Boehringer, Jason Frock, David White Baseball This year's baseball team was young and under a new coach — Mr. Craft. There were only two seniors — Chip Stump and Shane Long and the majority of the team was made up of sophomores. The boys ended up with a 2-16 record and MVP went to Lane Evans. Since there will be a lot of underclassmen coming back, there will be much room for improvement which will take hard work and dedication from next year's team. The Bucs beat Newton 19-10 and went on to play Bethel for the Section District title. The Bucs lost but played hard and did their best. Lane Evans had the highest batting average at .339 and Jarrod Boehringer was next at .286. The girls softball team ended up with 2-15 record under their new coach—Miss Wiford. The team was a young one made up mainly of sophomores and juniors. The girls always played hard no matter what the score of the game was. Michelle Crowell and Melinda Kuntz both won the MVP award. Softball Girls Softball — (L to R) 1st row — Heather Tobias, Jill Emmert, Julie Roecker, Shannon Longendelpher, Julie Johnson, Melinda Kuntz, Missy Wise, Heather Stover; 2nd row — Marcy Wolfe, Tammi Johnson, Michelle Crowell, Mary Jacquemin, Candi Johnson, Wendy Hansen, Penny Heath, Coach Melanie Wiford. Boys Track — (L to R) 1st Row — Ted Schulze, Tom Knepp, Reggie Smith, Bob Sellman, Xan Reck, Joe Boyer, Rodney Mowery Manager; 2nd Row — Ryan Deeter, Tab Brinkman, Chad Wintringham, Brian Looker, Corey Smith, Kyle Boehringer, George Wise, Vaughn Bowman; 3rd row — Tony Iddings, Jason Byers, Rich Phillis, Heath Finfrock, David Glenn, Randy Hartman, Ryan Stover, Rusty Thompson, Mark Hagan, John Polhamus. 54/sports The 1987 girls and boys track teams had their victories and disappointments during the season but ended up with some pretty good results. This year was especially full of injuries, illnesses, and regretted mistakes for the Bucs which did determine some outcomes. The final boys dual meet record was 13-1 while the girls was 6-9 respectively. The year brought many new school records for CHS. In boys’ action Ryan Stoverset a 4:28.98 record in the 1600 m. run at Districts and Brian Looker ran a 43.5 in the 300 intermediate hurdles which was a new event this year. For the girls, Jodi Miller ran the 400 m. dash in 59.61 at Regionals, Lisa Kenworthy in the 3200 m. run at 13:25 at Districts, Regina Looker threw the shot put 33'9", Shannon Powell ran the 300 low hurdles in 53.5 and Julie Elsass ran a 17.4 in a new event — the 100m hurdles. The boys captured a 2nd at the Ansonia Relays, 3rd at the Covington Invitational, and 3rd at the District Meet held at Milton. Girls also placed 2nd at Ansonia and 3rd at the Milton Bulldog Spectacular. Girls Track — (L to R) Kris Vore, Tina Hite, Joni Shaffer, Katie Kingrey, Julie Laughman, Pam Howell, Jodi Miller, Tracey Schaeffer, Dinah Barton, Nicole Holsinger, Shannon Powell, Lori Salyer, Lisa Kenworthy, Julie Elsass, Jodie Barton, Sarah Musser, Regina Looker, Renee Voisard Jodi Miller qualified for the state meet at Columbus in the 400 and Ryan Stover with his 3rd place finish in the 1600 and 1st in the 3200 m. run. Miller received the Outstanding Track Runner for the girls and Dinean Runyan was named the Outstanding Field Event girl. Stover was named Outstanding Track Runner for the boys and Heath Finfrock, Outstanding Field Event boy. GIRLS TRACK \| School \| Event \| Place \| \|-----------------\|---------------\|-------\| \| Covington \| 77 \| Little Miami County Relays 4th of 5 \| \| Troy \| 41 \| \| \| Covington \| 45 \| Bulldog Spectacular 3rd of 12 \| \| New Bremen \| 75 \| \| \| Ansorge \| 87 \| Ansonia Relays 2nd of 5 \| \| Milton Union \| 69.5 \| Covington Invit. 3rd of 9 \| \| Covington \| 62.5 \| \| \| East \| 53 \| SRC 8th of 7 \| \| Butler \| 28 \| District 8th of 16 \| \| Covington \| 62 \| \| \| Tri Village \| 87 \| Regional 14th of 30 \| \| Versailles \| 81 \| \| \| Covington \| 64 \| \| \| Bradford \| 15 \| \| \| Piqua \| 79 \| \| \| Chari. Jull \| 63 \| \| \| Milton Union \| 56 \| \| \| Covington \| 38 \| \| \| Northridge \| 18 \| \| Head Coach — Mr. Schultz; Assistant Coaches (not pictured) Mr. Schwamberger and Mr. Westfall Boys’ Track Seniors — Rusty Thompson, Rich Phillis, George Wise Girls’ Track Seniors — Dinean Runyan, Julie Elsass \| School \| Score \| \|-----------------\|-------\| \| Covington \| 94 \| \| Versailles \| 97.5 \| \| New Berlin \| 106 \| \| Covington \| 83 \| \| Ansonia \| 58 \| \| Milton Union \| 25 \| \| Dixie \| 25 \| \| Covington \| 90.5 \| \| Tri Village \| 12 \| \| Russia \| 12 \| \| Covington \| 80.5 \| \| Versailles \| 70.5 \| \| Bradford \| 15 \| \| Piqua \| 78 \| \| Covington \| 78 \| \| Milton Union \| 44 \| \| Cham. Jul \| 37 \| BULLDOG INVITATIONAL Statisticians — Kerri Martin, Becky Finfrock 58/underclass underclass/59 Class Of 1988 Officers (l. to r.) Tab Brinkman — Vice president; Maureen Miller — Secretary, Randy Hartman — President; Mrs. Kim Lakes — Mormon — Class Advisor; Mr. Steven Fisher — Class Advisor, Lisa Kenworthy — Treasurer. Todd Albright Angel Baker Tanja Baker Jodie Barton Jarrod Boehringer Vaughn Bowman Tab Brinkman Crystal Brown Jay D. Brumbaugh Carol Bucklew Ray Burton Karmyn Clark Scott Clark Ryan Deeter Jill Emmert Pat Eichelberger Jenifer Etter Lane Evans Brenda Fields Angie Finfrock Heath Finfrock Tim Fitzpatrick Jewell Fuston Stephanie Gessner Kristy Gibboney Gary Green Randy Hartman Marshall Heath Larry G. Henry Jason Humphreys Tony Iddings Jim Jacobs Julie Johnson Derrick Kallen Kyle Kenworthy Lisa Kenworthy Maria Kihm Jean Kistler Brett Kittle Mike Kline Shawn Lear Dale Lentz Wayne Levan Amy Loop Paul McGillivray Renee Marko Robyn Martin Matt Miller Maureen Miller Keith Musgrave Sarah Musser Anna Perrine Jennifer Pleiman John Polhamus Anita Rauch Michael Reed Ben Robinson Matt Root Larry Salyer Tanya Shaffer Steve Sink Melinda Sizemore Lisa Sotzing Roxanne Stollmer Heather Stover Shanon Strait Jennifer Swabb Doug Thomas Robert Trubee Tony Vogt Jay Wagner Bart Weer Dawn Westfall David White Scott Wirrig Sean Wyke Not Pictured: Michael Tod Creagor Richard Dershem Lon Dysinger Dawn Grahm Ray Kimmel Brian Looker Rob Reagan Class Of 1989 Officers (l. to r.) Vice President — Scott Prenger; Secretary — Julie Laughman; President — Tina Hite; Treasurer — Dan Girnard; Class Advisor — Roger Craft. (not pictured — Jerry Shaw — Class Advisor). Jeremy Alyea Rob Anspach Mark Barga Bev Bennett Claude Betts Kyle Boehringer Jennie Brant Thomas Brant Janet Brown Josh Burns Jason Byers Todd Caldwell Sherry Campbell Melinda Clark Greg Coblentz Willie Cole Heidi Collins Maria Collins Mark Hagan Matt Hand Doug Hartman Alan Davis Tara Davis Christina Decker Jodie Hicks Tina Hite Steve Hogue Hans Deneke Doug Dilley Kip Diltz Richie Idle Mary Jacquemin Amy Jamison Dave Duff Crystal Eichelberger Ernie Elliot Roy Jenkins Tammi Johnson Gary Kessler Melissa Eyler Melissa Fast Harold Frantz Tom Knepp Julie Laughman Paula Layman Jason Frock Tammie Gambill Jeff Gariety Kelly Long Shannon Longendelpher James McDowell Daniel Girouard David Glenn Eric Grimes Dawn McKibben Jenny Marshall Amy Meredith Jodi Miller Mark Miller Richard Morrison Becky Nutter Chris Nutter John Painter Lisa Peeples Shane Powell Shannon Powell Keith Powers Scott Prenger Tiffany Richard Scott Robbins Julie Rooker Casey Rosengarten Matt Ryan Lori Salyer Sherri Sampson Ted Schultz Joni Shaffer Corey Smith 66/underclass Randy Sowers Michael Speer Hans Stocker Ryan Stover Tarlton Thomas Tom Thompson Heather Tobias Barry Vannoy Kris Vore Deanna Westfall Chad Wintringham Marcy Wolfe Lance Wooddell Celinda Yingst Brian Yohey Not pictured — Julie North Jody Smith Brian St. Meyer Class Of 1990 Officers Xan Reck — President; Shane Stachler — Secretary; Lisa Mutzner — Vice President; Renee Voisard — Treasurer; Miss Melanie Wiford — Class Advisor; Mrs. Ruth Scherger. Andy Angle Shawn Baker Shawn Barnes Yvonne Beener Mark Bell Joe Boyer Michelle Bridges David Brown Eric Brumbaugh Melissa Cartwright Caryn Childs Chris Clark Karen Colby Carolyn Deneke Brian Dieperink 68/underclass Jerry Evans Becky Finfrock Darcy Flory Brian Fortune Jackie Freeman Brian Gold Shannon Hand Wendy Hansen Penny Heath Jack Herron Nicole Holsinger Pam Howell Susie Ingle Candie Johnson Nikki Kimmel Katie Kingrey Chris Kiser Nichol Kooser Shannon Laughman Joe Layman Regina Looker Jason Lyle Aaron Manning Kerri Martin James Meyer Regina Morrison Elizabeth Mowery Rodney Mowery Lisa Mutzner Yulonda Nollner John Olds Scott Ponchillia Nathan Rapp Alexander Reck Richard Robinson Jamie Rose Robin Rowe Holly Ryan Rhonda Salyer Tammy Sarver Tony Scarberry Tracy Schaffer 70/underclass Bob Sellman Courtnie Shields Jenny Shilt Steve Shilt Sheryl Simmons Reggie Smith Pam Sowers Steve Spurgeon Shane Stachler James Stevenson Shelly Stoler Dusty Stump Justin Swabb Amy Thompson Annie Thompson Renee Voisard Andy Whiteman Wayne Wittig Heather Wintrow Nikki Wood Tricia Zell Not pictured: Greg Mullennix JVS Juniors: Todd Albright, Scott Clark, Rich Dershem, Lon Dysinger, Heath Finrock, Jewell Fuston, Stephanie Gessner, Marshall Heath, Jim Jacobs, Derrick Kallen, Ray Kimmel, Shawn Lear, Brian Looker, Amy Loop, Rob Reagan, Melinda Sizemore, Doug Thomas, Rob Trubee, Bart Weer; JVS Seniors: Scott Alexander, Kandi Burgess, Tammy Burkett, Diane Click, Heather Collins, Jeff Demoss, Jim Fuston, Jerry Gibbonney, Darcy Harrison, Jody Looker, Debbie Mowery, Phil Ouellette, Allen Peeples, Keith Ponchillia, Tami Salyer, Heather Sowers, Larry Spurgeon, Dorothy Thomas, Craig Turner, Glenn Wilkop, Missy Wise, George Wise, Scott Yantis, Brent Young. 74/activities we have the... Excitement 87 activities/75 76/homecoming Homecoming '86 took place at the Friday night football game on October 10 against Miami East and the dance following on Saturday, October 11. The parade from the high school including the 1985 Homecoming Queen and the candidates for the '86 Queen, Covington Community Band, Covington Fire Department, Miami East and Covington High School Bands, and special guest Mr. Buzz Lukens, started at 6:30. The parade progressed around town and ended at the Smith Field for the announcement of the new CHS queen. The CHS Band performed a special pre-game show as the candidates and their escorts walked across the field. Michelle Crowell was escorted by Rusty Thompson, Julie Elsass escorted by Doug Kihm, Jodi Fisher escorted by Rob Stollmer, Tracy Kimmel escorted by Bruce Martin, and Dinean Runyan escorted by Scott Tayler. The crown bearer and flower girl were Andy Burgbacher and Amy Fisher followed by Diana Davis, 1985 Homecoming Queen, with escort Mike Hagan. Michelle Crowell was crowned '86 Queen at the ending of the ceremonies. 1st Row (L to R) Julie Elsass, Jodi Fisher, Dinean Runyan, Tracy Kimmel, Michelle Crowell. 2nd Row — Rich Phillis, Scott Tayler, Bruce Martin, Brian Olson, Bill Miller. 78/homecoming Saturday, October 11, the Homecoming Dance was held at CHS honoring the new queen and to announce our king. The dance started at 8:30 and ended at midnight. At 9:30 p.m. the music was stopped and Lisa Kenworthy prepared to announce the king candidates and the outcome of the student body's voting. Matt Pond, the '85 King was expected to present the plaque but did not arrive on time. The candidates were Bruce Martin, Bill Miller, Brian Olsen, Rich Phillis, and Scott Tayler. The 1986 King named was Bruce Martin. Halloween Halloween is a zany time of year when CHS students really show their true colors. It is not unusual to see a rock star, vegetable, bag lady, baby, or a pumpkinhead roaming through the halls. This is a crazy day when spirits are high and good humor flows. Our halloween dress-up day was held on Friday, October 31. activities/81 New Members: (L to R) 1st row — Julie Elsass, Joni Shaffer, Jenny Marshall, Billie Weyant, Angie Finrock, Julie Laughman, Melinda Kuntz; 2nd row — Larry Earick, Matt Root, Barry Vannoy, Hans Deneke, Andy Ingle, David White, Scott Prenger, Dan Girouard; Old Members: Julia Huelsman, Tracy Kimmel, Bruce Martin, Dinean Runyan, Rick Seman, Dana Taylor, Scott Tayler, Rusty Thompson, Tab Brinkman, Randy Hartman, Jean Kistler, Anita Rauch National Honor Society The National Honor Society held its annual inductions on March 6, 1987. To be eligible for NHS you must qualify in the four areas consisting of character, scholarship, leadership, and service. Dinean Runyan announced the new members as the other old members escorted them to their seats in the front. The 1986-87 officers were Dinean Runyan — President; Bruce Martin — Vice-President; Julia Huelsman — Secretary; Tracy Kimmel — Treasurer; and Mrs. Marjorie Tisdale — advisor. "Fame" Helpers — (standing L to R) Mike Speer, Lisa Peeples, Gene Rapp, Dana Taylor, Yvonne Beener; (middle) — Dusty Stump, Larry Earich, Shannon Longendelpher, Kerri Martin, Melissa Cartwright; (bottom) — Shawn Barnes, Dinean Runyan The Covington High School Drama Club presented the musical "Fame", under the direction of Mr. Lynn Shellenbarger, Musical and technical director Mr. Mark Westfall, and choreographer Ruth Westfall, to a large and appreciative audience on April 23rd and 25th, 1987. Based on the movie "Fame", the musical centered around the struggles and triumphs of several students of the School of Performing Arts in New York City, New York. Included were several dance scenes such as "Red Light", featuring Scott Tayler and Tanja Baker, "Hot Lunch Jam", featuring Julia Huelsman, and solos sung by Scott Tayler and Jenifer Etter. The final dance number "Fame" was accompanied by members of the Covington Jazz Ensemble. "Fame" Cast — (L to R) Keith Musgrave, Angelo; Matt Miller, Bruno; Julia Huelsman, Coco; Ted Schultz, Montgomery; Scott Tayler, Leroy; Julie Roecker, Lisa; Brenda Fields, Lydia; Missy Eyler, Nicole; Dee Westfall, Joy; Bev Bennett, Hilary; Shannon Hand, Diedre; Melissa Cartwright, Music applicant; Yvonne Beener, music applicant; (Kneeling) Bruce Martin, Mr. Shorofsky; Sarah Mussel, Phenicia; Robyn Martin, Marianne; Jenifer Etter, Dolly; Melissa White, Samantha; Shawna Long, Ruth; Tanja Baker, Shirley; Chip Stump, Michael; Hans Stocker, Mario; Tiffany Richards, Mistress of Ceremonies; Kris Vore, Mrs. Swartz; Wayne Levan, Mr. Farrell; Tracy Shaffer, music student; Mike Speer, Music student; Not pictured — Atsuko Yonezawa, Dance Accompanist. 86/activities Prom '87 The 1987 Jr./Sr. Prom was held on Saturday, May 23rd in the Covington High School gymnasium. "MASQUERADE" was the theme and the gym was decorated with red, black, and silver. The disc jockey was Doug Richard from Bradford and Mike Underwood took pictures. The After-Prom was held at the Piqua YMCA. A good time was had by all and a lot of memories will last a lifetime. 88/activities activities/89 90/activities Field Day The 1987 Field Day took place on Friday, May 15. The weather was warm and the teams were competitive. Whether playing volleyball or softball, arm wrestling or jello eating, super teams or watching movies, excitement was present and everyone had a good time. The Seniors ended up with 1st place, Sophomores came in 2nd, Juniors took home 3rd, and Freshmen pulled their own with 4th. Field day is a day where everyone can enjoy themselves with some competition thrown in. 92/activities activities/93 94/activities Graduation The 1987 Graduation ceremonies were held on May 31st in the high school gymnasium. Dinean Runyan was the class valedictorian achieving a 4.0 average throughout her 4 years and Scott Tayler was class salutatorian with his 3.9 average throughout his high school career. The guest speaker was a 1958 graduate from CHS — Dr. William Bentz. Mr. Henry assisted by board members, Sandy Bowman and Barbara Tayler, handed out the diplomas while juniors Tab Brinkman and Maureen Miller handed each graduate a class flower. Mr. Bays announced each graduate as they received their diplomas. Top 10: Dinean Runyan, Scott Tayler, Bruce Martin, Dana Taylor, Julia Huelsman, Rick Seman, Bill Miller, Tracy Kimmel, Rusty Thompson, Larry Earick, Melinda Kuntz; Senior National Honor Society Members: Scott Tayler, Dinean Runyan, Bruce Martin, Tracy Kimmel, Julia Huelsman, Rick Smith, Anita Ingle, Julie Elsasser, Larry Earick, Billie Weyant, Dana Taylor, Rusty Thompson, Melinda Kunz, 1. GREED AND DECEPTION eventually lead to the fall of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, who flees his country after losing the election to the popular Corazon Aquino. 2. ON THE RUN, President of Haiti "Baby Doc" Duvalier and his wife Michelle drive through the gates of the Port-au-Prince airport to board a U.S. Air Force transport plane which carries them to France. 3. HOLLYWOOD HUNK Clint Eastwood's "day is made" by the residents of Carmel-by-the-Sea, CA, after they elect him mayor in April. 4. SAM AND DIANE are at it again to make "Cheers" one of the top-rated shows of 1986. Along with "The Cosby Show," they brought NBC and its Thursday night line-up to the top of the ratings chart. 5. A HORRIFIED NATION LOOKS ON as the seven crew members of the space shuttle Challenger, including school teacher Christa McAuliffe, are killed when the craft explodes 73 seconds after its televised launch on Jan. 28, 1986. 6. AMERICA'S PRIDE AND JOY, the Statue of Liberty celebrates her 100th birthday with a complete renovation and a nationwide party on July 4, 1986. Photos by: AP/Wide World Photos 7. BACK HOME, pilots Jeana Yeager and Dick Rutan wave to a crowd in Mojave, CA, on Dec. 23, after completing the first nonstop, global circumnavigation without refueling on the aircraft Voyager. 8. A NIGHTMARE TURNS TO REALITY: for the Soviet people when a nuclear reactor explodes at the Chernobyl power station in April. 9. WORLD TRAVELER Pope John Paul II visits Mother Theresa’s clinic in Calcutta during his 10-day journey through the Indian continent in February. 10. WEDDING BELLS ring for Caroline Kennedy, daughter of Jackie Kennedy Onassis and the late John F. Kennedy, and Edwin Schlossberg, a New York businessman and artist. 11. IRANSCAM involves four White House staffers (National Security Adviser John Poindexter, Lt. Col. Oliver North, White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan, and CIA Director William Casey). 12. A DROUGHT-RIDDEN southeastern United States experiences the worst dry spell on record in 1986. Farmers from southern Pennsylvania to northern Florida are on the verge of ruin as their crops wilt at the peak of the drought. 1. IN A SHOW OF MILITARY STRENGTH, U.S. planes bomb targets in and near Tripoli in response to Libyan-backed terrorism. "We have done what we had to do. If necessary, we shall do it again," said President Reagan. 2. A TERRIBLE BLAST in Paris during one week in September destroyed the headquarters. A terrorist group claimed responsibility for the explosion that injured 36 people, six of them seriously. 3. A CASH IS CROWNED Miss America 1987. Miss Tennessee Kellye Cash, grandniece of country star Johnny Cash, received the title and crown from outgoing Miss America Suzette Charles. 4. A NEW STATE OF VICTORY is savored by the New York Mets when they win the World Series. The Mets beat the Boston Red Sox in the seventh game of the Series by a score of 8-5. 5. A NEW LEADING MAN, Tom Cruise takes the screen with well-known heartthrob Paul Newman in their movie "The Color of Money." Cruise also starred in the 1986 blockbuster "Top Gun" with Kelly McGillis. 6. DISAPPROVED EARLY, President Reagan and Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev fail to reach an agreement on the arms talks and leave the Reykjavik summit in failure. Photos by: AP/Wide World Photos 7. SWEEPING OVERHAUL of tax laws cuts taxes for some workers while eliminating some of the traditional deductions. Rep. Dan Rostenkowski and Sen. Bob Packwood were instrumental in the overhaul. 8. 1986 GRAMMY AND ACADEMY AWARDS. Whitney Houston for "Best Female Pop Vocal Performance"; Don Henley for "Best Male Rock Vocal"; and Stevie Wonder for "Best Male Rhythm and Blues Vocal." 9. BOTH CHARGED WITH ESPIONAGE, Soviet U.N. employee Gennadiy Zakharov arrested in New York City, and American journalist Nicholas Daniloff arrested in Moscow, are later released in what some called a "swap." 10. A FORMER "FUN-LOVING" BACHELOR, Britain's Prince Andrew marries the red-haired English commoner Sarah Ferguson ("Fergie") in July at Westminster Abbey. 11. AMERICA'S HOLLYWOOD FAVORITES DIE IN 1986: The elegant leading man, Cary Grant; King of Swing Benny Goodman; Hollywood tough guy James Cagney; and Ted Knight, who co-starred in the "Mary Tyler Moore Show." 12. THE BEST WAY TO HELP for AIDS victims is discovered in a DuPont laboratory. The Isotat system enables hospital labs to isolate and treat the microorganisms that attack AIDS victims. 102/faculty we have the... Leadership '87 faculty/103 Mr. Dean Bays — Principal Mr. Larry Henry — Superintendent Board of Ed. — Sandy Bowman, Tony Hand, Barbara Taylor, Roger Clark, Karl Marko. 104/faculty Mrs. Roberta Buckingham — Secretary Mrs. Katherine Phillis — Attendance Office Mrs. Marjorie Tisdale — Guidance Counselor Mr. Larrie Tisdale — O.W.E. Mrs. Kim Lakes-Morman — Math Mrs. Jane Gildow — Art Mrs. Ruth Scherger — Science Mr. Steve Fisher — English Mr. Lynn Shellenberger — English, Drama Mrs. Eileen Yaney — Librarian Mr. Dennis Shafer — Spanish Mrs. Judy Snyder — Typing, Computers Mr. Roger Craft — Business, Keyboarding Mr. Jim Meyer — Psychology Miss Doris Trost — English Mr. Robert Huelsmann — Math, Mechanical Drawing Mr. Charles Burgbacher — Phys. Ed, Health Mr. Jerry Shaw — Shop Mr. Doug Foster — Learning Disabilities Mrs. Betty McKibben — Librarian Miss Melanie Wiford — Science Mr. Ron Schultz — Social Studies Mrs. Caryl Peeples — Home Ec Mr. Dean Bays — Principal Mr. Kris Locker — Maintenance Mr. Eldon Monnin — Custodian Mrs. Boggs, Mrs. Angle, Mrs. Graves — Cooks Not Pictured: Mr. Tony Campbell — VoAg Mrs. Rachel Hurlbut — Special Mr. Sam Ganger — Custodian Faculty Candids 108/faculty faculty/109 110/clubs we have the... Togetherness 87 clubs/111 Voice of Democracy Winners: (L to R) Rick Seman, Billie Weyant, Melissa Whiteman, Dinean Runyan, Dana Taylor. Boys' and Girls' State Delegates: (L to R) Matt Root, Randy Hartman, David White, Jean Kistler, Anita Rauch, Jennifer Etten; Bottom — Tab Brinkman. Scholarship Team: Top (L to R): Bruce Martin, Rick Seman, Dinean Runyan, Dana Taylor, Bill Miller, Scott Tayler, Rusty Thompson, Julia Huelsman, Jill Emmert, David White, Matt Root, Vaughn Bowman, Maureen Miller, Angie Finfrock, Joan Kistler, Anita Rauch, David Groenard, Hans Deneke, Scott Prenger, Julie Laughman, Sherry Campbell, Jenny Marshall, Joni Shaffer, Amy Jamenson; Carolyn Deneke, Shannon Hand, Susie Ingle, Wendy Hansen, Kerri Martin, Lisa Mutzner. NHS Officers National Honor Society Officers: (L to R) Dinean Runyan, pres.; Bruce Martin, vice-pres.; Julia Huelsman, treas.; Tracy Kimmel, sect.; New NHS Members New National Honor Society Members: Top (L to R) Hans Deneke, Scott Prenger, Andy Ingle, David White, Barry Vannoy, Jenny Marshall, Danny Gironard, Matt Root, Julie Laughman, Julie Elsass, Angie Finfrock, Jenny Marshall, Joni Shaffer; Not pictured — Melinda Kunitz; NHS '86-'87 National Honor Society 86-87: Danny Girouard, Hans Deneke, Scott Prenger, Barry Vannoy, Jenny Marshall, Joni Shaffer, Julie Laughman, Randy Hartman, Matt Root, Tab Ericksen, David White, Anita Rauch, Jodi Kistler, Angie Finfrock, Julie Elsass, Julia Huelsman, Bruce Martin, Scott Tayler, Dana Taylor, Dinean Runyan, Andy Ingle, Rick Seman, Rusty Thompson, Larry Earick; Not Pictured — Tracy Kimmel, Melinda Kunitz; Americanism Americanism Winners: Back row (L to R) Bruce Martin, Randy Hartman, Tom Knepp; Billie Weyand, Jean Kistler, Amy Deal. Student Council Student Council: Top to bottom (L to R) Brian Olson, Bill Miller, Julie Elsass, Scott Tayler, Scott Alexander, Dianne Runyan, Bruce Martin, Lisa Kenworthy, Maureen Miller, Julie Laughman, Jodi Miller, Randy Hartman, Tab Brinkman, Scott Prenger, Lori Bulver, Angie Finfrock, Nikki Schmuel, Tina Ellis, Wendy Hartman, Mr. Schultz, Lisa Matzner, Nicole Holsinger, Becky Finfrock. Officers Student Council Officers: Top to bottom (L to R) Scott Tayler — Vice-Pres., Bruce Martin — Pres., Lisa Kenworthy — Sect., Angie Finfrock — Treas. Yearbook Editors Yearbook Editors: Mr. Fisher, advisor; Jodi Miller, asst. editor; Jenifer Etter, co-editor; Julie Laughman, asst. editor; Lisa Kenworthy, co-editor. Ad Staff Yearbook Ad Staff: Top to bottom (L to R) Maureen Miller, Julie Elsass, Angie Entrock, Jill Emmert, Ray Stollmer, Melinda Kessler, Dana Taylor, Jean Kiebler, Julia Hunsicker, Michelle Crowell, Dianne Runyan, Andy Ingle, Roxanne Stollmer, Matt Root, Brian Olson, Bruce Martin. Photographers Yearbook Photographers: Brett Kettle, Lisa Sotzing, Jill Emmert. 'S87 Officers Senior Class Officers: Mrs. Stryder, advisor; Melinda Kuntz, treas.; Tracy Kimmel, sect.; Michelle Crowell, vice-pres.; Dinean Runyan, pres.; Mr. Tisdale, advisor; Drama Club Drama Club: Top (L to R) Greg Hogue, Yvonne Beener, Melissa Cartwright, Kerri Martin, Bev Bennett, Missy Eyler, Shannon Hand, Ted Schultz; Tony Iddings, Keith Musgrave, Jarrod Boehringer, Hans Schulte, Dinean Runyan, Melinda Kuntz, Matt Miller, Larry Farick, Jennifer Etter, Maureen Miller, Dana Taylor, Julia Huelsman, Krista Kiehl, Melissa Whiteman, Jodi Fisher; Mr. Shellenberger, Robyn Martin, Bruce Martin, Shane Long, Scott Tayler; Drama Officers Drama Club Officers: (L to R) Scott Tayler, pres.; Dinean Runyan, vice-pres.; Maureen Miller, treas.; Jennifer Etter, sect.; Julia Huelsman, publicity agent; Science Club Science Club: Top row to bottom row (L to R) Miss Wiford, Doug Hartman, Barry Vannoy, Joni Shaffer, Jenny Marshall, Dawn McKibben, Missy Eberle, Scott Stevens, Karen Deneke, Alan Davis, Ted Schultz, Tammy Johnson, Julie Laughman, Marcy Wolfe, Tina Hite, Pam Layman, Lori Salver, Julie Roecker, Josh Burns, Matt Hand, Tarlton Thomas, Tom Knepp, Jodi Miller, Jenny Brant, Mary Jacquemin, Gary Kessler, Wendy Hansen, Ron Powell, Sherri Campbell, Jason Frock, Scott Robbins, Chris Clark, Aron Manning, Yvonne Beckner, Shannon Harris, Randy Rogers, Janet Brown, Dana Girouard, Tony Vogt, Sean Wyke, Ray Burton, Randy Sowers, Ryan Stover, Chip Stump, Holly Reeder, Karen Colby, Dawn Westfall, Jeremy Aryea, Rob Anspaugh, Gary Kessler, Eric Grimes, Jason Humphreys, Kevin Mowery, Karen Karras, Roxanne Stollmer, Jennie Elder, Lanced Woodell, Kyle Boehringer, Steve Hogue, Mark Hagan, Ryan Dexter, Tony Collins, Randy Harris, Mary Jean Kuehn, Margaret Miller, Kathryn Clark, Gene Rapp, Dana Taylor, Scott Tayler, Bill Miller. Science Club Officers Science Club Officers: Top (L to R) Randy Hartman, vice-pres.; Scott Tayler, pres.; Julie Salver, sec.; Dana Taylor, treas. Spanish Club Spanish Club: Top to bottom (L to R) Becky Finfrock, Susie Ingle, Jenny Shilt, Renee Volz, David Glenn, Ken Pam Sowers, Penny Heath, Amy Thompson, Courtney Shields, Tammy Sarver, Kerri Martin, Lisa Mutzener, Regina Looker, Brian Mowery, Alan Davis, Ted Schulte, Harry Deneke, Heather Wintrow, Katie Kingrey, Shelly Mowery, Melissa Cartwright, Scott Prenger, Danny Citron, Mark Hand, Tarlton Thomas, Jodi Miller, Julie Laughman, Marcy Wolfe, Wendy Hansen, Nicole Hollingers, Gary Kessler, Josh Burns, Jason Frock, Tarlton Hand, Pam Layman, Mary Jacquemin, Lori Salver, Tammy Johnson, Tina Hite, Mike Harris, David Glenn, Dee Westfall, Annie Thompson, Tricia Zell, Misy Eyler, Dawn Westfall, Regina Morrison; Ryan Stover, Kyle Boehringer, Steve Hogue, Tony Marshall, Karen Colby, Julie Roecker, Amy Meredith, Heidi Collins, Matt Miller, Julie Johnson, Roxanne Stollmer, Rob Anspaugh, Kevin Massare, Tony Collins, Mike Reed, Shawn Barnes, Chris Clark; TNT: Top row (L to R) Jenifer Etter, Anita Rauch, Julie Johnson, Sarah Taylor, Helly Ryan, Robin Ross, Joni Shaffer. Next row — Yvonne Beener, Jodie Barton, Karmyn Clark, Dawn Westfall, Shannon Hand, Amy Deal, Missy Lyden, Jenni Pleiman, Bruce Martin. Key Club Key Club: Top to bottom (L to R) Andy Angle, Nicole Holzinger, Lisa Muzner, Renee Voisard, Penny Heani, Yujonda Nollmer, Renee Marko, David Duff, Mark Hagen, Darcy Flory, Tammy Johnson, Joel Miller, Mary Ann Hand, L. A. Schumacher, Marla Miller, Becky Finfrock; Angie Finfrock, Maureen Miller, Bill Miller, Xan Reck, Bobby Sellman, Gary Kessler, Hans Stocker, Lisa Kenworthy, Ryan Stover, Jenifer Etter, Karla Hart, Karmyn Clark, Joanne Snyder, Esther Stover, Mari Root, Lane Evans, Jenny Brant, Heidi Collins, Sherry Campbell, Roxanne Stollmer, Sherri Sanderson, Shannon Hand, Jason Frock, Eric Grimes, Tab Brinkman, Tony Iddings, Jason Humphreys, Keith Musgrave, Mrs. Snyder, Jenni Pleiman, Mary Johnson, Maria Kihm, Angel Baker, Anna Perrine, Robyn Martin, Dawn Flory, Jodi Fisher, Melissa Whiteman, Michelle Crowell, Krista Kiehl; Key Club Members Key Club Board Members: Top (L to R) Jenny Brant, Becky Finfrock, Mrs. Snyder, Angie Finfrock — vice-pres., Middle — Mary Jacquemin, Maureen Miller — sect, Dawn Flory, Michelle Crowell — pres., Bottom — Maria Kihm, Xan Reck, Lisa Kenworthy — treas., Bill Miller, Roxanne Stollmer; FFA: (L to R) Todd Caldwell, Harold Frantz, Hans Deneke, Alan Davis, Jeff Gariety, Willie Cole, Kip Diltz; FFA 1st row — Maria Collins, Maureen Miller, Paula Layman, Pam Howell, Nicole Holsinger, Shelly Mowery, Jenny Shilt; 2nd row — Dee Westfall, Dawn McKibben, Karimyn Clark, Wendy Hansen, Lisa Sotzing, Tami Baker, Dawn Williams, Kelly Siffer, Renee Vawdard, Amanda Nallner; 3rd row — Jodie Hicks, Sherri Sampson, Janet Brown, Jody Smith, Robin Rowe, Holly Ryan, Jennifer Swaffi, Maria Kihm, Jodi Miller, Tam Sowers, Mrs. Peeples; FFA Officers FFA Officers: Top to bottom — Maureen Miller, pres.; Maria Kihm, vice-pres.; Karimyn Clark, sect.; Jodi Fisher, treas.; Lisa Sotzing; Buccanews: Back row (L to R) Jenifer Etter, Billie Weyant, Bruce Martin, Dinean Runyan (editor), Scott Tayler; Sitting — Ted Schultz, Lisa Sotzing, Robyn Martin, Sarah Musser, Matt Miller, Ray Burton, Karmyn Clark, Madrein Miller, Anita Rauch (asst. editor), Mrs. Snyder. Art Club Standing (L to R) Mrs. Gildow, Scott Robbins, Larry Earick, Greg Coblenz, Tab Brinkman, Joni Shaffer, Rob Stollmer, Bev Bennett, Scott Tayler, Jill Emmert, Tim Fitzpatrick, Lisa Sotzing, Rob Annbaugh, Vaughn Bowman, Jason Frock, Josh Fisher, Sherry Campbell, Julia Huebsman, Tony Scarberry, Tracy Shaffer, Shelly Stefer, Brian Dieperink, Sitting — Dawn McKibben, Brian Gold, Jeremy Alyea, Randy Sowers; Guidance Workers Guidance Office Workers — Standing (L to R) Mrs. Tisdale, Missy Eyler, Billie Weyant; Sitting — Maria Kihm, Lisa Sotzing, Stacey Ross; Office Workers Front Office Workers: Standing (L to R) Julie Elsass, Melinda Kuntz, Bruce Martin; Sitting — Bary Vannoy, Mrs. Buckingham, Tracy Kimmel. Attendance Workers Attendance Office Workers (L to R) Shannon Longendalphor, Karla Hart, Jodi Miller, Tina Hite, Jenni Fleiman, Mrs. Phillis. Library Aides Library Aides: (L to R) Dee Westfall, Jodi Hicks, Mrs. McKibben, Maria Collins, Darcy Flory, Tara Davis, Jenny Marshall, Sherry Sampson, Carol Bucklew. Jazz Band Jazz Band: Back row (L to R) Mr. Charles Craig, Aron Manning, Annie Thompson, Tricia Zell, Angie Finrock, Susie Ingle, Julie Roecher, Yvonne Beener, Melissa Cartwright, Larry Earick, Karen Colby, Tracy Shaffer, Dana Taylor, Atsuko Yonezawa; Mike Speer, Jenny Marshall, Lisa Mutzner, Kerri Martin, Chad Wintringham. Pep Band Pep Band: Back row (L to R) Mike Speer, Melissa Cartwright, Mr. Craig, Yvonne Beener, Chad Wintringham, Larry Earick, Annie Thompson, Regina Looker, Atsuko Yonezawa, Kerri Martin, Julie Roecker, Karen Colby, Matt Miller, Dee Westfall, Jennifer Christlein, Tracy Shaffer, Tricia Zell, Shelly Goler, Aron Manning, Susie Ingle, Jean Kistler, Amy Deal, Tiffany Richards, Jenny Marshall; Concert Band Concert Band: Standing (L to R) Matt Miller, Julie Roecker, Charles Craig; Mike Speer, Lisa Mutzner, Annie Thompson, Tricia Zell, Aron Manning, Shelly Stoler, Susie Ingle, Angie Finrock, Karen Colby, Tracy Shaffer, Regina Looker, Chad Wintringham, Phil Long, Roxanne Longendelpher, Dee Westfall, Melissa Cartwright, Yvonne Beener, Atsuko Yonezawa, Kerri Martin, Larry Earick, Roxanne Stollmer, Jean Kistler, Becky Finrock, Jenny Marshall, Amy Deal; Flag Corp (l. to r.) Melinda Clark, Pam Howell, Brenda Fields, Bev Bennett, Dawn McKibben. Marching Band The yearbook editors would like to apologize for the absence of a formal picture of the Covington High School Marching Band, but a picture could not be found. We would like to, however, recognize and congratulate every member for a season well performed. Mr. Charles Craig, Becky Finforck, Gene Rapp, Larry Earick, L.G. Henry, Matt Miller, Roxanne Stollmer, Jean Kistler, Angie Finfrock, Atsuko Yoneaowa, Mike Speer, Lisa Mutzner, Annie Thompson, Trish Zell, Aron Manning, Shelly Stoller, Susie Ingle, Karen Colby, Tracy Shaffer, Regina Looker, Chad Wintringham, Tiffany Richards, Shannon Longendelpher, Dee Westfall, Melissa Cartwright, Yvonne Beener, Kerri Martin, Jenny Marshall, Amy Dael. 124/ads we have the... Support Of The Community 87 ads/125 Compliments Of DR. AND MRS. DONALD RICE Good Luck To The Class Of '87 Congratulations Class Of '87 MILLER INSURANCE AGENCY Jackie Angle, CPIW Complete Insurance Service Auto — Home — Life — Business 150 N. Pearl Street, Covington Phone: 473-2171 HealthCare Pharmacy 27 N. High Street Covington, Ohio 45318-1398 Complete Prescription Department American Greeting Cards Unique Gifts — Winan's Chocolates Quality Merchandise 27 N. High St. Phone 473-3333 Covington Congratulations To The Class Of '87 BRIDGES — STOCKER FUNERAL HOME Clifford Stocker Funeral Director 160 North High St. Covington 473-3331 Best Wishes To The Seniors Of 1987 From The Seniors From HEARTLAND OF PIQUA NURSING CENTER 275 Kienle Drive Piqua, Ohio Medicare - Medicaid Certified COVINGTON COMMUNITY CARE CENTER Skilled - Intermediate Nursing Care 75 Mote Drive & St. Rt. 48 Covington, Ohio 45318 Phone: 473-2075 Compliments Of MAIER'S IGA SUPERMARKET 301 Troy Pike Covington Phone: 473-2531 1ST BORDER SAVINGS BANK • Piqua • Sidney Phone (513) 773-4540 MIAMI CITIZENS NATIONAL BANK & TRUST CO 401 N. Main St. • Piqua, Ohio 45356 Best Wishes To The Class Of 1987 THE BUCKEYE STATE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY Wright And Pearl Street Covington Phone: 473-2061 MICKERY'S PIZZA Pizza And Sandwiches Open For Breakfast, Lunch, And Dinner Every Day 483 East Broadway • Covington Phone • 473-2952 CARPET HOUSE • Large Selection Of Carpet And Vinyl Rolls And Remnants In Stock For Immediate Installation • Free Estates • Expert Installation Price For Every Budget 773-9505 5300 St. Rte. 36 West Between Piqua And Covington GENERAL FILMS INC. Plastic Films Bags — Sheets — Roll Stock And Specialty Products "Good Luck To The Class Of '86" 645 South High Street Phone: 473-2051 H & R BLOCK The Income Tax People 121 West Ash Street Piqua, Ohio 45356 Phone: (513) 778-0412 Compliments Of SOTZING INSURANCE Congratulations Class Of '87 Doug Sotzing, Covington SUNSET MEAT MARKET "The Meat People" Choice Meats — Deli & Freezer Beef 100 N. Sunset Drive Piqua, Ohio Phone: 773-6328 INDUSTRY PRODUCTS COMPANY 500 Statler Rd. Piqua, Ohio 513/773-0585 Die Cutting And Fabricating Of Non-Metalic Materials Gaskets — Electrical Insulations Noise Control — Terminals THE LITTLE HOUSE 423 N. Main St. Piqua, Ohio 773-3666 Gifts And Collectables VERN'S AUTO SERVICE Spring & High Streets, Piqua, OH 773-9296 THE COVINGTON FLOWER SHOP 150 N. High St. Covington, OH 45318 (513) 473-3027 Hours 9-8 Mon.-Sat. SELLMAN'S COVINGTON, OHIO Fine Furniture for Every Taste and Budget! Serving The Miami Valley For Over 54 Years With ... * Furniture * Carpeting * Draperies * Television * Appliances Open Monday-Saturday 9-9 15-25 North High Street Phone: 473-2012 Covington THE PIQUA FISH & ICE CO. Manufactures • Wholesales • Retailers 240 East Main St. • P.O. Box 102 Piqua, Ohio 45356 (513) 773-4145 GRANDMA'S KITCHEN Plate-Pleasing Foods Open Monday Thru Saturday 7:00 A.M.-9:00 P.M. 8262 W. State Route 41 Covington, OH 45318 (513) 473-5422 BEAVER-HEILMAN FORD, INC. Sales Thru Service Covington, Ohio 473-2042 Beatrice COMPANIES, INC. 400 Hazel Street Covington 473-2047 SCHMIDLAPP EQUIPMENT, INC. Congratulations To Class Of '87 John Deere Sales And Service 6506 U.S. Rt. 36 Covington Phone: 473-2829 AL'S SOHIO & WRECKER SERVICE Sohio AAA Congratulations Seniors! Day Phone: 473-8164 6 E. Broadway Night Phone: 473-3639 Alfred Hitchcock MULLEN'S FIRESTONE INC. 1005 Broadway (Rte. 36 East) Covington — Phone: 473-3029 Art Mullen Jim Mullen BURKETT'S HEATING & COOLING INC. 607 W. Water St. Piqua, Ohio 45356 Phone: (513) 773-8350 RK Elite Hydro-Vac Services, Inc. 1600 Mote Dr. Covington, Ohio 45318 (513) 473-3096 Kate, John, And Michael Molesky Quality Quick Printing, Inc. Jim Shepard President 531 N. Main P.O. Box 140 Piqua, OH 45356 (513) 778-1100 Congratulations Seniors! Easy Lawn easy way to lawn care Piqua, Ohio Phone: 1-800-421-9714 Andy's Garden "the floral with a greenhouse" "You'll Be Pleased, We Guarantee It" Agin St. — Piqua — 773-2004 111 W. Market — Troy — 335-5971 1 Mi West I-79 — St. Rt. 55 — 335-5550 Davis Enterprises 151 Troy Pk. Covington, Ohio Upholstery Stripping Antique Restoration Jon Davis 473-3826 Smith Greenhouse 1018 Broadway Piqua, Ohio 45356 (513) 773-0765 Dave Smith Owner Flowers For All Occasions Beeman Hardware 101 North High MARTIN SENOUR PAINTS Covington 473-2341 SAVE WITH SAFETY CROSBY THE "DRUG MAN" PHONE 773-5523 418 N. MAIN ST. PIQUA, OHIO Phone: 773-5523 418 N. Main St. Piqua, Ohio Open 9-9:30 Mon-Sat Sunset Cleaner's Sunset Shopping Center Piqua Phone: 773-9034 Branches: Troy And West Milton Wick's End Country Gifts And Candles 11 High St. Covington, OH 45318 473-2232 MADER MOTOR ART 119 S. Market St. • Troy, Ohio 45373 • (513) 339-2681 Congratulations To Class Of '87 STANLEY Helps You Do Things Right A Division Of Stanley Works 800 South High Street Covington D. Bruce Martin Plant Manager 473-2082 FORREST E. BLYTHE D.D.S. Congratulations To The Class Of '87 550 Mote Dr. Covington 473-2755 EBBERTS FIELD SEEDS, INC. Dealer For Piqua Pulverized Lime Quality Farm Seeds & Chemicals Covington, OH Phone: (513) 473-2521 Terra Terra International, Inc. 550 East Broadway Covington, OH 45318 (513) 473-2422 EMERSON CONTRACT DIVISION, INC. 3856 SPACE DRIVE DAYTON, OHIO 45414-0645 CONGRATULATIONS TO CLASS OF 87 LANDIS VARIETY SHOP Covington WINAN'S CARRIAGE HOUSE CANDIES 308 W. Water St. Piqua SUGAR SHAK 108 Wenrick Street Covington, Ohio 45318 John And Pauline Stump Open Wednesday Thru Saturday 11-5 EDGETOWN HAIR CARE Women's And Men's Styling 710 W. Brown Rd. Covington 473-5164 Owner — Linda Iddings Operator — Marcia Darnell RUDY INC. Quality Feeds — Certified Seeds Grain — Farm Supplies — Storage Good Luck To The Class Of 1987 Covington 473-2066 West Milton 698-4501 The tradition is quality Friendly restaurants The "Friendly" family of restaurant restaurants is a division of Friendly Ice Cream Corporation. Friendly Ice Cream Corporation, 1885 Beacon Road, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154 Friendly Ice Cream Corporation, 1000 Corporate Center Drive, Marion Street, Troy, Ohio 45379 A Hershey Company Congratulations Seniors! NEW TECH PLASTICS, INC. 1300 Mote Dr. Covington, Ohio 45318 Phone: 473-3011 Best Wishes and Compliments from Troy Service Center DP&L The Service People MIAMI COUNTY SURGEONS, INC. Charles E. Gariety, M.D. Joseph Miller, M.D. Rowan R. Nickol, M.D. 821 Nicklin Avenue 3130 N. Dixie Hwy. Piqua, Ohio 45356 Troy, Ohio 45373 (513) 773-4123 (813) 339-8800 Sportswear Store For Men, Women & Children THE VAULT 9 N. High St. Covington, OH 45318 6 N. Market St. Troy, OH 45373 (513) 473-5658 Hrs — 9:30-8:30 (Daily) 9:30-5:30 (Fri.) (513) 338-331 Hrs — 10:00-7:00 (Daily) 10:00-5:00 (Sat.) Hitt Automotive, Inc. 23 S. High St. Covington, OH 45318 473-5557 Richard M. Hitt Owner TONY'S AMOCO AND TONY'S BODY SHOP Complete Auto Painting 402 N. Main St. Covington, OH 45318 473-2554 MOBILE-BROADWAY SERVICE Mobil 1 East Broadway Covington 473-2581 Compliments Of JAMES R. ODONNELL ATTORNEY Complete Auto Service DAN SOHIO POAST AAA 24 Hour Towing 1548 Covington At Sunset Piqua, Ohio 45356 PIZZA STEEL COMPANY • Steel Fabrication • Crane Service • Machinery Moving And Rigging • Structural Steel Sales • Warehousing • Welding Supplies • 4243 W. U.S. Route 36 Piqua, OH 45356 773-3623 Crayex Corporation 1747 Commerce Drive Piqua, Ohio 773-7000 Congratulations To Class Of 1987. There's more for your life at SEARS Celebrating Our New Century Piqua, Ohio The Sampler 105 N. High Covington, Ohio 45318 Full Line Of Carryout And Catering 473-2229 Gerlach the Florist 1501 Washington Avenue Phone (513) 773-0892 Piqua, Ohio 45356 Tom Wirick Automotive Armature Works Service On Generators Voltage Regulators Starters & Alternators 401 W. Water St. Piqua, OH 773-1926 Kathy's Beauty Shop 7175 W. U.S. 36 Covington 473-2713 East Side Service Mitsubishi Tractors Bolens Lawn & Garden Equip. Lawn Boy Mowers — Woods Mowers Specializing In Ford Tractors Repair — Overhauls Roger Clark 1001 E. Broadway Covington, OH 473-3126 Galbreath Realters® Piqua Troy Tipp City West Milton HER The Helpful People 318 N. Main Piqua, Ohio 45336 Phone 778-8644 Aerovent Inc. 1 Aerovent Dr — Piqua, OH STEVE'S BARBER SHOP Good Luck Class Of '87. 102 N. Pearl St. Covington HEMM'S GLASS SHOPS, INC. Storefronts • Mirrors • Insulating Glass 24 Hour Emergency Service 773-5591 514 S. Main Piqua, OH 45356 Congratulations Seniors! 316 N. Wayne • Piqua, Ohio 773-3678 Good Luck Class Of '87! WAYNE'S BARBER SHOP 1309 South St • Piqua • 778-0686 McDonald's OVER 55 BILLION SERVED 122 E. Ash St 211 E. Main St Piqua 1935 Covington Ave Piqua 500 W. Main St Piqua Serving Savers And Homeowners Since 1886 Over 100 Years Of Service THE COVINGTON SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSN 117 N. High Street Phone: 473-2021 Covington, Ohio 45318 Passbook And Certificate Savings Dividends From Date Of Deposit To Date Of Withdrawal — Compound Daily Home Loans At Variable Rates Home Improvement Loans American Express Travel Cheques Free Customer Parking Adjacent To Office Night Depository Now 24 Hr. ATM And Money Market Accounts Office Hrs: Mon., Tues., Wed. — 9 AM To 4 PM Fri. — 9 AM To 6 PM Sat. — 9 AM To Noon Closed Thurs. And Sun. EQUAL HOUSING LENDER MEMBER FSLIC Federal Savings & Loan Insurance Corp. Your Savings Insured Up To $100,000 Good Luck To The Class Of '87 From The Key Club Compliments Of COVINGTON BAND BOOSTERS Art Club Says Good Luck Seniors! Congratulations Seniors From Class Of '88 Telephone 335-7049 Resident 335-1883 Moler ELECTRIC SERVICE INC. RESIDENTIAL • COMMERCIAL • INDUSTRIAL • 6 N. Madison Troy, OH 45373 APPLE FARM SERVICE, INC. Covington, Ohio (513) 526-4851 • Farm Equipment Specialists • Best Of Luck To The Class Of '87 From The Buccanews Staff Good Luck Seniors From Class Of '90 QUALITY FORMS 4317 West U.S. Route 36 Piqua, OH Phone: 773-4595 Larry Pickering General Manager (513) 773-3375 PIZZA CHAMPION FOUNDRY 918 S.Main Piqua AAA MIAMI COUNTY AUTOMOBILE CLUB 601 W. High Piqua, Ohio Ph. 773-3953 221 S. Market Troy, Ohio Ph. 339-0112 Hours: Open 7 Days A Week 24 Hrs. A Day 78 Years Of Business 407 S. Wayne Piqua ULBRICH'S IGA Complete Building Materials Center Lumber — Plywood — Roofing Materials Builders Hardware — Lawn And Garden Paints — Glass — Paneling Ceilings pk COVINGTON 242 E. BROADWAY Mon Thru Fri. 7:30-6:00 Saturday 8:00-4:00 THE TANNING CENTER 473-2814 21 Ullery St. Covington, Ohio (Behind the Police Station) Phone 339-9425 IN-A-JIT-PRINT, INC. 22 South Weston Road Troy, Ohio 45373 HOBART CORPORATION Equipment • Systems • Service for the World’s Food Industry Le Page!! Being co-editor of the yearbook is a big responsibility. I never imagined how much time and dedication it demands. There is a great satisfaction when your end product finally comes back and you know that you played a big part in the production of that book. Jenifer Etter was my co-editor, my friend, and my stability this past year. She was so full of good ideas and ready to work at all times. I could not have asked for a better person to work with and I wish her the best always. Also, Jodi Miller and Julie Laughman deserve a lot of credit as assistant editors. They were always willing to learn new things to help make our work easier. I wish them a lot of luck on next year's book. Thanks also to Maureen Miller, my very special friend, who did an excellent job on the ad section. You were greatly appreciated. Most of all I would like to thank our advisor and friend, Mr. Steve Fisher. He was patient when deadlines weren't met when we just seemed to be at a standstill. I respect him so much and am so glad he was my advisor. This yearbook was designed with every CHS individual in mind. It has pages full of memories which will last a lifetime. Good luck and best wishes to the Class of 1987. May all your ambitions and goals be reached. Sincerely, Lisa S. Kenworthy Being co-editor of the 1986-'87 yearbook has been one of the most unique experiences of my high school years, and experience which I have thoroughly enjoyed despite some of the frustrations and headaches it has presented. First of all, my deepest thanks and appreciation goes to my co-editor and friend, Lisa Kenworthy, for all the inspiration, hard work, and dedication she has given in creating this book. Lisa could always be counted on to be imaginative and witty, and I couldn't have asked for a neater person to have for my partner. Thanks also goes to our assistant editors Julie Laughman and Jodi Miller. Lisa and I both appreciate their willingness to get this book together. I wish them as much fun as Lisa and I have had this year, and much luck on top of that! To Mr. Steve Fisher I give the greatest thanks of all, for it was he who made sure that things were getting done and he who gave the utmost patience and guidance. I hold high respect for him and I deeply appreciate the time and consideration he has given our book. I truly hope that you, the reader, enjoy this book and that in doing so, re-live memories which have made this year so special. Best luck to the class of 1987. I hope all my senior friends have much happiness and success in the future. ENJOY! Sincerely; Jenifer Etter Jen's Page 146 147 148 JOSTENS
1. Name of Property historic name Old Strother Place other names/site number Fruit Hill 2. Location street & number Rt. 3, Box 84 city or town Saluda state South Carolina code SC county Saluda code 81 zip code 29138 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, I hereby certify that this X nomination request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property X meets ___ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant ___ nationally ___ statewide X locally. (See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Mary W. Edmonds 1/7/94 Signature of certifying official Mary W. Edmonds, Deputy SHPO, S.C. Department of Archives & History, Columbia, S.C. State or Federal agency and bureau In my opinion, the property ___ meets ___ does not meet the National Register criteria. (See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of commenting or other official Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification I, hereby certify that this property is: ✓ entered in the National Register ___ See continuation sheet. ___ determined eligible for the National Register ___ See continuation sheet. ___ determined not eligible for the National Register ___ removed from the National Register ___ other (explain): Entered in the National Register Signature of Keeper Date 5. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property (Check as many boxes as apply) (Check only one box) - [X] private - [ ] public-local - [ ] public-State - [ ] public-Federal [X] building(s) Contributing Noncontributing - [ ] district 4 3 buildings - [ ] site - [ ] structure 1 - [ ] object 5 3 Total Name of related multiple property listing Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing. Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register 0 6. Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions) Cat: Domestic Sub: Single dwelling - Kitchen - Secondary structure - Animal facility - Water tower Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) Cat: Domestic Sub: Single dwelling 7. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions) Mid-19th Century/Greek Revival Materials (Enter categories from instructions) foundation stone roof metal walls wood/weatherboard other Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "X" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing) - [ ] A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. - [ ] B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. - [X] C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. - [ ] D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield information important prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "X" in all the boxes that apply.) ___ A owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. ___ B removed from its original location. ___ C a birthplace or a grave. ___ D a cemetery. ___ E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. ___ F a commemorative property. ___ G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) Architecture Significant Dates 1856 c. 1936 Significant Person (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) Cultural Affiliation Period of Significance 1856 - 1943 Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) 9. Major Bibliographical References Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Previous documentation on file (NPS) ___ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested. ___ previously listed in the National Register ___ previously determined eligible by the National Register ___ designated a National Historic Landmark ___ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey # __________ ___ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # __________ Primary Location of Additional Data ___ State Historic Preservation Office ___ Other State agency ___ Federal agency ___ Local government ___ University ___ Other Name of repository: _______________________ 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property 11.85 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet) \| Zone \| Easting \| Northing \| Zone \| Easting \| Northing \| \|------\|---------\|----------\|------\|---------\|----------\| \| 1 \| 17 \| 421020 \| 3 \| 17 \| 420920 \| \| 2 \| 17 \| 421060 \| 3 \| 17 \| 420640 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| See continuation sheet. Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.) Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.) 11. Form Prepared By name/title Katherine H. Richardson organization Heritage Preservation Associates street & number P.O. Box 5502 city or town Columbia date October 1, 1993 telephone 803-775-6682 state SC zip code 29250 Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: Continuation Sheets Maps A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Photographs Representative black and white photographs of the property. Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) Property Owner (Complete this item at the request of the SHPO or FPO.) name Patricia W. Rawl, William T. Rawl, Thomas H. Rawl street & number 1347 Counts Ferry Rd. city or town Lexington telephone 803-359-4659 state SC zip code 29072 Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. The Old Strother Place is a ca. 1856 plantation complex containing the ca. 1856 Greek Revival house, kitchen building, and barn, as well as later buildings and structures. It is located in rural Saluda County, which was once part of Edgefield District. The complex occupies 11.85 acres between Fruit Hill Road and Chappels Ferry Road, on an undivided parcel of the original 1,456 acre Strother plantation. The Strothers were affluent planters in the district and the house and complex represent one of the few remaining examples of the large plantations of Edgefield District. The following is the list of cultural resources at the Old Strother Place. 1. Old Strother Place House. Built ca. 1856. Contributing. The Old Strother House is a mixture of high style and practical, plain elements. It is a gable-end, two-story house clad in weatherboard. Both the front and rear facades are five-ranked, with a centrally placed door on the first floor of each elevation, above which is a 6/6 window flanked by transom and side lights. The house originally had one-story, full-facade, shed roofed porches on both the rear and front elevations. The porch on the rear facade was enclosed in the twentieth century. The porches are supported by simple square posts and originally had no balusters, though a simple wooden baluster was added to the front porch after a child's baby buggy rolled off of the porch, causing the death of the infant. A portion of the front porch was also screened in the twentieth century. The doors on both the front and rear elevations were originally simple, two-panneled wooden doors surrounded by a transom and side lights. An office in the house is entered on the western facade. This entry has an significant one-story, gable-front portico supported by two pairs of simple, square posts like those supporting the full-facade porches. This portico adds great style to the western elevation of the house, which faces Fruit Hill Road. The houses has 9/9 windows on the first floor and 6/6 windows on the second level. A small window with modern windows is located in each gable end of the attic; the gable-ends are clad in wood shingles. The house has two interior chimneys and the roof is clad in metal. The house rests on stone piers. The interior of the house is simply, yet tastefully appointed. In the central hall a semi-circular arch rests on fluted pilasters, creating an entry hall at the front door. The stairs have a simple railing supported by plain square balusters. The tread-ends of the steps display a simple, carved decorative detail. The walls of the formal rooms retain their original plaster, while the hall walls are clad in painted flush boards. The central hall has a simple chair rail with a plain dado. The parlor has no chair rail but has a syma recta cornice. The mantel in the parlor has a substantial mantel shelf supported by a wooden mantel decorated with carved paterae in recessed panels. The mantel in the office has the same substantial mantel shelf as that in the parlor and the wooden mantel is adorned by recessed panels. The office has only a simple, narrow cornice. The house has handsome, wide baseboards and the door and window surrounds throughout the house display Greek Revival surrounds. The house rests in its historic landscape. It is surrounded by old plantings and the view on all sides of the house presents the rural scene of rolling hills, orchards, and agricultural fields. 2. Barn. Built ca. 1856. Contributing. This gable-end barn with two shed additions to the central mass has shed-roof additions to the west side and to the southern side. The main part of the barn is of vertical board construction; the shed additions are covered with horizontal boards. It has a metal roof and a partial concrete foundation. 3. Garage. Built ca. 1930. Contributing. This gable-end building is covered in weatherboard and has a metal roof. 4. Water tower. Built ca. 1936. Contributing. This metal water tower has a wooden windmill and a metal water tank and cement footings. 5. Old Kitchen Building with Shed Additions. Kitchen built ca. 1856; Sheds ca. 1940. Non-contributing. This original kitchen building has been moved and added on to through the years; its integrity has been substantially compromised. It was originally a gable-end building clad in weatherboard and roofed in metal. It was subsequently moved and used as a smoke house and a cotton storage building. Metal shed-roofed additions to the kitchen building, built ca. 1940, span the northern and western elevations. 6. Chicken Coop. Built ca. 1950. Non-contributing. 7. Doghouse. Built ca. 1950. Non-contributing. 8. Greenhouse. ca. 1980. Non-contributing. 9. Arbor. ca. 1950. Non-contributing. The Old Strother Place is a notable example of Greek Revival architecture and qualifies for the National Register under criterion C. It was built ca. 1856 by George James Strother on 1,456 acres granted to him in 1854 by the state of South Carolina. This was the "new" house on the plantation; Strother had an older house on another section of the place which predated his acquisition of this part of the plantation. The extant barn and kitchen building were constructed at the same time, according to family tradition. The complex stands on the remaining undivided 13.55 acres of the original Strother tract. The Old Strother Place was one of the largest plantation houses in the area and it represents the prosperity of the large planters in Edgefield County prior to the Civil War, when Edgefield District led the state in animal and crop production and the district contained the largest improved farm acreage in the state between 1850 and 1860. The Old Strother Place was the first in the vicinity to receive electricity and have running water, when, in ca. 1936, the Strother family took advantage of the Rural Electrification Administration's financing for electric systems on farms across America. In 1935, only eleven out of every one hundred farms in the United States had electricity; the Strothers were one of the first to take advantage of this program in the entire country. The house and its outbuildings have remained in the family since 1856. The land surrounding the complex retains the historical landscape of open agricultural fields and fruit orchards and the buildings retain their historical integrity. The Old Strother Place is one of the last intact large plantation complexes in this area of Saluda County. The Old Strother Place stands on a hill overlooking an agricultural field to its south and upon acres of fruit orchards to its north and east. It is in a fork of land between Chappells Ferry Road and Fruit Hill Road in rural Saluda County, several miles south of Richardsonville, in an area known as Plum Branch. This area was once a part of Edgefield County/District until the formation of Saluda County in 1895 and thus is identified with the history of the Edgefield District. The land upon which it stands is a small part of the 1,456 acres which the state of South Carolina granted to George James Strother in 1854. Strother had received 818 acres of this tract in 1847 by a state grant and his first house stood on that tract, which lay east of the Strother --- 1 State Plats II, vol. 56, p. 391, S. C. Dept. of Archives and History [hereafter SCDAH], Columbia, S. C.; Orville Vernon Burton, In My Father's House are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), p. 35; Oral History Interview with Patricia W. Rawl, February, 1993; Richard E. Dodd, Strother and Some Allied Lines, n.p., 1980, p. I-82; World Book Encyclopedia, vol. 16, (Field Enterprises Corporation, 1971), pp. 482-3. Place on Stevens Creek. The newer house built at the Old Strother Place ca. 1856 represents the prosperity enjoyed by this prominent Edgefield County planter in the years prior to the Civil War. The Strother family has been in this area of Edgefield County for many generations. George James's father, whose name he carried, obtained 999 acres of land on the northern branch of Penn Creek, just south of Richardsonville, in 1815. Strother's mother was a Richardson and both families were influential planters in the area. George James Strother, born on October 12, 1815, was the son of George James Strother and the grandson of David Richardson. On May 20, 1838, he married Eloise E. Bates (1820-1886), the daughter of Col. John Bates, who owned the land where the town of Batesburg now stands. They had three daughters and five sons. Strother was a teacher and surveyor early in his career. He very likely taught at the school which stood, in 1854, on his plantation next to School Spring on Pen Creek. The site of this school is just east of a pond near the present Fruit Hill Community Center. During the Civil War, Strother served as a Lieutenant in the Confederate Army, in Company G of the 7th South Carolina Infantry. In his old age he moved to Johnston, S. C., where he died on February 23, 1881. He is buried at the Mount of Olives Cemetery in Johnston. The house and outbuildings passed into the ownership of George James Strother's son, James George Strother (1848-1918), upon his death in 1881. After James George's death, the property went to his daughter, Ruby Rochelle (b. 1889). She married William Clarence Branch on December 22, 1914 and the couple spent the rest of their lives at the Old Strother Place. The Branch's daughter, Trudith Bryce (1917-1992) inherited the place after her parents' decease. Edgefield District (later County) was described by Robert Mills in 1825. He wrote, There is nothing that distinguishes Edgefield from that of other districts in the upper and middle country. They were all gradually settled as the tide of emigration rolled from the north and east. It however may be observed of this, in contradistinction to some other --- 2State Plats II, vol. 56, p. 391, SCDAH; State Plats II, vol. 55, pp. 20-1, SCDAH. 3State Plats II, vol. 44, p. 64, SCDAH. 4Dodd, p. I-82; State Plats II, vol. 56, p. 391, SCDAH. 5Oral History Interview with Patricia W. Rawl, February, 1993. districts, which were peopled a good deal by foreigners and their immediate descendants ... that Edgefield was settled principally, and indeed almost altogether, by emigrants from Virginia and North Carolina ... Edgefield contained excellent farm land. Mills noted that peas, sweet potatoes, beans, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, Irish potatoes, hemp, corn, and cotton grew well there. Orville V. Burton, a contemporary Edgefield historian, notes that "most of the wealth of Edgefield derived from agriculture." His description of the district indicates the productivity of the land: Antebellum plantations in up-country Edgefield were more rustic than the typical low-country plantations. The up-country plantation economy was also more diversified, producing timber and more corn, oats, wheat, rye, barley and other grains than those in the low country ... in 1850 and 1860. Edgefield led the state in animal and crop production. The value of Edgefield's livestock, the number of horses, mules, asses, and swine, and the value of animals slaughtered were greater than those of other districts ... With the largest improved farm acreage in the state in 1850 and 1860, Edgefield was either first or second in cotton, orchard, oat, Irish potato, and corn production. In 1850 Edgefield was third in the value of produce from market gardens and led the state in the value of homemade manufactures, an index of self-sufficiency. The Strother plantation was by far one of the largest in the vicinity, with 450 acres of improved land and 850 acres of unimproved land in 1850. In 1850, George James Strother owned five horses, five asses, ten milk cows, two working oxen, thirty head of cattle, twenty-five sheep, and eighty hogs. He was one of the largest livestock owners in the area, reflecting the trend toward large livestock production in Edgefield District. The produce of the Strother plantation reflects the success of Edgefield District in leading the agricultural output in the state during the years of 1850 and 1860. The plantation produced 100 bushels of wheat, 1,500 bushels of Indian corn, 600 --- 6Robert Mills, Statistics of South Carolina (Spartanburg: The Reprint Co., 1972), pp. 519-20. 7Ibid., pp. 521-2. 8Burton, p. 35. bushels of oats, 6 pounds of rice, 47 bales of ginned cotton (equal to 18,800 pounds), 50 pounds of wool, 25 bushels of peas, 40 pounds of Irish potatoes, 200 pounds of sweet potatoes, and 1,000 pounds of butter in 1850. In addition Strother declared $250 additional value of homemade manufactures. In 1850, Strother owned twenty-seven slaves; in 1860 the slave population on the Old Strother Place had increased to forty-three Afro-Americans. Strother had eight slave houses on his plantation; the location of the slave houses is unknown at this time. The 1860 Census lists George James Strother as a "farmer" with the value of his real estate at $14,200. His personal worth was $51,595 in 1860. In the aftermath of the Civil War production on the Strother plantation was scaled down. Strother had acquired 200 additional acres between 1850 and 1870, yet his land was worth only $4,500 in 1870, as opposed to $14,200 before the war. Strother's livestock was reduced to three horses, three mules, five milk cows, ten head of cattle, and twenty pigs. Of course, the reduced labor force had its effect on the quantity of produce from the place, though Strother remained one of the highest producers in his neighborhood. In 1870, Strother grew 100 bushels of spring wheat, 300 bushels of Indian corn, 100 bushels of oats, 13 bales of cotton (equalling 5,850 pounds), and produced 100 pounds of butter. George James Strother spent his last years in the town of Johnston, and apparently his son, James George, ran the plantation. In 1880, the Old Strother Place was surrounded by only 700 acres. James George hired farm laborers to assist him on the place for 150 weeks, probably indicating that he had three men on the place either as tenant farmers or straight laborers. The Strother declared $2,000 worth of produce sold in 1879, far surpassing the value of agricultural produce raised by his neighbors. In 1879, James George Strother grew 200 bushels of Indian corn on twenty-five acres, fifteen bushels of oats on two acres, thirty bales of cotton on thirty acres, grew enough sorghum to produce fifty gallons of molasses, and raised forty bushels of potatoes. The number of livestock was greatly reduced, yet even with only two milk cows the place produced 100 pounds of butter. For the first time, poultry --- 9 1850 Agricultural Census of the United States, Edgefield District, Microfilm frames 297-8, SCDAH. 10 1850 Slave Schedule, p. 73, Edgefield District, SCDAH; 1860 Slave Schedule, p. 43, Saluda Regiment, Edgefield District, SCDAH. 11 1860 Census of the United States, Fruit Hill Post Office, Edgefield District, p. 148 A & B, SCDAH. 12 1870 Agricultural Census of the United States, Edgefield District, frame 732, SCDAH. were indicated on the census and Strother declared thirty laying hens and 100 eggs produced in 1879.$^{13}$ This agricultural record spanning thirty years indicates that the Strothers were always successful and affluent planters, despite the interruption of the Civil War and the impact of Reconstruction. This prosperity is reflected in the house built by George James Strother ca. 1856. The large, imposing house was unusual in this district where most built conservative, plain buildings, according to Edgefield historian Orville V. Burton. He writes of the grander homes of the wealthy planters, In contrast [to the plainer houses], financed by the success of commercialized cotton production (made possible by slavery, the cotton gin, and improved transportation), the wealthy Edgefield plantation owners built elaborate and impressive mansions for themselves after 1830. The mansions, which were definitely the exception rather than the rule for both antebellum and postbellum whites, became beautiful artifacts, large and grand, as imposing as the people who built them. Two or three stories with broad front porches, these buildings reflected the symmetrical theories of Georgian styles. Open piazzas greeted those of equal social status.$^{14}$ The Old Strother House is a mixture of high style and practical, plain elements. The original barn and kitchen building remain in the back of the house. A garage built in c. 1935 stands behind the house as well. The roads which pass the house on either side pre-date 1825. In c. 1936, the house was the first in the vicinity to receive electricity and running water, as a result of the Rural Electrification Administration's program. This Administration, run under the Department of Agriculture, was established by executive order of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935. In 1936, Congress approved the Rural Electrification Act, which provided for a ten-year electrification program for America's rural areas. James Strother Branch, the present owner's uncle, had just graduated from Clemson University in 1936 with a degree in electrical engineering and he utilized the loan program to electrify the Old Strother Place and add running water. The resulting water tank still stands in the yard to the east of the house.$^{15}$ $^{13}$1880 Agricultural Census of the United States, Edgefield District, frame 387, SCDAH. $^{14}$Burton, p. 39. $^{15}$World Book Encyclopedia, vol. 16, pp. 482-3; Oral History Interview with Patricia W. Rawl, June, 1993. Over time, the Old Strother Place has continued to produce cotton, staple crops, and fruit, thus retaining its historical function. It is a stately reminder of the prosperity of the affluent planters of Edgefield District and its history serves as a microcosm of the development of the larger plantations in Edgefield. It is a treasured landmark both for the area once encompassed by Edgefield District and the later-formed Saluda County. Old Strother Place name of property Saluda County, South Carolina county and State Bibliography Primary Sources South Carolina State Plats South Carolina State Grants United States Censuses United States Agricultural Censuses United States Censuses, Slave Schedules Secondary Sources Burton, Orville Vernon. In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield County, South Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. Dodd, Richard E. Strother and Some Allied Family Lines. n.p., 1980. Field Enterprises Corporation. World Book Encyclopedia, vol. 16, 1971. Mills, Robert. Statistics of South Carolina. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company, 1972. Oral History Interviews Interview with Patricia Rawl, February, 1993. Verbal Boundary Description The property lays in a fork between Chappels Ferry Road and Fruit Hill Road in Saluda County. The line begins at an iron boundary marker on the edge of Chappells Ferry Road and follows the right of way south along the road for 1,127.98 feet, then the line turns in a southeasterly direction for 310.01 feet until it intersects with a point in the middle of Fruit Hill Road. From there it travels in a northerly direction down the center line of Fruit Hill Road for 1,632.47 feet, at which point it runs in a southeasterly direction for 706.75 feet to the first iron boundary marker on Chappells Ferry Road. Boundary Justification This 11.85 acres constitutes the portion of The Old Strother Place containing the plantation complex. The rest of the plantation has been divided among heirs. Photographs: The following information applies to all of the photographs of the Old Strother Place: Location: Saluda Co., S. C. Photographer: Katherine H. Richardson Date: May, 1993 Location of the Negatives: S. C. Dept. of Archives and History 1. Old Strother House, front elevation facing south. 2. Old Strother House, western elevation facing east. 3. Old Strother House, eastern facade facing west. 4. Old Strother House, southern elevation facing north. 5. Entrance to Office, western elevation facing east. 6. Front doors in central hall facing north. 7. Central hall and stairs facing north. 8. Detail of decorative work on stairs facing west. 9. Second floor central hallway facing north. 10. Office/parlor on northwestern corner of the first floor facing west. 11. Mantel in eastern parlor facing southeast. 12. Water Tower facing southeast. 13. Barn facing south. 14. Old Kitchen Building/shed facing southeast. 15. Chicken Coop facing southeast. 16. Garage facing east. 17. Arbor facing west. 18. James George Strother (1848-1918). Old Strother Place Saluda County, S.C. 11.85 acres 1. Main House - C 2. Barn - C 3. Garage - C 4. Water Tower - C 5. Old Kitchen Building - N/C 6. Chicken Coop - N/C 7. Dog House - N/C 8. Greenhouse - N/C 9. Arbor - N/C
Japanese-Hungarian Dictionary Generation using Ontology Resources VARGA István, YOKOYAMA Shoichi Yamagata University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa-shi Yamagata, 992-8510 Japan email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Abstract In this paper we describe an automatized dictionary generation method that can be applied with most language pairs. As an example, we created a Japanese-Hungarian dictionary. Our approach is a pivot language based method, with English as the intermediate language. We use the Japanese-English and English-Hungarian dictionaries to create a set of translation candidates, for correct translation pair selection we use the English WordNet as a main resource. Our purpose is to achieve a high precision dictionary with a maximized recall. Evaluations showed an improved recall and precision when compared with two conventional methods, showing that ontology based selection can produce better results than dictionaries based methods. Introduction Computer-readable bilingual dictionaries are an essential and indispensable tool for numerous fields that deal with natural languages, such as machine translation, language educational CAI software development, and so on. However, in most cases the cost in time and manual labour in such a task is too high; therefore development of automatic methods is needed. In the case of less-frequent language pairs the task is especially difficult because bilingual linguists or reliable paper dictionaries of the chosen languages that can offer guidance during development are not always available. Many dictionary generating methods were proposed as an alternative to the manual construction of dictionaries. Compared with manual construction, automated methods have the advantage of being able to create a dictionary in considerably less time; and in the same time, both language speaking personnel can also be omitted. However, the recall and precision of current automatically created dictionaries is considerably lower opposed to the manually edited ones. More precisely, many words cannot be translated with current methods and many entries contain noise in form of erroneous translations. In the case of the Japanese-Hungarian language pair there is no reliable bidirectional paper dictionary and there are no direct digital resources either, although the need for them is increasing. As a result, in this paper we propose a method to automatically create a Japanese-Hungarian machine readable dictionary with the purpose of minimizing cost and provide a method that can be applicable to other language pairs as well. In this paper first we analyze the problems of the previous methods, after that we present our proposal. We evaluate the dictionary generated with our method and we compare it with two existing ones. Finally we formulate our conclusions and plans for the future. Conventional Methods and Problems There are two main principles in automated dictionary generation: corpus based and pivot language based methods. Corpus based methods rely mainly on information extracted from large bilingual corpora, selecting among translation candidates based on mutual information (Brown et al., 1998), Dice-coefficient (Kay & Röscheisen, 1993), correspondence-table (Brown, 1997), etc. As an alternative to corpus based methods, a pivot language based method was introduced by Tanaka & Umemura (1994). Pivot language based methods rely on the idea that the lookup of a word in an uncommon language through a third, intermediated language can be automated. These methods presume the existence of at least one intermediate language between the source and the target languages. Based on this principle there are many different approaches, all of them select among the translation candidates based on relations between the source-intermediate and target-intermediate entries. Tanaka & Umemura’s method uses integrated bidirectional source-intermediate and intermediate-target dictionaries (“harmonized dictionaries”) to create source-target translation candidates. Correct candidates are mainly selected by means of “inverse consultation”, a method that relies on counting the number of intermediate language definitions of the source word, through which the target language definitions can be identified. Based on experiments on an English pivoted French-Japanese dictionary they concluded that their method is useful for revising and supplementing the vocabulary of existing dictionaries. Shirai and Yamamoto (2001) also used English to design a Korean-Japanese dictionary. They compare the English definitions of Korean and Japanese entries, counting the word overlap between the definitions. They achieved 72% accuracy, but with only 36.5% recall. Other refinements include the tentative of using multiple pivots (English and Chinese) in the case of Sino-Japanese words in a Korean-Japanese dictionary (Paik & Bond & Shirai, 2001). They achieved a very high precision, but the 12% recall was extremely low. Sjöbergh (2005) presents an innovative approach for pivot language oriented dictionary generation. When generating his English intermediated Swedish-Japanese dictionary, each Japanese-to-English description is compared with each Swedish-to-English description. Scoring is based on word overlap, weighted with inverse document frequency, the best matches being selected as translation pairs. Sjöbergh reports a dictionary with high recall and good precision. The main deficiencies of the conventional methods can be grouped as follows: 1. Translation pairs are selected mainly based on information retrieved from the dictionaries. We can argue that most of the above mentioned pivot language based methods fail to deliver the desired precision and recall, because dictionaries only do not provide enough information about the languages itself. Whatever language pair we use, the meaning-ranges of most of the corresponding words are not identical, they only overlap at a certain extent, an uncertainty that is doubled by the intermediate language. Moreover, bilingual dictionaries do provide with bidirectional or unidirectional lexical relations between words across the languages, but they do not provide enough semantic information or full description of words. Even if the translation from the source and target languages is correctly transferred to the intermediate language, due to the inconsistent translations from the target and source languages to the intermediate language and lack of proper correspondences between the two definitions, the recall suffers. As an example pointed out in Table 1, the Hungarian sok and Japanese 沢山 (takusan), or Hungarian ember and Japanese 人 (hito) have approximately identical meanings respectively, but the meaning-range and semantical structure implemented in the two dictionaries are different, therefore correct translation pair extraction is difficult only based on information from the two dictionaries. In this case conventional methods cannot identify the difference between totally different definitions resulted by unrelated concepts and differences in only nuances resulted by lexicographers describing the same concept, but with different words. Some intentions to use semantic information is expressed by Paik, Bond & Shirai (2001), but they only use synonymy information, and only as an auxiliary, not as a main translation pair selecting tool. On the other hand, from this point of view corpus based methods provide the extra information about the meaning ranges of the words at a certain extent, because their semantic behaviour can be observed from the context. However, the first major drawback of corpus based methods is the necessity of a large bilingual corpus, available only in a few language pairs. \| Source word \| Hungarian to English \| Japanese to English \| \|-------------\|----------------------\|---------------------\| \| sok = 泽山 (takusan) \| a good many, a great many, a lot of, a number of, any amount, any number, gob, lots of, many, might, much, numerous, power, scores, several, whacking, whacking-great \| many, a lot, much \| \| ember = 人 (hito) \| bleeder, body, man, men, mortal, number, one, people, person, soul, walla, wallah \| man, person, human being, mankind, people, character, personality, true man, man of talent, adult, other people, messenger, visitor \| Table 1: Translation differences across different dictionaries 2. Most evaluation methods are not accurate We believe that there are a number of problems in conventional dictionary evaluation. Traditional calculation of word entry recall in the source language does not reflect the true recall value of the dictionary, especially when comparison with other methods is discussed. It is well-known that the biggest difficulty in dictionary generation lies on the fact that ambiguous words are hard to disambiguate. However, most low frequency or very low frequency words are less ambiguous than entries with high frequency, therefore they are easier to recall and translate. Traditional recall is a simple count of translated entries versus total number of entries, the recall value of a less frequent word being equal with the recall value of a very frequent word. The weight of every word should be proportional with its frequency; therefore a missing word with a high frequency should have a bigger impact on the recall score than a missing word with a low frequency. Improved Method Since there is no large bilingual Japanese-Hungarian corpus, we implement a pivot-language based method. We chose English as an intermediate language, since large digital Japanese-English and Hungarian-English dictionaries are freely available. However, as a main difference from the related methods, we do not intend to achieve the correct translation pairs based on the two dictionaries, we mainly use them only to collect some of the data. Instead, we use ontology for the reasons already mentioned above. Although we expect a higher precision from our method, we do not believe that the resulting dictionary will be error-free, manual labour will still be needed to correct the faulty results. A dictionary with low recall needs a more careful manual revision than a dictionary with high recall, because the human corrector needs to discover the word entries that were not recalled, the translation of them becoming entirely manual. On the other hand, with high recall we can argue that manual work will be mainly a procedure of erasing or replacing the noisy translation pairs. Thus our dictionary is built accordingly: we try to obtain good accuracy with the highest possible recall. Lexical Resources To generate the Japanese-Hungarian dictionary we use the following resources: - edict: Japanese to English unidirectional dictionary created and maintained by Jim Breen (1995) that has a number of 197282 1-to-1 entries after cleaning. It is freely downloadable from the Internet: http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/edict.html - a Hungarian-English bidirectional dictionary created and maintained by Vonyó Attila that has a number of 189331 1-to-1 entries after cleaning. This dictionary is also freely downloadable from the Internet: http://almos.vein.hu/~vonyod/SZOTAR.HTM - WordNet 2.1: a large lexical database of English, in which nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms called synsets, each describing a distinct concept (Miller et. al., 1990). WordNet is also freely downloadable from the Internet: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/ The Hungarian-English dictionary does not contain part-of-speech information. Furthermore, part-of-speech is highly inconsistent between Hungarian and Japanese; therefore although this kind of information is available from the Japanese-English dictionary, we do not use it. Proposed method Our method consists of two steps: in step 1 we collect a number of translation candidates that we think will contain most of the desired translation pairs. In step 2 first we perform only a restricted number of lexical analyses on the translation candidates to extract the unambiguous pairs. Also in step 2 we score all translation candidates using semantic information from the ontology and we select the most appropriate candidates based on the scoring. Below is a detailed description of the method. Step 1: translation candidate generation In step 1 we first generate the translation candidates. While doing this, we are only concentrating on obtaining the highest possible recall. We look up every entry in turn from the Japanese-English dictionary, looking up also every English-Hungarian entry in which the English entry matches the Japanese translation definition result from the Japanese-English dictionary. We consider every Japanese-Hungarian word/expression pair as a translation candidate for the next step. For example, according to our Japanese-English dictionary the Japanese word 暧昧 (aimai) has three translation into English: vague, ambiguous and unclear. The English translations in turn have a total of seven translations into Hungarian: bizonytalan, halvány, határozatlan, homályos, tétova, félreérthető, kétértelmiú. Thus the Japanese 暧昧 and the seven Hungarian words become seven different translation candidates (Figure 1). Understandably a large number of obviously erroneous pairs or pairs with too little semantic similarity will be also included this way. For example, the pair 暧昧 – halvány is not a correct translation pair, although both can be translated into English as vague. While the Japanese word is closer to vague as obscure, not clearly understood or expressed, the Hungarian one has the same meaning with vague as dim, lacking clarity or distinctness. However, we do not intend to disambiguate the definitions in this step, the identification of homonyms and elimination of noisy translations will be performed in the next step. ![Figure 1: Translation candidate generation example](image) This way we identified all translation candidates that have at least one common word in their definitions. The direction of this operation is not relevant, it is not necessary to perform the same operation starting from the Hungarian entries too, it would result in exactly the same translation candidates. With the method described above we accumulated a number of 436966 Japanese-Hungarian translation candidates. Step 2: lexically unambiguous translation pair extraction and scoring In step 2 we examine the translation candidates one by one, looking up the Japanese-English and Hungarian-English dictionaries, comparing the English descriptions. The translation candidates are basically scored by the correlation of the two English word sets. First we perform a strictly lexical match based only on the dictionaries. Finally a thorough semantic analysis is performed based on information retrieved from the ontology. 1. Lexically unambiguous translation pair extraction Some of the translation candidates have exactly the same English definitions; we consider these pairs as being correct by default. Also among the translation candidates we identified a number of Japanese entries that had only one Hungarian translation; and a number of Hungarian entries that had only one Japanese translation. Being the sole candidates for the given entries, we consider these pairs too as being correct. 37391 translation pairs were retrieved with this method; we call them type A translations. During correct translation pair selection by means of semantic analysis it is our purpose to use as many semantic relations as possible. WordNet provides with information on a number of relations (Table 2). \| Semantic information \| Part-of-speech \| \|----------------------\|----------------\| \| \| Noun \| Verb \| Adjective \| Adverb \| \| sense classification \| ● \| ● \| ● \| ● \| \| synonymy \| ● \| ● \| ● \| ● \| \| antonymy \| ● \| ● \| ● \| ● \| \| hypernymy/hyponymy \| ● \| ● \| X \| X \| \| troponymy \| X \| ● \| X \| X \| \| holonymy/meronymy \| ● \| X \| X \| X \| Table 2: Semantic information from WordNet From the relations described above, we consider four types of semantic information: sense classification, synonymy, antonymy and hypernymy/hyponymy. First we score each translation candidate by these information separately, as described below. 2. Sense classification WordNet has detailed description on each word regarding its senses. Explanations as well as a number of synonyms are listed with most senses of each word. We use the synonymy information to try to disambiguate the senses in the intermediate English translation. The scoring method is as follows: for a given Japanese-Hungarian translation candidate $(j, h)$ we look up their translations into English from the respective dictionaries $(e_j=e(j), e_2(j), \ldots e_n(j)$ and $e_H=e(j), e_2(h), \ldots e_m(h)$, respectively). We select the English definitions that are common in the two definitions $(e_l(h,j))$ and we look up their respective senses $(sense(e_l(j))), sense(e_l(h)))$ using WordNet. We identify the word’s senses comparing each synonym in the WordNet’s synonym description of the word in question with each word from the dictionary definition. As a result, we arrive at a certain set of senses from the Japanese-to-English definitions and a certain set of senses from the Hungarian-to-English definitions. We mark $score_{sens}(j, h)$ the maximum ratio of the identical and total identified sets of the common words. The higher the $score_{sens}(j,h)$, the probable that the candidate $(j,h)$ is a valid translation. \[ score_{sens}(j,h) = \max_{e_l(j), e_l(h)} \frac{count(sense(e_l(j)) \cap sense(e_l(h)))}{count(sense(e_l(j)) \cup sense(e_l(h)))} \tag{1} \] As an example, there are 44 Hungarian translation candidates for the Japanese word 正解 (seikai: correct, right, correct interpretation). Among the 44 translations let’s analyze helyes (correct, right, legitimate, proper, appropriate, etc) and becsületes (fair, honest, honorable, honourable, just, right, trusty, etc). By common sense helyes should get a higher score then becsületes. 正解 and helyes have two common English translations, namely right and correct. Right has 13 senses according to WordNet, among them 4 where identified from the Japanese-to-English definition (#1, #3, #5, #10, all with right) and 5 from the Hungarian-to-English definition (#1, #3, #5, #6, #10, with right and proper). As a result, 4 senses are common, and one is different. Based on equation (1) $score_{sens}$ (正解, helyes) = 0.8, when scoring is done through the word right. Correct has 4 senses according to WordNet, all of them are recognized by both definitions through right, therefore the score through correct is $score_{sens}$ (正解, helyes) = 1. As a result, the maximized score becomes $score_{sens}$ (正解, helyes)=1. 正解 and becsületes have one common English translation: right. As already described above, among the 13 senses 4 are identified from the Japanese-to-English definition (#1, #3, #5, #10, all with right). However, only one sense is identified from the Hungarian-to-English definition (#4, with honorable and honourable). Because there are no common senses were identified, $score_{sens}$ (正解, becsületes)=0 and the translation candidate should not qualify as a translation pair, because it is obvious that the common English definition right is used with different senses in the two definitions. Since we do not use part-of-speech information from the dictionaries, the translation candidates are verified based on all four part-of-speech parts available in WordNet. Scores that pass a global $threshold_{sens}$ are considered as correct translations. Empirically this $threshold_{sens}$ was set to 0.1; a number of 33971 candidates (type B translations) were selected. 3. Synonymy As mentioned in our introduction, different dictionaries have different lexical and semantic structures, therefore although the definitions describe the same concept, the different selection of words in the descriptions results in a difficult identification based on lexical information only. We try to overcome this problem by expanding the translation candidates’ English descriptions with all synonyms of its words and expressions. As a result, the similarity of the two expanded English descriptions gives a better indication on the suitability of the translation candidate. According to a Leibniz’s definition, two expressions are synonymous if the substitution of one for the other never changes the truth value of a sentence in which the substitutions is made. In WordNet a weaker definition is applied: “two expressions are synonymous in a linguistic context C if the substitution of one for the other in C does not alter the truth value”, arguing that true synonyms might be extremely rare, if they exist at all (Miller et al., 1990). The loose definition of synonyms allows us to have a wider range of words to score our translation candidates. The scoring method is as follows: for a given Japanese-Hungarian translation candidate $(j, h)$ we look up for their translations into English from the respective dictionaries $(e_j=e(j), e_2(j), \ldots e_n(j)$ and $e_H=e(j), e_2(h), \ldots e_m(h)$, respectively). For every Japanese-to-English and Hungarian-to-English translation we look up their synonyms $(syn(e_j))$ and $(syn(e_H))$ respectively using WordNet. $score_{syn}(j, h)$ is the ratio of the common and total number of words from the newly expanded translations. The higher the $score_{syn}(j,h)$, the most likely that the candidate $(j,h)$ is a correct translation. \[ score_{syn}(j,h) = \frac{count((e_j \cup syn(e_j)) \cap (e_H \cup syn(e_H)))}{count((e_j \cup syn(e_j)) \cup (e_H \cup syn(e_H)))} \tag{2} \] Since synonymy information from WordNet is available for nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, four separate scores are calculated for each part-of-speech. With this selection method we cannot set a global threshold, because the scores based on this relation highly depend on the number of English translations, moreover the quality of the expanded word group is manipulated by the initial descriptions. However, we can create lists of words grouped by Japanese or Hungarian word entries and create a local classification, based on the score. We create four lists for the four part-of-speeches. Under the same word entry most correct translations were among the top scoring pairs, therefore we empirically determined a local threshold to select the top scoring candidates: $threshold_{syn}=\max(score_{syn})^{9/10}$. However, when even the top score fails to go over 0.1, we chose not to select it, considering that in the case of the entry word in question the synonymy information is not reliable. Because local orders are created by grouping based on the same word entry, the selection procedure is performed twice: once by grouping the Japanese entries and once by grouping the Hungarian entries. With the introduction of selection based on local thresholds we maintain a high percentage of recall, because in most of the cases at least one translation is selected for every entry. A total of 196775 candidate pairs were selected, these are called type C translations. 4. Antonymy Another method to expand the entry definition is the usage of antonymy information. An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word. However, because it is difficult to compare two definition sets that contain words with opposite meanings too, instead of expanding the initial definition with the antonyms, we expand it with the antonyms of the antonyms. The scoring method is similar with the one used with synonymy information: for a given Japanese-Hungarian translation candidate $(j, h)$ we look up for their translations into English from the respective dictionaries $(e_j=e(j), e_2(j), \ldots e_n(j)$ and $e_H=e(h), e_2(h), \ldots e_m(h)$, respectively). For every Japanese-to-English and Hungarian-to-English translation we look up the antonyms of the antonyms ($ant(ant(e_j))$ and $ant(ant(e_H))$, respectively). The resulting $score_{ant}(j, h)$ is the ratio of the common and total number of words from the newly expanded definitions. The higher the $score_{ant}(j, h)$, the most likely that the candidate $(j, h)$ is a correct translation. \[ score_{ant}(j, h) = \frac{count((e_j \cup ant(ant(e_j))) \cap (e_H \cup ant(ant(e_H))))}{count((e_j \cup ant(ant(e_j))) \cup (e_H \cup ant(ant(e_H))))} \tag{3} \] Like in the case of synonymy, every translation candidate is verified based on all four part-of-speech parts available in WordNet; all four antonymy based scores are separately handled during selection. Also we cannot use a global threshold; word entry and part-of-speech governed local lists are created based on the $score_{ant}$. The empirically determined threshold is set to $threshold_{ant}=max(score_{ant})9/10$. Similarly with synonymy relation based selection, top scores that fail to pass the 0.1 value are not selected, antonymy relation being considered as unreliable in that case. With the double directional selection method introduced with the synonymy relation, 99614 translation candidates were selected (\textit{type D} translations). 5. Hypernymy/hyponymy Unlike synonymy and antonymy, which are lexical relations between word forms, hypernymy/hyponymy is a semantic relation between word meanings (Miller et al., 1990). Since hyponymy is transitive and asymmetrical, it generates a hierarchical semantic structure, where the hyponym inherits all features of the more generic concept. This convention provides the central organizing principle for the nouns in WordNet. In the case of verbs hypernymy/hyponymy is a more delicate question, but to a certain extent WordNet provides with a hierarchical structure. As a result, nouns and verbs are grouped into semantic categories; the relatedness or similarity in meaning of the words in the same category can contribute to the selection of new translation pairs. It is rational to think that correct translation pairs share a high percentage of semantic categories, with effect in their respective translations to English by means of a high number of common semantic categories. The scoring method is as follows: for a given Japanese-Hungarian translation candidate $(j, h)$ we look up the translations into English from the respective dictionaries $(e_j=e(j), e_2(j), \ldots e_n(j)$ and $e_H=e(h), e_2(h), \ldots e_m(h)$ respectively). For all English words from the Japanese-to-English translation we collect all semantic categories in which they belong $(cat(e(J)))$. This is repeated for the Hungarian-to-English side too $(cat(e(H)))$. As a result, we have two sets of semantic categories; the score is calculated based on the number of common categories and the number of total categories (4). The higher the $score_{hype}(j, h)$, the probable that the candidate $(j, h)$ is a good translation. \[ score_{hype}(j, h) = \frac{count(\sum cat(e)) \cap \sum cat(eu))}{count(\sum cat(e)) \cup \sum cat(eu))} \tag{4} \] Every translation candidate is verified based on the noun part and verb part of WordNet. $score_{hype}$ also highly depends on the word entry, therefore local threshold is used in this selection method too, with a threshold empirically set to $threshold_{hype}= max(score_{hype})4/5$. Scores that pass this threshold but are less than 0.1 are not selected, the hypernymy/hyponymy relation being considered as unreliable in the case of the word entry in question. Also with double directional selection method 195480 pairs were selected as translation candidates (\textit{type E} translations). Type A (lexically unambiguous) and type B (sense classification based selection) translations are selected pairs that should provide with a good accuracy, but only a limited number of word entries qualify for this type of selections. Lexical limitations are obvious for \textit{type A}. Lexical and semantic structural limitations apply with \textit{type B} too, because only with a finite number of words sense categorization can be performed with synonyms; those synonyms might not even be recognized due to the structural differences of the dictionaries. On the other hand, \textit{type C} (synonymy), \textit{type D} (antonymy) and \textit{type E} (hypernymy/hyponymy) methods create an order among the candidates of a given dictionary entry. Because of the nature of the selections and the translation candidates, the vast majority of entries qualify for these three selections. As a pre-evaluation of our dictionary, we randomly selected 200 1-to-1 entries for each selection method. We scored the translation pairs as \textit{good} (○), \textit{undecided} (△) or \textit{erroneous} (×). We marked as \textit{good} the translation pairs that convey the same meaning; or the meanings are slightly different, but in certain textual contexts the translation is possible. \textit{Undecided} is the category for pairs that are similar, but a translation based on them would be considered faulty. The \textit{erroneous} category counts the translation pairs that conveyed a different meaning. The results showed that \textit{type A} and \textit{type B} selections scored higher than all order-based selections, with \textit{type C}, \textit{type D} and \textit{type E} selections failing to deliver the desired accuracy (Table 3). Experiments showed that synonymy, antonymy and hypernymy/hyponymy based methods all create a slightly different order among translation candidates for a given entry, but most of the correct translations usually are among the top scoring candidates. Consequently, we decided to create a single selection method based on the combined results of synonymy, antonymy and hypernymy/hyponymy relations. 6. Combined semantic information The three separate lists of synonymy, antonymy and hypernymy/hyponymy based selection methods resulted in relatively different translation pair selections in the case of most entries, proving that they cannot be used as standalone selection methods. Because of the multiple part-of-speech labelling of numerous words in WordNet, many translation pairs can be selected up to four times based on separate part-of-speech information, all within a single semantic information governed method of the three discussed in this section. Since we use a double directional selection method, we can expect that a pair to be selected several times during the opposite direction too. However, this does not happen in many cases. On the other hand, experiments showed that translation pairs that were selected during both directions with the double directional selection method are indeed correct translations in most cases. In other words, translation pairs whose Hungarian translation was selected as a good translation for the Japanese entry; and whose Japanese translation was also selected as a good translation for the Hungarian entry should be awarded with a higher score. In the same way, entries selected only during one direction should receive a penalty. The scoring method is based on this idea. For every translation candidate we select the maximum $score_{rel}(j,h)$ from the several part-of-speech (noun, verb, adjective and adverb for synonymy and antonymy relations; noun and verb for hypernymy/hyponymy relations) based scores, multiplied by a multiplication factor ($fact_{rel}(j,h)$). The three separate results calculated on separate semantic relation ($rel \in \{syns, ants, hype\}$) based scores are multiplied in turn. $$score_{comb}(j,h) = \prod_{rel \in \{syns, ants, hype\}} [(c_1 + \max(score_{rel}(j,h))) \cdot (c_2 + c_3 \cdot fact_{rel}(j,h))]. \quad (5)$$ $c_1$, $c_2$ and $c_3$ are constants used to refine the $score_{comb}$. Empirically these are set to 1, 0.5 and 0.8, respectively. The multiplication factor varies between 0 and 1, awarding the candidates that were selected based on the same part-of-speech two times during the double directional selection; and punishing when selection was made only in a single direction. For example, if a synonymy relation governed method selects a certain translation candidate two times based on adjectival and adverbial information in the Japanese-to-Hungarian direction, but doesn’t selected it during the Hungarian-to-Japanese direction, the translation candidate receives a multiplication factor of 0. However, if it was selected three times during one direction, and two times during the other direction, it receives the score of 0.66. Translation candidates that weren’t selected at all receive a multiplication factor of 0.5. Every translation candidate is verified based on this combined score ($score_{comb}$). $score_{comb}$ also highly depends on the word entry, therefore local threshold is used in this selection method too, with a threshold empirically set to $threshold_{comb} = \max(score_{comb}) * 85 / 100$. Scores that pass this threshold are selected as translation candidates, regardless of their value. 161202 translation pairs were retrieved with this method; we named them type F translations. We already mentioned that during pre-evaluation type A and type B translations received a score of above 75%, while type C, type D and type E failed to fulfil the expectations. However, type F translations scored close to 80%, therefore from the six translation methods presented above we chose only three (type A, B and F) to construct our dictionary, while the remaining three methods (type C, D and E) are used only indirectly for type F selection (Table 3). With the described selection methods a Japanese-Hungarian dictionary with 187761 translation pairs was generated. \| selection method \| selection type \| nr of entries \| precision \| \|------------------\|----------------\|---------------\|-----------\| \| \| \| \| ○ \| △ \| × \| \| lexically unambiguous \| A \| 37391 \| 75.5% \| 6.5% \| 18% \| \| sense classification \| B \| 33971 \| 83% \| 7% \| 10% \| \| synonymy \| C \| 196775 \| 68% \| 5.5% \| 26.5% \| \| antonymy \| D \| 99614 \| 60% \| 9% \| 31% \| \| hypernymy/hyponymy \| E \| 195480 \| 71% \| 5.5% \| 23.5% \| \| combined \| F \| 161202 \| 79% \| 5% \| 16% \| Table 3: Selection type evaluation Evaluation and Discussion To properly evaluate the dictionary, we performed three types of evaluation: recall evaluation based on a frequency dictionary, and two types of precision analysis: single entry and multiple entry evaluation. Single entry evaluation consists of 1-to-1 entries examination, while in multiple entry evaluation all translations are grouped under their single source entry and handled as a single unit. To be able to compare our proposal with currently the best widely applicable conventional algorithms, we created two another Japanese-Hungarian dictionaries, re-implementing the methods proposed by Sjöbergh (2005) and Tanaka & Umemura (1994), using the same source dictionaries as with our method. However, while Sjöbergh reports a good precision for translation pairs that exceed the score of 0.9, in the case of our Japanese-Hungarian dictionary the number of suitable pairs was too small at 25218, obviously at the recall’s expense. To achieve at least similar recall with our method, we decided to modify the threshold to retrieve a similar amount of translation pairs with our method’s dictionary. We managed to generate 187610 translation pairs setting the threshold to 0.283. With the Tanaka-Umemura method we generated a dictionary with 105632 entries. Recall Evaluation In the introduction we argued that current recall evaluation methods do not properly reflect the true value of the dictionaries. One possible solution is to weight each word based on its frequency in use. Since there is no frequency dictionary in either Japanese or Hungarian, we created a Japanese frequency dictionary. Japanese Frequency Dictionary The EDR corpus (Ishara, 2007) is a large, annotated corpus with 207360 sentences taken from newspaper articles. It has 124071 different words grouped into 12 part-of-speech categories with an average frequency of 39.6. Among these, 51.12% had only 1 occurrence in the entire corpus, therefore we opted for not to consider them, because either they are field-specific words too rare to be part of any regular dictionary, or they are mismatches in the corpus. We do not affirm that the EDR corpus is a strict reflection of the language in use, but we do believe that there is a correlation between the daily language and the language used in the corpus. We believe that high frequency words in the corpus are high frequency words in the daily spoken language too, although variances in the frequency level might exist. We also do not affirm that a single recall score based on this frequency dictionary can tell about a dictionary whether it is good or not, but we believe that the score will be useful in comparing dictionaries, the higher score pointing out the dictionary with the better recall. During recall evaluation all $w_i$ words from the frequency dictionary ($dict_{freq}$) with a frequency value ($freq(w)$) of more than 1 are verified whether they are translated or not in the three separately constructed dictionaries ($dict_{jp-hu}$). $$recall = \frac{\sum_{w_i \in dict_{jp-hu}} freq(w_i)}{\sum_{w_i \in dict_{freq}} freq(w_i)} \quad (6)$$ As a result, we obtained a recall of 37.03% for the Sjöbergh dictionary, 30.76% for the Tanaka-Umemura dictionary and 51.68% for our dictionary. As another comparison, the initial translation candidates from step 1 had a recall of also 51.68%. While the Sjöbergh and Tanaka-Umemura methods lost between 0.14 and 0.20 from the initial recall value of the translation candidates, our method managed to maintain a seemingly perfect recall. However, the manually created Japanese-English dictionary that we used for translation candidate generation had a 73.23% recall, significantly higher than our dictionary’s value. Single Entry Evaluation With single entry evaluation we randomly extracted 1000 1-to-1 translation pairs from each of the three dictionaries. We scored the translation pairs as good (○), undecided (∆) or erroneous (×) the same way as with selection type evaluation. Our method managed to outperform every other method, scoring 79.0% against the Sjöbergh method’s 54.0% and the Tanaka-Umemura method’s 62.5% (Table 5). \| dictionary generation method \| nr of entries \| single entry precision \| \|------------------------------\|---------------\|------------------------\| \| \| \| ○ \| ∆ \| × \| \| proposed method \| 187761 \| 79.0% \| 6.3% \| 14.7% \| \| Sjöbergh method \| 187610 \| 54.0% \| 9.9% \| 36.1% \| \| Tanaka-Umemura method \| 105632 \| 62.5% \| 7.9% \| 29.6% \| Table 5: Single entry evaluation results Multiple Entry Evaluation For multiple entry evaluation 1000 randomly selected Japanese word entries were selected. Parallel Japanese-to-Hungarian evaluation of the three dictionaries was performed on the selected entries. The entries were scored as correct, similar, erroneous or missing. The entry is considered to be correct if all Hungarian translations are correct. The entry is similar if the Hungarian translations are predominantly correct. If the number of wrong translations exceeds 2, the entry is erroneous. The missing option refers to the Japanese entries that had no Hungarian translation. Our method scored a 72.5% multiple entry value, outperforming the Sjöbergh method’s 60.4% and the Tanaka-Umemura method’s 46.8%. The latter dictionaries suffered mainly because of the missing Hungarian translations (Figure 2). ![Figure 2: Multiple entry evaluation](image) Discussions Based on the recall evaluations, the traditional methods showed their major weakness by losing substantially from the initial recall values, scored by the initial translation candidates. Our method maintained the same value with the translation candidates, but we cannot say that the recall is perfect. When compared with a manually created dictionary, our method also lost significantly. Precision evaluation also showed an improvement compared with the traditional methods, our method outscoring the other two methods in both single entry and multiple entry evaluations. Discussing the weaknesses of our system, we have to divide the problems into two categories: recall problems deal with the difficulty in connecting the Japanese and Hungarian entries with the intermediate language, while precision problems discuss the reasons why erroneous pairs are produced. 1. Recall problems and possible solutions The main reason in failing to connect possible translation pairs is that certain words do not exist in the target or intermediate languages, therefore translations are explanations instead of translation equivalents. Japanese language is particularly rich from this point of view. Also certain part-of-speeches (particle, auxiliary verb, etc) don’t have direct equivalents in the target language, or their translation is too ambiguous. At this point we cannot think of any automated method to solve these problems. Another recall problem is that a number of words that are in the intermediate language can not be retrieved from the ontology. Ontology improvement is needed to correct this problem. 2. Precision problems and possible solutions We identified two types of precision problems. The most obvious reasons for erroneous translations are the polysemous nature of words and the meaning-range differences across languages. With words whose senses are clear and mostly preserved even through the intermediate English language, most of the correct senses were identified and correctly translated. Nouns, adjectives and adverbs had a relatively high degree of accuracy. However, verbs proved to be the most difficult part-of-speech to handle. Because they are more flexible in meaning than other part-of-speeches, and the meaning range is also highly flexible across languages, the correct translation is increasingly difficult. For this reason, the number of faulty translations and the number of meanings that are not translated is relatively high. One other source of erroneous translations is the quality of the initial dictionaries. Even the supposable unambiguous type A translations fail to produce the desired accuracy, although they are the unique candidate for a given word entry. The number one reason for this is the deficiency of the initial dictionaries, which contain a great number of irrelevant or low usage translations, shadowing the main, important senses of some words. The secondary reason for this phenomenon is the meaning shift that occurs between Japanese, English and Hungarian words. Surprisingly type A scores are bettered by the rest of our selected translation methods, proving that shifting the selection method from the dictionaries to the ontology is an efficient method for automatized dictionary generation. Other ontology resources for the intermediate language should improve the accuracy of this method. More accurate source dictionaries also might raise the quality of the generated dictionary, but even so we believe that most of the corrections will have to be performed manually. Conclusions and Future Plans We proposed a new pivot language based method to create bilingual dictionaries. Opposed to conventional methods that use dictionaries as a main resource, our method uses an ontology of the intermediate language to select the suitable translation pairs. As a result, we eliminate most of the weaknesses caused by the structural differences of dictionaries, while profiting from the semantic relations provided by the ontology. We believe that because of the nature of our method it can be re-implemented with most language pairs. We concentrated on achieving a high recall in order to minimize the work of manual labour during human correction. We generated a mid-large sized dictionary with relatively good recall and promising precision. Our future plans include improving our method by means of enhanced scoring and possibly adaptation of other semantic resources. We also plan to verify the efficiency of the dictionary with our future Japanese-Hungarian machine translation system. We also plan to manually correct the errors of our dictionary. Bibliographical References Breen, J.W. (1995): “Building an Electric Japanese-English Dictionary”, Japanese Studies Association of Australia Conference, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Brown, P., Cocke, J., Della Pietra, S., Della Pietra, V., Jelinek, F., Mercer, R., Roossin, P. (1998): “A Statistical Approach to Language Translation”, In COLING-88, 1, 71-76. Brown, R.D. (1997): “Automated Dictionary Extraction for Knowledge-Free Example-Based Translation”, In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Santa Fe, 111-118. Ishihara, H. (2007). “EDR Electronic Dictionary – present status” (EDR 電子化辞書の現状), NICT-EDR symposium, pp 1-14. (in Japanese) Kay, M., Röscheisen, M. (1993): “Text-Translation Alignment”, Computational Linguistics, 19(1), 121-142. Miller G.A., Beckwith R., Fellbaum C., Gross D., Miller K.J. (1990): “Introduction to WordNet: An On-line Lexical Database”, Int J Lexicography 3(4), pp 235-244. Paik, K., Bond, F., Shirai, S. (2001): “Using Multiple Pivots to align Korean and Japanese Lexical Resources”, In NLPRS-2001, pp. 63-70, Tokyo, Japan. Sjobergh, J. (2005): “Creating a free Japanese-English lexicon”, In Proceedings of PACLING, pp 296-300, Tokyo, Japan. Shirai, S., Yamamoto, K. (2001): “Linking English words in two bilingual dictionaries to generate another pair dictionary”, In ICCPOL-2001, pp 174-179, Seoul, Korea. Tanaka, K., Umemura, K. (1994): “Construction of a bilingual dictionary intermediated by a third language”, In Proceedings of COLING-94, 297-303, Kyoto, Japan.
New danger to broadcast licensees: Court challenges ‘presumption’ of renewal WELCOME BACK, KOTTER Now sold in markets representing more than 60% of all U.S. television homes Warner Bros. Television Distribution A Warner Communications Company "Edith, them other guys ain't even close!" "All in the Family" vs Prime-Time Network Competition, 1971-78. Average Rating \| Network \| Program \| Rating \| Comparison \| \|---------\|-----------------------\|--------\|------------\| \| CBS \| "All in the Family" \| 29.4 \| \| \| NET X \| Other Programming \| 16.5 \| 78% more than Net X) \| \| NET Y \| Other Programming \| 14.8 \| 100% more than Net Y) \| Average Share \| Network \| Program \| Share \| Comparison \| \|---------\|-----------------------\|-------\|------------\| \| CBS \| "All in the Family" \| 46 \| \| \| NET X \| Other Programming \| 26 \| 7% more than Net X) \| \| NET Y \| Other Programming \| 23 \| 100% more than Net Y) \| With television's first family... length is strength! Tandem Productions' "All in the Family" Source: NTI AA/Shares, January-April 1971; September-April 1972-78. All audience data are estimates subject to qualifications available upon request. "I thought our first book with TM was great. But now we're beating our AM competition 4 to 1." --Don Bell, Program Director WSOC-FM, Charlotte With sharp management and 100,000 watts, WSOC-FM had the potential to be a real winner. To realize that potential, Don Bell chose TM Country. The results? A 7.2 metro share* and a #2 TSA rating in adults 18+. To find out how it was done, read on. WSOC-FM has used TM Country since September of 1976. Before that, the station had been programming and taping its own country format. Don Bell, WSOC Program Director, recommended TM Country because, in his words, "I was impressed that this was a format based on hits. After all, people listen to a contemporary radio station to hear popular music." Get loyal, long-hour listeners But there's more to TM Country than just good music. TM Country is a carefully constructed, smooth-flowing format. And TM Country lets you control your programming to keep your station's sound consistent. The combination of good music, smooth flow and tight control can get longer listening and a larger cumulative audience for your station. That's what TM Country did for WSOC-FM. But even a great format like TM Country can't do its best without teamwork. Here's what Don Bell said about the service he's gotten from TM Programming: Professional consultation "They're willing to listen. And TM's Country Consultant really knows his music. He's done modern country on the air." Working together, they fine-tuned the format. "We changed the back-announced sweeps to a segue announce between two hits," said Don. "That gives me eight hits per hour, evenly spaced." One of the results of this change has been an increase of over 230% in listening by men 18-34 since the Apr./May '77 ARB. What about your last book? If it wasn't as good as it could have been, maybe TM Country can help. To find out, call TM Programming. Call collect. Call right now. Ask for Ron Nickell, Vice President. The number is 214-634-8511. TM Country TM Programming 1349 Regal Row Dallas, Texas 75247 Apr./May 1978 ARB The Week in Brief HUMPTY FALLS AGAIN □ The FCC's renewal policy, as articulated in the WESH-TV case and its "clarification," are deposited back on the commission's doorstep by the D.C. appeals court with orders to take another look. FEELING THE WAY ON FEES □ The FCC begins an inquiry into how to refund the $60 million in fees the courts have ruled were illegally collected, and then how to get some money back—including a suggestion for spectrum fees or auctions. SIGNS OF WEAKNESS □ The new season is barely under way, but the early warning signs of cancellation are hanging over the heads of several shows. TOO LITTLE MONEY, TOO MUCH GOVERNMENT □ Public broadcasting troops parade before the Van Deerlin subcommittee to say the rewrite offers insufficient funding and the potential for federal meddling. THE HARD LINE □ Members of the Broadcast Financial Management Association indicate at their convention that they're willing to hang tough in trying to get per-use music licenses from ASCAP and BMI. THE FATHER OF TWINS □ A citizen group protests to the FCC that something's not quite right when a filing by an FCBA committee and a private company are nearly identical. ROSENFIELD REJOINER □ The CBS-TV network president compares the FTC's efforts against sugar advertising to the cigarette-ad ban. He points out that smoking is increasing among the young. DATA FOR DOLLARS □ TV executives at a Katz seminar hear retailers say that more and better numbers are the surest means to more investments in television by that segment of the advertiser world. WHAT YOU CAN DO □ Engineers tell the D.C. ad community that its cooperation is needed in coping with blanking interval problems. BEING DRAMATIC □ CBS Radio tells its affiliates, in convention at Phoenix, that it's starting up a new weeknight drama, Sears Radio Theater. Stations also hear of Olympic plans and added listener and advertiser incentives. OLYMPIC EFFORT □ NBC Radio, meanwhile, announces nearly 1,000 hours of programs on the 1980 games. OK, MAYBE A LITTLE □ Van Deerlin tells a cable meeting that the revision of rewrite may give CATV a few of the things it's seeking—some federal pre-emption of state regulation and a ban on telco crossownership. GIANT STEP □ The FCC certainly gave cable something it wanted last week: No longer will systems have to file certificates on compliance, just notification of start-up and addition of new signals. DIGITAL MEDIUM □ FCC looks into the possibility of using line 20 of the TV vertical blanking interval for transmission of program-related material. 25 YEARS ON THE RISE □ Since the day in 1953 when William Genge came through the doors of Ketchum, MacLeod & Grove, the Pittsburgh agency's billings have grown from $15 million to more than $200 million. Half of that is in broadcasting, and the KM&G president explains why. WE SENT 60,000 PEOPLE DOWN THE RIVER SO ATLANTA WOULDN'T BE UP THE CREEK. For years Atlanta has been one of the fastest-growing cities in the country. Unfortunately, as Atlanta has grown, so have the problems that afflict big cities. To keep heads cool, WQXI-AM and FM took advantage of the largest river in Georgia: The Chattahoochee. For 10 years in a row, we've sent thousands of people rowing, paddling and splashing down this historic river in The Ramblin' Raft Race. This year the largest, most successful outdoor radio promotion in the world brought out almost half a million people of all ages and walks of life to picnic, sunbathe and cheer on the fearless rafters. While our race lasts only one day, it has led to the Chattahoochee's becoming the most popular river in the world. Over two million people enjoy its recreational benefits every year. We at WQXI hardly have ourselves to thank for this. The Chattahoochee existed long before we came along. But we all need to go out of our way in an effort to make life as enjoyable as possible for others. Indifference can lead to hatred. And too many people have drowned in that already. Jefferson Pilot Broadcasting Charlotte: WBT, WBCY-FM, WBTV, Jeffersonics, Jefferson Productions, Jefferson Data Systems Richmond: WWBT. Atlanta: WQXI, WQXI-FM. Denver: KIMN, KIMN-FM. Ferris's choice White House may be getting ready to name its candidate to replace Margia White on FCC. Word circulating in Washington last week was that Federal Bureau of Investigation background check had begun on Anne P. Jones, general counsel of Federal Home Loan Bank Board, who had been suggested for FCC post by FCC Chairman Charles D. Ferris, friend of Miss Jones since their student days at Boston College Law School ("Closed Circuit," June 12). However, sources caution that FBI check is not necessarily sure sign presidential decision has been made; sometimes, because checks take several weeks, they are begun before President signs off on final order. And White House is concerned about making nomination in time for Senate to vote to confirm before adjournment now scheduled for Oct. 14. Despite FBI check of Miss Jones, new name surfaced in speculation last week — Diana Lady Dougan of Salt Lake City, who has been member of Corporation for Public Broadcasting board for last two years. White House go-between is understood to have asked her if she would be interested in FCC job. Answer reportedly was affirmative. End run National spot TV representatives are up in arms over decision of J. Walter Thompson Co., New York, to place spot TV advertising of Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co., Milwaukee, directly with stations, thereby cutting off reps from commissions on expenditures of about $10 million. Thompson, which performs all broadcast buying for Schlitz, maintains that its network of offices and strong computer capability enable it to buy more efficiently via direct station placement route. Station Representatives Association met with JWT officials but could not get agency to change mind. Lou Frey Esq. Come January when new Congress begins, legion of Washington communications attorneys may get prominent new member. Lou Frey (R-Fla.), ranking minority member of House Communications Subcommittee and co-author of Communications Act rewrite, is entertaining offers he says are attractive. Mr. Frey, who says he lost about $50,000 yearly as congressman, leaving him with net worth of just over $100,000, would like to put communications expertise garnered from rewrite to work in marketplace. He mentions international communications as possible area of focus, but says he won't lose touch with broadcasting issues. He plans to keep up presence in rewrite, seeing himself in future role of intermediary between House Communications Subcommittee Chairman Lionel Van Deerlin (D-Calif.) and competing interests. Meantime, with no congressional campaign to distract him (he lost bid for Florida gubernatorial nomination), he plans to immerse himself in bill, saying he will have just as much input in second draft as he did in first. More programing Though NBC officials aren't giving out details, their announced but undescribed new plan for reducing TV "clutter" is said to zero in on promotional material. In essence, all commercial time — network and station — would be limited to nine minutes per prime-time hour, and all promo material would be limited to average of 30 seconds per half hour. Thus commercial time would not be reduced, but, by NBC's public estimate, three-network total promo time would be cut by about 30 minutes per week (Broadcasting, Sept. 25). NBC's isn't only new clutter plan that National Association of Broadcasters TV code review board will have before it at meeting this week. ABC also has come in with new one, like NBC amending earlier version. ABC officials, too, are keeping details silent, but new proposal reportedly calls for reduction of promo time and removal of some existing exemptions in defining nonprogram time. As between ABC and NBC proposals, some insiders say biggest question left is how to count certain types of material used to fill when movies run short. Icebreaker? Relations between House and networks are still chilly over issue of TV coverage of House proceedings, after House voted to control it itself. But committee headed by Representative Charles Rose (D-N.C.) to oversee new system is trying to chip away at ice. It wants networks' advice on producing network-quality coverage, hopes to get them to look at set-up in House chamber between House's adjournment and projected start-up of system late next January or February. Meeting is planned with network and public broadcasting representatives this week, but only to talk about how House feed will be distributed to broadcasters. Noncommercial WETA-TV Washington has agreed to go into chamber this week to advise on camera angles. If networks play along, House advisers can envision opportunities for them to take control of system — during President's state-of-the-union address, for instance, when they usually bring in their own equipment. There's reason to believe networks may one day gain full control, but movement in that direction will be taken in small steps. Mr. Rose says neither side fully understands other at this point. "Both of us need to work on our egos," he remarked. On the scene National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters, whose meeting at NAB headquarters last week (see page 32) was latest evidence of increasing black presence in broadcast media, will become even more visible in Washington in future. It is planning to open office there, reasoning capital to be center of universe as far as its members' ambitions are concerned. Staff plans are not set, but association will be looking for executive — probably lawyer — with strong FCC and Capitol Hill contacts. Last man TV miniseries may be losing their staunchest advocate — NBC-TV's executive vice president of programs, Paul Klein. It isn't that he doesn't still like long form as quality addition to program mix, it's just that he now says prices have gotten out of hand. That's definitely switch, since Mr. Klein used to argue — against opinion of many others — that miniseries were no more costly than high-casualty series programming, considering dependable ratings averages they delivered, at least on first run. Now he says NBC pulled out of 10 hours' worth of miniseries commitments this year because inflation-hit producers couldn't bring them in at contracted rates. One producer went so far as to say NBC had "frozen" miniseries development. Mr. Klein's new boss, NBC President Fred Silverman, has always preferred series-oriented programming. Missionaries FCC is undertaking new effort to bring public into its deliberations. Commission's Consumer Assistance Office next month will sponsor workshops in four cities around country. (Although plans are not definite, Boston, Atlanta, Los Angeles and Dallas or Houston were cities under consideration.) Principal participants from commission will be CAO's Belle B. O'Brien and Susan Greene, head of task force on children's television programming and advertising. Pending children's television's inquiry will be used as "case study" in workshops. Radio only Hardware Wholesalers Inc. Materials supplier plans 12-week radio flight starting this month. Dodge & Associates, South Bend, Ind., will schedule spots in 14 markets including Atlanta, Nashville and Omaha. Target: adults, 25 and over. Service Merchandise Catalogue service sets seven-week radio drive beginning in mid-October. Les Hart Agency, Nashville, is planning spots in six markets including Atlanta and Chicago. Target: adults, 25-49. Bristol-Myers Company starts six-week radio flight for Excedrin this week. Foote, Cone & Belding, New York, will buy spots in 14 markets including Baltimore, Detroit and Seattle. Target: women, 18-34. Elanco Agrichemicals division features its Trellan product in four-week radio push starting this week. Creswell, Munsell, Schubert & Zirbel, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, will place spots in about 19 markets including Houston and Nashville. Target: farmers. Guild Wineries and Distilleries Cribari wine gets three-week radio campaign beginning in mid-October. Dailey & Associates, San Francisco, will seek spots in eight markets including Cleveland, Los Angeles and Seattle. Target: men and women, 18-49. --- Recreational Equipment, Inc. Company plans one-week radio push beginning this month. Hinton & Steel, Seattle, will buy spots in Seattle, San Francisco and Portland, Ore. Target: adults, 18-34. --- TV only Straw Hat Pizza restaurants schedule three-month TV campaign beginning next week. Hoefer, Dieterich & Brown, San Francisco, will arrange spots in 10 markets during day and early fringe time. Target: adults, 18-34. Sony Company will spend record $4 million on its Betamax home videotape recorder/player in broadcast and print campaign beginning this fall. Doyle Dane Bernbach, New York, will handle spots on network TV during prime time. Target: adults. Colgate-Palmolive Company purchases participating weekly spot on nationally syndicated television series, For You...Black Woman, for its Fab detergent. William Esty Co., New York, is handling spots for program, telecast in 55 markets including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Detroit. Target: black women. Fruit of the Loom Company places three-month TV promotion for its pantyhose starting this month. Keller-Crescent, Evansville, Ind., is arranging spots in 10 markets during news, early and late fringe time. Target: women, 18-49, and working women. Target Store chain begins 11-week TV promotion this month. Haworth Group, Edina, Minn., will select spots in 16 markets during day, fringe and prime time. Target: women, 18-49. Jeep Subsidiary of American Motors launches nine-week network and spot-TV campaign this month. Compton Advertising, New York, will buy time in approximately 100 markets during fringe time. Target: men, 18-49. Seabrook Food products group starts eight-week TV buy for its frozen vegetables this week. Tucker Wayne, Atlanta, is handling spots in 16 markets during prime and early news time. Target: adults, 18-34. Volkswagen Car manufacturer launches two-month TV drive starting this week. Doyle Dane Bernbach, New York, will select spots in about 60 markets during fringe time. Target: men, 18-49. Roper Microwave appliances get seven-week TV push starting this week. Ruck Moore & Co., Northfield, Ill., is purchasing spots in 75-100 markets during fringe and daytime. Target: adults, 25-54. Colgate-Palmolive Company features its Axion detergent in six-week TV push beginning this month. Kenyon & Eckhardt, New York, will buy spots in 63 markets during day, late fringe and prime access time. Target: women, 18-49. Pabst Brewery highlights its Pabst Extra-Light beer in six-week TV drive beginning this month. Kenyon & Eckhardt, Chicago, will place spots in 75 markets during prime and late fringe time. Target: men, 18-49. Wilton Division of Pillsbury slates four-week TV promotion for its Wilton supermarket line starting this week. Foote, Cone & Belding, Chicago, will select spots in 19 markets during --- Bar reports television-network sales as of Sept. 10 \| Day parts \| Total minutes week ended Sept. 10 \| Total dollars week ended Sept. 10 \| 1978 total minutes \| 1978 total dollars year to date \| 1977 total dollars year to date \| % change from 1977 \| \|----------------------------\|-----------------------------------\|----------------------------------\|---------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------------------------\|-------------------\| \| Monday-Friday \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Sign-on-10 a.m. \| 141 S \| 1,071,600 \| 5,200 \| $37,052,500 \| $32,397,000 \| 14.4 \| \| Monday-Friday \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 10 a.m.-6 p.m. \| 1,029 \| 15,568,700 \| 36,700 \| 577,478,200 \| 519,281,900 \| +11.2 \| \| Saturday-Sunday \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Sign-on-6 p.m. \| 322 \| 11,050,200 \| 11,075 \| 272,434,200 \| 244,074,100 \| +11.6 \| \| Monday-Saturday \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6 p.m.-7:30 p.m. \| 110 \| 4,125,000 \| 3,889 \| 145,075,600 \| 126,925,200 \| +14.3 \| \| Sunday \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6 p.m.-7:30 p.m. \| 22 \| 1,921,700 \| 763 \| 42,905,800 \| 35,543,300 \| +20.7 \| \| Monday-Sunday \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7:30 p.m.-11 p.m. \| 424 \| 38,629,000 \| 14,993 \| 1,328,341,100 \| 1,169,716,700 \| +13.6 \| \| Monday-Sunday \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 11 p.m.-Sign-off \| 252 \| 7,233,000 \| 8,033 \| 175,737,100 \| 161,861,400 \| +8.6 \| \| Total \| 2,300 \| $79,599,200 \| 80,453 \| $2,579,024,500 \| $42,289,809,800 \| +12.6 \| Source: Broadcast Advertisers Reports DOMINANCE WITH UPPER INCOME VIEWERS In the highest income households in the nation, young women give "Laverne & Shirley" a 10 rating point lead over the average sitcom! \| \| HH \| W18-49 \| W18-34 \| M18-49 \| M18-34 \| TEENS \| KIDS \| \|----------------\|------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|-------\|------\| \| Laverne & Shirley \| 32.6 \| 22.1 \| 23.3 \| 15.3 \| 15.4 \| 24.7 \| 36.4 \| \| Average Sitcom \| 20.8 \| 13.2 \| 12.6 \| 10.3 \| 9.7 \| 13.1 \| 14.9 \| \| The Girls' Advantage \| +57% \| +67% \| +85% \| +49% \| +59% \| +89% \| +144%\| \| \| HH \| W18-49 \| W18-34 \| M18-49 \| M18-34 \| TEENS \| KIDS \| \|----------------\|------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|--------\|-------\|------\| \| Laverne & Shirley \| 32.6 \| 22.1 \| 23.3 \| 15.3 \| 15.4 \| 24.7 \| 36.4 \| \| Average Primetime Program \| 19.1 \| 12.0 \| 11.4 \| 10.2 \| 9.2 \| 9.7 \| 10.2 \| \| The Girls' Advantage \| +71% \| +84% \| +104% \| +50% \| +67% \| +155% \| +257% \| Source: NTI NAD HOUSEHOLDS WITH $20,000+ INCOME/February, May, November Average February 1976 through May 1978 PARAMOUNT TELEVISION DOMESTIC SYNDICATION daytime. Target: women, 25-49. Kretschmar □ Hams get six-week TV drive starting this week. The Savan Co., St. Louis, will schedule spots in four markets including Pittsburgh and Kansas City, Mo., during all dayparts. Target: women, 25-49. Wild Irish Rose □ Wine gets five-week TV push beginning this month. Mission Argyle Productions, Los Angeles, will schedule spots in 28 markets during fringe and prime time. Target: adults, 25-54. Ralston Purina □ Dog Chow is subject of five-week TV push beginning next week. Della Femina, Travisano & Partners, New York, will select spots in four markets during fringe time. Target: total women. Western N.Y. Apple Growers Association □ Group starts one-month TV campaign next week. Rumrill-Hoyt, New York, is placing spots in six markets during day, fringe and prime access time. Target: total women. Garden □ Pharmaceutical group features its Bio Slim-T one-a-day vitamin in two two-week TV flights starting this month. A. Eicoff & Co., Chicago, will pick spots in 35 markets during daytime. Target: total adults. North American Systems □ Company features its Mr. Coffee machine in one-month TV campaign beginning this week. Ted Bates, New York, will handle spots in 40 markets during fringe time. Target: adults, 25-54. Standard Brands □ Food products group focuses on its Reggie candy bar in four-week TV promotion starting this week. Lee King & Partners, Chicago, will place spots in three markets during early fringe time. Target: teenagers and adults, 18-24. GAF □ Company focuses on its Viewmaster product in four-week TV campaign beginning next week. Daniel & Charles, New York, will schedule spots in over 100 markets during children's time. Target: total children. Lewelor □ Venetian blind manufacturer slates four-week TV promotion beginning this week. Multer Jordan Herrick, New York, will buy spots in about 20 markets during day and fringe time. Target: women, 18-49. Karastan □ Carpet manufacturer arranges four-week TV push starting this month. Media Basics, New York, will place spots in six markets during day, fringe and prime time. Target: women, 25-54. Golden West □ Mobile homes manufacturer launches three-to-four-week TV flight beginning in mid-October. Estey-Hoover, Newport Beach, Calif., will seek spots in about 11 markets during day, fringe and prime access time. Target: adults 50 and over. Stouffers □ Frozen foods group prepares three-week TV flight beginning this month for its entree products. Creamer, Pittsburgh, is placing spots in 70 markets during all dayparts. Target: women, 25-54. LMDA □ Lincoln Mercury Dealers Association plans two-to-three-week TV promotion beginning this month and in November. Kenyon & Eckhardt, Dearborn, Mich., will buy spots in about 200 markets during fringe and prime time. Target: men, 18 and over. Schick Labs □ Weight control and smoking centers slate two-week TV flight starting this week. SBB Associates, Los Angeles, is handling spots in 16 markets during fringe and prime access time. Target: men and women, 25-54. Stauffer □ Chemical company features its various products in TV push beginning in mid-October. Bozell & Jacobs, New York, will place spots in 30 markets during prime and news time. Target: total men. Celanese □ Fiber group features its Brinkman carpets in one-week TV promotion beginning this month. Doyle Dane Bernbach, New York, will pick spots in 28 markets during prime and fringe time. Target: women, 18-49. --- *You may never see the world’s heaviest feline...** ...but you’ll be a fat cat in food sales with WKZO-TV. Last year, more than $1.1 billion was spent in food stores in the Grand Rapids-Kalamazoo-Battle Creek ADI. That makes it the 31st market in food store sales.* If you want to reach these hungry consumers, it makes good sense to consider the number one adult television station—WKZO-TV. It’s first in Total Adult Viewers from 9 a.m. to midnight, Sunday through Saturday.*** Your Avery-Knodel representative can tell you more about WKZO-TV. Source: Arbitron ADI, November, ’77 Source: Nielsen Viewers in Profile, November, ’77 The heaviest domestic cat on record was a nine-year-old tom named “Spice,” owned by Mrs. Loren C. Caddell of Ridgefield, Connecticut. He scaled 43 lbs. on June 26, 1974, but has since reduced to 35 lbs. The average weight for an adult cat is 11 lbs. WKZO-TV Channel 3 A CBS Affiliate 100,000 WATTS 1000 FT. TOWER KALAMAZOO-GRAND RAPIDS AND GREATER WESTERN MICHIGAN Avery-Knodel Television National Representatives Broadcasting Oct 2 1978 10 YOUR EARLY-NEWS TEAM NEEDS ANOTHER ANCHOR. James Garner. Give him the lead-in spot to your Early News and he’ll anchor down loads of young adults for you. What a performer for Early Fringe—or prime time, late night or any time. He won the 1977 Emmy Award as best actor and THE ROCKFORD FILES won the 1978 Emmy Award as the Outstanding Drama Series. THE ROCKFORD FILES. 113 hours available Fall 1979. MCA TV Note: Ask to see MCA TV’s study on “lead-ins to early news”. Datebook This week Oct. 1-3 — Conference on "Instant Info: Survival Communications in a Changing World," sponsored by International Association of Business Communicators district 6, Janzen Beach Thunderbird hotel, Portland, Ore. Information: Scott Gupill, 503 226-8520. Oct. 1-3 — Pacific Northwest Cable Communications Association convention. Outlaw Inn, Kalispell, Mont. Oct. 2 — Deadline for comments on FCC inquiry into fund-raising for educational broadcasting stations (Docket 21136). Replies are due Nov. 1, Pa. Oct. 3-5 — Eighth annual conference of Western Educational Society for Telecommunications. Red Lion Inn, Sacramento, Calif. Contact: Doree Steinmann, Consmunes River College, Sacramento 95823. Oct. 3-5 — Third annual conference on communications satellites for public service users, sponsored by the Public Service Satellite Consortium. Washington Hilton. Information: Polly Rashi, PSSC, 4040 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, 92121. Oct. 4-5 — Ohio Association of Broadcasters fall convention Marriott East, Columbus, Ohio. Oct. 4-5 — Third annual conference on satellite communications for public service users, sponsored by Public Service Satellite Consortium. Speakers will include Secretary of Interior Cecil Andrus; Henry Geiler, National Telecommunications and Information Administration; FCC Commissioner Joseph Fogarty and James Fellows, National Association of Educational Broadcasters. Washington Hilton hotel, Washington. Oct. 4-6 — National Association of Broadcasters television code board meeting. Harbor town, Sea Pines Plantation, Hilton Head Island, S.C. Oct. 4-6 — Nevada Broadcasters Association annual convention. Hyatt-Tahoe, Lake Tahoe, Nev. Oct. 5 — Forum on the development and application of a marketing information system, sponsored by Advertising Research Foundation, Business Advertising Research Council. Headquarters of Cincinnati Inc. Oct. 5 — New deadline for replies in FCC's proposed rulemaking on multiple ownership of TV's (Docket 78-101). Deadline was Sept. 5. Oct. 5-6 — Eastern chapter convention of National Religious Broadcasters. Speakers will include former FCC Chairman Richard Wiley and George Gallup. Pinebrook Bible Conference Center, East Stroudsburg, Pa. Information: NRB, Box 2254R, Morristown, N.J. 07960. Oct. 6-7 — Florida Association of Broadcasters fall conference and management seminar. Tallahassee Hilton. Oct. 6-7 — New Mexico Broadcasters Association financial management seminar. Desert Aire motor hotel, Alamogordo, N.M. Oct. 6-8 — Southern area regional meeting, American Women in Radio and Television. Royal Plaza, Lake Buena Vista, Fla. Oct. 6-8 — Minnesota Conference on Public Radio, sponsored by Association of Minnesota Public & Educational Radio Stations. Itasca State Park, Lake Itasca, Minn. Oct. 8-9 — Kentucky CATV Association fall convention. Representative Lionel Van Deerlin (D-Calif.) will be banquet speaker. Hyatt Regency hotel, Lexington, Ky. Also in October Oct. 11-13 — Indiana Association of Broadcasters fall meeting. Brown County Inn, Nashville, Ind. Oct. 12 — New England Cable Television Association fall meeting. Sheraton-Regal Inn, Hyannis, Mass. Oct. 12 — Network president's luncheon, sponsored by Boston/New England chapter of National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Forum participants will include James E. Duffy, ABC Television Network, Lawrence Grossman, Public Broadcasting Service; Robert Mulholland, NBC Television Network, and James H. Rosenfield, CBS Television Network. Anthony's Pier 4 Restaurant, Boston. Oct. 12-13 — National Association of Broadcasters fall conference. Boston Marriott. Oct. 12-13 — Regional convention and equipment exhibit of Pittsburgh chapter, Society of Broadcast Engineers. Howard Johnson motor lodge, Monroeville, Pa. Oct. 12-14 — National convention of National Association of State Boards of Education. Part of agenda will be focus on "Broadcasters Are Educators, Too." Speakers will include FCC Commissioner Abbott Washburn, NAB Board Chairman Donald Thurston, Television Information Office Director Roy Danish, U.S. Commissioner of Education Ernest L. Boyer and CBS's Bob Keeshan. Hershey Motor Lodge and Convention Center, Hershey, Pa. Oct. 12-15 — Missouri Broadcasters Association fall meeting. Ramada Inn, Columbia, Mo. Oct. 12-15 — Annual national meeting of Women In Communications Inc. Among speakers: Jack Landau of Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; Jane Trahey, author of "Jane Trahey on Women and Power," and Nina Totenberg, legal affairs correspondent, National Public Radio. Detroit Plaza hotel. Oct. 13-15 — Northeast area regional meeting, American Women in Radio and Television. Marriott/Estman Conference Center, Rochester, N.Y. Oct. 13-15 — Fall convention of Illinois News Broadcasters Association. Holiday Inn, Decatur, Ill. Oct. 14 — Radio Television News Directors Association region 13 meeting. Sheraton hotel, Fredericksburg, Va. Contact: Ted Landphair, WMAL(AM) Washington. Oct. 14-15 — Conference on the Human and Legal Rights of People with Disabilities, focusing on television, sponsored by American Civil Liberties Union and other organizations. Hyatt House, International Airport, Los Angeles. Oct. 15 — North Carolina Association of Broadcasters meeting. Radisson Plaza hotel, Charlotte, N.C. Oct. 15 — Deadline for entries for Martin R. Gainisbrugh Awards for broadcast coverage of economic significance between Sept. 1, 1977, and Aug. 31, 1978. Four categories: individual station production for radio, network or group production for radio, individual station production for TV, network or group owner production for TV. Material must have been broadcast between Sept. 1, 1977, and Aug. 31, 1978. Entry forms: National Dividend Foundation Inc. 100 East 17th Street, Riviera Beach, Fla. 33404: (305) 845-6065. Oct. 16 — Deadline for comments on FCC proposal to expand the ascertainment primer for broadcast-renewal applicants to require licenses to contact all significant elements and institutions in communities, even if not on primer's community leader checklist. Major Meetings Oct. 28-Nov. 2 — National Association of Educational Broadcasters annual convention. Sheraton Park hotel, Washington. Oct. 29-Nov. 3 — Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers 120th technical conference and equipment exhibit. Americana hotel, New York. Nov. 13-15 — Television Bureau of Advertising annual meeting. Continental Plaza hotel, Chicago. Nov. 15-18 — National convention of Society of Professional Journalists, Sigma Delta Chi. Hyatt House, Birmingham, Ala. Nov. 26-29 — Association of National Advertisers annual convention. Camelback inn, Scottsdale, Ariz. Jan. 14-21, 1979 — National Association of Broadcasters joint board meeting. Wailea Beach hotel, Maui, Hawaii. Feb. 4-7, 1979 — Association of Independent Television Stations, annual convention. Shoreham hotel, Washington. March 9-14, 1979 — National Association of Television Program Executives conference. MGM Grand hotel, Las Vegas. Future conferences: Feb. 15-20, 1980; Hilton, San Francisco; Feb. 13-18, 1981, New Orleans. March 25-28, 1979 — National Association of Broadcasters annual convention. Dallas. Future conventions: New Orleans, March 30-April 2, 1980; Las Vegas, April 12-15, 1981; Dallas, April 4-7, 1982; Las Vegas, April 10-13, 1983; Atlanta, March 18-21, 1984; Las Vegas, April 7-10, 1985; Kansas City, Mo., April 13-16, 1986; Atlanta, April 5-8, 1987. April 20-25, 1979 — MIP-TV's 15th annual international marketplace for producers and distributors of TV programing. Cannes, France. May 16-19 — American Association of Advertising Agencies annual meeting. Greenbrier, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. May 20-23, 1979 — National Cable Television Association annual convention. Las Vegas. Future conventions: Dallas, April 13-16, 1980; 1981 site to be selected; Washington, April 3-6, 1982 (tentative). May 27-June 1, 1979 — Montreux International Television Symposium and Technical Exhibit. Montreux, Switzerland. June 5-9, 1979 — American Women in Radio and Television 28th annual convention. Atlanta Hilton. June 6-10, 1979 — Broadcast Promotion Association 24th annual seminar. Nashville. June 9-13, 1979 — American Advertising Federation annual convention. Hyatt Regency hotel, Washington. Sept. 6-8, 1979 — Radio Television News Directors Association international conference. Caesar's Palace, Las Vegas. 1980 conference will be on date to be announced, at Diplomat hotel, Hollywood-by-the-Sea, Fla. Sept. 24, 1979 — Start of World Administrative Radio Conference for U.S. and 152 other member nations of International Telecommunications Union. Geneva. Sept. 18-19, 1979 — Broadcasting Financial Management Association 19th annual conference. Waldorf-Astoria, New York. 1980 convention will be Sept. 14-17 at Town and Country hotel, San Diego. Oct. 6-8, 1979 — National Radio Broadcasters Association national convention. Washington Hilton, Washington. Future conventions: Bonaventure hotel, Los Angeles, Oct. 5-8, 1980; Marriott hotel, Chicago, Sept. 20-23, 1981. Health care abuses. Profit abuses. Bureaucratic fumbling. These and other attacks leveled at nursing homes have always appeared as front page news. When these stories appear, we are just as outraged at the shame and the scandal. We abhor the tales of unsafe facilities, inadequate diets, patient neglect. Perhaps, unwittingly, we have built a serious communications gap. A gap between what most critics believe to be the facts and what actually are the facts related to the nursing homes in our nation today. Nursing home care is a relatively recent development in this country. From the early community-sponsored shelters that served as poor houses, the nursing home was born. Usually a small family-run home that planted the seeds for today's modern facility. But as human life spans continued to increase, so did the problems of aging and the care for the aged and the chronically ill. So that by the early 1950's, the need to improve conditions and facilities was critical. A major growth took place, not only aided by public awareness, but by the private investment of billions of dollars for land, construction and qualified personnel. Suddenly, the number of long-term facilities tripled from 6,500 to 25,000. Suddenly, from 172,000 available beds in 1953, the number of beds became 1.2 million by 1973. Today, there are 20,000,000 Americans aged 65 and over. But, as many as 600,000 need nursing care and can't get it. Because for all the growth, for all the improvements, the number of Americans needing professional health care has skyrocketed. Where can these people go? As fast as new, modern, professionally staffed facilities are built, just as quickly the waiting lists multiply. Many remain residents of boarding houses, independent homes, some inadequate, too many unsafe. The incidents that have stigmatized the entire health care industry are mainly focused on those homes. But these stories mask the progress of the vast majority of AHCA members who provide a wholesome, enriching environment for their residents. We are constantly improving both the social and physical environment; we are working to build individual dignity to its highest level; we are recruiting more qualified full-time specialists, searching for methods to train and re-train doctors and nurses in geriatric care. The nursing home profession has outgrown the county poor farm. Certainly the story of progress in health care is just as valid as the story of abuse. Let's report them both. Replies Nov. 15 (Docket, 78-237). Oct. 18-17—Advertising Research Foundation annual conference. Waldorf-Astoria, New York. Oct. 16-17—National Association of Broadcasters fall conference. Atlanta Omni hotel. Oct. 16-17—Southwest chapter convention of National Religious Broadcasters. Sheraton-Century hotel, Oklahoma City information: David Webber, P.O. Box 1144, Oklahoma City 73101. Oct. 16-19—Texas Association of Broadcasters engineering (16-17) and management (18-19) conference. Galleria Plaza, Houston. Oct. 17—Broadcast Town Meeting for public, sponsored by National Association of Broadcasters. Civic Center, Charlotte, N.C. Oct. 18-19—24th annual broadcast clinic, coordinated by University of Wisconsin-Extension. Clinic will include discussions by FCC officials and displays by equipment manufacturers. Madison, Wis. - Oct. 18-20—Home video tape/disk programming seminar of International Tape Association. St. Regis-Sheraton hotel, New York. Oct. 19-20—National Association of Broadcasters fall conference. Hyatt Regency hotel (downtown). Chicago. Oct. 20-22—East Central area regional meeting, American Women in Radio and Television. Water Tower Hyatt House, Chicago. Oct. 22-24—Fall meeting of New York State Cable Television Association. Kutsher’s Country Club, Mon. L’cello, N.Y. Oct. 23—Deadline for comments on FCC inquiry into broadcasters’ practices involving public service announcements. Questions cover factual issues on presentation of PSA’s and roles PSA’s could or should play (Docket 78-251). Replies due Nov. 11. Oct. 23—Deadline for comments (Nov. 11 for replies) in FCC’s inquiry into whether specific requirements should be imposed regarding airing of public service announcements (Docket 78-51). FCC, Washington. Oct. 23-24—South Central regional technical conference of the Society of Cable Television Engineers. Six other conferences will be held at other locations around the country throughout 1978 and 1979. This first meeting will concentrate on CATV construction. Hiltch Airport, Nashville. Oct. 23-25—Fourth International Conference on Digital Satellite Communications, sponsored by Intelsat, Teleglobe Canada, Canadian Society for Electrical Engineering and Canadian Region of the Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Montreal. Oct. 23-26—Annual fall conference of Electronics Industries Association; Hugh Downs, TV personality, will speak at Oct. 25 luncheon. Chicago. Oct. 24-25—Second annual “State of the Art” convention of the Kentucky chapter of the Society of Broadcast Engineers. Ramada Inn Bluegrass Center, Louisville, Ky. Oct. 24-26—Symposium on “The Future of Government Electronics,” conducted by Electronic Industries Association’s Government Requirements Committee. Hyatt House hotel, Los Angeles International Airport. Oct. 25-27—Tennessee Association of Broadcasters annual convention. Hyatt Regency, Memphis. Oct. 25-27—Fall convention, Kentucky Broadcasters Association. Principal speaker: Senator Wendell Ford (D-Ky.), chairman of Communications Subcommittee Hyatt Regency, Lexington. Oct. 25-27—National Broadcast Association for Community Affairs annual meeting. Copley Plaza hotel, Boston, Information: Paul LaCamera, WCVB-TV Needham, Mass. 02192. Oct. 26—Meeting of Connecticut Broadcasters Association. Sonesta hotel, Hartford, Conn. - Oct. 26—Association of National Advertisers workshop on trends, uses and proposed regulation of corporate “issue” advertising. Plaza hotel, New York. Oct. 26-27—National Association of Broadcasters fall conference. St. Francis hotel, San Francisco. Oct. 27-29—Mideast area regional meeting, American Women in Radio and Television. Sheraton-Park, Washington. Oct. 27-29—Second annual National Student Broadcasters Convention, sponsored by WUMB and University of Massachusetts. Sheraton-Boston hotel. Information: Nancy Aquinde, (617) 282-2074. Oct. 27-29—Convention of San Francisco chapter of Society of Broadcast Engineers. LeBaron hotel, San Jose, Calif. Oct. 29-Nov. 3—Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers convention. Americana hotel, New York. Oct. 30-31—National Association of Broadcasters fall conference Brown Palace hotel, Denver. --- November Nov. 1—Broadcast Town Meeting for public, sponsored by National Association of Broadcasters radio and TV boards. St. Louis County Heritage and Art Center, Duluth, Minn. Nov. 1—Deadline for comments on FCC inquiry into children’s television programming and advertising practices (Docket 19142). Replies due Dec. 15. Nov. 2-3—Oregon Association of Broadcasters fall conference. Janitzen Beach Red Lion, Portland, Ore. Nov. 2-5—American Advertising Federation Western region conference. Waikiki-Sheraton hotel, Honolulu. Nov. 3-4—Fifth annual advertising conference of Wisconsin. Sponsored by state ad club, Wisconsin Newspaper Advertising Bureau, Inc., Association and University of Wisconsin-Extension. Wisconsin Center, Madison. Nov. 3-5—Ninth annual Loyola National Radio Conference, primarily for college and high school station personnel, sponsored by Loyola’s radio stations and communications art department. New Marriott hotel and Loyola University of Chicago’s Marquette Center, Chicago. Information: (312) 670-3129. Nov. 5-8—Gospel Music Association’s Gospel Music Week and Dove Awards presentation. Opryland hotel, Nashville. Nov. 8—National Association of Broadcasters radio code board meeting. New Orleans. Nov. 8—Ohio Association of Broadcasters-Ohio Retail Merchants annual meeting, Neal Van Ellis, NBC, will speak. Columbus Sheraton, Columbus, Ohio. Nov. 8-10—Satellite Communications Symposium sponsored by Scientific-Atlanta. Emphasis will be given to earth stations and video programming. Atlanta. Nov. 9-10—National Association of Broadcasters fall conference. Fairmont hotel, New Orleans. Nov. 9-12—National Association of Farm Broadcasters fall meeting. Kansas City Mo. Nov. 10-11—Second annual Midwest editorial seminar of the National Broadcast Editorial Association. Sheraton Plaza, Chicago. - Nov. 11—Fall seminar of Radio Television News Directors Association of the Carolinas. Charlotte, N.C. Nov. 13-15—Television Bureau of Advertising annual meeting. Continental Plaza hotel, Chicago. Nov. 15—Deadline for comments on FCC’s proposed extension of multiple ownership rules to public broadcasting stations. Reply comments are due Dec. 15. Nov. 15-18—National convention of Society of Professional Journalists, Sigma Delta Chi. Hyatt House, Birmingham, Ala. Nov. 16—Presentation of awards, U.S. Television Commercials Festival. Deadline for entries is Oct. 1. Chicago. Nov. 16-18—Arizona Broadcasters Association fall convention and annual meeting. Radisson Resort, Scottsdale, Ariz. Nov. 17-18—Board of directors meeting, American Women in Radio and Television. Atlanta Hilton. Nov. 19-20—Meeting, board of trustees, Educational Foundation of American Women in Radio and Television. Atlanta Hilton. Nov. 20—Federal Trade Commission hearing on children’s advertising. Washington. Nov. 24—Deadline for general written comments, exhibits and requests to appear at legislative hearings (Jan. 15 in San Francisco and Jan. 29 in Washington) in Federal Trade Commission’s children’s advertising inquiry. Nov. 26-29—Association of National Advertisers annual convention. Camelback Inn, Scottsdale, Ariz. Nov. 26-30—Annual conference of North American Broadcast Section-World Association for Christian Communication. Bahia Mar Resort, South Padre Island, Tex. Information: Rev. Ed Willingham, 600 Palms building, Detroit 48201. Nov. 28-30—Western conference of Advertising Research Foundation, Hyatt Regency, Los Angeles. Nov. 30-Dec. 2—Meeting of UNDA-USA and presentation of Gabriel Awards. Bahia Mar Resort, South Padre Island, Tex. --- December Dec. 4-5—National Cable Television Association board meeting, Anaheim, Calif. Dec. 8-8—Western Cable Television Show. Disneyland hotel, Anaheim, Calif. Dec. 8—Deadline for entries, Hollywood Radio and Television Society’s International Broadcasting Awards for radio and TV commercials. Information, entry forms: 1717 North Highland Avenue, Hollywood 90028: (213) 465-1183. Dec. 11—Deadline for comments on FCC inquiry into role of low power television broadcasting, including television translators, in over-all national telecommunications system (Docket 78-253). --- January 1979 Jan. 2—Deadline for comments on FCC inquiry on engineering standards for educational broadcasting stations (Docket 20735). Replies are due Feb. 15. Jan. 6-9—International Winter Consumer Electronics Show sponsored by Electronic Industries Association/Consumer Electronic Group. Las Vegas Convention Center. Jan. 7-9—California Broadcasters Association mid-winter meeting. Vincent Wasilewski, National Association of Broadcasters, will speak. Palm Springs Spa hotel, Palm Springs, Calif. Jan. 8-9—Pacific Telecommunications Conference, featuring technology of communications and economic, social and regulatory aspects of communications. Ilikai hotel, Honolulu. Jan. 12-13—Utah Broadcasters Association convention. Park City Hilton. Jan. 14-21—National Association of Broadcasters joint board meeting. Wailea Beach hotel, Maui, Hawaii. Jan. 15—Revised date for Federal Trade Commission hearing on children’s advertising. Former date was Nov. 6. San Francisco. Jan. 17-19—First U.S./African Telecommunications Conference, sponsored by the Electronics Industries Association’s communications division. Nairobi, Kenya. FAMILIES MAKE THE FONDEST MEMORIES AND THE FINEST TELEVISION SHOWS LOADS OF LAUGHS ...AND LOTS OF LOVE! GOOD TIMES - A SOLID HIT, A SOLID FAMILY SHOW - A SOLID PROGRAMMING CHOICE! A TANDEM PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTED BY PITS FILMS 1901 AVENUE OF THE STARS, SUITE 666 • LOS ANGELES, CA 90067 • 213-553-3600 That's progress EDITOR: In addition to the section on local news broadcasting which featured an article on Cleveland [Broadcasting, Aug. 28], I was also very interested to learn about the proposed sale of WHEC-TV Rochester, N.Y., a Gannett-owned station, to a minority group in Philadelphia. As co-chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus Braintrust on Communications, I am gratified that minority groups appear to be making some leeway in this area.—Representative Louis Stokes (D-Ohio), Washington. The first may be last EDITOR: As one of just two states that have no commercial VHF television station—in fact, Delaware does not even have a UHF station—Delaware is dependent upon the Philadelphia stations and the single Salisbury, Md., station for news coverage. Consequently, there is not much television news about Delaware, especially in the populous northern portion of the state covered by the Philadelphia stations. There are signs that this may be changing. The recent desegregation of the New Castle county schools was widely covered by Philadelphia. However, we in Delaware are hopeful that a commercial UHF station will ultimately settle here and provide on-location news coverage. WHY, channel 12, an educational station licensed to both Wilmington and Philadelphia, does broadcast a fine half-hour news show five days a week.—Pierre S. duPont, governor, Dover, Del. House-ad opportunity? EDITOR: I have been in broadcasting for 43 years. This was the first time I ever watched the Emmy awards. I think it was a well-produced program, presented in very good taste. However—and there is always a however—I got to watching the commercials, and it got me to thinking. I really feel that all three networks are selling themselves short. Instead of having such assorted items as lipsticks and batteries and automobiles and the like picking up the tab, why shouldn't the cost of the program be shared equally by all three networks, and use the "commercial" time to sell their own product? ABC, CBS and NBC have huge promotion and advertising budgets, and as costly as the Emmy show is, splitting the costs three ways wouldn't make a dent in those budgets.—Cy Newman, KVOV(AM) Henderson, Nev. Golden anniversary EDITOR: Since Oct. 8, 1928, WRDD(AM) has broadcast sermons from the pulpit of Immanuel Lutheran Church of Bay City, Mich. We believe this to be the oldest continuous "live" broadcast of a religious program on the air in the United States, perhaps the world. Only once in 50 years has the program been interrupted or failed to broadcast, and that date was Dec. 7, 1941,—the day the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. Through this long tenure, many things have changed. The services, originally spoken in German, are now delivered in English. The original church was torn down and a new one built in its place. Generations have come and gone. Even the call letters of the station have changed through the years (WSKC 1925-28, WBCM 1928-1978, WRDD 1978-present), but the Immanuel Lutheran program continues to be heard throughout a wide regional area in northeastern Michigan.—Daniel F. Covell, general manager, WRDD(AM) Bay City, Mich. Advertising legislation. House-Senate conference committee working on long-pending energy bill has compromised House provision prohibiting electric and natural gas utilities from passing on costs of institutional, promotional and political advertising to consumers, so that matter is left to state regulation. New draft says states can institute advertising restrictions within two years, with federal government permitted to act as intervenor in rate regulation. Measure has to be returned to both houses of Congress for final approval. In other legislation, Senator Edward Kennedy's (D-Mass.) Health Subcommittee has deleted provision from its health reform bill that would have required nutritional messages in certain broadcast commercials. AM stereo. FCC has instituted formal inquiry looking to development of standards for AM stereo broadcasting (Broadcasting, Sept. 18, 25). Included in proceeding are five proposed systems—Belar, Harris, Kahn, Magnavox and Motorola. Comments are due Dec. 29. Antitrust/networks. Justice Department, which originally filed suit against ABC, CBS and NBC in 1972 for alleged monopoly practices, has reached out-of-court settlement with NBC, and that agreement has been approved by presiding judge in case (Broadcasting, Dec. 5, 1977). Agreement imposes number of restrictions on NBC in programing area, but some of those restrictions are not effective unless other two networks also agree to them. ABC and CBS, however, are fighting on; Justice has asked court to consolidate cases and proposed agenda that calls for trial beginning Oct. 16 (Broadcasting, Nov. 28, 1977). CBS and NBC have asked court to dismiss suits (Broadcasting, April 3). Federal Trade Commission has begun preliminary inquiry into broadcast antitrust questions (Broadcasting, July 31). AT&T rates. FCC late last year rejected increased AT&T charges for occasional networks, contending that Bell did not sufficiently justify increases and did not follow procedures laid down by commission in earlier proceeding for allocating costs among AT&T services. Commission indicated it would designate existing tariff for hearing, after which commission could prescribe rates. FCC's rejection of occasional use tariff, however, is seen by some as legally risky, and commission's order rejecting rates, which was issued earlier this year, reflects that view as it attempts to plug every loophole in decision (Broadcasting, April 10). AT&T has petitioned commission for reconsideration. Automatic transmission systems. FCC has allowed automatic transmission service for nondirectional AM and FM stations (Broadcasting, Jan. 3, 1977). Commission expects also to permit ATS at AM directional and TV stations this year. Blanking intervals. FCC in June issued public notice on problem of growing number of tapes produced by ENG equipment that exceed commission standards for horizontal and vertical blanking intervals. It said that for period of one year it would allow two-line tolerance (up to 23) for vertical and .66 microsecond tolerance (up to 12 microseconds) for horizontal to give industry time to correct problem. The Broadcasters Ad Hoc Committee on Television Blanking Widths was formed in August to "identify problem areas and recommend corrective action" to the FCC. The group is made up of representatives of the three commercial networks, the Public Broadcasting Service, the National Association of Broadcasters and several station groups. Broadcasting in Congress. Path has been cleared finally to open House of Representatives debates to daily live broadcast coverage, but not in way satisfying to broadcast news operations. House voted 235 to 150 to control broadcast feed of its chamber proceedings itself, rather than let network pool produce it (Broadcasting, June 19). Partly as effort to win networks' sympathies, House committee headed by Charles Rose (D-N.C.) has upgraded TV plan ("Closed Circuit," Aug. 21), in hopes of producing TV feed of sufficient quality and variety to entice regular commercial broadcast use. House proceedings are already available to radio broadcasters, who are permitted to pick up audio by way of House's public address system. In Senate, there has been no action on similar proposals for live broadcast coverage, but that body took unprecedented step early this year of letting radio in to cover its debate on Panama Canal treaties (Broadcasting, Feb. 13 et seq.). Cable economic inquiry. FCC has opened investigation into economic relationship between cable television and over-air television. Its purpose, commission says, is to provide factual information where "intuition" has been used in assessing cable television's likely impact on local television stations. Comments were filed March 15 (Broadcasting, March 20); main contenders—National Association of Broadcasters and National Cable Television Association—are waging ongoing battle of words in inquiry (Broadcasting, June 26). On Capitol Hill, Senate Communications Subcommittee Chairman Ernest Hollings (D-S.C.) put off indefinitely introducing bill to give cable "legislative mandate" while House Communications Subcommittee works on issue in its rewrite of Communications Act. Carter use of broadcasting. President has held 36 televised press conferences since assuming office. He has also made unprecedented radio-TV appearances in formats ranging from CBS Radio call-in show to "fireside chat" on energy last winter and one in February on Panama Canal to year-end interview with representatives of four national TV networks; more such exposure can be anticipated with official return to Carter camp of campaign media adviser Gerald Rafshoon (Broadcasting, May 29). President last month received heavy TV exposure as the announcement of Mideast peace agreements broke into one of heaviest viewing nights of new season (Broadcasting, Sept. 25). Children's advertising. Federal Trade Commission has instituted rulemaking looking toward ban on advertising on television to children under age 8, prohibition of ads for highly sugared products and obligatory counteradvertising for sugared-product spots that are permitted (Broadcasting, March 13). Comments on proposal are due Nov. 24. Hearings will be held Jan. 15 in San Francisco and Jan. 29 in Washington. Strongest reaction to date has come from Congress, where House-Senate conference committee issued warning in report accompanying FTC appropriations bill for commission to weigh carefully First Amendment issues that attend children's proposal (Broadcasting, Sept. 18). Committee also said it doesn't want funds spent on promulgation of trade rule, but FTC, not intending to be finished in 1979 anyway, is going ahead with inquiry. FCC, meanwhile, has reopened its inquiry into whole spectrum of children's television (Broadcasting, July 31); comments are due Nov. 1. Closed captioning. FCC has adopted order opening door to system of closed captioning of television programs for benefit of hearing impaired. (Closed captioning involves transmission of TV signal on line 21, field 1, and available half of line 21, field 2, of television blanking interval for captions that are visible only to those with decoding equipment.) President Carter wrote commercial networks last February, urging them to make use of system. However, only ABC offered positive response. CBS and NBC were at best tentative in their answer. Technical and cost problems are cited as obstacles to use of closed captioning system. However, administration is not giving up. Officials of Department of Health, Education and Welfare have met separately with each of networks, producers and advertisers in ongoing discussion of problems. Communications Act rewrite. House Communications Subcommittee was to have completed hearings last week on basement-to-at-atic rewrite of Communications Act, introduced in June by Subcommittee Chairman Lionel Van Deerlin (D-Calif.) and ranking Republican Lou Frey (Fla.) (Broadcasting, June 12). Meeting every week since mid-July, subcommittee has heard from present and former FCC commissioners, administration, broadcasters, cable and common carrier industries and citizen groups. Broadcasting chapter took its licks week of Sept. 11 (Broadcasting, Sept. 18). Bill, H.R. 13015, proposes radical reforms, primarily designed to deregulate broadcasting and other communications industries, but at same time would institute new procedures that broadcasters find objectionable—for instance, new license fee that all users of spectrum would have to pay government. First try at schedule for TV stations was generally panned (Broadcasting, July 24, 31). Less criticism has been heard of schedule for radio, leading proposal A show like this doesn’t come along every day. Except Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. Every day will be different starting Monday, October 2nd. That's when EVERYDAY, Group W Productions' innovative entertainment series debuts on a blue-chip station lineup. EVERYDAY is a Monday-through-Friday hour, at home in early fringe, mid-morning or wherever you so choose. We put it all together at CBS Television City in Hollywood with the production values you're used to seeing in prime time. And qualities that are rare anywhere — the originality of its comedy, the relevance of its ideas, the contemporary musical sound, the spontaneity, the unpredictability, and the sparkle and freshness of its "family." EVERYDAY is built around a vastly talented group of performers: hosts Stephanie Edwards and John Bennett Perry, along with regulars Anne Bloom, Tom Chapin, Robert Corff, Judy Gibson and Murray Langston. They're joined by guest stars like Suzanne Somers, Ron Howard, Robert Conrad, John Ritter, Joyce DeWitt, George Carlin and Ringo Starr. And dozens of special contributors will help keep viewers fit — physically, fiscally and emotionally. Passing along information that touches everyone's everyday life. EVERYDAY ushers in a new generation of television with extra appeal for 18-49s. And we're delivering 60% of U.S. households for national advertisers (NTD). EVERYDAY. A true counter-programming alternative from the people who have made being different and being first a tradition. GROUP W PRODUCTIONS WESTINGHOUSE BROADCASTING COMPANY 7800 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90036 for which was submitted by Daytime Broadcasters Association (BROADCASTING, Sept. 4). Mr. Van Deerlin said whole bill will undergo repairs before being submitted to subcommittee for mark-up early next year (BROADCASTING, Aug. 14). Crossownership (newspaper-broadcast). Supreme Court has upheld FCC policy grandfathering most such existing crossownerships, disallowing future crossownerships and requiring break-up of "egregious" crossownership cases (BROADCASTING, June 19). Legislation (H.R. 5577) also has been introduced by Representative Samuel Devine (R-Ohio) to prohibit FCC from considering newspaper crossownership in broadcast license proceedings and to bar divestiture of crossowned media. Crossownership (television broadcasting-cable television). FCC has amended its rules to require divestiture for CATV system crossowned with TV station that is only commercial station to place city-grade contour over cable community (BROADCASTING, March 8, 1976). National Citizens Committee for Broadcasting is seeking appellate court review, arguing rule should be broader. Two system owners involved are appealing on appropriate grounds (BROADCASTING, April 26, 1976). Pending before appeals court are petitions by three crossowners for stay of deadline for divestiture. EEO. Supreme Court, in decision involving Federal Power Commission and its role—or lack of one—in EEO matters, appears to have cast doubt on FCC authority to impose EEO rules on cable systems, although commission last week did promulgate new rules for the industry (see "Top of the Week"). In broadcast EEO area, comments have been filed on proposal to amend form 395, commission's annual employment reporting form, to reflect more accurately job positions in industry (BROADCASTING, May 1). As for FCC's internal EEO: It's poor, according to report by Citizens Communications Center, which contended that top jobs are held by white males (BROADCASTING, April 3). Family viewing. Judge Warren Ferguson of U.S. District Court in Los Angeles has ruled that family-viewing self-regulatory concept is unconstitutional (BROADCASTING, Nov. 8, 1976) and National Association of Broadcasters could not enforce concept, which was embodied in its television code. ABC, CBS and FCC are appealing basic decision; NBC is fighting only liability for damages to Tandem Productions. one of plaintiffs in suit against family viewing. Briefs have been filed in those appeals with U.S. Court of Appeals for Ninth Circuit (BROADCASTING, July 4, 1977). In light of court decision, NAB dropped its policy of mandatory subscription to TV code, and rewrote code to prohibit broadcast of material that subscribers "determine to be obscene, profane or indecent" (BROADCASTING, Sept. 19, 1977). FCC fees. Commission has embarked on effort to determine how much of $163 million in fees it received between 1970 and 1976 was collected illegally and to make necessary refunds. It is also undertaking task of developing another fee schedule to replace schedules overturned by courts. Original schedule called for refunds to begin last month; that deadline has now slipped to "late fall" (BROADCASTING, June 5). Broadcasters' share of fees paid to FCC is estimated at $47.5 million. Still pending before U.S. Court of Claims is request by some 90 parties, including broadcasters, for refund of fees. Commission last week issues notice of inquiry as part of its effort to determine method for making refunds and for developing new fee schedule (see "Top of the Week"). FM quadraphonic. National Quadraphonic Radio Committee (NORC) was formed in 1972 by industry groups. It submitted its conclusions to FCC in 1975 and commission has conducted tests at its laboratory division since then. FCC issued notice of inquiry in June 1977 to study merits of various quadraphonic techniques. Comments were filed late last year (BROADCASTING, Dec. 19, 1977); second notice of inquiry was issued last month (BROADCASTING, Sept. 18). Format changes. FCC has concluded inquiry to determine whether it can or should be involved in regulating program formats with order concluding that it can't and shouldn't (BROADCASTING, Aug. 2, 1976). Commission said determination should be left to discretion of licensee and to regulation of marketplace. This was contrary to several previous appeals court decisions and expectation is that Supreme Court will ultimately decide issue. Several citizen groups are appealing commission's position (BROADCASTING, Sept. 13, 1976). Indecency. Supreme Court, in what it described as "narrow" ruling, has upheld FCC declaratory ruling that broadcast of George Carlin "seven dirty words" comedy routine by WBAI(FM) New York was indecent (BROADCASTING, July 10). Pacifica Foundation, station licensee, supported by major broadcasting organizations, has requested rehearing by high court. License renewal legislation. House Communications Subcommittee's rewrite of Communications Act, with its provision for indefinite license terms for radio and five-year terms for TV (also becoming indefinite after 10 years), supersedes bills in House seeking to lengthen license terms and make broadcast licenses more secure against challenges. House subcommittee will not deal with renewal issue separately from rewrite. Senate Communications Subcommittee, meantime, shows little interest in issue, although renewal bills broadcasters seek are pending there—including one by Commerce Committee ranking Republican, James Pearson (Kan.), to lengthen license term to five years and require FCC to renew license if station's programming is responsive to the community and if operation of the licensee's station in previous term has been without "serious deficiencies." Issue gained new urgency with appellate-court reversal last week of renewal of WESH-TV Daytona Beach, Fla. (see story this issue). Minority ownership. Carter administration has announced wide-ranging push to increase participation of minorities in radio and TV station ownership (BROADCASTING, April 24). FCC has adopted policies aimed at assuring minorities path to ownership (BROADCASTING, May 22). And Small Business Administration has changed its policy to allow for loans for purchase of broadcast stations and cable systems, also seen as means of boosting minority ownership. Representative (and broadcaster) Cecil Hettle (D-Hawaii) has introduced legislation to allow SBA to exceed its $500,000 limit in loans to minority interests for purchase of broadcast or cable properties. Bill also incorporates NAB's tax-certificate proposal (BROADCASTING, Dec. 5, 1977). Group consisting mostly of blacks has filed for what will be first minority-controlled VHF in U.S., W-E-C-TV Rochester, N.Y. (BROADCASTING, Aug. 28); another all black firm is seeking VHF WAO-TV Rhinelander, Wis. (BROADCASTING, Sept. 25). Music licenses. All-Industry Radio Music License Committee and American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers have agreed, subject to court approval, on new licenses for radio stations' use of ASCAP music, retroactive to March 1, 1977, and extending through Dec. 31, 1982, and expected to save broadcasters $6.5 million to $8 million over full term (BROADCASTING, Aug. 21, 28). Committee's negotiations for new Broadcast Music Inc. licenses are temporarily in abeyance. In TV, similar all-industry committee is negotiating for new TV-station licenses with ASCAP. Expects to negotiate later with BMI, meanwhile has conferred informally about it with Justice Department, which is party to consent decree governing ASCAP's operations. In network TV, ASCAP and BMI have asked Supreme Court to review—and CBS Inc. has urged it not to—appeals court decision siding with CBS in its demand for "per use" licenses as alternative to blanket licenses (BROADCASTING, Aug. 28). Network inquiry. FCC's network inquiry has begun as staff is in place at commission (BROADCASTING, July 31). Inquiry is in response to petition by Westinghouse Broadcasting seeking examination of network-affiliate relationships. Network standings. Prime-time ratings KCOP Shoots For The Stars In Kids Block Programming! In its first two weeks on KCOP (9/5-15) KROFFT SUPER STARS is the number one rated show on Nielsen in the 7 station Los Angeles market, and has helped double KCOP’s 3-5PM weekday share. In head-to-head competition with TOM & JERRY cartoons (9/11-15) KROFFT live-action is winning, delivering ratings averaging more than 50% higher than TOM & JERRY. When the major rating periods begin, KCOP’s 3-5pm lineup is bound to be the rising star! The KROFFT SUPER STARS are super special. And KCOP’s got ‘em 4:30-5PM, Monday-Friday! GOLD KEY ENTERTAINMENT, Thank You. KCOP 13 Los Angeles Represented by TELEREP, INC. Nielsen data are estimates only, subject to limitations available on request. averages, Sept. 5, 1977-Sept. 17, 1978: ABC 18.8, CBS 17.0, NBC 16.5. For Sept. 18-24: ABC 20.9, CBS 17.3, NBC 17.3. Noncommercial broadcasting rules.* FCC has instituted rulemaking and inquiry designed to bring regulatory policies for public broadcasting up to date (Broadcasting, June 12). Inquiry is aimed at helping commission determine standards for who can be noncommercial licensee. Rulemaking proposals concern underwriting announcements and solicitation of funds, changes in FM table of allocations for educational assignments and extension to noncommercial licensees of limits on ownership applicable now only to commercial licensees. Operator licensing. Comments were filed in January in FCC rulemaking looking to drop requirement for tests for what are now third-class radio operator licenses (Broadcasting, Jan. 9). Rulemaking proposal also calls for dual license structure—one series for routine operation and one for maintenance of various classes of radio stations—for retitling of licenses and for new class of license for operation of television transmitters. Pay cable; pay TV. U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington has overturned FCC rules designed to protect broadcasters against siphoning of sports and movie programming (Broadcasting, March 28, 1977) and Supreme Court has refused FCC request for review. FCC's authority to pre-empt pay-cable rate regulation has been upheld by U.S. Court of Appeals in New York (Broadcasting, April 10). As industry, pay cable reached 1.2 million subscribers on 440 systems in 1977. Pay subscribers represent about 15% of cable universe and produce $9 million in revenues monthly. There are three over-air pay TV stations currently telecasting: WYCR-TV Newark, N.J., WESC-TV Corona, Calif., and KWHY-TV Los Angeles (Broadcasting, July 31). Payola. FCC investigation into pay-offs to station disk jockeys is currently behind closed doors after commission last year held open hearings into allegations of payola in Washington (Broadcasting, Feb. 21, 1977). Commission says it is looking into similar charges in other cities. In unrelated case, Nat Tarnopol and three other Brunswick Record executives won reversal of federal convictions on multicount payola charges. U.S. Appeals Court in Philadelphia has remanded case to district court, however, for new trial on count relating to alleged payola (Broadcasting, Aug. 29, 1977). Performer royalties. Representative Robert Kastenmeier's (D-Wis.) Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice has held two hearings on Representative George Danielson's (D-Calif.) legislation to create performer royalties, which broadcasters and other users of recorded music would have to pay record performers and manufacturers (Broadcasting, April 3 and May 29). Mr. Kastenmeier indicated he may hold still more, but has acknowledged that legislation's chances for passage are virtually nil, unless Senate shows some interest—which it has not done. Public broadcasting. Legislation extending authorization for Corporation for Public Broadcasting another three years, through 1983, has passed both houses of Congress. House and Senate bills await resolution in conference committee of differences in funding levels, matching-fund ratios and House's proposed removal of ban on editorials (Broadcasting, Sept. 25). Public broadcasting is also treated in Communications Act rewrite, which proposes elimination of CPB, creation of Public Telecommunications Programming Endowment to support public radio and TV programming. Proposed National Telecommunications Agency would be empowered to fund public telecommunications and interconnection facilities (see story on hearings, this issue). Shield legislation. Supreme Court's ruling in Stanford Daily case (which holds that police need only search warrant to search newsrooms and private homes and offices, even if occupants are not suspected of crimes) and jailing of New York Times reporter M. A. Farber (for refusal to turn over notes to New Jersey court) have spurred bills in Congress to protect press. After Stanford Daily decision, House Government Operations Committee held hearings and issued report endorsing legislation to restrict police to subpoenas for obtaining information from third parties; subpoenas, unlike search warrants, can be contested in court. Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution has held hearings on similar legislation (Broadcasting, Aug. 28). Following Mr. Farber's jailing, Representative Philip Crane (R-III.) introduced bill to prohibit use of search warrants or subpoenas against news media, including broadcasters (Broadcasting, Aug. 28). TV violence and sex. Following hearings before Senate Communications Subcommittee and report by House Communications Subcommittee on TV violence last year, there is no perceptible movement in Congress on issue of televised violence. But controversy, which seems to be shifting from violence to sex on TV, is still heated in private sector, where most outspoken agitator for more family programming is national Parent Teachers Association. PTA has produced program rating guide scoring prime-time programming it thinks is offensive to children, has announced a new program to create school curriculum to teach young people how to watch TV critically and says it will petition to deny license renewals of network-owned TV stations in 1979 if networks don't cut back on sex and violence. PTA also enlisted Sears, Roebuck in calling "summit" meeting of major advertisers on issue; project drew cautious reactions (Broadcasting, June 6). Meanwhile, University of Pennsylvania's George Gerbner's annual TV violence "index" found declining amounts of hard-action programming (Broadcasting, April 3). UHF. FCC's May 1975 notice of inquiry on UHF taboos to determine whether restriction on proximity of stations could be reduced is still outstanding (Broadcasting, June 2, 1975). Commission has established task force to draft master plan for use of UHF spectrum and major report sponsored by task force is out (Broadcasting, Sept. 4). National UHF Broadcasters Association has held first membership meeting (Broadcasting, March 18, 1977). Texas Instruments has delivered prototype receiver, built under FCC contract, which is aimed at overcoming UHF taboos (Broadcasting, Feb. 20). Commission has adopted new, tighter noise figure standards aimed at improving reception of UHF pictures (Broadcasting, May 22). VHF drop-ins. This FCC proceeding, of several years' standing, looks to short-spaced TV assignments in four markets and anticipates possibilities of further rulemakings for drop-ins in other markets (Broadcasting, March 14, 1977). Comments, most of them negative from broadcasters, were filed with commission late last year (Broadcasting, Dec. 19, 1977). Staff is expected to have item ready for commission in December (Broadcasting, Sept. 11). WARC. U.S. and 152 other member nations of International Telecommunication Union are in what technicians and officials involved regard as home stretch in developing national positions to present to World Administrative Radio Conference in 1979. WARC '79 international spectrum allocations are expected to remain in place for 20 years. Conference, which is scheduled to run for 10 weeks, does not start until Sept. 24, 1979, but each nation's proposals are due to be submitted to ITU by next January. Preliminary work has been under way for several years. FCC, for instance, already has issued eight notices of inquiry in connection with its responsibility to help prepare U.S. position in cooperation with new National Telecommunications and Information Agency. Named to head U.S. delegation is former FCC commissioner, Glen Robinson. U.S. team has come under fire from Senate Communications Subcommittee Chairman Ernest Hollings (D-S.C.) and subcommittee member Harrison Schmitt (R-N.M.), who have charged that it is ill-prepared for 1979 conference (Broadcasting, June 26). Mr. Robinson until next April will give only part time to WARC as he completes faculty commitment at University of Virginia Law School ("Closed Circuit," July 31). The larger picture in corporate advertising On this page a little more than five years ago I wrote about the viability and desirability of television for corporate advertisers who must deliver their messages widely, quickly and with great impact. At that time, corporate communications was still a relatively uncharted field. A major portion of corporate advertising was concentrated in print media, with particular emphasis on the business books. Our Corporate Communications Division at J. Walter Thompson Company had by then pioneered the use of television for corporate advertising, and in that "Monday Memo" I predicted that corporate usage most probably would increase. During the last five years, corporate advertising expenditures have jumped markedly, and so has the use of television by corporate advertisers. According to our figures, corporate advertising has grown 20% faster than national advertising, and television has accounted for much of this growth. Some put the total for all corporate advertising as high as $329 million annually for 1978. The reasons for the shift toward increased corporate expenditures combine pragmatism and economics. In the first place, a great many more businesses have come to realize that if they don't speak out on their own behalf, no one else will. With the crisis in public confidence that accompanied the late 1960's and early 1970's, we realized that a company's most important asset is its corporate reputation. For companies entering new areas of corporate activity, a strong reputation can help pave the way to outside sources of funding. In addition, the reputation helps a corporation recruit the best talent and maintain high employee morale. And the corporate reputation is important in the marketplace, where it can be the tie-breaking influence for consumers deciding among parity products. In fact, we told the business community that the corporate reputation could mean the difference in any situation where they were seeking acceptance, understanding or assistance. We also learned that the corporate reputation was a most fragile commodity, vulnerable to attack from the outside and requiring protection and support through a well planned, well coordinated program of corporate communications. The pressures of increasing public scrutiny, increasing regulation at all levels of government, and attacks—often unwarranted—from consumerist groups mandated that corporations reassess their communications. The common goal is to develop a communications program that will explain clearly the realities of the corporation—its strengths, its objectives, and yes, even its hopes for the future—to the people who can exert an influence. We operate on the principle that the corporate reputation could be built or strengthened in a cumulative fashion through truth and creativity, not cleverness and fantasy. To be truly effective and efficient, these efforts have to be thorough, well designed and properly financed. For many corporate advertisers, television has proved ideal as the primary medium. It provides an umbrella under which to shelter the other elements of an integrated communications program, as well as offering speed, reach and impact. Additionally, it provides an opportunity for corporations to demonstrate their social responsibility through sponsorship of worthwhile news, public affairs and entertainment programming. In the beginning, we confined ourselves primarily to documentaries. Recently we have moved into sponsorship of lighter programming—sports telecasts and quality entertainment. For example, our client, the Irving Trust Co., sponsored the New Year's Day broadcast from London of the Royal Opera Company's production of "Die Fledermaus." The reaction was so favorable that Irving plans to sponsor a repeat of the broadcast this year as well as the Royal Ballet's "The Sleeping Beauty Ballet." Television has been extremely effective in delivering messages to the general viewing public regarding benefits produced by the private enterprise system. In the last three years we have produced nine such commercials (of varying lengths) for Textron Inc. These have been aired during political conventions and campaigns, wildlife documentaries and news programming. Research results show an extraordinary comprehension and acceptance of the messages. Timeliness and speed of delivery of television proved an important benefit to the American Gas Association, when its member companies faced shortages during the bitterly cold winter of 1977-78. Commercials were produced quickly, urging homeowners to lower their thermostats to 65° F. and to conserve on energy and insulate properly. And finally, as I alluded to earlier, economics is now a factor in the use of television for corporate advertising. With the cost of a network .30 approaching $100,000, many individual brands can no longer afford the advertising weight they had become accustomed to in past years. As an efficient alternative, advertisers may rely on their reputation and are now using corporate spots as umbrellas for promoting a number of their products, brands or services. We look for this trend to continue in proportion to the rate of television costs' inflation. During the past five years we have witnessed the growth in importance and acceptance of corporate advertising. More important, we have seen clients and agencies recognize "corporate" as a truly distinct, specialized area of communications. As we in the Corporate Communications Division look toward the future, we see another major trend developing: the growth of issue-oriented advocacy advertising. The Supreme Court's recent ruling reaffirming the First Amendment rights of corporations ("First National Bank of Boston v. Belotti") should encourage many companies to take more public stands on issues affecting their business or industry. At the same time, the current, congressional investigations into advocacy advertising contribute to an atmosphere of confusion and anxiety that in effect stifles corporate speech. Nevertheless, we are counseling our clients to speak out on bottom-line issues. Since I made an accurate prediction five years ago, I will venture another: When it comes to growth in advocacy advertising, you haven't seen anything yet. The vast majority of expenditures for such communications will continue to go to print media. The broadcast media have studiously avoided anything even approaching controversy, and there's little reason to think those policies will change. Any takers? The author, in his role as a professor at the University of Illinois, is seen here in a classroom setting. "Programming is a reflection of the society we live in." A. R. Van Cantfort, program manager of WSB-TV, Atlanta, Ga., President, National Association of Television Program Executives, looks at programming from the point of view of a man who speaks both to and for the local audience. "The program director has got to know his community. If he is a responsible broadcaster, he will. We have a tremendously loyal following, and we earned it. We have a community ascertainment program. Department heads go out and interview community leaders for an hour, one-on-one. They talk about the problems of the community. Every two weeks we have a community affairs luncheon with a group representing a particular problem area. We discuss their problems and how we can help. I make a speech or talk with some community leader about twice a week. There is always feedback. I always wind up with a question-and-answer period. I read every piece of mail that comes to me. The first thing every morning I read the call sheet—it lists every call that comes in complaining about a program. These are some of the ways I stay in touch with the community. "I look at programming as pretty much a reflection of the society we are in. What we are depicting is what is happening. If you are upset by the amount of violence on television, you really ought to be upset about what is happening in society, and not necessarily blame the messenger. Parents have their responsibility not to just automatically say, 'Go watch TV.' Of course, the broadcasters have responsibility, too. And they have to accept that responsibility. Ours is the only industry in the world that has such a strict voluntary code. "As long as I am program director, we will have a live local show. The people in Atlanta know they can get on our station. We are here to serve the community. "I won't buy the premise there is nothing good on television. Nowadays the snob thing to say is, 'My kids don't even know TV exists.' I have to say you are wrong, because your kids are missing a lot of good things. "Film will never go out of our business. It is the staple. We use both film and tape. Much of the choice has to do with which equipment is available. We might wind up on a given day with everything on film, or everything on tape. If we are going to go into the mountains, I am going to take film because it is more reliable. I don't have to worry about power or electricity or the batteries running down. "If I were just starting out, I would look into the feature area. I would think of becoming a consumer reporter, an ecology reporter or a specialty reporter. You can't just say, 'I want to work in TV.' Too many people want the same thing. You have to develop a skill or a specialty. "If the local broadcaster doesn't make his service important to the community, and himself an asset to the community, somewhere along the line someone is apt to ask, 'What do we need him for?' The local broadcaster has got to stay involved with local programming. We need more choices, and we need to encourage the people willing to take chances." In our publication, "Telek," leading broadcast industry professionals talk about their experience, and we tell you about our latest technical and product developments. If you would like to be on our mailing list, write Eastman Kodak Company, Dept. 640, 343 State Street, Rochester, New York 14650. Court upsets FCC's policy on renewals WESH-TV decision, which held that 'substantial' service could carry the day for incumbents challenged in comparative cases, is reversed; Judge Wilkey says that 'superior' performance is still law of land but may not be conclusive factor; broadcasters may seek legislation The U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington last week, in an opinion that has set off alarms in the offices of broadcast licensees from coast to coast, caustically criticized the FCC for giving incumbents in comparative renewal proceedings a preference simply because of their incumbency. The Communications Act, the court said, precludes such a preference. Thus, the door to challenges to renewal applicants—which had appeared to be closing—may have been flung wide open. In the opinion, the court reversed the commission's orders renewing the license of Cowles Broadcasting Inc.'s WESH-TV Daytona Beach, Fla., and denying the competing application of Central Florida Enterprises Inc., and directed the commission to hold further proceedings. The court said the commission's decision was not supported by the record or by applicable law. The decision marks the first time that court has reversed the FCC in a comparative renewal case. Some broadcasting industry observers were comparing the decision in its impact on broadcasting to the WHDH-TV Boston decision in January 1969. In that case, the commission for the first time denied the renewal of a broadcast license, and granted a competing application—that of Boston Broadcasters Inc. (now WCVB-TV). However, that case was unusual in a number of respects—enough to make it hard to cite as precedent. What makes the WESH-TV decision particularly significant is that it vacates a commission order that had been hailed by some communications attorneys as going far toward providing the kind of license-renewal protection broadcasters had been seeking from Congress (Broadcasting, Jan. 10, 1977). As a result, the decision can be expected to spark renewed interest on the part of broadcasters in the work of Congress in rewriting the Communications Act. Indeed, the court, in a footnote, suggests legislation. It says that if comparative renewal hearings are to be treated differently from hearings involving only new applicants, an amendment to the hearing provisions of the Communications Act would probably be required. And Representative Lionel Van Deerlin (D-Calif.), chairman of the House Communications Subcommittee, which is working on the rewrite, says the Cowles decisions "should help" the project. "As long as the law continues to be made in the courts," he said, "broadcasters are vulnerable." Judge Malcolm R. Wilkey, who wrote the opinion in which Associate Judge Spottswood W. Robinson III and U.S. District Judge Thomas A. Flannery joined, said that to warrant a clear advantage in a comparative hearing, a renewal applicant would have to demonstrate a "superior" record of service (see box, page 29). And even then, he indicated, a challenger might prevail on the basis of such comparative criteria as diversification of media ownership and integration of ownership and management. - The level of concern on the part of the broadcasting industry was high last week. Vincent Wasielowski, president of the National Association of Broadcasters, said the decision was "the most disturbing from an industry stability standpoint in a long time, more than WHDH-TV." And a communications lawyer, who seemed to be echoing the thoughts of many of his colleagues, said: "This case is an open invitation to groups to form and challenge renewal applicants, on speculation either that the commission will be intimidated or encouraged to grant competing applications or that the grant of a renewal application will be reversed." One other comparative renewal case is pending before the court—that involving the Tribune Co.'s WPIX-TV in New York. The commission, by a 4-3 vote, renewed the station's license and denied the competing application of Forum Communications Inc. And that case contains some of the same elements as the WESH-TV proceeding, including disputes over WPIX's past programming and the preference Forum should be given on a diversification of ownership of media issue. Strategy for dealing with the Cowles decision was already being prepared last week. M.C. Whatmore, chairman of the board of the Cowles parent, Cowles Communications Inc., said the decision will be appealed. Commission attorneys were studying the matter, and while they had not yet made a recommendation, there was some feeling that a petition for rehearing by the circuit's full nine-court bench might be wise. One lawyer noted that the court in the Cowles case appears to read the law differently from other panels of the court, as well as the Supreme Court, in other cases. A clarification would help, he said. The FCC's decision on whether or not to appeal could become as controversial as the earlier question of whether to renew WPIX had been. Commissioner Robert E. Lee, who was a member of the majority in the WPIX and WESH-TV decisions, said he will "encourage the commission to go to the Supreme Court. It's a far-reaching decision. It encourages the filing of competing applications... I certainly don't like it," he said. On the other hand, Commissioner Joseph Fogarty, who was in the WPIX minority but was not on the commission when WESH-TV was decided, not only would accept "graciously" the remand of the WESH-TV decision, but he hopes to persuade the commission to ask the court to defer consideration of the WPIX case until the commission has developed a new record in the Cowles proceeding. Appeals to Congress and the courts are not the only options. Some commission officials say the problems created by the Cowles decision, in terms of leaving licensees virtually vulnerable to challenges at renewal time, are of the commission's own making and that the commission can develop policy, even without legislation, that would restore to licensees a legitimate expectancy of renewal. One commission official, who takes a less fevered view of the Cowles decision than most communications attorneys—he calls it "relatively significant"—said last week the commission has been "victimized by its own ad hoc-ery"—its unwillingness or inability over the years to develop a policy for governing comparative renewal cases. (Another official said that the commission made decisions on a case-by-case basis, building a "house of cards" that finally collapsed.) Thus, he said, the commission should move "quickly" to establish a policy on comparative renewal proceedings, one that would contain clear criteria on which to make judgments. What's more, he said, it should be related to the commission's newspaper-broadcast crossownership policy, which speaks of the benefits of diversification of media ownership at the same time that it permits existing crossownerships to continue. (He noted that the commission, when it adopted its crossownership policy, did not relate it to the manner in which it handles comparative renewal matters.) And he said the commission should be prepared to adhere to such a policy; while most broadcasters do a good job and deserve renewal, he said, there are some "bad apples." And attempting to protect them, he said, could weaken the renewal system. The commission, in the WESH-TV case, had attempted to assure renewal applicants a "renewal expectancy." In what it called a "clarification" of an earlier action renewing the WESH-TV license, it held that broadcasters could protect themselves against challengers at renewal time by providing "substantial" service—service that is "favorable and substantially" above a level of mediocrity that might "just minimally warrant renewal." "Superior" service, which the court (in the Citizens Communications case, in 1971) had said would assure renewal applicants "a plus of major significance," was not necessary. That decision, plus earlier ones denying applications by challengers seeking to displace licensees at renewal time, appeared to cause a falling off of such challenges. But Judge Wilkey and his colleagues have now rejected the commission's effort to translate "superior"—with its definition of "far above average"—into the less demanding "substantial." If the commission believes that "substantial" service will justify renewal "more or less without regard to comparative issues" or that such performance is entitled "to a plus of major significance, it is plainly mistaken," Judge Wilkey wrote. "Lawful renewal expectations are con- To page 30 Two FCC birds, one appeals court stone The WESH-TV decision overturned last week was a regulatory doubleheader—the basic renewal decision (passed 4-3 with then-Chairman Richard E. Wiley in the minority) and a "clarification" the FCC crafted later to set new policy in dealing with comparative renewal cases (passed 4-1, with Mr. Wiley in the majority). The commission issued its first decision in the case in 1976 (BROADCASTING, July 5, 1976), with Mr. Wiley and former Commissioners Glen O. Robinson and Benjamin L. Hooks dissenting. What troubled all three was the use by the majority (Robert E. Lee, James H. Quello, Abbott Washburn and former Commissioner Charlotte Reid) of the word, "superior," to describe WESH-TV's past performance. The U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, in the 1971 Citizens Communications Center case, had said a renewal applicant with a "superior" past record would be entitled in a comparative hearing to "a plus of major significance." In its clarification, the commission said that by "superior" it had not meant to suggest "exceptional when compared to other broadcast stations." Rather, it meant to distinguish between situations where a licensee has served an area "in the least permissible fashion" that would warrant renewal in the absence of a challenge, and where the licensee had performed in a "solid, favorable fashion." By the time of the "clarification," in January 1977, Mr. Robinson and Mrs. Reid had left the commission. Mr. Hooks was unpersuaded by the rewrite and continued to dissent. But Mr. Wiley said that since he had always considered the station's performance "thoroughly adequate" and worthy of renewal "under any rational system," he was able to concur in the new order, "given the majority's clarification of intent." Thus the final vote for renewal was 4-1. The "clarification" redid some other aspects of the original order. The commission said, for instance, that when it said the challenger, Central Florida Enterprises Inc., had a "clear" preference on the diversification issue, it did not mean to suggest how much weight was to be attached to that finding. The remoteness from the WESH-TV area of its affiliated media interests reduces the significance of the preference, the commission said. And because it found the record containing no evidence of any danger of concentration, it said the preference given Central was of "little decisional significance." The court did not accept that repair any more than it did the one on the use of the term "superior." fined to the likelihood that an incumbent will prevail in a fully comparative inquiry." What's more, he breathed new judicial life into the adjective, "superior," saying that "superior" past performance might be expected to prevail "absent some clear and strong showing under the comparative factor." On the other hand, he said, "average" performance, "solid" or not, would not offer much protection. It could not be expected to warrant renewal or even be of particular relevance unless it could be shown that the challenger's performance would be no more satisfactory, he said. Particularly troublesome to multiple and newspaper owners was the court's criticism of the commission for its treatment of the advantage it conceded Central enjoyed in the areas of diversification of ownership of media and integration of ownership and management. (Central, which is headed by E. William Crotty, a lawyer in Daytona Beach, is composed principally of area business and professional people, including two blacks, and some would work at the station.) These are issues on which multimedia licensees would be at a disadvantage in most contests in which a challenger is seeking to enter the ranks of broadcast ownership. "Simply on the basis of a wholly non-comparative assessment of Cowles's past performance as 'substantial,' the commission confirmed Cowles's 'renewal expectancy,'" Judge Wilkey wrote. "Even were we to agree (and we do not agree) with the commission's trivialization of each of Central's advantages, we still would be unable to sustain its action here." Throughout the opinion, Judge Wilkey, who is considered a conservative member of the court, expressed criticism of the manner in which the commission has approached comparative renewal proceedings. The "paradoxical history" of those proceedings, he said at one point, "reveals an ordinarily tacit presumption that the incumbent licensee is to be preferred over competing applicants." And since the Communications Act precludes any preference based solely on incumbency, he added, "the practical bias arises from the commission's discretionary weighting of legally relevant factors." At another point, Judge Wilkey said flatly that the commission "dislikes the idea of comparative renewal proceedings altogether"—a statement he said was based on remarks the commission itself has made—"at least those that accord no presumptive weight to incumbency per se." And he made that point in observing that the commission "disfavors use" of its 1965 policy statement on comparative broadcast hearings, which calls for the application of such criteria as diversification of ownership of media and integration of ownership and management. The court said that although the statement was designed to deal with new applicants only, it has governed comparative-renewal proceedings "more or less by default." Judge Wilkey suggests that the commission may not be solely at fault for the practice he was criticizing. Until recently, he said, the commission's actions renewing the licenses of incumbents and denying the applications of challengers "were routinely affirmed by this court." The general phenomenon, he added, "has been rationalized into what we have called on occasion 'a renewal expectancy.'" To Judge Wilkey and his colleagues, the commission's handling of the facts in the case "makes embarrassingly clear that the FCC has practically erected a presumption of renewal that is inconsistent with the full hearing" required by law. The court supported that statement with the following analysis of the commission's resolution of the issues in the case: - The commission concluded that Cowles had moved its main studio from Daytona Beach to Orlando without commission authorization, in violation of the agency's rules. But the commission held that the violation was mitigated by two factors: The move was not made in "deliberate defiance" of the rules, and Central had not demonstrated that service to Daytona had suffered as a result of the move. The commission was directed to reconsider the weight to assign Cowles's "plain violation" of a rule. - Neither the commission nor the administrative law judge who conducted the comparative hearing had made findings regarding two persons who were principal officers both of Cowles and each of five subsidiaries that had pleaded no contest to mail fraud charges. The court also said it is "troubled" by Central's charges that the inquiry into the mail fraud issue was curtailed. The court directed the commission to consider those matters on remand. --- In Brief NBC Chairman Julian Goodman said last week that FCC Chairman Charles D. Ferris was "totally erroneous" in implying, in speech to International Radio and Television Society (Broadcasting, Sept. 25), that networks lack adequate commitment to news. Mr. Ferris had cited coverage in 1976 political year specifically. Mr. Goodman, speaking Thursday at banquet in Houston at which Jack Harris of KPRC-AM-TV Houston received B'nai B'rith Torch of Liberty Award, said NBC's news budget was 34% higher, and NBC-TV carried 100 more hours of news in 1976 than in 1975, due to political coverage, and that cost of covering two national political conventions alone came to $9 million. He said NBC's news budget for TV and radio networks and stations "is well over $125 million" annually. Political coverage, he said, would be even more extensive without Section 315 equal-time law. "For the chairman [of FCC] to question the amount of political coverage we give is to say we are not running fast enough with the shackles the government imposes upon us." Storer Broadcasting Co. has sold KTNO(AM) Los Angeles to K-Love Radio Broadcasting Inc. (Lieberman family), owner of KLVE(FM) there, for $8 million cash, subject to FCC approval. KTNO is 50 kW fulltime on 1020 kHz, would be operated as Spanish language station under new owners; it's now contemporary. Brokers: Ted Hepburn Co. and Chapman Assoc. Combined Communications Corp. and Pulitzer Publishing Co. have reached agreement in principle to swap CCC's KTAR(AM)-KBCB(FM) Phoenix for Pulitzer's KSDI(AM) St. Louis. CCC, in addition, will pay Pulitzer $2 million. Transaction is in connection with CCC's proposed merger into Gannett Co. (Broadcasting, May 15) and will bring it into compliance with FCC's one-to-market rule (it will retain KTAR-TV). CCC has already announced agreement in principle to purchase KCFM(FM) St. Louis from Commercial Broadcasting for approximately $3 million (Broadcasting, Aug. 21). KTAR is on 620 kHz with 5 kW full time. KBCB is on 98.7 mHz with 115 kw. KSD is on 550 kHz with 5 kw fulltime. NBC-TV affiliation in Minneapolis-St. Paul, free bail after decision of ch. 5 KSTP-TV to join ABC-TV (Broadcasting, Sept. 4), will go to Metromedia's ch. 11 WTCN-TV, now independent, on or about March 15, 1979. Ch. 9 KMSP-TV, which had been ABC affiliate in market, draws short straw, will become independent. Ch. 4 WCCO-TV is CBS affiliate. Informed sources speculated that WTCN-TV's profits would be doubled and conceivably tripled by move, and that KMSP-TV's profits would be cut by half, possibly more. Official prices aren't being released but Viacom is said to have contracts worth $50 million for 14 markets in which All in the Family has been sold: Metromedia's WNEW-TV New York, KTIV-TV Los Angeles, KATV-TV Houston and WXIX-TV Newport, Ky. (Cincinnati); Field's KBK-TV San Francisco, WBBS-TV Burlington, N.J. (Philadelphia), and WFLD-TV Chicago; Post-NewswEEK's WPLG-TV Miami, WJXT-TV Jacksonville, Fla., WDIV-TV Detroit and WSBS-TV Hartford, Conn.; WCVE-TV Boston; WTAE-TV Pittsburgh, and WOCA-TV Washington. FCC has begun new effort in enforcing its equal employment opportunity rules in cable television industry, whose EEO record, commission says, appears less than adequate. FCC last week adopted report and order resolving in its favor question of whether commission has necessary authority and laying out programing for monitoring cable systems' EEO performance and for dealing with violations of rules that are uncovered. Commission will compare systems' record of employing Spectrum fee rears its head at the FCC Commission is considering it in conjunction with proposals to refund illegally collected money of previous years and new means for charging licensees The FCC has begun an inquiry aimed at helping it develop a scheme for refunding some $60 million in fees it collected illegally between 1970 and 1976 from those it regulates—$33 million is expected to be returned to broadcasters—and at developing a new fee schedule based in part on spectrum use. What's more, the commission is asking for comments on a proposal to obtain "fair market value" for spectrum use through spectrum fees or auctions, or some combination of the two—a proposal the commission said would probably generate far more revenues annually than the commission spends. The proposal, however, would require new congressional authority. The commission, which regards the refund project as a monumental task, hopes to begin returning fees of $20 or more in January. Some 300,000 claims are expected; the dollar total involved is said to be $90 million. That refund job will cost $169,000 and require the services of 67 temporary employees. At some future date, the commission will begin phase two of the process, refunding fees of $20 or less. That could involve as many as 10 million claims and about $80 million. According to a table of "preliminary estimates" released with the notice, broadcasters paid $48 million in fees during the years involved, and will be entitled to refunds of some $33 million. (Most of the refunds involve two fees. The commission expects to give back $23.1 million of the $24.9 million it received in assignment and transfer fees, $9.1 million of the $10.3 million in television annual fees.) Common carriers would get back some $22.6 million of $32 million paid. Safety and Special Radio Services licensees would receive $826,520 of $3.8 million, and of $4.4 million paid in fees to the Chief Engineer's Office, $2.8 million would be returned. Fees collected illegally from cable television operators were refunded under an earlier court order. Although the court opinions have been read as stating that the fees should be based on costs of services performed and the value received by the recipient, the commission is planning to base refunds on costs—direct and indirect—only; General Counsel Robert Bruce told the commission last week that determining value to the recipient in connection with refunds would be "impossible." But developing a method for determining that will figure into proposals for a new fee schedule. In implementing the refund plan, the commission proposes to set up a board of employees who could work under informal procedures to consider appeals or denials of refunds, and it has instructed the staff to hold a public meeting early in October to discuss the program with anyone interested. Comments on the refund program proposals are due by Nov. 8. The commission has not developed plans for a new schedule to the point where it can suggest the fees that would be charged. But it is working on a plan that involves a two-part schedule reflecting costs and value to the recipient. The direct costs of providing a service would be divided among the recipients, while the indirect costs—overhead, for instance—would be distributed in accordance with the "value conferred." As an example of how the plan might work, the commission said the value conferred on a commercial broadcaster could be measured by the size of the audience the station is technically capable of reaching. The commission said the plan raises a number of questions, such as whether licensees should be charged both for the use of spectrum and for the direct cost of processing their applications, what commission costs should be included among those covered by the fee and whether any classes of licensees should be exempt from paying FCC costs, or be permitted to pay fees that do not cover the costs. The spectrum use plan is a new one at the commission. But it seems not as bold as the one to obtain, through spectrum fees or auction for lease or rent, "fair market value" for spectrum use—a plan the commission could not adopt without new legislative authority. The broadcast service minorities and women against labor pool statistics it will obtain from states. Where serious discrepancies are found, commission has number of options, ranging from requesting additional information from system to issuing orders to cease discrimination and levying forfeitures. Ten persons were made available for Cable Television Bureau's new enforcement office as result of elimination of certification of compliance process (see page 58) and will be available for EEO policing work. ABC Inc. Chairman Leonard H. Goldenson and President Elton H. Rule will lead company team, including Roone Arledge, president of news and sports, and Washington news bureau chief George Watson in groundbreaking for $20 million ABC News building in Washington on Wednesday Oct. 4. Ten-story structure, at 1717 DeSales Street N.W. is said to be largest ever built solely for use as broadcast news facility ("Closed Circuit," May 22). FCC Commissioner Tyrone Brown will speak at luncheon of Federal Communications Bar Association on Oct. 12, Army Navy Club, Washington. WBBM-TV Chicago beat out print media competition to win National Press Club's top award for consumer reporting. Station also won in TV category for best individual story—report by Susan Anderson, of station's "Factfinder" unit, on slum landlords. Federal Trade Commission's Tracy Westen, deputy director of Bureau of Consumer Protection, said in Detroit speech last week that FTC should not examine issue advertising, which argues companies' positions on current issues of public importance. Solutions to problems involving that kind of corporate free speech—which could result in one-sided discussions of issues rather than balanced debate—must come from the states or Congress, not from regulatory agencies, he said. Speeches by ambassadors from Nigeria and Organization of African Unity as well as local dignitaries marked opening of nation's second black-owned cable TV system in Columbus yesterday (Oct. 1). Operated by KBLE Ohio Inc. (attorney William T. Johnson, president), system offers 32 channels, including one pay (HBO). With 22 miles of cable in place, it plans to build 191 altogether, ultimately passing 41,000 homes in Columbus's metro areas. First black-owned system was established in Gary, Ind., in 1973. House Ways and Means Committee passed amendment last week that would put pressure on Canada to change its tax law prohibiting Canadian advertisers from taking tax deductions for ads placed on U.S. broadcast stations and print media. Ways and Means bill would give Canada exemption it seeks from American tax law limiting to two number of foreign trips for which American business men can take deductions. But amendment by Representative Barber Conable (R-N.Y.), who represents Buffalo, would remove exemption in six months if Canada doesn't show willingness to negotiate change in its advertising tax policy. Unfortunately for U.S. border broadcasters, bill is given slim chance of passing in few remaining days of this Congress. FCC has extended deadlines for comments in children's television programing and advertising inquiry from Nov. 1 to Jan. 15, 1979; for replies, from Dec. 15 to March 1, 1979. Competing applicants for KRLA(AM) Pasadena, Calif. (Los Angeles), signed merger agreement last week ("Closed Circuit," Sept. 25). If approved by FCC, deal would end 14-year contest for 50 kw day, 10 kw night facility on 1110 khz. Bob Hope's Western Broadcasting Co. becomes 40% stockholder, could be 100% owner in three years; Voice in Pasadena would have 25%; Goodson-Todman and Pasadena Broadcasting, 15% each, and Charles W. Jobbins 5%. probably would not be involved in auctions; the commission said auctions might involve the multipoint distribution service, and radio common carrier and business radio channels. Comments on the proposals for new fee schedules are due Jan. 8, 1979. New season house of cards is getting shaky After first few weeks, ad executives and analysts see many new shows in trouble with replacements expected shortly TV oddsmakers looked at the early ratings results of the new prime-time season last week and saw vultures circling shows on all three commercial networks. A canvass of advertising agency executives and Wall Street analysts found them generally satisfied that their pre-season predictions were bearing out, which spells trouble for the majority of new shows and not a few old ones. And although the observers caution that the competition needs a few weeks yet to settle, many expect program shuffling and cancellations of the more obvious failures to begin at any time. "Momentarily is the word I get," said Anthony Hoffman, broadcast analyst for Bache Halsey Stuart Shields. "There's lots of rumors around that changes will be made immediately," added Jack Otter, vice president and director of network programming for SSC&B. "And there should be." If the handicappers were surprised at anything, it was the degree of ABC-TV's dominance. NBC-TV is seen as the network needing help most and getting it least. Some believe NBC will keep itself in the running for second place with CBS-TV by continuing to rely, until its replacement series are ready, on movies and events, as it did during its premiere week (see page 52). Others disagree, saying the third-place network will run out of high-powered long forms and assume an uncomfortable holding pattern. Here are the networks' most-mentioned trouble spots and some of the ratings they pulled last week. ABC's Monday lead-off hour, delayed by football on the West Coast, is seen as shaky: Welcome Back, Kotter fell from a 31-share premiere special to a 26 share last week. Operation Petticoat—"a terrible loser," in Mr. Hoffman's and others' view—premiered with a 20. Some observers believe, however, that that marginal strength may have had something to do with an unexpected decline of CBS's competition at 8-8:30 p.m. NYT, WKRP in Cincinnati. Last week it dropped to a 25 share after a 32-share premiere the previous week. CBS's People, which also premiered with a 32, fell to a 26 last week at 8:30-9 p.m. NBC's Little House on the Prairie coasted along with a 41. The strategy of offering viewers adult alternatives to ABC's Happy Days and Laverne and Shirley is not yet paying off, and handicappers and TV critics don't think it will. CBS's Paper Chase pulled an 18 share last week, one point off its premiere, while NBC's Grandpa Goes to Washington scored a 24, a one-point gain. There are mostly unfavorable predictions on Wednesday for CBS's new In the Beginning at 8:30-9 p.m.—it fell off a point last week from its premiere to a 25 share—and for NBC's Dick Clark's Live Wednesday at 8-9 p.m. which pulled a 28 share last week, a point up from its premiere. "Thursday is a disaster for NBC," in the opinion of Lou Dorkin, senior vice president and director of network programming for Dancer Fitzgerald Sample, and everybody seems to agree with him. The network's lead-off hour, Project UFO, has been hurt by the huge success of ABC's Mork and Mindy at 8-8:30 p.m., and W.E.B. at 10-11 p.m. is one of the least-liked and lowest-rated new shows of the season (local overnight ratings last week in New York, Chicago and Los Angeles showed no improvement over its previous sub-20 shares). Those weaknesses for NBC are seen as leaving the network's old reliable, Quincy, "hammocked between nothing, hanging high and dry," at 9-10 p.m., as Herb Jacobs, president of Telcom Associates, put it. Quincy's early ratings have shown a significant decline in the show's audience this season. Friday is a carbon copy of the Thursday dilemma for NBC, the handicappers say: Waverly Wonders and Who's Watching the Kids at 8-9 p.m. are faltering. Observers expect Rockford Files to be stranded at 9-10 p.m., since The Eddie Capra Mysteries is given only slightly better odds on survival than is W.E.B. The tables are turned on Saturday: NBC's CHiPs is expected to take the lead-off hour while ABC has problems with Carter Country and Apple Pie. CBS's Rhoda and Good Times are holding the middle ground at 8-9 p.m., but American Girls is given almost no chance by the experts. That expected failure may take Dallas at 10-11 p.m. with it, several observers said. On Sunday, Battlestar Galactica's sudden drop from a 45-share, three-hour premiere on Sept. 17 to a 36 share on Sept. 24 caused Mr. Hoffman to wonder if a gradual falling-off trend for the show, predicted by the agencies in a survey Mr. Hoffman took this summer, might have already begun. Even if so, the show is expected to retain low-to mid-30's shares. The vote on CBS's Mary is still out. ABC's 28-share draw with the first of its Sunday night prime-time football games, part of its new National Football League contract, caused much agreement with ABC Sports' Howard Cosell, who argued on his Good Morning America stint last Thursday (Sept. 28) that TV football had reached an oversaturation point. NABOB examines black ownership roses and thorns It's getting easier to break into the broadcast media, but it's still no picnic to make a living once you're there, black owners hear; over-all, the good news outweighs the bad Black broadcasters last week were told this was the best time in history for minorities to be buying broadcast properties, that funds were finally becoming available, but that initial financing was just the first in a series of broadcast ownership problems. Members of the National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters met in their third annual seminar in Washington at National Association of Broadcasters headquarters. They were told that an NAB minority ownership fund task force was looking at a fund with leverage in "the hundreds of millions of dollars," that Storer Broadcasting had established a fund with several million dollars leverage (see page 34) and that the Small Business Administration would now lend for broadcast property purchases. Other factors in their favor are the FCC's tax certificate and distress sale policies and the announced sale of a Rochester, N.Y., VHF to a firm headed by Ragan Henry, a black (BROADCASTING, Aug. 28). Minorities considering purchasing broadcast properties are "in the right place at the right time," said Frank Savage, vice president of Equitable Life Insurance Co. But there are problems. One drawback to black (and other) broadcasters is that a station's most valuable asset is its license, which is renewable and can be withdrawn. Otherwise, broadcast property is traditionally short on assets and instead of borrowing on 50% or more equity that conventional lenders like, must rely on 10% or even 5% equity. Alan Griffin, vice president of the Bank of New York, said prospective purchasers must know why they were borrowing, how much they needed, how much they could get, how the debt would be structured and where to go to get it. Herbert Wilkins, president of Syndicated Communications Inc., said it simply: "You must sell your industry." If the NABOB delegates were breathing easier about the prospects of buying into broadcasting, they were nevertheless realistic about the difficulties they still face once on the inside. Foremost among them: that the station must get advertising to survive. Three initial advertising presentations—by Larry Cole of Ogilvy & Mather, New York; Robert Beatty of Ross Roy Inc., Detroit and Joan Yonkler of Henry J. Kaufman & Associates, Washington—were positive. "You have a strong case to make; black radio is a strong medium," said Mr. Cole. But one broadcaster said his station was No. 1 over-all in the market and he still didn't get advertising. If that's A Real Knockout! SportSpecial of the month Now cleared in 91 Markets representing over 70% of U.S. TV Households. 35 ABC affiliates—18 CBS affiliates—12 NBC affiliates—26 indies A co-production of Trans World International and Hughes Television Network Call your Paramount Domestic Syndication Salesman for details true, Mr. Beatty said, it's racism, "there's no doubt about it." At another point Eugene Jackson, head of the National Black Network, said black stations were not considered by advertisers to be part of the broadcasting community, but as exceptions to be dealt with separately. In an audience measurement session, Lew Alpert, vice president of Burke Marketing Research Inc., noted two problems in measuring black radio audiences: difficulties of getting a proper measurement of blacks in an area and the qualities of these audiences. He and representatives of other firms defended their methods and results, although admitted black measurements might not be totally accurate. When Rupert Ridgeway of Arbitron said current trends indicate blacks are listening less to black-formatted stations, Mr. Jackson said they should say what a black format is. Disco, to which many blacks apparently are listening, even though white-owned, is still black-oriented music, he said. Representative William Clay (D-Mo.), head of the Black Caucus, a luncheon speaker, said it is a crime against the black consumer that although blacks spend millions on goods, those monies are not re-invested in black-owned media with equitable advertising purchases. Speaking of plans to rewrite the Communications Act, he said the people would not allow a bill that "flouts the public trust and ignores the public's interest" to be passed. "I will introduce, if necessary, more amendments than anybody would care to count to stop any giveaway of the airwaves," he said. Storer offers to help others into the broadcast club Long-time group owner pledges $1 million to help finance minority acquisitions under SBA plan, but first wants FCC clearance from any multiple-ownership problems Storer Broadcasting Co., which has been in the ranks of broadcast owners for more than half a century, has developed a plan to help minorities join those ranks. It would make available $1 million that, under Small Business Administration regulations, could be transformed into a $5-million fund from which minorities could obtain financing to acquire broadcast properties. But first, Storer wants clearance from the FCC. The company is asking the commission for a declaratory ruling on the issue of whether the plan would place it in violation of the multiple ownership rules. Storer owns seven TV stations, four AM's and three FM's. The commission in recent months has been loathe to issue declaratory rulings advising broadcasters on how the agency would react in the event of certain actions by licensees. However, as Storer notes in its motion for a declaratory ruling, both the Carter administration and the commission have urged and adopted policies aimed at increasing minority ownership of broadcast properties. Storer says its plan is structured in a manner that would insure compliance with the commission's multiple ownership rules by insulating Storer from any equity or control positions in the stations acquired under the program. Storer would make $1 million available to a minority small-business investment company (MSBIC) which it would create and which could then secure from SBA another $4 million for a total of $5 million. That money, Storer said, could be loaned to minority broadcast entrepreneurs who now "are unable to bridge the gap between station sale prices and available conventional financing." Storer indicated that, in order to make possible "a large number of acquisitions," the funds would be used principally to "bridge the gap" rather than to meet the full purchase price of radio and television stations. Not only would Storer make funds available, but it would do so, it said, "at lower rates of interest" than could be obtained through normal channels. The motion stresses that the plan is designed to make sure that Storer would acquire no attribution interests in stations financed wholly or partially by the MSBIC. As outlined by Storer: - It would create a new corporation—Minority Broadcast Ventures (MBV)—which would serve as a conduit for funds to the MSBIC. (In return for its $1 million, Storer would receive a note for $333,333 and $666,666 in nonvoting preferred stock. This would be in accord with SBA regulations requiring companies purchasing equity interests in MSBIC's to have a 2-1 ratio of net worth to borrowed capital.) Neither the MSBIC nor Storer would acquire equity interest in the borrowers' stations. - In the event of default, no equity interests would revert to the MSBIC or to Storer, and Storer would not benefit from the operation of the stations aided by the MSBIC loans. - Storer would not control the stations involved, but it would "hold itself out for such professional and technical advice as they might seek." - And loans would not be made for the purchase of stations in cities served by Storer stations, nor would loans be made to officers, directors, employees or owners of 1% or more of stock in Storer or any sales representative company serving its stations. Storer said it would control MBV through 60% of stock ownership and representation on the board of directors (undentified outsiders would be issued 40% of the stock at no cost). But neither Storer nor MBV would control the MSBIC; MBV would hold 49% of the voting stock and elect two of its five directors while 51% would be issued at no cost to outsiders, who would elect the other three. There's a lot more to us than meets the ear! Stoner Broadcasting? There's a good chance you've never heard of us. We're not known for making a lot of noise in the industry. We go about our business. The business of serving the public. With news, information, music. You won't find us in Los Angeles or New York City. Instead, look for our stations in cities like Cedar Rapids, Iowa, or Des Moines. In Huntington, West Virginia, Binghamton, New York or Knoxville, Tennessee (pending FCC approval). Look for our stations in solid American communities, the very heart of our country. And you won't find our stations playing one type of music, either. We run the gamut, from country or beautiful music to album rock. Formats that fit the needs of the communities we're in. Stoner Broadcasting has a solid record of growth, commitment and service, to our communities, to our employees. For example, every Stoner station is involved in a training program that is unique in the industry. A program where an intern learns all facets of the radio business. In addition, all seven of our station managers have been promoted from within the organization. Not from outside. Stoner Broadcasting, a solid track record in earnings, for the stations, for the employees. And, we're growing. By the early 1980's we expect to have the full 14 stations in our roster. We're moving ahead. We're looking for stations. But, just as important, we're looking for people. People who are ready to take on responsibilities. To help us grow. People in sales, programming, management. People who would like to move . . . from within. People who would like to be in the right place at the right time. If you want to work for more than just a radio station, drop a line to Glenn Bell, President, Stoner Broadcasting, 3900 N.E. Broadway, Des Moines, Iowa, 50317. (All correspondence will be confidential.) The Stoner Broadcasting System, there's a lot more to us than meets the ear. STONER BROADCASTING SYSTEM Public broadcasting gets in its licks at the rewrite Even the would-be beneficiary of license fees doesn't like idea; even less does the medium like proposals for putting authority over it in hands of federal agency Too little money and too much regulation were the two most frequently repeated complaints about the public broadcasting chapter of the Communications Act rewrite in hearings last week. Witnesses from the public broadcasting community, with a few exceptions, opposed the rewrite's proposed license fee as a means of providing the funds public broadcasting needs for programming. And there was uniform opposition to giving the bill's National Telecommunications Agency, proposed as a new executive branch agency, authority over funding of public broadcasting facilities and station interconnection. Among those objecting to NTA's role in public broadcasting was the head of the current National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Henry Geller, who said it is NTA's opinion that direct government involvement in station operations and interconnection systems is "fundamentally wrong." True, he said, NTA would have no role in the funding of programs, but the latter would still be within the agency's reach. Using the facilities program, the NTA "could easily apply the pressure of the purse to stations producing or carrying programs which displeased the agency or the incumbent administration," he said. Henry Loomis, who left the presidency of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting three weeks ago, argued for the retention of CPB, which would be abolished in the rewrite, saying to remove the insulation it now provides between government and stations "doesn't just permit the government camel to stick its nose under the tent; it tempts the camel to take over the whole tent." Representatives of CPB and the Public Broadcasting Service shared that view. In a joint statement, PBS Chairman Newton Minow and President Lawrence Grossman asked the question: "With the experience of the Nixon takeover attempt of public broadcasting which was spearheaded by the Office of Telecommunications Policy, what is the justification for creating a new OTP—and this time a super-OTP with $100 million at its disposal—and giving that federal agency powers of life or death over station operations and program distribution?" Some in the hearings before the House Communications Subcommittee found other potential dangers to the First Amendment rights of public broadcasters. Messrs. Minow and Grossman singled out a provision in the bill prohibiting stations that receive operating funds from NTA from accepting contributions for specific programs and from giving sponsorship identification on the air. They contended those provisions would "wipe out" such programs as Sesame Street, MacNeil/Lehrer Report, Masterpiece Theater and The National Geographic Specials. "Why this severe limitation on public television's journalistic freedom, and its ability to fund major programs?" they asked. When they introduced the bill last June, the rewrite's framers expressed concern about public broadcasting becoming over-commercialized in the frequent mentions of industry donors to programs. The same complaint was raised again last week by William Fore, chief executive of the Communications Commission of the National Council of Churches, who said public broadcasting's dependence on corporate underwriting has made the service "much too bland." It is "perfectly clear," he said, "that when a certain oil company wants a certain kind of program, this is heard not only in the public broadcasting community, but in the creative community." Fred Friendly, a consultant with the Ford Foundation and a normally staunch defender of public broadcasting's record, agreed on that point. "Underwriting has become a form of semicommercial," he said. But he added that he doesn't agree with the bill's solution. His would be to simply say in the legislation "that we are..." not creating a semicommercial system." Mr. Fore's answer, on the other hand, is to get the funds public broadcasting needs from commercial broadcasting. Specifically, he would tax commercial broadcast revenues at the rate of 4% a year, which, he said, would yield $425 million in 1984. Although public broadcasting would have to share that money with programs for rural telecommunications and minority broadcast ownership, Mr. Fore estimates that with funds privately raised, it would have $875 million to spend in 1984—about $225 million more than it would have under the funding arrangement currently in effect. Mr. Fore's tax on broadcasting would be in addition to the license fee proposed in the legislation, which he would dedicate solely to paying the costs of communications regulation. The Ford Foundation's McGeorge Bundy, on the other hand, supported the bill's approach of dedicating part of the license fee to public broadcasting. "Without the spectrum use fee this package of carrots and sticks will fall apart," he said. But while most others supported the creation of a fee, few agreed that it should be spent on public broadcasting programming. FCC Commissioner Abbott Washburn called the fee concept "a quagmire," and argued public broadcasting funds should not be "shackled to a mechanical percentage of fee-revenues." "The history of the achievements of public broadcasters," he said, "has earned them the right to their own authorizations and appropriations free from unrelated entanglements." The PBS chiefs said the fee proposal is worth consideration, but they worried that it might result in public broadcasting being forced to take on all commercial broadcasting's public interest responsibilities. And it would also put public broadcasting in competition with minority broadcasters and rural telecommunications programs for the funds, they said. James B. Cardwell, vice president and treasurer of CPB, said the fee proposal does not respond to public broadcasting's need for long-range financial stability because it doesn't specify public broadcasting's share. Henry Geller, who testified before joining the government that the fee concept might be a good way to insulate public broadcasting from government intrusion, has changed his mind. The sole purpose of the fee, he said, should be to encourage more efficient use of the electromagnetic spectrum. On another provision, Mr. Cardwell urged the subcommittee not to establish fixed percentages for allocating funds within public broadcasting. Needs within the various segments of the community change, he said, and allocation should be flexible. In general, the public broadcasting witnesses argued for the status quo in public broadcasting regulation. Mr. Friendly said that despite hard times in the first 10 years, public broadcasting has made "remarkable" progress, especially when compared to commercial broadcasting. "The miracle is that public broadcasting is as good as it is, and the shame is that commercial television is the embarrassment to the people within it that it has become," he said. While it seeks to deregulate much of the broadcasting marketplace, he wondered, "why does the bill single out public broadcasting for increased regulation?" Arguing against the Public Telecommunications Programming Endowment that would replace CPB, PBS said that there is no mechanism in the bill for regular consultation with the stations. "Whatever the rough spots," Messrs. Minow and Grossman said, "the CPB-PBS-NPR [National Public Radio] relationship is now working reasonably well." Witnesses outside the public broadcasting hierarchy disagreed with the last statement. DeeDee Halleck, president of the Association of Independent Video and Filmmakers, New York, charged that the operation of CPB "has resulted in an almost stagnant level of programing." She endorsed the creation of an endowment whose sole function would be to encourage American talent. "The dependence on British programing we have seen in the past few years is an insult to the growing numbers of Americans now engaged in some aspect of the arts," she said. Arguing on a similar theme was Julie Motz, an independent film producer. "If public television is to succeed," she testified, "the bureaucratic tendencies which reside in the stations and the central organizations must be counteracted." She urged that funds be set aside specifically for independent program producers. John Jay Iselin, president and general manager of noncommercial WNET(TV) New York, also applauded the endowment proposal, seeing in it, he said, an effort to make programing the central concern of public broadcasting. "In our own debates, we frequently forget that viewers do not really care about CPB or PBS or NPR," he said. "The public's identification with public broadcasting is with the idea of programing." It is important that production decisions about that programing be completely insulated from government, however, added Jack G. McBride, secretary and general manager of the Nebraska Educational Television Commission. Mr. McBride said the endowment's role should be restricted to making program grants. With the money in the producer's hands, the endowment should have no further contact with scripts or rough cuts of programs, he said. And they promised things will get better. CPB Chairman Lillie Herndon testified that the CPB board has under way a comprehensive review of its operations of the past 10 years, which will yield a report early in 1979 that should enable CPB "to put itself in a position to contribute significantly to change, not just react to it." Public broadcasting's main problem, she and Mr. Cardwell said, is still too little money. They and others look forward to She’s a person who cares, and because she does, she takes time doing the things that please her. So don’t try and rush her. You also can’t rush her into loving certain TV shows. Women need time to get turned on. We found this to be true with Medical Center. The numbers show it’s basically a woman’s program. And because it is, it needs time to catch on. The numbers also show that once you’ve got her, she stays loyal. When you make your daytime programming plans, remember Medical Center. Remember, too, it needs time to catch on. Because women can’t be rushed. MEDICAL CENTER MGM TELEVISION © 1978 MGM, INC. the report of the second Carnegie Commission, whose recommendations for the future of public broadcasting are expected early next year. Said Mr. Washburn, "I earnestly hope that the Carnegie report will call for a substantially higher level of funding . . . of the order of $1 billion a year." The reaction of public radio to the rewrite was lukewarm. Speaking for NPR, Chairman Edward Elson said the bill elevates radio to a level of equality with public television, but it doesn't make it free. "We wish to be limited partners" in the public broadcasting community, he said. "Let us run our own race." NPR President Frank Mankiewicz, characterizing public radio stations as "adolescents," said the bill provides for "too much regulation, too soon." He wondered why, in a bill that strains to recognize differences between radio and TV in the commercial environment, the rewrite authors didn't take greater pains to separate public radio and TV. Mr. Mankiewicz said he expected that when public service responsibilities are removed from commercial radio, public radio would be called on to "pick up the slack" in news and public affairs. "We need the freedom to do it," he said. Specifically he argued for flexibility in the use of funds for national radio programs, and in the use of funds by local stations. Thomas J. Thomas, executive director of the National Federation of Community Broadcasters, a trade association and program supplier for 50 non-NPR radio stations, said his group initially liked the idea of having the radio program interconnect run by someone other than NPR. But it then wondered if not NPR, who? He suggested that perhaps a contract could be designed placing NPR in charge, but providing for access to the interconnect from non-NPR suppliers. Mr. Thomas echoed Mr. Mankiewicz's call for more distinct recognition of public radio in the bill. He would have the bill put emphasis on expanding the number of radio outlets. For TV, he said, all that matters is to have one public station in each market. But for radio, where formats are far more specialized, it is important to develop more than one public format in each market—which means new stations. BFM to get tough on music money At special meeting during annual conference, financial group supports move to take ASCAP, BMI to court if need be to replace blanket music-license agreement TV broadcasting financial executives were reported last week to have shown widespread support for a hard-nosed approach to current efforts to get a new form of music license from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers and Broadcast Music Inc. Their reaction came in and after a special closed meeting during the 18th annual conference of the Broadcast Financial Management Association, held Sept. 17-20 at Las Vegas. Robert Steinberg of Meredith Broadcasting, New York, chairman of BFM's music-license committee and a member of the All-Industry Television Stations Music License Committee, told the meeting that the all-industry group had put ASCAP and BMI on notice that it will go to court, if necessary, to get a new form of license (BROADCASTING, April 17). Mr. Steinberg said the all-industry committee considers the blanket music licenses that ASCAP and BMI offer, and that most broadcasters have traditionally used, to be in violation of the antitrust laws. The committee told both licensing organizations, Mr. Steinberg said, that it may file suit to prevent continued use of the blanket form. But it also indicated a willingness, he said, to negotiate on some formula other than the blanket basis. Other sources said the all-industry group had told both ASCAP and BMI that the appeals court decision upholding CBS's bid for a per-use license—a decision that ASCAP and BMI have asked the U.S. Supreme Court to review (BROADCASTING, Aug. 28)—means that alternatives to the blanket license must be explored. One objective of the committee was said to be the exclusion of nonnetwork prerecorded programs—such as syndicated programming—from station license payments. Both ASCAP and BMI sources said last week they have indicated a willingness to continue their respective discussions with the all-industry group. These have been going on for several months. Both the ASCAP and BMI licenses expired last Dec. 31 but have been extended to permit negotiations to continue. Most of the 150 TV financial executives at the special meeting during the BFM conference were said to have shown "strong support" for the committee's position. They also were said to have indicated general approval of a new and simplified blanket-licensee agreement for radio stations, and a liberalized radio per-program license agreement, worked out with ASCAP by the All-Industry Radio Music License Committee (BROADCASTING, Aug. 21, 28). The meeting was a highlight of the fourth-day BFM conference, which attracted a record attendance of 1,005—630 members, 275 spouses and 100 exhibitors. The team members for NAB's committees National Association of Broadcasters President Vincent Wasilewski and NAB Chairman Donald Thurston of WMNB-AM-FM North Adams, Mass., jointly announced the composition of 17 NAB committees for the 1978-79 term. Those units and their make-ups: Executive—Mr. Thurston, chairman; Thomas E. Bolger, WMTV(TV) Madison, Wis. (TV board chairman); Peter B. Kenney, NBC, Washington; Robert K. King, Capital Cities Communications, Philadelphia (TV board vice chairman); Walter E. May, WPKE(AM)-WDHR(FM) Pikeville, Ky. (radio board chairman); Carl W. Venters Jr., Durham Life Broadcasting Service, Raleigh, N.C. (radio board vice chairman); Mr. Wasilewski, and Wilson C. Wearn, Multimedia, Greenville, S.C. (immediate past chairman). Bylaws—Walter L. Rubens, KOBE(AM)-KOPE(FM) Las Cruces, N.M., chairman; John H. Lemme, KLTF(AM) Little Falls, Minn. and Robert B. McConnell, Indiana Broadcasting, Indianapolis. Congressional Liaison—Eugene S. Cowen, ABC, Washington, and Jerry Lee, WDVFR(FM) Philadelphia, co-chairmen; Edward O. Fritts, Edward O. Fritts Stations, Indiana; Miss W. Frank Harden, Southern Telephone Co., Columbia, S.C.; Mike Marino, WFAA-TV Dallas; Adrian L. White, KPOC-AM-FM Pocahontas, Ark., and J. T. Whillock, WLBN(AM) Lebanon, Ky. Convention—Mr. King and Mr. Venters, co-chairmen; Mr. McConnell, Stanley W. McKenzie, KWED-AM-FM Seguin, Tex.; Frank W. McLaurin, KSRO(AM) Santa Rosa, Calif.; Mr. Shapiro, Bill Sims, Wycom Corp., Laramie, Wyo.; Mark Smith, KLAS-TV Las Vegas; Leonard A. Swanson, WJIC-TV Pittsburgh; Cullie M. Tarleton, Jefferson Pilot Broadcasting, Charlotte, N.C., and Charles E. Wright, WBYS-AM-FM Canton, Ill. Engineering Advisory—Robert W. Flanders, Mount-Hill Broadcasting, Indianapolis, chairman; Mr. Arias, Charles F. Abel, KFMB(AM) San Diego, Ralph F. Batt, WGN Continental Broadcasting, Chicago; William E. Garrison, Multimedia Broadcasting, Greenville, S.C.; Albin R. Hillsstorm, KOOL-AM-FM-TV Phoenix; Eugene D. Jackson, National Black Network, New York; Martin H. Meaney, NBC-TV New York; James D. Parker, CBS-TV New York; R. Laverne Pointer, ABC, New York; Doyle D. Thompson, Landmark Communications, Norfolk, Va., and William Wisniewski, Mutual Broadcasting System, Arlington, Va. NAB packs bags for fall meetings Talkers from the FCC and Hill, sessions for managers and engineers at conferences beginning next week in Boston Speeches by FCC commissioners and members of the House Communications Subcommittee are among the highlights of the National Association of Broadcasters annual fall conferences, scheduled for six cities across the country. The conference series will begin in Boston Oct. 12-13 and move on to Atlanta Oct. 16-17, Chicago Oct. 19-20, San Francisco Oct. 26-27, Denver Oct. 30-31 and New Orleans Nov. 9-10. The FCC commissioners scheduled to address special luncheon sessions are Joseph Fogarty (Boston and San Francisco), Margita White (Atlanta), James Quello (Chicago), Tyrone Brown (Denver) and Robert E. Lee (New Orleans). Not yet set are the Communications Subcommittee members who will speak, but sessions with them will include open discussion. The six conferences will follow the same schedule with separate sessions for radio and TV managers and engineers, radio, engineering and television. The radio sessions will cover such topics as "People Management," sales and satellites. Television seminar subjects, will include sales, children's TV, community affairs programing and cable TV. Radio and TV engineering workshops will explore TV blanking; TV, AM and FM stereo; ENG subcarriers; audio processing; test techniques, and an FCC session. Joint sessions will include a seminar about newsroom staffing conducted by the Radio Television News Directors Association and a roundtable discussion with NAB executives. Great products for AM/FM radio broadcast. System 7000 program automation. FM broadcast antenna systems. AM and FM transmitters, consoles, and studio equipment. Cetec Broadcast Group means good news for radio broadcasters! FCBA spreading word on communications law to minority students A program to stimulate interest in communications law careers among minority law students has been established by the Federal Communications Bar Association. The Minority Legal Internship Program will also make available work-study experience designed to increase minority participation in communications law. To be eligible for the program, a student must be a minority student enrolled in an accredited law school, hired as a law clerk (part or full-time) by a law firm, corporation, association, congressional committee, government agency, etc. dealing with communications law and regularly attend special communications law seminars. The two-hour seminars are at the National Association of Broadcasters building BATTLE OF THE PLANETS FASTEST SELLING HALF-HOUR STRIP IN THE HISTORY OF SYNDICATION! - BATTLE in just 13 brief weeks (May 15 to Aug. 15) sold in 75 markets including 44 of the top 50 — representing 74% of U.S. TV homes. - BATTLE sold from one end of Canada to the other in 22 markets representing 85% of Canadian TV homes. - BATTLE is the only strip science-fiction action-adventure "Star Wars"-type series now available in syndication; the finest quality animated half-hour series ever produced for TV; the perfect lead-in for "Six Million Dollar Man," "Star Trek" and sitcoms. - The series includes factual information about our universe and the many galaxies in deep space. - Don't lose the "BATTLE"! Buy now while the 85 episodes are still available in your market! THANKS TO THESE STATIONS AND THEIR REPS, BATTLE OF THE PLANETS IS THE FASTEST SELLING HALF-HOUR SYNDICATED STRIP EVER! U.S. MARKETS NEW YORK—WNEW LOS ANGELES—KTTV CHICAGO—WFLO PHILADELPHIA—WKBS BOSTON—WLVI DETROIT—WKBD SAN FRANCISCO—KBHK CLEVELAND—WUAB WASHINGTON, D.C.—WTTG PITTSBURGH—WTAE DALLAS/FT. WORTH—KTVT ST. LOUIS—KPLR HOUSTON—KRIV ATLANTA—WANX MINN./ST. PAUL—KSTP TAMPA/ST. PETER.—WTOG BALTIMORE—WBAL INDIANAPOLIS—WTVT CINCINNATI—WLT KANSAS CITY—KBMA HART./NEW HAV.—WTNH MILWAUKEE—WVTV SACRAMENTO—KTXL DENVER—KOA NASHVILLE—WNGE BUFFALO—WKBW COLUMBUS, OH—WCMH PROVIDENCE—WJAR PHOENIX—KPHO NEW ORLEANS—WVUE CHARLOTTE—WCBB SAN DIEGO—KFMB GREENVILLE/SPART.—WFBC OKLAHOMA CITY—KOCO ORLANDO—WDBO CHAS./HUNT—WOWK GRAND RAPIDS—WZZM SAN ANTONIO—KMOL ALBANY—WAST LOUISVILLE—WDRB SCRANTON—WDAU NORFOLK—WYAH SYRACUSE—WSYR GRNSBRO./WIN.-SAL.—WFMY SALT LAKE CITY—KSTU TOLEDO—WDHO LITTLE ROCK—KTHV HARRISBURG/YORK—WLYH SHREVEPORT—KTAL WICHITA—KAKE MOBILE/PENSA.—WEAR GREEN BAY—WLUK JACKSONVILLE—WTLV ROANOKE—WLSL YOUNGSTOWN—WFMJ SOUTH BEND—WNDO FRESNO—KMPH FT. WAYNE—WPTA BATON ROUGE—WAFB EVANSVILLE—WTVW TUCSON—KOLD SPRINGFIELD, MA.—WWLP HUNTSVILLE—WHNT GREENVILLE./WASH.—WITN MADISON—WMTV BEAUMONT—KJAC CHARLESTON, S.C.—WCBD JOPLIN/PITT.—KOAM AUGUSTA—WJBF LANSING—WILX WILMINGTON, N.C.—WWAY SAVANNAH—WTOC WICHITA FALLS—KFDX LA CRSE./EAU CL.—WEAU LAS VEGAS—KSHO CANADIAN MARKETS GLOBAL TELEVISION NETWORK TORONTO—CKGN HAMILTON OTTAWA KITCHENER LONDON WINDSOR KINGSTON BARRIE PETERBOROUGH MONTREAL—CFCF VANCOUVER—CKVU WINNIPEG—CKND EDMONTON—CITV CALGARY—CFAC MONCTON—CKCW ST. JOHN—CKLT HALIFAX—CJCH SUDSBURY—CKSO SYDNEY—CJCB REGINA—CKCK ST. JOHNS, NFLO.—CJON SASKATOON—CFQC SANDY FRANK FILM SYNDICATION INC. 635 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022 (212) 628-2770 TWX 710-581-5205 in Washington and will be taught by members of the Federal Communications Bar Association. The 1979 summer association program seminars are Mondays, June 11 to Aug. 6. Erwin Krasnow, NAB senior vice president and general counsel, is handling correspondence about the program. A bit more sunshine The National Association of Broadcasters says the FCC should make available to the public "abbreviated versions" of staff reports in advance of commission's "sunshine" meetings. NAB's Erwin Krasnow, general counsel and senior vice president, and James J. Popham, assistant general counsel, said in a letter to FCC Chairman Charles D. Ferris that the public is at a disadvantage at FCC meetings. While commissioners are provided with staff reports on issues to be discussed well in advance, members of the public "are not given adequate summary," either in advance or at meetings, the NAB attorneys said. Generally, staff members offer a brief summary as introduction to discussion. Consequently, the NAB letter said, those who attend meetings cannot understand the discussion. Accordingly, the letter suggested either that the commission place abbreviated versions of reports in the public record when reports are distributed to commissioners or—at minimum—that summaries be released 24 hours before meetings or on the same day. Media Briefs Exception. Messages by legally qualified candidates appearing on broadcasts under equal time rule would be exempt from personal attack rule and fairness doctrine in FCC proposal. Rulemaking proceeding (comments due Dec. 15, replies Jan. 16) results from NBC request for ruling in case involving candidate who, in paid political announcement, personally attacked private individual not associated with another candidate. NAB minority help. National Association of Broadcasters has established minority legal fellowship program which will allow one graduating or recently graduated minority law school student to spend one year in NAB legal department. At end of year, NAB will help fellow find job in broadcasting, government or communications-related industry. Salary is $17,500. Applications are being accepted up to Nov. 15 for fellowship beginning September 1979. Harriman FM case goes back to the commission The U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington rebuked the FCC in reversing its decision denying a construction permit for an FM station in Harriman, Tenn., to Folkways Synchronize and correct! Now stop blanking width expansion with the NEC FS-15 FE* THE PROBLEM With the advent of ENG, expanded blanking has become more prevalent. The F.C.C. has taken action, and placed a six month modified moratorium on violation citations. During this interim they are hopeful that technology can correct picture distortion caused by excessive horizontal and vertical blanking widths. Time is running out. Will you be ready? THE SOLUTION NEC, digital pioneers and developers of the Emmy winning Frame Synchronizer and DVE System, announce the FS-15 FE. Included are all the features of the FS-15 Frame Synchronizer, plus fixed expansion capability. As the incoming picture is digitized, it is automatically expanded to compensate for blanking width shrinkage. Expansion increments of 1 to 7% may be selected for accurate video vs. blanking adjustment. Get the full picture today. For complete information call 800-323-6656. In Illinois, call (312) 640-3792. Patent applied for. 27810BED Broadcasting Co., and remanded the case to the commission for further proceedings. The court held that the commission erred in its refusal to permit Folkways, owned by Kenneth J. Crosthwait, to amend its application to remedy a defective survey to ascertain community needs. The FCC had rejected Folkways' argument that the commission's grant of permission to the applicant in another case to amend its ascertainment survey was grounds for granting Folkways' petition. The court, which directed the commission to consider the applicability of that other decision, said this was not the first time it has had to remind the commission that "agency action cannot stand when it is so 'inconsistent with its precedents as to constitute arbitrary treatment amounting to an abuse of discretion.'" Smith to EEOC from FCC President Carter has nominated the FCC's associate general counsel, Clay J. Smith Jr., to be a member of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for a term that expires on July 1, 1982. Mr. Smith joined the commission in 1974 as deputy chief of the Cable Television Bureau. He was named to the general counsel office job two years later. Mr. Smith, 36, received his BA degree from Creighton University in 1964, a JD from Howard University School of Law (where he has served as an adjunct professor) in 1967, and an LLM in 1970 and SJD in 1977 from George Washington University School of Law. More on fairness In late-filed comments, COM pushes its 'right of access' plan; is opposed by UCC and Springfield Television Among comments filed after the Sept. 1 deadline in the FCC's look at two proposals involving the fairness doctrine were those of the Committee for Open Media, originator of one of the proposals. Most broadcasters and broadcast organizations objected strongly to the COM "right of access" proposal (BROADCASTING, Sept. 11) in which television stations would provide an hour a week to the public, half on a first-come-first-served basis and half through representative spokesmen. They also objected, almost as strongly, to the "10-issue" proposal offered by Henry Geller, assistant secretary for communication and information, Commerce Department. It would require stations to list annually the 10 issues they choose for most coverage and describe offers for responses and representative programing. In its comments, COM emphasized it is asking for a three-year experiment of a voluntary system, although it said it would support a mandatory program. The existing fairness doctrine is a "paternalistic, unenforced, content-oriented system which involves the government directly in the content decisions of a broadcast station," COM said. On the other hand, Springfield Television Corp. said the COM proposal would turn into a monopoly for a few well-organized groups, and that those left out would turn to the commission for relief and draw it into a position of continuous surveillance of the stations' access programs. COM said its plan seeks to facilitate "less licensee discrimination and less censorship of vital discussion...." It said licensees "are trustees for the public; they are not necessarily representatives of various segments of the public." The public's interest is best served, COM said, when its members and their representatives discuss issues themselves. On that point, in another late filing, the Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ said the COM proposal shifts the burden of selecting and presenting balanced discussion of controversial issues of public importance from the licensee to the public—"Licensee judgment would be replaced by a queue." Public advocates of causes, the church said, are by inclination "poor guardians of access to the air," and listeners and viewers must depend on broadcasters to present discussion of controversial issues in an equitable manner. The fairness doctrine "sounds far better than it works," COM said. Only once, it said, has the commission refused license renewal on fairness doctrine grounds and only once has it found violation under the doctrine's affirmative obligation. Along with news and other public affairs programming, COM said its access system would offer a better chance for the public to hear various sides of controversial issues because of the spot format. Also, it said there would be more partisan voices and issues. COM said it has found that where access spots are offered, lines are not unduly long and discussion is more likely to be timely than where no access time is offered. Springfield said where access was offered on CATV systems, it was monopolized by certain organized and vocal groups which had concerns that were "esoteric and hardly reflective of general community interests or standards." Another late filing came from Phil Jacklin, COM's founder, who, speaking individually, said he wanted to present a "broad analysis of policy options" and not speak on the single access proposals. He said the commission should do what is necessary to design its own access system, test it and once proved, make it mandatory for all broadcasters. Charles D. Ferris, asked that the commission look into the circumstances surrounding the submission of the virtually identical comments. They do not stop there. Noting that not all FCBA members are private attorneys—some represent citizen groups—they said the commission should adopt a policy designed "to deal with this problem." (The FCBA-GTE Service Corp. situation is not unique. It is not unusual to find identical, or virtually identical, comments filed in behalf of two or more parties by a law firm representing all of them.) They would require any association of attorneys that presents its views to the commission to file with the agency a statement of the processes by which the organization adopts its views, identifying by name and office the persons who played a decision-making role. They would also require the associations to file with their comments a list of persons who prepared or adopted them, and to list any of the individuals' affiliations that would be affected by the commission action being considered. One reason the FCBA and GTE Service Corp. comments were virtually identical, is that the same person prepared them. Vincent Gallogly, who is employed by the company, is a member of the FCBA Practice and Procedure Committee—Nonbroadcast, which was responsible for preparing FCBA's comments in the inquiry. Lloyd Young was chairman of the comcommittee in February, when it reached a consensus as to the arguments to be made in the pleading. He said the drafting job was assigned to Mr. Gallogly, who prepared a draft which the committee, and ultimately the association's executive committee, approved with only minor changes. "There was no disagreement that the draft reflected the consensus," Mr. Young said. He also said he did not know about the GTE Service Corp. filing until he read the institute's letter. To Mr. Gallogly, it was simply a matter of preparing sets of comments for two parties with essentially the same views. He said the two sets of comments were prepared "simultaneously" and left his desk "at the same time"—one set to the FCBA and the other to officials of GTE Service Corp. Both sets, Mr. Gallogly noted, were approved. "The real question," he said, "is if the comments represent the views of the parties. And they do." The FCBA executive committee met last week to consider the matter, and decided to file an "appropriate response," as R. Russell Eagan, FCBA president, put it. "We want to set the record straight, and avoid the creation of any false impressions." As did Mr. Young, he said the comments FCBA filed were approved by Mr. Young's committee and the executive committee. And, with the apparent exception of Mr. Gallogly, no one knew the two sets of comments were virtually identical. --- Proposed* - KZAP(FM) Sacramento, Calif.: Sold by The New Day Broadcasting Co. to KLUC Inc. for $1.4 million. Seller is principally owned by Dorothy Fickes, who has no other broadcast interests. Buyer is owned by Peer Pedersen and Howard C. Warren (30% each), Richard Phalen (26%) and William Phalen (14%). Buyers own KMJJ(AM)-KLUC(FM) Las Vegas and KMGX(AM)-KRQQ(FM) Tucson, Ariz. KZAP is on 98.5 mhz with 50 kw and antenna 250 feet above average terrain. Broker: William A. Exline Inc. - WTNT(AM)-WLW(FM) Tallahassee, Fla.: Sold by Walter-Weeks Broadcasting Co. to Robert Ingstad for $1 million. Seller also owns WMFJ(AM)-WQXQ(FM) Daytona Beach, WSPB-AM-FM Sarasota and WJNO-AM-FM West Palm Beach, all Florida. Buyer owns KGZR(AM) Missoula, Mont.; KKOA(AM) Minot, N.D.; KKLK(AM)-KKHJ(FM) Rapid City, S.D., and KGFX(AM) Pierre, S.D. WTNT is on 1270 khz with 5 kw full time. WLW is on 94.9 mhz with 51 kw and antenna 210 feet above average terrain. Broker: Cecil L. Richards Inc. - KAAT(AM) Denver: Sold by Radio Colorado-Corp. to Leo Payne Broadcasting Inc. for $850,000. Seller is owned by John Gayer, who owns 85% of KFNF(AM) Shenandoah, Iowa, and with his wife, Dorothy, 40% of KBCR-AM-FM Steamboat Springs, Colo. Buyer is owned by Leo Payne (90%) and John R. Lego (10%). Mr. Payne owns Colorado auto dealerships. Mr. Lego is former general manager at KERE(AM) Denver. KAAT is on 1090 khz with 50 kw full time. - KVSF(AM) Santa Fe, N.M.: Sold by New Mexico Broadcasting to Fiesta Communications Corp. for $410,000. Seller is principally owned by Goldie Hebenstreit, board chairman, who has no other broadcast interests. Buyer is owned by Wycom Corp. (51%) and Alfredo R. Sena (49%). Wycom owns KWYO(AM)-KLWD(FM) Sheridan, KUGR(AM) Green River, KODI(AM) Cody and KOJO(AM)-KIOZ(FM) Laramie, all Wyoming, and KPSA(AM) Alamogordo, N.M. William R. Sims is president and principal owner. Mr. Sena is general manager at KVSF. KVSF is on 1260 khz with 1 kw full time. - WTBO(AM) Warwick, N.Y.: Sold by Warwick Broadcasting Corp. to Sturr Communications Corp. for $400,000. Seller is principally owned by Edward N. Klein, president, who is president and part owner of Warwick Cable TV Corp. He has no other broadcast interests. Buyer is owned by James W. Sturr Jr., Chester, N.Y., bank vice president who has no other broadcast interests. WTBO is 250 w daytimer on 1110 khz. - WGPA(AM) Bethlehem, Pa.: Sold by The Holt Broadcasting Corp. of Pennsylvania to Chadwick Broadcasting Co. for $400,000. Seller, principally owned by Arthur H. Holt, president, owns WZZO(FM) Bethlehem. Buyer is equally owned by Henry G. Chadwick and his wife, Mary. Mr. Chadwick is former general sales manager at WFIL-TV Philadelphia. Neither he nor his wife has other broadcast interests. WGPA is 250 w daytimer on 1100 khz. - WIPS(AM) Ticonderoga, N.Y.: Sold by Motsinger Communications Inc. to John Colagrande and Augustine M. Cawley for $150,000. Seller is owned by John K. Motsinger, who has no other broadcast interests. Mr. Colagrande, former operations manager at WWOM(AM) Albany, N.Y., is news director at WIPS. Mr. Cawley is vice president and general manager at WWOM. WIPS is 1 kw daytimer on 1250 khz. Broker: Keith W. Horton Co. - WMFL(AM) Monticello, Fla.: Sold by Townsend Broadcasting Corp. to Monticello Broadcasting Co. for $100,000. Seller is principally owned by H. L. Townsend, president, who owns WTBP(AM) Parsons, WBRY(AM) Woodbury and WSEV-AMFM Sevierville, all Tennessee. Buyer is owned by Mike Piscitelli, producer at non-commercial WSRE(TV) Pensacola, Fla., and J. Leffon Westmoreland, Pensacola attorney. Neither has other broadcast interests. WMFL is 1 kw daytimer on 1090 kHz. Broker: Chapman Associates. Approved - WPGH-TV Pittsburgh: Sold by Pittsburgh Telecasting Inc. to Meredith Broadcasting for $11.7 million plus additional sum of up to $500,000 if closing occurs prior to Dec. 31. Seller is wholly owned by Sitip Realty, Pittsburgh, which, in turn, is owned by Pittsburgh Outdoor Advertising Inc. Henry Posner Jr. is principal owner of advertising firm. Buyer, major group broadcaster, is subsidiary of Meredith Corp., Des Moines, Iowa, publisher of Better Homes & Gardens, Successful Farming and consumer books. Meredith owns KPHO-TV Phoenix; WGST(AM)-WPGH(FM) Atlanta; WNEM-TV Bay City, Mich.; KCMO-AM-TV-KCEZ(FM) Kansas City, Mo.; WOW(AM)-KEZO(FM) Omaha, and WTVH(TV) Syracuse, N.Y. WPGH-TV is channel 53 independent with 2,338 kw visual, 191 kw aural and antenna 1,024 feet above average terrain. - WADO(AM) New York: Sold by Charter Broadcasting Inc. to Wilson Communications Inc. for $6.5 million. Seller is subsidiary of publicly traded Charter Co., which acquired original owner, Bartell Media Corp., and parent, Downe Communications Inc., late last year. Charter's broadcasting division owns WDRO(FM) Detroit, WMJX(FM) Miami (now in license-renewal hearing and conditionally sold to minority group [BROADCASTING, Aug. 28]), WOKY(AM) Milwaukee, KSLQ(FM) St. Louis and KCBO(AM) San Diego. Charter also publishes The Ladies Home Journal, Sport, American Home, Redbook, Womensport and Discount Merchandiser magazines. Buyer is owned by Nelson G. Lavergne (30%), Hugh W. Downe (25%), Premier Maldonado (20%), Manuel F. Silverio (15%) and Ben Morales (10%). Mr. Lavergne is vice president, general manager of station. Mr. Downe is New York business consultant. Mr. Maldonado owns San Juan, Puerto Rico, advertising firm of which Mr. Silverio is financial director. Mr. Morales is WADO sales manager. None has other broadcast interests. Buying group was reorganized after earlier purchase of same station fell through after transfer application was caught in FCC delay caused by investigation of another Bartell station (BROADCASTING, June 27, 1977). George Wilson, former Bartell vice president, was original principal in buying group but sold to others after involvement in FCC case concerning WMJX(FM) Miami. WADO is on 1280 kHz with 5 kw full time. - WDBC(AM)-WFNN(FM) Escanaba, Mich.: Sold by KVZ Inc. to Delta Broadcasting Co. for $600,000 plus assumption of $235,000 in notes. This and sale of KHAK-AM-FM Cedar Rapids, Iowa (see following item), were contingent upon transfer of control of Communications Properties Inc. from estate of Hart N. Cardozo Jr. (83.3%) to KVZ Inc., which is owned by former officers of Communications Properties: Philip T. Kelly, president (8.5% before transfer and 49.9% after); Richard C. Voight, vice president (4.22% before, 25.8% after), and James L. Zimmerman, vice president (3.97% before, 24.3% after). KVZ will retain WDBQ(AM)-KIWI(FM) Dubuque, Iowa; KATE(AM)-KCFI-FM Albert Lea, Minn.; KFGO(AM) Fargo, N.D., WNFL(AM) Green Bay, Wis., and applications for new FM's in Fargo and Green Bay. Buyer, Delta Broadcasting, is joint venture of Midwest Wireless and Blackacre Ltd. Midwest is owned by Jack E. Kaufman (80%) and Robert L. Haslow (20%), partners in WWKI(AM) Celina, Ohio. Mr. Kaufman is part owner of WBMB(AM)-WBMI(FM) West Branch, Mich. Blackacre is principally owned by James R. Cooke and his wife, Betsy. Mr. Cooke is communications lawyer in Washington and partner in Arlington, Va., investment firm where his wife is employed. Neither has other broadcast interests. WDBC is on 680 kHz with 10 kw daytime and 1 kw night. WFNN is on 104.7 mhz with 100 kw and antenna 350 feet above average terrain. - KHAK-AM-FM Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Sold by KVZ Inc. (which also sold WDBC(AM)-WFNN(FM) Escanaba, Mich. [see preceding item]) to Stoner Broadcasting System for $575,000 plus $100,000 in noncompetition and consulting agreements. Stoner, principally owned by trusts for Thomas H. and Ruth H. Stoner, owns KSO(AM)-KGGO(FM) Des Moines, Iowa; WNBF(AM)-WOYT(FM) Binghamton, N.Y., and has sold, subject to FCC approval, WVEZ(FM) Louisville, Ky. KHAK is 1 kw daytimer on 1360 kHz. KHAK-FM is on 98.1 mhz with 6.8 kw and antenna 210 feet above average terrain. Still working on a deal: Rust Craft and Ziff Corp. Rust Craft Greeting Cards Inc. last week scheduled its annual shareholders meeting for Oct. 5, but was still trying to meet a Nov. 9 deadline for a special meeting of shareholders to consider the controversial $80.8-million acquisition offer by Ziff Corp. Ziff had increased its second, 30-a-share offer for Rust Craft stock to $30.50 a share, conditioned on Rust Craft's holding a special stockholders meeting by Nov. 9 to vote on the merger (BROADCASTING, Aug. 28). Officials of Rust Craft, a group TV and radio station owner with diversified interests, said last week they were trying to meet the Nov. 9 deadline but were not sure they could. The projected acquisition, already approved by the FCC, has been held up by two Rust Craft stockholder-directors, Jack and Myles Berkman, who contend Ziff's offers are too low. A solution looking for a problem CBS's Rosenfield, in speech to Washington Ad Club, says FTC proposal to ban ads to children uses questionable research; he points to rise in smoking after cigarette ban to question value of sugared food prohibition James H. Rosenfield, president of the CBS-TV network, last week denounced the Federal Trade Commission staff's proposal to restrict advertising to children as the work—and shoddily based work, at that—of regulators who would "protect" the American people from themselves, at the expense of children's programming. In developing its case against children's advertising, Mr. Rosenfield said in a speech to the Washington Advertising Club, the FTC staff relied on questionable research and ignored findings that contradicted its conclusions. "When you get all the way to the bottom of this," he said, "what you have is a particular estimate of human nature and a particular view of how it should be dealt with. It says that humankind is weak and does not know what is good for it. That may well be true—alas. But the rub is the proposition that goes with this: You don't know what's good for you—but I do! And therefore I must protect you from yourself—by removing certain things from your path. "The curious thing is that many of the claims being made about television [by the FTC staff] are so unrelated to common sense and based on such sketchy evidence that they strike the advertising professional as coming from a dream world. He must support his claims and defend his copy before one tough tribunal after another—his own lawyers and company experts to begin with; those of the media (particularly television), those of various regulatory bodies and, ultimately, before the consumer, the user of his product." When the FTC expects its proposed restrictions to reduce the consumption of sugared foods, Mr. Rosenfield said, it forgets what happened when broadcast advertising of cigarettes was banned: "The presumed greatest benefactors of that move were to be the oncoming generation of smokers. So where do we find the greatest increase in cigarette consumption today? Among teen-agers, of course—most of whom probably never saw a cigarette commercial on television." Even if sugared foods are harmful—"which is not at all clear"—the harm is in the product, not in the advertising; he asserted. In contending that many young children do not understand that advertising is intended to sell, he said, the FTC staff ignored its own research evidence that substantial numbers of children do understand. "In any case," he added, "those children too young to understand the purpose of advertising will not be making the family's buying decisions." In arguing that TV turns children into "highly successful naggers" of their parents, he said, the staff cited a study conducted among a skimpy sample of 41 children and their parents—but ignored a finding in that same study showing that "more of the 'requests' made by these 41 children were for products rarely if ever advertised to them on television than for products whose advertising does appear in children's programs." As for parents' "helplessness" against their children's viewing habits, he observed: "Quite a scenario—Rabid children, driven by deceptive commercials, compelling defenseless parents to feed them harmful foods." CBS, he said, treats children "seriously and honestly and with special consideration." He ticked off some of the children's programs, saying "we are delighted to be challenged on our record in this area—if only we could get some of our critics to look at it." He noted that the FCC a few years ago rejected a similar ban on advertising on children's television, acknowledging that "without advertising, broadcasting would not exist." "Here," he said, "we are at the heart of the matter. The FTC staff report takes a collection of theories about television ... the psyches of young children ... parent-child relationships ... American dietary habits ... and consumer behavior ... connects them as though they had been demonstrated in a single laboratory experiment ... and arrives at a radical conclusion that clearly will not remedy the harm it supposes to exist. What it certainly will do is undermine the funding for children's television." More and better research will bring in more dollars to TV That's gist of seminar held by Katz; Sears's Miller urges support of plan to get Arbitron to put newspaper data in TV reports; Gimbel's Sciaky sees need for more independent studies Television stations have been urged by two retail executives to improve and intensify their research activities as a means of luring additional retail advertising dollars to TV. These suggestions were offered at a seminar conducted in New York for its represented TV stations on Sept. 20 and 21 by the marketing division of the Katz Agency. The speakers were Bernard Miller, manager of media services of Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago, and Judy Sciaky, broadcast director of Gimbels Philadelphia stores. Mr. Miller exhorted the audience of 80 TV station executives to support Sears, Roebuck in its effort to persuade Arbitron to include newspaper readership data in its TV rating reports. He said that "the mechanics are available for Arbitron to obtain newspaper data and through its Arbitron Information on Demand (AID) research system to supply otherwise not available reach and frequency information which Sears very much needs for making media-mix decisions." Mr. Miller claimed that at present the company's zone and group merchandise managers and their agencies do not have data available to make valid comparisons of reach among media in Sears's various marketing zones. The addition of the newspaper data, he said, would help Sears's advertising decision-makers to "better pinpoint media effectiveness in reaching target audiences." He noted that broadcasters should support the Sears proposal, adding he felt the data "might prove favorable to television in determining retailers' media-mix decisions." In the question-and-answer period, Peter Goulazian, vice president of the Katz Marketing Division, indicated that the consensus among Katz-represented TV stations is to support the Sears position and said that Katz already has informed Arbitron of its stance. "We believe that this data will conclusively show that television—and for that matter, radio—can deliver more effective reach and frequency than most retailers currently are willing to accord broadcast media." Ms. Sciaky of Gimbels said the way to increase use of TV and radio is to provide retailers with objective surveys prepared by outside agencies rather than by stations. She referred specifically to the Orion Broadcasting Katz Agency study as an example of independent research that is valuable to retail advertising. (The Orion Broadcasting/Katz Agency project profiled women shoppers, 18-64, in eight Iowa counties surrounding Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It investigated women's shopping habits and attitudes to determine where they shop, why they shop there and how best to reach them.) Ms. Sciaky pointed out that "heavy newspaper use is a habit with retailers" and said broadcasters "must become as entrenched as newspapers in advertising departments by presenting proof-positive to buyers." In this connection, she urged that TV work closely with store buyers and educate them on broadcast operations. "The facts show that retail advertising needs to change," Ms. Sciaky asserted. "The market has changed. Heavy dollars spent in print are wasted. Print just doesn't have enough reach for today's market. I'd like to see my broadcast budget tripled." The value of the Katz PROBE computerized systems was underlined in talks by Hudson Shubert of KTVY(TV) Oklahoma City, Wayne Croasdell of WESH-TV Daytona Beach, Fla., and Ken George of KOVR(TV) Sacramento, Calif. They pointed out that PROBE has been helpful in building sales by showing clients how to maximize their advertising within a set budget by using a media mix to reach the most customers in the proper geographic areas at the best frequency. Engineers seek help from ad community on blanking problems Pass on the word to production houses, they're told at D.C. meeting A technical problem, usually the province of television engineers, was taken to the advertising community for assistance during a meeting last week of the Washington Advertising Club. The growing number of TV commercials with vertical and horizontal blanking intervals that exceed FCC specifications (BROADCASTING, Aug. 21, 28) was the subject of a workshop moderated by Ralph Thompson, chief engineer at WJMV-TV Washington, who was assisted by engineers from other Washington stations: WTTG, WRC-TV, WDC-A-TV and WJLA-TV. Washington broadcasters are especially concerned because the FCC is constantly monitoring their stations, Mr. Thompson said. Programming with excessive blanking widths has lately become an issue in the broadcasting community, Mr. Thompson explained, because of the proliferation of... material produced on three-quarter-inch ENG equipment. Each piece of equipment in the process (cameras, time base correctors etc.) can add blanking space resulting in reduction in the size of the TV picture. And each time a tape is dubbed, Mr. Thompson explained, the blanking is increased. Since many pieces of equipment are factory adjusted to the upper limits there is no room for additions during, say, the editing process. The panel explained blanking and went on to urge the people at ad agencies to tell production houses that they should be paying careful attention to the specs on the spots produced and to see that the copy finally sent to stations is within tolerance. "Once the picture size is reduced," Mr. Thompson said, "there's no way to get the material back." The only solution is to expand the picture to fill the screen, resulting in a loss of sharpness in the center. The FCC has relaxed the limits slightly until next June to give broadcasters time to study the problem and come up with solutions. But, according to Mr. Thompson, agencies and producers should not view the extension as a solution. Every effort should be made, he said, to supply spots meeting the limits. A broadcaster group formed to deal with the matter, the Broadcasters Ad Hoc Committee on Television Blanking Widths, is meeting weekly to study operational problems and may come up with a list of equipment causing most of the problems and offer some solutions. Programming CBS, NBC vie for second best to ABC's first Latest premiere week's ratings: - ABC 20.9, NBC 17.4, CBS 17.3 The prime-time premiere weeks of CBS-TV and NBC-TV ended with the two networks in a virtual tie for second place in the ratings averages (NBC by a nose), but in terms of new series introductions, CBS took the lead. (See box on facing page.) ABC-TV remained on top in both respects, scoring a 20.9 average for the week of Sept. 18-24 to NBC's 17.4 and CBS's 17.3. ABC had 13 of the top 20 shows to CBS's five and NBC's two. NBC stayed in contention by scheduling movies on five nights of the week and pulling fair to good audiences with them—a 34 share for "Audrey Rose" on Monday, 30 and 33 shares for "Airport '77" on Tuesday and Wednesday, (BROADCASTING, Sept. 25) a 30 share for "Burnt Offerings" on Saturday and a 37 for "The Other Side of the Mountain" on Sunday. The network's series didn't do as well. Of the 18 new shows aired by all three networks during the week, eight, split evenly between ABC and CBS, scored 30 shares or better. Of the 10 new shows pulling sub-30 shares, six belonged to NBC, three to CBS and one to ABC (see table). Some of ABC's new programs did settle a bit after their initial outings the previous week; Galactica, for example, pulled a 42 share with its three-hour premiere, then came in with a 36 in its second outing. But with one exception all of ABC's new programs still won their time periods, a feat accomplished by none of the other networks' new shows. The exception for ABC was Apple Pie, which premiered at 8:30-9 p.m. NYT Saturday with a 24 share, two points down from its lead-in, Carter Country. Both programs were third in the time periods. NBC's CHiPs, the only hold-over from the network's crop of new shows last fall, won it with a 37 share. CBS premiered Rhoda with a 27 share at 8:30-9 p.m. and Good Times with a 29 at 8:30-9 p.m. ABC won the rest of the night handily with Love Boat and Fantasy Island, leaving CBS's American Girls with a 19 share and Dallas with a 23. NBC came in a distant third on each of the two nights it did not have movies. On Thursday, the network premiered its new line-up of Project UFO, Quincy and W.E.B., pulling 18, 26 and 20 shares, respectively. The Waltons led off CBS's night with a two-hour, 35-share season premiere, followed by Barnaby Jones's 36 share. ABC took the night with Mork and Mindy's 41 share, What's Happening's 37, Barney Miller's 35, Soap's 33 and Family's 36. On Friday, NBC premiered Waverly Wonders and Who's Watching the Kids in the 8-9 p.m. lead-off hour. They scored 22 and 18 shares, behind Donny and Marie's 35 share on ABC and Wonder Woman's 29 on CBS. "The Bad News Bears" took the rest of the evening for ABC with a 42 share. While CBS married off The Incredible Hulk in a two-hour, 28-share season premiere, NBC's Quincy and Eddie Capra Mysteries were pulling 26 and 21 shares. CBS had its best luck with People (a 32 share), Mary (31), WKRP in Cincinnati (32) and Kaz (31) and its worst with In the Beginning (26), Paper Chase (19) and American Girls (19). Dick Clark's Live Wednesday was NBC's top-rated new entry, followed by Grandpa Goes to Washington, The Eddie Capra Mysteries, Waverly Wonders, W.E.B. and Who's Watching the Kids. ABC scored highest with Taxi (enjoying Three's Company's lead-in on Tuesday), followed by Mork and Mindy, Vega$, Galactica and Apple Pie. Another big drama for CBS Radio Affiliates learn of Sears plan to sponsor five-nights-a-week hour; return to the days of advertiser program ownership and control; more news coming Advertiser-produced and sponsored westerns, adventures, romances, horror stories and comedies, long-time staples of the vintage years of radio, will make their return Feb. 5 when the CBS Radio network launches the weeknightly Sears Radio Theater. The announcement of the one-year commitment (130 originals, 130 repeats) came last week during the CBS Radio network affiliates' 21st biennial convention at the Arizona Biltmore in Phoenix attended by more than 400 broadcasters. Affiliates also were informed of programming and commercial schedule revamping as well as plans for Olympics coverage. Production for the Sears Radio Theater will be entirely in the hands of Sears, Roebuck & Co., which has hired Elliot Lewis as executive producer. The plays and a theme song will be original. Among the writers/producers working with Mr. Lewis are Norman Corwin, Fletcher Markel and Arch Oboler. Production already has begun and a Hollywood soundstage will be used for the broadcasts. Gar Ingraham, Sears vice president for retail sales, who made the announcement with Sam Cook Digges, CBS Radio president, said Vincent Price and Andy Griffith already have been signed for two of the five host roles and verbal commitments have come from others. "The response from every actress and actor we've spoken with—from stage, television and film—has been enthusiastic," Mr. Ingraham said. Sears plans to mail advance program schedules to its 22 million credit-card holders and use newspaper advertising to promote local call letters and frequencies. Local Sears stores will have the opportunity to further advertise through the minutes being left to the stations to sell commercially. CBS Radio, following its hourly newscasts, will send two nightly feeds of the broadcast: 7:08-7:58 and 9:08-9:58. Four minutes will be given to local spots and Sears will take six minutes within the play itself. Neither CBS Radio nor Sears would reveal the budget for advertising and production, but Mr. Digges said the deal involves "several million dollars." It appeared to be among the biggest, if not the biggest, in recent network radio history. In formal remarks, Mr. Digges explained that "with the success of the CBS Mystery Theater [on more than 220 stations], which will celebrate its fifth anniversary in January, we have learned that there is a large and enthusiastic audience for radio drama." When questioned, Mr. Digges said that he "felt for years that we could have block programming back," adding enthusiastically, "God knows what [Sears Radio Theater] could lead to." Right now, however, Mr. Digges said there was "nothing else on the front burner." Affiliates will be encouraged to run the plays during the 7 p.m. hour or at 9 p.m. However, in those cases where sports programming might conflict or stronger affiliated stations are needed, delays will be arranged. McCann-Erickson is handling Sears advertising. While CBS Radio will be beefing up its weekday drama, news programming will be added to weekend schedules. Richard M. Brescia, vice president and general manager of the network, told affiliates of the CBS News Weekend Report, 20-part "instant" specials that will be fed down the line when it is judged that news events warrant such coverage. The Weekend Report, with each segment expected to run about four minutes, is in addition to the six Weekend Specials, also 20-parters, already scheduled for 1979: "Superbowl XIII," (Jan. 20-21); "Your Taxes '79" (Feb. 24-25); "The Movies '79" (March 31-April 1); "The Masters: Golf's Finest Tradition" (April 7-8); "The Wonderful World of Baseball" (Sept. 29-30), and "Meet the Cook for the Holidays" (Dec. 8-9). Weekend Specials, CBS Radio fare since 1972, no longer will pre-empt regularly scheduled programming. Weekend Report also will not be a source of pre-emption. On the Olympic front, Mr. Brescia outlined plans for 728 broadcasts beginning in January 1979 and running through the Aug. 3, 1980, closing ceremonies (for NBC Radio's plans, see page 54). Joining CBS Radio sports reporters Pat Summerall, Brent Musburger, Win Elliot, Jim Kelly and Ron Weber will be former Olympic gold medalists Pat McCormick (diving) and Parry O'Brien (shotput). Mr. Brescia explained that his network's coverage would increase progressively through the Olympic trials and Pan American games, following to the Lake Placid, N.Y., winter Olympics and then the Moscow games. The Olympics, a weekend series, is to begin Jan. 27, and in early 1979, another series, The Olympic Trials, will debut. During August 1979, CBS Radio plans coverage from Puerto Rico of The Pan American Games, and other pre-Olympic activities will be taken care of in Countdown to the Games, scheduled six weeks before the Lake Placid events commence Feb. 13 and six weeks prior to the Moscow opener July 19. National advertisers, Mr. Brescia said, will have commercial sponsorship available for the coverage, with local distributors being offered tie-ins. - In other areas as well, Mr. Brescia presented the affiliates with a programing package he said will make them "even more competitive for both listeners' ears and advertisers' dollars." That involves streamlining several features to allow more local coverage and commercials as well as making local commercial time in 18 weekend shows available for the first time. Over-all, CBS Radio will be cutting six-minute shows to four-and-a-half minutes; nine-minute features will drop to six. And within those programs where CBS Radio currently has two national commercial minutes, it will be returning 30 seconds to local stations. Shortened will be morning and afternoon drive features: First Line Report, Sports World Roundup, Newsbreak and Walter Cronkite Reporting. Among the programs with scheduling changes in store will be Mike Wallace at Large, from weekdays to twice on both Saturdays and Sundays. Mr. Brescia characterized the Wallace move as "an important part of our process to intensify the sound of our weekends." CBS also is making a weekend sports drive, Mr. Brescia explained, noting for example, that Win Elliot's Sports Central USA will move to the afternoon and be broadcast five times a day, at 25 minutes past the hour. In other sports scheduling, Mr. Brescia discussed expanded golf and tennis coverage including more tournaments and Golf Tips and Tennis Tips (all with local commercial availability). And in addition to the new Sears Radio Theater, affiliates were informed of the return of Harry Reasoner's The Reasoner Report Monday through Friday and the new weekday Health, Science and You with Charles Crawford. - The CBS Radio affiliates continued a tradition during an awards ceremony honoring stations that have been in that network fold for 30 years. Receiving golden microphones and bringing membership in the "30-year club" up to 65 were WKRG(AM) Mobile, Ala.; KBOW(AM) Butte, Mont., and KFRB(AM) Fairbanks, Alaska. NBC Radio will set the pace for Olympic coverage Nearly 1,000 special programs will be carried before and during the 1980 games Under the umbrella title Olympic Odyssey, NBC Radio has scheduled 984 programs covering the action before and during the 1980 Olympic Games from Moscow ("Closed Circuit," July 10). The series, ranging from the games themselves to personal profiles of potential Olympians, begins Jan. 2, 1979, and continues for more than a year and a half until the Olympics' closing ceremonies Aug. 3, 1980. "Never before has a radio network been so fully committed in covering an event of this magnitude," said Richard P. Verne, NBC Radio executive vice president. He explained that it will cost "several million dollars" for radio coverage. And as with NBC's television coverage, the Olympic Odyssey effort is being taken as a way not only to bolster audience for those interested in the games, but also to build the network's sports reputation thereafter. NBC Radio will be proceeding with a three-phase coverage effort. From Jan. 2 Help for homes. Stars of Battered, program about wife beating broadcast Sept. 26 on NBC, met with congressional supporters of the Domestic Violence Assistance Act at a press conference Sept. 21. L-r: Representatives William Green (R-N.Y.), Lindy Boggs (D-La.), House Majority Whip John Brademas (Ind.), and Newton I. Steers Jr. (R-Md.), with co-author and star of the program, Karen Grassle, and actress Chip Fields. through Dec. 31, 1979, 364 daily programs will be fed to affiliates at 5:45 p.m. (this and all following times are NYT), each four and a half minutes in length. Featured elements will be the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Amateur Athletic Union and international competitions in Olympic sports, Olympic trials, personality profiles, and special events including World Cup Gymnastics, the Millrose indoor track and field games, and the Pan American Games. From Jan. 1, 1980, through July 18 that year, NBC will have two four and a half minute programs daily, at 4:45 p.m. and 5:45 p.m. These 400 programs will involve live reports from the Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, N.Y., Olympic trials in the U.S. and abroad, more personality features and interviews with Olympians and coaches. Opening day of the Olympic Games in Moscow launches the third and final phase of NBC Radio coverage, beginning July 19. On both the opening and closing days of the actual events, NBC Radio will offer five four and a half minute broadcasts. Between those days, coverage is to start at 5:45 a.m., with an eight and a half minute summary of events a day earlier, followed with 13 four and a half minute actuality reports from 6:45 a.m. to 6:45 p.m., concluding with another eight and a half minute summary at 10:45 p.m. That amounts to 220 programs. NBC Radio has yet to determine who will be the on-air talent for Olympic Odyssey. However, current thought is to have a pool of six sportscasters and commentators, one big-name sportscaster, three NBC Radio sportscasters, one European sports talent on-air and one former Olympic star. associated with public broadcasting promotion, and Gerry Rowe, who was NBC's vice president in charge of advertising and promotion until he joined Mr. Pearlman last January. Jack Heller, who has been director of print advertising design for NBC, has resigned to supervise design activities for the agency. 325(b) or not to be Another battle erupts at FCC over programming sent to Mexico that's beamed back to states A company affiliated with a Tijuana, Mexico, radio station has given the FCC an opportunity to clarify its position on a law requiring a permit to deliver programming to Mexico for broadcast back to the United States. Pacific Radio International Inc., as U.S. sales representative for XHRM(FM) Tijuana, has filed with the FCC for a permit under Section 325(b) of the Communications Act to transport programming to Mexico. A group of San Diego broadcasters organized as the Committee for Equality in Radio Frequencies (CERF) has filed a petition to deny. Keith Putbese, attorney for Pacific Radio, said the request for a permit was filed as a cautionary measure since Pacific Radio does not believe one is necessary to --- Public promotion PBS kicks off largest ad campaign in its history with $2 million for print and broadcast push of its 'world of difference' The largest advertising campaign in the history of the Public Broadcasting Service began yesterday (Oct. 1). It is promoting its fall campaign (Broadcasting, Sept. 18) with more than $2 million in Corporation for Public Broadcasting and local station matching funds. In the past, most public TV series and specials have been advertised on a per-program basis, with funds provided by corporate underwriters. This year 117 public stations and CPB are sharing the financing of the extensive advertising effort that will continue through December. Advertisements will run in local editions of TV Guide, newspapers and broadcast media—almost all placed locally. PBS asked stations to spend two-thirds of their advertising funds on national shows and one-third on local programming. The initial advertising theme is: "There's a world of difference on public TV." PBS is coordinating the campaign and its agency, Pearlman/Rowe Inc., New York, is producing the advertisements. Among the first programs to be advertised are a documentary on opium traffic, a feature film—"Pumping Iron"—on muscle building and a live New York City Opera performance of a Rossini work featuring Beverly Sills. Creative aspects of the campaign are handled by Pearlman/Rowe, which is headed by Gil Pearlman, an executive long --- Watch out for Selcom. Donn Wilther Vice President/Manager Chicago Selcom, Inc., Radio Representatives 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 (212) 730-0202 Now available for syndication: 37 weekends of World Championship Tennis! Schedule the big 3 in WCT-TV! 1979 will be the richest year in World Championship Tennis tournament history and the biggest year in WCT-TV! Nearly $750,000 in prize money in these three big TV events alone—and they're yours for programming now—40 hours of top tennis action featuring the biggest stars in the game. 1 The $320,000 Challenge Cup Fourteen 1-hour telecasts featuring some of the best known players in world competition. The eight man round-robin leads into the 2-hour final. Play starts in January and continues through April. Last year's winner: Jimmy Connors. 2 The $200,000 Tournament of Champions Sixteen top professionals, each a champion in a previous year's event, meet in single elimination competition. It's an all-star TV series of fourteen 1-hour matches and a 2-hour championship final. That's 15 weekends of top tennis excitement! Last year's winner: Bjorn Borg. 3 The $200,000 WCT Dallas Finals The culmination of the entire WCT year. Six 1-hour telecasts and a 2-hour final featuring the most dazzling names in international tennis. Winners of the previous three finals: Vitas Gerulaitis, Jimmy Connors, Bjorn Borg. Get it all with this WCT TV schedule—the most famous names in tennis...playing in world-famous, top money tournaments. Exclusive on the WCT Television Network. To add WCT tennis to your programming, contact: AIR TIME INTERNATIONAL INC. Dick Gold/Steve Mathis 2029 Century Park East Los Angeles, California 90067 (213) 552-9777 World Championship Tennis Jon Doyle, Director of Television 405 Park Avenue, New York 10022 (212) 688-2191 transport taped programming (the CERF petition contended the programming would be sent by wire to Mexico, but Mr. Putbrese said it would be delivered on tapes). Wording of the law makes that distinction important. One interpretation is that taped programming requires no permit, only that sent by wire. Another is that a permit is required in both instances. Both sides claim precedents, and facts in the history of the dispute are muddled enough to give each of them hope the FCC will see its way. Mr. Putbrese said Pacific Radio filed for the permit because it wanted to make sure it was in compliance. The station, he said, already has an audience and advertising sales in San Diego. Nothing is changing, he said, except that Pacific will become involved with the station. The only real question, Mr. Putbrese said, is whether 325(b) applies to the situation at all. CERF believes there are more questions, and it asks that the petition be denied, or designated for hearing. Its attorney, Mark Fowler, said the Pacific Radio relationship with the Mexican station is unclear, that it appears to be more of a joint venture. That, he said, would mean the FCC could not issue a permit because Pacific Radio would have more than the minimum percentage allowed for alien involvement. Also, he said Pacific Radio said the XHRM format would be 63% Spanish and English "inspirational and talk" and 37% English "black contemporary" music, but that FCC regulations require a more detailed accounting of format. CERF has always maintained the 325(b) permit was required in these instances and vowed to fight them when applied for. It is involved in ongoing battles with other Tijuana stations. "If we are to be keepers of the gate," Mr. Fowler said, "we want to know what's going through." He said they weren't going to "sit around idly." Program Briefs Westwood's sixth. Radio barter syndicator, Westwood One, Los Angeles, is planning January launch of The Great American Radio Show, two-hour weekly countdown of top-20 rock and jazz selections. Artist interviews and vignettes also will be included in radio series with Mike Harrison as host/producer. Animated sci-fi. Battle of the Planets, produced and distributed by Sandy Frank Film Syndication, has been sold in 75 U.S. and 22 Canadian markets. Eighty-five-episode TV package is designed primarily for afternoon or access stripping. QM quits. Quinn Martin, chairman of QM Productions, announced agreement in principle for sale of company to its vice chairman and chief executive officer, Allan Yasni, and its president and chief operating officer, Merrill H. Karpf. Mr. Martin, who will become exclusive consultant to 18-year-old independent company, plans to devote his attentions to theatrical film production. --- Van Deerlin says, reluctantly, that cable will get some of what it seeks in revision of rewrite He tells Atlanta meeting that next version will have provisions limiting state regulation, imposing some federal rules and hints there may also be ban on telco crossownerships; Hollings willing to go even farther The next draft of the Communications Act rewrite will likely grant cable television's wish for some regulation at the federal level, but the chief rewriter, Representative Lionel Van Deerlin (D-Calif.) has some "trepidations" about such a change. The House Communications Subcommittee chairman told the Southern Cable Television Association in Atlanta last week: "I am not ready to admit that we were wrong in our approach—but I willingly admit to overestimating the courage of your industry. Perhaps self-confidence would be a better term." The rewrite affects cable in two significant ways—both loudly protested by the industry. First, it eliminates all federal regulation of cable, a provision Mr. Van Deerlin said was intended to release cable from what he considers "immoderate and unnecessary" regulation and to allow operators to devote more time and money to serving their customers. Second, the bill would remove bans on crossownership of cable and telephone systems, which he said would allow telephone companies to offer broadband services in rural and urban areas that cable cannot afford to build. The congressman indicated some sympathy, however, with cable's complaints that if federal regulation is eliminated, states and local regulatory authorities might try to reinstate FCC signal carriage and access rules that the industry says hamper its growth. He said after his speech that the next rewrite will probably have a provision barring states from establishing restrictions on pay cable, leapfrogging and distant signals. It might also establish a federal standard on the number of access channels cable systems should provide. But the number would be a minimum standard, which states could augment. Following recurrent cable complaints that the elimination of the crossownership ban would bring AT&T into the business, Mr. Van Deerlin also hinted that the next bill will limit telephone's entry to those areas where cable cannot provide service. But he mocked cable's "David and Goliath" arguments against permitting telephone competition, pointing out that three of the largest cable multiple-system operators, Times-Mirror, Warner Communications, and Time Inc. rank 16th, 17th and 18th respectively among the biggest companies in electronic communications (according to BROADCASTING's top-100 listing, June 26). And he turned cable's arguments against AT&T's monopoly back on itself: "Your own industry has developed on a noncompetitive, monopolistic basis in each area you serve," he said, "thus denying cable subscribers the protection afforded consumers who have a choice among alternative suppliers of service." Mr. Van Deerlin said he and the rewrite's co-author, Lou Frey (R-Fla.), anticipated the kind of reaction they received to the rewrite from the communications community. "For the most part, we were congratulated for our courage," he said. But following the praise "were criticisms of specific provisions that were perceived as being against the best interests of the particular industry involved—the industry's interests, I might add, were more often than not equated with the public interest." In cable's case the industry apparently made some good points, and although Mr. Van Deerlin is willing to make changes cable wants, "I do so reluctantly," he said. He warned the cable operators that putting the federal government back in the business of cable regulation might lead to renewed demands from "your present and future competitors"—demands for ownership restrictions, exclusivity provisions, limits on signal carriage, strict EEO enforcement "and, of course, applying common carrier status to cable television." He said, "'It troubles me that by opening the door to federal regulation of cable we may be closing the door to the unfettered growth of your industry." The same convention heard Ernest Hollings (D-S.C.), the Senate Communications Subcommittee Chairman, revive his call for a federal mandate for cable television. The senator indicated he will introduce next year a cable bill that he had held back earlier this year in deference to the rewrite. He told the cable operators that he disagrees with the rewrite's elimination of federal cable regulation. The industry provides an interstate service and should be treated as a national medium, he said. It isn't known now what the Hollings cable bill will say, but among the points in his speech was a reference to the "'bureaucratic absurdity" of the FCC's signal carriage rules—especially, he said, in rural areas and in a state such as Delaware where the rules apply despite the absence of local commercial TV service. The Senator indicated one of his major concerns is the promotion of broadband TV systems in rural areas. He offered two major proposals: one, the elimination for rural areas of the FCC's rules barring crossownership of translators, cable and telephone systems; and two, the establishment of a federal government framework to fund and plan rural telecommunications expansion. He would make the National Telecommunications and Information Administration the chief planner and coordinator; the Rural Electrification Administration would handle the funds—about $30 million to $40 million, he estimated; and the FCC, as expert on community needs, would advise. Presumably the proposal will be incorporated in Mr. Hollings' new cable bill. While effusive in his compliments for Representative Van Deerlin, Mr. Hollings begged off comment on the over-all rewrite, saying, "'How it will be revised and who will be supporting it will largely determine its fate in the 96th Congress [the one beginning next year]." Certificates of compliance laid to rest FCC takes giant deregulatory step; systems will merely file notices when they start up or add stations The FCC has taken another step down the road to deregulation of cable television, eliminating the process by which cable systems, since 1972, have been required to obtain certificates of compliance from the commission. Now the only requirement will be that cable systems, when they begin operating or add new signals, file a brief registration statement. The commission, which only three months ago initiated the rulemaking leading to last week's action, feels that the certification process is no longer necessary. The process required that the commission staff check each cable system's proposals and its local franchise for compliance with the rules, and provided a forum for resolution of complaints lodged by broadcasters. Until the process was completed, the system could not begin operation. Under the new procedure, a cable system can begin operating or can add signals as soon as it files a registration statement that identifies the system, gives its location and lists the signals to be carried. A separate filing will be required for each community served. The commission believes that the new forfeiture authority Congress has given it (systems may be fined up to $20,000 for rule violations), the copyright act amendment imposing copyright liability on cable systems, and the reduction in the number of cable rules, as well as what the commission feels is the generally high level of compliance with them warrant abandonment of the certification process. The commission noted that systems will be operating at their own risk under the new set-up. They will be subject to fines and to cease-and-desist orders if they violate commission rules. Broadcasters concerned about the initiation of a cable television service may request special relief, including an immediate stay. But commission officials made it clear that such a stay would be issued only in the face of strong evidence of the likelihood of serious harm to the station. The elimination of the certification process will permit the reassignment of some 20 staff jobs. (The certification division, which once had 35 employees, now has 17). Some will be absorbed by the Common Carrier Bureau, to help discharge the commission's new responsibility—given it by Congress—of overseeing cable-utility company pole-attachment agreements. And some—perhaps 10—will be retained by the bureau in a new enforcement office, which among other things will be used to help implement a new cable television equal employment opportunity program that was adopted last week (see "Top of the Week"). Only one aspect of the proposal to eliminate the certification process caused any controversy among the commissioners—the action would deny public broadcasting stations the right they have now, along with commercial stations, to block the inauguration of service simply by objecting. objection. Commissioner Abbott Washburn expressed concern that public television stations would be hurt in their effort to develop audiences—and raise funds needed to match federal grants—if they were denied the right to an automatic stay. "'I'm concerned about public television a hell of a lot more than I am about cable subscribers getting 'X' number of signals,'" he said. FCC will take a look at uses for TV line 20 Picking up on NBC proposal, commission starts rulemaking to investigate digital-signal possibilities for that portion of vertical blanking interval The FCC has begun a rulemaking to consider permitting transmission of program-related signals with several potential uses within the vertical blanking interval of standard television signals. Initiative for the rulemaking came from a proposal by NBC—supported by ABC, CBS, the Public Broadcasting Service and others—which asked that line 20 of the vertical blanking interval be used to transmit a digital source of information. NBC said potential uses of the proposed signal are verification of network service transmitted, faster and more accurate program ratings, and automatic logging and operation of cable television nonduplication switching equipment. NBC's was not the first proposal for program-related signal transmission to be brought before the commission, which has previously ruled that such transmissions are in the public interest. NBC had suggested as an alternative to rulemaking that the commission implement the proposal by order. The commission said, however, a rulemaking was necessary since the proposal involves a new utilization of the limited vertical blanking interval space that remains available. The FCC said the proceeding would provide an opportunity to comment on potential benefits and uses of the signal, the impact of the proposal on current and future use of the vertical blanking interval spectrum and the possible existence of other technologies that might produce the same benefits more effectively and reliably. Comments are due by Nov. 8, replies by Nov. 28. New York broadcasters paint bleak picture on radiation limits The radiation limits proposed by the New York City Board of Health (BROADCASTING, Aug. 7) would so "radically" reduce broadcast coverage there that the area's economy would suffer "incalculable damage," many people would have to alter their lifestyles and many would move away, while "thousands" who work in broadcasting would lose their jobs. This assessment was offered by the TV Broadcasters All Industry Committee, composed of commercial and noncommercial TV stations in the city, in comments filed with the board of health. Viractually all of the stations now broadcast from atop the Empire State building and all are expected to move to the top of a World Trade Center tower in the reasonably near future. The committee's comments were based on a study by Jules Cohen & Associates, Washington-based consulting engineering firm. Unlike the National Association of Broadcasters, which opposed the board's proposed rule but held that it would have no impact on most broadcast transmitters most of the time (BROADCASTING, Aug. 7), the New York broadcasters and the Cohen report said it would cause "literally millions of New York residents [to] suffer a substantial loss in television picture quality." "Compliance with the proposed amendment on a pro rata basis," the committee's statement asserted, "will necessitate a power reduction to a level of one-30th of that authorized by the FCC, with a resulting loss of 53% to 60% of the broadcast area of the television stations. The Board of Health will hold hearings on the radiation issue Thursday (Oct. 5). Hardware. MCA/Philips's Disco-Vision equipment. Moving ever so carefully to market: MCA/Philips Disco-Vision Introduction set for year-end in test markets; library of 200-300 pieces is expected MCA and Philips Corp. continue to gear up for the domestic introduction late this year of their video-disk system, but both companies are keeping quiet about many of their specific plans. The joint "Disco-Vision" marketing arrangement, in which MCA is to supply the program disks and Philips the player, is set to kick off gradually in a few unnamed test markets. An official announcement is to be made 30 days before the project is launched, but the companies are now downplaying the Christmas buying season as a factor in their timing. The player will bear the label of and be distributed by Magnavox, a Philips subsidiary, and is to sell in the $500 range, according to Norman Glenn, senior vice president of programs and marketing for MCA. Mr. Glenn said he plans to have a library of 200-300 disks available, about half of them carrying feature films and the rest various how-to, educational and cultural subjects. Film titles include earlier classics such as "Frankenstein," "Dracula" and Charlie Chaplin's comedies, and such recent hits as "Jaws," "The Sting," "American Graffiti," "Slapshot" and "Animal House." Besides MCA/Universal titles, Mr. Glenn said other companies, including publishing houses, will also supply product. Feature films are to sell for about $15, while other programs such as Julia Child cooking lessons, National Football League games and Jacques Cousteau documentaries will go for $6-$10, Mr. Glenn said, with opera and other programs of more limited appeal selling at slightly higher prices. MCA and Philips will not reveal the number of players to be made available in the regional test markets, although some reports indicate 20,000 or so. Presumably the readings of consumer preferences gained in those markets will be as important to the project as immediate sales. "When you face a long-term market development," said Philips Vice President Robert T. Cavanagh, "you do it very carefully." Indeed, the Disco-Vision system was first demonstrated at least six years ago, and some sources familiar with the history of it and other disk systems say they'll believe a marketing announcement when they see product in the stores. Because of the caution being exercised in Disco-Vision's introduction, Mr. Cavanagh declines to give sales projections. He did say that when the disk market reaches "maturity," it is hoped that one disk player will be sold for every three color TV sets sold. He wouldn't venture a guess as to when maturity will be reached. The players are to be manufactured by Magnavox in Tennessee, the disks by MCA near Los Angeles. Mr. Cavanagh said "there will be no problem in plant capacity if it takes off," a happy problem that plagued consumer video-tape recorders last Christmas. Stephenson: satellites the key to radio future NBC Radio executive outlines wider program horizons possible through new network technology Radio may be "just a few years" away from "another golden age," Marion Stephenson, the NBC Radio Group's vice president for radio and industry relations, said in a keynote address prepared for delivery Friday at the annual convention of the Massachusetts Broadcasters Association. "Through the magic of satellites and the ground station dishes that will dot the landscape," she said, networks will be able to provide a tremendous variety of programming for stations all over the country—24 hours a day, seven days a week, should it be desired. "There will be many options for station use—to insert their local news, information, weather, traffic, public-service programming, emergency announcements—all those inputs that the public wants and should have. We will be able to take ad- Watch out for Selcom. Bill Smither, Senior Vice President Director West Coast Operations Los Angeles Selcom, Inc., Radio Representatives 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 (212) 730-0202 Nobody does it better! The Miss USA State Pageant Network Brought to you by the same people who annually produce the Miss USA and Miss Universe network telecasts. We’re using the same expertise responsible for the highly successful Miss USA and Miss Universe Pageants and turning it loose on a network of regional shows. That’s the 1979 “Miss USA State Pageant Network.” Here’s our first success story — “The 1979 Miss Texas USA Pageant.” You’ve got to have BIG ratings in Texas. Air Date: August 21st — Live \| Stations \| Market \| NY Time \| Rating \| Share \| \|----------\|-----------------\|---------------\|--------\|-------\| \| KTVT \| Dallas/Fort Worth \| 9:30-11:00 PM \| 13 \| 24 \| \| KHOU \| Houston \| 9:30-11:00 PM \| 24 \| 39 \| \| KDBC \| El Paso \| 9:30-11:00 PM \| 27 \| 46 \| Other stations in the Texas Network included KENS (San Antonio), KAMR (Amarillo), KCEN (Waco/Temple), KCBD (Lubbock), KAUZ (Wichita Falls), KOSA (Odessa/Midland), KTVV (Austin), KZTV (Corpus Christi), KVTV (Laredo), KCTU (San Angelo). Here are some of the State Pageants we plan to produce in the coming months: North Carolina (December) California (February) Pennsylvania (March) Arkansas (January) Georgia (April) New York (March) Florida (January) Virginia (April) Maryland (April) Ohio (January) Massachusetts (March) Illinois (March) For more information, contact. Pam Rosser Miss Universe, Inc. 640 Fifth Avenue New York, N.Y. 10019 (212) 757-9396 vantage of satellites much sooner than television, and satellites undoubtedly will have a much greater impact on our special medium of radio. "It is beyond the ability of our imaginations to properly assess the tremendous potentials that almost are within our grasp." Ms. Stephenson had a word of caution about the Communications Act rewrite in its present form: "Through deregulation and the elimination of composite-week reports, radio would not be required to do any newscasts, local or otherwise. If this were to take place, many young adults 18-34—who keep in touch with the outside world virtually only through radio—would be unaware of what was going on in the world around them." Booming business in London town International Broadcasting Convention posts record crowd of broadcasters and equipment exhibitors; announces move of 1980 gathering to Brighton Attendance far exceeded pre-estimates of the sponsors of last week's International Broadcasting Convention. The handsome, supermodern Wembley Conference Center in suburban London, where the IBC moved its meeting this year after outgrowing the central-city headquarters of the past five meetings, still proved no match for the more than 4,000 attendees and the 94 exhibitors who converged there. By the second day of the conference, officials confirmed reports that the already popular show had grown too popular for its London home and that the next meeting, in 1980, will be held at the British seaside resort of Brighton—where, according to one convention official, the Metropole Convention Center "can offer sufficient space for yet another great increase in attendance." That is, indeed, what the IBC had on its hands last week. The pre-convention goal of 3,000 participants was exceeded by the morning of the first day (the meeting did not officially commence until 2 o'clock that afternoon), and by Tuesday afternoon officials counted 4,385 at the registration desk. Ninety-four companies exhibited their wares to conference delegates. At the last IBC, in 1976, attendance reached just above 2,600, with 72 exhibitors. The move to Brighton was to have been announced at the conclusion of the five-day meeting. The conference sponsors, stressing that they were not necessarily dissatisfied with the facilities offered at Wembley (almost a full hour away from central London where many of the attendees were staying), said that the move to Brighton was prompted, in part, by the unavailability of the Wembley hall in the early autumn of 1980, the traditional time for the IBC. But their decision was being read in some circles as a tacit admission that complaints made by some of the exhibitors concerning cramped space and awkward traffic flow had been well-founded. One exhibitor said that the IBC was also following the example of the International Television Symposium, held at Montreux, Switzerland, and moving itself to a location away from the "distractions" of a major city. As had been expected, there were relatively few new products being offered. Some equipment, such as Hitachi Denshi Ltd.'s SK-90 electronic news-gathering systems, for example, were first viewed last spring in Las Vegas at the National Association of Broadcasters convention. Vital Industries of Atlanta demonstrated its new Squeezezoom switching system and its attendant Program Switcher Automation System (PSAS) for what company President Nubar Donoyan said was the first time. (The systems were introduced to American TV viewers, however, during recent network telecasts of the Miss America Pageant and the Emmy Awards presentations). And International Tapetronics Corp. introduced, through its British distributor, F.W.O. Bauch Ltd., a new line of audio tape cartridge machines designed especially for the technologically "much more demanding" European broadcasters, who, an ITC spokesman said, have tended to be much less enthusiastic over the performance of cartridge equipment than their American counterparts. The new generation of ITC machines, he said, should be ready for overseas delivery by the first quarter of 1979, perhaps as early as February, and will be introduced to the U.S. market at next year's NAB in Dallas. There was also considerable interest last week in the sophisticated digital switching systems offered by a number of the convention's exhibitors. In addition to the Squeezezoom, Pye TV Ltd., Thomson-CSF, the Grass Valley Group subsidiary Tektronics Ltd., and American Data, through its British distributor, Crow of Reading Ltd., also displayed advanced switching systems. Newest wrinkle in delivery of pay TV Queens, N.Y., operation sends out HBO service to individual homes via MDS to roof-top antenna arrays Transmissions directly to private homes offer the next "target of opportunity" for pay-TV marketers using multipoint distribution services (MDS), in the opinion of Al Simon, president of Orth-O-Vision Inc., and he says he has a 500-homes start on it. That's the number of private homes Mr. Simon said Orth-O-Vision has signed for installation in the New York borough of Queens, where the firm has been providing pay-TV programing to apartment houses via MDS since 1974. He started hooking up private homes in early summer, he said, and the number of subscribers keeps growing. The company charges the homes $100 each for installation and $13.95 a month for programing, which is the Home Box Office service. The company's 4,000 apartment-house subscribers, he said, pay $25 for installation and $11 a month for the programing. The receiving units used for homes are not the conventional dishes but may be any one of three new configurations. One, he said, is shaped like a pyramid but is hollow. Another he described as a two-to-three-foot-long pole with round disks, and the third as "like a pennant but round," about three feet long and tapering from five to three inches in diameter. He said they eventually would be developed into an addressable system, with each home capable of being turned on and off from a remote location, making possible a pay-per-program service. Mr. Simon told an annual seminar of the Common Carrier Association for Telecommunications last month that individual homes represent the next step forward in the development of MDS pay-TV services, both in cities and in isolated rural areas, and that other companies are developing this market in at least a dozen cities. ### Contemporary \| Last week \| This week \| Title \| Artist \| Label \| \|-----------\|-----------\|------------------------\|----------------------\|----------------\| \| 1 \| 1 \| Boogie Oogie Oogie \| A Taste of Honey \| Capitol \| \| 6 \| 2 \| Hot Blooded \| Foreigner \| Atlantic \| \| 3 \| 3 \| Three Times a Lady \| Commodores \| Motown \| \| 4 \| 5 \| Summer Nights \| John Travolta/Olivia Newton-John \| RSO \| \| 4 \| 5 \| Hopelessly Devoted to You \| Olivia Newton-John \| RSO \| \| 8 \| 6 \| Reminiscing \| Little River Band \| Harvest \| \| 7 \| 7 \| Don't Look Back \| Boaton \| Epic \| \| 9 \| 8 \| Hot Child in the City \| Nick Gilder \| Chrysalis \| \| 5 \| 9 \| Grease \| Frankie Valli \| RSO \| \| 10 \| 10 \| Kiss You All Over \| Exile \| Warner Bros. \| \| 15 \| 11 \| You Needed Me \| Anne Murray \| Capitol \| \| 16 \| 12 \| Whenever I Call You "Friend" \| Kenny Loggins \| Columbia \| \| 13 \| 13 \| Shame \| Evelyn "Champagne" King \| RCA \| \| 14 \| 14 \| Get Off \| Foxy \| TK \| \| 13 \| 15 \| Fool If You Think It's Over \| Chris Rea \| United Artists \| \| 14 \| 16 \| You and I \| Rick James \| Gordy \| \| 17 \| 17 \| Right Down the Line \| Gerry Rafferty \| United Artists \| \| 18 \| 18 \| Who Are You \| Who \| MCA \| \| 19 \| 19 \| An Everlasting Love \| Andy Gibb \| RSO \| \| 21 \| 20 \| Hollywood Night \| Bob Seger \| Capitol \| \| 20 \| 21 \| Got to Have Loving \| Don Ray \| Polydor \| \| 22 \| 22 \| Miss You \| Rolling Stones \| Rolling Stones \| \| 23 \| 23 \| Magnet and Steel \| Walter Egan \| Columbia \| \| 24 \| 24 \| How Much I Feel \| Ambrosia \| Warner Bros. \| \| 25 \| 25 \| Love Will Find a Way \| Pablo Cruise \| A \| \| 26 \| 26 \| MacArthur Park \| Donna Summer \| Casablanca \| \| 27 \| 27 \| Beast of Burden \| Rolling Stones \| Rolling Stones \| \| 28 \| 28 \| You Never Done It Like That \| Captain and Tennille \| A&M \| \| 29 \| 29 \| Josie \| Steely Dan \| ABC \| \| 30 \| 30 \| Double Vision \| Foreigner \| Atlantic \| \| 31 \| 31 \| Ready to Take a Chance Again \| Barry Manilow \| Arista \| \| 32 \| 32 \| Back in the U.S.A. \| Linda Ronstadt \| Asylum \| \| 33 \| 33 \| Love is in the Air \| John Paul Young \| Scotti Bros. \| \| 34 \| 34 \| Talking in Your Sleep \| Crystal Gayle \| United Artists \| \| 35 \| 35 \| It's a Laugh \| Daryl Hall & John Oates \| RCA \| \| 36 \| 36 \| Come Together \| Aerosmith \| Columbia \| \| 37 \| 37 \| She's Always a Woman \| Billy Joel \| Columbia \| \| 38 \| 38 \| Macho Man \| Village People \| Casablanca \| \| 39 \| 39 \| Life's Been Good \| Joe Walsh \| Asylum \| \| 40 \| 40 \| I Love the Nightlife \| Alicia Bridges \| Polydor \| \| 41 \| 41 \| Got to Get You Into My Life \| Earth, Wind and Fire \| Columbia \| \| 42 \| 42 \| Last Dance \| Donna Summer \| Casablanca \| \| 43 \| 43 \| Paradise by the Dashboard Light \| Meatloaf \| Epic \| \| 44 \| 44 \| Just What I Needed \| The Cars \| Elektra \| \| 45 \| 45 \| Close the Door \| Teddy Pendergrass \| Phila. Intl. \| \| 46 \| 46 \| I Just Wanna Stop \| Gino Vannelli \| A&M \| \| 47 \| 47 \| Took the Last Train \| David Gates \| Elektra \| \| 48 \| 48 \| Sharing the Night Together \| Dr. Hook \| Capitol \| \| 49 \| 49 \| Oh Darling \| Robin Gibb \| RSD \| \| 50 \| — \| Alive Again \| Chicago \| Columbia \| ### Country \| Last week \| This week \| Title \| Artist \| Label \| \|-----------\|-----------\|------------------------\|----------------------\|----------------\| \| 5 \| 1 \| I've Always Been Crazy \| Waylon Jennings \| Columbia \| \| 2 \| 2 \| Heartbreaker \| Dolly Parton \| RCA \| \| 4 \| 3 \| Who Am I to Say \| Statler Bros. \| Mercury \| \| 7 \| 4 \| Let's Take the Long Way Around the World \| R. Milsap \| RCA \| \| 5 \| 5 \| Ain't No California \| Mel Tillis \| MCA \| \| 1 \| 6 \| If the World Ran Out of Love \| Brown & Cornelius \| RCA \| \| — \| 7 \| Do It Again Tonight \| Larry Gatlin \| Monument \| \| 6 \| 8 \| Hello Mexico \| Johnny Duncan \| Columbia \| \| — \| 9 \| Easy From Now On \| Emmylou Harris \| Warner Bros. \| \| 11 \| 10 \| Penny Arcade \| Cristy Lane \| LS \| \| 12 \| 11 \| Womanhood \| Tenny Wynette \| Epic \| \| — \| 12 \| Here Comes the Hurt \| Mickey Gilley \| Epic \| \| 19 \| 13 \| Tear Time \| Dave & Sugar \| RCA \| \| 9 \| 14 \| With Love \| Rex Allen \| Warner Bros. \| \| 3 \| 15 \| It's Been a Great Afternoon \| Merle Haggard \| RCA \| \| 10 \| 16 \| Hopelessly Devoted to You \| Olivia Newton-John \| RSO \| \| 16 \| 17 \| If You've Got Ten Minutes \| Joe Stampley \| Epic \| \| — \| 18 \| Little Things Mean a Lot \| Margo Smith \| Warner Bros. \| \| — \| 19 \| Cryin' Again \| Oak Ridge Boys \| ABC \| \| 25 \| 20 \| Caribbean \| Sonny James \| Columbia \| \| 8 \| 21 \| Boogie Grass Band \| Conway Twitty \| MCA \| \| — \| 22 \| No Sleep Tonight \| Randy Barlow \| Republic \| \| 17 \| 23 \| Blue Skies \| Willie Nelson \| Columbia \| \| 15 \| 24 \| Rake and Ramblin' Man \| Don Williams \| ABC \| \| 18 \| 25 \| Rose Colored Glasses \| John Conlee \| ABC \| These are the top songs in air-play popularity as reported by a select group of U.S. stations. Each has been "weighted" in terms of Arbitron audience ratings for the reporting station on which it is played. A — indicates an upward movement of five or more chart positions between this week and last. Media Gene C. Robinson, station manager and general sales manager, WMBD-TV Peoria, Ill., appointed VP-general manager of WMBD-AM-TV and co-owned WKZW(FM) there. Sandy Goldberg, VP-general manager, WLQR(FM) Toledo, Ohio, named VP-regional manager of WLQR and co-owned WLQA(FM) Cincinnati. William M. Quigg, VP, KTRM(AM)-KIEL(FM) Beaumont, Tex., elected president of licensee, Central Broadcasting Corp., and general manager of its WBKV(AM)-WRIA(FM) Richmond, Ind. He succeeds Lester G. Spencer, who retires. Thomas D. Boock, general manager, WCHA(AM)-WKZ(FM) Chambersburg, Pa., elected VP of licensee, Chambersburg Broadcasting Co. George Barber, general manager, WTRL(AM) Bradenton, Fla., joins WQSA(AM) Sarasota, Fla., as VP-station manager. Christopher T. Gallu, general sales manager, WFBR(AM)-WBXX(FM) Baltimore, joins WNOX(AM) Knoxville, Tenn., as general manager. Brad Murray, program director, WSCP(AM) Sandy Creek, N.Y., appointed general manager. Joseph A. Martin Jr., general manager of non-commercial WSCI(FM) Charleston, S.C., joins non-commercial WHIL-FM Mobile, Ala., in same capacity. Bill McMahon, sales manager, KIRO(AM) Seattle, named station manager. Bruce Andis, graduate, Indiana School of Business, Bloomington, joins WXTA(FM) Greenacastle, Ind., as assistant general manager and news director. M. F. Kershner, VP-general manager, WBJW-FM Orlando, Fla., named VP-operations of Roundsville Enterprises' seven radio stations, including WBJW-FM, where he will continue to be based. Marcia Fortune, from program department of WTMJ-TV Milwaukee, appointed operations manager. William D. (Butch) Brannum, from WKGN(AM) Knoxville, Tenn., joins WKDA(AM)-WKDF(FM) Nashville as operations manager. Edward P. Weber, director of advertising and press information, WDIV(TV) Detroit (formerly WWJ-TV), named director of creative services for group station owner, Field Communications, San Francisco. Donald R. Quayle, consultant for long-range planning, noncommercial WETA-TV Washington, appointed VP for planning and special projects. Appointments, noncommercial WYES-TV New Orleans: Peggy Scott, producer assistant, named public information specialist; Phil Evans, interim project director, named project director; Rodney Gibson, production technician, named production supervisor; Nancy Weldon, reporter and assistant news producer, WAFB-TV Baton Rouge, joins WYES-TV as assistant project director and reporter, and Susanne J. Bornkessel, from office of consumer affairs in mayor's office, New Orleans, named membership manager in station's department of development. Rasma Narins, director of business and personnel, noncommercial KOCE-TV Huntington Beach, Calif., joins WHYY Inc., Philadelphia, as VP-finance and business affairs, responsible for noncommercial WHYY-TV Wilmington, Del. (Philadelphia) and WUHY-FM Philadelphia. Terry Miller, from FR. Lazarus Co., Columbus, Ohio, joins WTVM-TV there as assistant business manager. Officers, Washington Area Broadcasters Association: Ted Dorf, WGAY-AM-FM, chairman; Jerry R. Lyman, WGMS-AM-FM, vice chairman, and Susan Breakefield, WASH(FM), secretary-treasurer. Broadcast Advertising Dan Heagy, creative director, D'Arcy-MacManus & Masius, St. Louis, elected VP. James E. Pinkin, corporate director, financial planning, Faberge Inc., New York, joins Benton & Bowles, New York, as senior VP-treasurer. Howard Sirinsky, director of network television relations, Foote, Cone & Belding, Chicago, appointed associate manager, network resources, Needham, Harper & Steers, Chicago. Robert K. Speed, account executive for Foote, Cone & Belding, New York, named senior account executive, Needham, Harper & Steers, New York. Claude Caylor, associate media director, Tracy-Locke Advertising and Public Relations, Dallas, joins Sive Associates, division of Young & Rubicam in Cincinnati, as VP-media director. Brian McCarthy, associate creative director, D'Arcy-MacManus & Masius, San Francisco, joins Cunningham & Walsh there in same capacity. Eugene S. Hahnel, VP-account supervisor, Kenrick Advertising, St. Louis, retires. Nancy Petrino, assistant buyer, Century Media Corp., New York, named media buyer. J. Christopher Broullie, marketing director, Wolff Co., Baltimore, named regional account executive, Mace Advertising, Washington. Barton A. Cummings, chairman of executive committee of Compton Advertising Inc., New York, elected chairman of National Advertising Review Council, which is policy-making body for advertising industry self-regulation program and elects chairman and members of National Advertising Review Board. Gordon French, TV station marketing consultant, joins H-R Television, New York, as VP-research and marketing. Don Caparis, sales Honoring heritage. During National Hispanic Week, the White House held a Sunday brunch for more than 600 Hispanic leaders from across the country. Among them was WNBC-TV New York weekend anchor and reporter, Felipe Luciano, shown here with Rosalynn Carter. Watch out for Selcom. Jim Forrer Vice President/Manager Detroit Selcom, Inc., Radio Representatives 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 (212) 730-0202 manager at H-R Television's Los Angeles office, named sales manager in New York of firm's TV II—White Division. Archa O. Knowlton, director of media services, General Foods Corp., New York, joins Vitt Media International there as executive VP of client services. Named VP's, Bolton Broadcasting Ltd., national sales representative, New York: Robin Adlian, West Coast Angeles; Ron Cochran, Eastern sales manager, New York, and Irwin Siegel, manager of Midwest sales, Chicago. William A. Morrison, national sales manager, KTXL(TV) Sacramento, Calif., appointed director of sales development and research. Bob Pariente, regional sales manager there, succeeds Mr. Morrison. Bruce A. Barrett, account executive, KSTU(TV) Salt Lake City, appointed national sales manager. Jens Lund, account executive there, named local sales manager. Jeff Trumper, station manager, KFRO(FM) Des Moines, Iowa, joins KWK(AM) St. Louis as general sales manager. Charles Guy, sales manager, WGAY-AM-FM Washington, retires after 14 years with station. Ward E. McCleary, regional account executive, WHO(AM) Des Moines, Iowa, named sales manager of WHO and co-owned KLYF(FM) there. Ned Arthur, sales representative, Indiana Rural Radio Network, New Palestine, Ind., named sales manager. Barbara Graff, senior media planner, Doyle Dane Bernbach, New York, joins WOR(AM) there as account executive. Dan de Percin, operations supervisor, Allstate Insurance Co., named account executive, WINS(AM) New York. Timothy Rappe, account executive, WTM(AM) Milwaukee, and Phillip Zeni, from U.S. Department of Energy's Chicago office, join WIND(AM) Chicago as account executives. Bruce McCubbin, from retail advertising sales, Sunpapers, Baltimore, joins sales staff of WMAR-FM there. Programing Robert Singer, head of television for Lawrence Gordon Productions, Los Angeles, named VP, drama development, NBC-TV, based in Burbank, Calif. H. Delaney (Buddy) Young Jr., manager, financial forecasting, NBC Television Stations division, New York, appointed manager, program operations, NBC Radio Network, New York. Christy Welker, program executive, special programs, CBS Entertainment, New York, joins ABC Entertainment as director, daytime program development, New York. Edward Sobel, art director, advertising and promotion, CBS-TV, New York, named art director, advertising and promotion, West Coast, CBS Entertainment, Los Angeles. Ronald C. Bernard, chief financial officer, Datascope Corp., named treasurer, Viacom International, New York. Irene Mizwinski, associate director, business affairs, Viacom International, named director, business affairs administration, Viacom Enterprises. Philip Capice, senior VP in charge of television, Lorimar Productions, New York, named president of new Lorimar Television division. Bill Fischer, production executive, Columbia Pictures Television, Los Angeles, named director of videotape production. Jon E. Currie, programing research associate, Frank N. Magid Associates, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, joins Drake-Chenault, Canoga Park, Calif., as national programing consultant. Bailey Dwiggins, assistant VP and program operations manager, WWBT(TV) Richmond, Va., named VP-managing director of co-owned Jefferson Productions, Charlotte, N.C. Nat Vuolo, promotion director, WWKR(AM-WNIC(FM)) Detroit, joins Radio Programing/Management, Southfield, Mich., as national sales and promotion manager. David Kramer, executive VP of Oden Inc., marketer of gift and decorative accessories, joins Schulman Berry Kramer Co., broadcast production company headquartered in Narberth, Pa. Michael Florman, unit manager, KNBC(TV) Los Angeles, named production manager. Bill Hansard, from Public Broadcasting System, Washington, and Bill Brennan, freelance producer-director, join WCWB-TV Boston as producers and directors of health care programs. Charles Easler, producer, WDIN-TV Detroit, joins WCWB-TV as director of Good Day program. Tom West, program director of WBW-FM and WLOR(AM), both Orlando, Fla., named VP-programing for Rounsville Enterprises' seven radio stations, which include WBW-FM and WLOR. He will continue to be based at WBW-FM. Rick McDonald, program director, WLQR(FM) Toledo, Ohio, named regional program director for WLQR and co-owned WLQA(FM) Cincinnati. Jay A. Krone, air personality, noncommercial WRBS(FM) Cambridge, Mass., named program director. Gary M. Brown, air personality, KRNA(AM) Iowa City, named production director. Thomas Wood, air personality, WKZW(FM) Peoria, Ill., named assistant program director. Mike Ocean, air personality and country music director, KTKN(AM) Ketchikan, Alaska, named assistant program director. Franklin H. Williams, president of Phelps-Stokes Fund and former U.S. ambassador to Ghana, named twice-weekly commentator, Westinghouse Broadcasting Co. radio stations. Wayne Cody, sports personality, KIRO-TV Seattle, named sports anchor. R. R. Bradbury, president of Los Angeles jewelry manufacturer, and former news director of KPOL-AM-FM there, joins KJRI(AM) Seattle as sports commentator. Select company. Pioneer broadcaster Stanley E. Hubbard, chairman of Hubbard Broadcasting (KSTP-AM-FM-TV St. Paul and broadcast properties in New Mexico and Florida), was named "Outstanding Minnesotan of 1978" by the Minnesota Broadcasters Association during its annual convention in Bemidji Sept. 21. He was cited for both technical and programing innovations in radio and television. Among earlier recipients of the honor were Vice President Walter Mondale and the late Senator (and former Vice President) Hubert Humphrey. At left: outgoing MBA President Frank Befera, WWFG-AM-FM Hibbing. Roadrunner. Jim McCallum, general sales manager at KNX(TV) Los Angeles, finished the Santa Monica Marathon in three hours, five minutes, coming in 89th out of a field of 2,000. Mr. McCallum is an avid marathoner who runs in eight to 10 long-distance races a year. News and Public Affairs Jim McGlinchy, veteran newspaper reporter who has worked for New York Daily News, London Daily Express and United Press International, named assistant to managing editor Walter Cronkite on CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite. Grace M. Diekhaus, documentary producer, named executive producer, Magazine and Your Turn: Letters to CBS News, CBS News, New York. Earl Casey, news manager, WDIV(TV) Detroit, joins WDIV(TV) Washington in same capacity. Hal Levinson, news director, WTTG(TV) Washington, joins Independent Television News Association as Washington bureau chief. Jim Schultz, acting news director, WTTG named news director. George Nice, operations manager, WILM(AM) Wilmington, Del., joins WCAU-FM Philadelphia as director of news and public affairs. David Gelber, field producer in Chicago bureau of ABC News, joins WCJB-TV Boston as assistant news director. Bunny Raasch, anchor and co-host of weekly magazine show, WISN-TV Milwaukee, named assistant news director. Jay Ricci, weekend anchor and producer, WOTV(TV) Grand Rapids, Mich., assumes additional duties as news producer on three weekdays. Thomas H. Lindner, news dispatcher and sports writer, WCCO-TV Minneapolis, joins WDIV-TV Duluth, Minn., and co-owned WIRT(TV) Hibbing, Minn., as news producer and reporter. Ken Chapin, weather reporter for both stations, assumes additional duties as public service director. Christine Harris, consumer and general assignment reporter, WAVE-TV Louisville, Ky., named co-anchor. Ron Regan, anchor, WSAZ-TV Huntington, W. Va., joins WAVE-TV as Indiana bureau reporter. Betsy Ashton, reporter, WJLA-TV Washington, named weekend anchor. Bob Hughes, anchor, KTAR-TV Mesa (Phoenix), joins WTVPI(TV) Durham, N.C., in same capacity. Bob Kapilitz, reporter, WTVI(TV) Miami, joins WTVI as news producer. Cheryl Toney, weather reporter, WRBL-TV Columbus, Ga., named weekday weather reporter for WTVI. Maria De Caria, field producer, WABC-TV New York, joins WAFF(TV) Huntsville, Ala., as reporter. Tony Troiano, from WTVF(TV) Nashville, joins WAFF as reporter and photographer. Glenn Bracken, from KTHV(TV) Little Rock, Ark., joins WAFF as weather reporter. Russ Coleman, news photographer, WANE-TV Fort Wayne, Ind., joins KHOU-TV Houston as photographer and editor. Edward Clegg, photographer, editor and lab technician, WDBX-TV Orlando, Fla., joins KHOU-TV as news photographer. Bob McAllister, news director, WFBC-AM-FM Greenville, S.C., joins WIS(AM) Columbia, S.C., in same capacity. Paul A. Lester, in news department of WLDC-AM-FM Port Jervis, N.Y., named news director. Ron Harbaugh, weekend anchor and reporter, KARD-TV Wichita, Kan., named news director, KSAL(AM) Salina, Kan. David Hartman, from WIBO(AM) Baton Rouge, joins WGSO(AM) New Orleans as co-anchor. Jay W. Bradbury, radio news service editor, California Medical Association, joins KDIG(AM) San Bernardino, Calif., and co-owned KBON(FM) Lake Arrowhead, Calif., as newscaster. Scott Cortelyou, operations manager and news director, WDUR(AM) Durham, N.C., named reporter, KMM(AM) Denver. Susan E. Rist, reporter, Christian Science Monitor, Boston, joins KAAY(AM)-KEZQ(FM) Little Rock, Ark., as reporter. Penny Pinsker, director of public service and community affairs, WOR(AM) New York, named community affairs director, WTM(FM) Lake Success, N.Y. Elizabeth Clancy Hoehne, anchor, KRNA(FM) Iowa City, named community affairs director. Jack Hogan, news director, WZZM-TV Grand Rapids, Mich., and Ed Godfrey, news director, WSB-TV Atlanta, elected directors-at-large, Radio Television News Directors Association, at Atlanta convention (Broadcasting, Sept. 25). Colonel Barney Oldfield, USAF (ret.), founder, director and treasurer, Radio Television News Directors Foundation, honored with RTNDA Distinguished Service award. Mike Wallace, correspondent/co-editor, 60 Minutes, CBS News, received Thomas Hart Benton Award Sept. 29 for "excellence in investigative reporting" and "willingness to go against sometimes popular attitudes in seeking the truth." Award is presented by Thomas Hart Benton Associates and Kansas City Art Institute. Promotion and PR Randi Cone, associate publicist, Alpert/LeVine Public Relations, New York, named senior publicist, Public Broadcasting Service, New York, succeeding Janis Hirsch, named senior associate, Stone & Associates, New York. Eileen Marin Kissler, research project director, Glenn, Bozell & Jacobs Public Relations, New York, named associate research director for Dallas office. Welton Smith, publicist for MCA-TV Universal, joins ICPR public relations as account executive in New York. Linda Price, director of creative services, WFTQ(AM)-WAFF(FM) Worcester, Mass., named promotion manager for co-owned WEZN(FM) Bridgeport, Conn. Kathy Calhoun, from Private Stock Records, New York, joins WNEW(AM) there as promotion director. Cable Henry Heilbrunn, AP chief of bureau at Newark, N.J., named executive in charge of AP cable television services throughout U.S., based in New York. Charles Hamilton, director of broadcasting for Disciples of Christ, appointed director of community development for Teleprompter Corp., New York. Marcus Poole, graduate, Case Western Reserve University Law School, Cleveland, named assistant director of franchises for Teleprompter. Dr. Gerry Jordan, consultant, Board of Cooperative Educational Services, Yorktown Heights, New York, joins Warner Cable-Qube division, Columbus, Ohio, as director, educational development. Watch out for Selcom. Lynn Picadio Vice President/Manager San Francisco Selcom, Inc., Radio Representatives 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 (212) 730-0202 Fred Furnish, manager of General Electric Cablevision Corp.'s Decatur, Ill., system, named manager of central operations responsible for Anderson, Decatur and Peoria systems, all Illinois. Paul F. Schonewolf, Midwest regional manager, named manager of Eastern operations. Mr. Schonewolf will also serve as manager of marketing and pay-TV operations for all General Electric Cablevision systems. Jerry P. Pitcher, purchasing agent for Summit Communications, Winston-Salem, N.C., named manager of Summit Cable Services of Statesville, N.C. Gerald L. Bahr, VP-engineering, Cox-owned Mission Cable TV San Diego, joins Cox Cable there as chief engineer of company's Trans Video operating division. William Robbins, secretary-treasurer of Fetzer Television Corp. and Fetzer Broadcasting Co., Kalamazoo, Mich., given additional duties as administrator of Fetzer Cablevision. Arthur Kaiser named associate director of advanced television development. All were researchers at center. William A. Fink, manager of television products, Conrac Division of Conrac Corp., Covina, Calif., joins Thomson-CSF Laboratories, Siamford, Conn., as VP-director of marketing. Joe Brier, chief engineer for Windsor Total Video, named VP-engineering, New York. Wade O. Hansen Jr., VP-marketing for Test Inc., Van Nuys, Calif., joins RCA Commercial Communications Services Division, as manager of West Coast creative services, based in Van Nuys. Carl Doug Buterbaugh, Western regional sales manager, Dynair, San Diego, joins Grass Valley Group, Sherman Oaks, Calif., as district sales manager. Donald Lyang, head of industrial engineering group, GTE Lenkurt, San Carlos, Calif., appointed manager of industrial engineering. Tom Creighton, Eastern regional sales manager for TFI Inc., joins Ampro Broadcasting, Feasterville, Pa., as sales manager. Kenneth Erickson, assistant chief engineer, KETV (TV) Omaha, joins WQAD-TV Moline, Ill., as chief engineer. Tim Anderson, chief engineer, WFZS (FM) Richmond, Va., joins co-owned WEZB (FM) New Orleans in same capacity. Kevin McCarthy, assistant chief engineer, WRNLIAM Richmond, succeeds Mr. Anderson at WEZS. Bill Pulliam, supervisor of radio engineering, WTARIAM Norfolk, Va., elected chairman of Tidewater chapter of Society of Broadcast Engineers. Appointments, CBS Technology Center, Stamford, Conn.: Robert A. Castrignano named director of advanced television technology; Abraham A. Goldberg named associate director for advanced television research, and joins FCC there as attorney in general counsel's office. Joseph A. Finley, regional manager in Menlo Park, Calif., office of A.C. Nielsen Co., retires after 41 years with company. Walter Cummings, VP in Menlo Park office, named regional manager for marketing research services. Peter M. Marcus, president and general manager, WWCH (AM) Waterbury, Conn., joins Arbitron, New York, as account executive for mid-Atlantic sales. Deaths Bret Morrison, 66, who portrayed Lamont Cranston in The Shadow, radio series during 1930's and 1940's, died Sept. 25 of heart attack in Los Angeles. Mr. Morrison began his career in 1937 as Mr. First Nighter in Chicago and was active until his death. He was taping radio segment of Heartbeat Theater series and was enroute home when heart attack occurred. Ruth Etting, 80, singer and movie star, died Sept. 24 at St. Francis hospital in Colorado Springs after long illness. She began her singing career on radio in Chicago in 1922. Her movie career began with appearance in Ziegfeld Follies in 1927 and she appeared in many other Follies pictures. Other movies to her credit include "Whooppee" (1928), "Simple Simon" (1930), Gift of Gab (1934). In early thirties she had had own network show sponsored by Chesterfield. She retired briefly but made comeback in 1946 on Rudy Vallee Hour. Survivors include stepson, John Alderman, and four grandchildren. Ben Caine, 76, former Albuquerque, N.M., news commentator, died Sept. 20 there after short illness. Mr. Caine was heard for 17 years on KPAR-FM where he became VP-general manager of station's former licensee, Sun Country Radio. He retired from station in 1972. He also worked for short time as newsman for KGGM-TV there. Survivors include one son and one daughter. For the Record As compiled by BROADCASTING based on filings, authorizations, petitions and other actions announced by the FCC during the period Sept. 18 through Sept. 22. Abbreviations: ALJ—Administrative Law Judge. alt.—alternate. ann.—announced. ant.—antenna. aur.—aural. aux.—auxiliary. CH—critical hours. CP—construction permit. D-day. DA—directional antenna. Doc.—Docket. ERP—effective radiated power. freq.—frequency. AT—average of points above average terrain. kHz—kilohertz. kw—kilowatts. MEOV—maximum expected operation value. mhz—megahertz. mod.—modification. N—night. PSA—presunrise service authority. SL—studio location. SH—specified hours. TL—transmitter location. trans.—transmitter. TPO—transmitter power output. U—unlimited hours. vis.—visual. w—watts. —non-commercial. New Stations TV applications - West Palm Beach, Fla.—Wilshire Corp. seeks ch. 53; ERP 822 kw vis., 164 kw auri.; HAAT 478 ft.; anti. height above ground 499 ft. Address: P.O. Box 2291, Palm Beach 33480. Estimated construction cost $715,000; first-year operating cost $250,000; revenue $965,000. Legal counsel Midler & Reddy, Washington; consulting engineer: Harold Munns. Principals: John B. Stagg (50%), Bernard J. Harris and Sidney Franks (25% each). Both are real estate developers; Mr. Harris owned, until 1967, WQXT-AM-FM Palm Beach, Fla. None has current broadcast interests. Ann. Sept. 15. - Watertown, N.Y.—R.B.D. Productions seeks ch. 50; ERP 30 kw vis., 6 kw auri.; HAAT 631 ft.; anti. height above ground 577 ft. Address: 29A Gifford Rd., Rte. 2, Watertown 13601. Estimated construction cost $717,188; first-year operating cost $229,500; revenue $350,000. Legal counsel Lauren Colby, Frederick, Md.; consulting engineer E. Harold Munns Jr. Applicant is owner of WOTT(AM)-WNCO(FM) Watertown. J. Graham is president. Ann. Sept. 11. - Springfield, Ohio—Miami Valley Christian Broadcasting seeks ch. 26; ERP 1,219 kw vis., 116.9 kw auri.; HAAT 488 ft. Address: 7333 Manning Rd., Miamisburg, Ohio 45342. Estimated construction cost $211,181; first-year operating cost $114,300; revenue $290,400. Legal counsel Miller & Fields; consulting engineer Robert Purcell. Applicant is non stock corporation; L. M. Weimer, president; Marvin Sparks, general manager. Ann. Sept. 6. FM applications - Mechanicsville, Va.—Hanover Radio Inc. seeks 92.7 mhz. 3 kw. HAAT 295 ft. Address: 4615 W. Broad St., Richmond, Va. 23230. Estimated construction cost $170,409; first-year operating cost $347,369; revenue $180,000. Format: oldies. Principals: John L. Sinclair, his wife, Virginia and daughter. Ann. Mr. Sinclair owns WCVL(AM)-WPLV(FM) Crawfordsville, Ind. and WANT(AM) Richmond and WHNE(AM) Portsmouth, Va. Ann. Sept. 13. - Mechanicsville, Va.—Ninety Two Point Seven Broadcasting Inc. seeks 92.7 mhz. 3 kw. HAAT 300 ft. Address: 322 6-1/2 St. SW, Charlottesville, Va. 22901. Estimated construction cost $99,780; first three months operating cost $40,938; revenue $100,000. Format: black. Principal: Marilyn K. Taylor, public school teacher with no other broadcast interests. Ann. Sept. 13. Other actions - Dadeville, Ala.—Returned as unacceptable for filing application by Fidelity Broadcasting Inc. for new AM on 1450 kHz. Action Sept. 12. - Harvey, N.D.—Returned as unacceptable for filing application by Shamrock Communications Inc. for new AM on 1540 kHz. Action Sept. 5. - Fredericksburg, Pa.—Returned as unacceptable for filing application by Sico Communications Inc. for new AM on 1290 kHz. Action Sept. 5. Ownership Changes Applications - KAAT(AM) Denver, Colo. (AM: 1090 kHz, 50 kw-U)—Seeks assignment of license from Radio Colorado Corp. of Leo Payne Broadcasting Inc. for $850,000. Seller: owned (100%) by John Gayer, who owns 85% of KFNF(AM) Shenandoah, Iowa and, with his wife, Dorothy, 40% of KBCR-AM-FM Steamboat Springs, Colo. Buyer: owned by Leo Payne (90%) and John R. Lego (10%). Mr. Payne owns auto dealership. Mr. Lego has had extensive broadcast experience, most recently as general manager at KERE(AM) Denver. Ann. Sept. 5. - KLLR(AM) Walker, Minn. (AM: 1600 kHz, 1 kw-D)—Seeks assignment of license from Edward De La Hunt Jr. to Siagg Broadcasting for $64,000. Seller: Mr. De La Hunt is co-owner of KPRM-AM-FM Park Rapids and KEHG-AM-FM Fosston, Minn. Buyer: owned by Donald P. Steigerwald (Paul Siagg) his wife, Verna and his brother, Donald. Paul Steigerwald is operations manager; staff announcer at WCCO-FM Minneapolis. His wife is housewife. Donald Steigerwald is manager and staff announcer at KWLM(AM)-KQIC(FM) Willmar, Minn. - KVSF(AM) Santa Fe, N.M. (AM: 1260 kHz, 1 kw-U)—Seeks assignment of license from New Mexico Broadcasting to Fiesta Communications Corp. for $410,000. Seller: principally owned by Geldier Hebenstreit, chairman of board, who has no other broadcast interests. Buyer: owned by Wycom Corp. (51%) and Alfredo R. Sena (49%). Mr. Sena is general manager of station. Wycom is group owner of KWYO(AM)-KLWD(FM) Sheridan, KUGR(AM) Green River, KOHI(AM) Cody, KOJO(AM)-KIOZ(FM) Laramie, all Wyoming and KPSA(AM) Alamagordo, N.M. It is principally owned by William R. Sims, president. - WTBO(AM) Warwick, N.Y. (AM: 1110 kHz, 250 w-D)—Seeks assignment of license from Warwick Broadcasting Corp. to Sturr Communications Corp. for $400,000. Seller: principally owned by Edward N. Klein, president, who is president and part owner of Warwick Cable TV Corp.; has no other broadcast interests. Buyer: owned (100%) by James W. Sturr Jr., Chester, N.Y. bank vice president with no other broadcast interests. - WGPA(AM) Bethlehem, Pa. (AM: 1100 kHz, 250 w-D)—Seeks assignment of license from The Holt Broadcasting Corp. of Pa. to Chadwick Broadcasting Co. for $400,000. Seller: principally owned by Arthur H. Holt, president, who also owns WZZO(FM) Bethlehem. Buyer: equally owned by Henry G. Chadwick and his wife, Mary. Mr. Chadwick has had extensive broadcast management experience, most recently as general sales manager at WFIL-TV Philadelphia. Neither has other broadcast interests. Facilities Changes AM applications - KFIA Carmichael, Calif.—Seeks mod. of CP to increase daytime power to 10kw; install DA-2. Ann. Sept. 21. - KDES Palm Springs, Calif.—Seeks CP to increase nighttime power to 1kw; make changes in anti. system. Ann. Sept. 21. - KWOW Pomona, Calif.—Seeks CP to increase nighttime power to 5 kw using DA-N; make changes in anti. system. Ann. Sept. 21. - KAAT Denver, Colo.—Seeks CP to change SL; add night service with 1kw and change DA-D to DA-2. Ann. Sept. 21. - WNEB West Hartford, Conn.—Seeks CP to increase day power to 10kw; add night service with 2.5kw; install DA-2; change "U"; operate trans. by remote control; change trans. Ann. Sept. 21. - WFVR Aurora, Ill.—Seeks CP to change frequency; increase power to 500w; make changes in anti. system; change type trans. Ann. Sept. 21. - WKKO Hibbing, Minn.—Seeks CP to change frequency from 1060kHz to 1080kHz; increase daytime power to 10kw; add night service with 5kw. DA-N; change hours of operation to U; change type trans. Ann. Sept. 21. - KTGO Tioga, N.D.—Seeks CP to increase power to 1kw; change type trans. Ann. Sept. 21. - WTNN Millington, Tenn.—Seeks CP to increase power to 1kw and make changes in anti. system (increase height). Ann. Sept. 21. - KKYN Plainview, Tex.—Seeks mod. of CP to increase daytime power to 5kw. Ann. Sept. 21. - WTZE Tazewell, Va.—Seeks CP to increase power to 5kw and change type trans. Ann. Sept. 21. Watch out for Selcom. Bill McHale Executive Vice President New York Selcom, Inc., Radio Representatives 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 (212) 730-0202 ## Summary of Broadcasting ### FCC tabulations as of June 30, 1978 \| Licensed \| On air STA \| CP's on air \| Total on air \| CP's not on air \| Total authorized** \| \|----------\|-------------\|-------------\|--------------\|-----------------\|--------------------\| \| Commercial AM \| 4,495 \| 4 \| 26 \| 4,526 \| 43 \| 4,568 \| \| Commercial FM \| 2,978 \| 1 \| 69 \| 3,047 \| 120 \| 3,166 \| \| Educational FM \| 920 \| 0 \| 36 \| 956 \| 74 \| 1,030 \| \| Total Radio \| 8,391 \| 5 \| 131 \| 8,532 \| 237 \| 8,764 \| \| Commercial TV \| 723 \| 1 \| 2 \| 726 \| 56 \| 782 \| \| VHF \| 513 \| 1 \| 2 \| 516 \| 7 \| 523 \| \| UHF \| 210 \| 0 \| 0 \| 210 \| 48 \| 256 \| \| Educational TV \| 244 \| 3 \| 13 \| 260 \| 7 \| 267 \| \| VHF \| 93 \| 1 \| 8 \| 102 \| 4 \| 106 \| \| UHF \| 151 \| 2 \| 5 \| 156 \| 3 \| 161 \| \| Total TV \| 967 \| 4 \| 15 \| 986 \| 63 \| 1,049 \| \| FM Translators \| 216 \| 0 \| 0 \| 216 \| 79 \| 295 \| \| TV Translators \| 3,521 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3,521 \| 429 \| 3,950 \| \| UHF \| 1,113 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1,113 \| 243 \| 1,356 \| \| VHF \| 2,408 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2,408 \| 186 \| 2,594 \| Special temporary authorization includes off-air licenses ### In Contest #### Designated for hearing - Moulton, Ala.—Broadcast Bureau designated for hearing mutually exclusive applications of Moulton Broadcasting Co. (WHYI[AM]), Benny Carle Broadcasting Inc. and Mississippi Broadcasting Co. for new AM on 1190 kHz (BC Doc. 78-287-289). Action Sept. 12. - Columbia, S.C.—FCC has designated for hearing competing applications of Nuance Corp. and Midcom Corp. for new FM on 103.1 mhz (BC Doc. 78-297-98). Action Sept. 14. #### Actions - Sudbury, Mass.—FCC granted application by WLSR-FM Inc. for new noncommercial FM on 88.1 mhz and granted increase of power for WTBS Foundation WTBS(FM) from 10 w to 200 w, denying petitions against both applications filed by WGAL Television Inc. (WTEV[TV]) New Bedford, Mass.) Action Sept. 14. #### Petitions to deny - West Chicago, Ill.—Weigel Broadcasting (WCIU-TV) filed petition to deny new TV there. Received Sept. 7. - Providence, R.I.—Universal Subscription TV Inc. filed petition to deny permit assignment and STV authorization for channel 64 there. Received Sept. 11. - Peterborough, N.H.—Concerned Listeners for Responsive Radio filed petition to deny assignment of license of WSCV(AM)-WSLE(FM) there. Received Sept. 13. - Taylortville, Ill.—Great Trails Broadcasting (WING[AM] Dayton, Ohio) filed petition to deny facilities change for WTIM(AM). Received Sept. 15. - Southampton, N.Y.—EFEM Inc. filed petition to deny assignment of license of WWRJ(AM). Received Sept. 15. - West Jordan, Utah—Busch Corp. seeks amendment FM table of assignments to assign ch. 274 to West Jordan (RM-3204). Ann. Sept. 18. - Ontario, Ore.—Inland Radio Inc. (KSRV[AM]) seeks amendment FM table of assignments to assign ch. 297 in lieu of ch. 226 at Ontario (RM-3202). Ann. Sept. 18. - San Jose, Calif.—Donald B. Thomason seeks amendment TV table of assignments to assign ch. 65 to San Jose (RM-3203). Ann. Sept. 18. - K04HZ Palisade, Neb.—Village of Palisade granted license covering changes for VHF translators. Action Aug. 4. - K276AH K280AN, K288BA, K296AM, Prescott, Ariz.—Prescott Area Antenna Television Inc. granted licenses covering new FM translator stations. Action Aug. 4. - K261AK Basalt, Colo.—Roaring Fork T.V. Assn. Inc. granted license covering new FM translator. Action Aug. 4. - K276AN Durango, Colo.—Durango Jaycees Inc. granted license covering new FM translators. Action Aug. 4. - K296BA Leaderville, Colo.—Lake County TV-FM Inc. granted license covering new FM translator. Action Aug. 4. - W296AB Silver Bay, Minn.—Stereo Broadcasting Inc. granted license covering new FM translator. Action Aug. 4. - K285AH Aztec and Bloomfield, N.M.—Radio San Juan Inc. granted license covering new FM translator. Action Aug. 4. - W257AC Batavia, Ohio—Judith A. Miller granted CP for new FM translator to operate on 99.3 mhz, to rebroadcast signal of WURD(FM). Action July 18. - K217AC, K220AA Klamath Falls, Sutherlin and Glide, Ore.—State Board of Higher Education granted CP for new FM translators operating on 91.3 and 91.9 mhz, to be used with KSOR(FM) Ashland, Ore. Action Aug. 1. - W221AC Mount Pocono area, Pa.—granted license covering changes for FM translator. Action Aug. 4. - K269AF Hurricane, Utah—Julia P Miner granted license covering new FM translator. action Aug. 4. - K221AL Kanab, Utah—Kanab Lions TV granted license covering new FM translator. Action Aug. 4. - K296BD Newcastle, Wyo.—Midland Broadcasting of Wyoming granted license covering new FM translator. Action Aug. 4. ### Fines - WRMS-AM-FM Beardstown, Ill.—Notified of apparent liability for $1,250 for technical and logging violations. Action Sept. 11. - WSHO(AM) New Orleans—Notified of apparent liability for $600 for repeated failure to maintain operating power within prescribed limits. Action Sept. 11. - KWHP(FM) Edmond, Okla.—Ordered to forfeit $1,000 for repeated failure to maintain center frequency within 2 kw of that assigned. Action Sept. 11. - WMBA(AM) Ambridge, Pa.—Notified of apparent liability for $550 for repeated failure to provide proper control circuits at remote control point. Action Sept. 11. - WCAY(AM) Cayce, S.C.—Notified of apparent liability for $500 for repeated failure to have licensed operator on duty. Action Sept. 12. - WLAC(AM) Nashville, Tenn.—Notified of apparent liability for $10,000 for failure to log commercial matter and identify sponsors in connection with station’s “Music Week ’77” concert/promotion. Action Sept. 7. - KETX-AM-FM Livingston, Tex.—Ordered to forfeit $400 for failure to file renewal application on time. Action Sept. 11. ### Rulemaking #### Proposed - Scottsville, Mich.—Eugene A. Barre seeks amendment FM table of assignments to assign ch. 240 A to Scottsville (RM-3201). Ann. Sept. 18. - Ontario, Ore.—Inland Radio Inc. (KSRV[AM]) seeks amendment FM table of assignments to assign ch. 297 in lieu of ch. 226 at Ontario (RM-3202). Ann. Sept. 18. - K07PG Seward, Alaska—Alaska Public Television Inc. granted CP for new VHF station to operate on 174-180 mhz, to rebroadcast signal of KAKM(TV), Anchorage. Action July 21. - K39A Clam Gulch, Alaska—Alaska Public Television Inc. granted CP for UHF translator to operate on 620-626 mhz, and rebroadcast signals of KAKM-TV Anchorage. Action July 18. - K0BIR, K10TT, K12KM Fifteen Mile Valley, Calif.—County of San Bernardino granted licenses covering new VHF TV translators. Action Aug. 4. - K10EN Willow Creek, Calif. granted license covering changes for VHF translator. Action Aug. 4. - K0BJ, K11OE, K03EX, K13OT Red Feather Lakes area, Colo.—Mountain Lions of Red Feather Lakes granted licenses covering new VHF translator. Action Aug. 4. - K08JB, K12KY Heart Butte, Mont.—School District No. 1 granted licenses covering new VHF-TV translators. Action Aug. 4. Professional Cards ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORP. Jansky & Bailey Telecommunications Consulting Member AFCEE 5390 Cherokee Avenue Alexandria, Virginia 22314 (703) 354-3400 EDWARD F. LORENTZ & ASSOCIATES Consulting Engineers 1334 G St., N.W., Suite 500 347-1319 Washington, D.C. 20005 Member AFCEE A. D. Ring & Associates CONSULTING RADIO ENGINEERS 1771 N St., N.W. 296-2315 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 Member AFCEE COHEN and DIPPELL, PC. CONSULTING ENGINEERS 527 Munsey Bldg. (202) 783-0111 Washington, D.C. 20004 Member AFCEE CARL T. JONES ASSOCS. (Formerly Gaumery & Jones) CONSULTING ENGINEERS 2990 Telestar Ct., Suite 405 (703) 560-6800 Falls Church, Va. 22042 Member AFCEE LOHNES & CULVER Consulting Engineers 1156 15th St., N.W., Suite 606 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 296-2722 Member AFCEE A. EARL CULLUM, JR. CONSULTING ENGINEERS INWOOD POST OFFICE BOX 7004 DALLAS, TEXAS 75209 (214) 631-8360 Member AFCEE SILLIMAN, MOFFET & KOWALSKI Washington, D.C. Area 8701 Ga. Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910 ROBERT M. BILLIMAN, P.E. (301) 571-8768 1925 N. Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209 JOHN A. MOFFET, P.E. (703) 841-0500 Member AFCEE STEEL, ANDRUS & ASSOCIATES 2029 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 (301) 827-8725 (301) 384-5374 Member AFCEE HAMMETT & EDISON, INC. CONSULTING ENGINEERS Radio & Television Box 68, International Airport San Francisco, California 94128 (415) 342-5208 Member AFCEE JOHN B. HEFFELFINGER 9208 Wyoming Pl., Hiland 4-7010 KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI 64114 JULES COHEN & ASSOCIATES Suite 400 1730 M St., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Member AFCEE CARL E. SMITH CONSULTING RADIO ENGINEERS 8200 Sneeville Road Cleveland, Ohio 44141 Phone: 216-526-4386 Member AFCEE VIR JAMES CONSULTING RADIO ENGINEERS Applications and Field Engineering Computerized Frequency Surveys 343 Colorado Blvd.—80206 (303) 334-1000 DENVER, COLORADO Member AFCEE E. Harold Munn, Jr., & Associates, Inc. Broadcast Engineering Consultants Box 220 Coldwater, Michigan 49036 Phone: 517—278-7339 ROSNER TELEVISION SYSTEMS CONSULTING & ENGINEERING 250 West 57th Street New York, New York 10019 (212) 246-3967 JOHN H. MULLANEY Consulting Radio Engineers, Inc. 9616 Pinkney Court Potomac, Maryland 20854 301 - 299-3900 Member AFCEE HATFIELD & DAWSON Consulting Engineers Broadcast and Communications 3525 Stone Way N. Seattle, Washington 98103 (206) 633-2885 Member AFCEE MIDWEST ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES Consulting Engineers 6934 A N. University Peoria, Illinois 61614 (309) 692-4233 Member AFCEE DAWKINS ESPY Consulting Radio Engineers Applications/Field Engineering PO. Box 3127—Olympic Station 90212 BEVERLY HILLS, CALIF. (213) 272-3344 MATTHEW J. VLISSIDES, P.E. STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT TOWERS, ANTENNAS, STRUCTURES Studies, Alterations, Repairs, Modifications, Inspections, Supervision of Erection 7601 BURFORD DRIVE, MCLEAN, VA 22102 Tel (703) 366-0800 Member AFCEE C. P. CROSSNO & ASSOCIATES CONSULTING ENGINEERS P.O. BOX 18312 DALLAS, TEXAS 75218 Computer Aided, Design & Allocation Studies Field Engineering Aerial Measurements (214) 321-9140 Satellite Telecom Services, Inc. Earth Station Engineering Consultants 2965 Flowers Rd., So. Atlanta, Ga 30341 404—455-8369 RADIO ENGINEERING CO. PO Box 2352, Panas Verdes, Ca 90274 CONSULTANTS ALLOCATION INSTRUMENTS FIELD ANTENNA & TYPE ACCEPTANCE MEASUREMENTS NONCONFORM PATTERSON (213) 541-7379 Serving Broadcasters over 35 years JOHN F.X. BROWNE & ASSOCIATES, INC. CONSULTING ENGINEERS 1901 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, D.C. 20006 525 Woodward Avenue Bloomfield Hills, MI 48013 Tel: (313) 642-6226 (202) 293-2020 Member AFCEE WILLIAM B. CARR & ASSOCIATES, INC. DALLAS/FORT WORTH GLENN B. CALHOUN 15745 Tanglewood Lane, Dallas, Texas 75240, 214/233-6034 WILLIAM B. CARR, P.E. 1805 Hillside Lane, Burleson, Texas 76028, 817/295-1181 MEMBER AFCEE E.M.R. ENGINEERING, INC. PO Box 766, CHANNELVIEW, TX 77530 (713) 452-6147 CONSULTING ENGINEERS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ALLOCATION INSTRUMENTS, FM & MICRO-WAVE SYSTEMS FRED L. ZELLNER RALPH E. EVANS ASSOCS. Consulting TeleCommunications Engineers AM-FM-TV-CATV-TFS 216 N. Green Bay Rd. THIENSVILLE, WISCONSIN 53092 Phone: (414) 242-6000 Member AFCEE DON'T BE A STRANGER To Broadcasting's 157,000* Readers Display your Professional Service Card in this magazine by the decision-makers: station owners and managers, chief engineers and technicians, suppliers for AM, FM, TV and buyers of broadcasting services 1977 Readership Survey showing 44 readers per copy contact BROADCASTING MAGAZINE 1735 DeSales St. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 for availabilities Phone: (202) 638-1022 HELP WANTED MANAGEMENT G.M./G.S.M. broadcast trained to administer staff and manage sales force of newly acquired twice a week newspaper. Print experience is not essential. Paper has established account list and 30,000 circulation. We need an aggressive, inventive advertising pro with administrative abilities to complement our No. 1 contemporary FM. Outstanding salary and commission arrangement. Send resume to George Scantland, Box 524, Marion, OH 43302. Need for strong sales executive in highly successful East Coast AM-FM operation. Must love to sell, know how to lead and motivate. Excellent compensation program for performance. Long-range equity possibilities, top management opportunities. Don't being desk, bring desire. Box M-179. Manager/Sales. New FM only station in city of 40,000 trade area, plus near by Stockton/Modesto, Calif. markets. Send resume Broadcasting Box M-196. Cracker Jack radio station manager for KZAM AM & FM. Seattle market. 100,000 watts FM and full-time AM. Established AOR station in a sound market. One of the finest places to live in the U.S. Prefer experienced manager. Good salary with profit incentive. Write with full experience details to D.A. White, 3625 Roblar. San Ynez, CA 93460. EOE. M/F. Executive Career Position—Sales-oriented GM—Salary plus percentage, insurance program, paid vacation, security. Buy-in available. Established small market AM/FM in beautiful central Virginia. EOE. Box N-36. General Manager. 100,000 watt, 24-hour classical music, fine arts, NPR station at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. Candidates must have degree or equivalent, four year's broadcasting/management, 3rd Class FCC license. Salary range: high teens to 20's. Send resume, reference letters and salary requirements to: KWMU Search Committee, 428 Woods Hall, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, MO 63121. Equal Opportunity Employer M/F. HELP WANTED SALES Learn to sell at a professional Midwest radio station. Continuous sales training. Box M-68. Good Colorado Regional AM Station needs a good sales person. Brand new 100,000 watt FM sister station debuts in weeks so lots going on. Send full resume to Manager Box 890, Lamar, Co. 81052. E.O.E. Wanted: Hardworking, versatile sales manager for aggressive, stable small market AM-FM station in Mid-South. New facilities. Must be aggressive; experienced with sales ideas and promotions that work. Prefer RAB training period to carry own account list ($87,000-90,000) and offer leadership to sales department. Regional business knowhow a must. Heavy in Public Relations and community involvement, with management potential. Can start now or by January 1, 1979. Prefer family person. Salary first year should range from low to mid 20's. Send complete resume' to Box M-172. Sales Manager—Strong individual with the desire to advance—opening due to promotion within company—apply immediately—send resume to Bernie Brobst, c/o WOHI RADIO, East Liverpool, OH 43920. Good references and experience a must. Account executive is assuming Sales Manager's duties at one of our sister stations. We're looking for a replacement who is aggressive and competitive, with broadcast sales experience. We offer a protected account list which should assure $15,000 the first year, auto expense allowance; company paid hospitalization insurance and retirement. Call Ron Maines at 517—631-1490 and tell me what you offer. Wanted: Experienced Radio Salesperson for fast growing Beautiful Music FM station. SSSS and the opportunity to advance are in San Diego. Send resume to FM 104, 825 Broadway, Suite 1200, San Diego, CA 92101. Attention: Ross Allie. Lincoln Nebraska. KLMS needs another effective salesperson to complement fully accredited sales staff. Join diversified corporation with expanding, computerized broadcast division. Management future realistic. Profit sharing. Starting salaries 1979's. America's finest communities ... excellent radio market. $18,000 plus to start. Proper qualifications equals more. Future income commensurate with abilities. Require experience (small market welcome)... basic product knowledge, sincerity, desire to excel necessary. EOE. Warner Bantz, GSM, 402—489-9341. Send resume, references. WYSE—E.O.E. New ownership! Needs experienced salespeople! Avoid the snow! Resume PO. Box 335 Inverness, FL 32650. Near-Disney Florida 5 KW upping power, needs salesperson capable of earning $24,000+. Resume from you gets full details from us. Box N-37. KRDR, Portland, Oregon suburban station, seeks experienced radio sales person. High growth rate, expanding station with solid list liberal commission. Company will be expanding with station acquisitions pending before FCC. Call or send resume to Charles Banta, KRDR, PO. Box 32, Gresham, OR 97030. EEO Employer. Aggressive, Experienced sales person needed at WTTS/WGTG in Bloomington, IN. Service and expand active list of accounts. Opportunity to become Sales Manager. Earnings up to $25,000. If you're ready to move up... send your resume' to Charlotte Webb, Administrative Assistant, WTTSWGTG, 535 South Walnut Street, Bloomington, IN 47401. An equal opportunity employer. Advertising salesperson with prior experience in broadcast sales. Send resume to Doyle Ritter, KVRA/KVRF, PO Box 282, Vermillion, SD 57069. EOE. Sales Manager—WDBO and WDBO-FM. Orlando FL, top adult formatted station in dynamic growth market. Experience necessary Contact or send complete resume to Manager, PO Box 158, Orlando, FL 32802. Phone 305—843-5800 EOE. Local Salesperson. Must be neat in appearance, enthusiastic, with even temperament, a self-starter. Send resume' and statement outlining contributions you can make with a highly professional station to the Personnel Director, WSM, Inc., Box 100, Nashville, TN 37202. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Number 2 person in new and growing AM-FM group. Sales oriented with broad radio background. Choice account list; big S earnings; room for advancement. Send resume to Bob Schneider, Pres. & G.M., KBBB, PO. Box 1478, Borger, TX 79007. EOE. If you want to be in on the ground floor of what will be Northern Illinois' No. 1 station, if you have the stuff to work long, hard hours building a future, please call us. We offer a fat commission in exchange for your hard street work and creative talent. We're WEFA, Waukegan's bright, new young sound. Call Roger Kaplan. 312—662-0540. Equal Opportunity Employer. HELP WANTED ANNOUNCERS Minimum Two Years experience in Rock, Upper Midwest. Box K-125. Experienced with creative skills in air work and commercial production; good voice and air personality. Should have potential to work in programming and other areas. FCC First Class license required. EOE. Send resume to Box M-113. Mid-West Country Format looking for morning personality to become part of a great staff. Excellent production, knowledge of farm area preferred. Working together as a team to promote Station and Sound required. Open to ideas. Box M-195. Need Professional Personalities to work MOR-Talk format in one of Indiana's fastest growing areas. Send tape, resume, and salary objectives to: O. J. Jackson, WAKE, PO. Box 149, Valparaiso, IN 46393. FM Rocker has immediate openings for newperson, full & part-time jocks. Tapes, resume, Tom Kennedy, WSEA, Georgetown, DE 19947 or call 302—856-7355. 50,000 watt Stereo station on beautiful Cape Cod needs full-time announcer. Applicants must have a professional sound with excellent reading ability. Good commercial production ability to interview for public affairs program, sports and special events. Good pay and benefits. Call Jim Connors 617—548-3102. WTLC-FM/Indianapolis accepting applications for future on air positions. Applicants must have at least one years experience on air large or medium market. Send tape and resume to Asst Manager, WTLC, 2126 N. Meridian, Indianapolis, IN 46202. EOE/M/F. Immediate Opening. Small market Ohio Adult Contemporary looking for 1st and 3rd class tickets for morning and night air shifts. Good pay. Top station in market. Send tapes and/or phone John Cole, WCSM, Box 492, Celina, OH 45822. 419—586-5134. Top 40 Contemporary AM-in fastest growing market in Texas-looking for an experienced all around pro for air shift. Must be able to handle production work. Contact Lou Saint, KTEM Radio, Box 1230, Temple, TX 78501. 817—773-5252. Equal Opportunity Employer. Fulltime announcer. Established station. Experience in production, on-air and news reporting required. Good salary plus fringes. Send tape and resume to J.D. Hogan, WLPO, PO Box 215, La Salle, IL 61330, An Equal Opportunity Employer. M/F. No. 2 Adult Contemporary 50KW looking for night morning person. One of West Coasts most livable Major Market cities. Applicants should be experienced, creative, run tight board and know production. Excellent salary & benefits. Reply Box N-2. The Lure of the Sea. Major New England FM (50 KW) Beautiful Music seeks an energetic, seasoned announcer for on-air and production. Must understand automation and all facets of successful Beautiful Music station operation. Station located on the beach. $1300/month to start. EOE. Reply in confidence to Box N-15. Program Director-Announcer wanted for leading Florida 5 county Contemporary Rock 100,000 FN. $15,000-$18,000 annually. Equal Opportunity Employer. Send resume Box N-41. Hawaii—talent hunt.. News, Jocks & first phones. Resumes-tapes — rush. Rod Williams, Assistant Mgr., KMVI Radio, Wailuku Maui, HI 96793. Announcer, Country, who can also handle local sports, pbp. Good voice & production a must. Send check and resume to Bob Schneider, Pres. & G.M., KBKB, PO. Box 1478, Borger, TX 79007. EOE. KBKB, Small Market, Contemporary Station is in need of nighttime air personality, strong production, experience not necessary. EOE. tapes and resumes to KBKB, PO. Box 369, Fort Madison, IA 52627. Better Pay and working conditions! If you're good enough to deserve these check us out. Your talent will be appreciated and recognized. Need experienced announcer to join other professionals. Good community and schools, recreation. Tape, resume to Fred Manahan, WAWK AM-FM Stereo, Box 37, Kendallville, IN. 219—347—2400. HELP WANTED ANNOUNCERS CONTINUED Production and News person needed for fast growing medium market. Third endorsed, good voice and experience required. No beginners. Send tape and resume to Lyle Richardson, KUDE/KJFM Box K-1320, Oceanside, CA 92054. This is a good opportunity with an Equal Opportunity Employer. WQXA-FM Harrisburg, York, Lancaster, PA. Contemporary leader has an opening for talent with above average skills in production. Rush tape and resume including production samples to: WQXA-FM, Box M-88, York, PA 17405. E.O.E. Beautiful Music Announcer to work nights and weekends with automation. Opportunity for growth in a quality company. Mail tape and resume to: Eric Marenghi, WSSH. 4 Broadway Lowell, MA 01853. Announcer- Carolina's top billing small market station. Experience, talent, and Announcer- Carolina's top billing small market station. Experience, talent, and maturity necessary. Benefits plus profit sharing. EOE. Box J-99. 100,000 Watt modern C&W FM needs top announcer, good reader w/prod experience. Good pay, benefits, college community. Best hunting and fishing area. Contact Mgr. KKKZ, 105 Park Ave., Ruston, LA 71270. 318—255-5000. Immediate openings in growing Midwest chain. The parent station boasts of finest small market broadcast reputation. If you have general broadcast experience and/or management potential, call Dave Shepherd at 816—425-6380. Immediate opening for young, aggressive announcer who knows modern country and contemporary music, and can do creative production. Rush tape and resume to Bob Townsend. WLSE, Box 520, Wallace, NC 28466. EOE. Community-minded Midwest AM/FM seeks experienced announcer that can handle all phases of broadcasting, from interviews to sports, news and board work. PD potential a strong selling point. Box M-51. Personality needed, good money for an experienced adult entertainer. MDR AM/FM operation needs one immediately. Rush tape and resume to PD., Box 610, Pittsburg, KS 66762. Announcer wanted for traditional MDR and news block format. Must have mature voice. Also possibility of some TV. Send tape as soon as possible to Dan Rivera, Program Director, WFMJ. 101 West Boardman St., Youngstown, OH 44503. EOE Employee. WSNY-AM Jacksonville, Florida needs mid day announcer and nighttime announcer. Will consider young pro with good voice and strong on production. FCC Third Class with endorsement required. Call Ron Wayne 904—786-1131 for details. Program Director to improve country station's sound and appeal. Handle newscasts, 5 kW AM and "C" FM. Develop new staff and assist in "selling" present simulcast or creative ideas, writing and production must. Board and announcing experience. Send resume, audition/air tape to Bob Schneider, Pres. & G.M., KBBB, PO. Box 1478, Borger, TX 79007. EOE. WFHR, Wisconsin Rapids is seeking a mature personality for mid mornings or afternoons. Experience and top shelf production a must. No beginners. Send tape and resume to Scott Chapin, WFHR, 220 First Avenue South, Wisconsin Rapids 54494. HELP WANTED TECHNICAL Radio Chief Engineer, good audio and transmitter worker. Excellent conditions, salary, and fringes, at West Coasts oldest station. Send resume' to KMED, PO. Box 1440, Medford, OR 97501, or call 503—773-1440. Chief Engineer, a take-charge, self-starter First Phone, for one of finest equipped small-market stations anywhere. Non-DA AM/Class B FM. Start at $225 per week, plus complete fringes. Send full information immediately to John C. Morgan, WVFA AM/FM, Fredericksburg, VA 22401. Equal Opportunity Employer. Need fully qualified, take charge engineer for a fulltime station, E.O.E. KMO Radio, PO. Box 1277, Tacoma, WA 98401 Pernickety Engineer for automated, quality-oriented, Contemporary Class C in Beaumont, Texas. We believe in winning professionalism and no petty hassles. K-106, 713—769-2852. Chief Engineer, Immediate opening. Major group broadcaster seeks Chief with Thorough knowledge of 50 KW, AM Daytime Directional and Full Power FM. Send resume to General Manager, WRCP/WSNI, 2043 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (215—564-2300). Equal Opportunity Employer. Wanted engineer—anncer. Some construction on new station, E. Central Illinois market. All new equipment and building Stereo FM. Permanent position. Only best ref. Apply Box N-13. New and growing major market group needs Chief Engineer for dominant FM rocker in Midwest. Experience in all phases of FM stereo is necessary, including programming, marketing, finances, as well as maintenance. We need a man who knows how it should sound and how to keep it there. Salary commensurate with ability. Box N-29. Chief Engineer for AM/FM. Must be familiar with directional and FM stereo. Digital. Medium/Small Market. Apply Broadcasting Box N-31. Retired Engineer: Part time. Beautiful resort, warm year round. Maintain Collins FM 830 F.1B. That's all! EOE. Box N-40. Chief for No. 1 FM in Syracuse market plus AM daytime. Very good pay for experienced pro. Contact Bob Rooney, GM, WKFM, Fulton, NY 13069. (315—695-2165). Chief Engineer for AM Da/2, plus 50 KW FM. Must be able to construct the AM and maintain both. Opening occurs in October. Salary open. Optional announcing (classical music) pays extra. Send resume including salary requirements (tape if applicable) to Fred Miller, General Manager, WDCS Radio, 638 Congress Street, Portland, ME 04101. Equal Opportunity Employer. Ass't Chief Engineer. AM-FM combo. Automation experience helpful for FM operation. Must be solid on maintenance. Good salary and full company benefits. Low cost offered on country home near Chicago. Liberal paid. Great city (40,000) and professional staff. Contact Dennis Rund, Chief, 419—422-4545. Findlay, OH. EOE. HELP WANTED NEWS News Director needed immediately. Strong local news background essential. Good opportunity for dedicated journalist with authoritative delivery. Excellent salary. Send tape and resume to Joe London, WMOH, Hamilton, OH 45011. Equal Opportunity Employer. Wanted: Sports Announcer, Mississippi State University baseball and women's basketball, high school football and basketball. Includes full-time salesperson or board shift. Joe Phillips, WSSO, Starkville, MS 39759. Phone 323-1230. 5 Thousand Watt EOE in a fast-growing Wyoming city is looking for a News Reporter for it's two-person news department. Experience, dedication to accurate news coverage, with Midwest or Mountain region background desired. Resume and tape to David King ND, KMC Radio Gillette, WY Box 1009 82716, or call 1—307—682-4747. News and sports person with three to four years experience wanted to help make outstanding operation even better. Missouri sports-minded station looking. Box N-38. New Mexico needs enthusiastic, dedicated broadcasters. Send resume to NMBA, 790-9D Tramway Lane NE, Albuquerque, NM 87122. 505—229-6908. NMBA—Cleaning House for all member stations. WSAI in Cincinnati is looking for an anchor person. We're looking for someone with good writing ability and an uptempo, conversational delivery. Tape and resume to Robert Schuman, News Director, WSAI Radio, W. 8th and Matson Place, Cincinnati, OH 45204. M/F. E.O.E. Production and News person needed for fast growing medium market. Third endorsed, good voice and experience required. No beginners. Send tape and resume to Lyle Richardson, KUDE/KJFM Box K-1320, Oceanside, CA 92054. This is a good opportunity with an Equal Opportunity Employer. WSNY-AM Jacksonville, Florida needs News Director. Will consider young pro with good voice. Responsibilities include managing news, production and staff. Call Ron Wayne 904—786-1131 for details. Hard Working Radio newsperson for one person department, you do it all—heavy local commitment. Small Market Upstate N.Y. Good pay, benefits, Tapes, resumes, references to G.N. WSCP Sandy Creek, NY 13145. Immediate opening! News Director Handle gathering, writing, airing of local news on 5 kw public affairs oriented AM and "C" FM. Musts: 2 yrs. experience; solid journalistic background in public affairs reporting & radio writing, editing, production and directing; strong community-oriented talk shows. Opening now. Send resume, tape and salary requirements to Bob Schneider, Pres. & G.M., KBBB, PO. Box 1478, Borger, TX 79007. EOE. WCSI, Columbus, Indiana needs a morning news person who will also do an early afternoon talk show. Must be able to gather and write local news. Send tape and resume to Mike King, PO. Box 709 Columbus, IN 47201. No phone calls. E.O.E. Immediate opening for newscaster to fill an on the air position at a Midwestern medium market FM. Equal Opportunity Employer. Send tape, resume to Dennis Little, WRBR-FM, 100 Center, Mishawaka, IN 46544. HELP WANTED PROGRAMING, PRODUCTION, OTHERS Production Director for top rated FM in upper Midwest medium market. Must be creative copywriter and strong in production. Tape and resume to Dave Montgomery, KYYY Radio, Box 1738, Bismarck, ND 58501. E.O.E. One of the Top Ten Black Stations in the Midwest has a growth opportunity for a Program Director. Applicants should either have their college degree or five years radio experience. Ability to motivate creative people a must plus good administrative skills. Send tape and resume to General Manager, Box 697, Indianapolis, IN 46206. EOEMF. Production Director! Major Market West Coast AM/FM Radio station needs creative, self-starting, talented Production Director with multi-track experience. First Class Radiotelephone License desirable. New equipment and studios March '79. EOE M/F. Send complete resume to, Box N-36. Continuity/Production—Full time AM has immediate opening for experienced Continuity Director. Must have good, strong, commercial voice and ability to create, write, and produce effective commercials. Call Joe Haas, WWCA, Gary, IN 219—866-9171. Director: Fast, versatile, productive professional Work with TD. Experienced only need apply. Send resume, tape (prefer 3/4), Harold Hodges, WKRG-TV, PO. Box 2367, Mobile, AL 36601. An EOE employer. Program Director with strong production skills for adult contemporary station. Send tape, resume and salary requirement to Cynthia Georgina, WKNE, Box 456, Keene, NH 03431. Can you do it all? See CATV Help Wanted ad! WCSI Columbus, Indiana needs experienced afternoon drivetime personality. Good production. Write Mike King at Box 709, Columbus, IN 47201. Recent tape essential. No phone calls. E.O.E. SITUATIONS WANTED MANAGEMENT General Manager/General Sales Manager, available immediately. Major Market track record and references. Will look at any offer that makes sense. Box M-106. Look for a professional? 39 year old broadcast veteran of 20 years seeking to relocate. Heavy background of management, sales, programming, production and promotion. No director. 10 years same company. All offers considered. Box N-32. SITUATIONS WANTED MANAGEMENT CONTINUED* Extensive background at phases AM FM CATV former successful ownership want back into broadcasting can invest in right situation but not necessary available now. Box N-25. SITUATIONS WANTED SALES Suburban Radio was a successful start, now it's time for a bigger challenge. If you need Solutions write Box M-202. SITUATIONS WANTED ANNOUNCERS Looking for Someone creative, hard working and reliable. Third Endorsed and will relocate anywhere immediately. Tape and resume available upon request. Call 312—388-3040 or write Jim Mulvaney. 12832 May Chicago, IL 60643. Broadcast School Grad. 3rd Endorsed, looking for first job. Phone weekdays 716—834-4457. Ambitious broadcast graduate 3rd looking for first break in radio on A.O.R. station. I'm energetic and reliable. Tape and resume on request. Call anytime 312—562-5956 or write: Dimitrios Alexander, 1401 High Ridge Pkwy, Westchester, IL 60153. Have talent, will travel! 3rd Endorsed married air personality seeks employment at Small or Medium Market Station. Creative, responsible and cooperative. Tape and resume available. Call 312—434-3768 or write Carl Reynolds. 5657 S. Morgan, Chicago IL 60621. Honest, Reliable, Energetic, air personality. Hard working 3rd endorsed. Tape & resume available upon request. Phone 312—985-5530 after 4 PM. Mon-Thur. 815—365-4037, weekends or write Leo O'Donnell, Box 97, Reddick, IL 60961. After 4 1/2 years in the business, I'm looking for a step up. I have a 1st phone and like to entertain. If you're in a medium to major market West of the Mississippi and can start at $900 a month, I'm interested. Box M-165. Look here! Young disk jockey needs employment, third phone, limited experience, ready and willing. Try me. No automation. Box M-169. Experienced Broadcaster; offering professional broadcasting services to a great American station like yours. Box M-171. Seeking Major Market AOR Announcing position or Medium Market AOR Program Director position. Talented, professional, intelligent. Details or AOR programming philosophies come first, followed by a tape and resume. Box M-177. Male—age 20—3rd Endorsed—expertly trained seeking first break in radio. Available immediately will relocate anywhere. Tape and resume upon request. Call 312—776-8054 between 9 am-2 p.m. or write Dennis Bajek, 5343 So. Talman, Chicago IL 60632. Third Endorsed. Good pipes Will relocate. Tape and resume available. Call Mike Mitchell. 212—287-4928. How to profit from an experienced D.J., Newscaster, Sportscaster (2 yrs). Send for my "Free" tape and resume. Box N-4. Female 23 3rd Endorsed w/some air experience and good music sense seeks DJ Announcer position in small or medium market. Box N-23. 4 yrs. of experience most in Contemporary Christian music, some in adult rock. Looking for position as DJ and MD or PD. Clark, Box 6242, Santa Ana, CA 92706. Rookie Jock Bats .1000. Proven successful answer to a College AM Dream, now can perform micro-wave magic for your format. 3rd Endorsed. Contact: Hank London 1179 Kensington Road, Teaneck, NJ 07666, 201—836-8398. Jock (then) for first job in Radio. Professionally Trained, 3rd, will relocate now. West Preferred. Contact Mark Jay Muller, 9047 Crawford, Skokie IL 60016. 312—649-9808 (9A-3P), 312—673-9047, after 4PM. Northeastern Medium Markets.: Capable Telephone-talk/Country/MOR broadcaster seeks stability. 6 years experience. Nick Seneca, 716—632-6033. First Phone Announcer seeking new position. Six years experience, on-air and administrative, in small market. Will relocate anywhere. Box N-11. Seasoned professional 9 years experience, single, anywhere U.S. Bob Cole, 234 Crescent St., New Haven, CT 865—3528—562-5244. Broadcasting graduate looking for first position in radio Broadcasting. Please call Robert Benkelman 716—627-5867. A Good Fulltime Jazz Show is not hard to find. It's here. 30, 1sl. 8 yrs. radio. Let's talk Jazz. Box M-12. Over two-years on-air experience, First Phone and excellent references. Call Tom 218—229-2102. One Years Experience at a 1000 Watt AM N.W. Ohio station as News Director. Looking for a position in a larger market. BA '77 with majors in political science and telecommunications. Heavy on production and public affairs. 3rd Phone Endorsed. Contact Bill Gilmer: Box 251, Deliance, OH 43512: 419—782-1088. Male 23 3rd Endorsed DJ. Broadcasting school grad. Don Reed, 3549 S. Federal, No. 206, Chicago IL 60601, 312—373-0670. SITUATIONS WANTED TECHNICAL Engineer. Past two years salesman. Want back in engineering. Fifteen years experience directionals, maintenance, stereo, automation. Box N-14. Experienced radio chief taking early retirement soon wants to work for a quality low key station. Box N-17. SITUATIONS WANTED NEWS Experienced sportscaster and/or newsman—play by play all sports—replies any market. Box M-184. Experienced announcer—newsman—sportscaster looking for home in Southeast. Collegiate school football, basketball and/or professional baseball play-by-play. Hard. production, tape, resume available. Paul Carden, Box K, Jasper, GA 30143, 404—692-6496. Authorative Newscaster. Four years medium market experience with news and commercials. Seeks greater challenge in a major market. Box N-6. Third Phone DJ, good production, news, commercials, will relocate, some experience, hard worker. Box N-20. NFL, NHL, AL producer. 12 years p-b-p. Box N-42. Willing to work hard. UNC Graduate, BA Broadcast Journalism. Stronger experience. Will relocate for first break. For tape and resume contact Charles Freiman, 1404 Willowood Court, Charlotte, NC 28219, 704—525-1477. Experienced news and sports broadcast reporter/news gatherer-writer seeks position with radio station, preferably on the East Coast. Have FCC 3rd wendersonment and am also experienced with DJ work. Interested in a young pro. Call 203—259-1268. SITUATIONS WANTED PROGRAMING, PRODUCTION, OTHERS Beautiful Music management. talent team. Program Director, Production Director, Engineer with Schultke, Bonneville experience. Seeking to improve your B-M numbers. Contact Gary or Jim; 419—693-9261, 582-5404. California Programming Executive. On top of present market. Eager for challenge, major growth potential. Ready to build another Winner! Box M-194. Top creative radio ad Writer and Producer. Seeks First rate station or ad agency. Top notch, serious inquiries only Box M-200. Morning Drive PD in metro area ready to move up. Four years full time & looking for a creative outlet. Willing to relocate. Call Evenings EDT 313—388-5738. Ten year professional program director trained in passive research and all phases of all programming and management. Major market experience looking for medium or large market contemporary or adult station. All replies confidential. 304—748-0564 Joe. Programming. presently in TOP 50 market, experience in both Country. Top 40, aware of FCC rules & regulations, strong on community involvement. sales ability & good production—looking for organization that treats people like people—717—234-5836. Aggressive...13 years experience in all areas of radio. Female. B.A. in communications/journalism. 6 years in programming/production/management—medium market station. Good knowledge F.C.C. rules—able to handle staff. Seek growth position. Willing to work hard to make money for you. Prefer Southern location—East or West—all locations considered. Box M-161. Versatile Talented Announcer with extensive production, advertising and news experience now available. Will relocate. Box N-5. Experienced Major and secondary market oper/program dir. seeks challenging position. Contemporary, black or disco format. Box N-35. TELEVISION HELP WANTED MANAGEMENT Business Manager. Major market television station is seeking a qualified & experienced Business Manager. Candidate must be familiar with all phases of broadcasting and have several years of experience with broadcast data processing. All replies to be held in strict confidence. We are an Equal Opportunity Employer. Box N-28. Executive Coordinator, Friends of Channel 21, Inc. Grant funded academic specialist at WHA-TV, Madison. Responsible for coordination, direction and development of PTV citizen support group. Major responsibilities include: supervision of Friends' staff; development and coordination of volunteer activities; membership development; liaison with community groups, WHA staff and Friends' Board; fund raising through special projects and local underwriting; and long-range planning. Bachelor's degree required. Applicants should have: minimum of 3 years full time successful experience (5 years preferred) in community/volunteer leadership and program coordination plus demonstrated organizational capability, knowledge and successful experience in management, finance and program planning. Oral and written communication skills and proven successful experience in human relationships essential. Demonstrated knowledge and experience in public television citizen support activities and development required. Salary: $18,000-$22,000. Completed application deadline: October 15, 1978. Write for application and details: Mr. Dick Hine, Station Manager, WHA-TV, 821 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706. An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. HELP WANTED SALES General Sales Manager: Must have national and local sales experience with proven record of achievement in both areas. Minimum of eight years experience. Send resume to General Manager, WJAR-TV, 176 Weybosset Street, Providence, RI 02903. Deadline for applications on or before October 8. WJAR-TV is an Equal Opportunity Employer. HELP WANTED TECHNICAL Videotape Maintenance Engineer for quad VTR's and other related equipment for post production and duplication house. Prove FCC 1st and at least one year's experience. Call contact 313—971-3600, or send resume to Robert Stapleton, NET Television, 2715 Packard, Ann Arbor, MI 48104. New First Phones! You've got your license, now get paid while you learn the business. Opening for control room operator. Harold Wright, WWVR-TV, Charlottesville, VA. 804—977-7028. HELP WANTED TECHNICAL CONTINUED A major Detroit TV station has openings for two Assistant Chief Engineers. Prefer applicants with 4-6 years experience at a major market station dealing with studio, videotape, transmitter and training operations and maintenance; 2 years experience with Electronic News Gathering; 1st Class FCC Radiotelephone License and a minimum of 2 years technical school in electronics. The Assistant Chief Engineer, Engineering Department, will be responsible for supervision of studio and transmitter personnel, coordinating technical facilities with programming department and assisting the news director with budget preparation and department operations. The Assistant Chief Engineer, ENG, News Department, will be responsible for the supervision and maintenance of ENG equipment, supervision of daily ENG operations and assist the news director in the preparation of the annual operating budget. Reply to Box 400, Detroit, MI 48231. We are an Equal Opportunity Employer. Transmitter Engineer—Southwest VHF station seeks aggressive Transmitter Engineer. FCC First Class License required. Experience desirable but will consider applicant with good electronic foundation. Equal Opportunity Employer. Send resume to Al Smith, PO. Box 1488, Lake Charles, LA 70601. Phone 318—439-9071. Experience to include VTR, Camera, and Digital equipment. FCC First Class License preferred. Contact Rick Craddock, KKTV, Colorado Springs, CO 1—303—634-2844. Immediate opening for Radio/TV Engineer in Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service TV Production Studio. Must have a first class FCC license and at least one year of experience in commercial or educational TV production. Maintenance engineering experience is a must. Knowledge of ENG recording and cameras and VCR recorders, switchers and digital time base correctors is required. Contact Milburn Gardner, PO. Box 5446, Mississippi State, MS 39762, or 601—325-3462. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Television Engineer wanted. California school district. Write Barstow, 6930 Cloverleaf, Palos Verdes, CA 90274. Wanted: Electronic Technician who is tired of the snow and ice of winter. South Texas television station is looking for an individual with previous experience in maintenance and repair of Sony electronic news gathering equipment, single tube cameras, U-Matic editing equipment, and Ampex and IVC Camera/Tape. Contact the Personnel Director, KGBT-TV, PO. Box 711, Harlingen, TX 78550 or call 512—423-3910 If you have the above qualifications and are wanting to migrate to the new booming sunbelt area before winter sets in. We are an affirmative action, equal opportunity employer. Television Transmitter Supervisor—We need a top engineer to maintain two parallel Harris BT18's on Channel 11 located in the world's tallest building. First Class FCC license plus five years of high power RF experience is required along with a good understanding of digital electronics. Good benefits go along with a salary of $27,924 per year. Send your resume in confidence to: Larry W. Ocker, Director of Engineering, WTTW-TV, 5400 N. St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL 60625. Equipment Technician II: Radio-TV-Film Department. Full-Time $1298-1582 monthly. Responsibilities: Chief Engineer of KCSN-FM. Responsible for operation of FM radio transmitter and studio facilities to comply with FCC specifications. Maintain current first class FCC Radio Telephone License. Perform preventive maintenance and repair as required on audio and video recording equipment. Operate standard electronic test equipment such as oscillators, meters, signal generators, etc. Design and construct custom electronic equipment as required. Responsibility for supervising and training broadcast equipment operators. Minimum qualifications: First class FCC Radio Telephone License. Extensive broadcasting experience so as to perform preventive maintenance and repair of equipment. Must be familiar with the current state of the art of broadcast equipment. Must be able to recommend, write specifications, evaluate and install broadcast equipment. Please forward resumes to: Dr. John Allyn, Chairman, Radio TV Film Department, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330. Applications due October 15, 1978. Engineer—Television broadcast engineer. First class license required. Contact Lou Iaconetti, WCAC, 219—365-8507, St. John, IN 46373. ENG Camera-Tape Maintenance. Immediate opening for experienced Engineer to work with JVC-Sony VTR's and TK-76 cameras. One of Midwest's top hardware stations. Contact Chief Engineer, KCRG AM-TV, 2nd Avenue at Fifth Street, SE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52401, 319—398-8407. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Experienced engineer for master control and maintenance. KOAA-TV, Colorado's most progressive station. 2200 7th Avenue, Pueblo, CO. Ken Renfrow, Chief Engineer. TV Broadcast Engineer: To operate and maintain modern television production studio and transmitting equipment. Twelve month contract with base salary at $10,000 (renewable). full benefit package provided. First-Class Radio Telephone FCC License required. Two years of Electronic School, two years of experience in maintenance of television systems, including master control operations. Experience with Sony BVR equipment useful. Contact: Mr. Thomas Aube, Chief Engineer, KATV-TV, Channel 15, 1900 West 10th, N.W. Austin, MN 55912 Phone 507-33-8000. KATV-TV is owned and operated by Independent School District No. 492 and is an equal opportunity employer. Videotape Maintenance Engineer. Quality Northern Rockies station in top outdoor recreation area, seeks operation, seeks the right person for this busy day that way. Must have Fine Phone and solid TV studio and Videotape maintenance experience. EOE. Contact Karl Black, KRTV, Box 1331, Great Falls, MT 59403. TV Studio Maintenance and Operation Engineer. Minimum 3 years experience with all phases of studio equipment, including E.N.G. TV Transmitter Engineer. Experienced with RCA TT10AL and TT25BL. Write Chief Engineer, PO. Box 510, Palm Beach, FL 33480. Equal Opportunity Employer. Assistant Chief Engineer for studio maintenance. Knowledge of RCA, TK-27, TR-22 and Sony 2860, essential. 209—529-2024. Equal Opportunity Employer. Reporter—Photographer Energetic and alert Experience and/or education Benelits Equal Opportunity Employer. Send video-cassette and resume to Art Angelo, VP, KPCL-TV, Box 1488, Lake Charles, LA, 70601. No phone calls. TV News Director for major market, group-owned Sun Belt station. Must be creative and energetic professional with strong administrative experience. Authority to determine and administer budgets, guide reporters, producers, photographers, anchor people through their daily work. Should be able to insure well balanced coverage of news events and views. Salary commensurate with experience. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Send resume and salary requirements to Box M-186. Two Meteorologists Wanted: Must be Meteorologists with AMS seal and ability to obtain same. Must be capable of professional presentation for local news shows and for consultation work in private weather Corp. operated by TV station. We currently have clear radar. NAFAX, GOES. RAWARD, NOAA, and "A" circuits. Immediate openings. Send resume and salary requirements to John Spain, News Director, WBZR-TV, PO. Box 2906, Baton Rouge, LA 70821, 504—387-2222. An EEO Employer. TV Weather—Escape the hum-drum. Get into an exciting weather market. We're looking for a weatherperson with TV weather show experience and in addition, be a TV reporter on environmental stories. Contact George Noory, News Director, KMSP-TV, 612—925-3300. EOE. TV News Reporter—Major market station looking for hustling reporter who has 'live' ENG experience. Contact George Noory, News Director, KMSP-TV, 612—925-3300. EOE. Aggressive Reporter. Responsible for 2-3 film stories daily Anchor possibilities. No weekends. Tape and resume should be sent to Matthew Schwartz, News Director, WUTV-TV20 (ABC) PO. Box 20 Utica, NY 13503 No Phone Calls. M/F E.O.E. Reporter/Anchor Wanted: Reporter needed to work night shift updating news and covering late assignments for 10:00 PM. newscast. Possible anchor work in the future. Must be college graduate with two years experience in television. Send resume and salary requirements to John Spain, News Director, WBZR-TV, PO. Box 2906, Baton Rouge, LA 70821, 504—387-2222. An EEO Employer. News anchor for prime 6 & 11pm, Monday-Friday, news staff. Dominant medium market VHF station-CBS affiliate—excellent benefits—growth position. Send cold station group, S15-20 K range. An Equal Opportunity Employer, M/F. Send resume and pertinent data to Box N-8. Weatherperson. Must have at least one year's experience. Excellent opportunity with prominent station in Southern market. Equal opportunity employer. Write and send audition VTR Tape to Dick McMichael, News Director, WRBL-TV, PO. Box 270, Columbus, GA 31902. Meteorologist/Weather Anchor who can also handle environment, health and science beat. KOVR-TV, the ABC affiliate in Sacramento, California, seeks a person with substantial television experience. We offer excellent pay and benefits and a great place to live and work. Send resume and 3/4" cassette of recent aircheck to: Norm Hartman, KOVR-TV News Director, 1216 Arden Way, Sacramento, CA 95815. An Equal Opportunity Employer. ENG/Live Camera Producer. KOVR-TV, the ABC affiliate in Sacramento, California, seeks a person with substantial ENG and live camera experience. Excellent pay and benefits, the best equipment, and a great place to live and work. Please send resume to: Norm Hartman, KOVR-TV News Director, 1216 Arden Way, Sacramento, CA 95815. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Expanding staff, looking for anchor, sports director, reporter, feature reporter, documentary producer, documentary reporter, and photographer. No calls. Send tape and resume to John Willier, WVEC-TV, 110 Third Street, Norfolk, VA 23510. E.O.E. Exceptional Opportunity for experienced, enthusiastic on-air reporter. Small market experience preferred, excellent benefits. Send resume and tape to Station Manager, WABI-TV Bangor, ME 04401. E.O.E. E.O.E. Dominant News Voice in state wants experienced enterprising Reporter who can shoot and edit SOF and ENG and experienced SOF/ENG Cameraperson/Editor who can report. Each must be able to move and adapt to cover two or three stories a day. You must trainning do not apply. Salary $187.50. Send resume, references and cassette tape to: Jerry Levin, News Director, WBRC-TV, PO Box No. 6, Birmingham, AL 35201. HELP WANTED PROGRAMING, PRODUCTION, OTHERS Graphic Artist—Immediate opening. Responsible for on-air art work, ads, brochures, set design, layout of program guides, slides, posters, order and maintain supplies. Must be dependable. High school diploma required. Salary $9,000. EEO/MI-F/AIA. Send Resume to Margie Laskoski, WSKG Public Television, Box 97, Endwell, NY 13760. General Assignment Reporter with minimum one year's experience required. Send resume to WSM-TV News Director, Box 100, Nashville, TN 37202. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Promotion Manager: We are looking for a creative person, well-groomed in the on-air promotion, with full understanding of sports and other media. Send resumes to Walter Norfleet, WTVD, PO. Box 2009, Durham, NC 27702 E.O.E. Production Manager creative and experienced in all aspects of TV production. Producing/directing background essential. Should know lighting and studio camera operation and be able to administer a higher programming management position. An equal opportunity employer. Contact Cal Bellwinkel 916—441-2345, if qualified, for interview. Cameraperson. Experienced production person, Ministry oriented, Top 10 market. Great opportunity and rewarding. Handheld experience helpful. Must be able to work well with team. Send resume to Box N-9. HELP WANTED PROGRAMING PRODUCTION, OTHERS CONTINUED Reporter/Producer Seeking an experienced Reporter/Producer for News and Public Affairs Department of Southeastern Broadcast station. Candidates should have on-air and news production experience, ability to supervise a TV crew, be familiar with film, VTR, remotes and documentaries. Responsibilities range from telephone contact through production and on-camera presentation. Salary approximately $12K. Send resume to Box N-24. Studio Camera Operator with minimum two year's experience—handheld experience helpful—music programs and studio routines. Send resume to Personnel Director, WSM, Inc., PO. Box 100, Nashville, TN 37202. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Producer/Director for PTV Station. Responsible for the production of television and/or film programs for broadcast or closed-circuit use. Demonstrated competence in producing/directing/editing video tape and film productions. Requires experience designing and salary $400-$14,400 depending upon qualifications. Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer. Send three letters of recommendation, letter of application, resume and sample work on 3/4" or quad tape to: Don Checots, WBGU-TV, Bowling Green, OH 43403. Application deadline October 31, 1978 or whenever filled. Producer. For daily financial report program. Must have strong financial background, thorough knowledge of business climates and television journalism with at least two years' experience in TV production of a similar type program. Position supervises all aspects of this program including substance and creativity on-air talent, writing and directing. Prefer background education at M.A. level, letters or Business Economics. Salary approximately $20K. Interested applicants apply Personnel, WPBT, PO. Box 610001, Miami, FL 33161. Producer-Director for daily live variety show. Professional experience, creative ability and aptitude for organization required. Write or call Joe Weber, KAKE-TV, Box 10, Wichita, KS 67201 316-943-4221. An EOE. Associate Producer for Cultural Affairs Specials at St. Paul Minnesota Public TV station. Starting date 1/1/79. Experience in television and film drama and music. Assist executive producer on local and national specials. Able to produce programs, do research, supervise remote & studio crews. Send resume and sample tape to Cyrus Bharucha, KTCA TV, 1640 Corro Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108. Can you do it all? See CATV Help Wanted ad! Public Affairs Producer—handle 2 public affairs programs for KUSD-TV and South Dakota Public Television. College degree and at least 2 years experience in public affairs. Experienced on-air reporter with extensive writing and research skills, and proven search abilities. Must be familiar with all facets of ENG, quad and cassette editing. Application deadline, October 18, 1978. Reply to: USD Personnel Department, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Public Television in Minnesota. Director Production Services. Opportunity to join rapidly expanding Public Television Station in important management role, strong EFP-CMX Editing, Studio experience, Administrative skills, Producer sensibility. Send resume, references, salary requirements to Alvin H. Goldstein, Director Programming, KTCA-TV 1640 Como Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108. SITUATIONS WANTED MANAGEMENT General Manager/General Sales Manager, available immediately. Major Market track record and references. Will look at any offer that makes sense. Box M-106. General Manager with outstanding credentials! Television 22 years; Radio 12 years; Management 18 years. Thoroughly experienced all aspects: ownership, administration, sales, programming, film-buying, news, promotion, community involvement, etc. Quality leader in industry. Very competitive! Produced spectacular sales and profits, plus prestige. Achieved revitalization/rapid turnarounds. Can produce outstanding ratings, sales, profits and prestige! Box N-21. Past President of Southern three station communications corporation available immediately. Background in both Radio and Television with strong financial education and expertise. 301--770-4166. SITUATIONS WANTED ANNOUNCERS Four years radio in a 100,000 market. Looking for first TV position. Box N-26. Female seeks position as booth announcer. Crisp, clear announce style. Good news delivery. Can also write news. Experienced commercial copywriter-voiceover. Broadcast school grad and B.A. Tape. Box N-27. SITUATIONS WANTED NEWS Newspaper reporter, 27, seeks opportunity in Electronic News Gathering. Box M-129. Frequent network contributor in 30's market seeks top twenty reporter job. Ten years experience, extensive ENG background, four years as photographer are responsible for my visual, fast-moving people's stories. Box N-16. Craftsman, News Producer, Major market experience, looking for new challenge. Box N-18. Young Black Female College Grad with Broadcasting-Journalism degree seeking job as Television Reporter. Presently in major market! Proven achiever. Box N-22. Need experienced Reporter, writer, producer? 10 years in Australian and English TV news, now seeking a job anywhere in the U.S. Box N-34. Experienced Trial Lawyer (30), with prior association with TV news and documentary production seeks challenging investigative or "impact" reporting position. Background includes journalism, all areas of civil and criminal practice, as well as investigative, prosecutorial experience. Consider any serious news market. Box M-98. M.S.B.A. in Broadcasting from CUNY Graduate Institute in TV Production. Professional apprenticeship in 16mm ENG. Single, 25, seek news cameraman/reporter position. All markets considered. Resume, VCR immediately. Michael Brewer, 177-37 Troutville Rd., Jamaica, NY 11434. 212--341-3138. SITUATIONS WANTED PROGRAMING, PRODUCTION, OTHERS Energetic experienced producer-director seeks position as Production Manager in medium sized market or producer-director in top 20. Looking for growth potential. Box M-187. I Have Done everything in TV Production and broadcast sales. If you need a hard, versatile worker with experience, write Box M-205. Art Director—Top 10 Market, nine years Television experience plus other. Management, slides, video, print, sets, logos, darkroom, still photography university design degree, operational knowledge of much equipment. Need more creative position with future. Box N-39. Summer's over. Time to fall into better productions. Leave that to a 7 year professional who does it all, from Producer - Director to Camerman. Graham Brinton, 215--664-3346. HELP WANTED TECHNICAL Video tape engineers, maintenance engineers and video operators needed for expanding Washington, D.C. video tape production house. Experience only apply Box M-140. San Francisco Consulting Engineering Firm specializing in AM-FM-TV broadcasting, CATV, and microwave systems needs competent, personable, self-assured associate. Engineering degree essential, M.S. preferred, Ph.D. welcome. Systems design, FCC applications, forensic engineering, some field work and travel. PE registration essential but may be obtained later. Substantial compensation, good qualifications and experience. Full share of ownership possible. Enjoy the benefits of a small specialized professional firm with an established nation-wide practice. Entry level engineering positions also available. All replies confidential Send resume to Hammett & Edison, Inc., Box 68, International Airport, San Francisco, CA 94128. Immediate Opening—Need 1st Class FCC Engineer to maintain new full color television studio and stereo FM radio station. Must be familiar with Hitachi studio and mini-cameras, JVC, IVC and Sony ENG equipment as well as character generator, special effects, teletext and audio equipment. Experience preferred but will consider knowledgeable licensed beginner. Application deadline is October 31. Contact the Dean of Instruction, Central Wyoming College, Riverton, WY 82901, or call 307--856-9291. EOE/M/F. Electronic Engineer. As a leading manufacturer of audio broadcast equipment, our growth has necessitated expansion of our product development group. We are seeking a BSEE with a minimum of 3 years of analog circuit design experience. This position offers excellent growth potential for the creative engineer and one who thrives on accomplishments. Submit resume and call Mr. L. M. Radziszuk, Audio Designs & Manufacturing, Inc., 16005 Sturgeon, Raseville, MI 48066. 313--778-8400. HELP WANTED PROGRAMING, PRODUCTION, OTHERS Media Production Director for art museum/cultural center. Need experienced and creative individual to plan/produce/direct video, film, slide-tape projects for variety of uses, including broadcast. Minimum 3 years experience in all aspects of electronic media (including shooting and editing), and some knowledge of line art. Modest salary, but challenging, varied experience. Send resume to Personnel Director, Indianapolis Museum of Art, 1200 W. 38th St., Indianapolis, IN 46208. HELP WANTED INSTRUCTION Assistant Professor, Radio-Television—Teach a minimum of three courses per semester. These courses would include beginning and advanced writing. Will be expected to work with students in out-of-class activities. May be expected to pursue research and creative activities and perform other duties as assigned. Doctorate preferred, with a minimum of two or more years experience in broadcast commercial writing. Letter of application, credentials, names of references by November 1st to Charles T. Lynch, Dept of Radio-TV, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901. Position begins January 15, 1979. Salary competitive. Women and minorities actively encouraged to apply. Associate or Full Professor, Radio-Television; strong record of productivity in research/creative activity. Ph.D. in Radio-Television or closely allied field, with four or more years of broadcast experience in public and/or commercial broadcasting preferred. Interest in Aesthetics, artistic approach to broadcasting, and basic knowledge of production and equipment. Teach best current courses in broadcast analysis and criticism, advanced courses in social impact and theory, graduate seminars in public telecommunications. Salary competitive. Letter of application, credentials, names of references by Nov 1st to Charles T. Lynch, Dept of Radio-Television, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901. Position begins January 15, 1979. Women and minorities actively encouraged to apply. Rapidly Growing California Electronics Firm needs polished, ambitious, sales rep with television capital equipment background to handle Northeastern region sales. Will consider related industries. Immediate opening; compensation open. Please send resume in confidence to Box M-112. WANTED TO BUY EQUIPMENT Wanting 250, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 watt AM FM transmitters. Guarantee Radio Supply Corp., 1314 Iltubello Street, Laredo, TX 78040. Manuel Flores 512—723-3331. Two 2" HI-Band Quad VTR's, KXMB-TV Box 1617, Bismarck, ND 58501. John Krence C.E. 701—223-9197. Channel 12 needs used TV transmitter. Prefers 10KW. Call Amadeo Nazario 800—233-1200. Telex 385-4414, Box AQ, Mayaguez, PR 00708. Wanted: UHF TV Transmitters Instant cash paid for all models. Call Bill Kitchen: 404—568-1155. Remote Control System, Reliable older model OK. Don Hobson, 714—745-8511. Used tall tower wanted with elevator. Will buy either standing or on the ground. Prefer 1,000 to 1,500 feet tall. Would consider shorter tower with elevator. Contact Jerrell Shepherd, KRES, Inc., Moberly, Missouri. 816—263-1600. Plate Transformer. Original Make: UTC H-1955. Used in RCA BTA-1MX, Primary 230V Single phase 50/60 Cycles. Secondary: 6200V CT, 4.4 KV. Continuous Duty. Also - Solid State Audimax III (App. 1965 Vintage). Console, 8 or 10 channel, and 25 Hz sensors, good condition. WFIV, Box 5519, Orlando 32855. Need RCA 6806 Tube in operating condition. 209—529-2024. FOR SALE EQUIPMENT 5" Air Heller Andrews HJ-50. Can be cut and terminated to requirement. Below Mfg. Price. Some 3" also available. BASIC WIRE & CABLE 860 W. Evergreen, Chicago, IL 312—266-2600. For Sale: IVCO 7000P Color Camera with CCU, Canon 12-120 mm lens w/Auto Zoom, 150' camera cable, cases included. For information, call or write: Louisiana Marketing, 901 LaSalle Drive, Lake Charles, LA 70601 318—439-3624. AM and FM Transmitters — used, excellent condition. Guaranteed. Financing available. Transcom. 215—379-6585. FM Transmitters (Used) 20 KW, 15 KW, 10 KW, 7.5 KW, 1 KW. Communication Systems, Inc., Drawer C, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, 314—334-6097. One RCA TT50AH Television Transmitter (operating on Ch 11) and accessories, including one BW-5B Sideband Analyser (RCA), one BW-4B Television Demodulator (RCA) and one Ward TA850 Transmitter Color Equalizer. Complete listing of equipment and other information may be obtained by writing or calling Mr. Harold Holman, Washington University, Topeka, KS 66608, 913—295-6336. The University reserves the right to accept the first offer or to reject any offer which in the opinion of the University is unsatisfactory. 20 KW FM Transmitters — 7 yr. old CCA, Gates FM 20 B. M. Cooper, 215—379-6585. Sony 1" Video Color Recorder UV340, Sony 1" Video Color Recorder EV320, Magna Sync 2" Quad Video Sound Reader, 3 Philips Lavallier Microphones LBB-9003, 2 Phillips Desk Stand Microphones LBB-9002, Datation Electronic Video Editor, Film Chain Norrico, two 16mm projectors, and one 35mm slide. Call Byron Motion Pictures, Inc., 202—783-2700. Gates BC-1T AM transmitter with audio processor. Excellent. On air presently. 4-K Radio. Box 936, Lewiston, ID 83501. 208—743-2502. AM Transmitters (Used) 10 KW, 5 KW, 1 KW, 250 W. Communication Systems, Inc., Drawer C, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, 314—334-6097. For Sale—Datatron 5050-200 Edit Console with Jam Sync Generator for Time Code Editing. $9500. Bob Brandon, KPRC, Houston, 713—771-4631. Near New—International Taperonics Cartridge—Mono Recorder/Reproducer Model RP-0001 and International Taperonics reel to reel Recorder/Reproducer—Full track mono 7 1/2 - 15 IPS Model 855-0001. Responsible party can take over payments. 213—462-5371. Video Equipment, incl. Cameras: GE PE-350, Marconi MK7, RCA TK60. Switcher: Ward-Leonard TS-206 with TA902 fader & Riker 540 SE (8x21). GE 4PE27 Key Camera VTRs: Ampex VR-1000's ED; Calrad model 8290 bulk. Cables: Larson 16x4 More. Send SASE for details. Call Malcolm Montgomery, Chief Engineer, Broadcasting Div. College Conservatory of Music, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 513—475-4394. 1 KW AM and FM Transmitters—Gales: FM-1H3, 1G, BC1-F.—M. Cooper. 215—379-6585. COMEDY "Free" D.J. Catalog! Comedy, Wild Tracks, Production, FCC Tests, more! Command, Box 26348-B, San Francisco 94126. Free sample of radio's most popular humor service! OLINERS. 386-C West Bullard, Fresno, California 93704. GUARANTEED FUNNIER! Hundreds renewed! Freebie! Contemporary Comedy. 5804-B Twininge, Dallas, TX 75227. Not Comedy—Total personality service for Top 40, MOR, AOR. Sample: GALAXY. Box 98024-B, Atlanta, GA 30359 (phone 404—231-9884). Free two month trial subscription! Write: Bionic Bolfo, Box 457, Capitolia, CA 95010. FRUITBOWL: world's largest weekly humor and information service for radio personalities. Free four week trial subscription to qualified broadcasters. PO. Box 9787, Fresno, CA 93794. MISCELLANEOUS Prizes! Prizes! Prizes! National brands for promotions, contests, programming. No barter or trade ... better! For fantastic deal, write or phone: Television & Radio Features, Inc., 166 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, call collect 312—944-3700. Have a client who needs a jingle? Custom jingles in one week. Philadelphia Music Works, Box 947 Bryn Mawr, Pa. 19010. 215—525-9873. Radio and TV Bingo. Oldest promotion in the industry. World Wide Bingo—PO. Box 2311, Littleton, CO 80160. 303—795-3288. Back Issue Magazines. Free list. Over 200 titles, 1890 to 1978. Send stamped envelope: Dept. BR Everybody's Booksnap, 317 West 6th Los Angeles, CA 90014. Air Check Critiques. Full critique of your show. News, production welcome too. Critiques by professional broadcaster and instructor: S10. Send tape or cassette. Tom Honstedt. 3616 Douglas Dr. Minneapolis, MN 55422. Need Campaign Committee and Vice President so I can run as Independent Candidate for the President. Salary open. James Montgomery. Oronogo, MO 64855. INSTRUCTION 1st class FCC. 6 wks., $450 or money back guarantee. VA appvd. Nat'l Inst. Communications, 1114488 Oxnard St., N. Hollywood CA 91606. OMEGA STATE INSTITUTE training for FCC First Class licenses, color TV production, announcing and radio production. Effective placement assistance, too. 237 East Grand, Chicago, 312—321-9400. Free booklets on job assistance. 1st Class FCC license and DJ-Newscaster training. A.T.S. 152 W. 42nd St. N.Y.C. Phone 212—221-3700. Vets benefits. 1976 "Tests—Answers" for FCC First Class License Plus—"Self-Study Ability Test". Proven! $9.95. Moneyback guarantee. Command Productions, Box 26348-B, San Francisco, 94126. REI teaches electronics for the FCC first class license. Over 90% of our students pass their exams. Classes begin September 11 and October 23. Student rooms at each school. REI 61 N. Pineapple Ave., Sarasota, FL 33577. 813—955-6922. REI 2402 Tidewater Trail, Fredericksburg, VA. 22401. First Class FCC License in six weeks. Our unique course was designed for its effectiveness by Bill Elkins himself. If you want training second to none, contact Elkins Radio License School, 332 Braniff Tower, PO. Box 45765, Dallas, TX 75245, 214—352-3242. San Francisco, FCC License, 6 Weeks 10/30/78. Results Guaranteed. Veterans Training Approved. SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS, 150 Powell St., SF 94102, 415—392-0194. Cassette recorded First phone preparation at home plus one week personal instruction in Boston, Atlanta, Seattle, Detroit, Philadelphia. Our twentieth year teaching FCC license courses. Bob Johnson Radio License Training 1201 Ninth, Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 213—379-4461. RADIO Help Wanted Management RADIO STATION MANAGER Excellent opportunity for experienced Radio Station Manager to direct AM/FM combination separately programmed. Must have proven record in all phases. These group-owned stations enjoy excellent reputations in a good New York State market. Top benefits including pension in this career position. Complete resume and salary history first letter. Write Box M-109. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Help Wanted Programing, Production, Others San Francisco Beautiful Music Station Late October Opening Director of Public Affairs Must be experienced in Public Affairs Programming, Ascertainment, and announcing/moderating, with thorough understanding of FCC rules and regulations. Send tape and resume to PO. Box 3736, Room 1137, San Francisco, CA 94119. An Equal Opportunity Employer COPY WRITER - WPRO-AM Providence, Rhode Island Copy, continuity co-ordinator and production person. Emphasis on client spec' tapes, original production and copy for local advertisers. Agency experience helpful. Send spec' tapes, examples of copy or creative work to Paul Goldstein, WPRO, 1502 Wampanoag Trail, East Providence, RI 02915. A Capital Cities Station An Equal Opportunity Employer Help Wanted Technical CHIEF ENGINEER Immediate opening at directional AM, automated FM in New York Area. Send resume and salary requirements to Mr. Dennis Capuera, Technical Director, Greater Media, Inc., Turnpike Plaza, 197 Highway 18, East Brunswick, New Jersey 08816, or call 201-247-6161. All inquiries will be confidential. Help Wanted News News Director-Tampa On-air person to build top notch, high visibility department. Tampa Bay new market No. 23 and booming! Searching nationwide for ambitious person ready for an excellent opportunity. Tape, bio, salary history and presentation to: Michael Spears, VP/IBI, 2690 Drew St. No. 912, Clearwater, Fla. 33515, 813-720-9139. E.O.E. M/F. Communicators News Director, Anchor Announcer, Major Market, All News Radio Station seeks these skills: We're looking for top notch communicators and will offer top dollar in return. Send resume and samples of stylized writing to Box N-10. Equal Opportunity Employer - M/F. Situations Wanted Management SUCCESSFUL G.M. A professional, energetic sales and community oriented doer with major, medium and small market experience. Good track record in Disco, Country, Black and M.O.R. Currently in small market but desires medium or major market again. Available now. Box N-12. The Difference ...between "just average" and "very profitable" is usually the man in charge. Above average ratings and profits require a manager with ability and experience. I have both. And I have top level local and national references to prove it. Background includes G.M., S.M., and PD, in markets of all sizes including major market G.M. If you believe your station could—and should—be doing better, I'd like to meet with you. Please contact me in confidence at Box N-33. Situations Wanted Programming, Production, Others HAVE RATINGS—WILL TRAVEL PD, for hire. Competent organizer/motivator. Experienced: Merchandising, Sales & Station Promotion Community involvement oriented. Award winner. Family man. Box N-1. TOP SPORTSCASTER AVAILABLE NOW! Looking for a sports director or member of your major sports market staff? I am your man! I've done it all from desk to anchor by way of anchoring to reporting. Radio and TV. . . . I'm married, a real sportsman not a fraud. Greg Lucas, 1501 E. Gardner Ln. No. 1505A, Peoria Hgts., Ill. 61614 (309) 685-2603. Help Wanted Technical Continued VITAL HAS A FUTURE FOR YOU Dynamic growth opportunities for video engineers with experience in video switching systems. Enjoy Florida living. Work for hi-technology company. Send resume to: Dale Buzan, Vital Industries, Inc., 3700 N.E. 53rd Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32601. Microwave System Engineer Rapidly expanding national cable television company seeks a microwave engineer to interface with field operations for project coordination. Working knowledge of video systems, including transmitting microwave path design, evaluation and analysis, and project bill of materials is necessary. Hands-on experience is desirable. An engineering degree and/or familiarity with CATV is helpful. Some travel required. Send resume with salary history and requirements to Box N-54. EOE M/F. Chief Engineer Due to expansion, group owner, Mid America Media, now taking applications for chief engineer (radio). Applicants should have strong knowledge of directional AM, automated FM, audio chain, solid state, digital electronics. Send resume in confidence to Joe Cunat, Vice President-Engineering, Mid America Media, Six Dearborn Square, Kankakee, IL 60901. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Engineering Manager This management position requires an individual possessing an associate degree in electronics as a minimum, with 6 to 8 years experience with increasing responsibility in a television broadcasting or teleproduction facility. An individual dedicated to engineering excellence and familiar with all areas of television engineering with an extensive background in solid state and digital electronics. Responsibilities include supervision of the operation, installation, modification and maintenance of new and existing equipment, day-to-day supervision, training and upgrading of engineering personnel. Position reports to the Director of Engineering. We offer the qualified candidate competitive salary and challenging environment with a television/teleproduction facility on the move. Send resume to Win Korabell, Director of Engineering, KCOP-TV, Inc. 915 N. La Brea Ave., Hollywood, Ca. 90038. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Television Engineer Want to join an aggressive, expanding production company using the latest equipment? How about TRI-COMM PRODUCTIONS of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina? You've seen our ads. We need a versatile, production-oriented television engineer. Send resumes to: Denny Fussell, TRI-COMM PRODUCTIONS, INC., PO. Box 5242, Hilton Head Island, S.C. 29928. Help Wanted Management Promotion Manager Post-Newsweek Stations, Michigan, Inc. Qualifications: - Strong, creative talents. - Experience in managing multi-person departments. - Ability to counsel and work with both national agency, Klein &, and our own local ad agency. Excellent opportunity for eager, aggressive, cooperative individual. Please send resumes and tape sample of work to Merle Robinson, Personnel, PO. Box 400 Detroit, MI 48231. An Equal Opportunity Employer Help Wanted News NEWS PHOTOGRAPHER FILM TV News Photographer for expanding news department. You must have experience with all 16mm sound-on-film equipment and you must be able to edit and assemble your films. Previous news experience is required. We will want to see examples of your work. Schedule will include weekends. EOE M/F. Libby Stevens WMAR-TV 6400 York Road Baltimore, Maryland 21212 TV News Reporter General Assignment. At least two years previous experience required. Must be an aggressive reporter, a good writer, and must have experience with film and ENG. We will want to see a film and/or video tape showing some of your work. EOE M/F. Libby Stevens WMAR-TV 6400 York Road Baltimore, Maryland 21212 Situations Wanted Sales General Sales Manager with national, local, and rep experience. Age 35, looking for a sales management position with either a station or rep. Phone: 219-486-1096. Situations Wanted News TALK OR MAGAZINE SHOW Wanted by former highly rated Radio Talk Host in Top 30 Market. Currently TV Anchor/Reporter in Medium Market. Box M-170. ALLIED FIELDS Help Wanted Technical DIRECTOR INTERNATIONAL SALES Communications Equipment Experienced We're a major communications equipment manufacturer seeking an individual with potential to become Vice President of Marketing or general management to head our International Sales function. Responsibility for all international sales requires top-level coordination with all functional department heads. Required background includes sales management in a communications equipment company with involvement in commercial and international markets. Previous experience as a general sales manager of smaller organizations is highly desirable. We offer an outstanding compensation program attuned to your qualifications, actual responsibilities, and performance. Send resume with salary requirement in strictest confidence to: Box B 219; 810 7th Ave., NYC 10019 An Equal Opportunity Employer M/F Help Wanted Programming, Production, Others Director of Operations Independent station in top 50 is seeking someone with strong qualifications to assume full responsibility in developing expanding production and promotion activities. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Reply Box M-133. ART DIRECTOR KQED (San Francisco PBS) seeks a management-oriented Art Director to develop, supervise, and coordinate all station graphics, print materials, scenic design, and set construction services. Qualified candidates will present the equivalent of three years successful experience in a similar position within a well-equipped television station/production facility regularly involved in production of color programs. Duties to include assessing user needs, supervising and training Art Department personnel, preparing and administering departmental budget, preparing project cost estimates. Reporting to Manager of Production Operations, successful candidate will participate in full range of Art services for $12 million broadcast operation. For prompt consideration, send resume in confidence to: Personnel Department KQED, Inc. 500 Eighth Street San Francisco, CA 94103 An Equal Opportunity Employer Radio Programming THE BIG BANDS ARE BACK One 55-minute weekly program of Big Band sounds with host Jim Boten. PROGRAM DISTRIBUTORS 410 South Main Jonesboro, Arkansas 72401 501-972-5884 The LONE RANGER The Original Radio Network Series is BACK ON THE AIR! Now available for local purchase: CHARLES MICHELSON, Inc. 8250 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills, Ca. 90212 - (213) 278-4546 LUM and ABNER 5 - 15 MINUTE PROGRAMS WEEKLY Program Distributors 410 South Main Jonesboro, Arkansas 72401 Phone: 501-972-5884 Miscellaneous SALES MANAGERS! MOVIES ARE BUYING MORE LOCAL TIME THAN EVER! Get your jump on this lucrative market with MOVIMART, the system covering advance release and marketing plans. Full year $25. Satisfaction guaranteed. Goal Achievement Programs, Box B-118, Teaneck, N.J. 07666. Business Opportunities WILL BUY AND LEASE BACK Tower Site Studio Transmitter Building Equipment $100,000 to $1,000,000 Hudson Industries Corporation 1150 - 17th St. S.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 No Phone Calls. Bigname TV & Film Personalities Available For Personal Appearances (at openings, sales, celebrations, you-name-it). For particulars, call or write the people who arrange everything. Pfeiffer, Anderson & Co. Talent Arrangers: 8322 Beverly Blvd. Hollywood, CA 90048 (213) 658-5052. For Sale Stations MEDIA BROKERS APPRAISERS RICHARD A. SHAHEEN 435 NORTH MICHIGAN • CHICAGO 60611 312-467-0040 For Sale Stations Continued AM/FM Opportunity Dakota AM/FM opportunity available at 2 1/2 times gross. Small Market. $550,000. 29 percent and terms. Reply Box M-96. Sale Daytime 1 KHz AM. Building—land, small town near metro area. So. Car. 185,000 cash. Box N-3. Ralph E. Meador Media Broker AM - FM - TV - Appraisals P.O. Box 36 Lexington, Mo. 64067 Phone 816—259-2544 H.B. La Rue, Media Broker Radio, TV, City - Appraisals West Coast: 44 Montgomery Street, 5th Floor-San Francisco, California 94104 East Coast: 210 East 53rd Street, Suite SD-New York, N.Y. 10022 212/288-0737 Larson/Walker & Company Brokers, Consultants & Appraisers 215/826-0385 202/221-1853 Suite 417 11851 San Vicente Blvd. Los Angeles, CA. 90049 1730 Rhode Island Ave. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 BROADCASTING'S CLASSIFIED RATES Payable in advance. Check or money order only (Billing charge to stations and firms: $1.00). When placing an ad, indicate the EXACT category desired: Television, Radio, Cable or Allied Fields; Help Wanted or Situations Wanted; Management Sales, etc. If this information is omitted, we will determine the appropriate category according to the copy. No make goods will be run if all information is not included. Deadline is Monday for the following Monday's issue. Orders and/or cancellations must be submitted in writing. (No telephone orders and/or cancellations will be accepted). Replies to ads with Blind Box numbers should be addressed to (box number) c/o BROADCASTING, 1735 DeSales St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Advertisers using Blind Box numbers cannot request audio tapes, video tapes, transcriptions, films or VTR's to be forwarded to BROADCASTING Blind Box numbers. Audio tapes, video tapes, transcriptions, films and VTR's are not forwardable, and are returned to the sender. Rates: Classified listings (non-display) Help Wanted: 70c per word. $10.00 weekly minimum. Situations Wanted: (personal ads) 40c per word. $5.00 weekly minimum. All other classifications: 80c per word. $10.00 weekly minimum. Blind Box numbers: $2.00 per issue. Rates: Classified display: Situations Wanted: (personal ads) $3.00 per inch. All other classifications: $6.00 per inch. For Sale Stations, Wanted To Buy Stations, Employment Services, Business Opportunities, and Public Notice advertising require display space. Agency Commission only on display space. Publisher reserves the right to alter Classified copy to conform with the provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended. KM&G's Genge: concerned about the quality of TV William H. Genge, president of Ketchum, MacLeod & Grove, Pittsburgh, believes the U.S. is living in "an age of avarice" that has led to "excesses" in television programming and advertising. "In TV programming there's been too much clutter and too much sex and violence," he contends. "And TV commercials are full of machismo. I don't think the government or any single institution can do much good," he says. "But the consumers are finally going to react." Mr. Genge is by no means a puritan. But he believes strongly that advertising has a responsibility not only to generate business but also to improve the tone of society at large. "There is advertising that's great and beneficial," he says. "But there is too much advertising that is demeaning." Mr. Genge (pronounced genj) was born in the small town of Warren, Pa., and was raised there with an abiding faith in the work ethic. Growing up in modest circumstances, he enlisted in the Air Force at 19; flew P-47's out of Britain and was shot down over Holland in May 1944. He was held as a prisoner of war at various locations in Germany until he was liberated at the end of the war. Released as a first lieutenant, he enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh in the fall of 1945 as a writing major. The work-oriented Mr. Genge not only completed his college course in three years but also held jobs during that period as a freelance writer for the Bulletin-Index ("sort of a Business Week-New Yorker magazine for Pittsburgh") and subsequently as a writer for Gulf Oil's employee publication, The Orange Disc. Following graduation from college, Mr. Genge was hired by Gulf in 1948 to work full time on the magazine as an assistant editor. In 1950 he was advanced to Gulf's advertising department as a copywriter and as liaison man with the company's agency, Young & Rubicam. In 1953 he received a telephone call from an executive at Ketchum, MacLeod & Grove, who was impressed with his work at Gulf. He was offered the job of account executive on Westinghouse Electric Co. He rose steadily through the ranks at KM&G and was named president in 1970. "Some of my colleagues keep insisting I've had a 'meteoric' rise at Ketchum," Mr. Genge remarked. "But whoever heard of a 17-year meteor?" Not even the self-effacing Mr. Genge would deny that KM&G has had a meteoric rise. Billings at the agency were about $15 million in 1953, they now total more than $200 million. The staff in 1953 numbered 228; it has expanded to almost 900 in six domestic and five overseas offices. During his early years with KM&G, Mr. Genge worked closely with Irv Miller, now executive vice president. Mr. Miller recalls that Mr. Genge had a "natural curiosity about the clients' business and marketing and advertising strategies, which was why he was very successful in new business presentations." Mr. Genge's first association with television dates back to 1953 when he joined KM&G on the Westinghouse account. That company was pioneering in television special events programming via sponsorship of a season of professional football on network TV. "We used the old DuMont network," Mr. Genge remembers. "Ownership of a television set was just starting to become commonplace." He was impressed then—and still is—with the selling powers of broadcasting. The agency allocates about 50% of its billings to television and radio for such accounts as Gulf, H. J. Heinz, Westinghouse, Aluminum Co. of America, Clorox and Johnson & Johnson. Mr. Genge has become disenchanted with some of the television programs that have dominated the network television scene over the past few years, but he sees a ray of hope. "Perhaps Fred Silverman's first statements as president of NBC show that he's beginning to understand that the public, over the long term, reacts adversely to lack of taste. Our programming people here at Ketchum are somewhat more optimistic about the new fall season, but the battle is far from won." Mr. Genge makes it clear that agencies and advertisers "have no right at all to dictate TV programming," and adds: "But we do have the right to select target programs for our clients. Most of them have set up guidelines and we encourage that practice. We make certain our program and spot buying reflect their attitudes. And we've been able to do that and not reduce our ratings goal materially." He is also confident that the current debate swirling around children's advertising on television will be resolved. "The marketplace will demand an improvement in children's advertising and the advertisers will respond to it," he believes. "It must be done by responsible marketers, and not by FTC fiat." Highly impressed as he is with television advertising, Mr. Genge shares the concern of other agency officials over cost increases, especially in network television. He is somewhat comforted, he said, by the moderation in prices this year. Fortunately, we have done some pioneering work in program analysis in both daytime and the nighttime areas," he remarked. "And we feel our computer analysis system called NET-PAK has been helpful in enabling us to buy network TV better for our clients." Mr. Genge's primary responsibilities these days are to make new business contacts and presentations, to help establish policies and goals for the agency and monitor the performance of KM&G offices which operate as separate profits centers. "But if I had my 'druthers,' I'd still be sitting at a typewriter," he says. "I still feel a tremendous affection for the creative product." His imprint, in fact, is on much of the creative output of the agency. He visits the New York office frequently and every other branch office in the U.S. plus Tokyo for creative review purposes. Mr. Genge's ambition is to guide KM&G to billings of $400 million annually, a 10-year job, he figures, since the agency has been doubling its billings every 10 years. Sitting ducks A three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals has put most television licenses up for grabs. The plain meaning of the court's decision in the WESH-TV case last week is that any licensee that owns other media anywhere is vulnerable to challenge by an applicant that is without other media ties and is small enough for its owners to be also the on-the-scene managers of their intended prey. The prospects of capturing the occupied facility are enhanced, according to the court's new rules, if the challenger includes blacks or other minorities in its composition. And what of the licensee's record of service? "Of course," said the court, "the incumbent's past performance is some evidence, and perhaps the best evidence, of what its future performance would be. But findings on integration [of ownership and management] and minority participation are evidence as well, and are both the only evidence comparing the applicants and also the only evidence whatsoever pertaining to the challenger." The italics, broadcasters will be dismayed to hear, are the court's. As if there could be any doubt about its instructions, the court told the FCC to reconsider the WESH-TV case "in light of the following: (1) the conceded relevance of diversification of media ownership in the comparative renewal context; (2) the materiality of related media interests anywhere in the nation [those italics also the court's]; and (3) the evident hazards of relying on local management autonomy as a surrogate for diversification of media ownership." It is a decision that will be savored by those interests that desire a dismantling of the broadcasting system and by opportunistic lawyers of the kind that flourished in the aftermath of the FCC's WHDH-TV decision of 1969. WHDH-TV was taken from the Boston Herald-Traveler (which later died as a result) partly on the grounds that the winning challenger had no other media holdings in Boston and promised closer integration of ownership and management. That case provided the incentive for a number of challenges to multimedia licensees, some still pending. WHDH, however, was merely a first step in the direction that the court has now directed the FCC to take. The question confronting broadcasters is how to overcome the appellate court's latest exercise in acting as a super-FCC, and they may have to look hard for an answer. Cowles Communications, owner of WESH-TV, will pursue the case, but no more than lukewarm support, if any, may be expected from the FCC. Three members who were not on the commission when the WESH-TV case was decided have stated views that are in tune with the philosophy emanating from the court last week. Dissenting in the 4-10-3 rejection of a challenge to WPIX(TV) New York last June, FCC Chairman Charles D. Ferris and Commissioners Joseph Fogarty and Tyrone Brown left no doubt that in comparative renewal hearings they favor littles over bigs, have nits over haves and any financially qualified applicant without other media interests that goes against a multimedia incumbent (BROADCASTING, June 26). Nor can broadcasters find much comfort in the latest Supreme Court expression of opinion on media diversification. Although the high court reversed an appellate-court order to the FCC to break up all co-located newspaper and broadcasting combinations (BROADCASTING, June 19), it specifically agreed that diversification is a desirable aim, with or without evidence of harm from multimedia ownership. The lower court had held that crossownerships could survive only on an affirmative finding that they were socially more desirable than single ownerships. If there is uncertain refuge to be found in the courts, where can broadcasters turn? In the light of last week's word from the Court of Appeals, perhaps there will be a different look to the rewrite of the Communications Act now in process at the House Communications Subcommittee. Footnote: Although the appellate-court decision was issued in a television case, the principles appear to apply equally to radio licenses held by multiple owners. With radio station values now in the multimillion range, there are many tempting targets in both the AM and FM services. Bigger crowd Last fall, after a start that seemed steady enough, an apparent decline in television viewing developed and got advertisers and agencies all worked up. In prime time the decline never lowered viewing levels more than 3%-5% below the exceptionally high peaks of 1976, and eventually it eased off and was followed by a rising trend. It never amounted to much, but it caused a lot of fuss while it lasted. Recollection of that hullabaloo reminded us to get some readings on viewing in the opening weeks of the current season. It is much too early to detect trends, of course, but the word from the A.C. Nielsen Co. is ever so slightly encouraging. At this point a year ago, prime-time homes-using-television levels were a fraction of a percentage point higher than a year earlier; now they're a little over 2% higher than a year ago. The 2% is not statistically significant, but at least the bulge is a little bigger now. The big drop, such as it was, in prime-time HUT last fall came in November and at its peak amounted to a momentary 5%. There is nothing to guarantee that it won't happen again. But viewing seems to have at least two things going for it this year that were less evident a year ago. First, newspapers and magazines have given more play than usual to the start of the current season, perhaps whetting viewer interest to a finer point than their business offices intended. Second, the networks have shown a bit more restraint in the kind of stunting that disrupted last fall's schedules and, many believed, disrupted viewing as well. In the long run, of course, HUT levels are governed by the programing. Television penetration is so extensive that little room is left for big gains. Inevitably the HUT chartline will show occasional wriggles. But if the programers keep a close eye on their product, the wriggles will take care of themselves. Drawn for BROADCASTING by Jack Schmidt "Somehow this takes away from their nomadic image." It's been said that you could take a 19th-century clerk, put him in a 20th-century office, and he'd have very little trouble adapting. That's because while technology was leaping into almost every other area of business, it was barely creeping into the office. Leaving offices underequipped to handle the 72 billion new documents that arrive yearly. But all that's changing now. Technology is finally finding its way into the office. And at Xerox, it's our business to help you manage that change. Not just with better copiers and duplicators. But with electronic typing systems that let you create, edit and store information. Telecopier transceivers that transmit it. Computer services that give you the benefits of a computer without having to own one. Even electronic printers that let you take information directly from a computer—and then print it out in all the ways you want it. By designing systems to help businesses manage information, Xerox is actually doing something even more important: Namely, helping offices leap right into the present. Guinness Book Here We Come... We've cracked into record double figures with an astounding 10 Share in the Twin Cities metro area...a feat unparalleled by any other Twin Cities music station in this decade. And if that's not enough KDWB AM/FM reaches over a half million people a week in the metropolitan area...no other radio station even comes close! For 3½ years and 7 Arbitrions KDWB AM/FM remains the #1 Twin Cities music station. Now that's some kind of record! KDWB • Minneapolis/St. Paul — KDWB FM • Richfield Source: Arbitron Apr/May 75 thru Apr/May 78. Total persons 12+, AQH/Cume, MSA, Mon-Sun, 6A-mid. Estimates subject to limitations stated by Arbitron.
Disentangling the history of Forsskål’s “Camellia” Mats Thulin Thulin, M. 2016. Disentangling the history of Forsskål’s “Camellia” – Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 38: 139–143. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-9608-1. Camellia grandiflora Forssk., published by Forsskål from Yemen in 1775, was an editorial error for Ruellia grandiflora, the plant being a member of Acanthaceae and not Theaceae. The mistake was soon discovered, but all names so far published to rectify the matter have been illegitimate. Ruellia longiflora Vahl, for example, is illegitimate as it is superfluous, and R. grandiflora (Forssk.) Pers. is a later homonym. The result is that this night-flowering shrub with long, narrow, white corollas in Yemen and Saudi Arabia is still, apart from the corrupted C. grandiflora, without a legitimate name. Ruellia forsskaoolii Thulin, nom. nov., is here proposed as a replacement name for C. grandiflora Forssk., the name is lectotypified, and notes are provided on the distribution, habitat, variation and relationship of the species. Systematic Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; firstname.lastname@example.org. Introduction One of the many species posthumously described by Peter Forsskål (1775) from Yemen in his pioneering Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica is Camellia grandiflora Forssk. As the genus Camellia (Theaceae) is otherwise distributed in eastern Asia, its presence in Yemen would seem to be extremely unlikely. It was soon realized that Camellia was an editorial error for Ruellia L., and that Forsskål’s plant is a member of Acanthaceae. The plant has been renamed, but only in unfortunate ways that have led to a situation where this plant, which is one of the most large-flowered members in the family and was described in detail by Forsskål, is still without a legitimate name after more than 240 years, apart from the corrupted C. grandiflora. The tangled history of Forsskål’s “Camellia” is outlined here and a replacement name in Ruellia is proposed. Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica and Camellia grandiflora To understand how such a mistake as Forsskål’s “Camellia” could happen, it is crucial to consider the history behind his Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. This work was published by an unknown editor 12 years after Forsskål’s tragic death in Yemen in 1763, based on Forsskål’s field notes. These were described as “more than 1800 scraps of paper” (Hepper & Fries 1994). The problems faced by the editor, when putting together the Flora from these notes, have led to numerous mistakes that have to be considered when dealing with botanical names published by Forsskål. The work is “lacking the ultimate correction from its author’s hand” as Vahl (1790) mildly put it. The consequence is that Forsskål’s work has given rise to numerous nomenclatural problems and controversies of various kinds, and it will no doubt continue to do so. The detailed description of Camellia grandiflora provided by Forsskål (1775) includes statements such as “Folia opposita” and “Corolla alba, tubo cylindrico, 4-poll. limbo patente poll. 5-fido, sub-regulari” that immediately show that the plant cannot be a Camellia. It is out of the question that Forsskål had intended to place it in this genus, and the most likely explanation is that Forsskål’s hand-written “Ruellia” was misinterpreted by the editor. The provenance of the plant is given as “Ad Taæs in montibus”. Taæs (today’s Taizz) was visited by Forsskål and his fellow traveller Carsten Niebuhr in early April 1763, and later by all of his party from 13 to 28 June 1763 (Hepper & Fries 1994). This is also where he fell ill with his fatal “cold”, and on 11 July he died in Yerim along the way towards Sanaa. The collection of C. grandiflora was made during Forsskål’s first visit to Taizz. *Treatment of Camellia grandiflora* by subsequent authors** Vahl (1790) in his Symbolae Botanicae stated that Forsskål’s “Camellia” is an “errore editoris” for Ruellia, but he himself erred by citing Forsskål’s name as “Camellia longiflora”. Therefore, when transferring the name to Ruellia, he coined the superfluous name Ruellia longiflora Vahl, that is illegitimate under Art. 52.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) (McNeill et al. 2012). Vahl also provided a modified description of the species, as well as an illustration (Fig. 1). ![Fig. 1. Ruellia forskaolii [as R. longiflora], from Vahl (1790: Tab. 15); detail shows leaf apex with stellate hairs.](image) Vahl’s mistake was noted by Persoon (1806), who made the combination Ruellia grandiflora (Forssk.) Pers. based on Forsskål’s Camellia, and this could have been a happy end to the story. However, as Poiret (1804), two years earlier, had published the name Ruellia grandiflora Poir. for a species from “Guadeloupe” in the Caribbean, Persoon’s combination is a later homonym and therefore also illegitimate (Art. 53.1 of the ICN, McNeill et al. 2012). Incidentally, Persoon (1806) also published a Ruellia longiflora Pers., a later homonym of R. longiflora Vahl, but what he actually intended to refer to was Ruellia longifolia Rich., a name that he apparently unintentionally misspelt. Later in the 19th century, Nees (1847) published Dipteracanthus longiflorus Nees, citing the illegitimate Ruellia longiflora Vahl and “Camellia longiflora Forssk.” in synonymy. Nees’s name is also illegitimate, as he did not use Camellia grandiflora as basionym. Nees (1847) also published a Dipteracanthus grandiflorus Nees from South America, thereby blocking any future transfer of the name Camellia grandiflora to Dipteracanthus Nees. Dipteracanthus is a segregate from Ruellia with numerous species. Some years later, Oersted (1855) segregated Solaenacanthus Oerst., based on Dipteracanthus longiflorus Nees, pointing particularly to the extremely long and narrow corolla tube of this plant. However, Oersted did not formally transfer D. longiflorus to Solaenacanthus, and the citation of “S. longiflorus (Vahl) Oerst.” as the type of Solaenacanthus in Index Nominum Genericorum (Farr et al. 1979) is therefore erroneous. The combination S. longiflorus (Vahl) Müll.Berol. (Müller 1858: 639) was made a few years after Oersted’s paper (as “Solenacanthus longiflorus Örd.”), but is also illegitimate because the original basionym Camellia grandiflora was not used. Bentham (1876), as well as Lindau (1895), used a wide circumscription of Ruellia citing, among others, Dipteracanthus and Solaenacanthus (as “Solenacanthus”) in synonymy. Since then, Ruellia has been treated in a wide sense by most authors (Tripp et al. 2013), notable exceptions being Bremekamp & Nannenga-Bremekamp (1948) and Barker (1986), who recognized Dipteracanthus and various other segregate genera. Blatter (1921) realized that the name Ruellia longiflora Vahl had been published by mistake (“per errorem”) and made the new combination Ruellia grandiflora (Forssk.) Blatter. By doing this he made another mistake as R. grandiflora (Forssk.) Pers. already existed. Blatter’s combination is therefore just an isonym of no nomenclatural status, as stated in Art. 6.1, Note 2, of the ICN (McNeill et al. 2012). Christensen (1922), apparently unaware of Blatter’s action, continued to treat the species as Ruellia longiflora Vahl, and this was also the name used by Schwartz (1939), who cited Blatter’s combination in synonymy. In more recent decades, almost all authors have used the name Ruellia grandiflora for the species, but with varying authorship. Collenette (1985, 1999), who first recorded the species also from Saudi Arabia, Hepper & Friis (1994) and Wood (1997), attributed this combination to (Forssk.) Blatter, whereas Heller & Heyn (1987) attributed it to (Forssk.) Pers. Miller & Morris (1988: 335) listed “R. longiflora Vahl” from Oman, but the material seen from Oman under this name is R. discifolia Oliv. Other early collections Forsskål’s plant was long known only from his original material from near Taizz. It was later collected during Schweinfurth’s journey in Yemen “in memoriam divi Forskaliae” in 1889 (Schwartz 1939), when two collections were made of “Ruellia longiflora Vahl”: Schweinfurth 355 from “Jebel Bura” and Schweinfurth 1087 from “Uossil” in the Haraz Mts, both north of Forsskål’s original locality. However, in 1837 Botta had already made a collection from “Jebel Ras”, also north of Forsskål’s original locality, which has remained unpublished until now (material in P, see below). Botta was the first to note that the plant is night-flowering. The current situation and a solution to the problem The current situation is thus that no legitimate name exists for Forsskål’s “Camellia” except for the original C. grandiflora, since both Ruellia grandiflora and R. longiflora (as well as Dipteracanthus longiflorus and Solaenacanthus longiflorus) are illegitimate. Some kind of nomenclatural action is needed, and one possibility would be conservation of R. grandiflora (Forssk.) Pers. from 1806 against R. grandiflora Poir. from 1804. Poiret’s name seems hardly ever to have been used since its publication, but type material present in P [P00650142] indicates that it belongs to the species complex around R. tuberosa L., and it could possibly be the oldest name available for some member of that complex. Also, use of the name R. grandiflora (Forssk.) Pers. (or the isonym R. grandiflora (Forssk.) Blatter) is quite limited, simply because the species has been rarely collected and is fairly local. Under these circumstances conservation of Persoon’s combination does not seem realistic. The alternative, to conserve R. longiflora Vahl, would not be meaningful, as this name has not been used for more than 75 years. The solution proposed here, is that Forsskål’s “Camellia” is given a replacement name that commemorates its discoverer. Ruellia forsskaolii is formally established below, along with its synonymy and a lectotypification. Also, information about the distribution, habitat, variation and relationship of the species is provided. Ruellia forsskaolii Thulin, nom. nov. Camellia grandiflora Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab.: 126 (1775) – Ruellia longiflora Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 45, Tab. 15 (1790), nom. illeg. superfl. – R. grandiflora (Forssk.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 175 (1806), nom. illeg., non Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Méth. Bot. 6: 340 (1804) – Dipteracanthus longiflorus Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: 117 (1847), nom. illeg. superfl. – Solaenacanthus longiflorus (Vahl) Müll.Berol., Ann. Bot. Syst. 5: 639 (1858), nom. illeg. superfl. – Type: Yemen, “Ad Taes in montibus”, Apr 1763, Forsskål 1041 (C [C10001908] lectotype, designated here). Three sheets of Camellia grandiflora are present in C, Forsskål 1041, 1042 [C10001909] and 1043 [C10001910], and there is also a specimen in BM [BM000950019]. Forsskål 1041 is the basis for Vahl’s illustration (Fig. 1), and is here selected as the lectotype. Distribution and habitat Ruellia forsskaolii is known from the southeastern corner of Saudia Arabia and from north Yemen, where it is more widespread. It occurs in stony or rocky places, often along wadis, at altitudes between 400 and 1860 m. Notes Ruellia forsskaolii is a stellate-hairy shrub or subshrub up to 1.5 m tall. The flowers are white or creamy white, have a sweet scent and open at night. According to Collenette 1472, the flowers open at 10 pm and are wilted and brown by 5 am. The corolla is normally around 10 cm long, but variation is considerable. The longest corollas are about 13 cm long (Collenette 7104), whereas the shortest are 7–8 cm. On the Arabian Peninsula, the only species that can be confused with Ruellia forsskaolii are R. discifolia and R. heterotricha Deflers. Ruellia discifolia is also stellate-hairy and night-flowering with long (up to 8 cm) narrow white corollas, but differs from R. forsskaolii by its linear calyx lobes that are free to the base (not ovate-elliptic and connate below). Ruellia discifolia is known from Yemen, Oman, Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya. Its distribution in Yemen is confined to the Hadramaut Region and does not overlap with that of R. forsskaolii. Ruellia heterotricha has stellate hairs mixed with simple eglandular and glandular hairs, and has wide calyx lobes, but differs from R. forsskaolii by a smaller (about 5 cm long) pinkish corolla, and calyx lobes that are free almost to the base. It is confined to southern Yemen (Abyan and Hadramaut Regions). In Africa, Ruellia bignoniflora S.Moore and R. amabilis S.Moore have white corollas 10 cm or more long. Both extend northwards into southern Ethiopia (Ensermu 2006). They are easily separated from R. forsskaolii by lacking stellate hairs. The stellate-hairy R. nocturna Hedrén (Hedrén 1993, 2006) from bushland on sand at low altitudes in central and southern Somalia seems to be a close relative of R. forsskaolii. It is a night-flowering shrub, 1–2 m tall, with narrow white corollas c. 7 cm long. It differs from R. forsskaolii by an indumentum of short stellate hairs only (not mixed with long non-stellate hairs) and by its calyx lobes that are united for half or more of their lengths (calyx divided to about 2/3 in R. forsskaolii). Collections seen Saudi Arabia. Raidah escarpment NW of Abha, near Wadi Harala, 16 Apr 1989, Collenette 7104 (E, K); Bir Al Qurhan, headwaters of Bani Malik, near Jabal Fayfa, 31 Oct 1988, Collenette 6839 (E, K); Asir, Wadi Manfah, 50 km NNW of Najran, 28 Apr 1979, Collenette 1472 (K). Yemen. Upper part of Wadi Labelah c. 10 km SE of At Tur, 17 Nov 1982, King 154 (E); Kuhlan to Hajjah road, 27 Mar 1981, Miller & Long 3258 (E); Uossil, 5 Feb 1889, Schweinfurth 1087 (K); escarpment between Sanaa and Hodeidah, 13 Sep 1962, Popov 7/7 (BM); Jebel Bura, 7 Jan 1889, Schweinfurth 355 (P); Mashrapa, Wadi Rima, 3 Jul 1975, Wood Y/75/414 (BM); near Sawadiya, 67 km S of Rada, 4 Sep 1962, Popov P6/1 (BM); Jebel Ras, Oct 1837, Botta s.n. (P); Taizz, near old airport W of town, 23 Oct 1975, Hepper 6023 (K); 10 km W of Taizz on Mocha road, 14 Sep 1978, Miller 35 (E, K). Saudi Arabia or Yemen. Without precise locality, 1904, Wahab 78 (E). Acknowledgements The curators of BM, C, E, K, P and UPS are thanked for access to herbarium material and/or images. I am also grateful to Iain Darbyshire for comments on the manuscript. References Barker, R.M. 1986. A taxonomic revision of Australian Acanthaceae. J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 9: 1–286. Bentham, G. 1876. Acanthaceae. 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ANNUAL REPORT 2001 - 2002 KHAITAN CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LIMITED ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: Date: 30th September, 2002 Day: Monday Time: 3.00 P.M. Place: Registered Office REGISTERED OFFICE: A.B. Road, Village Nimrani, Tehsil Kasrawad, District - Khargone (M.P.) INDORE OFFICE: 301-308, Apollo Arcade 1/2, Old Palasia, Indore (M.P.) - 452 018 DELHI OFFICE: 806-808, Bhandari House 91, Nehru Place, New Delhi - 110019 KOLKATA OFFICE: 46-C, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, 3rd Floor, Kolkata - 700 016 WORKS: Fertilizer Division A.B. Road, Village - NIMRANI District - Khargone (M.P.) Soya Division Dosigaon, Industrial Area, Ratlam (M.P.) BOARD OF DIRECTORS: Shailesh Khaitan - Chairman & Managing Director Anil Agrawal - Director O.P. Bagla - Director J.L. Jajoo - Director Dr. P. Goyal - Director PRESIDENT & SECRETARY: R.S. Vijayvargiya AUDITORS: S.S. Kothari & Company 9-A, Atma Ram House I, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi SOLICITORS: Khaitan & Partners Himalaya House, 23, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi - 110 001 BANKERS: State Bank of India State Bank of Indore CONTENTS: - Notice - Directors' Report - Management Discussion & Analysis Report - Report on Corporate Governance - Auditors' Report - Balance Sheet - Profit & Loss Account - Schedules to Accounts NOTICE NOTICE is hereby given that the TWENTIETH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF KHAITAN CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. will be held at the Registered Office of the Company at A. B. Road, Village NIMRANI, Tehsil Kasrawad, Dist. Khargone, Madhya Pradesh on Monday, the 30th day of September, 2002 at 3.00 P.M. to transact there at the following business: ORDINARY BUSINESS: 1. To receive, consider and adopt the Audited Accounts for the year ended 31st March, 2002 and the Reports of the Directors and Auditors thereon. 2. To appoint a Director in place of Shri Anil Agrawal, who retires by rotation and, being eligible, offers himself for re-appointment. 3. To appoint a Director in place of Shri J. L. Jajoo, who retires by rotation and, being eligible, offers himself for re-appointment. 4. To appoint Auditors and to fix their remuneration. SPECIAL BUSINESS: 5. Re-appointment of Shri Shailesh Khaitan as Chairman & Managing Director. To Consider and if thought fit, to pass with or without modification(s) the following resolution as Ordinary Resolution: 'RESOLVED THAT pursuant to provisions of sections 198, 269, 309 & part I and II of Schedule XIII and other applicable provisions of Companies Act, 1956 and subject to approval of Financial Institutions/Banks, as may be required, the Company hereby approves term of appointment and remuneration of Shri Shailesh Khaitan, who has been approved by the Board of Directors of the Company as Chairman & Managing Director for a further term of 5 years w.e.f. 1st April, 2002 in accordance with the provisions specified in part I & II of Schedule XIII to the Companies Act, 1956 on the terms & conditions including remuneration as are set out in agreement entered by the Company with him and submitted to the meeting and signed by the Director for the purpose of identification." 6. To Consider and if thought fit, to pass with or without modification(s) the following resolution as Ordinary Resolution: 'RESOLVED THAT in modification of the terms contained in the Letter of Offer dated 5th March, 1998 in connection with the issue and offer on right basis to the members of 1507750 equity shares of the Company as Rs. 10/- each at a premium of 1's. 20/- per share for cash aggregating to Rs. 45232500/- along with two optional detachable warrants (Warrant No. 1 and 2), ex-post-facto approval be and is hereby accorded to the decision of Board of Directors taken at their meeting held on 29th January, 2002 to convert the warrant No. 2 into equity share of Rs. 10/- each at par instead of at a premium as originally consented to by the members.' By Order of the Board S/d (R. S. Vijayvargiya) President & Secretary Registered Office: A. B. Road, Village-Nimrani, Dist. Khargone (M.P.) Date: 26th August, 2002 NOTES: 1. A member entitled to attend and vote is entitled to appoint a proxy and vote instead of himself and such proxy need not be a member of the Company. Proxy Form must reach the Company's Registered Office at least 48 hours prior to the time of holding the meeting. 2. Member(s)/Proxy should bring the attendance slip annexed herewith duly filled in for attending the meeting. 3. The Register of Members and Transfer Book of the Company will remain closed from 23rd September, 2002 to 30th September, 2002 (both days inclusive). 4. Members are requested to notify to the Company immediately, quoting Registered Folio No., Change in their Address, if any, with the pin code number. 5. Members desirous of obtaining any information concerning the accounts and operations of the Company are requested to send their queries to the President & Secretary at least seven days before the date of the meeting so that the required information can be made available at the meeting. 6. EXCHANGE OF SHARES OF KHAITAN SOYA LIMITED (KSL) WITH SHARES OF KHAITAN CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LTD. (KCFL) DUE TO AMALGAMATION OF KSL WITH THE COMPANY. MEMBERS WHO HAVE NOT YET EXCHANGED THEIR SHARE CERTIFICATES OF KSL, ARE REQUIRED TO SEND THE SHARE CERTIFICATE OF KSL AT OUR INDORE OFFICE AT 301-308, APOLLO ARCADE, 1/2, OLD PALASIA, INDORE (M.P.) 452018. 7. Explanatory Statement pursuant to the provisions of Section 173(2) of the Companies Act, 1956 is annexed. Explanatory Statement: Pursuant to Sec 173 (2) of the Companies Act 1956. ITEM NO. 5 Shri Shailesh Khaitan was appointed as Managing Director in 15th Annual General Meeting of the Company w.e.f. 26.04.1967 for a period of 5 years. Tenure of Shri Shailesh Khaitan expired on 25th April 2002. Shri Shailesh Khaitan is a promoter director of the Company and associated as Managing Director since 1st September, 1984. In his able leadership the performance of the Company has been satisfactory. The Board of Directors of the Company at its meeting held on 30th July, 2002 has therefore re-appointed Shri Shailesh Khaitan as Chairman & Managing Director of the Company subject to the approval of members and shareholders of the Company in General Meeting for a further term of five years w.e.f. 26th April 2002, at the remuneration, in accordance with the norms laid down in Schedule XIII and other applicable provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, as reproduced herein below: 1. Salary Rs. 1,25,000/- per month, with an annual increment of Rs. 15000/- per month. 2. Commission: 1% on the net profit of the Company, computed in manner laid down under Companies Act, 1956 subject to the maximum 100% of the Salary. 3. Perquisites: Perquisites in part - A shall be restricted to an amount equal to the Annual Salary. PART-A (i) Expenditure incurred by the company on hiring accommodation for the Managing Director will be subject to 60% of the salary. (ii) If the company does not provide accommodation to the Managing Director, House Rent Allowance will be paid by the company to the Managing Director subject to the ceiling mentioned hereinabove. (iii) If accommodation in the company's owned house is provided, the Managing Director shall pay to the company by way of rent i.e. 10% of the salary. (iv) The expenditure incurred by the company on gas, electricity, water and furnishings will be valued as per Income Tax Rules, 1962 subject to a ceiling of 10% of the salary. (v) Medical Reimbursement: Reimbursement of medical expenses actually incurred for self and family, subject to ceiling of one month's salary in a year with a right to carry forward. (vi) Leave Travel Concession: Leave Travel Concession for self and the family, once in a year, as per rules of the company. (vii) Club Fees: Fee of two clubs. This will not include admission and life membership fee. (viii) Personal Accident Insurance: The Annual Premium will not exceed Rs. 4000/- The salary and perquisites are restricted to 5% of the Net Profit of the Company as prescribed under Part-II of Schedule XI to the Companies Act, 1956 as amended till date. PART-B (i) Company's contribution towards Provident Fund subject to a ceiling of 10% of the salary. (ii) Company's contribution towards Provident fund, Pension/ Superannuation fund/ Public Provident fund as per rules of the Company to the extent that these are not taxable under the Income Tax Act. PART - C (i) Free use of Company's car on Company's business. (ii) Personal long distance call on telephone and use of car for private purpose shall be billed by the company to the Managing Director. (iii) Earned Private Leaves on full pay and allowance as per the Rules of the Company subject to the condition that leave accumulated but not availed of shall not be allowed to be encashed. A copy of agreement entered into by the Company with Shri Shailesh Khaitan is available for inspection for the members of the Company at the Registered Office of the Company between the hours of 10.30 A.M. & 12.30 P.M. on any working day. None of the Directors (except Shri Shailesh Khaitan) is concerned or interested in the said resolution. The Board recommends the proposed resolution for your approval. This explanation, together with the accompanied notice is and should be treated as an abstract under section 302 of the Companies act, 1956 in respect of the appointment of Shri Shailesh Khaitan as Chairman & Managing Director. Item No. 6 Members may recall that at the Annual General Meeting of the Company held on 28th September, 1997, the consent has been given for the issue of 1507750 equity shares of the Company of Rs. 10/- each at a premium of Rs. 20/- per share along with two detachable warrant (warrant No. 1 & 2) convertible on different dates into equity shares of the Company. Letter of Offer dated 5th March, 1998 refers. In terms of such Letter, warrant No. 2 were convertible into equity shares at such premium as the Board of Directors may decide at the relevant time. At their meeting held on 29th January, 2002, the Board of Directors resolved to convert warrant No. 2 into equity shares of Rs. 10/- each at par instead of at a premium as per the Terms of Offer. The 1885 No. 1 equity shares were allotted accordingly on surrender of warrants. The aforesaid shares are to be listed for trading in M.P. Stock Exchange and other stock exchanges where securities are listed. The necessary application was made to M.P. Stock Exchange before Registrar of Stock Exchanges; the latter observed that there was an infirmity in the Board decision to convert the Warrant No. 2 at par instead of at a premium as per the Letter of Offer. The Board was of opinion that the Letter of Offer specify the cap on premium for the benefit of the shareholders and it does not mean that the shares can not be issued at par. However, on the advice of the M.P. Stock Exchange, to clarify, ex-post-facto approval of the members is sought to the decision of the Board, to facilitate the listing of such shares for trading at respective Stock Exchanges. The resolution placed before the meeting at the item No. 6 of the notice for the Annual General Meeting is commended for approval. None of the Directors is concerned or interested in the said resolution. By Order of the Board S/d (R. S. Vijayvargiya) President & Secretary Registered Office: A. B. Road, Village-Nimrani, Dist. Khargone (M.P.) Date: 28th August, 2002 DETAILS OF DIRECTORS SEEKING RE-APPOINTMENT AT THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (IN PURSUANCE OF CLAUSE 49 OF THE LISTING AGREEMENT) \| Name of Director \| Shri Anil Agrawal \| Shri J. L. Jajoo \| \|------------------\|-------------------\|------------------\| \| Age \| 45 years \| 59 years \| \| Qualification \| B.Com. (H) \| C.A. \| \| Date of Appointment \| 27th March, 1990 \| 1st January, 1991 \| \| Expertise \| An industrialist having extensive experience in Corporate Sector. \| Rich and vast experience in the field of Management and finance. \| \| Other Directorships as on 31st March, 2002 \| Polar Industries Ltd. Polar Pharma India Ltd. Polar Marmo Agglomerates Ltd. Polar Software Ltd Polar Forging & Tools Ltd. Heymen India Ltd. Shahabad Appliances Ltd. Tatva Biosis Ltd. Rubber Reclam Company of India Ltd. \| Nil \| \| Chairman/Member of the Committees as on 31st March, 2002 \| Audit Committee: Polar Pharma India Ltd. Polar Marmo Agglomerates Ltd. Shareholders Grievance Cum Share Transfer Committee : Polar Pharma India Ltd Polar Marmo Agglomerates Ltd. \| Audit Committee: Khaitan Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd. \| DIRECTORS’ REPORT To the members, Your Directors have pleasure in presenting the Twentieth Annual Report of the Company together with Audited Accounts for the year ended 31st March, 2002. \| FINANCIAL RESULTS \| 2001-2002 \| 2000-2001 \| \|-------------------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Surplus before interest and depreciation \| 686.29 \| 822.35 \| \| Less: Interest \| 666.34 \| 777.83 \| \| Cash Profit before tax \| 19.95 \| 44.52 \| \| Less: Depreciation \| 377.21 \| 373.53 \| \| Misc. Expenses Written off \| 3.66 \| 3.66 \| \| Surplus before tax \| (360.92) \| (332.67) \| \| Add: Deferred Tax credit for the year \| 138.84 \| \| \| Prior Period adjustments \| 9.44 \| 4.06 \| \| Net Profit / Loss for the year \| (231.82) \| (336.73) \| \| Add: Profit B/F from last year’s A/c \| 449.60 \| 1423.27 \| \| Surplus Carried Forward \| 217.78 \| 1086.54 \| DIVIDEND Due to inadequacy of Profits, the Directors are unable to recommend any dividend. AMALGAMATION During the year, the Company has filed an application with the Hon’ble High Court of Madhya Pradesh Bench at Indore seeking to amalgamate Shri Nivas Fertilizers Ltd. with the Company w.e.f. 1st day of April, 2001 (the transfer date). As directed by the Hon’ble High Court, an Extra Ordinary General Meeting of the Shareholders of the Company and a meeting of Creditors (Secured/Unsecured) of the Company were separately held, wherein the Company’s shareholders and Creditors (except IFCI Ltd.) have approved the proposed amalgamation. However, the secured creditor viz. Industrial Development Bank of India, have sought time to convey their views. Presently, the Petition for confirmation of Scheme of Amalgamation filed, is pending before the Hon’ble High Court of Madhya Pradesh. The Directors are of the firm belief that both the Companies shall benefit from the proposed amalgamation. PROJECT & FINANCE During the year, the company has received Corporate Loan of Rs. 600.00 lacs from State Bank of India to augment the long-term working capital requirement. The Company has sold the land at Itarsi, acquired for putting up of Fertilizer plant, in current year. The project was shelved during 1998; subsequent to substantial expansion at Nimrani. PERFORMANCE & FUTURE PLAN The Company had to face very poor off take of fertilizer due to worst ever monsoon of last 40 years, faced by the State of Madhya Pradesh and consequently faced severe pressure on profitability. The performance of Solvent Extraction Plant of the Company had been hit by continuous disparity in crushing in peak season. In spite of poor Financial Performance during the period under review, mainly due to exceptional circumstances beyond Company’s control, your directors are of the opinion, considering the basic strength of the company, the performance of the company shall be better in coming years. During the current year, Company has acquired land at Nimbahera (Rajasthan) to put up fertilizer plant considering strategical location. DIRECTORS Shri Anil Agrawal & Shri J. L. Jajoo retire by rotation and being eligible offer themselves for reappointment. FIXED DEPOSITS During the year under review, Company has not accepted any deposits from the public, pursuant to the provisions of Section 58A of the Companies Act, 1956 and the Deposit Rules. AUDITORS & AUDIT REPORT M/s.- S. S. Kothari & Co., Chartered Accountants, New Delhi, Auditors of the Company hold office till the conclusion of ensuing Annual General Meeting and being eligible offer themselves for re-appointment. The notes on accounts referred to and the Auditors’ Report are self explanatory and therefore do not call for any explanatory note. M/s. Mihir Turakhia & Associates, Cost Accountants were appointed as Cost Auditors to conduct cost audit of the accounts maintained by the Company in respect of its Fertilizer and Sulphuric Acid products for the financial year 2002-2003. GENERATION OF ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY ABSORPTION Information as specified U/S 217 (1) (e) of the Companies Act, 1956 is given in Annexure A in Form-A. Your Directors are of the opinion that the Company has already opted for latest technology for producing Single Super Phosphate, Sulphuric Acid, Seed Processing & Oil Refinery. Hence, information specified to be given in Form-B is not applicable. FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNING AND OUTGO The Company has earned Rs. 651.25 lacs on export of goods (Previous year Rs. 812 lacs) and incurred Rs. 217.44 lacs (Previous year Rs. 808.05 lacs) on import of Raw Material, Capital Goods for edible Oil refinery project, Fees & Subscription, Interest on Foreign Currency Loan and Foreign Traveling Expenses. DIRECTORS’ RESPONSIBILITY STATEMENT Pursuant to the provisions of Section 217 (2AA) of the Companies (Amendment) Act, 2000, your Directors confirm that: 1. in the preparation of the annual accounts, the applicable accounting standards have been followed along with proper explanation relating to material departures; 2. the directors have selected such accounting policies and applied them consistently and made judgements and estimates that are reasonable and prudent so as to give a true and fair view of the statement of affairs of the Company at the end of the Financial year ended 31.03.2002 and of the Profit or Loss of the Company for that period; 3. the Directors have taken proper and sufficient care for the maintenance of adequate accounting records in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 for safeguarding the assets of the Company and for preventing and detecting fraud and other irregularities; 4. the Directors have prepared the annual accounts on a going concern basis. MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS REPORT In accordance with the listing agreement, the management discussion and analysis report is given in Annexure - B. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Your Company attaches considerable significance to good Corporate Governance as an important step towards building investors’ confidence, improve investors’ protection and maximizing long term shareholder’s value. Pursuant to Clause 49 of the Listing Agreement with the Stock Exchanges, a Compliance Report on Corporate Governance and Auditors’ Certificate regarding compliance of conditions of Corporate Governance is given in Annexure - C. PARTICULARS OF EMPLOYMENT Information as per the requirement of Section 217(2A) of the Companies Act, 1956 is given in Annexure-A. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Your Directors would like to thank the IFCI, IDBI, the State Bank of India, State Bank of Indore, various Departments/Agencies of Central/State Govt., Shareholders, Employees and Business Associates of the Company for their continued cooperation received during the year. FOR AND ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD Place : New Delhi Date : 26.08.2002 (SHAILESH KHAITAN) CHAIRMAN & MANAGING DIRECTOR Annexure 'A' Form 'A' for disclosure of particulars with respect to conservation of energy and forming part of Directors' Report: A) POWER & FUEL CONSUMPTION: \| Item \| Current Year \| Previous Year \| \|-----------------------\|--------------\|---------------\| \| 1. Electricity: \| \| \| \| a) Purchased Units \| 3644630 \| 3394806 \| \| Total amount (Rs. in Lacs) \| 181.78 \| 153.35 \| \| Rate/Unit (Rs.) \| 4.99 \| 4.52 \| \| b) Own generation: \| \| \| \| i. Through diesel generator Units \| 585251 \| 554724 \| \| Total amount (Rs. in Lacs) \| 27.12 \| 25.76 \| \| Rate/Unit (Rs.) \| 4.63 \| 4.64 \| \| ii. Through steam turbine Units * \| 8596595 \| 8710806 \| \| Total amount \| - \| - \| (* Net of Self Consumption in TG) 2. Coal: \| Quantity (In MT) \| 5994 \| 5062 \| \| Total Cost (Rs. in Lacs) \| 120.52 \| 93.69 \| \| Rate/Unit (MT) (Rs.) \| 2011 \| 1851 \| 3. Furnace oil: \| Quantity (K Lts.) \| 279.86 \| 235.52 \| \| Total Amount (Rs. in lacs) \| 30.09 \| 27.25 \| \| Average Rate /Lt. \| 10.75 \| 11.57 \| B. Consumption per unit of Production: \| Item \| Product \| Current Year \| Previous Year \| \|-----------------------\|---------------\|--------------\|---------------\| \| Electricity (KWH/MT) \| S.S.P/G.S.S.P \| 29 \| 27 \| \| \| S.A./Oleum/Liquid So3 \| 65 \| 66 \| \| \| Soya Oil/Doc \| 49 \| 50 \| \| Coal (KG/MT) \| Soya Oil/Doc \| 82 \| 78 \| \| Furnace Oil (Ltr.) \| G.S.S.P \| 12 \| 1.3 \| Statement Under Section 217(2A) of the Companies Act, 1956 read with the Companies (Particulars of Employees) Rule 1975 & Forming part of Directors' Report: \| S. No. \| Name of Employees/ his qualification/ Designation. \| Age/No. of yrs. \| Date of commencement of experience \| Remuneration (Rs. in Lacs) \| Last Employment \| \|--------\|-----------------------------------------------------\|-----------------\|------------------------------------\|----------------------------\|-----------------\| \| A. \| Employed through out the year. \| \| \| \| \| \| 1. \| Shri Shailesh Khaitan \| 46/22 \| 01-09-84 \| 18.00 \| Managing Director, Ms. Majestic Packaging (P) LTD. Calcutta. \| 1. Remuneration includes salary, Commission, leave travel assistance and expenditure incurred by the Company on other perquisites valued in accordance with the Income Tax Rules, 1952. 2. Shri Shailesh Khaitan is having 272687 Nos. of Shares. No other employee is having any shares in the Company. Annexure 'B' MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS REPORT The Management of Khaitan Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited is pleased to present its analysis report covering segment-wise performance and outlook. The report contains expectations of the Company's businesses based on the current environment. Many unforeseen and uncontrollable external factors could alter these expectations. 1. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENTS Fertilizer Division: Fertilizer Policy & WTO India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizer in the world, as it is predominantly an agricultural country. The Govt. of India has already decontrolled the phosphatic & potashic fertilizers (including SSP) except allowing some adhoc subsidy. The detailed fertilizer policy particularly related to subsidy on fertilizers (i.e. Urea) is still awaited. The Govt. is well aware that the higher subsidy to Urea has led to imbalanced use of fertilizers, which need to be corrected. Thus the further reduction in subsidy to fertilizer industry which should inter-alia aims to encourage balanced use of fertilizers shall increase the consumption of phosphatic fertilizers including SSP. SSP fertilizer is the cheapest source of phosphatic fertilizer with other inputs i.e. Sulphur, Calcium etc. and is poor man's fertilizer. The management feels that due to its lower economical value with high distribution cost, there should be no impact of "WTO" as well as "No Subsidy Era". The gradual reduction of subsidy shall not affect the demand of SSP provided, there is simultaneous reduction of subsidy in other segment of fertilizer. The total subsidy outgo on SSP is less than Rs. 175 crores. Soya division: The edible oil industry is one of the important industries in our country as there has been huge imports of edible oil because of its shortage. 2. OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS Fertilizer Division: SSP belongs to already partial decontrolled segment and low cost fertilizer with other additional nutrients (i.e. Sulphur and Calcium) and present imbalanced use of fertilizers in favour of highly subsidized urea should lead to growth in SSP in current year. The mushroom growth of manufacturing capacity in this sector with a shortsighted approach had damaged the goodwill of SSP amongst farmers as well as with the authorities. However, now the Central Government has taken lot of actions to curb such unscrupulous activities, which will ultimately benefit the quality manufacturers. Soya division: The Soya Industry is largely dependent on the monsoon and last three years were not normal so far the monsoon conditions in the state are concerned, but still, your Company has been able to show satisfactory performance as compared to the other units in the same segment. Being a product of mass consumption and import substitute we see bright future of the edible oil industry. 3. SEGMENT-WISE BUSINESS REVIEW The Company has two business segments viz. Fertilizer and Soya. Segment-wise details of the business are given in the foregoing paragraphs: Fertilizer division: The Company has largest SSP manufacturing facilities at one location in India with installed capacity of 400000 MT and having manufacturing facility of Sulphuric Acid, Oleum and Liquid So3. The summarized performance of Fertilizer Division is as under: \| \| 2001-02 \| 2000-01 \| \|----------------\|-----------\|-----------\| \| Sales \| 5589.68 \| 5563.31 \| \| PBITD \| 443.08 \| 526.49 \| (Rs. In Lacs)
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF 3% CITRONELLA CANDLES AND 5% CITRONELLA INCENSE FOR PROTECTION AGAINST FIELD POPULATIONS OF AEDES MOSQUITOES L. ROBBIN LINDSAY, GORDON A. SURGEONER, JAMES D. HEAL and G. JAMES GALLIVAN Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada ABSTRACT. We assessed the efficacy of 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella incense in protecting subjects from bites of Aedes spp. under field conditions. The study was conducted in a deciduous woodlot in Guelph, Ontario, Canada from July 26 to August 10, 1995. Eight subjects, dressed identically, were assigned to one of 8 positions on a grid within the study area. Two citronella candles, 2 citronella incense, 2 plain unscented candles, or no candles (i.e., nontreated controls) were assigned to 2 positions on the grid each evening. Subjects conducted 5-min biting counts at each position and performed 16 biting counts per evening. On average, subjects received 6.2 ± 0.4, 8.2 ± 0.5, 8.2 ± 0.4, and 10.8 ± 0.5 bites/5 min at positions with citronella candles, citronella incense, plain candles, and no candles, respectively. Although significantly fewer bites were received by subjects at positions with citronella candles and incense than at nontreated locations, the overall reduction in bites provided by the citronella candles and incense was only 42.3 and 24.2%, respectively. Candles containing oil of citronella are sold commercially in the United States and Canada, with some manufacturers claiming that these products “reduce the annoyance of biting insects,” specifically mosquitoes. However, with the exception of unpublished data cited in Curtis (1986) that suggested that citronella candles do not appreciably reduce the biting rates of mosquitoes, quantitative studies of the repellency provided by citronella-based candles or incense are lacking. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of commercially available 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella incense to protect people from bites of Aedes spp. mosquitoes under field conditions. The study was conducted in a deciduous woodlot in Guelph, Ontario (43°45′N, 80°20′W). This woodlot, which is surrounded by large snowmelt pools where large numbers of immature Aedes spp. develop has been described previously (Surgeoner and Heal 1992, Heal et al. 1995). Eight subjects (4 ♀♀; 4 ♂♂) were used in this study, which was conducted on 8 nights (July 28, 31 and August 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1995). An additional person timed biting counts and recorded weather conditions. The subjects wore headnets, white cotton gloves, and green coveralls with the sleeves rolled up to the elbows. They were not allowed to wear repellent. Biting counts were initiated by 1900 h each night. The subjects were assigned to one of 8 positions on a grid within the study area at the beginning of the evening and rotated through all 8 positions twice each night. Positions were separated by at least 10 m. Each treatment was placed at 2 positions on the grid each evening. The treatments were citronella candles, citronella incense, plain unscented candles, and no candles (i.e., nontreated controls). Two citronella candles, 2 plain candles, or 2 citronella incense were placed at each treated position on top of 35-cm plastic stands 1 m apart. A plastic lawn chair was placed between the plastic stands and subjects conducted biting counts while seated on the lawn chairs. Treatments were assigned to positions on the grid such that each treatment was at each position twice during the 8-night evaluation. Biting counts were made during 5-min periods at each position. The subjects aspirated all of the mosquitoes biting both exposed forearms into 150-ml clear plastic vials. The subjects recorded the number of mosquitoes captured and then moved to the next position on the grid. Thus, subjects made 4 biting counts at each treatment, each night. Mosquitoes collected were pooled each night and 30/night were randomly selected and identified using keys of Wood et al. (1979). Ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction within the study site were recorded at ≈30 min intervals during the biting counts. The data were analyzed using a 4-factor analysis of variance with subject, treatment, position on the grid, and night as the independent variables. Because the number of mosquitoes collected per 5-min biting count varied widely between subjects, and the variance was correlated with the mean, these data were log₁₀ transformed prior to the analysis. Subject, position on the grid, and night were random variables and treatment was a fixed variable. The analyses were completed using Statistical Analysis Systems. Table 1. Mean number ± SE of mosquitoes collected per 5-min biting count (n = 128) at positions with 3% citronella candles, 5% citronella incense, plain candles, or nontreated controls. \| Parameter \| Citronella candles \| Citronella incense \| Plain candle \| No treatment \| \|-----------\|--------------------\|--------------------\|--------------\|--------------\| \| Mean ± SE<sup>1</sup> \| 6.2 ± 0.4A \| 8.2 ± 0.5B \| 8.2 ± 0.4B \| 10.8 ± 0.5C \| \| Percent reduction<sup>2</sup> \| 42.3 \| 24.2 \| 23.1 \| — \| <sup>1</sup> Means followed by the same letter are not different at P < 0.05; Student-Newman-Keuls test. <sup>2</sup> Percent reduction calculated as: [(no. biting subjects at nontreated positions – no. biting at treated positions)/(no. biting at nontreated positions)] × 100. Each night 800–1,300 mosquitoes were collected. Ten mosquito species were identified from 240 individuals subsampled throughout the study. The species and percent composition were: Aedes euedes Howard, Dyar and Knab (59.2%), Ae. vexans (Meigen) (12.5%), Ae. fitchii (Felt and Young) (11.2%), Ae. trivittatus (Coquillett) (10.4%), Ae. excrucians (Walker) (2.5%), Ae. canadensis (Theobald) (2.1%), Ae. stimulans (Walker) (0.8%), Ae. implicatus Vockeroth (0.4%), Cooquillettidia perturbans (Walker) (0.4%), and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say (0.4%). Ambient air temperatures ranged from 19 to 26°C during biting count evaluations. Wind was less than 5 km/h during all nights except for <30 min on August 1 when gusts up to 8 km/h were recorded. Regardless of the wind direction, the subjects were always exposed to the smoke of at least one candle or incense. Light rain fell for <10 min on August 1; however, it did not rain on any other evening. None of the meteorological parameters measured would have deterred host-seeking activity by mosquitoes and therefore did not affect the results obtained. Subjects received significantly fewer bites (P < 0.001) at positions with citronella candles compared with the other 3 treatments (Table 1). Significantly more mosquitoes (P < 0.001) were collected at nontreated positions than ones with citronella incense, and plain candles and biting counts did not differ significantly (P > 0.5) between these 2 treatments (Table 1). Although significantly fewer mosquitoes were collected at treated positions compared with nontreated ones, the overall percent reduction provided by the citronella candles, citronella incense, and plain candles was only 42.3, 24.2, and 23.1%, respectively. Surprisingly, plain candles reduced the biting activity of mosquitoes, presumably because the light, heat, carbon dioxide, and moisture produced drew mosquitoes away from the subjects. Considering the reduction in mosquito biting activity produced by the act of burning candles, the addition of 3% citronella to candles further decreased biting activity by only 19.2%. As in previous studies with woodsmoke (Snow et al. 1987), citronella candles or incense were ineffective for reducing the biting pressure of mosquitoes, and their use by the general public should be discouraged. Although one manufacturer (S.C. Johnson & Son, Limited, Brantford, Ontario) specified that the candles should be placed ≈45 cm apart, for practical and safety reasons we spaced the candles and incense 1 m apart. In general the directions for use of these products are vague or nonexistent and consumers are not explicitly told how many candles must be used to produce adequate levels of protection from mosquitoes. Increasing the number of candles or incense per unit area may have increased the efficacy of these products; however, it is unlikely that consumers would tolerate the excessive amounts of smoke and odor that would have to be generated to produce this effect. We thank the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Rural Affairs for continued infrastructural support. We also thank the subjects who participated in this study. REFERENCES CITED Curtis, C. F. 1986. Fact and fiction in mosquito attraction and repulsion. Parasitol. Today 2:316–318. Heal, J. D., G. A. Surgeoner and L. R. Lindsay. 1995. Permethrin as a tent treatment for protection against field populations of Aedes mosquitoes. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 11:99–102. Snow, R. W., A. K. Bradley, R. Hayes, P. Byass and M. Greenwood. 1987. Does woodsmoke protect against malaria? Am. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 81:449–451. Surgeoner, G. A. and J. D. Heal. 1992. Evaluation of mosquito derris (N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine) formulations, Avon-Skin-So-Soft and the citroa plant repellents against spring Aedes spp. pp. 151–153. In: Agric. Canada Publ. Pest Manag. Res. Rpt. Ottawa, Canada. Wood, D. M., P. T. Dang and R. A. Ellis. 1979. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 6: The mosquitoes of Canada. Agric. Canada Publ. 1686.
Attitudes of doctors and nurses toward patient safety within Emergency Departments of a Saudi Arabian hospital: A qualitative study Naif Alzahrani Russell Jones Edith Cowan University, firstname.lastname@example.org Mohamed E. Abdel-Latif Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013 Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Alzahrani, N., Jones, R., & Abdel-Latif, M. E. (2019, March). Attitudes of doctors and nurses toward patient safety within emergency departments of a Saudi Arabian hospital: a qualitative study. In Healthcare (Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 44). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010044 This Journal Article is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/8275 Attitudes of Doctors and Nurses toward Patient Safety within Emergency Departments of a Saudi Arabian Hospital: A Qualitative Study Naif Alzahrani 1,, Russell Jones 2 and Mohamed E. Abdel-Latif 1,3,© 1 The Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia 2 Emergency Services Research Group, Health Simulation Centre, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University; Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; email@example.com 3 Department of Neonatology, Centenary Hospital for Women and Children, Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT 2605, Australia; firstname.lastname@example.org Correspondence: email@example.com Tel.: +96-6301201313 Received: 10 February 2019; Accepted: 13 March 2019; Published: 18 March 2019 Abstract: Background: The attitudes of doctors and nurses toward patient safety represent a significant contributing factor to hospital safety climates and medical error rates. Yet, there are very few studies of patient safety attitudes in Saudi hospitals and none conducted in hospital emergency departments. Aims: The current study aims to investigate and compare the patient safety attitudes of doctors and nurses in a Saudi hospital emergency department. Materials and Method: The study employed a qualitative research design via semi-structured interviews with Saudi and non-Saudi doctors and nurses working in a Saudi hospital emergency department to determine their attitudes and experiences about the patient safety climate. Results: Findings revealed doctors and nurses held some similar safety attitudes; however, nurses reported issues with doctors with respect to their teamwork, communication, and patient safety attitudes. Moreover, several barriers to the patient safety climate were identified, including limits to resources, teamwork, communication, and incident reporting. Conclusion: The findings provide one of the few research contributions to knowledge regarding the patient safety attitudes of Saudi and non-Saudi doctors and nurses and suggest the application of such knowledge would enhance positive patient outcomes in emergency departments. Keywords: patient safety climate attitudes; hospital emergency department; qualitative 1. Introduction The attitudes of doctors and nurses toward patient safety represent a significant factor in hospital safety climates and medical error rates [1]. “Safety climate” can be defined as the perceptions about how safety is managed within an organisation in terms of measurable components such as management behaviours, safety systems, and employee safety attitudes [2]. Indeed, more positive safety attitudes among nurses and doctors have been found to be associated with lower medical error rates [3]. Given the high rate of patient medical errors and related costs [4], knowledge about how to improve the patient safety climate attitudes in hospital settings has the potential to improve clinical outcomes and contribute to organisational efficiencies. Quantitative survey research on patient safety climate attitudes has been conducted in a range of countries and hospital departments, showing doctors and nurses generally report more positive attitudes towards the dimensions of hospital safety climate and teamwork and less positive attitudes on the dimensions of hospital working conditions and the quality of management support [5–7]. Research in the context of Saudi Arabian hospitals has similarly shown less positive attitudes... among nurses and doctors with respect to management support and working conditions [8,9]. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated patient safety climate attitudes of hospital staff in-depth via qualitative methodologies. The current study aims to investigate the patient safety climate attitudes of doctors and nurses employed in the emergency department of a Saudi hospital by employing a qualitative research design. Qualitative research provides the advantage of being able to probe the internal states, beliefs, and attitudes of participants [10]. At the same time, the research in this study addresses a gap in the literature as there have been very few studies of patient safety climate attitudes in Saudi hospitals and none conducted in hospital emergency departments. 2. Materials and Method 2.1. Study Design The study employed a qualitative research design by collecting data via semi-structured interviews with Saudi and non-Saudi doctors and nurses working in a Saudi hospital emergency department to determine their attitudes and experiences about the patient safety climate. A qualitative design with semi-structured interviews was considered a suitable method to develop a richer and deeper analysis of patient safety attitudes [11]. The data from interviews were subjected to thematic assessment via Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) [11,12] to identify the significant meanings behind participant’s patient safety climate attitudes. 2.2. Participants The participant inclusion criteria were doctors and nurses who worked in the emergency department of a Saudi hospital; all other hospital staff were excluded from participation in the study. Ten nurses and 10 doctors participated in interviews, which was considered to be an appropriate number for this type of research given data collection reached saturation point [13], and due to the resource constraints of qualitative research (time and opportunity). The final sample of participants included 5 Saudi doctors, 5 non-Saudi doctors, 3 Saudi nurses, and 7 non-Saudi nurses. To protect their identity, each participant was assigned a code: SD1 to SD5 (Saudi doctors); NSD1 to NSD5 (non-Saudi doctors); SN1 to SN3 (Saudi nurses); and NSN1 to NSN7 (non-Saudi nurses). More specific details about the professional background of participants were not collected due to concerns about privacy and confidentiality. 2.3. Setting The study was conducted in the emergency department of a Ministry of Health (MOH) hospital in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This hospital receives more emergency cases than any other hospital in the kingdom. The hospital has 1400-bed capacity with more than 8000 employees [14]. The emergency department receives approximately 160,000–180,000 patients annually [14]. 2.4. Data Collection Data collection entailed semi-structured interviews with doctors and nurses about their experience of safety attitudes and climate in the emergency department. Based on a review of the patient safety climate research literature and consistent with the recommendations of Spradley [15], the interview questions followed four general types consistent with the framework of IPA. These were: descriptive (e.g., What are the important facilitators and barriers to patient safety in your department?), structural (e.g., In your perspective what are the important elements of a successful emergency department safety climate?), contrast (e.g., How do problems in factors like teamwork, management support and job setting translate into patient safety issues?), and evaluative (e.g., What is your evaluation of the safety attitudes in your department?). The duration of interviews was between 15 min and 30 min. and interviews were recorded, transcribed, and transferred to the data analysis package NVivo 11 for qualitative analysis and thematic coding [16]. A full list of interview questions is shown at Annex 1. The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available as individual participant confidentiality could be jeopardized, and participant confidentiality was required for approval of the study by the participating bodies. Aggregate summaries of the data are, however, available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and with permission of the participating hospitals. All authors had full access to all the data (including statistical reports and tables) in the study and can take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. 2.5. Data Analysis Data analysis commenced with the process of immersion [17] which entailed listening to the recording of each interview after its conclusion in order to review the content and record any observations in field notes [12]. The next step focused on the coding of participant responses to each interview question to note patterns and common themes that appeared in the data. Using this approach, codes were assigned to represent and categorize the main patterns of meanings in the interviews [16,18]. By this process, the codes were further defined, described, and linked together into groups to produce a list of main themes and subthemes of meaning associated with patient safety attitudes. A range of steps were taken to establish the credibility, dependability confirmability, and transferability of the data [19]. To establish the credibility of the findings, descriptive field notes were taken during interviews to document observations and added context to the audio data. Confirmability of findings entailed the use of analytic memos to ensure objectivity in any interpretations made during the course of data analysis [20]. The transferability of research findings was met by purposive sampling of participants based on their capacity to provide relevant knowledge on emergency department safety climate attitudes [20]. The criteria of ensuring dependability was met by having an outside researcher conduct an inquiry audit on the research study. 2.6. Ethical Consideration The investigation was aligned with important principles associated with research with humans. These principles included respect for justice, autonomy, beneficence or do good, and nonmaleficence or do no harm [21]. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by Australian Capital Territory Health Research Ethics Committee (ETHLR.16.247); Australian National University Human Ethics Committee (Protocol 2017/514) and the General Directorate for Researches and Studies, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The participants received oral and written information about the study, including details about confidentiality in handling the data. The participants were also informed about the voluntary nature of their participation, including the fact that they could terminate their participation at any time. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to their participation. 3. Results Five main themes were derived from the coding of the interview data on patient safety climate attitudes. These were safety evaluations, safety barriers, safety facilitation, safety issues, and safety needs. Moreover, four of these themes were comprised of a series of subthemes to represent specific safety climate attitudes, including a total of 12 subthemes altogether. A full list of the themes and subthemes is reported in Table 1. This section provides an in-depth presentation of the findings with respect to each main theme and sub-themes through reference to the respondent’s own words. Table 1. Themes and subthemes developed from analysis of interview content. \| Code Name \| Description \| \|----------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Safety evaluation \| Overall view of the patient safety climate \| \| Safety barriers \| Factors that impede patient safety climate \| \| Accountability/blame \| Staff with a lack of accountability and fear of reporting errors \| \| Language \| Language barriers to safety climate \| \| Medical errors \| Types of medical errors that impact on patient safety \| \| Safety facilitation \| Factors that facilitate safety climate \| \| Communication \| Communication between staff and patients \| \| Management \| The role of management in facilitating safety \| \| Protocols and incident reporting \| How protocols and incident reporting impact on safety climate \| \| Teamwork \| The importance of teamwork to safety \| \| Safety issues \| Issues that impact negatively on safety climate \| \| Facilities/equipment/resources \| Safety issues with fixed assets and equipment \| \| Overcrowding overload \| Inadequate staff-patient ratios leading to overload \| \| Uncompliant staff \| Staff issues that impact on safety climate \| \| Safety needs \| Factors that reflect needs to improve safety \| \| Guidelines protocols \| Importance of protocols for safety \| \| Lectures and training \| The importance of training to safety climate \| Notes: The “code name” includes themes (in bold) and subthemes. 3.1. Safety Evaluation Theme While four out of five of the Saudi doctors had a favourable evaluation of the safety climate, all the non-Saudi doctors reported a less than positive evaluation of the safety climate. Similarly, most Saudi and non-Saudi nurses reported a less than positive rating of the safety climate in the emergency department. The findings also showed some nurses had unfavourable ratings of doctors’ safety climate attitudes: “For nurses, they are good. They are doing their best to improve patient safety and they are trying to do their best. For doctors it depends some physician, they are doing their best, but others, no. They don’t care” (SN2). 3.2. Barriers to Patient Safety Theme Participants reported their perceptions of a range of barriers to the patient safety climate which reflected three subthemes: accountability and blame, medical errors, and language. The most frequently mentioned barrier to safety was language, which reflects the multi-cultural nature of Saudi society. In fact, 15 of the 20 participants reported that language barriers could be a problem when communicating to patients. This is exemplified by a non-Saudi nurse who stated: “The patient, they are saying something, we cannot understand. We’re not fluent in Arabic, and sometimes the patient is saying some important information that we need to know in order to give them the proper care” (NSN6). In contrast, participants did not view religion, national differences, or gender to be significant barriers to patient safety in the emergency department: “There are no differences, as long as you’re working in the hospital the patient safety should come first” (NSN4). In terms of the Safety barriers subtheme of Medical Errors, participants mostly reported patient safety issues with infection control and prescribing medications. For example, one Saudi doctor shared: “There are some scattered problems like infection control and this could affect patient safety” (SD2). A small number of participants also reported two other important barriers to safety climate in the subthemes of accountability and blame. Indicating that a lack of accountability can impact negatively on patient safety climate, one Saudi nurse shared: “The most important barrier for me is the accountability. If you have incident, and you report it one and two and three times, there is no accountability to make people more compliant with the patient safety” (SN2). Three participants also highlighted that attributing blame for incidents can act as a barrier to patient safety climate. As put by one non-Saudi nurse: “I think the most important factor in order for us to have safety for our patients is having a non-blame environment, because if, for example, when the staff commit a mistake, we found out there is an error of medication or she did something wrong, and then we will punish this staff. The next time around, the other staff will not report it anymore” (NSN1). 3.3. Safety Facilitation Theme Staff teamwork was the most frequently mentioned safety climate facilitation subtheme. Participants generally held positive attitudes towards the teamwork of fellow staff and this was similar between Saudi and non-Saudi doctors and nurses. Importantly, participants also reported the link between teamwork and optimal patient outcomes: “We have a good teamwork here, and we have more support from the management. Translating (evidence) into patient safety (is also supported)” (NSN4). Nevertheless, there was mention by non-Saudi nurses of problematic teamwork associated with the attitudes of doctors: “Most of the time we have good team. But there are some times that the doctors have maybe some problems with the attitudes. So, they could be rude sometimes or shout out to you. So, if you have any concern, you couldn’t ask them” (NSN7). In contrast to the generally positive perceptions of staff teamwork, participants reported mixed views about management support to facilitating the patient safety climate. Whereas participants reported modest and improved support, there was the view that more could be done to support frontline staff to develop the patient safety climate. As one Saudi doctor stated: “Management support, it is very important to support your staff as this will improve the quality and patient safety” (SD2). Like the perceptions of management, attitudes towards the safety facilitation subtheme of communication were less than positive. Most nurses had less than positive attitudes about their communication with doctors. At the same time, doctor’s communication with patients was also said to be lacking by one non-Saudi nurse, who made the link to the effects of poor communication on patient safety by stating: “There are still some doctors who will not explain the diagnostic procedure that they are undergoing with the patient. That’s the time now there is a break with the safety of the patient!” (NSN1). A final subtheme to be derived from the data was how participants employed protocols and incident reporting to facilitate patient safety. Although participants indicated that there are protocols to follow for reporting patient safety incidents, such as the Occurrence Variance Report (OVR), there was a general view among doctors and nurses that staff were under-reporting. This was seen to be due to the perception that there was little or no follow up to incident reporting or the report being perceived as a complaint: “Actually, at the beginning, we were reporting, but with no feedback, so, for me I stopped reporting” (SD4). 3.4. Safety Issues Theme The most frequently reported safety issue was problems with facilities, resources and equipment. One non-Saudi nurse elaborated on the negative impact of unavailable resources in terms of the challenge it presents to patient safety: “This started when they cut off the supply from Ministry of Health. So, if we are lacking resources, the staff will not do things right. For example, if the cleaning material is not available, they will not clean anymore. If the alcohol swab is not available, they will not clean anymore, because they know it’s limited. They want it to be resourceful enough to make ends meet in order for the supply to be available for 24 h” (NSN1). A further subtheme of safety issues identified in the data was the view that some staff do not comply with safety standards which may have negative implications for patients and staff alike. A Saudi doctor spoke to the issue of uncompliant staff by stating: “Sometimes our staff compromise themselves to high risk patient. They knew that this patient has a high risk of respiratory infection symptoms and they need to wear special mask such as N95 mask, but they are not using this” (SD5). In terms of doctor compliance to provide patient safety, one Saudi nurse observed: “For doctors it depends. Some physicians, they are doing their best, but others, no. They don’t care/about patient safety” (SN2). A further patient safety issue subtheme was the problem of overcrowding and work overload reflecting poor staff-patient ratios. As one Saudi doctor shared: “The overload, overcrowded, multiple admitted patients, this affects patient safety directly” (SD5). Moreover, this safety issue was further elaborated by a non-Saudi nurse who stated: “Considering the fact of the number of patients coming and the workload that the staff is receiving, the staff could be prone to errors, and I couldn’t say it’s that safe” (NSN7). 3.5. Safety Needs Theme Staff training was the most frequently mentioned need to improve patient safety. Indeed, 17 of the 20 participants reported the importance of staff training to facilitate the patient safety climate. For example, a Saudi nurse stated: “This will help us because it will decrease our incidents against our patients, incidents against our staff, and will give us some alternative or critical thinking for us on how we will solve problems” (SN3). This need was seen to be especially important when it comes to new staff as highlighted by one Saudi nurse: “[Patient safety] is not clearly discussed with our staff during their orientation program, or during the interview, usually we are focusing only on their experience, and their qualifications” (SN1). Some participants also reported other safety needs under the subthemes of guidelines and protocols. For example, one nurse stated: “For me, the important and safe practices in the area, or in our work is based on the protocol, policies and procedures of the hospital” (NSN3). 4. Discussion The findings from qualitative analysis showed doctors and nurses held some similar safety climate attitudes with respect to the safety needs of their department, the need for facilities and resources, and barriers to patient safety. However, nurses reported issues with doctors with respect to their teamwork, communication, and attitudes towards patients. As found in other research [5,6], nurses reported that their input was not well received, they were underestimated by doctors, and disagreements between physicians and nurses are not well reconciled. At the same time, the doctors often did not elaborate their answers to questions on patient safety climate, preferring to share platitudes and take a non-committal stance on many safety attitudes. Nurses may report issues with doctor’s patient safety attitudes because doctors are less engaged with the issue and spend less time in direct patient care. This finding is perhaps not surprising given a survey of medical school programmes indicated patient safety education is lacking within many medical school programs, despite an acknowledgement of the need for such education [22]. By implication, doctors may be less engaged in safety climate issues because safety concerns are peripheral to their training. As noted by 17 of the 20 participants, it is important to conduct and participate in ongoing staff safety training to facilitate the patient safety climate in a general sense. At the same time, the literature [23] also suggests that safety training should be further incorporated into medical school curricula for doctors as part of their professional development and to improve their attitudes towards patient safety. The finding of under-reporting medical errors is consistent with other research [24,25]. In a systematic review [25], healthcare personnel, especially doctors, were found to under-report errors for fear of individual and legal blame. Similarly, participants in this study perceived under-reporting of errors by doctors and identified several barriers to error reporting that have the potential to impact negatively on patient safety. These included attributions of blame, management viewing the reporting of errors as the reporting of complaints, a lack of accountability (especially among doctors), and inadequate follow-up on incident reporting. Whereas accurate incident reporting is an important objective in a positive hospital safety climate, the findings suggest several processes may undermine this objective and ultimately compromise patient safety. Applying strategies to remove barriers to reporting of medical errors are likely to improve patient safety climate attitudes among doctors and nurses from hospital emergency departments. As shown by the interview findings, doctors and nurses clearly saw the importance of removing the fear of blame, providing further education, and timely feedback and action from safety incident reporting (for example, Occurrence Variance Reports) as important elements contributing to a positive patient safety climate. An important safety climate attitude to emerge from the findings, and also shown in other research [5–7], was the comparatively negative evaluations about management support; hospital management was perceived to be not doing enough to support safety in the emergency department. These findings suggest that interventions to improve management support and engagement would lead to more positive patient safety climate attitudes among both doctors and nurses. Indeed, research has shown that an intervention that entailed executive walk rounds to review safety hazards and ensure staff had the resources and support to implement safety interventions led to improvements in safety climate attitudes among hospital medical staff [26]. 5. Limitations The use of semi-structure interviews may have increased the likelihood of response inhibition in participants [27] in response to a fear of negative repercussions arising out of open and honest responding. Moreover, the setting for the study limits the generalizability of the findings to other hospital contexts. A further limitation was there were fewer substantive comments from doctors than nurses. 6. Conclusions The findings of this study provide one of the few research contributions to knowledge on the patient safety climate attitudes of Saudi and non-Saudi doctors and nurses in hospital emergency departments and the factors that may impede or facilitate patient safety climate attitudes. These factors include limits to resources, teamwork, communication, and incident reporting. The findings suggest the application of such knowledge would be desirable given the importance of safety climate attitudes forenhancing positive patient outcomes in emergency departments. Author Contributions: N.A. conceptualized and designed the study and collected, analysed, and contributed to data interpretation. He wrote the first draft of the paper and approved the final version of the manuscript. 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Eval. 2011, 16, 1–8. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Paragon Regenerative Receiver Outfit A.R.C. — THE NATIONAL PUBLICATION FOR BUYERS AND SELLERS OF OLD RADIOS AND RELATED ITEMS — PUBLISHED MONTHLY ANTIQUE RADIO CLASSIFIED Antique Radio Classified (ISSN:8750-7471) is published monthly, 12 times per year, by John V. Terrey, One River Road, P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741. Periodicals postage paid at Carlisle, MA, and additional mailing offices. Telephone: (508) 371-0512, 8:30 AM to 6:00 PM ET weekdays; machine answers phone at other times. Annual subscription rates within the U.S. are $36.95 by Periodicals mail and $53.95 by First Class mail. Annual foreign rates. By air: Canada - $58.00; Mexico - $64.00; Other foreign countries - $100.00. Surface mail: Canada - $47.00; Other foreign countries - $52.00. (Surface delivery to countries other than Canada may take two or more months and cannot be guaranteed.) Two-year subscriptions are twice these rates and receive an extra month. 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Clubs: write for discount policy. \| ARTWORK SIZE (SEND IN THIS SIZE) \| As Printed (size in magazine) \| Cost for 1-month \| Cost for 3-months \| Cost for 6-months \| Cost for 12-months \| One Time up Ad \| \|----------------------------------\|-------------------------------\|------------------\|-------------------\|-------------------\|-----------------\|---------------\| \| Page \| H x W (inches) \| H x W (inches) \| \| \| \| \| \| Full \| 12 7/16 x 7 1/2 \| 7 3/4 x 4 3/4 \| $249.00 \| $664.00 \| $1149.00* \| $1999.00† \| $69.00† \| \| 1/2 H \| 5 1/4 x 7 1/2 \| 3 5/16 x 4 3/4 \| 126.00 \| 336.00 \| 582.00 \| 1013.00 \| 35.00† \| \| 1/2 V \| 12 7/16 x 3 9/16 \| 7 3/4 x 2 1/4 \| 126.00 \| 336.00 \| 582.00 \| 1013.00 \| 35.00† \| \| 1/4 \| 5 1/4 x 3 9/16 \| 3 5/16 x 2 1/4 \| 64.00 \| 170.00 \| 295.00 \| 514.00 \| 18.00† \| \| 1/8 \| 2 5/8 x 3 9/16 \| 1 5/8 x 2 1/4 \| 33.00 \| 88.00 \| 152.00 \| 265.00 \| 8.50† \| \| Business Card (1st) \| 2 x 3 3/4 \| 1 1/4 x 2 3/8 \| not avail. \| 45.00 \| 78.00 \| 136.00 \| 6.50† \| \| Business Card (2nd...) \| 2 x 3 3/4 \| 1 1/4 x 2 3/8 \| not avail. \| 59.00 \| 102.00 \| 177.00 \| 6.50† \| * Full page, 6-mos.; ½ due with order; ¼ due in 3 mos. Full & ½ page, 12-mos.; ¼ due with order; ¼ due at 3, 6 & 9 mos. † For 6 and 12 month ads, no ad make-up charge if no change is made to ad for entire run. EDITOR'S COMMENTS The times they are a-changin' — so fast that yesterday's technology becomes obsolete overnight. Today in a matter of minutes, we can reach out to people in most corners of the earth via telephone and the Internet. Vast stores of information are available to us as quickly as we can access the nearest computer terminal. Perhaps this technological avalanche is one of the reasons old radios have so much appeal. Unlike those seemingly cold, complex cyber-machines, old radios seem to us to be warm, often beautiful, and technically within reach of our home workshop. Still, in our lead article on Paul Godley and his Paragon receiver, Henry Rogers reminds us that 75 years ago radios were technological marvels too, and their creators worked hard at taking them into their next phase of development. Because Godley and others like him struggled to make intercontinental communication easy, we now live in this amazing "Informational Age." Nevertheless, it's interesting to note that radio waves via satellites and microwave relays remain the medium for many of these worldwide connections. Also in his article, Henry Rogers covers Godley's days at Adams Morgan where he designed the pre-World War I Paragon RA-6, as well as the postwar RA-10 receiver and DA-2 detector/amplifier. Henry's description of his own operating tests using the RA-10 and DA-2 makes very good reading. If you collect automobile radios, or perhaps have a vintage 1930s car, you will enjoy Ed Paski's article on the Atwater Kent Model 91 car radio. Ed found one in the late 1960s and only recently decided to get it working. It is interesting to observe that the problems in adapting tube radios to the automobile environment of hot and cold temperature, vibration, and electrical noise (spark plugs and ignition circuitry act as broad-band spark transmitters) had to be solved again when solid-state automobile radios were introduced in the mid-1950s. In another report on one of his favorite topics, tombstone radios, Richard Arnold describes the Philco Model 116B. This large tombstone was built in 1936 and tunes five bands. Since we are without an auction report this month, we have space for Daniel Schoo's detailed and comprehensive article on soldering. This seemingly mundane task actually is an involved subject. Improper soldering technique can result in an inoperative radio, or, in the case of a repair, permanent damage to a valuable historical artifact. Daniel covers the selection of soldering irons and equipment, the soldering process, the choice of solder flux, and the inevitable task of unsoldering. Some of you may not be aware that there are aids to unsoldering, such as solder wicking material and a device known as a solder sucker. Our Photo Review pages include an interesting Fada, 2-band, AC/DC set and a crystal set manufactured by Carter Mfg. Co. with an unusual, and matching, 2-tube amplifier. Radio Miscellanea includes letters from a very happy new subscriber and a "radio dreamer," as well as information about Shaw Television. Also this month, we have short follow-up articles on testing capacitors by Everett Hoard and more on Chet Gehman's circuit oddity. Coming Radio Events. Radio collectors — prepare yourself for the upcoming, back-to-back, radio meets in Elgin, Illinois, on August 28-31, and in Rochester, New York, on September 4-7. Of course, the best way to make preparations would be to attend one (or more) of the other over three dozen events in the month of August. The Antique Radio Club of Illinois' Radiofest '96 begins on Wednesday with the first of a 3½-day flea market. Thursday adds an old equipment contest and visits to the Muchow Museum where thousands of radios are on display. Thursday night is the awards banquet and Friday features the main auction. In addition, several presentations on radio topics are scheduled. The Antique Wireless Association's 35th Historical Radio Conference begins on the following Wednesday with a theme of "100 Years of Atwater Kent." This event also features a 3½-day flea market, as well as 4 auctions, and programs on Atwater Kent, RCA, the Fleming valve, among others. Trips to the A.W.A. Museum, an old equipment contest, and a banquet round out the event. An indoor book fair, including A.R.C., will run throughout all days. If you are a flea-market hound, plan to be ready to browse at daybreak on Wednesday at either of these events. Although Thursday and Friday are still good buying days, the activity is less than on the first day. And during the auction and on Saturday morning, only a few sellers are still set up. A.R.C. intends to be at both of these largest-in-the-U.S. activities, so stop by our tables, either outdoor or indoor, and say, "hi." Happy Collecting! John V. Terrey, Editor ON THE COVER Our cover, which relates to this month's lead article, is an illustration of a "Paragon Regenerative Receiver Outfit," taken from the Rudolph Schmidt & Co., Rochester, N. Y., Wireless Manual and Catalogue of Radio Telegraph and Telephone Apparatus, Number One. This outfit consists of a Paragon RA-10 amplifier, selling at $75; a DA-2 detector-amplifier, at $65; and an R-3 Magnavox, at $45. The catalogue, from your editor's collection, is a 6" x 9", 208-page book, complete with information for the beginner about wireless telegraphy and telephony. The company's stated goal was "to enable anyone to select easily and intelligently the material required." Paul Godley was successful in both commercial radio and Amateur Radio endeavors. In this article, Henry Rogers tells about Godley's connection with the Adams-Morgan Company's Paragon radios, as well as his participation in the historic transatlantic tests of Amateur Radio. Rogers also reports on the results of his personal listening tests with the Paragon radio. (Editor) Seventy-five years ago, Paul Godley was in his equipment tent located on Ardrossan Moor, Scotland. Seated in front of his superheterodyne receiver, he tuned its controls listening for amateur radio signals originating from the United States. Godley had been sent to Ardrossan by the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) to demonstrate that Amateur Radio had developed to a level where transatlantic communication would soon be possible. This is Godley's story, centering around his Paragon receiver and the transatlantic test. GETTING STARTED Paul Godley was born in Garden City, Kansas, in 1889. He became interested in wireless after entering Defiance College. His first job was as an operator at a commercial wireless station in Chicago, but by 1913, he was installing wireless stations in Brazil for the "Amazon-to-the-Andes" service. After returning to the United States, Godley met Edwin H. Armstrong, who was then president of the Radio Club of America. Armstrong related how he had been reliably receiving the Brazilian stations with his new, regenerative detector. Armstrong was not particularly interested in developing his detector for amateur use — that is, so it would work on shortwaves. However, Godley was enthusiastic, and by using variometers to tune both the grid and plate circuits, he went ahead on his own to develop the first shortwave regenerative receiver. Wanting his new receiver to be built commercially and to profit from the venture also, Godley approached the Adams-Morgan Company of Upper Montclair, New Jersey. He offered to buy into the company as an equal partner if it would produce his receiver. Since Adams-Morgan Company was supplying only amateur wireless parts at the time, the company accepted the offer, and the first Paragon receiver became a reality. Dubbed the RA-6, it sold for $35 in 1916 and was quite popular with wireless amateurs, outperforming all the nonregenerative competition. When the United States became involved in World War I, Godley went to work for American Marconi in New Jersey, where he was in charge of receiver design. After the war, it was back to Adams-Morgan Company to produce more RA-6 receivers. By this time, the RA-6 was somewhat dated so Godley designed an updated version called the RA-10. The new RA-10 was ready for release in October 1920, to be sold exclusively by Continental Radio and Electric Company. THE RA-10/DA-2 The RA-10, shown in Figures 1 and 2, reflected the progress that receiver design had reached by 1920. For example, the grid variometer of the RA-6 was replaced by a tunable condenser, and the plate variometer body was now made of molded Bakelite instead of wood. As with most wireless receivers, the RA-10 shows the importance designers like Godley placed on effective tuning of the antenna circuit. Due to the weak signals normally encountered by amateur operators, maximum transfer of energy from the aerial is highly desirable. The RA-10 accomplishes this transfer with multiple taps, both finely and coarsely adjusted, on the primary coil. The secondary coil rotates within the primary coil, acting as the variable coupling which controls the receiver's selectivity. The secondary load coil is mounted on the variometer which helps the RA-10 regenerate on lower frequencies. The secondary condenser tunes the receiver, and the plate variometer controls regeneration. Like the RA-6, the RA-10 is a tuner only, so the operator has to furnish his own detector and audio amplifiers. The RA-10 instruction manual includes schematics for suitable detectors and amplifiers. It was March of 1922 before Adams-Morgan supplied a matching detector-amplifier, the DA-2, shown in Figures 3 and 4. When the DA-2 is connected to the RA-10, the operator then has a complete receiver — a regenerative detector with two stages of transformer coupled audio amplification. The switch at the upper right of the DA-2 controls the filament operation, selecting either detector alone or one or two stages of audio amplification. The potentiometer at the upper left controls the detector plate voltage. The remaining controls are rheostats that adjust the filament voltage of each vacuum tube. Adams-Morgan Company wanted a high quality, but functional, look for the Paragon. On both units the panels are oil-rubbed, brushed formica, and the cases are quarter-sawed oak, finished black. All metal hardware is nickel plated. THE TRANSATLANTIC TEST** Paul Godley was also an accomplished Amateur Radio operator. Consequently, in 1921, the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) dispatched Godley to Great Britain to conduct tests of transatlantic radio transmission. The possibility of trans- (Continued on following page) Figure 4. The DA-2 interior. Note the nonoriginal gridleak and by-pass condensers. (Godley and his Paragon Receiver, continued) mitting Amateur Radio signals across the Atlantic had been envisioned by members of the ham radio community before World War II. A practical step to this end was taken by Milton B. Sleeper, editor of Everyday Engineering. Sleeper formulated a plan for a 1919 transatlantic test to see if American amateur signals actually could be received in Britain. By 1920, Everyday Engineering was in financial difficulty and suspended publication; however, Sleeper convinced the ARRL to continue with the plan for the transatlantic test. The first test took place on February 1, 3, and 5, 1921, and was a complete disaster. The British, using regenerative receivers, interfered with each other. Additionally, commercial station harmonics and atmospheric noise made any of the two dozen American amateur stations impossible to hear. Another test was scheduled for December 1921, and this time the ARRL wanted to assure success. They proposed sending an American expert to Britain with the best available equipment — to "back-up" the British amateurs. Paul Godley was selected to journey to Britain as the American expert, and on November 15, 1921, he was aboard the Aquitania as it sailed from New York. Arriving in early December, Godley conducted a few preliminary tests in London, and then he left for Ardrossan Moor, at the very edge of the sea on the coast of Scotland. On December 6th, he set up his tent to protect his equipment and himself from the icy wetness of the constant fog and went to work tuning his superheterodyne receiver. By midnight, Godley was receiving the first transatlantic signals, and at 1:42 a.m. the first confirmed American call — 1AAW — blasted over the static with a strong signal. Interestingly, one of the most consistently heard stations was 1BCG in Greenwich, Connecticut, operated in part by Edwin Armstrong. In all, over thirty American hams were heard by Godley using his superhet receiver. Subsequent Adams-Morgan advertising implies that the Paragon was the only receiver used during these tests. Obviously, the RA-10 and a detector amplifier that might have been a DA-2 prototype were set up in the equipment tent. In Figure 5, notice that the RA-10 and a possible prototype DA-2 are immediately to Godley's left. However, the ARRL sources say that Godley's superhet received the first transatlantic signal. Through the adversity of the Scottish weather, Godley operated the receiving station on Ardrossan Moor for ten days, usually with just one witness present. On December 16, he shut down, packed up the station, and left for London the following day. AFTER ANDROSSAN MOOR Alfred Morgan had never had a friendly relationship with Paul Godley, and certainly their work together was out of necessity to produce wireless receivers. With Godley in Scotland, Morgan had the perfect opportunity to change this uncomfortable situation. Although they had agreed to an equal partnership that could not be altered without the consent of all, in a totally unexpected move, Morgan bought out Adams and became the majority shareholder of Adams-Morgan Company. As a result, Godley was left in the position of minor partner in a company that he had helped develop. His designs were being sold and others were in the process of being released for production, so it is not surprising that he temporarily resigned and sought to have the courts resolve the Morgan-Godley dispute. By June of 1922, the courts had forced an agreement which allowed Godley to return to Adams-Morgan Company once more. He designed a few more receivers, primarily for broadcast reception, but the end was surely apparent, and he left Adams-Morgan in 1924. By 1925, the company was no longer doing business. Some attempts to revive the Paragon name in the late 1920s were equally unsuccessful. Later, Paul Godley started his own engineering business — Paul Godley Company — which was still advertising in the electronic magazines as late as the mid-1950s. Paul Godley died in 1973. THE RA-10/DA-2 PERFORMANCE I thought it would be interesting to include my experiences operating the set, shown in Figure 6 (RA-10 Serial No. 812 and DA-2 Serial No. 383). This functional receiver is in original condition with the exception of the mica condensers in the DA-2, which were probably replacements installed in the mid-twenties. A soft detector, Type UV-200, was used, along with two Type UV-201 hard amplifiers. Power supplies furnished the filament and plate voltages, and the antenna was an inverted "L" eighty feet long. It is best to start off with some controls preset. For instance, the regeneration, detector filament, and detector potentiometer should be set in about the middle of their adjustment. Preset the coupling control for the desired selectivity. Higher numbers result in stronger signals but reduced selectivity — "40" is good for general listening. Select shortwave (600 kHz to 1.8 MHz) by placing the switch arm between the two contact buttons. Long wave (300 kHz to 800 kHz) is selected by placing the switch arm over the single contact button. After I had tuned the secondary condenser and found a signal, the antenna taps could then be adjusted for maximum signal strength. Finally, I adjusted the regeneration up to the point just before oscillation occurs. The detector filament and plate controls can be manipulated, but afterwards the regeneration will have to be reset for these new conditions. In other words, these settings all interact, but there are many combinations that give good results. Part of the fun of operating the Paragon and similar receivers is all the different combination of settings with which to experiment. Using this method of setup and tuning resulted in the reception of stations nearly every 10 kHz across the BC band at night. The best DX was KOB located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on 770 kHz. Additionally, KOMO-Seattle, KOA-Denver, and several other stations within that radius of distance were received on the loudspeaker. Using Baldwin earphones, I found that even 160-meter amateur operators were copied, although their CW signals were difficult to keep tuned as the detector had to be oscillating to receive this mode of transmission. This is probably why, in the 1920s, the Paragon was considered an ideal "spark" receiver but unsuitable for CW, which was soon to become the standard mode of communication for hams. However, the Paragon's performance was certainly impressive — sensitive and even selective if the coupling is kept reasonably close to minimum. Even though the set has no shielding, no hand capacity effects were noticed unless the detector was oscillating. CONCLUSION The Paragon RA-10/DA-2 has significant historical importance in amateur radio. The instruction manual lists seven of the RA-10's outstanding features and concludes, "It is the ultimate shortwave receiver." Even though the RA-10 was produced in the tense atmosphere of the Adams-Morgan Company, it still was a quality-built receiver and obviously a good performer in its day. It was used by many hams in the early twenties and represents the state-of-the-art amateur radio at that time. It is easy to imagine, as one twists the various knobs, rotating the controls of the Paragon and listening to those signals crackle through on the "Baldies," how the wireless ham operators of the early twenties — proud owners of the very best available ham receiver that Paul Godley could design — must have felt. References: DeSoto, Clinton B. 200 Meters & Down, The Story of Amateur Radio. West Hartford, Conn.: The American Relay League, Inc., 1936. Douglas, Alan. "Paragon," Radio Age, March 1976. Douglas, Alan. Radio Manufacturers of the 1920's, Vol.1. New York: The Vestal Press, Ltd., 1988. Fifty Years of A.R.R.L. Newington, Conn.: The American Radio Relay League, Inc. 1981. Paragon RA-10 Instruction Manual. (Henry Rogers, P.O. Box 511, Virginia City, NV 89440) Henry Rogers has been an antique radio collector and enthusiast for over thirty years. He still has his first radio purchase, a Radiola 60 console, acquired in 1964. A ten-year contributor to A.R.C., his series "Antique Radio Specifications" first appeared in the January 1986 issue. He and his wife, Sharon, own and operate the Virginia City Radio Museum located in historic Virginia City, Nevada. Collecting Automobile Radios? How About an Atwater Kent? BY ED PASKI Articles on vintage auto radios are few and far between. This article on a well preserved Atwater Kent Model 91 might pique the interest of auto radio collectors and antique car buffs alike! To pursue the subject further, we suggest a book available from A.R.C., "The Auto Radio — A Romantic Genealogy" by Donald W. Matteson, as a reference. (Editor) The reasons why people pursue the art of collecting are as numerous as the electrons flowing through a neutrodyne grid leak resistor. One area of radio history that has had little exposure in the collector's world is the evolution of the automobile radio. As the motor car became a part of the American scene and roads became more numerous and navigable, the demand for radio entertainment in motor car travel became equally prolific. Prior to about 1933, most motor car manufacturers did not offer a radio option. Of course, they didn't offer a heating system either! Curiously though, as early as 1932, they did provide some automobile models with built-in aerials, and soon thereafter provided the manufacturing capability to include radio sets as an available accessory. The technology of both the motor car and radio were in their infancy, and as such it was difficult to find common design criteria to satisfy both technologies. Motor car radio design was much more demanding than home radio design because of the environmental conditions encountered by car radios. These conditions included electrical noise and interference, large changes in received signal strength due to shielding effects from various topographical objects, and low signal levels due to restrictive aerial size. Car radios were also subject to mechanical shock and vibration, as well as to great tempera- Figure 1. The complete Atwater Kent Model 91 less batteries. Note the speaker, control head, mounting hardware and spark plug suppressors. ture excursions not normally encountered in home radios. And to top it off, the problems associated with physical installation were most challenging. The profit motive was attractive enough for many of the radio set manufacturers to produce motor car radios to be installed by local radio servicemen in any motor car after delivery. This article is about one of these after-market motor car radio sets — the Atwater Kent Model 91. MY ATWATER KENT 91 In the late 1960s, I attended an estate sale in the Reading, Pa., area. I was looking for battery radios, Edison phonographs and associated fun junk. One of the items offered for sale was a big box, out of which peeked something that looked like a speaker. The auctioneer had an interesting story about this item. He said the item was a complete automobile radio that had been in use for only two months. The owner, after having it installed in his Pierce Arrow, was driving one day when the radio suddenly jumped to full volume! The distracted driver ran off the road into a cornfield. He later had the radio removed and swore he would never have another. Against my better judgment, I became the highest bidder for this item. After arriving home and unpacking my purchases, I found I was the proud (?) owner of an Atwater Kent Model 91 radio complete with separate speaker, control-head, key, cables, mounting hardware and even a set of Atwater Kent spark plug suppressors. Figure 2. The enclosure for the chassis and battery box. The shielded antenna cable is shown in the upper-right-hand corner. Directly below is the receptacle for the mechanical tuning cable. Note the top and bottom mounting brackets and mounting bolts for under-the-floor installation. Figure 3. The Atwater Kent spark plug suppressors. Figure 4. The control head for the steering wheel shaft mounting. The cable plugs into the speaker enclosure. Note the key switch for power. The radio and its accessories are shown in Figure 1. A close-up view of the enclosure housing the chassis and battery box is shown in Figure 2. Figure 3 shows the Atwater Kent spark plug (Continued on following page) noise suppressors. This radio along with many others was stored in my attic waiting for attention after my retirement. Recently, I decided to brush off the dust on the Atwater Kent 91 and see if it was in the condition the auctioneer had claimed. The condition of the control-head, shown in Figure 4, was encouraging. When I removed the lid of the receiver box, I found the box divided into two sections, as depicted in Figure 5 — one empty and the other containing a beautiful, clean and brightly plated chassis. The chassis contains 9 tubes and a 3-section variable tuning condenser, but no evidence of a vibrator or motor-generator to supply power. Out came the Rider's manuals, and I finally found the Models 91, 91-B, and 91-C in Volume III on page 111. The pictorial and schematic had the answers to my questions regarding a power supply source. This radio is powered by four 7½-volt C batteries, three 45-volt B batteries, and the motor car 6-volt storage battery! Produced in 1932, the Model 91, is the first Atwater Kent motor car superheterodyne radio. It was preceded by a 7-tube TRF (Model 81) in 1931. These models were the only dry battery-powered motor car radios produced by Atwater Kent. The obvious disadvantages of this battery power scheme included weight, size, mounting, maintenance and replacement costs. One advantage was the near-absence of conductive radio interference. The Models 91 and 81 have the same physical mounting options. For the Model 91, all B and C batteries were contained in the same case as the radio chassis. This configuration was designed for under-floor mounting in the motor car. Other mounting options provided dash or under-floor mounting in different case sizes and number of cases, resulting in either B or C model designation, as shown in Figure 6. With the exception of crumbled insulation on the battery wires, this Model 91 was in excellent physical condition. The mechanical control cable between the control-head and the tuning condenser on the chassis had the usual slight mount of backlash, but operated smoothly. After several trips to the junk box, I found enough parts to provide a makeshift power system to take the place of the eight batteries normally required. With a 3-foot length of clip lead as an antenna, the radio played beautifully, and I marveled at the number of stations received and the selectivity. I only wish I could have seen the set installed in that old Pierce Arrow. Reference: Rider, John F. Perpetual Troubleshooters Manual, Volume III, p. 111. (Ed Paski, 236 Waterloo Ave., Berwyn, PA 19312) Ed Paski has been collecting old radios since the mid-1930s, mainly for parts and modification to ham equipment. A licensed radio amateur since 1940 and senior member of IEEE, he has had several papers published on space communication and telemetry. Atwater Kent breadboards are favorites in his collection, along with antique light bulbs, vacuum tubes, telegraph instruments, and radio gadgets. Figure 6. The chassis and battery box(es) mounting configurations for Models 81 and 91, as published in Rider's Manual Vol. III. The 1936 Philco 116B BY RICHARD ARNOLD As we all know, one of the largest and most successful of the early radio companies was Philco. The Philadelphia Storage Battery Company built up an exceedingly effective merchandising organization in the battery industry. With excellent dealer outlets all over the country, Philco had a great dealer base when it entered the radio market in 1928. One of the company's more interesting models that is now hard to find is the 1936 Model 116B, shown in Figure 1 — a modification of the 1935 Model 16 (late version). This newer model employed a fifth band that covered long wave frequencies from 150-390 Kc. A very large tombstone, this radio measures 23½ x 16 x 12. Its 11 tubes include Types 78 (3), 77 (2), 42 (3), 80 (1), 76 (1), and 37 (1). The 5 frequency bands are the following: 150-390 Kc, 540-1500 Kc, 1.5-4.1 Mc, 4.1-10.0 Mc, and 9.7-22.5 Mc. A small white arrow shows through the dial scale to indicate what band is operative. The grille cloth has the brown "V" pattern that really helps to give the radio a striking appearance. The front panel has three wooden bars that are inlaid, not painted on like some of the other models. From 1935 to 1937, there were a number of Philco sets that had cabinet styles similar to the Model 116B. To name a few — Models 610, 611, 611B, 37-38B, 37-610B and 37-611B. I do not recall ever seeing a Model 116B for sale or in a contest at the Vintage Radio and Phonograph Society (VRPS) auctions in Dallas over the past ten years. Reference: Ramirez, Ron with Michael Prossise. Philco Radio — 1928-1942. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1993. (Richard Arnold, Box 275, Lone Grove, OK 73443) Richard Arnold has been collecting radios since 1985. His interest is primarily in cathedrals and 1920s battery sets, and his collection ranges from crystal sets to a 1928 American Bosch in a Pooley cabinet. His prize is the 1932 Jackson Bell Peter Pan featured in the June 1991 A.R.C. Figure 1. The Philco Model 116B This column presents in pictorial form many of the more unusual radios, speakers, tubes, advertising, and other old radio-related items from our readers' collections. The photos are meant to help increase awareness of what's available in the radio collecting hobby. Send in any size photos from your collection. Photos must be sharp in detail, contain a single item, and preferably have a light-colored background. A short, descriptive paragraph MUST be included with each photo. Please note that receipt of photos is not acknowledged, publishing is not guaranteed, and photos are not returned. V-M MODEL 970 – This 1952 phonograph has 3 speeds: 33⅓, 45, and 78 rpm. The amplifier circuitry uses the following tubes: 12SQ7, 50L6GT, and 35Z5GT. The cabinet has an attractive brown hammertone finish, and the turntable platter is covered with brown flock. The automatic record changer unit was also used in Stromberg-Carlson and other radio combination units of the early 1950s. (Douglas Fox – St. Charles, IL) FADA MODEL RN – This 1933 AC/DC superhet uses a resistor line cord and the following tubes: Types 6A7, 78, 6B7, 25Z5, and 43. There are two bands — standard broadcast and shortwave, covering 1.5 MHz to 4.0 MHz. The cabinet has a beautiful sculptured speaker grille and wood inlay patterns around the front perimeter. This unit is the only example of the Fada RN that I have seen. If anyone has further information, please write to A.R.C. to let everyone know. (Douglas Fox – St. Charles, IL) CARCO CRYSTAL SET AND 2-STAGE AMPLIFIER – The Carter Manufacturing Co., East Cleveland, Ohio, made this combination in 1925. The company also made a 1-tube set. (Ed Bell – Raleigh, NC) LORENZ RADIO MODEL UNKNOWN – This German radio, ca. 1950s, has a black Bakelite case and uses 4 Telefunken tubes. One tube and the label with the model number are missing. Any information on this set would be appreciated. (Glenn Bubenheimer – Livonia, MI) ZENITH MODEL 935 – This is a very large, 10-tube, multiband radio, ca. 1935. The front of the cabinet has fluted columns and a chrome grille. (John Lancashire – Visalia, CA) STROMBERG-CARLSON MODEL 430M IN MODEL F-4 CABINET – This 9-tube set plays broadcast band and shortwave broadcasts through an acoustical labyrinth speaker chamber. The set was manufactured in 1939-1940. (Jesse Finkelstein – Wilmington, DE) ANGELUS CATHEDRAL MODEL 81 – Angelus radios were manufactured by the Davison Haynes Co. and the Radio Service Co. in Los Angeles, California. This model has 9 tubes. (Kenneth Acord – Long Beach, CA) Soldering Techniques BY DANIEL SCHOO Daniel Schoo's latest article instructs radio collectors who are interested in doing some of their own repair work in soldering techniques. He covers the basics of selecting the proper tools and solder and of making a good solder connection. Particularly informative are the photographs showing the tools and how to use them. (Editor) Learning to solder is a handy skill in doing radio repair or restoration. Whether you just want to reconnect a broken antenna wire or replace a power transformer, knowing how to solder is a requirement. Good soldering habits will result in more reliable connections and fewer problems. There is more to soldering than heating a metal to the liquid state and applying it like glue to an electrical connection. The solder must coat the surfaces evenly and stick to them, a process called "tinning." The solder must wet and flow into the joint and adhere tightly to the wires and terminals, filling the spaces between them. To do this you need the proper tools and must correctly prepare the joint to be soldered. Good solder joints are not difficult to make if you know a few of the basics. THE IRON To make good soldered joints, it is important to use the correct tools. Just as in many other tasks, the tools you use depend on what type of job you are doing. For general radio repair, an iron in the range of 35 to 60 watts, like both the standard size and the miniature size Weller irons shown in Figure 1, will handle most soldering jobs. Ungar produces similar soldering irons, such as the SL345 and 3140. Personal preference is part of the decision based on how well the design of the iron fits the your hand for comfortable work and how much you want to spend. The iron should maintain a cool comfortable grip and the tip should be easy to clean and replace. Stay away from cheap irons. You don't need to spend a lot of money to get a good tool, but you will be wise to stick with a name brand manufacturer who carries a broad line of irons and tips. SOLDERING STATIONS Soldering stations, such as the Weller WTCP Series, have an active temperature regulation feature. The Ungar UTC-300 is another example of a soldering station. A Weller model WTCPN is shown in Figure 2. This older model has been superseded by newer units. The current model is the WTCPN. All models of the WTCP Series use the same tips. Temperature regulation controls the wattage of the iron to maintain a constant tip temperature and match automatically the iron to large and small jobs. This allows you to use a larger wattage iron with plenty of reserve power when you need it for the heat hungry jobs, while still maintaining a safe temperature for soldering more delicate components. Unregulated irons run at full output all of the time and must be more closely matched to the application. Soldering wires to tube sockets, terminals and transformers takes only a moderate amount of heat. Using a larger iron than necessary runs the risk of overheating the components and melting Figure 1. A standard size Weller iron and a miniature Weller iron for small work, shown with a pencil for size comparison. Figure 2. A Weller WTCPN soldering station with soldering iron holder. Note the sponge on the left and the TTC1 tip tinner/cleaner on the right. or burning them. Using an iron that is too small will take more time to heat the joint. This may result in overheating nearby components because the iron has to be left on the joint much longer to complete the job. Underheating the joint will also risk a poorly soldered connection called a "cold" solder joint. This results from the joint not being hot enough for the solder to flow completely around and stick to the wire and terminal. Overall, a small error on the side of too big an iron is preferable to one that is too small. For some jobs like replacing chassis-mounted electrolytic capacitors, a large amount of heat is needed. Any connection made directly to a large metal surface like a chassis dissipates heat rapidly and is difficult to solder unless you have plenty of heat to put into the joint. A soldering iron or gun of 100 watts or more may be required to solder to a large heat-sinking surface. Buying a second iron of higher wattage just for these jobs comes in handy. A typical soldering gun is shown in Figure 3. Printed circuit boards are much more delicate and easily damaged by the application of too much heat. Most PC-mounted components need little more than 35 watts. Regulated irons work well on PC boards by limiting the temperature and helping to keep from damaging the board material. SOLDERING TIPS Most radio jobs do not need large soldering tips. As shown in Figure 4, there are several types of tips commonly in use: conical with no flat surfaces, single flat or spade which have one flat surface, screwdriver or chisel with two flats, and pyramid or diamond with three or four flats on the end. These come in many lengths and diameters. A good all-round tip for radio repair would be about 0.100" in diameter with one or two flat surfaces. For PC boards or small and delicate work a 0.063" diameter or smaller is good. For larger joints a 0.125" or 0.188" is appropriate. It is preferable to keep several types of tips on hand to use depending on the work you need to do. Tip materials vary with the application and the manufacturer. Bare copper is commonly used because of its heat conducting capability, and it is easily tinned. Easy tinning means the solder will readily flow on the tip and coat it evenly, sticking tightly to the surface. Copper tips must be cleaned often and are not very durable. With each joint a little of the copper is dissolved into the solder and eventually the tip erodes away. Copper tips with iron plating are also common. The iron plating tins well and does not dissolve into the solder as copper does, giving the tip a long life. Either type will work well for electronics work. ACCESSORIES To go along with your iron you will need some simple accessories to help keep the tip in condition and to make using the iron easier. A protective heat resistant holder to park the iron in while you are between soldering connections helps to keep the iron from bumping and burning things on the work surface when you put it down. It provides a safe place to store the iron while it is hot and makes it easier to pick up and use. Soldering stations come equipped with holders. Iron manufacturers supply matching holders either in a kit with their irons or as a separately available accessory. Another required accessory is a tip-cleaning sponge. This is a small flat cellulose sponge that is kept close to the work area usually next to the iron holder. When moistened with water it provides a place to wipe excess solder, flux residue and other material from the tip. Almost any small cellulose sponge will do provided you put it in a tray of some kind to keep it from slipping as you wipe the tip and to help hold the water. A variety of cleaning sponge trays are available, and many are built into the base of iron holders. Soldering stations include a sponge and a tray. Do not use natural or urethane sponges, as they either have too coarse a structure or no tolerance for heat. Other accessories like a small wire brush or tinning block are helpful in keeping your tip clean and in good working condition. It is important to remember that solder is a molten metal at several hundred degrees. A pair of safety glasses is good protection against splashes that can happen when a wire decides to pop loose from a terminal as you are adding solder. Sometimes old flux or other contamina- ![Figure 4. Commonly used soldering tips are these Weller types, from left to right: PTP 0.031" conical, PTH 0.031" screwdriver, PTA 0.063" screwdriver, PTAA 0.063" single flat, PTB 0.094" screwdriver, PTC 0.1125".](image) (Soldering, continued) tion will boil off, causing the solder to be ejected toward your face. Most of the time the solder bounces off your skin, but it can be very damaging if it gets into your eyes. Flux smoke is irritating to the eyes and obscures a clear view of the work. A small fan placed next to the work to blow the smoke away is helpful to keep it out of your face. SOLDER TYPE The most common solder for use in electronic work is an alloy of 60% tin and 40% lead, generally referred to as 60/40. This alloy is easy to work with and has a moderate melting temperature and plastic range. The plastic range of a solder refers to the difference between the temperature at which it melts and the temperature at which it solidifies again. A 60/40 alloy solder melts at 188 degrees C and solidifies again at 183 degrees, a difference of 5 degrees. This difference has an effect on the quality of the joint. Other common solders like 50/50 tin-lead and 40/60 tin-lead, melt at 212 degrees and 234 degrees C. 50/50 has a plastic range of 29 degrees, and 40/60 has a plastic range of 51 degrees. These are more difficult to use as radio solders because they take more heat to melt and take longer to solidify after the joint is soldered. The longer the solder takes to harden, the greater the chance of disturbing the joint while it is cooling and of causing the solder to be displaced while it is partially hardened. A poor connection, also called a cold solder joint, results. Examples of poor solder connections are shown in Figure 5. Another alloy used is 63/37 tin-lead. It is not quite as common as 60/40, but it is well suited to electronic work because of its moderate melting temperature of 183 degrees C and its lack of a plastic range. Solders like 63/37 that melt and solidify at the same temperature are called "eutectic." This alloy can be used interchangeably with 60/40 for most applications. Certain alloys are now becoming popular for special purposes. Some of these like 96/04 tinsilver or 99.3/0.7 tin-copper are nontoxic lead-free alloys. These are being used by some electronics manufacturers to minimize exposure to lead and to reduce it in the waste stream. The 96/04 alloy is more expensive but finds uses in some applications because of its strength, resistance to tarnish and good wetting ability on stainless steel. Lead free solders have a higher melting point and are rarely used for amateur soldering. Silver-bearing solder like 62/36/02 tin-lead-silver is useful in soldering to silver-plated surfaces, especially silvered ceramics. Normal tin-lead solder will leach silver from the plated surface, leaving the unsolderable ceramic exposed. The 62/36/02 silver-bearing solder leaves the silver plating intact and makes a very good connection. This alloy has a low melting temperature and is very well suited for electronics but because of its much higher cost it is not used frequently for general soldering. A 1-pound roll of 22-gauge 62/36/02 solder is shown in Figure 6. The common alloys of 50/50 tin-lead, 40/60 tin-lead or 95/05 tin-antimony are not really suitable for amateur soldering. These are seldom used for electronics and do not have the desirable characteristics of the 60/40 or 63/37 alloys for radio work. SOLDER SIZE It is important to match the size of the solder to the job. Too small a gauge will require a long length of the solder to fill a large joint. Too big a gauge will quickly overfill a printed circuit connection or small joint. Solder comes in a variety of wire sizes from a very tiny 32-AWG (American Wire Gauge) to a hefty 11-AWG. Most electronic work falls close to the center of that range. A solder of 23-AWG to 18-AWG will suit most radio jobs. The smaller 23-AWG is better for printed circuit work and small radios that do not need a lot of solder to fill a joint. The 18-AWG is better for filling in large terminal lugs on your 1938 Zenith console. Solder is relatively cheap and a selection of two or more sizes for different work is not unreasonable. If you only keep one size on hand, lean toward a smaller gauge like 22 or 24. This will be suitable for PC boards and most other joints. For larger terminals you will just have to push a greater length into the joint to fill it. FLUX Flux is a chemical applied to a joint to be soldered to promote the flow and adhesion of the solder to the joint. Without flux even the most thoroughly cleaned connections would not always tin well. Many of the popular solders available in wire form have a hollow core filled with an appropriate flux. Before the development of flux core solders, a liquid or paste flux, would have to be applied to the joint first, and then the joint would be heated and the solder applied. This is still done in plumbing. For all electronic soldering by hand, flux-cored solder is used and soldering is done in one step. The popular 60/40 radio solder is most often cored with rosin flux. Used for years, rosin is safe and effective for the majority of soldering. Rosin flux leaves a residue behind after the joint is soldered. For most radio work this residue is harmless and need not be removed. In many commercially manufactured pieces of equipment, the residual flux is removed from PC boards to meet cleanliness standards and to prevent absorption of moisture with a resultant development of electrical leakage and corrosion. Some newer types of flux have been developed to help prevent the buildup of flux residues or to facilitate the cleaning of residues from PC boards after assembly. Unless you have a special application other than standard radio repair, rosin is the first choice for flux. Water soluble flux allows a PC board to be cleaned with a simple aqueous solution to remove the residue. These are fine for manufacturing but not suitable for amateur soldering. The chemical nature of some water washable flux requires it to be completely removed from the board or it will cause corrosion to develop. Home cleaning is frequently not thorough enough to prevent this. Low residue fluxes which leave little or no residue on a joint are available. What little is deposited need not be removed. An added bonus is the reduced amount of smoke produced during soldering. These are fairly new and work well but require a little different technique that takes some practice to master. It is difficult to tin a hot tip with the solder flux which is highly volatile. Companion tip tinner/cleaners like the Multicore TTC1, shown in Figure 7, are available for use with low residue solder to solve this problem. Noncontaminating flux works similar to rosin but does not require removal to meet some military standards. This flux is not very common and not often used for amateur soldering. Caution: Never use acid fluxes for electronic soldering. These are strictly for plumbing, sheet metal and mechanical work. The acid residue will corrode electronics. Paste and liquid fluxes are not appropriate for most radio work. SOLDERING TECHNIQUES Now that you have your iron and solder selected, you need to know what to do with it. Tinning and tilling joints with solder is a pretty simple procedure. Read all of the basic information and cautionary instructions first before you heat up the iron. Keeping the iron tip tinned is important for good heat transfer and solder flow. Most iron-plated tips come from the manufacturer already tinned. Most new copper tips are bare. A good coating of solder provides a better heat transfer and promotes a better flow of solder onto the joint. To tin effectively, the tip must be clean and free of oxidation. Apply a generous amount of solder to the hot tip, and make sure that it coats the entire working surface. Wipe the tip on the sponge to remove the flux residue and excess solder. The tip is now ready to use. Normally just a few swipes of the heated tip on a damp cellulose sponge between solderings is enough to clean it. After every joint, wipe the tip once or twice lightly on the sponge to remove excess solder and burned flux. If the iron has been sitting for a few minutes after making a joint, swipe it again to clean off the dross that forms on the tip. For several connections in a row, like soldering a tube socket to a PC board, wipe the tip every two or three joints as needed when the residue begins to accumulate. Eventually with use the tip will collect burned-up residue from flux and dirt that cannot be removed by the sponge. When the tip gets dirty, it will become difficult to get it to tin properly. The solder on the tip will not melt or, if it does melt, will have a tendency to ball up and fall off. Incomplete tinning results. A small wire brush stroked lightly across the tip is helpful at cleaning away the contamination. Never use sandpaper on an iron-plated tip. It will scratch away the plating and shorten the tip life. Another useful aid is a tinning block. This is a block of a chemical called Sal Ammoniac (ammonium chloride). When the tip gets dirty with burned-on scale, press the side of the hot tip on the block and burnish it using short strokes firmly across the surface. This removes stubborn deposits and leaves the tip in condition to tin. Sal Ammoniac normally makes a lot of white smoke when heated so it should be used in a well ventilated area where it can be exhausted outside. After cleaning, immediately tin the tip again. The TTC1 tip cleaner is used much like the Sal Ammoniac but (Continued on following page) (Soldering, continued) makes much less smoke. It includes a small amount of powdered solder in the chemical to tin the tip as you clean it. TINNING WIRE Some of the wires that you will solder, like a power cord, are not tinned. You can successfully solder these to a terminal as they are, but you will get better results if you tin the wire first, as shown in Figure 8. After stripping off the insulation, you may find that some wires underneath will have a dark appearance or a coating of crud. This will have to be completely removed before tinning. This crud is difficult to remove and scraping with a knife or fine sandpaper until the copper is bright and shiny is about the best way to clean it. When stranded wire is clean, twist the strands tightly together. To tin it, place the iron against the wire and touch the end of the solder right at the place where the iron and wire meet, as shown in Figure 9. As the solder melts, slowly advance it and allow it to flow into the wire. Run the iron the length of the stripped section, adding solder as needed to cover the entire length with a thin coat. If the solder is not absorbed into the strands or blobs up and will not stick, the wire is not properly cleaned and must be scraped to expose bright copper. Solid enameled or varnished wire presents a similar condition. All of the insulating coating must be removed before soldering. Scraping with a knife works but must be done carefully on small gauge wire or you will cut it. Heating the wire with the iron and applying some solder to the tip where it touches the wire will melt or burn some coatings from small gauge wire. Slide the tip along the area you want to strip of varnish and keep a blob of solder on the tip and around the wire. After heating, a quick wipe with fine sandpaper cleans off the burned coating leaving the wire ready to tin. SOLDERING A JOINT To make a good solid solder joint, the wires and terminal must be clean and free of oxidation. Most bare component leads are tinned with solder by the manufacturer. Many insulated wires are tinned too. Tinned wires always have the silvery grey color of solder. Wrap the wires around the terminal tightly and secure them so that they will not move during the soldering, as shown in Figure 10. Place a flat side of the tip of the iron on the joint to be soldered. Apply a small amount of solder to the tip and joint just at the place where they touch and allow it to flow, as shown in Figure 11. Once it starts to flow, the heat transfer into the joint will accelerate. Add more solder slowly to the joint a little away from the iron and allow it to flow all over the wires and terminal. Note in Figure 12 that there is not enough solder to cover the terminal completely. Apply only enough solder to cover completely the spaces around the wires. Leave the iron on the joint for a second or two to let the solder flow completely around the wires. Remove it when you see that the solder has flowed into the joint and allow it to cool. Allow the joint to cool until the solder has completely hardened before moving anything. The finished joint will have a smooth shiny appearance with no voids and no places where the solder beads up. The solder should flow out smoothly and cover the entire joint, as shown in Figure 13. SOLDERING PROBLEMS If the solder tends to blob up or refuse to stick in places or bulge around the wires while remaining on the iron, then the joint is contaminated with dirt or corrosion and must be cleaned. A few good strokes with your wire brush will help here. Do not allow the wires to move while the solder is cooling. The solder will start to harden and take on a rough crystallized appearance. The motion will push the hardening solder out of the joint, and the connection will be loose. This is another type of joint called a cold solder joint because the solder is not hot enough to flow back as the motion of the wires displaces it. Some terminals on connectors are nickel plated. Nickel is a difficult metal to solder because it forms a thin oxide coating when exposed to air. It will exhibit some of the problems described above and refuse to tin. A good scraping with a knife or fine sandpaper to clear the surface of oxides will usually help. TACK SOLDERING Tack soldering refers to the procedure of making a soldered connection for temporary attachment of a wire to a terminal or of making the connection without wrapping the wire securely. around a terminal before soldering. Tack soldering is used frequently to attach a wire to the surface of a printed circuit board or to attach a wire to a terminal for testing purposes and then removing it. To tack a wire to a terminal, first make sure the wire is well tinned. Apply a sufficient amount of solder to the terminal or pad on the board to hold the wire. Grab the wire with a pair of long nose pliers, and hold it against the solder on the terminal. Heat up the terminal, and when the solder melts, the wire will submerge into it. Remove the heat, hold the wire in place and allow the solder to cool. To remove the tacked wire, hold it with long nose pliers and reheat the solder. When the solder melts, slowly remove the wire from the joint. SOLDERING OTHER METALS Many types of metals can be soldered without much trouble. I have mentioned nickel as a problem metal. Brass is fairly easy to solder. Most steel radio chassis can be soldered provided you apply enough heat. Other steel alloys vary in ability to tin by composition. Some difficult metals you might run into are chrome plating, stainless steel and aluminum. Aluminum parts can be found in many radios. Aluminum will not solder by the usual methods. Special fluxes made for use with special solder alloys must be used on aluminum or stainless. Aluminum wire and terminals are never used in radio work for just this reason. Soldering to these and other materials is difficult and requires experience. DE-SOLDERING As you repair a radio, it will be necessary to remove failed components and replace them. There are several means of removing solder from a joint. To remove solder from a large terminal generally requires a device called a solder sucker, as shown at left in Figure 14. This is a solder vacuuming tool with a spring-operated piston that you cock by pressing down on a large button on the top. To remove solder, you first heat the joint until the solder is completely melted. Place the tip of the solder sucker on the joint and release the piston. Much of the solder will be pulled out of the joint and into the sucker. To clean out small joints and to finish cleaning up the large ones, use another tool called solder wick or solder braid. Solder wick is a flat strip of fine copper braid which has flux added to it. It comes in widths from 0.030 to 0.220 inches. The thinner widths up to about 0.050 inches are good for small joints and PC boards. For most radio work 0.050 to 0.100 inches is about right. To use solder wick, lay it across the joint at a place where it can contact the bulk of the solder, as in Figure 15. Press the wick tightly against the joint with the flat surface of the iron and wait for the heat to travel through it and melt the solder. As the solder melts, it will begin to be absorbed by the wick. The solder will be drawn out of the joint and into the wick. It will flow up the wick only about a quarter of an inch on each side of the joint. (Continued on following page) (Soldering, continued) If there is a large amount of solder to remove, leave about an inch of wick beyond the joint, and as the solder is drawn up into it, pull some of the extra toward the joint to supply fresh wick. Much of the solder will migrate out of the joint and into the wick. Some larger joints will have to be repeated with fresh wick in several places to absorb all of the solder. Some solder will always be left behind, but, with practice, you can remove enough to pull the wires loose with a pair of pliers or diagonal cutters. Be careful with the spent wick. It is very hot and will cause burns if you touch it. On difficult joints where there is not enough room for a solder sucker or wick, you can deliberately make a cold solder joint. Heat up the joint until the solder is melted, and grab the wire with a long nose pliers. Remove the iron, and wiggle the wire continuously while the solder hardens. In some cases, you can wiggle the wire free while the solder is soft; in others, you will create a loose joint and can clip the wire loose from the joint with a pair of diagonal cutters after the joint cools. PRECAUTIONS Always follow the manufacturer's instructions for using the iron. Be careful of hot solder splashing out while you work, and always wear protective covering for your hands and face. An iron operates at several hundred degrees and will cause burns if contacted with skin. Never touch a solder joint until it has completely cooled. Some joints cool quickly and some take several minutes depending on the size of the joint and surrounding thermal mass. Keep children and pets away from the work area while the iron is hot. Never solder on any device with power applied! Remove all power sources and discharge capacitors before doing any work on your radio. A hot iron can easily set fire to many materials. Plastics and other materials will melt and burn at soldering temperatures. Pay attention to where you are putting the iron and keep it away from wire insulation as you solder with it. Always put it in the holder designed for it when not in use, and do not place any flammable materials where they can come in contact. Never leave a hot iron unattended. When you are done soldering, remove power and cool it with a wet sponge until it no longer generates steam. Most solder alloys contain lead. Lead is a heavy metal and is classified as a hazardous material. Never put solder in your mouth or allow children to play with it. Always wash your hands after using solder, and store it in a safe place away from children and pets. FINAL COMMENTS Most of what you will learn about soldering will come from experience. Knowing how the heat is applied and how to apply the solder must be gained with practice. The tendency of inexperienced people is to apply too much solder too quickly and not to allow the solder to flow sufficiently before removing the heat. Remember to apply the solder to the joint and not to the iron. The iron only supplies the heat — it is the wires and terminals that get the solder. Get an old junk radio and try soldering joints. Experiment with applying and removing solder from different types of connections. Examine your work and compare it to the existing joints in the radio. Most connections will solder quite easily. Heathkit used to say that the problems with the majority of kits returned to them for repair were due to poor soldering. The most important thing to remember is that if it tins well, it will probably be a good joint. If it tins poorly or with difficulty due to contamination or lack of heat, it will probably be a bad joint. References: "Properties of Solders," Pub. MLA Ref: 126 1/91, Multicore Solders Inc., Richardson, Tx. "The Solder Connection," Form No. OEM-110, Kester Solder, Des Plaines, Il. (Daniel Schoo, 526 Colonial Dr., DeKalb, IL 60115) Daniel Schoo is an electronics design engineer with a lifetime interest in antique technology, especially radio and television equipment. In addition to his collection of 1930s and 1940s radios and video cassette recorders, he has collections of vintage vacuum tubes and neon lamps, as well as tube data books. Testing Electrolytic Capacitors Contributed by Everett Hoard Two articles by the late James S. Di Ruzza in A.R.C. (February and October 1992) explore the subject of replacing and reforming electrolytic capacitors. Everett Hoard has contributed more information on this subject, as well as a particularly useful chart. (Editor) Capacitor testers are commonly used to measure a capacitor's value. However, measurement of capacitance alone may not produce a reliable indication of the condition of an electrolytic capacitor. The measurement of leakage current is a much better test. The table shown here provides guidelines for assessing leakage current measurements. This table, taken from the operating manual for the Sprague Model TO-6A capacitor analyzer, lists the maximum leakage currents for various values of capacitance versus DC working voltages. Electrolytic capacitors that have not been in use for some time may need to be reformed prior to running a leakage current test. Otherwise, the leakage current may be excessively high. (Editor) Reference: Sprague Operating Manual Model TO-6A. North Adams, Mass.: The Sprague Products Co., 1977. (Everett Hoard, 403 S. McIntosh St., Lehr, ND 58460) Everett Hoard, an A.R.C. advertiser, is the proprietor of Frontier Capacitor, supplier of a wide variety of capacitors. He may be reached at 403 S. McIntosh St., or Box 218, Lehr, ND 58460. Phone: (701) 378-2341. Fax: (701) 378-2551 --- A Circuit Oddity Explained By Ray Bintliff Compiled from information provided by F.M. Barton and Dan Merz An article by Chet Gehman in the February 1996 issue of A.R.C. described an unusual IF circuit used in some Philco radios. This circuit employed a third coil in an IF transformer that was connected to the suppressor grid of the IF amplifier tube. Chet is not stumped easily, but he found this circuit mystifying and sought an explanation from A.R.C. readers. Two readers rose to the challenge and their explanations of the circuit are described below. AN UNUSUAL CIRCUIT This circuit is quite different, and its operation is not obvious. But an old manual from the Sprayberry Academy of Radio offers the following explanation of the purpose of the third coil: "Stabilizing coils will be coupled to the transformer which in turn may be connected to the suppressor or screen leads... They serve to broaden the peaks and aid in high fidelity reception." Chet had considered the function of the third coil to be an attempt to broaden the IF bandpass. However, he could not confirm this theory either by listening tests or the use of test instruments. Another theory holds that the third coil prevents oscillation in the IF stages by introducing negative feedback. While these explanations seem reasonable, the theory behind the third coil seems to remain something of a mystery. Maybe Chet can return to his workbench with a fresh cup of coffee and provide some new evidence. (Ray Bintliff, 2 Powder Horn Ln., Acton, MA 01720) "Antique Radio Classified" invites its readers to contribute letters and information for inclusion in "Radio Miscellanea" and elsewhere in the magazine. "In The Marketplace" is based on information submitted by the businesses themselves. All topics should be of general interest and sent to A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741. All material submitted should be verified for accuracy and may be edited for publication, which is not guaranteed. See the masthead for more details. Shaw Television Dear Editor: I saw a "Help" classified ad in the June A.R.C. on page 79. The following may be of interest to other owners of this set or similar RCA 630 TVs. I was a TV tech in the early 1950s and my store carried Shaw TVs. Basically a cabinet manufacturer in Brooklyn, N.Y., the Shaw Company built and decorated cabinets for 17-, 20-, and maybe 21-inch CRTs. The electronics was a modified RCA 630. The major modifications typically consisted of the following: 1. Using a Standard Co. turret-type tuner rather than the RCA wafer switch tuner with the three Type 6J6 tubes. 2. Adding keyed AGC. (The original 630 had no AGC.) 3. Using high horizontal deflection voltage. The larger CRTs had a greater deflection angle and required more high voltage. 4. Modifying some vertical circuits for increased sweep by changing the vertical output 6K6 to a 6V6 or a 6S4. Cleo Zymaris, Northport, NY On Current Radio Prices Dear Editor: At the risk of preaching, I feel compelled to comment about antique radio prices. The recent spectacle last October at the Henry Ford Museum provided the prompt. Another prompt was the promotion of a recent radio fest with a theme (to paraphrase a bit), "Isn't it great how high prices are going?" Yet another prompt was the claim of one collector that prices reflected in A.R.C. for some transistor radios have shot above Catalins overnight. I find it difficult to understand how anyone truly engaged in radio collecting as a hobby can be enamored of prices climbing so fast. I am enamored of radios, not of the worth of my collection or of how much money I have made selling radios. While recognizing that some professionals work very hard to buy and sell radios for a living, the average collector does not have a lot to spend on radios. Our continued involvement in this great hobby depends on adding affordably to our collections. The real thrill comes from a "find" or new acquisition. If the thrill is lost for financial reasons, then interest is lost. Other hobbies have met their death, and the cause is the increase in prices beyond the means of the average collector. Supply and demand will work their course, but let's not aggravate the situation by promoting high prices. Dave Gonshor, Littleton, CO Army Receiver Articles? Dear Editor: I would sure like to see articles about the BC348 army receivers. I have one that works great, and I'm sure there are readers out there who would be interested to see what type of modifications were made to these sets, and what their history is. Alan Deplae, Roseville, MI We're always open to offers of articles on this or any radio-related subject. (Editor) Radio Dreams Dear Editor: I'm a new subscriber! I love this publication, but I've learned not to read it before bed. I'm fairly new to collecting transistor radios, and the other night when I read the ads before bed, I kept having "radio dreams" about finding all the radios I want! Keep up the great work. John Gardner, West Hartford, CT A Happy Radio Camper Dear Editor: I just wanted to report about the greeting I got after sending in my first subscription to A.R.C. My first issue had an article on the very radio I had just purchased, the one that got me interested in A.R.C. — the Philco 46-1209 sitting and working in my living room. Since I wanted spare tubes for this set, I sent John Snow of Wisconsin a letter about the tubes he had advertised for sale. The next thing I knew, there was Mr. Snow on the phone. We agreed on a price, I mailed a check, and soon an express package was at the door! Mr. Snow had sent me three tubes without waiting for the check! He made my day and my heart happy. Then I saw Joe Smolski's ad for phonograph needles. I sent in my order, and low and behold, Joe called me a few days later to talk about my interests. When I received my order, about 20 free steel needles were included! He also sent a SASE and asked me to let him know how the needles worked out. They are great, and another order is on its way! Antique radios are a great hobby, and the people I have met make it fun, honest, and happy. I think I will stay awhile and sit a spell. Robert Gardner, Fort Pierce, FL In The Marketplace Electron Tube Enterprises (ETE), owned by Dick Bergeron, announces the availability of a free catalog. The company deals in surplus electron tubes and offers over 2,000 different types of new, old stock tubes, as well as a large variety of pretested, reboxed used tubes. One example of an ideal curiosity item available is the "paper weight" tube. This military tube is a machined polished aluminum cube, measuring a little less than 2" square and weighing about one pound. Also offered are photo copies of old radio, TV, and audio amps schematics at $2.50 each, regardless of how many pages need to be copied. Copies of most older RCA Radiola radio and speaker manuals are available at $5.00 each. Limited quantities of old radio belts (General Cement and JFD) at $5.00 each are also in stock. Prices are competitive, and all orders are processed with 24 hours of receipt. ETE accepts payment by MasterCard and VISA. To receive a free catalog, write or call: Electron Tube Enterprises, Box 8311, Essex, VT 05451. Tel.: (802) 879-1844; Fax: (802) 879-7764; Email: ETETUBES @ aol.com WANTED: Juvenile radio books, Bob's Hill Boys On the Air and Uncle Wiggley's Radio. Robert Stapleford, 1800 S.W. Randolph Ave., Topeka, KS 66604 WANTED: Antique demonstration, scientific apparatus. Electrical and optical. Early microscopes. Allan Wissner, Box 102, Ardsley, NY 10502. (914) 693-4628 WANTED: Lists of radio stations pre-1980, including World Radio Handbook, Broadcasting Yearbook, Whites Radio Log (including photocopies). Ralph Marson, 8070 Busch, Centerline, MI 48015. (810) 754-3808 WANTED: Fisher &C AZ amplifiers. Chip Schmidt, 2024 Hilton Dr., Cedar Falls, IA 50613. (319) 277-8904, 8-10 pm CST, or weekends WANTED: Knobs for Zenith Royal 900 and Emersonette 540. Frank Schoen, Box 2370, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3C 4A6. (204) 888-6120 WANTED: Radio Boys book series. Gregory Sheppard, KA3DBG, 4402 Jupiter St., Rockville, MD 20853-3255 WANTED: Hi-fi speakers, theatre/auditorium speakers. Coaxial/triaxial, corner speakers, horns, drivers, crossovers, & parts. Altec, Electro-Voice, Western Electric, Jensen, Tannoy, RCA, IPC, Stephens, Heath, etc. Sonny Goldson, 1413 Magnolia Ln., Midwest City, OK 73110. (405) 737-3312. Fax: 3355 WANTED: Vacuum tube construction project articles that appeared in old magazines like Science and Mechanics and Popular Mechanics during the 1940's and 1950's by authors Thomas Blanchard and others. Richard Matiasek, 2212 S. 139th Ct. Apt. #3, Omaha, NE 68144 WANTED: Fisher FM-90-X tuner. Stancor 10P transmitter. National HRO SA1 receiver. FOR SALE: Stromberg-Carlson Model AU-58B 6L6 audio amp. Thanks! Tom Smith, N5AMA, 13034 Elmington Dr., Cypress, TX 77429-2062. (713) 376-3436, evenings WANTED: Phonograph related items: Best prices for Vogue picture records, Edison, Columbia, and any wax cylinder records, toy phonographs, needle tins and cutters, Nipper, record dusters, puzzles, fans, calendars, pocket advertising mirrors, dealer lapel pins, phonograph toys, posters, broadsides, original dealer advertising items from Edison, Victor, and Columbia. Thanks. Bernie Seinberg, 714 Moredon Rd., Meadowbrook, PA 19046-1907. (215) 886-6124 WANTED: Millen low frequency GDO coils #46704 (325Kc-600Kc), #46705 (220Kc-350Kc). Michael Burke, PO Box 439, Westmintster, MA 01473. (508) 874-0908 WANTED: National SW-3 and/or power supply 5880, plug-in coils. James McGrath, W2IOJ, 2 Centerview Ln., West Seneca, NY 14224-2124. (716) 675-0160 WANTED: Two brown plastic dial panels with brass vernier knobs for AK Model 2 breadboard. Larry Babcock, 8095 Centre Ln., E. Amherst, NY 14051. (716) 741-3082 WANTED: First transistor radios of any company, like NEC NT-61, GE 678, Philco T-7, Motorola 5671, etc.; any transistor radios used with oval transistors; Japanese-made tube portable radios, like Koyo, Crown, Excel, Grobal, etc. Takashi Doi, 1-21-4, Minamidai, Seyaku, Yokohama, Japan. Fax: 011-8145-301-8069 WANTED: Clarostat volume control switches Type A, they mount on rear of controls, need about 10-25 of them. Gary B. Schneider, 9511 Sunrise Blvd., #J-23, North Royalton, OH 44133. (216) 251-3714 WANTED: Always looking for unusual horn speakers, early crystal sets, detectors, scarcer early battery sets, wireless. Ed Bell, 5311 Woodsdale Rd., Raleigh, NC 27606. Fax/phone: (919) 851-1517 A.R.C. Advertising Policy Sellers and Buyers, Please Note! Advertising is accepted only for early items related to radio, communication, etc. All items must be described fairly; reproductions, reprints and not-original items must be so identified. Advertisers must agree to respond promptly to inquiries and orders, to resolve problems promptly if the buyer is not satisfied, and to comply with a buyer's refund request on unaltered returned items. WANTED: Sparton Polo Club radios. Victor Zummo, 20344 Mobile St., Canoga Park, CA 91306. (818) 883-8468 WANTED: Send me your cracked, your shattered, your demolished Catalins, yearning to breathe free. Jim Leckrone, 12174 Lynn St., Bear Lake, MI 49614. (616) 864-3365 WANTED: Philmore 2-transistor Reflex portable radio, sold as a kit in late fifties, white plastic, about 8" x 10" x 1 1/2". John Grady, 300 Foster St., Littleton, MA 01460 WANTED: Automatic tuning unit for Zenith Model 563, 60 or 64 console. Larry Wilson, 310 75th Ave. No., Myrtle Beach, SC 29572. Phone/fax: (803) 449-5839 WANTED: Old microphones, especially those made by Astatic, Shure, Turner, etc., bullet shapes and others. Thanks to all! Dennis Gruenling, 26 Dupont Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854. (908) 752-5737 WANTED: Brass blade fans, cash or trade old radios. Dave Friedlund, 36006 S.W. Bald Peak Rd., Hillsboro, OR 97123. (503) 628-1439. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Any help and information on SAIT receivers. Thomas Peters, PO Box 3925, McAllen, TX 78502. WANTED: Radio Troubleshooting Guide Book Vol. 1 by Rider and Johnson 5 1/2 x 8 1/2, 160 pp., #149. H.I. Stark, K9UBL, 3215 S. Meridian St., Indianapolis, IN 46217. (317) 788-1210 FOR SALE: Sams Dial Restrunging Guides (copies) DC1 – $15; DC2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 8 – $10 ea. $1/book postage. J.J. Papovich, 53 Magnolia Ave., Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 582-8279 FOR SALE: Rider’s Manuals 1-14 – $300. Rider’s TV Manuals, like new, 1-15 – $250 or BO. Case 20’s AC set – $40. Erla 20’s TRF – $40. Hammarlund Hi-Q 6 wt – $75. Zenith 7S363 console, restored – $250. Zenith 5808, restored – $250. Zenith 6S150, vg but needs stops on bandswitch – $125. AK 185A, restored, gorgeous – $190. Sparton 10, restored, chip in dial – $195. 201 tubes – $10 ea. AK 808A console, restored – $210. Ray Lamont, 70 Litchfield Rd., Unionville, CT 06085. (860) 675-6327. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: RCA early aircraft transmitter & receiver AVT-112A & AVR-20A1, excellent – $130. Rauland-Borg Model 1904 audio amp – $60. Hallicrafters S40B – $70. Shure 55 mike with Rauland-Borg label – $60. William Ernst, 16300 Campbell Rd., Comins, MI 48619. (517) 848-5002 FOR SALE: Pilot trn AF-824, Craftsman C-10 trn, Natl. 20-A int. amp – $25-$45. UTC LS-666 – $200. Agreed? Renee May, 1242 N. ElCentro, Los Angeles, CA 90038. (213) 464-9179 FOR SALE: English Amateur Radio Handbook 1939, Radio Society, Great Britain – $30 + $5. Earle Drake, Box 1808, Hyannis, MA 02601 FOR SALE: Satisfaction guaranteed on all items! Fada 652 butterscotch, small crack, otherwise in excellent restored condition – $400. Rare Kennedy Model 63 cathedral in excellent original condition – $375. Edison Type A, Model E, S.N.-1717 dictating machine – $100. Philco Model 70 grandfather clock, pickup only – $300. Eveready Model 1 with matching Model 1 speaker – $200. Send a SASE or call: Neil O’Donnell, 1809 Sampson St., Butte, MT 59701. (406) 494-8162, after 7 pm weekdays or anytime on weekends FOR SALE: Zephyr GR-376, tan, hairlines – $40. Windsor 8 transistor, black, hairlines – $25. Zenith Royal 500D, black, excellent – $40. Omegas Deluxe Ten, new in box, white – $30. Gary Watkins, 8006 Greenwald, Belton, MO 64012. (816) 322-0773 FOR SALE: Citizen band radio collectors attention: A pair of Heathkit CB-1 radios, no mikes but complete for – $125/pair plus $20 shipping. Will include 3rd unit for parts and also service information. Maurer TV, 29 S. 4th St., Lebanon, PA 17042. (717) 272-2481 FOR SALE: AK 627 – $500, and Regency TRIG – $350; both in very good shape. WANTED: Majestic 5T. Frank Prince, 3316 Tenth Ave., Racine, WI 53402. (414) 639-9307 FOR SALE: Addison 5F, black/butterscotch, excellent condition, no imperfections, no knobs – U.S. $850. Paul Williams, 82 Clegg St., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 0H8. (613) 233-6982 FOR SALE: RCA consoles: 13K, very good – $145; 19K, excellent, (F.O.S., p. 155) – $110. Dennis Schrank, 3129 S. Quincy Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53207. (414) 744-3374. Fax: (414) 744-8780 FOR SALE: Russian book (English translation) Fundamentals of Radio, has U.S.S.R. history of radio – $25. Harry Blesy, N9CQX, 9S740 Clarendon Hills Rd., Hinsdale, IL 60521. (708) or (630) 789-1793 FOR SALE: Heathkit Model V7A voltmeter – $25. Heathkit RF signal generator SG8 – $25. Both for $40 plus UPS. Untested, cosmetics good. Would trade for good Philco 20L lowboy chassis and speaker. Ken Armstrong, Box 216, Storm Lake, IA 50588. (712) 732-3012 FOR SALE: Sony Watchman TV, 1986 Los Angeles Rams model – $50. Toshiba 6TP-309A transistor – $90. Suzanne Wyatt, 4403 Boyd Rd., Dearborn, MO 64439. (816) 992-8811 “Do you know me? I started the world’s first broadcasting station. I’m Charles Herrold, and between 1912 and 1917 I was sending music and news to an audience in San Jose, California, on a regular schedule. But while I may have been first, most people forgot all about me. Now there’s hope; my story is told in this exciting new videotape from the creator of the award-winning PBS series ‘Radio Collector.’ It’s available from the Perham Foundation. Don’t leave home without it!” “Broadcasting’s Forgotten Father: The Charles Herrold Story” VHS-Hi-Fi, close-captioned, $29.95 plus $3.50 S&H. Order directly from the Perham Foundation, 101 First St., Suite 394, Los Altos, CA 94022. Or call 408-734-4453 and use your credit card. All profits go to support the preservation of electronics history. WANTED: WWII Japanese military radio of any kind; anything WWII Japanese aircraft related. Takashi Doi, 1-21-4, Minamidai, Seyaku, Yokohama, Japan. Fax: 011-8145-301-8069 WANTED: Unassembled kits. Open frame toy motors. Stylus for STAX Model CP-Y, ECP-1 phono cartridge. Gilbert American Flyer train transformer Model 16, with blue glow rectifier. Richard Matiasek, 2212 S. 139th Ct. Apt. #3, Omaha, NE 68144 WANTED: Tube amps, preamps, compressors, equalizers, tubes, parts, etc. Altec, McIntosh, Western Electric, Marantz, Pultec, Langevin, Fisher, Scott, Dynaco, Leak, Quad, Lowther, etc. K-66, K-77, KT-88, WE 300A, 300B, 350, 274, 275, 845, 211. Sonny Goldson, 1413 Magnolia Ln., Midwest City, OK 73110. (405) 737-3312. Fax: 3355 WANTED: Your collection, if mostly before 1926 and good quality. Ed Bell, 5311 Woodsdale Rd., Raleigh, NC 27606. Fax/phone: (919) 851-1517 HAS YOUR SUBSCRIPTION EXPIRED? It has if your mailing label reads "EXP=AUG96" or earlier. Renew now! BONUS: Renew before your "EXP" month and receive 13 issues per year instead of 12! Renewal rates are: $36.95 for Second-Class Mailing $53.95 for First-Class Mailing (Two-year renewals are twice above rates.) WANTED: Crystal sets, germanium diode radios: sputniks, pens, eggs, capsules, rockets, older kits, detectors, incompletes, related parts, loose couplers, variometers. Crystal radio collection, (127) pieces, please help it grow. The Crystal Radio Guy, Galen Feight, 3104 S.E. 20th, Portland, OR 97202. (503) 231-9708 WANTED: Western Electric 713C, Lansing 801 driver, Fairchild SM1, 232 cartridges and 412-4 turntable. Vincent Gallo, 532 LaGuardia Pl., #600, New York, NY 10012. (212) 274-0432 WANTED: Pre-1950 Farnsworth TV stuff: TV's, early TV tubes, equipment, related TV literature. Fred Ringwald, MSC #293, PO Box 901, Elmendorf AFB, AK 99506. (907) 392-3217 WANTED: Parts for HQ-170A receiver. Will trade ARC-5 transmitters for ARC-5 receivers. James E. Inglett, Rt. 1, Box 248A, Midway, AR 72651. (501) 431-8430 WANTED: Speaker unit(s): Jensen A15 (field coil), Stephen Tru-Sonic 103, and all models. Altec/WE early drivers: 288, 416, 515, etc. WE tubes Type 348, UTC S Series transformer. Pablo Wang, PO Box 3232, Cerritos, CA 90703-3232. (310) 769-9529, beeper. Fax: (310) 802-9014 WANTED: Frequency meters & power supplies LM10/13/14/21 & BC221. David Boardman, 10 Lemaistre, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G2G 1B4. (418) 872-4552 ORDER TODAY! OVER 250 PAGES 1,400 RADIOS Most not in any other reference EACH RADIO INDIVIDUALLY PICTURED, IDENTIFIED AND VALUED Special For ARC Readers! $24.95 List Price Now $21.95! Only When Purchased From Radiomania Directly All ARC Orders Autographed by Author Add $1.75 Shipping U.S.A., $3.50 Canada, $5.00 All Other Countries Send Check or Money Order Payable to: Radiomania 209 Carterdale Road, Baltimore, MD 21209 Maryland Residents add 5% Sales Tax. Allow 2-4 Weeks for domestic orders. FOR SALE: Breaking up our collection of novelty items of RCA, Victor, Edison, Splittorf and many other manufacturers. Send LSASE w/55¢ postage for list. J.J. Papovich, 53 Magnolia Ave., Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 582-8279 FOR SALE: Catalin repo glass dials: Addison No. 5, Sentinel 284, Fada 652, DeWald Harp, Bullet 1000 and 115. Also available any size round convex glass, old new stock for tombstones & floor models. Gregg Jewett, 1905 First St., Sandusky, OH 44870. (419) 625-2319 FOR SALE/TRADE: Radiola V, incomplete. Also, Radiola crystal set, complete. For Arborphone/Cavac/International/Kadette – Offers? Nevins Museum of Radio, Ken Nevins, 406 Jipson St., Blissfield, MI 49228. (517) 486-3019, evenings please FOR SALE: Have over 100,000 tubes and parts for 1920’s to 1950’s radios. Many items listed in our new catalog #5. See 1/4 page display ad this issue. Play Things of Past, Gary B. Schneider, 9511 Sunrise Blvd., #J-23, North Royalton, OH 44133. (216) 251-3714 FOR SALE: Guild roll-top – $595. Philco 70 or Stromberg cathedral – $400. List SASE. Richard Bednarcik, 28 Steele Ave., Lincoln Park, NJ 07035. (201) 694-6374 FOR SALE: From movie, “The Shadow,” original radio with mechanical iris and television; constructed at cost of $20,000; the ultimate from Golden Age of Radio – make your Best Offer! Rocky Frie, PO Box 311, San Pedro, CA 90733-0311 FOR SALE: Summer radio sale: Every radio in stock 20% off. Call and/or stop by now till August 15th. Literature sale, lots of 5 items or more. List available. Dave Sutherland, PO Box 201, Spofford, NH 03462. (603) 363-4459 FOR SALE: TV accumulation, mostly Predicats and Pilots, 70-75 pieces, none sold individually! – $20,000. James S. Maxwell Jr./Virginia Caputo, Box 367, Lampeter, PA 17537. (717) 464-5572, (717) 464-5573. Fax: (717) 464-5592 FOR SALE: Emerson 988 Ramblar, red, almost like new, includes original gift box, leather case, earphone and instructions – $150 + UPS. Phil Van Praag, W282 S3580 Ringneck Ct., Waukesha, WI 53188. (414) 524-9856 FOR SALE: Fairchild oscilloscope camera Model F-286 (Polaroid), complete in case – $50 plus UPS. Jack A. Freeman, 2512 Sunnycrest Dr., Reidsville, NC 27320 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters WR-60, nice shape – $40 plus shipping. Al Manieri, 384 Bates St., Phillipsburg, NJ 08865. (908) 454-3699 FOR SALE: Axial lead electrolytics. Fresh new Nichicon miniature 22 mFd. at 450 Vdc – $1.25 ea. for (8) or more. Includes P&H. Many other types in stock. Write, phone, or fax for free flyer. D.H. Distributors, PO Box 48623, Wichita, KS 67201. (316) 684-0050, v/f FOR SALE: Thousands of tested tubes w/warranty! Both xmit and rec tubes. Buy those spare tubes for your tube radio, audio, ham and electronics. Most tubes are used at about 1/3 of new, many are around $1. I have bunches of octal, 7- and 9-pin tubes. All tubes are tested on TV-7D/U tester and then boxed. I give a 30-day warranty. Send wants or SASE with two stamps for list. Daniel Nelson, 1025 E. Desert Ln., Phoenix, AZ 85040. (602) 243-7421, evenings. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Fun, informal video featuring nearly two hours of our favorite transistors from Japan and America. See over (100) fabulous radios up close including pink and blue pearlescent Regency TR-1’s! With colorful boxes, advertising, collecting tips, and model numbers, VHS – $29.95 includes postage. Eric Wrobbel, 20802 Exhibit Ct., Woodland Hills, CA 91367. (818) 884-2282 FOR SALE: Radio books: How To Use Meters, Rider, 1st Edition – $35. Sams CB Manuals Vols. 1 and 3 – $25 ea., both $40. Sams Scanner Manuals SD-2, SD-4 – $20 ea., both $30 ppd. Radio Servicing Course, Beitzman – $26. RCA Transistor Manuals SC10 – $10; SC12 – $15. Sams Television Course, 1949 – $25. Radio TV Retailing magazines, have early radio-TV ads – $15 ea., 6[?] for $70. Simpson VOM owners, must have booklet, 1001 Uses For 260 VOM – $35 only one, and much more. Large SASE for new radio book sale list. Maurer TV, 29 S. 4th St., Lebanon, PA 17042. (717) 272-2481 FOR SALE: Atwater Kent 33 – $95; 40 – $65; 46 – $60; 627 cathedral – $350. Air Chief 4A-24 – $50. Airline 14B-R736A – $65. Ivon 522N – $80. Automatic Tom Thumb bike radio B-44 – $95. Browning RJ-14 AM/FM tuner – $100. Crosley IIAB – $50; 66T – $65. Emerson 414 ivory plastic – $50; 520 Catalin – $100; DP332 – $65. Delco R-1234, ivory – $50. Philco 37-62 Deco – $75; 37-602 – $65; 38-93 tombstone – $65; PT-49 – $55. Radiola 20 – $140; 61-6 – $45. Royal Radio Corp. Polly Royal, nice – $195. RCA T4-8 cathedral, painted – $90. Globetrotter 66BX – $35. Westinghouse H3977S – $50. World radio receiver – $95. Sonora LLS -179 – $60. Zenith T-600 Trans-Oceanic – $50; 5D-611 – $50. Zenith 1/2 round console, nice. Speakers: Oneal cone – $45; Newton cone – $45. Atwater Kent F4-A – $50. Majestic horn – $75. Radiola UZ1325 – $150. J. Gary Cameron, 824 Andrews St., Southington, CT 06489. (860) 276-9200 FOR SALE: Crosley 50A, rare, excellent – $250. (5) 201A’s N.I.B. – $75. Call 7-10 pm. Mike Heffner, 501 S. Market St., Muncy, PA 17756. (717) 546-2907 WANTED: Spark transmitters and loose coupler type crystal receivers; prewar Japanese QSL cards. Takashi Doi, 1-21-4, Minamidai, Seyaku, Yokohama, Japan. Fax: 011-8145-301-8069 WANTED: Old guitars/guitar amps, microphones, Fender, Vox, Gibson, Magnatone, Supro, Valco, Gretsch, Danelectro, RCA, Altec, Univibe, FuzzFace, etc. Sonny Goldson, 1413 Magnolia Ln., Midwest City, OK 73110. (405) 737-3312. Fax: 3355 WANTED: Catalin Emerson Patriot/Aristocrat case. Already have chassis. Bob Zuch, PO Box 4242, Chatsworth, CA 91313. (818) 719-2608. (818) 700-0980 WANTED: Microphones, broken or working; tube broadcast; recording and broadcast books, magazines. Mike States, Box 81485, Fairbanks, AK 99708. Ph/fax: (907) 456-3419 WANTED: Info on model Crosley used in Repwood radio cabinet. Also still looking for Orpheus radio for Orpheus radio cabinet. Would appreciate any help. Ralston Bailey, Rt. 1, Box 479, Benton, TN 37307. (423) 338-5923 WANTED: Hallicrafters R/TW-1200 portable SW radio in near mint cond. Also, Grundig 4192. Ed Kalpa, 4622 Melbourne Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90027. (213) 661-1221 WANTED: Rohde & Schwartz receiver Model EK07, Squires Sanders receivers, any manuals. Harry Weber, 4845 W. 107th St., Oak Lawn, IL 60453-5252 WANTED: Binding post assembly for RCA Radiola II. Dave McClellan, 1086 Trailridge Ln., Atlanta, GA 30338. (770) 399-6704. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Tube chart for B&K 650 tube tester (Xerox copy OK). Owners manual and service data for Garod Model V radio. Thanks! Phil Van Praag, W282 S3580 Ringneck Ct., Waukesha, WI 53188. (414) 524-9856 WANTED: Cutting & Washington. Anything: sets, factory paper, parts, or ?. Ed Bell, 5311 Woodsdale Rd., Raleigh, NC 27606. Fax/phone: (919) 851-1517 WANTED: E.H. Scott Laureate Grande, paying top dollar. Robert Alexander, 20 Haycamp Rd., St. Paul, MN 55127. (612) 483-6177 WANTED: 01-A duds, at least one-half doz. Wallace Schultz, 1502 West Benjo, Norfolk, NE 68701. (402) 379-2866 WANTED: Cabinet for Sparton cloisonne. Mike Koval, 1012 Grand Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45204. (513) 471-5335 One Month Free! BONUS FOR EARLY RENEWALS If you renew before the month shown on your mailing label (your expiration month), you will receive an extra month on your subscription: 13 months instead of 12! 26 months for an early 2-year renewal! WANTED: TW-1200; R-1200 12-band radio made in Japan. Clyde Hixon, 3907 Columbia St., Des Moines, IA 50313. (515) 243-7930 WANTED: Manual for RCA Master Voltohmyst WV-95A. Photocopy OK. Cecil Grace, PO Box 5127, Asheville, NC 28813. (704) 274-8224 WANTED: Knight Kit R-195 receiver, Knight Kit Star Roamer II, Knight Kit T-175 six meter amplifier, Heathkit GC-1005/1094 clocks, Heathkit GC-1195 grandfather clock, HP-4332 RLC meter, Allied Radio and Lafayette catalogs 1965 to 1968. Dave Wood, 106 Rowe Ave., Wilson, NC 27893. (919) 291-2595, or e-mail: email@example.com A. G. Tannenbaum Electronic Service Data PO Box 386, Ambler, PA 19002 Phone: (215) 540-8055 Fax: (215) 540-8327 THE STOP FOR Vintage Parts & Service Data 1920's - Present Free Catalog Credit Cards Welcome RADIO GRILLE CLOTH Now 34 patterns & color combinations are available to suit most radio needs! 55¢ LSASE for samples More Good News! Even More Variety! 1) Three new patterns: one for Crosley Repwoods, one for 100A speaker, and a great new console pattern. 2) Selling off my remaining stock of green Philco V cloth. Now only $15 for a full 1 ½ square yard piece. Enough for up to 10 sets. 3) Still offering sampler packages of 5 or 10 pieces of cloth for $20 and $38, postpaid. See prior issues of A.R.C. for details, or call. MICHAEL KATZ 3987 DALEVIEW AVENUE SEAFORD, NY 11783 (516) 781-6202 (EVENINGS) FOR SALE: Microphone Electro-Voice Model 665 – Best Offer. Norman M. Landis, 1315 Marbdendale, Kirkwood, MO 63122-6932. (314) 821-7933 FOR SALE: History of Broadcasting, 1890’s to 1970’s by Erik Barnouw, 3 volumes mint cond. with dust covers – $100 ppd firm. G.M. Crabtree, Box 110, Lewisburg, PA 17837 FOR SALE: Steinite DUCO, Kennedy 26, other radios, parts, tubes, etc. List LSASE. W.F. Horn, 13110 Marsh Rd., Bealeton, VA 22712. (540) 439-9781 FOR SALE: Liquidating collection: (300) battery and electric radios, 1924-1960’s, TVs 1947-1950’s. New picture tubes. (5,000) new in box radio tubes. Rider’s and Sams from 1-23. Vintage test equipment, parts, supplies. Speakers and horns. Calvin O. Mackey, 97 Edinburgh St., Rochester, NY 14668. (716) 546-6383 FOR SALE: Koyo Model KR-91F – $10. Singer Model HE-5110R – $10. Sony Model 2R-27, complete – $25. Sceptre Model NTR-225, new in box – $75. Matsushita Model T-41 – $10. Emerson Model 31P56 – $10. Sony Model 4R-51 – $7. Midland Model 10-006, red – $6. RCA Model 1-RJ-19 – $8. Panasonic Model RF-811 – $10. ITT Model 6409F – $10. Mitchell Model 1297 – $20. Monacor Model 28, Globe transistor radio – $25. Juliette Model AK-661 – $20. Tom Bates, 1928 N. Braeswood, #11, Houston, TX 77030. (713) 799-1725 FOR SALE: Webster-Chicago wire recorder Model 180-1, looks good with original microphone and 2 wire reels. WANTED: Hallicrafters SX-96, SX-100, Trans-Oceanics. Greg Yost, 744 Patterson Lake Rd., Pinckney, MI 48169. (313) 878-2465 FOR SALE: Los Angeles made horns: Advance Electric (Falck) – $600; and Chanson Labs – $250. Magnavox horn M3 – $250. Radio Shop (Echophone) horn – $275. Floyd A. Paul, 1545 Raymond Ave., Glendale, CA 91201. (818) 242-8961 FOR SALE: Zenith Trans-Oceanic Model A600, excellent – $125. Tube tester Heathkit IT-17 with additional charts for foreign, old, and transmitting tubes, very good – $50. Picture tube tester/rejuvenator Sencore CR-13 complete with all adaptors and charts, excellent – $50. Key Vibroplex round shaft, two weights, red bug, Ser. #119691, good – $65. All items plus shipping. Roger Snowdall, 8405 Everett, Raytown, MO 64138. (816) 356-0396 FOR SALE: Amps! This is it, I’ve found a very cool car out here in Az. and now I have to pay for it. From my amp collection, as seen in my book, Amps!: ‘65 Fender twin reverb, exc++ JBLs; ‘62 Vox AC30, vg, blue Celestions, back-mount top boost…; Rickenbacker Transonic, mint, original late ’60’s NAMM show sample, I am first owner. I bought this amp direct from Rick in original NAMM crate w/footswitch, AC cable…; Vox Super Beatle, all original vg, stand, footswitch…; assorted other amps and cabinets – Ampeg, Hiwatt, Kustom… All in vg>exc shape, rack gear, racks, parts, etc. – $9,000 for all of it. Pick up only! Phoenix. Ritchie Fliegler, PO Box 18247, Fountain Hills, AZ 85268. (602) 837-2918 FOR SALE: B&K 707 tube tester, exc – $70. NRI 33 signal tracer, vgc – $40 + UPS. Bob Bakinowski, 1524 Saint Tropaz, Tucson, AZ 85713. (520) 624-8029 FOR SALE: Radios, misc., SASE list. Farnsworth GT-051 tabletop, hums – $20 + $8 shipping. Tom Tetzlaff, 23 Nelson Dr., Silver Bay, MN 55614. (No phone) FOR SALE: Loose coupler made from wood, double tapped primary, single tapped secondary, interesting – $75. Zenith Royal 2000, AM-FM – $65. AK speaker, 8”, with grille cloth, 4-prong plug – $70. Restorable Musicaire Bakelite, left bullet, repainted poorly, bottom crack, no dial glass, has back – $65. RCA 9X641 for parts, call. Emerson 559 for parts, call. McMurdo Silver 911 sweep-signal generator – $15. Thanks. Del Tysdal, Rte. 1 Box 157, Glyndon, MN 56547. (218) 287-2562 Announcing The 6th Annual ARCO Antique & Collectible Radio Show — Saturday August 17th — Sponsored by the Antique Radio Collectors of Ohio — FEATURING — • A Display of Cathedral Radios • An Indoor/Outdoor Swap Meet • An Auction of Radio Apparatus • Your items for auction are welcome — WHERE — Holiday Inn – Dryden Rd., 2455 Dryden Rd., Dayton, OH I-75 Exit 50A (Dryden Rd., just south of downtown), then 1 block north. — COST — Auction & general admission are FREE! Swap meet tables inside or spaces outside are $10. Program: Show/Swap Meet: 8:00 AM til 1:00 PM. Auction: 1:00 PM til 3:00 PM Raffle: 1st Prize: Kolster Highboy Model K-25. 2nd Prize: Wilcox-Gay Recordio Model A-70, 1940. 3rd Prize: Philco table Model 40-130, wood, 1940. 4th Prize: Silvertone AM-FM table model. All radios work and have been restored. Buy tickets at the door. Tickets are $1 ea. or 6 for $5. Door Prize: Free sign up at the door. Must be present to win. For Information Call: Ed App (513) 865-0982 or Randy Frasure (513) 253-4330 Admission is Free!! The public is invited. Bring a friend! WANTED: National SW-54, Hallicrafters S-40, 52, 72, 77, TW1000, 2000, Zenith Trans-Oceanics, radio should be original, exc condition and plays; prewar Japanese QSL cards. Takashi Doi, 1-21-4, Minamidai, Seyaku, Yokohama, Japan. Fax: 011-8145-301-8069 WANTED: Wholesale sources for modern u-frame variable air condensers, 200 to 400 mmFd.; headphone cords. Turke, PO Box 2288, Hollywood, FL 33022 WANTED: Farnsworth Model 16E record changer found in Capehart phonographs; Cobra-Matic changer Model S-13675 or S-14006 found in 40s Zenith consoles; copy of manual for operating the phonograph for Zenith 12H090. Plastic trim for push buttons on a Truetone D-714 (Series A); owner's manual for same; Orthophonic reproducer parts; opera posters. Norm Secor, 3333 Grand Ave., #361, Des Moines, IA 50312. (515) 277-4243 WANTED: Zeniths 6D615, dead or alive, junkers, complete - incomplete sets, buying for parts. Pay your price. Michael LaPuzza, 2015 E. Willow Creek, Mustang, OK 73064-6146. (405) 745-3394, after 7 pm CST WANTED: Radiola III parts, tube socket, 4 term. trans., ant. term. nut. Thanks. Jim Coe, 6265 W. Patrick Ln., Las Vegas, NV 89118. (702) 871-3090 WANTED: Nordmende Globe Traveler Jr. I, II or III, playing. Please send picture, specs, price. R.M. Marchand, 177 Hale Ave. 1B, White Plains, NY 10605 Fax: (914) 328-4011 WANTED: Atwater Kent consoles: 435, 448, 469, 475, 487, 525, 535, 577, 612, 665, 676. Dennis Craft, 10513 E. Clinton, Scottsdale, AZ 85259. (602) 860-8951, after 5 pm MST WANTED: Dead or alive!! Jensen Alnico 5 Concert, Special design loudspeakers. Fairest bounty paid!! Peter F. DeGregorio, 45 Moritz Pl., Fairfield, CT 06430-3504. (203) 331-9155 WANTED: Xerox copy of instructions for Kitcraft Model 200 1-tube radio kit. Mike Bittner, 27215 Sunnyridge Rd., Palos Verdes, CA 90274. (310) 377-4797 WANTED: BC-222 or BC322, WWII walkie-talkie, and/or parts for it, (AN-29, AN-29B, AN-30, AN-30B, BG-71, Handset TS-11 (suffix a thru F) or HS-22 (suffix A thru C), and microphone T-24 (suffix A-F). Also TM 11-238. John Field, 2335 Benton St., Santa Clara, CA 95050-4432. (408) 246-1383, most evenings to midnight WANTED: End bell-horn for Thompson speaker carbon-ring microphones, old stock market tickers, AM-FM Bakelite radios. Steve Puryea, 1310 Osprey Ave., Orlando, FL 32803. (407) 894-7743 WANTED: April 1963 CQ magazine. Jim Schliestett, W4IMQ, PO Box 93, Cedartown, GA 30125. (770) 748-5968 WANTED: Motorola Catalins #’s 50XC, 51X15, and 52, as complete or “parts” sets. I am a very serious collector seriously looking for serious stuff (leaving all kidding aside, of course)! Please write or call collect: Rain Buttignol, 214 State St., #7, Portsmouth, NH 03801. (603) 427-1384 WANTED: Drake AL-4 loop antenna. For Drake SPR-4. William Honer, 22480 West Rd., Apt. 105, Woodhaven, MI 48183. (313) 676-5161, after 6 pm EDT WANTED: Thompson S-70 Concert Grand battery radio. Parts set OK. Thompson horn speaker. Tony & Lynn DeMara, 40231 Day, Clinton Township, MI 48038-4739. (810) 263-0325 WANTED: Knobs for Admiral 20X11 television, and 51 Studebaker radio. Also want complete Motorola Model 553 universal under-dash car radio. Roy Yost, 30 Clinton St., Redwood City, CA 94062. (415) 369-0890, home WANTED: Dad manufactured over 12,000 portable tube testers but forgot to keep even one to play with now! [See A.R.C., April 1992]. Up to $100 for premium copy of the ASD Model TV-20A in red leatherette suitcase. John Anthes, 50 Forest Park Rd., Cedar Crest, NM 87008. (505) 281-0834 WANTED: Montgomery Ward Airline 62-177 and the 3 to 1 transformer between the 1st of and 2nd of tubes for a Freed-Eisemann NR-7. Mark Mowrey, 510 S. 12th St., Clear Lake, IA 50428. (515) 357-3492 WANTED: Globe Scout 66 or 65, must work perfect. Robert Polhamus, 1107 Second Ave., Apt. 608, Redwood City, CA 94063. (415) 367-1660 WANTED: Preiss Straight 8, Straight 9, PR3 or PR4; King 71 Commander, Mu-Rad MA17, Radiola 25, Radiola 28, Fada 7 table model. Bob Puttre, 637 Stratford Rd., Baldwin, NY 11510. (516) 223-9667 Among other items recently sold... Emerald Green L56 Toshiba Lace Grille RCA 621TS Kadette Classic (2) Atwater Kent 84 Philco 90 Begin Building Your On Line Clientele Today! Free to Buyers, Low Cost to Sellers (800) 818-0570 FOR SALE: All are very good or excellent condition unless otherwise noted. Automatic 612X, some finish problems – $75. Champion tall AM spark plug – $100. RCA 64F3 – $40. Westinghouse WR-28 tombstone, needs minor veneer repair – $95. RCA 100A speaker – $65. RCA X551, brown – $40. Zenith H615Z – $35. Silvertone 4500A, black – $100. Philco 46-131, brown/ivory – $35/$30. All plus UPS. Jerry DeWitt, 1937 Love Cir., Simi Valley, CA 93063. (805) 526-5093. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: RCA Nipper logo, reverse-painted dealership mirror-framed, approx. 21"x27" – $200. Electra 1960's walkie-talkie – $20. NM GE #P-977E, AM/FM '60's – $20. Aiwa 5" stereo R/R #TP-1002 – $75. Akai GX-4000-D 7" stereo R/R, excellent condition – $100. Concord 350 5" – $20. Realistic DX 360 – $50. Realistic DX-440 – $95. Star Trek AM/FM shuttlecraft radio, M.I.B. – $60. Realistic LAB-1600 linear stackable turntable, motorized tray comes out for loading – $75. N.I.B. Parsec antenna amplifier, station discriminator, rejects adjacent stations, AM/FM – $50. Bret F. Johnson, 13495 102nd Ter. N, Largo, FL 33774. (813) 595-9287, leave message! FOR SALE: Beitman’s Most Needed Radio Diagrams, 1926-38, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1954 (2 copies) – $100 for all plus S&H. Jeff Hoskins, 824 E. Madison Ave., Stuart, FL 34996. (561) 283-2291, after 7 pm FOR SALE: Dynaco 400 power amplifier, 200 watts/channel – $500 negotiable. Thomas N. Traks, 92 Main Ave., Sea Cliff, NY 11579. (609) 448-8744 FOR SALE: Huge horn loaded bass cabinets for (2) 15" woofers (not included) – $400/pair. V. Vogt, 330 S.W. 43rd St., #247, Renton, WA 98055. (206) 382-5571 FOR SALE: New photo catalog, 150+ radios, phones, meters, etc. $1 + LSASE, 2 stamps. Bob Masterson, Box 172, Valley Cottage, NY 10989. (914) 353-3151 TOGGLE SWITCHES AT WHOLESALE PRICES NEW SWITCHES - 125V OR 1/2 RATING AT 250V \| Type \| Mod.# \| Cont. Rat. \| Lead \| Price \| \|----------\|-------\|------------\|--------\|-------\| \| SPST \| S125 \| 6A/125V \| 6" Wire\| .77 \| \| SPST \| S128 \| 4A/125V \| Solder \| .57 \| \| DPDT \| S126 \| 5A/125V \| Solder \| .77 \| \| DPDT/ \| S127 \| 10A/125V \| Solder/ \| 1.17 \| \| On-Off-On\| \| 5A/250V \| Screw \| 1.06 \| \| Type \| Mod.# \| Cont. Rat. \| Lead \| Price \| \|----------\|-------\|------------\|--------\|-------\| \| SPST \| S131 \| 6A/125V \| Solder \| .57 \| \| SPDT \| S132 \| 6A/125V \| Solder \| .61 \| \| SPDT \| S129 \| 6A/125V \| Solder \| .77 \| \| Mom-Off-Mom \| S134 \| 3A/250V \| Solder \| .77 \| \| DPDT/ \| S134 \| 6A/125V \| Solder \| .77 \| \| On-Off-On\| \| 3A/250V \| Solder \| .77 \| \| DPDT \| S133 \| 6A/125V \| Solder \| .77 \| \| DPDT/ \| S135 \| 6A/125V \| Solder \| .91 \| \| On-Off-On\| \| 3A/250V \| Solder \| .91 \| \| DPDT/ \| S130 \| 6A/125V \| Solder \| .91 \| \| Mom-Off-Mom \| S130 \| 3A/250V \| Solder \| .91 \| Black Plastic Boots for Above Switches $200/$1.00 \| Type \| Mod.# \| Cont. Rat. \| Lead \| Price \| \|----------\|-------\|------------\|--------\|-------\| \| SPDT \| S136 \| 3A/125V \| Solder \| .82 \| \| DPDT \| S137 \| 3A/125V \| Solder \| .92 \| \| Type \| Mod.# \| Cont. Rat. \| Lead \| Price \| \|----------\|-------\|------------\|--------\|-------\| \| SP-NOR Open MS-1 \| S125 \| 3A/125V \| Solder \| .26 \| \| SP-NOR Closed MS-2 \| S125 \| 3A/125V \| Solder \| .27 \| ANY ORDERS LESS THAN 100, ADD 12¢ EACH – LED’s Mini or Jumbo, Red, Yellow, Green – $12/100 – $9/1000 Fertik’s Electronics — 215-455-2121 Phone/Fax 5400 ELLA ST. • PHILADELPHIA, PA 19120 WANTED: Bakelite radios from '50's especially Crosley; streamline style radios, metal or chrome grille radios from '40-'50's; need picture. Takashi Doi, 1-21-4, Minamidai, Seyaku, Yokohama, Japan. Fax: 011-8145-301-8069 WANTED: Info about Sony TR-510 made in Hong Kong! Darryl Rehr, 2591 Military Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90064. (310) 477-5229. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Mics: Shure CR80, 707A, 520SL, 705, 545, 54PE. Turner BX/CX, BD/CD. Astatic T-3. All conditions. Also mic parts, elements, etc. Tom Ellis, Box 140093, Dallas, TX 75214. (214) 328-3225. Fax: 328-4217 WANTED: Hallicrafters SR-75. Tom Simek, 13002 S. 38th Pl., Phoenix, AZ 85044. (602) 496-0829 WANTED: B/W, color broadcast cameras, tubes, manuals, parts, etc. Pre 60's. Ross Marshall, 8055 Lankershim Blvd., #2, N. Hollywood, CA 91605. (818) 504-4135 WANTED: Early 1930's GE/RCA wood flower petal knobs, GE cathedrals: K60, K63 and K64. FOR SALE/TRADE: Rare Eimac 50-T tube; Airline 74BR-1502B (Bunis 2, p. 17) for a restorable cathedral. Richard Arnold, Box 275, Lone Grove, OK 73443. (405) 226-5626 WANTED: Schematic or service manual for Multimeter ME-297/U. Max Friedman, 10620 W. Clairmont Cir., Tamarac, FL 33321 WANTED: General Electric console radios Models G78 and LFC1118. Could pick up at Elgin Radiofest or in area. Bill Miedema, 101 Devonshire Rd., Tower Lakes, IL 60010. (847) 526-6131 WANTED: Hallicrafters S-39 Sky Ranger in excellent to mint condition only. Top dollar paid. Gordon W. Hullin, K2ZBU, 3666 Cold Springs Rd., Baldwinsville, NY 13027. (315) 622-0141 WANTED: Pilot set pictured and similar, also Pilots with drum-type dials. Pay to $1,500 or have trades. Pay finders fee for information leading to purchase. Shipping from anywhere no problem. Thanking everyone in advance. Bill Moore, 3049 Box Canyon Rd., Huntsville, AL 35803. (205) 880-1207 WANTED: To buy collections of one or one-hundred fine radios. Phil Harris, The Radio Nuts, 45 Windsor on the Marsh, Savannah, GA 31419. (912) 925-1512 WANTED: Dial scale for Motorola 68L11 portable (Bunis 2, p. 118) or junker with a good dial scale. Chuck Regen, 2724 N. 27th St., Sheboygan, WI 53083 WANTED: AVO 163 tube tester, manual for Measurements Model 65-B signal generator. Christopher P. Demeroukas, 133 Basswood Rd., Springfield, IL 62707 WANTED: Guitars and amplifiers by Fender, Gibson, Ampeg, Gretsch, Silvertone, Martin, Marantz, McIntosh, Dynaco, etc. Peter F. DeGregorio, 45 Moritz Pl., Fairfield, CT 06430-3504. (203) 331-9155 WANTED: GenRad catalogs A thru P. J.W. Gardner, 4702 W. Lazy C Dr., Tucson, AZ 85745 WANTED: Manual or copy and any other information on Meissner analyst radio test set. Thanks! Jim Gibbons, PO Box 200, Aydlett, NC 27916. (919) 453-2004 WANTED: Early (prewar II) plastic radios. I collect these objects of beauty to enhance my otherwise dull and uneventful life to which I am forever bound by by sad-but true unworthiness and shortcomings: physical, emotional, and intellectual. Please write or call collect: Rain Buttiglioni, 214 State St, #7, Portsmouth, NH 03801. (603) 427-1384 WANTED: Knob set for Detrola Super Pee Wee, any color. Scott Boyette, 8551 Henderson Grade, N. Fort Myers, FL 33917. (941) 731-6398 WANTED: RCA 15-E record demonstrator, used in record stores circa 1950's, 2 turntables, blonde cabinet. Bob Green, WB3CRX, 1711 Breezy Acres Rd., Orwigsburg, PA 17961. (717) 366-3949 WANTED: Antenna, electronic, radio and vacuum tube hardback books. Sprague Tel-oh-mike. EV664 D104 stands. C.E. Strickland, Jr., AB6YW, 155 Perkins Ave., Vallejo, CA 94590-5711. (707) 642-5285 WANTED: Emerson 888 Explorer, red or white, excellent cosmetic condition only. Thanks! R. Matzko, 3 Coloma Ct., Sterling, VA 20164. (703) 406-2713 WANTED: WE 101D ST, new – $17. WE 244A – $16. WE 728B, pair – $2,000. WE 754A, pair – $1,800. WE 755A, pair – $800. WE oil caps, WE 205F – $50-$90. AB/RC carbon resistor but old. Kouji Matsuo, 6-2, Tsurumi-cho, Beppu-shi, Oita, 874, Japan. Fax: 81-977-23-9574 WANTED: Antique medical and scientific devices. Small brass-blade table fans, radios, phonographs. Richard Cane, 1333 N.W. 127th Dr., Sunrise, FL 33323. (954) 846-7116 WANTED: Old payphones and payphone parts. I pay top prices. Stanley Schreier, 350 Hendrickson Ave., Lynbrook, NY 11563. (516) 887-4966. Fax: (516) 887-4780 WANTED: Old transistor radios from 50's/60's, any condition: Zenith, Regency, Sony, Toshiba, etc. John Wetherell, 61 Hartford St., Natick, MA 01760. (508) 653-8118 WANTED: Heath SB-10 SSB adapter & Marauder transmitter. Robert Braza, N1PRS, 23 Harvard St., Pawtucket, RI 02860. (401) 723-1603 FOR SALE: All sets working unless otherwise noted. Radios: AK 711 console, good cond., pickup only – $150; AK 317, exc orig. finish near new, beautiful! – $250; AC-Dayton XL5, exc restored; 1 new AF, NT – $150; US/Gloritone 3072 large cathedral, vg orig. cond. – $200; Nordmende Tannhauser, exc orig. cond., early FM multiplex version – $225; Tandberg R to R stereo recorder Model 85, exc – $85 or take Nordmende and Tandberg together for – $275. Televisions: Sony B-301, exc, works after a few minutes, complete including leatherette carry case, original accessory box w/external antenna, battery pack and hood – $225; Sinclair MTV1 micro-television, vg including AC adapter, orig. car adapter, European recharger and both antennas, works well – $150; Pilot TV-37, vg, exc cond., plays perfectly, CRT like new – $350. Telephones: German metal desk phone from 1920’s, good cond. – $150; German Model W48 desk set in grey, mint – $125; Australian desk set, 1970’s, exc – $50; North Electric 300, vg-exc – $50. All plus UPS. George B. Shields, Jr., 108 Jacques Ln., Somerset, NJ 08873. (908) 297-0363. Fax: (908) 297-2007. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Hickok tube tested Model 600A, red, in good cond. – $35. Philco 1942 RMS Yearbook – $8. All items plus UPS. Phone or write: Thomas Burnside, 4838 S. Westhaven Dr., Jackson, MS 39209-4711. (601) 922-2235 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters receiver, Model SX-18 Sky Challenger with matching speaker, excellent condition, asking – $200 OBO + shipping. Harry Kundrat, 29 Walton Ave., New Providence, NJ 07974. (908) 665-1873 FOR SALE: Transistors: Elgin 10 transistor, AM-FM – $15. Channel Master 6501, black – $35. Emerson 911, black – $25. GE 7-2753 Spirit of 76 with box and instructions – $20. Diplomat AM-FM – $10. Guy Forstrom, PO Box 159, Quinnesec, MI 49876. (906) 774-8116 FOR SALE: Antenna Engineering Handbook, Johnson and Jasik, new, sold for $95, 2 1/4” – $35. RCA Tube Manual RC-23 – $16. RCA Field Engineers Tech Manual – $9. Howard Sams Parts Guide – $15. Gernsback’s Radio Encyclopedia 1927 org. – $16. Radio Amateur Callbook, 1978, 1980 – $9 ea. QST 1968 to 1975 in 8 binders, like new – $9 per year. 25 Fun to Build Projects and Theory – $6.50. Solid-state Hobby Circuits plus 2 other books, all – $6. Tubes: 807 – $6; 6080 – $7; 8068 – $15; 1625/VT36 – $5. RK34 – $5. Other old tubes. Rider Radio Vol. 10, binder not orig. – $9. Superior Model TV11 tube tester – $25. Heath utility solid-state voltmeter port. – $12. AK 40 power pack less tube and cover – $25. Radio Amateur Newcomer, Jones – $3. Sams Radio Receiver Servicing Guide – $5. Pilot 3” TV with orig. Pilot lens, orig. parts, clean, untested – $265. Two small transistor style cathedral sets 4 1/2”-7 3/4”, both for – $13.50. Lot of (20) mixed tube sockets – $6.50. RCA 149000 video disc stylus cartridge, N.O.S. – $27.50. Zenith Model SS228 chassis, tubes, speaker, no cab., plays, power transf. gets warm – $35. (100) asstd. QSL cards – $12. Radio News mags with tube Saga Series, was in 22 parts, per copy – $4. Have watch case volt-amp meters – List. Kenwood KT 5500 AM-FM stereo tuner N.O.S. w/box – $40. BSR McDonald AM-FM amp tuner – $27.50. Back of radio ants or loop sticks – 75c ea. Lots of new used BW-color tube brighteners. Bundle later RCA TV and catalogs, 1970-1973, 4 1/2” bundle, all – $17. Shortwave sets: Hallicrafters S85 – $85 clean. SW500, some hum – $32.50. SR-10, needs clean up – $30. Have pair yellow Catalin vases, 6 1/2” high, both – $25. Radio solder, 1/2 lb. – $4.50. 1 pound – $6.50. Jensen PM 9” speaker and 14”x14” case – $15. UV877 protective tube – $3.50. 42BZ ballasts – $3. RCA 100-A speaker less case – $14. Have assorted radio ant. insulators. Photo flashbulbs. Type 201-A, brass base tip, open filament – $9. Type 201-A, long or short pins, check low – $7.50 ea. Have test equipment untested priced low. Will have box lots of parts, SASE list, 1,000’s of unlisted parts, tubes, paper. Pop. Mechanics, The Young Craftsman – $6. Volume Two Service Manual Seeburg Music Machines Service and Parts – $25. Rewinding Small Motors, 1932 – $6. Radio Handbook 11th, 1947 – $19. 4 What to Make and Projects, all – $15. Marconi-RCA stock certificate – $32. Hawkins Electrical Guides, (5) assorted, all – $14. RCA RC 30 tube manual – $19. Radio Databook, 1,148 pages – $18. Marcus 2nd Ed. Basic Electronics – $12. A mix of Radio News, Radiocraft, Electronics magazines, 10 for – $20. Spring wind 78 phone, motor?, no wind-up, handle – $16. 1,000’s of unlisted items, write wants, SASE. Min. parts orders $8. All plus shipping. Krantz, 100 Osage Ave., Somerdale, NJ 08083. (609) 783-0400 WANTED Amrad 3670 as shown, any condition. Also a Type E crystal set, 3500-2 and other pre-1926 Amrad sets & parts. Andrew Mooradian, 5 Priscilla Lane Winchester, Massachusetts 01890 tel. 617-729-1873 after 7 pm the British Vintage Wireless Society Do not miss this event there will be something for everyone Do not miss an opportunity to exhibit your favourite items: Radio, Television, ephemera from the earliest days right through to the transistor era will be welcomed, don't worry, security will be as tight as we can make it! proudly invites members and guests to a 'grand weekend celebration' of twenty years of the Society - The Marconi Centenary and Sixty years of High Definition Television on Saturday 21st & Sunday 22nd September 1996 at Harpenden Halls - Harpenden - Hertfordshire - England the two day programme will include: A large exhibition covering a wide range of member's interests. Each decade of wireless and television development up to and including the transistor will be represented. Archive Marconi, Marconiphone and vintage television equipment will be on display. Early receivers will be working. A traditional Harpenden 'Swapmeet' Collectors market packed with interest and opportunity to find that elusive item you have been looking for. You will find something you need at this event. A 'quality auction' (absolutely no junk) of a broad range of vintage items. Overseas visitors are invited to bring items for auction and return home with something from the UK. Lectures and simulated experimental work of Hertz, Marconi and Baird. Rare archive film and video material will be shown. Vintage amateur radio station in operation Restoration contest - 'bring and buy' and much more. Members and guests from overseas will be welcomed. It is expected that many will come as part of a holiday. Harpenden is a small country town in the County of Hertfordshire near London and well known tourist venues. Heritage tours can be organised for wives and guests who may not wish to join in wireless activities. We will find comfortable and reasonably priced accommodation for those who prefer to stay in the area on Saturday night. It will be a great occasion - put it in your diary now - Those from abroad should consult their travel agent without delay Write to Ken Tythacott the Events Manager at 21 Barrett Road, Fetcham, Surrey, KT22 9HL, England enclosing SAE, or telephone 01372 452569 for further information. FOR SALE: Large supply of power, audio, output, transformers, chokes, other parts, controls, radios, test eqpt., tube N.O.S., and pull outs. Plus more cash-carry. F. Krantz, 100 Osage Ave., Somerdale, NJ 08083. (609) 783-0400 FOR SALE: Western Electric 300 B – $250. WE 275 engraved – $150. WE 596 tweeter – BO. Telefunken VF 14 N.I.B. – $1,000. Hickok 118 tester w/cards – $225. Altec N500 xovers – $75. Pair Fairchild 255 amps – $1,000. Fairchild 412 in box – $175. Fairchild 411, very rare – BO. ESL 9” arm in box – $75. Neumann KM56 – $1,000. Mint rare WE D spec 300A amp and network – BO. WE 7-ft. rack – $200. WANTED: Fairchild 412-4 table. Fairchild SM1 or 232 cartridge. Lansing 801 driver. WE 713C driver. WE 252 tubes. Telefunken 221 mics. All Western Electric amps, speakers and tubes. Vincent Gallo, 532 LaGuardia Pl., #600, New York, NY 10012. (212) 274-0432. Fax only: (212) 274-9416 FOR SALE: Last complete set of eight mini replica radios, no longer model – $200 ppd. Herb Parsons, 5 Surrey Ln., Peabody, MA 01960. (508) 535-1009 FOR SALE: Marconi Type 31 3-tube 1924. Western Electric 7-tube superhet, 1924. E.A.C. (Electrical Appliance Co.) twin detector crystal set, 1923. H.P.R. Simplex 1 tube, Pre-broadcast, rare. Clandestine British military MK128, also MK328 radios. Hamley’s (London toy store) school boy’s 1914 Morse code station, original batteries, keys, warship picture on box – $250. Jim Taylor, G4ERU, No. 5, Luther Rd., Winton, Bournemouth, BH9 1LH England. Tel/fax: 01202-510400 FOR SALE: Television literature collection. Radio and TV books, manuals, catalogues, magazines, Radio Boys books. Large list – SASE. Bill Roff, 30131 Center Ridge, Westlake, OH 44145 FOR SALE: Reconditioned BSR turntables (70-80’s), reasonably priced. Kathy Beam, 506 Reservoir Rd., Gardners, PA 17324. (717) 677-7094 FOR SALE: 1925 Music Master loop antenna in all original condition – $400. 1925 Bodine loop antenna in all original condition – $300. Radio crystal tins, (12) all different – $400. 1920’s “Airline” tube rejuvenator in all original condition – $100. Larry Dunn, 473 Serento Cir., Thousand Oaks, CA 91360. (805) 492-7111 FOR SALE: Oscilloscope, solid-state, dual trace, DC to MHz – $149. John Kirby, 298 W. Carmel Dr., Carmel, IN 46032. (317) 843-2212 FOR SALE: Panasonic RF-4800 multiband, mint – $325. Grundig TR-307 3-band portable – $45. Zenith Royal 125 – $25. Fada 790, ivory, mint – $125. Zenith 8-tube AM & FM wood table – $45. All plus shipping. Gerald Silver, 10863 W. Clarimont Cir., Tamarac, FL 33321. (954) 720-1972 FOR SALE/TRADE: Paragon RA10, Grebe CR9. WANTED: Paragon DA2, Grebe CR13, pre-1940 Collins transmitters. Stuart Mount, K2OA, 35 Grand St., Highland, NY 12528. (914) 691-7957 FOR SALE: Scott Sheraton cabinet for Philharmonic – $350. WANTED: Scott AM-FM Phantom, Zenith 12A58. Dave Stampler, 45 High St., Stewartstown, PA 17363. (717) 993-3571 FOR SALE: Heathkit VTVM V7A plus backup kit – $45. Globe 245 dud, Belmont 6D111 repro. Rich Yoch, 22410 Bartlett Dr., Rocky River, OH 44116. (216) 331-9206 FOR SALE: General Electric Model L-321 – $40. Philco Model 46-350 – $45. RCA Model rdz-410 – $25. Plus shipping. Don Sickels, Box 174, Forestville, WI 54213. (414) 856-8651 FOR SALE: Philco 41-608 Beam of Light, dual arm, radio/phono, lights, no sound, nice cabinet – $135. Zenith 5H40 Trans-Oceanic, nice, plays well – $65. Zenith 5H40, not working – $40. Gary Nitkin, 102 Long Highway, Little Compton, RI 02837. (401) 635-2816 NEW AND USED TUBES WANTED We urgently need the following tubes. All tubes must be well known brands such as GE, RCA, Sylvania, Tung-Sol, Phillips, etc. of U.S. or W. Europe manufacture. New tubes must be in their original boxes. All tubes are subject to inspection. Ship by UPS (ground); we’ll mail a check to you upon receipt and testing at prices shown plus your shipping charges. Call or fax for buying procedures and complete bid list. Call before sending more than 10 pieces of one type of tube. NEW TUBES \| Part Number \| Price \| Quantity \| \|-------------\|-------\|----------\| \| 01A \| $9.00 \| 6F6G \| \| 1L6 \| $8.50 \| 6S5/6U5 \| \| 2A3 \| $24.00\| 6K5G \| \| 2B6 \| $6.00 \| 6KD6 \| \| 5R4GY/A/B \| $3.40 \| 6LG6C \| \| 5U4G \| $6.70 \| 6L8G \| \| 5V4G \| $4.70 \| 6LF6/6MH6\| \| 5Y3G \| $3.80 \| 6V6 \| \| 6BK4C/6EL4A \| $8.00 \| 6V6G \| \| 6CA7/EL34 \| $11.00\| 10 \| \| 6F5G \| $5.80 \| 12A \| USED TUBES \| Part Number \| Price \| Quantity \| \|-------------\|-------\|----------\| \| 01A \| $5.00 \| 10 \| \| 2A3 \| $12.00\| 12A \| \| 5AR4/GZ34 \| $6.00 \| 20LF6 \| \| 6B4G \| $6.50 \| 42(GLOBE)\| \| 6LF6/6MH6 \| $9.20 \| 45(VT-52)\| \| 6V6G \| $2.10 \| 45 \| \| \| $50 \| \| ANTIQUE ELECTRONIC SUPPLY™ LIMITED PARTNERSHIP 8221 S. MAPLE AVE. • TEMPE, AZ 85283 • (802) 820-5411 • FAX (802) 820-4843 or (800) 708-8789 WANTED: Extension cords for Atwater Kiel table. Control panel for same. Jack Ghere, 1753 Community Beach Rd., Odin, IL 62870. (618) 532-5548 WANTED: Fisher AM-FM stereo receiver Model #RS-913A, working or not. Matt Kachmarchi, RD2, Box 150, Cherry Tree, PA 15724. (814) 948-7526 WANTED: Scott, McMurdo Silver, World's Record radios. Call before Rochester for cash offer. Mike Greene, 19113 Alpenglow Ln., Brookeville, MD 20833. (301) 774-3203 WANTED: Atwater Kent breadboard 2-stage TA amplifier unit, also 3-stage TA detector amplifier unit. Pat Stewart, W7GVC, 1404 Ruth Ave., Walla Walla, WA 99362-3558 WANTED: Schematic for Radiola AR-812. John Golden, 245 DiMarco Dr., Philadelphia, PA 19154. (215) 632-0955 WANTED: Crystal sets, collection now at (378) pieces; seeking more. Erwin Macho, Ambrosweg 17/A/8, A-1230 Vienna, Austria WANTED: 6 1/2 in. speaker for Zenith 5S127, 49-143AB, 2150 ohms. Steve Ralston, PO Box 427, Lyons, CO 80540. (303) 823-6982 WANTED: Sony TR63, any condition. Thank you. Bob Furtado, 23 Garden Rd., Alameda, CA 94502. (510) 521-3084 WANTED: Atwater Kent Type 11 tuner, as used on breadboard types 5, 8 and 9, complete. Also: a complete main tuning dial for my National SW-3 and the general coverage coils sets 38, 39, 40, 41 and 42 (tuning range: 500 to 3,000 meters) for this receiver. Has somebody a Telefunken receiver Type 32 or 32-A for sale or trade? Call, write or fax anytime: Guy Kueng, PO Box 8, CH-1211 Geneva-28, Switzerland. 011-4122-796-5848 WANTED: Sony Model TFM-1000 WB. AM, FM, medium and shortwave portable. Bill Caldwell, 7785 Turlock Rd., Springfield, VA 22153. (703) 455-1610 WANTED: Chassis for RCA 342, AK 246. Cabinet for AK 308; AK 66 console case and phonograph chassis. Thomas A. Foral, 38 Summer Hill Rd., Apt. #58, Middletown, CT 06457. (860) 347-5890. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Tubes. RCA 250, Sylvania 210, Globe 210, WE 205D. Hideo Mitsui, Soehi 8340, Sanada-machi, Nagano-ken 386-22, Japan. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Dial pointers for Sparton Model 1167. Uses station pointer and sweep pointer. Gilbert Smith, 248 S. 36th St., San Diego, CA 92113. (619) 236-7990. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Amphenol phenolic tube-type plugs, sockets, and snap-on shells. Also buy & sell tubes. Send SASE for list $ and late additions. Fred Schmidt, N4TT, Typetronics, PO Box 8873, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33310-8873. (954) 583-1340 WANTED: Paying up to $300, Midge BR-760; Haltone/Toptone AR-610; Zephyr AR-630; Standard SR-F23. David Mednick, 25 Jefferson St., #7B, Hackensack, NJ 07601-5038. (201) 457-0802 WANTED: German friend looking for Westrex or Tefi sound tape cassettes, literature & players. Robert Lozier, 600 E. Green St., Monroe, NC 28112. (704) 283-2638 WANTED: Fada Catalin radios. Help! My entire collection spontaneously combusted during an interview with the "Enquirer." Replenish and repent ye sinners. Please write or call collect: Rain Buttignol, 214 State St, #7, Portsmouth, NH 03801. (603) 427-1384 WANTED: Morris coil winder, Hallicrafters Model S-29 Sky Traveler, Hallicrafters Model S-33 Sky Trainer. Hallicrafters Model S-39 Sky Ranger. Model All Star. Model All Star Jr. Len Bourquin, 67 Stafford Ave., Newington, CT 06111. (860) 666-9771 FAX NUMBER FOR ANTIQUE RADIO CLASSIFIED (508) 371-7129 – 24 hours a day Ads – Subscriptions – Book Orders See inside front cover for details WANTED: Webcor price lists 1956 and 1957, and service agency listing for ~$2. Gary Stork, 37530 E. Meadowhill, Northville, MI 48167. (810) 478-0990 WANTED: ARC R-11, R-23, R-148, BC-453, any condition; 85 kHz IF transformers; unused 5AP1 CRT’s, magnal sockets. I have one R-19 for trade. Bruno R. Ruchalski, PO Box 2153, Clifton, NJ 07015 WANTED: AN/APA-6, AN/APA-11, AN/ARQ-4, AN/ARQ-5 receivers; also manuals and/or schematics for all. John A. Benyo, 25 Schley St., Garfield, NJ 07026 WANTED: Peter Pan tombstone radios. Johnny Johnson, 7075 W. 32nd Ave., Wheat Ridge, CO 80033. (303) 274-5474 WANTED: Zenith Trans-Oceanic parts sets for 3000-1 and 7000. Jim Montague, 1907 South Stanley Ln., Spokane, WA 99212. (509) 535-9576 WANTED: Following 800 Series tubes: 825 (RCA), 827R, 839, 848, 853, 854, 855, 856, 859, 870, 875, 881, 887, 888, 891, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899. John H. Walker, Jr., 16112 W. 125th St., Olathe, KS 66062. (913) 782-6455 WANTED: Panasonic RF-9000 oversized portable. Daryl Jorud, Rt#1, Box 180, Battle Lake, MN 56515. (218) 864-5725 FOR SALE: Hickok signal gen. 615. Hickok color bar gen. 246. Photofacts 1-1709. Tubes, parts. Ann Bichanich (Jay's), 15 1/2 W. Lake St., Chisholm, MN 55719. (218) 254-4421 FOR SALE: (16) N.I.B.-N.O.S. 3B24WA Raytheon tubes, sell as lot for ~$135 ppd. Ray Schmidt, 607 1 Ave. SW, Austin, MN 55912. (507) 433-0069. (507) 433-3250 FOR SALE: Sams (AR) Series No. 22 thru 321. Also many HTP, TR, MHF and TSM – $3 ea. on AR; $2 ea. for others. Plus shipping. Jesse Armstrong, 220 Oakdale, Pasadena, TX 77506. (713) 473-8925 FOR SALE: RCA standard 6-tube catacomb – $25. Tube manuals: RCA, '61, '70, GE – $10 ea. David Gonshor, 7121 S. Jellison St., Littleton, CO 80123. (303) 979-9511 FOR SALE: RCA pocket transistor 1TP2, N.I.B. – $40. RCA AM clock radio RZD404Y, N.I.B. – $25. Victoreen radiation detectors. Mike Gumino, PO Box 562, Cranbury, NJ 08512. (609) 490-2465. E-mail: gumino@firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Radio lid paperwork for Windsor Radio Corp.; instructions for ground, operation, etc. – $45. Darrell W. Combs, 6587 Pacheco Way, Citrus Heights, CA 95610. (916) 969-0635 FOR SALE: Transistor radios: Panasonic R-1038 – $6; Omega Gem 2016 – $10; Sony 6R-33 – $20. Plus UPS. Louis J. Philipp, 502 Greenwich Ave., Paulsboro, NJ 08066. (609) 423-4306 FOR SALE: Regency UHF converter Model RC53 brown plastic cube shape, nice – $12. RCA chest-type 4-tube battery Model 54C6, untested – $15. 4TR 3" reel tape recorder, red & white, Japanese – $12. Channel Master transistor radio Model 6514, 1960, Japanese, AM-marine – $18. Robert Parke, 504 Essex St., Gloucester City, NJ 08030-1015. (609) 742-8221 FOR SALE: Emerson Patriot, blue, mint! Emerson EP 375, red, nice! GE H500 – $280. Trueitone Stratoscope beetle, rare – $320. Northern Electric 5000, mint – $125. Fada 845 – $280. New photo catalog – $1 + LSASE, 2 stamps. Bob Masterson, Box 172, Valley Cottage, NY 10989. (914) 353-3151 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters SX101A with manual, excellent working and physical condition – $200 + UPS. Phil Guinan, 106 Page Rd., Litchfield, NH 03052. (603) 889-6213 FOR SALE: Rider’s (National Union) Vols. 3, 4 – $25 ea. Philco #48-1253 table radio/auto phone – $15. Telex 50’s blond coin-op radio with speaker recapped – $60. RCA #45-EY-2 record player – $25. 1929 Apex #42 metal box radio with speaker, recapped, beautiful – $80. Kolster #K-42 chassis only – $25. Plus shipping charges on all. WANTED: Majestic Mod 906 Park Ave. or 886 Riviera consoles, restorable or parts. Karl Doerflinger, 52 Interlocken Rd., East Providence, RI 02914. (401) 434-1116 FOR SALE: Arvin 444 white metal – $55. Philco 53-706 lamp-radio – $75. Majestic 50 tombstone – $200. Zenith D6516 Deco Bakelite with SW – $100. Nordmende Condor transistor portable, 1963 – $15. WANTED: JVC pyramid TV 3100D. AK 185 tombstone. CBS-Columbia 5110 small plastic tube portable. Panasonic flying saucer TV TR-005. Emerson 744. Silvertone 6110 vacuum cleaner. John Okolowicz, 624 Cedar Hill Rd., Ambler, PA 19002. (215) 542-1597. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: McElroy biography includes all Mac Keys, illustrated, 150 pages softcover – $21.95 ppd U.S.A. Antifax Books, Box 88-A, Maynard, MA 01754 FOR SALE/TRADE: Guild telephone radio in excellent working condition – $75 plus shipping. Paul Fulton, 711 Jacquelyn Rd., Westwood, NJ 07675. (201) 664-5260 FOR SALE: N.I.B. tubes: 6JE6C’s – $23; 6BK4C’s – $8; 6EU7’s – $7; 807’s – $8. HELP: Need knob for Crosley bullseye (navy blue). Bill Jewell, 3800 Ridgehaven Rd., Fort Worth, TX 76116. (817) 777-8791 FOR SALE: Information to choose or build better parts for crystal sets, old or new. Send SASE for six report abstracts and order form. Crys Tech, c/o P.A. Kinzie, PO Box 6805, Kingman, AZ 86402 FOR SALE: Clear plastic dial covers for AK 145, 206, 735, 337, 545, Belmont 6D111, Emerson 375, 400, 520, AU190, Hallicrafters S38, S39, National 240D, Northern Electric B5000, and hundreds of others or can make you one – $15 ea. ppd. Doyle Roberts, HC63, Box 236-1, Clinton, AR 72031. (501) 745-6690 WANTED: Chrome-plated amplifier, 8 to 10 tubes with Jones plug on the side in any condition. If you have this amp or know of its possible location, please contact me. John T. Meredith, 2462 Stantonburg Rd., Suite 152, Greenville, NC 27834. (919) 551-1882 WANTED: Braun stereo speakers L-45 or L-46. Also Braun radios and hi-fi equipment. Daryl Jorud, R#1, Box 180, Battle Lake, MN 56515. (218) 864-5725 WANTED: 1. Hallicrafters Model SX42. 2. Majestic speaker Model #20. Gilbert Simpson, 18 Beechwood Dr., Ansonia, CT 06407. (203) 734-4085 WANTED: Zenith 6R886 radio-phonograph turntable assembly (see G.O.R. 1st ed., p. 106). Also willing to buy junker for above parts. Neal Simpson, 27-1 Queen Rd., Lambertville, NJ 08530. (609) 397-3346 WANTED: Audio and RF probes for Eico 147A signal tracer. Louis L. D’Antuono, 8802 Ridge Blvd., Brooklyn, NY 11209. (718) 748-9612, after 6 pm WANTED: Electricity! Crooke’s and Geissler tubes, Wimshurst and Holtz static electric machine. Louie Scribner, 1415 West Leigh Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22901. (804) 977-5521. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Catalin, beetle, Plaskon, colorful plastics, Deco - cracked or perfect. Transistors. No stupid ads, just no nonsense buying! Bob Masterson, Box 172, Valley Cottage, NY 10989. (914) 353-3151 WANTED: Complete chassis or the bandswitch for a Detrola Model 106 five-tube AC wood table radio. Can be a junker but it must have the bandswitch and wiring intact. I also need the original S meter with the plastic cover from a Lafayette Constat 25A CB radio or any other model that used this 1 mA meter. Call me with what you have. Need matching knobs and speaker R-46 for Hallicrafters S-76 and speaker for SX25 and one for a National 173. Alan Deplae, 28648 Floral, Roseville, MI 48066. (810) 776-7870 WANTED: TV-7 tube tester in good condition. Vincent Cormier, 6096 Pine Hill Dr., Kountze, TX 77625. (409) 246-4318 WANTED: Receiver Squires Sanders SS1BS, SS1RS; Rohde Schwarz, EK7. Harry Weber, 4845 W. 107th St., Oak Lawn, IL 60453-5252 WANTED: Pictured 1960-61 Magnavox stereo consoles, any Magnavox sales display, literature, 1937-61. Larry Boysen, 1469-16th Ave., San Francisco, CA 94122. (415) 681-8352 WANTED: VW Beetle radio (Breed, 19 or 20). Also Lloyd’s hipster, reasonable. John Gardner, 270 N. Main St., W. Hartford, CT 06117. (860) 523-4145 WANTED: Cabinet for Grebe MU-1, also accessory battery box for the MU-1. Henry Rogers, PO Box 511, Virginia City, NV 89440. (702) 847-9047 WANTED: N.I.B.: 845 – $150; WE 252A – $800; WE 205D – $200; WE 275A – $100; WE 300A/B – $400. Used: half. Ming Yang, 1995 University Ave., #119, Berkeley, CA 94704. (510) 376-4220 WANTED: Industrial/Special purpose tube manuals or pamphlets. Also any odd or unusual tube types. Will pay $100 for Einmac 500T tube. John H. Walker, Jr., 16112 W. 125th St., Olathe, KS 66062. (913) 782-6455 WANTED: Dial glass for Philco 39-40 or similar. Will consider one broken in two. R. Rowland, 4211 Woodland Ave., #202, Drexel Hill, PA 19026-3926. (610) 623-6141 WANTED: Wood radios with metal grilles or trim. Can pick-up at Elgin/Rochester. Jay Malkin, 1250 Galapago, #206, Denver, CO 80204. (303) 623-6451 WANTED: Emerson Catalin radios. Nobody pays more than I. What an arrogant and inaccurate thing to say. I mean, like there isn’t anyone wealthy enough, dumb enough, desperate enough – or any combination of the three – to pay even a dollar more than I would pay. I mean, c’mon, who am I trying to kid? Please write or call collect: Rain Buttignol, 214 State St., #7, Portsmouth, NH 03801. (603) 427-1384 WANTED: Mitchells: Mitchell, Mitchell brand radios/appliances. Still need many, many models! (But not bedlamp or tall clock radios.) Appreciatively, Lee Mitchell, The Mitchell Collector, 175 E. Delaware, 8209, Chicago, IL 60611. (800) 869-7869 E-MAIL ADDRESS FOR ANTIQUE RADIO CLASSIFIED email@example.com Ads – Subscriptions – Book Orders See inside front cover for details WANTED: For cash or trade: Transistors (the components, not radios) from the early 1950’s. Andrew Wylie, 21 Brancaster Ln., Purley, Surrey CR8 1HJ, England WANTED: Harvey Wells R-9 receiver, chassis or junker for GE console Model E-155. Bob Nickels, 1444 S. Rotzler Ave., Freeport, IL 61032. (815) 232-7142. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Pair of JBL 075 tweeters and/or N7000 crossovers 8- or 16-ohm. Kurt Hirsch, 640 N. Galen Dr., La Habra, CA 90631. (310) 697-4989 WANTED: Radio Boys book, Air Patrol by Breckenridge. Jeff Hoskins, 824 E. Madison Ave., Stuart, FL 34996. (561) 283-2291, after 7 pm WANTED: Sony TR-817 and TR-8. Pay cash or trade with British sets. Enrico Tedeschi, 54 Easthill Dr., Brighton, BN41 2FD, United Kingdom. Tel/fax: +(0)1273 410749 WANTED: Antique and novelty tube and transistor radios. We buy complete collections or quality individual pieces. Also radio-related vacuum tubes, parts, literature, magazines, advertising, and test equipment. Call or send list. Radio Daze, John & Kathy Slusser, PO Box 144, Mendon, NY 14506. (716) 624-9755 FOR SALE: Marlboro tube novelty radio, nice (see Bunis 3) – $495. Rod Galloway, 2220 Woodbury Rd., Melbourne, FL 32935. (407) 254-0280, no ans. machine FOR SALE: Tektronix R561B oscilloscope with 3A6 dual trace amplifier and 3B4 time base, includes complete documentation and product updates from manufacturer, as well as two sets of Pomona scope probes, rack mount chassis, excellent condition – $150 plus 45 lbs. shipping. Jon Penrose, 225A West Main St., Palmyra, PA 17078. (717) 838-2163, after 3 pm. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Edison R6 – $300. Radiola IIIA console WT – $275. Pickup only. Philco 70 chassis – $50. 90 console speaker – $30. Includes shipping. Steven Thompson, 504 Cardell Cir., Mableton, GA 30059. (770) 819-1743 FOR SALE: Standard radio collection. Over (30) Standard radios including miniature tube types, all sizes of the quality multiband portables, pocket sets, and (11) different Micros. All radios are cleaned, polished and in working order including all the Micros! Some sets as new in original boxes with papers. Will not separate!! $2,500. Send SASE for detailed list. Can deliver to Elgin. Karl E. Ayer, N9PXE, PO Box 665, Thiensville, WI 53092. (414) 242-0571 FOR SALE: Spectacular unique Sparton table model with pearlescent inlay of dragons & flowers on black background. Taking bids till September 1st. Silvertone beetle set (Machine Age, p. 178) – $200. Emerson USA brown – $300. Dancing Ladies Stewart-Warner speaker – $400. Bendix Catalin – $450. Will trade for old electric brass blade & brass cage fans & porcelain toasters. Also want light bulbs with figures inside (Popeye, Nipper Dog, Reddy Kilowatt, etc.). Photos – $2 ea. Rick Padrón, 1005 E. Idlewild Ave., Tampa, FL 33604. (813) 238-8535 FOR SALE: Sylvania booklets: radio, tube, equipment service hints – $5/4. Sylvania News 39-42, approx. 2 lbs. – $6. Motorola service manuals from ’50’s, 3 lbs. – $2. Sylvania TV service literature from ‘50’s – $2. Mallory Yaxdey radio service encyclopedia 3rd edition – $5. RCA Radiotron data book 1921-1929 (tube layout) – $8. The Rider Chanalyst, an explanation – $4. RCA service notes for Radiolas 17, 18, 21 & 22, 30, 30A, 32, 33, 41, 44 & 46, 47, 48, 64, 80, 82, Superette, and Uni-Rection – $5 ea. Westinghouse Radio and TV service notes ’50’s – $2. Riders index I to VIII or I to IX – $8. RCA service notes ’50-’57, 5 lbs. – $4. RCA RC 15, cover grungy – $5. Emerson 522, no knobs, crack on bottom – $8. Dahlberg hospital coin-op, pillow speaker, crack on top – $33. Hallicrafters 5R10A, needs work – $23. Channel Master 6505, crack on top front, works – $8; 6528A – $9. Autovox Transmobil 2 pull-out car/portable transistor, slight melt damage on side – $35. Panasonic R-70 blue, not working – $6. Philco 7050 tube tester, untested – $35. Supreme Master B, Valley B power units – $20 ea. Motorola Auto Radio dealer catalogs ’36, ’37, ’38, ’41, ’46, ’47 and ’37, ’42, ’50 home radio, one police radio – $7 ea. Setup book for Sencore TC162 and TC28 – $7. All plus shipping. Michael Crain, 3 Hillside Ave., Harveys Lake, PA 18618-9782. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: 6L6WGB/5881 JAN Phillips N.O.S. – $16 ea. (4) Genelec Gold Lion KT88’s in G.L. boxes test new – $150 ea. (2) N.O.S. Centurian KT66’s – $75 ea. (65) Fender Reverb unit – BO. 59 Bassman – BO. Radiola 46, exc – BO. Peter F. DeGregorio, 45 Moritz Pl., Fairfield, CT 06430-3527. (203) 331-9155 FOR SALE: Tubes, radio, TV, 40’s thru 50’s, SASE for list. Lee C. Dickinson, 401-3 Talcottville Rd., Vernon, CT 06066 FOR SALE: Crosley cathedrals: #124 – $300 ea. Deliver Elgin. LSA2SE, list. Ripley, Box 9374, N. St. Paul, MN 55109. (612) 777-6791 Craig L. Graybar Furniture Works Ltd. (414) 258-2390 SPECIALISTS IN RESTORING, REPAIRING AND REPRODUCING CLASSIC STYLED ANTIQUE TV, RADIO & PHONOGRAPH CABINETS Send us your plans or your project via UPS for immediate price quotes 1535 S. 84th St. West Allis, WI 53214 “We Turn Ideas Into Heirlooms” Radio Restoration Parts Vacuum Tube Repair Wafers These tube repair wafers are solid-state devices for quick and easy repair of early vacuum tubes. The wafer is installed by simply sliding it over the tube pins and reinserting the tube into its socket. If the filament is intact, but there is little or no emission, the filament may be lit for best visual effect. However, the tube can be open filament. No change in radio operating voltages is required. Any number of tubes may be repaired in a radio. If wafers are installed on all tubes, the B+ voltage may usually be reduced without sacrificing volume or sensitivity. Performance will vary between radio models. $16.00/each ($7.50/ea. 3 or more) New Atwater Kent Breadboard Switch Exact replacement for Models: 9 • 9C • 10 • 10A • 10B • 10C • 12 and all additional models with board mounted switch. Newly manufactured under high pressure heat from the same type brown thermoset resin used in the original. Beryllium copper spring contacts are used for long, trouble-free life. Custom built knurl is used to exactly reproduce the original. $50.00/each Active Antenna Allows antique radios which were designed for a long wire outdoor antenna to operate on a 42" indoor whip antenna. Portable, operates from a 9 volt battery. Only $34.95 Order from: PTI, 7925 Mabelvale Cutoff, Mabelvale, AR 72103 Orders shipped UPS, prepaid in continental U.S. Please allow 3 weeks for delivery. Arkansas residents add 5.5% sales tax. To Order: Call (501) 568-1995 FOR SALE: Gray 601 equalizer for GE cartridge – $45. WANTED: Shure microphone 556 and 55. Marcel Vallee, 703 Boul. Saint-Germain, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada G5L 3S6 FOR SALE: Hammarlund HQ 110. WANTED: National NC 109. Hoover Noonan, Rt. 1, Box 187, Pineland, SC 29934. (803) 726-5762 FOR SALE: Detrola Pee Wee chassis and knobs, have 2 – $135 ea. Arvin transistor radios, 61 R 58, 65 R 58, like new – $25 ea. Book: Practical Telephone Handbook, 1902, Baldwin, hc – $35. Avon SOS – $35. Sideli books – $45 ea. Thanks. Del Tysdal, Rt. 1, Box 157, Glyndon, MN 56547. (218) 287-2562 FOR SALE/TRADE: Dyna ST70 and PAS2 – $500. Scott 340B – $250. Pair 99B’s – $250. Lk-48-B – $200. Peter F. DeGregorio, 45 Moritz Pl., Fairfield, CT 06430-3504. (203) 331-9155 FOR SALE: Heathkit, A Guide To Amateur Radio Products by Chuck Penson – $16 ppd. Ken Greenberg, 4858 Lee, Skokie, IL 60077. (847) 679-8641 FOR SALE: Knight-kit Span Master 4 band receiver, excellent, with manual – $45 ppd U.S.A. Ralph Michelson, 4538 Golfview Dr., Brighton, MI 48116. (810) 229-8339 FOR SALE: Fisher K-10 Spacexpander – $60. Garrard RC80 with 2 headsHELLS, new belts – $40. Aaron Krueger, 3719 Woodland Ridge Rd., Wausau, WI 54403. (715) 675-6674 FOR SALE/TRADE: Realistic DX-440, unused – $130. Many European AM/FM/SW tube radios. Call: Nisar Ahmad, 34 Saccheri Ct., Staten Island, NY 10308. (718) 966-9018, evenings FOR SALE: Radios, audio, ham, medical, catalogs, handbooks, calculators. List – $1 and SASE. Joseph Bedloviies, PO Box 139, Stratford, CT 06497 FOR SALE: Possibly one of the rarest SW radios of its time, 1932, in beautiful mint condition walnut table cabinet. This ICA Conqueror, 5 tubes, has a complete unusual set of plug-in coils, power supply with meter, was written up in the May 1985 edition of Antique Radio Classified. Comes with a blue ribbon award. Les Rayner, 5512 N. 71st Pl., Scottsdale, AZ 85253. (602) 947-1375 FOR SALE: Pilot TV-271, WT – $20 OBO; Eico 425 scope, WT – $15; Hawkins Electrical Guides, 1-10 complete, 2nd edition – $60. Hawkins Electrical Dictionary, 1931 – $3; Radio Operating Questions & Answers, Hornung, 7th edition – $6; 10th edition – $5; 11th edition – $4; Radio Operator’s Q&A Manual, Kaufman, 6th edition – $4; Fundamentals of Industrial Electronic Circuits, Richter, 1st edition – $8; 1926-1938 Radio Diagrams, Beitman, 1964 – $15. Jerry Nutter, Audio Carpaeotorium, 111-32 112th St., Jamaica, NY 11420-1026. (718) 835-1132. E-mail: 70724, 1254 (CIS) FOR SALE: DX302 general coverage rcvr from .01 to 30 MHz – $115. Allied 2515 general coverage rcvr from .015 to 30 MHz – $90. Phillips portable Model L4X05T 3 SW and 1 MW band – $125. Zenith Royal Model R94 FM, (2) weather marine and amateur, standard broadcast and SW broadcast – $85. Silvertone Model 7031A, wood BC and SW – $75. Nordmende Kadette C, BC, FM, 2 SW bands – $85. Also have several Sams Photofacts reasonably priced. SASE for info. Bill Gerk, 8061 U.S. Hwy. 49 N., Hattiesburg, MS 39402. (601) 268-6059 FOR SALE: Dynaco ST-70, exc orig. cond. – $275. Pair N.O.S. Yamaha horns – $50. (7) Yamaha PA crossovers – $75. Prices plus UPS. Bob Burleson, 228 Monroe St., 1-N, Hoboken, NJ 07030. (201) 795-9565 FOR SALE: 1937 Zenith, 20-page, part color full line catalog, shows all three Stratospheres. Bob Babinowski, 1524 Saint Tropaz, Tucson, AZ 85713. (520) 624-8029 FOR SALE: Radios, 30’s thru 50’s, SASE for list. Sam Giansante, 4255 West Ave. Rd., Elba, NY 14058 FOR SALE: (250) globe tubes, late 1920’s. (600) ST tubes late 1930’s. All test good. Herman Fothe, 5292 Tiffany Ann, West Palm Beach, FL 33417. (561) 688-2794 FOR SALE: Telefunken Allegro 1962 FM stereo, blond, impeccable condition. Herman Weber, 119 Saturn Rd., Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9C 2S8. (416) 963-4900, eves. or leave message FOR SALE: N.I.B. (45) 12AX7 tubes, lot sale – $200. (50) 12AU7A’s – $100. Rudy Hecker, 127 Weymouth Ct., Schaumburg, IL 60193. (847) 529-3560. E-mail: email@example.com OLD TIME RADIO BROADCASTS ON CASSETTES Many of your old time radio favorites are available on quality cassettes at a reasonable cost. You select the shows you want and purchase them by the hour. Fast, friendly service too. Send for our catalog listing over 5,400 shows arranged by show category & title, many including original broadcast dates. Only $2.00 (P & H). Send request to: ERSTWHILE RADIO — P.O. BOX 2284 PEABODY, MA 01960 WANTED: Books: Digital Computer Electronics by Malvino, 1977; Microcomputer Design by Donald Martin, 1976. Dave Dameron, KG6BP, 819 Boundary Pl., Manhattan Beach, CA 90266-6621. (310) 318-5311 WANTED: Trans-O junker, lid or latch. Info/chassis for unusual radio rental service coin-op chairside. Thanks. Larry Kellough, PO Box 849, Canton, CT 06019-0849. (860) 693-8269 WANTED: McMurdo Silver Model 801 & 802 coils & power supply. Dan Mason, R. Rt. 1, Box 204F, Santa FE, NM 87501. (505) 455-3416 WANTED: Tuning or bandspread knob for Hallicrafters SX-99. Will buy junk set. Carl R. Shirley, 824 Fairwood Dr., Columbia, SC 29209. (803) 776-6850 WANTED: Audiola 610 cathedral, N.I.B. 6T5 tube, Zenith Model 410 console cabinet. Bill Schultz, 713 Donet Ct. NE, Rio Rancho, NM 87124. (505) 867-8178 WANTED: Silvertone radios with model or chassis numbers starting with 109. Detrola grandfather clock, chairside, FM, TV, Super Pee Wee chassis, advertising. Dennis Smith, KN8H, Box 113, Trenton, MI 48183. (313) 675-5847 WANTED: Atwater Kent breadboard Type 11 tuner with tag in good condition, offering $375. John Koop, 48 Wheelbarrow Ln., Wantagh, NY 11793. (516) 731-6711, machine WANTED: Panasonic RF-2200 receiver. Automatic record changer DUAL 1229. Larry Chandler, 2806 Middleton Cir., Kissimmee, FL 34743. (407) 344-0777 WANTED: Some basket case cathedrals and fancy tombstones. I like to restore difficult wrecks. Bob Warren, PO Box 279, Waverly, PA 18471. (717) 587-2405 WANTED: Van Horne and Lord Baltimore tube boxes. Larry Daniel, 706 Pearson Rd., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433. (513) 754-1567 WANTED: Zenith console 12A58, 12U159, or 15U270. Mark Hewitt, 6659 Tipperary Tr., Roscoe, IL 61073. (815) 623-8729 WANTED: Triplet 3444A or Hickok tube tester Mac/Marantz amplifiers, record cutting equipment, Fairchild, Westrex, etc. Kim Gutzke, 7134 15th Ave. S, Minneapolis, MN 55423. (612) 869-4963 WANTED: Eveready radios, speakers. Flashlights, flashlight catalogs, related items. Subscribe Flashlight Newsletter – $12 year. Bill Utley, PO Box 4095, Tustin, CA 92781. (714) 730-1252 WANTED: Mini tube, hybrids and goofy pocket crystal radios like Pee Wee and Rocket. Mike Brooks, 7335 Skyline, Oakland, CA 94611 WANTED: (3) wire line cord with 155-ohm ballast. International Kadette Mod A or B junker chassis with all coils & transformers. Philco Mod 84 1st IF transformer with osc coil. FOR SALE: (2) Claricon mono O.R. tape recorders – $12.50 ea. Sony TC 464 stereo recorder – $25. Magnecord F35B tape deck – $10. Wilcox-Gay tape recorder – $17.50. (2) Telephone ringing magnets – $7.50. All plus shipping. Harold D. Wright, RR1 Box 259, Chancellor, AL 36316-9749. (334) 347-0393 WANTED: 1955-57 Allied Radio catalogs. Gary Gordon, 21112 Bank Mill Rd., Saratoga, CA 95070. (415) 857-4958 WANTED: Manual or schematic for Navy RBH receiver made by National. Steve Finelli, 37 Stonecroft Dr., Easton, PA 18045. (610) 252-8211 WANTED: Philco wood table radios 1937-1942, will pay top price for quality radios. Donn Frederick, 8402 Hwy. 30 SE, Chatfield, MN 55923. (507) 867-4868 WANTED: Zenith black dial console in any condition, pre-1942, can pick up at Elgin. Scott Headley, 567 Traverse Dr., Costa Mesa, CA 92626. (714) 662-3497 The “Radio Collector” Video Writer-producer Mike Adams and the Perham Foundation Electronics Museum are pleased to present the original, best-selling PBS series, “Radio Collector”. Nominated for an Emmy, Best Information Series, “Radio Collector” is now available complete and uncut. All five half hour shows have been newly duplicated from the original broadcast masters. Order the Popular VHS Videotape “Radio Collector” Directly From the Perham Foundation! You’ll meet dozens of collectors and experts, see hundreds of radios made between 1900 and 1960, plus you’ll learn about radio restoration! Send $29.95 plus $3.00 S&H to: Perham Foundation, 101 First Street, Suite 394, Los Altas, CA 94022 For more information, call us at 408-734-4453 Proceeds support construction of our new museum! FOR SALE: Needles for all phonographs, old or recent, over 5,000 needles. RCA audio tapes 5"x7". Send LSASE for list. J.J. Papovich, 53 Magnolia Ave., Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 582-8279 FOR SALE: Belknap, rare Southern-produced console, good, very restorable; set is at Cumberland Gap. Dave Oslin, 1635 Olivewood, Lakewood, OH 44107. (216) 226-8018 FOR SALE: Crystal radio kits, complete with face panel and baseboard, 365 variable capacitor, large prewound coil, and many other parts for an old style crystal radio, remit – $19.50. Carl & Grace Ent., 5636 Romeyn, Detroit, MI 48209 FOR SALE/TRADE: Television collection: Philco Predicta 21" barber pole, blonde. Predicta 17" Princess, black w/original stand. Predicta 17" Princess, red w/ original stand. Admiral 10" Bakelite console. $2,100 for all or consider trade for Catalin(s). Jim Meehan, PO Box 102, Centerbrook, CT 06409. (860) 526-1762 FOR SALE: Reproduction Philco 37-62 dial – $15. Crosley 5-50 (ETC) paper dial scale – $2/3. Radiola III shuckmount – $2/2. Postpaid. Bill Turner, WAØABI, 1117 Pike St., St. Charles, MO 63301. (314) 925-1307 FOR SALE: Zenith 5-J-217 cube, nicely refinished, works – $100. Radiola III – $75. Radiola 60 – $80. Radiola 17 – $60. Radiola 25 parts set – $25. Air Castle, same as Marconi 180 (E.O.R. 2, p. 129) – $70. Gary Watkins, 8006 Greenwald, Belton, MO 64012. (816) 322-0773 FOR SALE: Rare RCA promo, 1960's, 5-piece Disneykin set, RCA logos inside and outside of 11x9x2.5 cm box, mint cond. in exc box – $150. Dave Davies, 701 W. Albee Rd., Nokomis, FL 34275 FOR SALE/TRADE: Kiel table, nice all original, will ship – BO. Kelly Nichols, RD 1, Box 103K, Greenwood, DE 19950. (302) 349-5059 FOR SALE: RCA Radiola 18 with RCA 100A speaker and extras – $175 or BO. Jim Ellis, PO Box 822, Rochester, MN 55903. (507) 288-1201 FOR SALE: Many novelty, transistor radios made in Japan from the 1960's. Most radios new in box. Free list SASE. Bill Hyde, 34 Cerrado Loop, Santa FE, NM 87505. (505) 466-6613 FOR SALE: Reproduction lid tags for Crosley 51 Series, can provide serial # – $5 ppd. Bob Jensen, 420 Grand Ave., Alliance, NE 69301. (308) 762-7391 FOR SALE: Shortwave portable radios, all transistors. Philips Transword Deluxe, exc – $400; Philips D-299, rare, exc – $300; Grundig Automatic 1005, exc – $200; Grundig Yacht-Boy 310, M.I.B. – $250; Schaub-Lorenz Overseas, exc – $200; Blaupunkt Derby, exc – $200. Sony CRF-5100, exc – $250; Sony Air-8, N.I.B. – $175; Zenith T-O Royal 1000, N.I.B. – $350; Royal 1000D, near mint – $250. Or all (10) for – $2,000. Plus shipping. Ed Kalpa, 4622 Melbourne Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90027. (213) 661-1221 FOR SALE: N.O.S. tubes: RCA 6BA7, GE 6BF5, Philips 5749W/6BA6, Philips 5814A/12AU7A, GE 6AV6, Philips 6CB6A, Philips 6BN8 – $2 ea. GE 6146W – $15 ea. 0Z4A, 3B4, 3Q4, 6BD6, 6BH6 6EH7, 6ES8, 6EZ8, 6SA7, 6SH7, 6SQ7, 6X5, 6Z4, 7C7, 7N7, 7S7, 7V7, IV, 39/44, 12BE6, 12H6, 12SN7, 26A6, 28D7, 35W4, 50B5 – $2 ea. RCA 7213 – $75. Eimac 4CX300A – $65. Eimac 4CX 1000A – $250. RCA 8596 – $45. Frank Krize III, K5SVC, Rt. 2 Box 423, Natchez, MS 39120. (601) 442-0973. Fax: (601) 445-5165 FOR SALE: Very Deco Bakelite Miracle Airline Model 62-228 with red, tuning eye – $85. R. Burick, 274 14th St., #1, Ambridge, PA 15003. (412) 266-4516 FOR SALE: Mercury Model 204 drugstore type tube tester – $100 plus shipping. Elbert Marshall, Rt. 2, Box 239, Hillsville, VA 24343. (540) 398-2283 — 14th Annual — ANTIQUE RADIO SWAP MEET Sunday, August 18, 1996 Seattle, Washington 9 AM to 1 PM Shoreline Museum Parking Lot N. 175th & Linden Avenue, North Seattle (one mile west of Interstate 5, Exit 176) Tune in to the largest vintage radio event in the Northwest, featuring tons of radios and related gear. • Buy • Sell • Trade • • Free Admission To All • Sponsored by: Puget Sound Antique Radio Association P. O. Box 125, Snohomish, WA 98291 (360) 568-2698 WANTED: German, Italian, Japanese military radio equip. from WWII. Accessories, telegraph keys, headsets, manuals, any condition. Buy or will trade WWI. German field portable spark transmitter, Martin 1904 Autoplex key for equivalent value. Also interested in some types U.S. military mobile before 1950. Available NBS1 (Gov't. NC 183), HRO 50, HQ 110, Gonset G76, Lafayette HA600. Thank you! Hue Miller, 250 S. 900, E., #4C, Salt Lake City, UT 84102 WANTED: Silvertone tubes, 6F6G, 6K7G, 6L7G, 6Q7G, 5Y3G. Knobs for Grunow 450 tombstone. Dave Stott, 29 Willow Bee Ln., Middletown, CT 06457. (203) 344-0697 WANTED: Philco table models: PT-69, 40-140T, 40-95, 39-17T, 39-6CI, 38-38T, 38-7T. Will pay top price for quality radios. Donn Frederick, 8402 Hwy. 30 SE, Chaffield, MN 55923. (507) 867-4868 WANTED: McIntosh MC 30, 60, 75 amps, tuners, whole systems; Altec 333 A amp, 604B speaker. Thorens 124 turntables. Karlson speaker enclosures. Scott LK 150 amp cover. Walt Fleming, 182 Plain Hill Rd., Norwich, CT 06360. (860) 889-1957 WANTED: Preamp Marantz Model I. Amplifiers: Leak TL/12, Leak TL/12 plus, Fisher 200, Fisher 100. Mitch Colby, 2730 Schurz Ave., Bronx, NY 10465. (718) 829-3063 WANTED: Saba and Telefunken portable transistor shortwave radios in exc/mint cond. Ed Kalpa, 4622 Melbourne Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90027. (213) 661-1221 WANTED: NC-173id. 807's, cheap! Postcard quote to: Don Anderson, N9SZQ, 7174 Glenwood Ln., Hanover Park, IL 60103 WANTED: RCA RAE-59, 10T, T10-1. Also RC Royal Crown Cola transistor can radio. Bob Gidney, 411 W. Spruce St., West, TX 76691. (817) 826-5105 WANTED: Odd, huge and downright weird looking tubes. Industrial, transmitting, high power/voltage, duds OK. Write or call with a description. David Rickert, 2107 S. 5th St., Apt. 1, Arlington, VA 22204. (703) 486-2782 WANTED: Jones Radio Handbook and Supplement, 1937 & 1938 Editions; manual for Hammarlund HQ150. George Shute, 2910 Virginia St., NE, Albuquerque, NM 87110. (505) 298-7347 A.R.C. BACK ISSUES April '87 to current issue: Originals available 32 to 100 pages each. Oct. '86 to Mar. '87: Reprints available Reprinted from original artwork; 28 to 32 pgs. ea. Quality & appearance same as an original copy. June '84 to Sept. '86: Photocopies available Not original quality, useful for info.; 16 to 28 pages each. Publication of Antique Radio Classified began in 1984 which had only five issues: June, Sept., Oct., Nov. & Dec. 1984. 1985 through current year have had 12 issues each. $4.00 each – Postpaid to U.S., Canada and Mexico. Orders of 6 issues or more may take a 10% discount. Orders for a full calendar year may take a 50% discount. Foreign orders other than Canada and Mexico: $6.00 each by air. Mass. residents, please add 5% sales tax. A.R.C. UNCUT, UNFOLDED COVERS June 1991 to the present 9.25" x 12.5" - $9.95 each Postpaid to U.S., Canada, & Mexico Mass. residents, please add 5% sales tax. Send Order To: A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle MA 01741 Or Call (508) 371-0512 FOR SALE/TRADE: Dyna ST70 and PAS2 – $500. Scott 340B – $250; pair 99B’s – $250; Lk-48-B – $200. Peter F. DeGregorio, 45 Moritz Pl., Fairfield, CT 06430-3504. (203) 331-9155 FOR SALE: N.O.S. tubes, all U.S. military: 9001 – $1.25 ea.; 2234076 sub-min. – $1 ea.; 1LH4, OD3, 6AC7, 6GF5 – $1.50 ea.; 6BU8, 6F5GT, 5719 – $2.50 ea.; 6F4, 5842 – $4 ea.; 5643H – $4.50 ea.; 6EV5 – $4 ea.; 6EU7 – $8 ea.; 3B24WB – $8.50 ea. CRTs: 5FP25 – $10 ea.; 15H50P4 – $25. CRT bulbs – $10 ea. Volume discounts available. Please write or call or fax for more information. SASE for new tube list. All tubes guaranteed. Kirk Cline, 1818 Walker Ave., Greensboro, NC 27403-1760. Ph/fax: (910) 379-7197 FOR SALE: Admiral 15D5 Deco, nice – $75. Crosley 11-112U, needs repaint – $65 plus UPS. Buddy Cartee, 205 Mason Rd., Chesnee, SC 29323. (864) 578-3532 FOR SALE: GE Model F-65 console radio, 6-tube, tunes 540-1700 kHz and 2200-7000 kHz, cabinet needs refinishing, electrical needs work – Make Offer. Pick up only. Robert Buhbe, AA6HV, 140 14th St., Apt. A, Seal Beach, CA 90740. (310) 594-0089 FOR SALE: Do you have Play Things of Past Catalog #5? Update pages 90-93 and 94-97 available for large SASE. Specify which pages needed. Gary B. Schneider, Play Things of Past, 9511-23 Sunrise Blvd., Cleveland, OH 44133 FOR SALE: Meissner 1937 catalog & 1943 manual, good condition – $35 for both. Buyer pays shipping and handling. Jim Barrows, 15121 41st Ave. SE, Bothell, WA 98012-6113. (206) 337-4880 FOR SALE: #89 tubes – $5. Litz wire, 20/44 nylon, 300 ft. – $6. Star-Tronics, Box 98102, Las Vegas, NV 89193. (702) 795-7151 FOR SALE: Vintage tube CB’s, list – LSASE. Fisher K10 Spacexander. Electro-Voice 664 mike – $100. C. Zafonte, RR3, Box 2075, Fort Kent, ME 04743. (207) 834-6273, eves./weekends FOR SALE: Revox A-77 2-track – $175. WANTED: Ampex 300-2, MR-70; Revox G-36; Studer C-37; Nagra IV-S; prerecorded open-reel tapes. Richard Brown, PO Box 686, Farmington, CT 06034. (203) 677-4828 FOR SALE: 78 only turntable, connects to magnetic or auxiliary inputs, complete and postpaid – $44.95. West-Tech, PO Box 1415, Sebring, FL 33871. (941) 471-0922 FOR SALE: Pioneer stereo AM/FM amplifier, SX34B, 13 tubes, plays well – $50 plus UPS. Jack Shaymow, Vintique Electronics, 52-C Tilford, Deerfield Beach, FL 33442. (954) 427-1222 FOR SALE: (65) General Cement radio dial belts. Heathkit marker generator, 1G-57A w/manual – $30. William C. Garner, 6950 Driskell Cir., Cumming, GA 30131. (770) 889-0531 FOR SALE: Radiola 17, restored playing condition with speaker and tubes – $150. Shipping extra. Frank Waskiewicz, 143 Carl’s Path, Deer Park, Long Island, NY 11729. (516) 667-3269 FOR SALE: My collection of early 1900’s radio, telegraph, telephone theory and construction, please SASE for the list of some 50 different titles. Les Rayner, 5512 N. 71st Pl., Scottsdale, AZ 85253 FOR SALE: (4) BB 201A’s – $75; 245 – $25. Emerson 888 Pioneer, black – $75. RCA Transmitting Tube Manual 1934 – $15. Mike Heffner, 501 S. Market St., Muncy, PA 17756. (717) 546-2907, between 7 and 10 pm FOR SALE: Zenith Trans-Oceanics: G-500, excellent condition, works great – $195; 1000, vg-excellent, working – $125; H500, vg condition, works good – $125. Add shipping. Ted Demski, 5806-225 Pl. SW, Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043. Phone/fax: (206) 778-7100 FOR SALE: Earl Radio 21/22 junker chassis and speaker – $10 plus shipping. Donald Borowski, 4215 S. University Rd., Spokane, WA 99206. (509) 924-9680. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Zenith Royal 7000 Trans-Oceanic, Crosley 10-137. Heath BR-2 and GR-78 with manuals. B&W 90651 grid dipper with manual. Weston 537 AC-DC radio tester, 1928, with manual. Monitoradio MR-10. Lewis J. Newmire, 217 South 103rd East Ave., Tulsa, OK 74128. (918) 835-3737 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters Continental, excellent – $40. Philco cathedral 60 early – $110. Utah cathedral speaker – $65. Teletone Model 62 speaker – $60. GE HJK624 Deco wood 1938 – $45. Philco 46-460 – $35. Mitchell 1267, ivory – $45. 1- and 3- and 5-tube home brews, all vg – $45 to $60. Green metal speaker for Eveready #2 – $65. All plus UPS. LSASE for new list. Please call before 9 pm. Walter Worth, 2 W. Elm Ave., Wollaston, MA 02170. (617) 479-4512 FOR SALE: N.O.S. 6V6G Westinghouse and GEN.I.B. – $10 ea., and many other tubes. Andrea Moretti, Via Colle Bisenzio 31, 50040 Usella FI, Italy. Fax: 574 982123, anytime FOR SALE: Variable transformer, GE Volt-Pac #9T92Y, 120/240 volts in, 0 to 240 volts out, 8.5 amps – $45 ppd. Carl Hackenson, 31 Hixson Farm Rd., Sharon, MA 02067. (617) 784-8834 WANTED WESTERN ELECTRIC TUBES, SPEAKERS, HORNS & AMPS TUBES: Telefunken, Genalex, RCA, Radiotron, etc. General Electric, Amperex, JAN, Sylvania, GEC, National Union McIntosh, Marantz, Dynaco, Jensen, Linn, Levinson, Fisher, Leak, Tannoy, Altec, EV, Thorens, EMT, JBL... Amps, Spkr's., Turntables MAURY CORB 12325 Ashcroft, Houston, TX 77035 Tel: (713) 728-4343 Fax: (713) 723-1301 Virginia City Radio Museum 109 So. "F" St. Wireless and Radio Apparatus from 1915 through the 1950's — Antique Radios, Speakers, Vacuum Tubes, Microphones, Telegraph Keys, Photographs, Ham Equipment & Vintage Ham Radio Station We also repair and restore antique radios Henry & Sharon Rogers — P.O. Box 511 Virginia City, NV 89440 Tel: 702-847-9047 35TH ANNUAL AWA HISTORICAL RADIO CONFERENCE Antique Wireless Association, Inc. Wednesday-Saturday, September 4-7 Thruway Marriott Hotel, Rochester (Henrietta), N. Y. (716) 389-8300 for reservations Easy access from the New York State Thruway (I-90), I-390, or Rochester Airport Four days of outstanding activities for the radio collector and historian • Huge (3 acre) antique-radio flea market • Four large auctions (communications equipment, tubes, literature, general, including consoles!): IMPORTANT! Please bring an item to be donated for sale in the auction – proceeds to AWA Building Fund • Old-equipment contest/exhibit – this year’s conference theme: Atwater Kent • Grand Banquet — entertainment will include a recreation of the old time radio show “Baby Snooks”, music of the period by the “Boogie Woogie Girls” and pianist Ed Clute • AWA Museum open with expanded hours • Book fair extended to four days • Top Notch Programming: Atwater Kent, Master Marketer; The Legacy of the Fleming Valve – Vacuum tubes of the American Marconi Co.; Amateur Radio Activities; RCA at Riverhead; News for SWLs; Key & Telegraph; Pre-1912 Wireless & Electrical Equipment – bring items for display & identification; Museum of Radio & Technology, an overview; Ladies’ Luncheon & program; Annual Sightseeing Excursion Details: AWA, Box E, Breesport, NY 14816. (607) 739-5443 Advance registration is advisable. Full program and registration materials in The Old Timer’s Bulletin for August FOR SALE: Book, Radio the Miracle of the 20th Century, 1922. SASE please. Robert J Stone, 721 Fisk St., Piqua, OH 45356-3729. (513) 773-2217 FOR SALE: Mercury tube tester #990 with book – $15. Army Signal Corps field phone crank #EE-8-B, case – $25. Robert Rossi, 10936 Melbourne St., Allen Park, MI 48101. (313) 386-8321 FOR SALE: Seeburg jukebox, 1959, Model 222 – $4,000. Fada 659 chassis and cabinet, stress cracks – $250. Tom Thumb, portable, poor – $45. Transistors: Americana FC 60, Arvin 62R23, Vista 59078, all exc. Boys radio, Trend, fair. Lincoln AM-FM Model TR-3422 14-transistor, three antenna, three band, good. Hitachi TH667 box, complete, case shipped. Reel-reel portable recorders, Juliette, chrome, Citroen Electronics/power supply and microphone. Sams, most for TV, 1950 to 57 – $10 ea.; #114, 115, 116, 206, 283, 342, 347, 350. Manuals: Hammarlund HC-145 – $20; Multi-EIrmac Amateur Trans-Citer Model AF-67 – $20. Speaker, Crosley Dynacone, Type F about 1922, with original operation instructions, poor cond. – $70. Transmitting tube GE G183A? – $75. Ham radio world map, old, fair – $30. WANTED: Literature and instructions for 1939 Philco, Model 39-116 and remote. Gene Schulte, Rt. 1, Box 186, Bridgeport, TX 76426. (817) 683-2855 FOR SALE/TRADE: Ten Variacs 2.25 amp, 0-132 volt 2 3/4" dia. x 2" deep, protect your radios from high-line voltages or build repair bench supplies. Trade for UX199 tubes or $18 + shipping. Timothy B. Laing, 723 College Ave., Lima, OH 45805. (419) 224-2263 FOR SALE: Philco Safari (brown) knobs, 6 small and channel selector unit – $30 for all. Eric Stumpf, PO Box 60245, Santa Barbara, CA 93160. (805) 964-9417 FOR SALE: Collectible radios, televisions, earphones, uniforms, books. Massive list. Send two-stamp LSASE. John Enigl, K9HJL, 5425 Cherry Ln., Egg Harbor, WI 54209. (414) 743-3672 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters 5R10A – $50; S120 – $60. Printed Hallicrafters box, exc, for S38 – $20. Larry Kelloggh, PO Box 849, Canton, CT 06019-0849. (860) 693-8269 FOR SALE: Unless sold at Lansing: SCR-59. Western Electric WWI receiver, very good condition but unfortunately no tubes – Best Reasonable Offer. Fred Watson, 581 W. Summit St., McClure, OH 43534. (419) 748-8798 FOR SALE: Automobile radio vibrators. Free catalog. See our boxed classified ad. Dan Schulz, Antique Automobile Radio, Inc., 700 Tampa Rd., Palm Harbor, FL 34683. (800) 933-4926. Fax: (813) 789-0283 FOR SALE: (3) transistor radios: Emerson 707 in case. Motorola 28 clock radio. Zephyr 4 Voxson. H.N. Felder, 7517 Granada Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 FOR SALE: DeForest spherical audion, double wing, Hudson filament (good) – Best Offer. Large quartz transmitting triode by M.O.V. company, Type NT54, with operating log paper – $300. Atwater Kent 10C, with tubes and working – $900. Addison 5 burgundy with yellow trim, mint –$1,300 or Best Offer. Books, Father of Radio by de Forest, 1st edition – $65. The Alternating Current Transformer by Fleming, Vol. 2, 1st edition, 1892 – $80. Can deliver to AWA Rochester. David Cheney, 338 Arlington Cres., Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada H9W 2K3. (514) 694-3240 FOR SALE/TRADE: Catalin Crosley #1425, yellow & tortoise – $1,200. Catalin Fada bullet, maroon & yellow – $700. Maurice Giroux, 559 Hudon, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7P 2L4. (514) 963-1601 FOR SALE: 1940 and 1950 mags. Mostly Mod Mech. and Mech. and Handicraft, each has at least one radio-related project, my choice, 3 for – $12 ppd. Martin Twining, 158 Sawyer Rd., Owego, NY 13827. (607) 687-0429 FOR SALE: Transisto wall telephone (Novelty Radios, p. 186) – $38. Zenith 6D525 – $75. Zenith T-O Y60 – $85. Zenith 6D116 – $60. Speaker, Freed-Eisemann Mod 345 – $38. All in good condition and work. Precision signal gen. E-200 – $20. Superior TV50A generator – $12. Supreme Audolyzer 562 and oscilloscope 546 – $18 ea. Eico 666 tube tester – $20. All plus shipping. Bill Gebhardt, PO Box E, Liverpool, PA 17045. (717) 444-3403 FOR SALE/TRADE: Olivetti Divisumma 24 printing calculator, like new with manual. Al Bernard, PO Box 690098, Orlando, FL 32869-0098. (407) 351-5536 FOR SALE: Rider’s radio manual #23 Index – $3.50 ppd. Joseph R. Forth, 321 Long Vue Acres, Wheeling, WV 26003. (304) 277-3154. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Previous small ad items, some still available. Windcharger 6V, as is – BO. P.U. Dewey H. Shaffer, R.D. 2, Box 104-B, New Paris, PA 15554. (814) 839-4728 FOR SALE: Abbotwares horse – $200. No name horse – $100. Green Zephyr GR3T6 – $50. Claude Chafin, 4223 E. 42nd Way, Independence, MO 64055. (816) 478-4518 FOR SALE: (10) Sams Photofact Folders and index thru Dec. 1963 – $50 plus shipping. Ev Kroll, 766 Haley Way, Hemet, CA 92543. (909) 652-5502 WANTED: Volume control and switch for Crosley 11-102U, 3 meg tapped at 300K, 2-inch knurled shaft. Bill Johnson, 34 Springlake Pt. NW, Atlanta, GA 30318. (404) 355-6308 WANTED: Output and interstage audio transformers by UTC Stancor, Triad, Peerless, etc. Can trade antique tubes. Bob Lindhak, 10680 S.W. Wedgewood St., Portland, OR 97225-5127. (503) 644-9643 WANTED: Guitars and amplifiers by Fender, Gibson, Ampeg, Gretsch, Silvertone, Martin, Marantz, McIntosh, Dynaco, etc. Peter F. DeGregorio, 45 Moritz Pl., Fairfield, CT 06430-3504. (203) 331-9155 WANTED: Telefunken 6DJ8, 6922, 7308, 12AX7, 12AU7, 12AT7; Siemens 7308GP; Tung-Sol 6SN7GT. Robert Koerner, NY11/7, 8910 N. Camino de la Tierra, Tucson, AZ 85742. (520) 742-6130 MST WANTED: Speaker and keyed female receptable for power unit – RCA Model RC 501. Dial plate for RCA Model 4X. Suitable substitutes may be acceptable but orig. preferred. Ray Barnes, 38 Woodmere Rd., Framingham, MA 01701 WANTED: AVO 163 tube tester, manual for Measurements Model 65-B signal generator. Christopher P. Demeroukas, 133 Basswood Rd., Springfield, IL 62707 WANTED: Any Fada plastics with metal trim. Merrill Mabbs, 709 Pluma Dr., Rapid City, SD 57702. (605) 342-4090. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. Classic Radio Gallery Web Site: http://cpu.net/classicradio WANTED: Catalin Art Deco style clocks, no cranks/hairlines. Call with model number and asking price. Bob Zuch, PO Box 4242, Chatsworth, CA 91313. (818) 700-0980 WANTED: Buyers to reduce my stock in 2-car garage full and basement. See my other ads in this magazine. Cash-carry. F. Krantz, 100 Osage Ave., Somerdale, NJ 08083. (609) 783-0400 WANTED: E.H. Scott Laureate Grande or E.H. Scott Westerly Grande with AW23 or Philharmonic chassis. Condition of chrome unimportant. Eddie Burris, 2837 Winterbrook Dr., Lawrence, KS 66047. (913) 841-4174. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Mahogany RCA A101. Also turntable #960284 for same. Dial light cover for Zenith 12H090. Mid-America Antique Radio Store, 233 S. Tulane, Liberal, KS 67901 WANTED: Hallicrafters speakers R48 or R48A, exc/mint only. Ed Kalpa, 4622 Melbourne Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90027. (213) 661-1221 WANTED: Old UV therapy lamps, ozone generators and related information. H. Andreoni, c/o 250-D So. Lyon Ave., Hemet, CA 92543 WANTED: Scott, McMurdo Silver, World's Record, radios wanted. Call before Rochester for cash offer. Mike Greene, 19113 Alpenglow Ln., Brookeville, MD 20833. (301) 774-3203 WANTED: Zenith radio cabinet console table model 9S307, 9S324, 9S344, 9S367, 9S369. Any condition. Jim Agostino, 827 Holly Pl., West Covina, CA 91790. (818) 960-7123 WANTED: Symphony and Detrola Catalin radios. I am not a human being: I am a radio collector. God forbid! Pity me the lost soul that I am and fulfill my humble needs. Please write or call collect: Rain Buttignol, 214 State St., #7, Portsmouth, NH 03801. (603) 427-1384 WANTED: 16mm motion picture films. I will buy them or trade for radios in my collection. Hank Trabold, 2058 Nakiska Ct., Toms River, NJ 08755. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org — WANTED — PICTURES FOR PHOTO REVIEW OR TELEGRAPH REVIEW PHOTOS MUST BE SHARP IN DETAIL A SHORT DESCRIPTION IS A MUST! SEE PHOTO REVIEW PAGES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION WANTED: Hallicrafters WR-3000, WR-4000 portable radios in xnt./mint only. Ed Kalpa, 4622 Melbourne Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90027. (213) 661-1221 WANTED: Chapman's Radio Boys To The Rescue. Collins 75A3/75A2 parts source, crystal calibrator. Brian Roberts, K9VKY, 3068 Evergreen, Pittsburgh, PA 15237. (412) 931-4646 WANTED: Schematic and speaker for Coronado console 43-7601 and 94RA1-43-7605A. Al Fagerli, 1212 Blaine Ave., Janesville, WI 53545. (608) 755-9976 WANTED: Manual for Heathkit professional oscilloscope Model OP-1?. Copy OK. J.R. Down, 216 Hartwell Dr., Aiken, SC 29803. (803) 648-8791 WANTED: Crosley #168 cath. w/cabinet in great shape. Please send picture & price. Also want other cathedrals, Crosley or others. Dale A. Jones, 10605 Doyle Blvd., McKenney, VA 23872 WANTED: Dead or alive!! Jensen Alnico 5, Concert, Special design loudspeakers. Fairest bounty paid!! Peter F. DeGregorio, 45 Moritz Pl., Fairfield, CT 06430-3504. (203) 331-9155 WANTED: 12" Zenith speaker for Model 8-S-359 Zenith console radio. Mike Gianfortone, 6982 S. Miller St., Littleton, CO 80127. (303) 973-9170 WANTED: Majestic 51, Bakelite Clockette, no cracks, w/back. Karen McCoy, 8104 N.W. 114th, Oklahoma City, OK 73162. (405) 722-0595 FOR SALE: Rider's Radio 1 to 14, RCA Redbooks 1 & 2, Philco 1928 to '42, Lyric Service Bulletins, Akai tape recorder, Edison Model C-200 – $100. TV, 1940's-50's – $20. Plus shipping all. Steve Rosenfeld, PO Box 387, Ocean Gate, NJ 08740. (908) 269-2022 days. Fax: (908) 269-2897 FOR SALE: '50's brown Bakelite Motorola Model 5X1, red knobs, works – $45 plus shipping. Stan Marlin, Box 1035, Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Canada S0H 0B0. (306) 642-3824 FOR SALE: Echophone Mod C 6-tube AC cathedral, restored – $600 plus UPS. WANTED: Osc./RF coil for Philco Mod 19 (128), chassis for Emerson Strad. (D dial). Dale McLellan, 19 Pineview Ct., Pleasant Hill, CA 94523. (510) 682-9970 FOR SALE: RCA large cartridge tape recorder, Grundig stereo system, Stromberg-Carlson ASR433 stereo amplifier. F.H. Yonker, P.E., W2IBH, 1220 Inverary Pl., State College, PA 16801. (814) 867-1400 FOR SALE: Rider's Volumes I-II-III in one volume – $125. Lewis M. Owens, 2824 Dan Patch Dr., Lexington, KY 40511. (606) 233-0376 FOR SALE/TRADE: Edison light bulb, early – $40. Lewol best leather radio – $125. Lafayette tube CB radio – $50. Crosley tube book-radio – $275. Shure 55SW microphone – $95. Atwater Kent parts. Radiola I. List available. Jerry Finamore, 1374 Stafore Dr., Bethlehem, PA 18017-1633. (610) 861-4660 FOR SALE: H.H. Scott 210-B amp – $100. Charles Johnson, 21 Holly Hill Dr., Mercer Island, WA 98040. (206) 232-2040 FOR SALE: Catalogs: H-P 1968, 1969, 1975; Measurements 1958, 1962, 1970 – $20 ea. plus shipping. A.G. Tannenbaum, PO Box 386, Ambler, PA 19002. (215) 540-8055 FOR SALE: Detrola 568-1 (Collins 2 cover), gray hammetone finish, wrong knobs – $75 plus shipping. Walt Kiefner, 6233 51st Ave. NE, Seattle, WA 98115. (206) 526-1452 FOR SALE: Copies of manuals for Eico, PACO, Simpson, Triplett and others. Also CB diagrams, radiation Geiger counter diagrams. Some test equipment. Send large two-stamp envelope for lists. Clayton Mundine, 6112 S. Flores St., San Antonio, TX 78214 FOR SALE: RCA Selecta-Vision video disk player, with video disks, 66 titles, send SASE for titles, excellent condition – Best Offer by mail. Plus shipping. Byrl T. Jenkins, Box 489, RR#1, Williams, IN 47470. (812) 388-7346, after 6 pm FOR SALE: Rider's Radio Vol. 1-5 abridged with index plus Volumes 6 thru 16 – $265 for all plus S&H. Jeff Hoskins, 824 E. Madison Ave., Stuart, FL 34996. (561) 283-2291, after 7 pm FOR SALE: Zenith T-O 600, exc – $95; Royal 500, black – $75; maroon cracked – $30. Admiral 378, ivory Plaskon – $150; 162 – $80. Emerson 520 – $140. Dahlberg pillow radio – $95. WANTED: Philco 49-501 Boomerang Kadettes, Detrola, Deco. Bob Masterson, Box 172, Valley Cottage, NY 10989. (914) 353-3151 FOR SALE: Comprehensive Heath Amateur Radio General Class License Course, two big volumes with tapes – $50. NAB Engineering Handbook, sixth edition – $50. Prices plus shipping. Bill Riley, 863 W. 38th Ave., Eugene, OR 97405. (541) 345-2169 FOR SALE: Philco tombstone batt. set Model 38-34, vg – $85. Homebrew 1-tube batt. set, vg – $65. Zenith wood table Model 6R631, vg – $75. Small wood table sets, Philco, Sentinel, Clinton, Howard – $40 ea. + UPS. Robert Sticher, 1600 Sable, Unit 169, Aurora, CO 80011. (303) 341-5917 FOR SALE: Table model Coronado 806A wood. Emerson 539 wood, Emerson 8-track #129, RCA X551, Heath IT21 tube tester. Ted Gasiorek, 201 Golden Ave., Briggsville, WI 53920. (608) 981-2051 FOR SALE: Every tube's a dollar! (1000) new old stock tubes in the original box, all priced at – $1 ea. plus shipping, send two stamps for list. Kevin Buranen, PO Box 23, Brooke, VA 22430 FOR SALE: Zenith Trans-Oceansics 3000-1 – $100; 1000-D – $85; A-600 – $55. All complete and working. Jim Montague, 1907 South Stanley Ln., Spokane, WA 99212. (509) 535-9576 FOR SALE: (9) tube testers all in working order. Send SASE for list and prices. Robert Gardner, 2629 S. 27 St., Fort Pierce, FL 34981. (561) 466-8857, or e-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE/TRADE: Erla (Sentinel 195ULT0, Machine Age, clone) – $99. Reverse-painted Toshiba w/box – $50. More reverse-painted transistors – Call. (6) micro-reel tape recorders, some N.I.B. – $95. Motorola 5AP1 portable – $35. Crosley Super Trirdyn Special – $99. WANTED: Seminole 801, Arvin 8576, 9577, Capehart transistors. Donald M. Maurer, 29 South 4th St., Lebanon, PA 17042. (717) 272-2481 FOR SALE: Potentiometers, singles & duals; power and precision resistors. 14 pages free for SASE (55¢). Chuck Vaccaro, 708 BoothLn., #A2, Ambler, PA 19002. (215) 646-3641 ARBE-III — Universal Battery Eliminator $149.95 Shipped USA Contact: Antique Radios Inc. Box 6352, Jackson, MI 49204 (517) 787-2985 or Fax (517) 782-7422 WANTED: Majestic Model 440 chassis, Majestic Model 20 grandfather clock speaker & knobs. Vance Rayburn, 2718 Homestead Rd., Madison, WI 53711. (608) 274-3002 WANTED: Push button(s) and/or motor from Detrola/Truetone with eight motorized buttons in row under dial. Scott Flaughner, 41100 Plymouth Rd., Plymouth, MI 48170. (313) 451-4221 WANTED: Any near-mint tube-based Zenith Trans-Oceanics; wavemagnet for H500 Trans-Oceanic. Howard C. Essl, 5301 Yorktown Rd., Bethesda, MD 20816-2843. (301) 856-6083. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: ARC51, ARC164, ARN83, ARN118, ARN127, SST181X, KY28, Wilcox 807, radios, mounts, manuals. James Treherne, 11909 Chapel Rd., Clifton, VA 20124. (703) 830-6272. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Electron tubes, ball bearings, Collins radio parts and equipment, aircraft parts & instruments, helicopter parts, lamps, synchros. Hy Ness Company, 709B Delair Rd., Cranbury, NJ 08512. (609) 395-1116. Fax: (609) 395-1117 WANTED: Pontiac Delco radios: 988569 (1956), 988672 (1957), 988823 (1958), 988977 (1959), 989615 (1960). Alan J. Kriss, 1872 Portsmouth Way, Union, NJ 07083. (908) 688-2092 WANTED: Philco 70 with walnut cabinet and brass escutcheon, and Zenith military Trans-Oceanics RS20/URR, RS20A/URR, Michael Harrington, PO Box 250995, Little Rock, AR 72225 WANTED: Bendix radios, ads, signs, etc. Radios need not work. Aaron Mall, 903 Dropleaf Ct., Baltimore, MD 21208. (410) 486-3313 WANTED: 6U5-6E5 tubes, paying $8 new, $5 for good used. Edmund De Cann, 307 3rd Ave., W, Box 543, Osakis, MN 56360. (320) 859-4282 WANTED: Tubes: Will pay these advertised prices for the following: 6CA7 GE/US – $12; 6CA7 GE/UK – $15; EL-34 Mullard – $18; 6L6GC US – $8; KT-66 UK – $30; KT-88 UK – $66; 6146B GE – $11; 6146W – $8; others. Must be new in boxes. However, will consider used KT-66s & KT-88s. Nr. Waynesboro, Va. Dee Almquist, W4PNT, PO Box 371, Crimora, VA 24431. (800) 755-2356, voice mail. (540) 249-3161, hamshack. Fax: (540) 249-5064 WANTED: Hand-held size electric motors, ca. 1910 to 1920, names such as Porter, Knapp, Meccano and Gilbert. James Fred, RR1, Box 41, Cutler, IN 46920 WANTED: Blue 01-A's with good emission, UV based if available. Will be at Rochester Gary Carter, WA4IAM, 1405 Sherwood Dr., Reidsville, NC 27320. (910) 349-1991 WANTED: Instruction book & schematic for Lafayette TE-25 C.R. analyzer. Noel S. Ilg, 228 Beck Rd., Avon Lake, OH 44012. (216) 933-5668. Fax: (216) 933-8864 WANTED: Viking 91, Kroehler 93, and Ozarka 95, or similar radios. Any condition considered. Gary Milner, 106 Henry Little Cir., Pea Ridge, AR 72751. (501) 451-1343 WANTED: Westinghouse WL-461, Taylor 833, DeForest 430 through 440 tubes, duds OK. John H. Walker, Jr., 16112 W. 125th St., Olathe, KS 66062. (913) 782-6455 WANTED: Working Grundig 4192, any cond. Hallicrafters portable radio TW-1200, exc/mint only. Ed Kalpa, 4622 Melbourne Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90027. (213) 661-1221 WANTED: Kolster 6-J; tuning mechanism, dial drum, pot metal frame for sensitivity control. Consider junk chassis. R. Rosengarten, 1448 Lebanon Rd., Clarksville, OH 45113-9711 Visit the A.R.C. Web Site! The URL to access the A.R.C. Web site is: http://www.antiqueradio.com/ Our site includes highlights from current and recent issues: • Editor's Comments • Image of the Cover • Feature Article • Radio Miscellanea Plus: • Photo Reviews • Book Reviews • Coming Radio Events • Complete Club Listing • List of Books For Sale • Subscription Information While visiting our site, you may send e-mail and orders for books, videos and subscriptions. Let us know what you think about A.R.C. on the Web! Order These Popular Books From Antique Radio Classified The Collector's Guide to Antique Radios 3rd Edition by Marty & Sue Bunis. 8,500+ Battery & AC sets from the '20s to the '60s. Updated prices. Over 650 all new photos, 278 pages. 1994. — $18.95 The Collector's Guide to Transistor Radios 2nd Edition by Marty & Sue Bunis. This book will help you identify the most sought-after vintage transistor radios. Over 2,900 models, all with current prices. Includes radio club listing. 375 all new color photos, 320 pages. 1996. — $16.95 We Now Have 7 Books for Hams! Communications Receivers, 3rd Ed. — $19.95; Ham Price Guide — $9.95; Heathkit, A Guide to the Amateur Radio Products — $24.95; The Pocket Guide to Collins Amateur Radio Equipment 1946 to 1980 — $19.95; Radios by Hallicrafters — $29.95; Tube Type Transmitters — $17.95; Transmitters, Exciters and Power Amplifiers — $21.95. SEE OUR COMPLETE LIST IN THE BACK OF A.R.C. FOR MORE DETAILS The Radio Collector's Directory and Price Guide, 1921-1965, 2nd Ed. by Robert Grinder. Over 20,000 radios by manufacturer, model number, year, etc. with prices. Radio history, cabinet style chapters. No photos, 264 pages. — $26.95 Transistor Radios, A Collector's Encyclopedia and Price Guide by Robert Lane and David Lane. Identification guide to over 2,500 transistor and novelty radios. History and key to collecting chapters, 170 pages. — $19.95 Fixing Up Nice Old Radios by Ed Romney. Written by a retired radio instructor. Plastic binding. 300+ figures, 185 pages. — $25.00 Old Time Radios Restoration and Repair by Joseph J. Carr. A self-paced training guide. History, theory and practical operation of antique and classic radios. 200 illustrations, 256 pages. — $18.95 U.S. Orders - Enclose $3.00 per order for packing & book-rate shipping if total order is under $35.00. If using VISA or MasterCard, include name on card, card number and expiration date. Send payment with order. Mass. residents please add 5% sales tax. Money back return policy. Most orders shipped the same day received, but allow 2-4 weeks to receive order. Foreign orders - write for shipping costs, or use credit card and specify air or surface (allow 2-3 months for surface shipping). Send Order To: A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741 or Call: (508) 371-0512 Fax: (508) 371-7129 Order These Popular Books From Antique Radio Classified Crystal Clear Volume 1 and Crystal Clear Volume 2 by Sievers. Comprehensive reference to crystal sets, crystal detectors, and crystals. Each volume contains different illustrations and information. Order by volume. — $29.95 Flick of the Switch by Morgan McMahon. The classic photo reference guide for 1930s - 1950s radios. 1000+ photos of radios, 5" x 8", 263 pages. — $11.95 New Book — Audio! Audio! by Jonathan Hill. A comprehensive directory of classic audio amplifiers and control units. Details of over 850 models from nearly 150 British manufacturers from the 1940s through the 1970s. Signed and numbered by the author. Softcover, 95 pages. — Available Today! $19.95 Guide to Old Radios, Pointers Pictures, and Prices, 2nd Ed. by Johnson. Introduction to radio collecting. Includes hundreds of photos and a price guide. 272 pages. — $19.95 Antique Radio Restoration Guide, 2nd Ed. by Johnson. Beginner's introduction to troubleshooting and repairing AC table model radios. 145 pages. — $14.95 The Zenith Trans-Oceanic: The Royalty of Radios by Bryant and Cones. Presents the fascinating story of the development and use of the Trans-Oceanic. Several photos, documents, ads, etc. 160 pages. — $24.95 Communications Receivers, 3rd Ed. by Ray Moore. Information on vacuum tube receivers by 66 manufacturers. 402 radios illustrated, 115 pages. — $19.95 U.S. Orders - Enclose $3.00 per order for packing & book-rate shipping if total order is under $35.00. If using VISA or MasterCard, include name on card, card number and expiration date. Send payment with order. Mass. residents please add 5% sales tax. Money back return policy. Most orders shipped the same day received, but allow 2-4 weeks to receive order. Foreign orders - write for shipping costs, or use credit card and specify air or surface (allow 2-3 months for surface shipping). Send Order To: A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741 or Call: (508) 371-0512 Fax: (508) 371-7129 FOR SALE: Bulvoa 100, ivory/gold, exc – $45. National NC-57, vg – $50. Trav-Ler 5061, vg – $60. Silvertone 9000/9001, brown, exc – $45. Motorola 6T26W, ivory, exc – $45. Silvertone 4500A, black, vg – $100. Radiotron Designer’s Handbook, 3rd ed., good condition – $40. All plus UPS. Jerry DeWitt, 1937 Love Cir., Simi Valley, CA 93063. (805) 526-5093. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Antique radios, radio service books. Send self-addressed stamped envelope for list. D.E. Bush, Box 5707, Lincoln, NE 68505 FOR SALE: Heathkit 6 meter transceiver, HW-29, w/ manual and xtls – $45. GE 400 – $30. Jim Ligouri, 7 Sycamore Ct., Atkinson, NH 03811. (603) 362-5712 FOR SALE: RCA 68R1 big AM/FM – $35. Car radio from ‘63 Chevy with motorized seek tuning – $40. N.O.S. 2X2’s – $2 ea. Zenith C845 AM/FM – $30. RCA WR64B color bar generator – $10. All items plus UPS. Jon D. Andreasen, PO Box 22, Newton, NJ 07860. (201) 579-6261, 6 to 9 pm Eastern FOR SALE: GR 1611 capacitance bridge – $95. HP 205 sig. gen. – $65. All plus UPS. Ted Stewart, W6NPB, 2157 Braemar Rd., Oakland, CA 94602. (510) 531-7042 FOR SALE: Nuclear Instrument Sniffer Geiger counter, g – $45. DeForest rare D-7 loop antenna, solid center type, (see Douglas Vol. 1, p. 174), vvg – $150. Ford Model T spark coil assembly with 4 spark coils and distributor head, g – $60. Peerless cathedral speaker, g, works well – $30. Baldwin E headset, g, works – $20. Aeriola Sr., original paper, NT – $150. AK-20 big box, good audios, NT – $60. Western Electric 10-D horn speaker, vvg, works – $185. Pocket radio crystal set ER-86, in box, headphone, instructions, M.I.J., vvg – $80. DeForest 3-coil variable tuner, vg – $75. Selecto loop antenna, diamond, collapsible, vg – $120. Radiola RC, good looking – $275. Murdoch double slider tuner, good – $135. DeForest Vis-ion, Type 601, early TV neon television tube, rare – $75. Plus postage. Richard A. Botzum, RD2, Box 419, Morgantown, PA 19543. (610) 286-0047. Fax: (610) 286-5315 FOR SALE: Mouse Music, novelty computer mouse FM radio with auto scan tuning, N.I.B., cute and plays great – $23 includes S&H. Jeff Hoskins, 824 E. Madison Ave., Stuart, FL 34996. (561) 283-2291, after 7 pm FOR SALE: Central Electronics 10B “TTTG” page 10, g, untested – $55. Galaxy Mk II “TTTG” page 30, g untested, no PS – $95. Heathkit HW-16 “TTTG” page 68, vg, works – $90. Lakeshore Bandhopper “TTTG” page 86, g, untested – $70. Gene Rippen, 105 Donnington Ave., Auburn, CA 95603. (916) 885-6147. Fax: (916) 888-6029. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Trophy bowling ball, minor damage – $200. Motorola circle grille, yellow/tortoise knobs. Air King Bakelite, orange knobs – $85. Arvin 540 – $50. Arvin 444 – $55. Arvin 840T, mint – $70. Arvin 502, chrome – $85. Mike radio – $70. Fada 652 cabinet and bezel only – $175. Transistors: Silvertone 1204 – $40. Emerson 555, aqua – $50. Trancell 7TM-312S – $40. New microphone list – Send SASE. WANTED: Big dumb ugly Air King in lousy condition. Green Emerson 540. 2-tube Arvin chassis. Microphones, especially RCA 44. Please call before 8 pm. Thanks. Brad Jones, 4801 Crofton Springs Ct., Greensboro, NC 27407. (910) 547-1919 FOR SALE: Edison Standard, very nice condition – $575. Majestic 71, needs veneer work. Doug Koehn, 315 S. 14th, Quincy, IL 62301. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Pink Zenith Royal 500 – $475. Red Emerson 999 – $275. Emerson 888’s, all colors. John Kern, 2320 Rosedale Rd., Quakertown, PA 18951. (215) 538-2128 The Collector's Guide To Antique Radios - 3rd Edition By Marty & Sue Bunis 8,500+ Battery & AC sets from the '20s - '60s Expanded listing of radios from the '60s Over 650 all new color photographs Updated prices $18.95 - Softcover There are no transistor radios listed in the third edition. You will find them in The Collector's Guide to Transistor Radios available from A.R.C. for $16.95. U.S. Orders - Enclose $3.00 per order for packing & book-rate shipping if total order is under $35.00. If using VISA or MasterCard, include name on card, card number and expiration date. Send payment with order. Mass. residents please add 5% sales tax. Money back return policy. Most orders shipped the same day received, but allow 2-4 weeks to receive order. Foreign orders - write for shipping costs, or use credit card and specify air or surface (allow 2-3 months for surface shipping). Send Order To: A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741 or Call: (508) 371-0512 Fax: (508) 371-7129 FOR SALE: Radio Stars and Radio Mirror magazines, 1931 to 1934. SASE. Robert J Stone, 721 Fisk St., Piqua, OH 45356-3729. (513) 773-2217 FOR SALE: Transistors: black Sony TR-63, chipped – $325. Motorola 6X32 – $35. Four Star 2 xstr boy’s radio – $30. Seminole 1101 – $30. Viscount 605, Venus, chipped – $30. Dennis Schrank, 3129 S. Quincy Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53207. (414) 744-3374. Fax: (414) 744-8780 FOR SALE: Tube testers, Hickok 539-C with 3 meters, mint – $120. TV-7U – $85. Eico 666 – $55. Jackson 648A, fair – $25. Heathkit 1P-17 regulated H.V. power supply – $75. All with manuals. B&K 1077B TV analyst – $75. Hewlett Packard 200-CD wide range oscillator, 5 cycles to 600 Kc – $45. PACO G-30 RF generator – $15. Heath IG-42 signal generator with meter – $25. All tested and in working condition + UPS. Mervyn Ellsworth, 2309 N. 25 St., Boise, ID 83702. (208) 345-6878 FOR SALE: GE 321, nice working cond. wood – $25. Crosley 11-109J untested, rusty dial – $15. Crosley JC6BK clock radio – $15. Silvertone Cat. #3026 ivory Plaskon clock radio – $20. Webster Teletalk wood case intercom – $10. (4) Zenith N.O.S. Bakelite cabinets – $10/all. Zenith SSV41-I TV decoder – $5. Sprague M-2 motor cap. tester – $5. Transistor Theremin – $10. N.O.S. 5 & 6” replacement spkrs w/ceramic magnets – $2.50 ea. 8BP4 used pic tube – $25. Tele-check 5” test pic. tube – $5. N.O.S. projection lamps – $5 ea. Beitman’s Most Often Needed manuals 26-38 & 41 – $5 ea. TV 48 & 52 – $3 ea. Rider’s 1936 AVC hardcover – $10. Gemsback Educational 30’s booklets 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 & 10 – $20/all. Joe Svihel, 17227 Co. Rd. 54, Avon, MN 56310. (320) 356-7601 FOR SALE: (2) Shure 55S microphones, made in early 50’s, like new – $250 ea. plus shipping. Erich von Gaertner, 27808 Espinoza, Mission Viejo, CA 92692. (714) 859-7595 FOR SALE: AK-510 – $225. WANTED: Tuska 225 transformers. Bob Nicholson, 3423 S. Long, Topeka, KS 66605-2486. (913) 266-9473 FOR SALE: Radio collection – SASE for list. WANTED: Worldwide ephemera pre-1940. Steve Blank, 407 Hamilton Ave., Linwood, NJ 08221. (609) 926-9277 FOR SALE: Four (4) pieces new 3B28 – $20 ea. + shipping. Other industrials. Marvin J. Glassman, 19300 Romar St., Northridge, CA 91324. (818) 993-4560 FOR SALE/TRADE: Edison books, coins, ads, cards. Telephone books, signs. Bob Fuschetto, WA2BCR, 1758 Michael Dr., Whitehall, PA 18052. Call bet. 7 pm & 9 pm: (610) 435-8944 FOR SALE: (14) radios, tube type, all work – $10 ea. WANTED: Old ham radios. Fred Hegel, 1901 Frank Pl., Daytona Beach, FL 32119. (904) 760-7632 FOR SALE: Amps: Altec 342B – $190. Operadio 848 projection amp – $140. Dukane 1A475A, 70 watt, 4-6CD6A finals – $290. Plus shipping. John Walch, 381 Co. Rt. 17, Bernhards Bay, NY 13028. (315) 675-8135 FOR SALE: Realistic video disk player with two discs – $25. AK 145, rough – $60. Phil Boydston, 640-18 Tete Lours, Mandeville, LA 70471. (504) 845-0867 FOR SALE: The following sets are in working condition: Majestic 293 – $185. Majestic 314, dual speakers, beautiful – $225. Majestic 60 highboy (from Ford Museum, with documentation) – $120. Majestic 91 – $90. Zenith 6S-597 radio/phone, both play great – $100. RCA C 13-2, cabinet needs some work – $75. American Bosch library cone speaker, reconned & working – $95. Meissner replacement coils, dial glass from 2 1/8” to 4 5/8”, can deliver to Elgin, Rochester or points in between. Will be traveling from Elgin to Rochester looking to buy! Buy! Let me know what you have! WANTED: Majestic advertising and/or any paper items referring to Majestic (Grigsby-Grunow) or Grunow (General Household Utilities), GGH green celluloid horn speaker. Music Master literature, Music Master 21” horn. Music Master radios. Please note new address & phone lines!!! Chip Taylor, PO Box 20625, Bradenton, FL 34204. (901) 739-5607. Fax: (941) 739-5608 FOR SALE: Radio schematics – $2.75. Zenith, Philco, Crosley service manuals, Rider’s Radio Index 1 thru 23, all Xerox copies. Rider’s Radio Manuals 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 14 – $20 ea. Reproduction Philco cathedral cabinet parts: bottom mould, bottom board, front panel, rear arch, grandfather clock finial. Let me know your needs. WANTED: Philco cathedral cabinets, any condition. Dick Oliver, 28604 Schwalm Dr., Elkhart, IN 46517. (219) 522-4516, evenings FOR SALE/TRADE: Rider’s Radio #4, 7, 11-15; Popular Electronics, 1955-1978, many new issues – SASE list. Dave Minchella, KE2GE, 80 Campfire Rd., N, Henrietta, NY 14467. (716) 359-3337 FOR SALE/TRADE: Brunswick 5KR – $95. Philco 8JR – $95. Many more, list SASE. Photos – $1. Phillip A. Johnston, KD4LYB, 2129 Garstland Dr., NW, Roanoke, VA 24017. (540) 265-2433 FOR SALE/TRADE: Fada #1000 Y/R, Fada #700 Y/R, Emerson #540 brown; Trav-Ler #5055, brown/white inset grille; Deco RCA 46X2 ivory plaskon. Brian Masciocchi, 44 Rolo Ct., Mechanicsburg, PA 17055. (717) 795-7271. Fax: (717) 795-1753 FOR SALE: Heathkit DX60B, HG10B VFO, HR-10 with calibrator, HS-24 speaker; will not separate, untested – $165 plus postage. Ron Eisenbrey, 115 First St., Sugar Land, TX 77478. (713) 491-7823 FOR SALE/TRADE: Emerson A 130 AM/SW – $40. Zenith 6D621 AM – $45. Both clean, good working sets. Bob Fuerderer, Holly Farm, 813 Rt. 12A, Surry, NH 03431. (603) 352-3005 FOR SALE: New projection CRT, 3NP4 by Norelco, used by 1940-50’s BW PTV’s – $25. Paul Jochim, 6341 Blackhawk Trl., Indian Head Park, IL 60525-4315. (708) 784-0742 WANTED: Zenith Stratosphere and other high tube count radios. Also Zenith and other pre-1950 advertising. We will buy or trade. Alan Jesperson, PO Box 17338, Minneapolis, MN 55417. (612) 727-2489 WANTED: Outside latch/clasp for Victrola VV-35 portable. Will buy good parts set. Richard Rubin, 227 Riverside Dr., Apt. 5-A, New York, NY 10025. (212) 864-8416. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Collectors to visit the Motorola Museum Wednesday, Aug. 28, at Radiofest 1996. See the July A.R.C. for full info. Jeff Aulik, 1708 Parkview Ave., Rockford, IL 61107.(815) 399-1902 WANTED: Tuska thumbnuts and socket; blueprints for Mello-Heald 14-tube Hot Spot superhet; blueprints or schematic for Haynes-Griffin superhet; Marle open frame audio; interesting late 20's superhets; Grimes Octamonie, Ozarka radios, Corbett cabinets; base for Music Master loop or complete one. Don Patterson, 636 Cambridge Rd., Augusta, GA 30909. (706) 738-7227. Fax: (706) 721-9197 WANTED: This Colonial chrome-front set & other metal grille radios. Can pick up at Elgin or Rochester. Jay Malkin, 1250 Galapago, #206, Denver, CO 80204. (303) 623-6451 WANTED: Collectors to attend John Meredith's E.H. Scott presentation on Friday, Aug. 30 at Radiofest 1996. See the July A.R.C. for full info. Jeff Aulik, 1708 Parkview Ave., Rockford, IL 61107.(815) 399-1902 WANTED: Amrad 3366, other Amrad sets and parts. Grebe CR-13. J.C. Woychowski, 17 Hope St., Niantic, CT 06357. (860) 739-6579 WANTED: Tuning knob and screw for AK 55, volume and power escutcheons for Radiola 17. Jeff Stevko, K6UFN, 2434 Coach Dr., Spring Valley, CA 91978. (619) 660-9524 WANTED: Vintage hi-fi/professional tube equipment & speakers. Paying the highest collectors' prices (call my competitors!) for the following: Up to: $3,200 for Marantz consolettes; $3,500 Twos; $2,200 Threes; $1,600 BB; $2,000 10b; $8,500 nines; $3,000 McIntosh MI200AB; $1,000 50W'2's; $1,600 Fisher SA1000; $1,300 F/Lincoln; $1,200 Scott 4310, 4100, 4120; $1,500 Regency HF1000 ensemble; $8,000 Patriarcan; $2,500 Jensen Imperial; $1,500 G610; $2,500 Tannoy's; $2,000 Hadley amp; $7,000 WE1086; $1,800 S. Carlson RF475 system; $600 K. Monks r.c.; $1,000 R.E.L.; $800 Altec 1570; $600; $1,800 Lagunna. Capistrano; $800 Ionovacs; $45 EL37; $60 m. base EL34; $35 8045; $55 8005, KT66, 77, 88, 6LF6, 12AX7 Mullard. 50's, 211, 845, 7591, 6550, black cats, U.T.C., Acro Peerless xfmrs. Tube x-overs, transcription arms, Altec 260, 287, 340, 350, 1570, Ampex 354, AR LST, II, Beveridge, Brociner, Brook, Cotter, Dynavector, Dyna, MKIII, IV, ST35, EICO HF30, 60, 89, Fairchild, Futterman, Garrard 301, Grommies, EL CASET, Gale T.T., FR66, Heath, H.K. at l, KLH 8, 27, Lansing, Leak, Lowther, OhmA, Pilot, Quad, R.C., RCAf. coils, mikes, amps, S.C. 437, SME 3012, Plasmatronics, transcriptors, triode amps, theater amps, Tektronix 570, 1/2 TK tapes. Trading fairly 25 years. Calls returned on wanted items. Please be specific. Ed Schneck, 1401 Ocean Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11230. (718) 377-7282, 3-6 pm, M-F WANTED: Escutcheon for Philco Model 70, brass or plastic. Thanks. John McDonald, 513 Whitneil, Murray, KY 42071. (502) 759-4510 WANTED: Chassis, speaker & phonograph for Zenith Model E75, 1931. Karl Manthei, 3318 Putnam Ct., Fairfield, CA 94533. (707) 422-2613 --- PUETT ELECTRONICS ANTIQUE RADIO DIVISION PO BX 28572 DALLAS TX 75228 U.S.A. --- NEW CATALOG NO. 8 NEARLY ALL PRICES REDUCED OVER 77 PAGES CATALOG $5.00 POSTPAID $5.00 DISCOUNT COUPON WITH CATALOG APPLICABLE TO A $20.00 OR LARGER ORDER. ALL PAST CATALOGS ARE OBSOLETE --- WE OFFER - MORE THAN 2,000 DIFFERENT ANTIQUE RADIO PUBLICATIONS FROM 1902 TO THE 1960'S REPRINTED BOTH SIDES OF THE PAGE AND BOUND. BOOKS, OPERATING AND SERVICE MANUALS FOR ANTIQUE RADIOS, TEST EQUIPMENT, COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVERS AND HAM GEAR, HISTORICAL BOOKS FOR NEARLY ANY MANUFACTURER, WE OPERATE SHOPS, OLD-TIME-RADIO SHOWS ON CASSETTES, SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS AND MUCH MORE. SUBSCRIBE TO OUR PUETT ELECTRONICS ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB - RECEIVE SPECIAL DISCOUNTS AND THE PERIODICAL NEW ACQUISITIONS LIST OFFERING ALL TYPES OF ANTIQUE RADIOS, TEST EQUIPMENT, RARE TUBES, OUT-OF-PRINT RADIO BOOKS, RADIO MAGAZINES, AND MUCH MORE. ORDER YOUR CATALOG TODAY FOR SALE/TRADE: Magnificent Atwater Kent Mod 12 breadboard - $1,650. Crosley Pup, near mint in original box w/correct WD12 BB tube - $800. Call; Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: DeForest D10 cabinet only - $125. Zenith 5S127 - $150. AK L chassis - $65. AK 20C cabinet - $25. Hallicrafters S20r - $80. Crosley 10-135, crack - $40. Crosley 725 - $90. Delco 1106, painted - $100. GE A-53 - $100. Michigan MRC-12 - $225. All plus shipping. Don Sturzenbecher, 26990 S. Marion Rd., Sioux Falls, SD 57108. (605) 368-2135 FOR SALE: Tubes: U.S. made in original boxes. RCA, GE, Sylvania, etc. 6LQ6/6JE6C - $30. 20LF6 - $30. 6MJ6 - $45. 6JB6 - $12. 6JT6A - $20. 6LX6/6LF6 - $30. 6KD6 - $25. 6JS6C - $25. 6BK4C - $10. 6146A - $12. 6JR6 - $20. 6LR6 - $25. 6LB6 - $15. 21JZ6 - $5. 26LX6 - $10. 23JS6C - $8. 24LQ6 - $5. 31LQ6 - $5. 7027A - $40. 6L6WGB - $20. 7591A - $35. 5U4GB - $10. 6SN7 - $10. 6V6GT - $20. 5AR4/GZ34 - $35. 12BH7 - $10. 12BY7 - $6. 7199 - $15. 6DJ8 - $8. 5751 - $8. Lots of tubes in stock! I have Compactrons, and other oddball tubes. Send me your tube want list! Steve Harrell, 1179 Boylston St., #30, Boston, MA 02215. (617) 247-0672. Fax: (617) 730-8449 FOR SALE: Kuba Model 821 console w/Saja MK5 tape, Telefunken 4 speed phono - $175 pick up only. William Diggins, 2739 Park Ave., Baldwin, NY 11510. (516) 868-6507 BOXED CLASSIFIED ADS WORK! This is a boxed classified ad. These ads can be run more than two months. See the inside back cover for details. Boxed ad deadline: the 1st of the month. WANTED: Tube Hi-Fi components & commercial amplifiers by Marantz, McIntosh, Tannoy, Acrosound, Brook, Brociner, Fairchild, Hadley and others. Also want Western Electric theater amplifiers, speakers, tubes, & microphones. Richard Sharisky, PO Box 521, Belmont, MA 02178. Phone (617) 484-5784. Fax (617) 489-6592 WANTED: Vintage Electronic Music Synthesizers and modules by the following manufacturers, especially the listed models. Aires Modular, System III. ARP 2500. Buchla Modular, 100, 400. E-mu Modular. EML Electrocomp 100, 101, 200. EMS Synthi A, Synthi AKS, VCS3. Korg Modular PS-3100, PS-3200, PS-3300. Moog Theramin, Modular, Series 15, 35, 55. Oberheim SEM modules, 2-, 4- & 8-Voice Systems. Pala Modular 2700, 4700. Roland Modular Systems 100, 700. Serge Modulars, System 79. Synton Modular System. Call and surprise me; make my day! John V. Terrey, 498 Cross St., Carlisle, MA 01741. (508) 369-9770. Fax: (508) 371-7129. FOR SALE: British 1920-1950 tubes, also many U.S. and some European new and used. Valve & Tube Supplies, Unit 2A, Rink Rd., Ryde, Isle of Wight, PO33 2LT, United Kingdom. E-mail: http://www.pascall.co.uk/valvpg1.html FOR SALE: European radios for sale! 1. Saba wild band W5-3D, dark wood, 1958, AM/FM/SW - $395. 2. Nordmende/Sterling Hi-fi Turnadot, 1955, dark wood - $150. 3. Grundig/Majestic plastic 100 U, red/brn, fair, 1968 - $45. 4. Korting Billy plastic two-tone red and white, 1954 - $125. 5. Grundig/Majestic 2120, brown plastic, nice, 1959, back panel not original - $125. 6. Phonovox Opta, brown/white plastic, beautiful, 1954 - $135. 7. Grundig 92-US AM/FM/PU, blond wood (small), 1953 - $75. Floor models: 8. Grundig/Majestic Locarno AM/FM/SW/PH, dark wood hand-rubbed, high gloss, beautiful, 1961 - $250. 9. Grundig/Majestic Consolette KST, 1953, AM/FM/SW/PH, excellent radio in fair condition, Art Deco cabinet - $135. 10. Grundig 97-U blue, 12-band AM/FM/SW, 1954 - $125. 11. Schaub-Lorenz wood AM/FM/SW, 1957, Goldy 250 - $100. 12. Phillips wood 1949/50 AM/FM/SW, uses ext. speakers, speakers are not included use and kind of 6/8 amp speaker - $100. Transistors: 13. Grundig CR 361 AM/FM and cassette player, 1967 - $55. 14. Grundig 6001 AM/FM/LW/SW, 9 bands, 1964 - $200. 15. Philips AE 3350 12-band world receiver, 1995 - $125. 16. Grundig 2147U, needs filter, wood, 1957 - $110. Prices listed include special packing. UPS and insurance at additional cost, approx. $35 per radio U.S.A. Consoles for pick up only! RGB Enterprises, PO Box 5361, Old Bridge, NJ 08857. (908) 679-8026. Fax: (908) 679-8524 FOR SALE/TRADE: 1936 Wurlitzer Simplex Mod 412 12-play 78 rpm automatic coin-operated jukebox, totally restored in bright red and gold, videotape available, looks and sounds great - $3,000. Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 WANTED: Hallicrafters Models S-2, S-33, S-35, SX-112, EP-132, HT-2, HT-3, HT-8, HT-12, HT-14, console speaker R-8, RCA Model AVR-11, AR-88, Philco 38-690, Midwest 20-38 chassis & speaker. Chuck Dachis, The Hallicrafter Collector, 4500 Russell Dr., Austin, TX 78745. (512) 443-5027 WANTED: WE European etc. tubes, transformers, SP, parts, hi-fi amp, jazz LP. Kouji Matsuo, 6-2, Tsurumi-cho, Beppu-shi, Oita, 874, Japan. Fax: 81-977-23-9579 WANTED: RCA 45 rpm players, mint. RCA Magazine-type tape recorders. Chrysler HI-WAY HI-FI car record player or records circa 1956-1958. Bob Green, WB3CRX, 1711 Breezy Acres Rd., Orwigsburg, PA 17961. (717) 366-3949 WANTED: 1920's and 1930's neon television tubes with or without boxes or just empty boxes. Television and broadcast receivers from 1920's & 1930's. 1920's & 1930's television magazines; Television, Television News, etc. Scanning discs, empty cabinets, chassis, parts, etc. for scanning disc TV's. Western Television Corp., See-All, Baird Televisor, ICA, Find-All, Television kits - Jenkins, Daven, Continental Television Corp., Freed-Eisemann, etc. What do you have? Larry Dunn, 473 Serento Cir. Thousand Oaks, CA 91360. (805) 492-7111 WANTED: Candlestick phones and all parts. DeForest D-10 coils. Burns black horn bell, any condition. Catalin radio parts or broken sets. RCA and Nipper items. Complete Catalins. Can meet at Rochester AWA. John Pisarski, 114 Evans Rd., Norristown, PA 19403. (610) 539-0756 WANTED: Handle for Bulova 620 transistor radio; also complete 620 radio. Also back for black Zenith Royal 300 transistor radio. John B. Crackel, PO Box 294, Auburndale, FL 33823 WANTED: Philco PT-87, or 41-81, Minerva W117. Ichiro Yamada, 10-21 Chiyodadai-cho, Kawachi Nagano-shi, Osaka, Japan 586. Phone/fax: 011-81-721-52-4695, mid/eve. local. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: EICO tube CBs, early aluminum 5/8 wave base antennas for CB. Ron Johnson, 123 West Mountain St., Worcester, MA 01606. (508) 852-0794 WANTED: Tubes: 01's, need 2 good (1 amp); and 01-A's (1/4 amp) unique duds OK for display. Hal Kravig, 2615 Juneway Dr., Memphis, TN 38134. (901) 388-2857. Fax: 388-5102 WANTED: Chassis for Brunswick 33. Also looking for Thorens TD-124 turntable. Please contact: Donald Cochrane, 858-I Antionette, South San Francisco, CA 94080. (415) 875-1725 WANTED: Philco 89 and Philco Jr. cabinets in good condition. Frank Vogler, 1135 E. Smoot Dr., Tucson, AZ 85719. (520) 887-6977 WANTED: Power transf. for Philco 90. Stancor P4044 or Thorardson T13R06. J.J. Papovich, 53 Magnolia Ave., Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 582-8279 WANTED: 1920's British crystal and battery sets and horn speakers. Ian L. Sanders, 16725 Wild Oak Way, Morgan Hill, CA 95037. (408) 778-7547 WANTED: Looking for a fair price on a 78 rpm picture record. Harry MacMullan, 469A Garnet Mine Rd., Boothwyn, PA 19061 WANTED: Information on tube radio and schematic: Siltronix 101D Citizens Band. Thanks. Paul Recupero, 265 Union St., Portsmouth, RI 02871. (401) 847-8589 WANTED: Broadcast-type MICROPHONES. Early carbon, condenser, ribbon, dynamic, etc. Cash or trade. James Steele, PO Box 620, Kingsland, GA 31548-0620. (912) 729-2242 WANTED: Zenith Model 990 12-tube console. I'll pay $1,250 for a restorable set. I'll arrange for pickup or can meet at Elgin. Top prices paid for pre-black dial Zeniths. Martin W. Blankinship, PO Box 157, Lecompton, KS 66050. (913) 887-6560 WANTED: Forest Service radio equip. before 1950, especially equip. built by Northwest companies. Also interested fishing vessel radios either older octal tube based or later transistor SSB. Manuals, advertising paper, any years. Hue Miller, 250S. 900, E., #4C, Salt Lake City, UT 84110 WANTED: Crosley Ace V/51 lid. Echophone/Meteor cabinet. Grebe CR-9 audios. Grebe RORN faceplate. Magnavox AC-3 cabinet. RadioIa V crystal detector. Zenith power transformer Model BS443, Chassis 5808, Part #95-627. Don Sturzenbecher, 26990 S. Marion Rd., Sioux Falls, SD 57108. (605) 368-2135 WANTED: US 6550 tubes, N.I.B./N.O.S., paying $25 ea. Only interested in new. Dee Almquist, PO Box 371, Crimora, VA 24431. Voice mail: (800) 755-2365. Fax: (540) 249-5064. Evss.: (540) 249-3161, Eastern WANTED: Multi-play spindle for BIC Model 940, belt for Dual Model 1257 changers. Tom Tompkins, 106 Falls Rd., Apt. 1, Shelburne, VT 05482. (802) 985-2741 WANTED: N.O.S. and good working Zenith 6T5 tuning eye tube for Zenith robot dial. Thanks! Tom Paruta, 43 Flower St., Buffalo, NY 14214. (716) 837-8131 WANTED: Crosley Model SM3 or junker with repairable cabinet. Cleo McAlexander, Box 4, Stanleytown, VA 24168. (540) 629-2972 WANTED: Adjustable spark gap from transmitter or old junked medical therapy device. Thomas J. Butkus, 838 Lenox Ave., Waukegan, IL 60085. (847) 244-0427 WANTED: Escutcheon and push buttons for RCA 96T7 radio. Chuck Humphreys, PO Box 598, New Haven, WV 25265. (304) 882-2220 WANTED: Crosley 48 (Elf or Widgit). Also chassis and speaker for AK 82 cathedral. Ron Stoner, 5341 High St., Lincoln, NE 68506. (402) 489-9259 WANTED: Zenith Trans-Oceanics, all models tube & transistor, any condition. Zenith military Trans-Oceanics R520/URR, R520A/URR. All Zenith wood tube table models. Frank J. Manziano, 82 Monhegon Ave., Oakland, NJ 07436. (201) 337-5263 VINTAGE MANUALS AVAILABLE for amateur, audio, and radio-related equipment. Quality is always our number one customer priority. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send two 32¢ stamps for catalog. Pete Markavage, THE MANUAL MAN, 27 Walling St., Sayreville, NJ 08872-1818. (908) 238-8964 WANTED: 1930 to 1942 Police Radio communications equipment. Any 6 VDC mobile communication equipment. Raymond Miller, 953 N. 1st St., Albemarle, NC 28001. (704) 982-0228 MILLEN ORIGINAL PARTS, manuals, equipment. New and used. Bought and sold. James Millen Electronic Equipment Mfg., PO Box 4215, Andover, MA 01810-0814. (508) 975-2711. Fax at (508) 474-8949 WANTED: WE 728B--$2000/pair. WE 555w--$2000/pair. Perfect and original only. UTC LS40, LS19, LS21, LS25, HA106, HA104, HA105, WE 608A, 609A, 187A, 159B, 166A/B, 520A, 171C, 285F/L/R, 264C, 270C, 285J/K, 618A/B. Kouji Matsuo, 6-2 Tsurumicho, Beppu-shi, Oita, 874 Japan. Fax: 81-977-23-9579 FOR SALE/TRADE: National HRO Mod 500 receiver in outstanding working and cosmetic condition – $825. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: N.O.S. tubes, 41, ST, (63) – $6 ea.; 6SL7WGT, brown base, (36) – $5 ea.; 6DK6, (100) – $1/2; 6CA4, (5) – $8 ea.; 80 tubular, (10) – $6 ea. Used tubes: 6SN7GT, (400) – $1.50 ea.; 6SL7, (40) – $2 ea.; 6BG6, (30) – $2 ea.; 42, (25) – $5 ea.; Magic eye 6US, (13) – $10 ea.; 24A, 27, ST (20) – $3 ea.; 24, 27, balloon – $6 ea.; 12BY7, (50) – $3 ea. 6CG7/6FQ7, 8CG7, 8FQ7, (100) – $2 ea. 6AL5, (100), 3 for – $1.1B3, (200), 3 for – $1. 6AS7G, (20) – $2 ea. 6BG7/6BZ7, 2 for – $1. 6CB6, (300), 3 for – $1. 6AU6, (100), 2 for – $1. 6AK5, (100), 3 for – $1. 6AH6, (100), 3 for – $1. 6CG3, 6W4, (100), 3 for – $1. 6AX4, 12AX4, (100), 3 for – $1. 12SN7, (50), 2 for – $1. Minimum order – $25 + S/H. Call: George Stagakis, George’s Radio and TV Repair, 1714A 41st St., North Bergen, NJ 07047. (201) 867-9136. Fax: (201) 867-4044 FOR SALE: Motorola Service Manuals, Radios 1950-1960, Auto Radios 1952-1960 – $25 ea. See A.R.C. May issue page 62 and June issue page 68 for items available except RCA 4T. WANTED: Sentinel radio for book radio and diagram for Heathkit SW-717 four-channel radio. All items plus UPS. Charles R. Boller, 3108 N.W. 91 St., Seattle, WA 98117 (206) 782-8318 FOR SALE: 1923 Federal Model 59 battery set, in excellent condition, plays, includes tubes, buyer pays for shipping – $1,300. No calls after 10 pm ET please. David Wright, 5225 Pooks Hill Rd., Apt. #214 North, Bethesda, MD 20814-2032. (301) 530-3587. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Tube testers: BK 500 w/papers, @ 9 – $40. GE TC-3A w/chart & book, EB1-7001C, 1954 book – $40. Clock-radios: Zen. Mod-X514, @ 9 – $15; GE Mod 431, @ 9 – $15. Raytheon Mod C-50B, @ 9 – $30. Metal Arvin Mod 444, @ 9 – $75. New Alladin, no mod #, 6 tube, lift lid, 2 dial, @ 9 – $175. NC Mod 98, A/O, N/D, @ 9/p – $140. N.O.S. velvet verniers – $15 ea. Plus P&S. Bernie Sarnek, 113 Old Palmer Rd., Brimfield, MA 01010. (413) 245-7174. Fax: 0441 FOR SALE: Neutrowound (blue) – $675. Radiola Renoflex, Radiola 20. WANTED: Case for Kadette Classic. Steve Lange, 1351 N. 58 St., Milwaukee, WI 53208. (414) 259-1031 FOR SALE: Sony CRF-150 13-band – $225. Realistic DX-160 with SP-150 speaker – $125. FOR TRADE: My Western Electric 205-D tube (with box & doc.) for your Zenith 9S324, RCA 140, GE K-80 or ??? Also my Acrosound TO-300 for your 1938-1941 Zenith 8-inch speaker. Armand Cote, 6 Sycamore Ct., Atkinson, NH 03811-2727. (603) 362-8715 FOR SALE/TRADE: A pair of Altec 340A (50-watt) per mono block amps – $500. Pair of Altec 1570-B mono block amps, 165 to 200 watts per unit – $900. Craftsman Mod 500 amp w/tubes – $395. Vintage RCA theater amplifiers (70 watts) per mono block – $950/pair. 70-watt Eico ST-70 stereo amp – $300. Dyna PAS preamp – $175. Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Philco 90 chassis and console spkr, works – $75. Zenith wood table 5R216, works – $70. Philco console, 11 tube, 40-201, works – $100. Zenith console 6S254, works – $100. Consoles pickup only, table model and chassis-spkr plus shipping. Raymond Humphreys, 904 Jackson St., Macon, MO 63552. (816) 385-2821 Victrola Repair Service: Windup phonograph repairs, parts, springs, needles via U.P.S. Rod Lauman, 19 Cliff St., St. Johnsbury, VT 05819. (800) 239-4188, eves. WANTED, ANY CONDITION: RBY, Hallicrafters S-35, PR-1, Collins 478R-1, Squires-Sanders SS-1V panadaptors; also schematics, manuals, ads, articles, technical data on them. John A. Benyo, 25 Schley Street, Garfield, NJ 07026 SPEAKER PARTS: Adhesives, Cone, Dust Caps, Gaskets, Voice Coils (Round and Edgewound) Spiders and Terminals. Refoam Kits - $14-$18 for speakers. Cat. avail. $10.00 (Refund.) 800 order line Visa/MC/Am.Ex. Speaker Parts Co., PO Box 14731, Freemont, CA 94539. 510-490-5842/510-490-1961 FAX VOICE OF MUSIC (VM) “Collector’s Voice” Newsletter covers VM audio products, restoration hints, and company history! Issue #1 is FREE for a regular SASE sent to: Gary Stork, 37530 E. Meadowhill, Northville, MI 48167-8915. (810) 478-0990 WANTED: Volume control for Grebe MU-1 Synchrophase. Also, restorable cabinet for AK 84 cathedral. Thanks! Dan Sipola, 2840 Copeland Rd., Maple Plain, MN 55359. (612) 972-8214. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Atwater Kent showroom sales literature 1931-1936. Also Models 208, 255, 273D, 312, 412, 608, 648, 710 and 318 or 559 cabinet only. Bring 'em to Elgin. Jeff Aulik, 1708 Parkview Ave., Rockford, IL 61107. (815) 399-1902 WANTED: RCA: Advertising, promo, display items, table radios, clock radios, portables, transistors, TV's, phono. Jeff Strutin, 1 2nd Ave., Central Islip, NY 11722. (516) 582-2569 WANTED: Hallicrafters SX-110 main tuning knob, #015-301339, grey plastic, silver insert, 2" cartwheel. Chester P. Coleman, 1705 Church St., #204, San Francisco, CA 94131-2474. (415) 441-3377 WANTED: Butterscotch Catalin pinwheel knobs for Dewald A502. Insert piece for top front hole Coronado 43-8190. FOR SALE: Catalin backgammon chips. Mike Stambaugh, 506 W. Springettsbury Ave., York, PA 17403. (717) 854-1368. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Packard-Bell 1941 Model 120-D or 51-C console in good condition. Ronald K. Edge, 2923 Mayfair Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109. (206) 284-6196 WANTED: 1920's DC radio (110 VDC) such as Radiola 18DC or similar. Victor universal 32 VDC phonograph motor with resistors (if possible) for use with 110 VDC. Keith J. Hlavacs, 9185 Bray Rd., Millington, MI 48746. (517) 871-9977 WANTED: Westinghouse WR-46 in any condition except junk. Help me jigsaw the last piece of my 3-year puzzle. Richie Coulborn, 65-47 Myrtle Ave., Glendale, NY 11385. (516) 676-6699, M-F 8 am-4:30 pm. (718) 386-7009, weekends and after 8 pm weeknights The Olde Tyme Radio Services Directory is now available. Find the services and parts needed to restore that old radio or t.v., also included are clubs and publications all categorized and sorted by state for easy look-up. Over 225 suppliers listed, and always adding more each year. Send $4.00 ppd. Andrew Mooradian, 5 Priscilla Lane, Winchester, MA 01890 WANTED: Collins Radio Company Catalogs, promotional literature, manuals 1933-1983. Jim Stitzinger, 23800 Via Irana, Valencia, CA 91355. 1-805-259-2011 WANTED: 1946-49 EMERSON Model #503, 519 or 535 or similar models with perforated wooden fronts, any condition, state price based on condition. Also want ZENITH "radio nurse" brown plastic speakers used in hospitals, 1940's. Steven Cabella, 500 Red Hill Ave., San Anselmo, CA 94960. (415) 461-6810 WANTED: Early Zenith Royal 500. Regency XR-2A case and knob, or reasonable whole radio. John Watson, 355 E. Second St., Moorestown, NJ 08057. (609) 234-6986 WANTED: Eico Model 615 adapter (or construction info) for 667 tube tester. Thanks! Jim Bremer, 2919 Inez Rd., Redding, CA 96002. (916) 222-8001 or e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Radiola 47 parts set. I need PS chassis, phone, speaker, knobs, and bezel. Tom Burgess, 9 Belle Meadow Ln., Little Rock, AR 72210. (501) 455-0773, eve WANTED: Type 50 (larger)/250/350 tubes: N.I.B. - $185, used --$115. H. Kato, c/o T. Kato, 6868 Chelsea Rd., McLean, VA 22101 WANTED: Push buttons for Philco 48-480, back for Silvertone Model 1, knobs for Zenith 805 and Bendix 110W. Barry Jones, 11340 Darmstadt Rd., Evansville, IN 47711. (812) 867-3510 WANTED: Highest prices paid for Western Electric tubes and equipment. Also wanted 2A3, 10, 45, 50, KT-66, KT-88, 6550 (ST) and Altec 604B/C speakers. Don Singerhouse, PO Box 768, Maywood, NJ 07607. Phone/fax: (201) 843-8682 WANTED: Trav-Ler 5054. Patrick Franzis, 235 Millville Ave., Naugatuck, CT 06770. (203) 723-8976. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Portable Emerson 645 with fan antenna. Original instructions book for Sparton 301 Equasonne. Tony Parjus, 816 Richard Ln., Gretna, LA 70056. (504) 393-0099 WANTED: Bunis Guide, 1st Edition. Philco 48-230, 48-460-1, 49-501, 49-503, 49-506, 50-526, 51-532, 52-548, 52-940, 53-566. Motorola 5X1U, 53H1, 53X1, 5X11U. Acrosound, Fairchild, Fisher, Hadley, Karg, REL, etc. Tube hi-fi equipment, accessories, sales literature. 1950's-1960's hi-fi books, plus Allied, Lafayette, Heathkit, etc., catalogs. KLH 8 and accessories. Paul Creasy, 6216 Worlington Rd., Bloomfield Township, MI 48301. (810) 737-0429. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Radio Callbooks 1900 thru 1927. Bob Arrowsmith, W4JNN, PO Box 166, Annandale, VA 22003. Collect (703) 560-7161 WANTED: Fairbanks Morse console Model 9C or 12B preferred. Charles E. Patterson, 2621 Sweetwater Rd. SP#33, National City, CA 91950. (619) 475-7141 REPLACEMENT GRILLE CLOTH for Radiola 103 speakers, excellent silk-screen copy of the original tapestry -- $32 + $3.00 S.H. Phil Guinan, 106 Page Rd., Litchfield, NH 03052. (603) 889-6213 FOR SALE: Quality reprint of the 1940 E. H. Scott catalog "Custom Built-to-Order." Shows Philharmonic, Phantom, Masterpiece and the Special Communications receiver. Cabinets, performance curves, and testimonials. Printed on glossy bond paper similar to the originals. 32 pages of photos and info on the Scott line. Just $12.95, including first class postage. Request yours from: Kent King, 337 York Ave., Delaware, OH 43015 FOR SALE: Standard Micronic Ruby black SRH437, clamshell papers, earphone, excellent – $125. Arnold Homstein, 21 Golden Hill Ct., Baltimore, MD 21228. (410) 744-0919 FOR SALE: Ultra small radio, FM or AM models – $19.95 ea. ppd. Credit card OK. Antique Radio Store, 8376 LaMesa Blvd., LaMesa, CA 91941. (619) 668-5653 FOR SALE: Zenith 75 tube type hearing aid, appears new in original box with all paperwork & acc. – $75. Zenith Phone Magnet hearing aid, appears new in original box – $75. Ed Walmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 FOR SALE: Westinghouse RC, good – $225. Music Master horn – $150. Magnavox R-3, good – $250. 10BP4 rebuilt CRT – $50. Shipping extra on previous. Philco tuning condenser grommets – $4 per set ppd; $3 additional sets of three; coming soon complete kit of dial, thumbwheel and label, send SASE to reserve yours. Don Patterson, 636 Cambridge Rd., Augusta, GA 30909. (706) 738-7227. Fax: (706) 721-9197 FOR SALE: Entire tube and electronics stock as unit. Estimate of stock as follows: (80,000) N.I.B. vacuum tubes. (20,000) bulk used vacuum tubes. Schematics – Sams, Sanyo, Sony, Beitman, Rider. Bulbs, phono cartridges, phono needles, capacitors, transistors, transformers, modules, test equip. Parts – RCA, Zenith. Old radios, CRTs, rebuilt, in boxes. No inventory lists available on above stock. Make offer per tube for entire stock as is. All merchandise above included with purchase of complete tube inventory. Monarch Technologies, 21501 Highway 183, Crescent, IA 51526-4091. (712) 322-7927, 9 am-5 pm CST, no Sundays FOR SALE: Columbia Lyre cyl. phono, plays well, clean, no lid – $425. Westinghouse RA-DA – $250. Philco #90 – $350. Philco #84B – $125. Akai w/o 7 1/4 tape deck, built-in 40-watt amp, exc – $125. AK H horn spkr – $90. Strand lowboy crank phono, cab, solid, runs well, finish? – $125. J.L. Acciavatti, PO Box 231, Southborough, MA 01772. (508) 476-3229, call eves. FOR SALE: Radio and TV tubes. N.O.S. IRC volume controls, many with tap. N.O.S. CD square mica capacitors. Single electrolytic 4, 6, 12 mFd @ 600v with mounting nut. Fluke DMM 8062B. For prices contact: A.W. Gray, KJ5QD, Rte. 3, Box 753, Troup, TX 75789. (903) 842-2989. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: AR turntable, mint, R-7 Suprette tombstone. J. Finkelstein, 205 Alapocas Dr., Wilmington, DE 19803 TUBES WANTED HIGHEST PRICES PAID $$$ W.E. 101F, 205D, F, Tennis Ball, 274B, 300B, 211, 845, KT66, 77, 88, EL34, PX25, 280, 245, 250, Telefunken, Mullard, Bugle Boy ECC81, 82, 83, 801S, 802S, 803S. —AUDIO EQUIPMENT WANTED— McIntosh, Marantz, UTC, W.E. Trans, Black Beauty, A & B Resistor, etc........... FULL RANGE ELECTRON TUBE SHOP Jonathan Woo Flat B, 37/F, Block 5, Greenfield Garden, Tsing Yi, Hong Kong Tel: (852) 24349466 Fax: (852) 24344963 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Cathedrals: Erla cathedral, exc cond., plays – $290; Majestic Mod 370 – $200; other cathedrals. Zenith console Model 12S266, exc restored condition – $900. Can deliver to Elgin. Sid Stivland, 17725 6th Ave., N, Plymouth, MN 55447. (612) 475-1332 FOR SALE/TRADE: Western Electric ring microphones Mod 394 and CW1053. Western Electric 7-A amplifier, tennis ball tubes. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Zenith H-500 Trans-Oceanic, excellent condition – $85 + shipping. Richard Rubin, 227 Riverside Dr., Apt. 5-A, New York, NY 10025. (212) 864-8416. E-mail: email@example.com IF YOUR EXPIRATION DATE IS AUGUST OR BEFORE, RENEW TODAY! EARLY RENEWALS RECEIVE AN EXTRA ISSUE! FOR SALE: 1943 Reference Data for Radio Engineers by Federal Telephone & Radio Corp. – $20. 1947 Instruction Book for Wire & Wireless Code Using the Instructograph – $25. 1963 Satellite Communications by Bell Telephone Laboratories – $15. 1940 Stromberg-Carlson desk phone with crank (magneto) – $35. All plus UPS. Cliff Sullivan, 4902 W. Monte Cristo, Glendale, AZ 85306. (602) 978-3551 FOR SALE: RCA RADAR, working set, NT – $275. Philco 71, orig. finish and clean chassis, nice set – $325. Temple console, circa 1929 – $50 pickup only. Crosley 5-50 cabinet, escutcheons – $40. Bremer cabinet, escutcheons – $35. Minor brand globe 201A’s, Red Star, Lord Baltimore, Marathon – $25 ea. Cardon 485 with side-mount filament terminals – $35. WWV rack-mount receiver, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 – $85. HP5328A universal/frequency counter 500 MHz 9 LED digits, high stability time base – $160. HP-8640B/323 in transit case, .45-.512 MHz, AM, FM, CW signal generator commercial – $380. Military RF sig./sweep generator, tubed, scope display, 3 manuals, vgc – $70. HP-180A oscilloscope, 2 channels, delayed sweep, 50 MHz, vgc – $140. HP scope probe – $30. TEK P6201 900 MHz FET probe, attenuators, tips, case – $220. TEK 7613 storage scope mainframe, vgc – $100. TEK 7844 dual beam scope mainframe, 400 MHz, vgc – $220. TEK Scope 7000 Series rigid plug-in extender – $130. KhronHite tube amp 50 watts dc-500 kHz, massive – $125. Simpson 269 VOM, high-grade, 100 kohm/volt – $40. HP606B – $145. HP612A UHF signal generator 480-1250 MHz, vgc – $40. HP410B VTVM – $35. 12BP4A CRT – $35. URM/25D RF sig. gen. – $20. ARRL Handbook 1946, 1953 – $30 ea. How to Pass Radio License Exam, 1938, ’44 – $25. Vintage light bulbs, tipped – $20 working, $4 dead. All plus shipping. Call evenings or leave message. Stan Krumme, KKO6YB, 16432 Lakemont Ln., Huntington Beach, CA 92847. (714) 841-5866 FOR SALE: Excellent repro knobs and other radio parts. Universal dial belt kit, 6’ of belt material, glue and instructions – $8.50 ppd. To reference most Zenith models from 1920 to 1946, we offer our 60-page 11x17 Zenith Brochure Book with pictures and specs on most models – $28.95 ppd. Our 1936 Zenith Poster reproduction shows the complete 1936 lineup plus all three Stratospheres – $20 ppd. Zenith T-shirts and sweats, call for info. Send for free catalog. Visa and MasterCard accepted. Alan Jesperson, PO Box 17338, Minneapolis, MN 55417. (612) 727-2489 WANTED: Cabinets for: Radiola II, Radiola Super VIII, Thermiodyne TRF6, Music Master 140, AK 708; or will sell chassis. Steve Wallace, 3707 Pricetown Rd., Fleetwood PA 19522. (610) 944-7230 WANTED: Pay $100 for good matching mahogany petal for Burns speaker! Rick Ammon, 1249 Solstice Ln., Fort Collins, CO 80525-1239. (970) 221-4001. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Collectors to bring top quality merchandise to our old equipment auction on Friday, Aug. 30 at Radiofest 1996. See the July A.R.C. for full info. Jeff Aulik, 1708 Parkview Ave., Rockford, IL 61107. (815) 399-1902 WANTED: Speaker for Zenith chassis #5719 bookcase radio. Thanks. Mark S. Cowart, N4FBL, PO Box 550766, Jacksonville, FL 32255-0766. (904) 724-1364 WANTED: Old electrodynamic speakers on pedestal with or without rectifier. WE 540/548/560 magnetic speaker. Aki Komatsuzaki, 267 Kingston Hill Way, Los Gatos, CA 95030. (408) 356-7051. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Tapes of a radio program called The Meister Brau Showcase that aired on WGN radio in the '60s hosted by Franklin McCormack. Want Bunis #1 and Sylvania service hints booklets. FOR SALE: Sparton 557 Blue Mirror, Channel Master 6506 transistor radio, excellent condition, whistles. Bohemian Bill, 1533 River Rd., Wisconsin Dells, WI 53965. (608) 253-9855, after 10 pm CST WANTED: CB radios, EICO catalogs, EV-664 microphone with 419 desk stand. Tom Bonomo, 81 Lakewood Cir., San Mateo, CA 94402. (415) 578-1887 WANTED: There's gotta be someone out there, when in time the good Lord calls and they're about to meet their maker, doesn't want to take with them their AK chassis Model 80-82-84-90-92 or 62? If so, reply: Gary J. Formica, 823 91st St., Niagara Falls, NY 14304. (716) 283-2274. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Catalin radio parts, paying $20 or more per knob. Need a red Patriot handle and Garod Peaktop chassis. Ray Carroll, 158 Oakwood Dr., Wayne, NJ 07470. (201) 696-1149 WANTED: Information on Canadian-made Victor Northern Electric and R21 and R24 radios. Charles Combs, 508 E. Daniel, Albany, MO 64402. Ph/fax: (816) 726-3038 WANTED: New and used tubes; write for bid list showing the prices I pay. Antique Triode, Box A2, Farnham, NY 14061. Fax/Phone (716) 549-5379 WANTED/TRADE: Broadcasting, recording, audio equipment/literature, microphones. RCA/WE/Fairchild/Neumann/etc.; limiters, amplifiers, consoles, speakers, tape/disk recorders. Blank disks, 16" transcriptions. Pick up/deliver between N.Y., Elgin/Rochester. Robert Van Dyke, 2 Squires Ave., East Quogue, NY 11942. (516) 728-9835 WANTED: For Sparton 6-15 or similar: 1 1/4" Bakelite octagonal tuning knob 3/16" shaft. Thanks! Art Eberhardt, Box 209, Loomis, NE 68958. (308) 876-2240 WANTED: Unbuilt Heath and Knight-kits. Gene Peroni, Box 58003, Philadelphia, PA 19102. (215) 665-6182 WANTED: Chrome, Chrome, Chrome, Art Deco, Streamline, Moderne. Radios and other items 1920's-1940's. Adam Schoolsky, 15149 S.W. Cabernet Dr., Tigard, OR 97224. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: More prewar plastics by Detrola, RCA, Kadette, Air King, et al. Take all my money before the relatives do. They are trying to hurry my already imminent demise. Please write or call collect: Rain Buttignol, 314 State St, #7, Portsmouth, NH 03801. (603) 427-1384 WANTED: #1491 and #H7550 lamp bulbs; PE06/40P and TB3/750 foreign tubes. Geoff Fors, WB6NVH, Box 342, Monterey, CA 93942 WANTED: Collectors to visit the Muchow Museum Thurs. Aug. 29 at Radiofest 1996. See the July A.R.C. for full info. Jeff Aulik, 1708 Parkview Ave., Rockford, IL 61107. (815) 399-1902 WANTED: 7" R-R tapes; R-R alignment and test tape; Precision 10-12 supplements past 1971. George Falleneck, 608 Brookhaven Way, Niceville, FL 32578. (904) 897-5434 WANTED: Hoffman Solar #OP709, Sony TR 84 8-xstr radios, Hickok 539C or Model 6000 tube tester. David Koesche, 61 S. Barrington Rd., Barrington, IL 60010. (847) 382-7997 WANTED: Philco console 40-180, good cabinet, chassis not restored but complete. Michael Durand, 21 Le Grande Ave., Tarrytown, NY 10591. (914) 631-0493 WANTED: Hallicrafters S-19R. Must be in good condition. Bill Walls, 605 Ashland Dr., Mebane, NC 27302. (919) 563-5543. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Chassis for Philco 84B cathedral (Bunis 3, p. 170). Joe Quinn, 30511 Manhasset Dr., Bay Village, OH 44140. (216) 835-8420 WANTED: Philips tube stereo rec. #7851? or equiv. Tom Farkas, 14847 Fremont Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98133 IF YOUR EXPIRATION DATE IS AUGUST OR BEFORE, RENEW TODAY! EARLY RENEWALS RECEIVE AN EXTRA ISSUE! WANTED: Metal foot (one under each corner) for Stromberg-Carlson 635A Treasure Chest. Denis Meaney, 81 Madison St., Blue Point, NY 11715. E-mail: email@example.com WANTED: Need three 7025 tubes, three 12AU7, four 12AX7 and five 6973. Knox Lee, 630 Shadowbrook Dr., Columbia, SC 29210. (803) 772-6593. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org WANTED: Zenith Twin Seven dual turntable record player. John Lee, 1658 E. 5th St., Ontario, CA 91764. (909) 984-4592. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Tubes N.I.O.B. at 1/2 price (min. $20) plus S.&H. Send LSASE w/55¢ postage. J.J. Papovich, 53 Magnolia Ave., Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 582-8279 FOR SALE: 1940 Zenith robot/dial 12S568, nice cond., pick up only – $350. Zenith chairside SS239. Philco TV booster Mod TV3 – $20. Sony 7-in. B/W TV Mod TV760, transistors – $20. MINY 3 1/4" R/R tape recorder, sharp – $25. Gemini 3 1/4 R/R – $15. Emerson 888 Atlas, black w/case, plays – $45. Trancel T-11, ivory/gold – $25. Novelties: Heinz Ketchup, N.I.B. – $45. Skinner Spaghetti, N.I.B. – $40. (2) Hormel Chili, N.I.B. – $30. Sanyo Tacdrab shaped like car tachometer AM/FM – $35. Al and Tina Varga, PO Box 203, Casco, WI 54205. (414) 837-2363 FOR SALE: Small wood tombstones, Crosley 516 – $60. Coronado 578 – $55. U-ship. L.A. “Bud” Noel, KF9XM, 494 Clark St., Galesburg, IL 61401. (309) 342-2825 HAVE YOU MOVED? ARE YOU MOVING? PLEASE NOTIFY US A.S.A.P. SEND US YOUR... OLD ADDRESS NEW ADDRESS and SUB # MANY THANKS!!!!!! FOR SALE: Trans-Oceanic owners need Receiver Saver 200 to extend tube life. SASE brings brochure. Jeff Kincaid, WA6BIL, 5529 West 140th St., Hawthorne, CA 90250 FOR SALE: RCA/GE filament transformer Y689, 30 watts, 30 cycles, primary 88v, secondary 7.5/3.75v – $45 OBO. Paul Harnetty, 4805 Parkmoor, Westerville, OH 43082. (614) 882-1979 FOR SALE: Atwater Kent Model 24 – $175. (4) brass base 01-A’s – $18 ea., other tubes. George Jones, 1943 Palm Dr., Fernandina Beach, FL 32034. (904) 261-6533 FOR SALE: GE H-530 small tombstone, orig., plays – $75. Fada 790B, brown – $50. Philco 37-610 Deco, (F.O.S., p. 124), nice refin. – $60. GE GD-60, nice refin., one push button missing – $35. All plus UPS. Harvey W. Hunt, 455 Gladstone St., Sheridan, WY 82801 FOR SALE: Zenith radios: Royal 3000-1 – $140; R72-IJ – $35; 6G801 – $45. Copies of old ads/manuals: Zenith, Thorola, Atwater Kent, Freød-Eisemann, Fada, Radiola, Hallicrafters, Philco. SASE for price list. Ernie Nagy, PO Box 822, Elk Rapids, MI 49629-0822 FOR SALE: Chassis: AK 55 – $20; AK 328 – $25; Zenith 6D221 – $20; Crosley 6V2 – $25. Jim Collings, 12005 Victoria Pl., Oklahoma City, OK 73120. (405) 755-4139 FOR SALE: RME Mod 4350 communication receiver, uses external speaker, not furnished, very clean and works – $90 + shipping. Glen Woody, Box 44, Mountain View, AR 72560. (501) 269-8522 FOR SALE: Philco 212 phono/radio, 11 tubes, restorable, complete – Make Offer, pick up only. WANTED: Grille cloth for Zenith 12-A-58 and Silvertone 6 1/4" dia. dial glass. Karl Johnson, 3517 Morton, Brookfield, IL 60513. (708) 485-2349 FOR SALE: Entire tube inventory at 30 cents per tube. Must take all. D.C. Eddy Whisle, 827 Squire St., Colorado Springs, CO 80911. (719) 392-3764 FOR SALE: Communications and special receivers, SASE for list with information and prices. S.T. Carter, II, W4NHC, PO Box 033177, Indialantic, FL 32903-0177. (407) 727-3015 FOR SALE: Clarion Jr. & Sparton 617 tombstones, both refinished & restored – $125 ea. Have pictures. Zenith 12S265, new 6T5 eye tubes, refinished, mint – $875. Zenith 6S527, restored & refinished – $65. Rider’s X11 – $12. Joe Svihel, 17227 Co. Rd. 54, Avon, MN 56310. (320) 356-7601 FOR SALE: Lafayette PK-800W stereo record changer. Detrola 393. Hallicrafters S-39 Sky Ranger. Heath CB: GW-10. Edison disc phono A100, poor. Zenith cabinet: 6S254 – $50. Consoles, complete or parts: Philco 118, 37-650, 37-9. Tubes, new and used. Send wants. Many parts & parts sets. Send want list & SASE. Wilbur Gilroy, 129 Belmont Ave., Clarks Green, PA 18411. (717) 586-7356 FOR SALE: Blue Patriot, (2) Fada 700, red Emersonette, Zenith Crest, and Silvertone Jr. WANTED: Detrola Super Pee Wees. Brian Mascioccohi, 44 Rolo Ct., Mechanicsburg, PA 17055. (717) 795-7271 FOR SALE: N.I.B. (45) 12AX7 tubes, lot sale – $200. (50) 12AU7A’s – $100. Rudy Hecker, 127 Weymouth Ct., Schaumburg, IL 60193. (847) 529-3560. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Can deliver to Radiofest in Elgin. Philco #650 Chinese console – $150. Airline movie dial #62-403 13 tuber – $150. Howard Model 418 console 12 tuber – $125. Big Crosley tombstone, rough Model 8113, 8 tuber – $40. Bill Allen, 505 South 8th St., Eldridge, IA 52748. (319) 285-6472 FOR SALE: Heath QP-1 – $25. Philco 70B cathedral – $350. Grunow 500, 1933 chrome grille – $200. Setchell-Carlson 427, mint – $75. Ernie Odeneal, 2710 Lee, Greenville, TX 75401. (903) 455-2113 or 5788 FOR SALE: B&K 1653 isolated variac – $120. General Radio W5-MT variac – $65. Hallicrafters S-120 – $40. BO: Hallicrafters S40A. Also LMT (French) tube multi volt/band port. Pickett slide rule N.F.B. B&K 707. Senecore Mighty Mite II TC114. Eico wide-band scope. Nova CB multiband. Sony SLO 340 Betamax. Roger & Mary Ellen Ruddick, 33 Emily Ln., Ft. Myers Beach, FL 33931. (941) 463-8887 FOR SALE: JVC bowling ball TV w/clock, missing clock knob antenna, otherwise great cosmetics – $100 plus UPS. Kenneth Miller, 10027 Calvin St., Pittsburgh, PA 15235. (412) 242-4701 FOR SALE: 1,910 tubes, original cartons, selling one lot – Best Offer. List $4. Al D’Ambra, 35-N Suffolk Dr., Rocky Point, NY 11778-9200 FOR SALE: Ampex AG-350 recorder on matte silver tie/money clip, presentation boxed – $18.75 ppd. Doc Waterman, 800 Walavista, Oakland, CA 94610-1150 FOR SALE: Western Electric: Control Room CBS 25B, 23C, microphone & speaker, other WE parts, transformers, etc. Closing date - bid opening Sept. 96. International shipment available. James Phillips, 414 Washington Ave., Defiance, OH 43512. Fax request only: (419) 782-3299 FOR SALE: NRI One – $55. Coyne – $10 ea. Technical TV, Martin – $20. Plus shipping. Dewey Shaffer, RD2, Box 104-B, New Paris, PA 15554. (814) 839-4728 FOR SALE: Philco 60 cathedral cabinet – $35. Bosch battery eliminator – $25. AK 3975 breadboard components – $600. Stromberg-Carlson 1A battery sets, (3) available – $125 to $200. Stromberg 601 cabinet – $45. Freshman Masterpiece 3 dialer with pull-down front and built-in speaker, excellent – $150. 175 Holtzer and Cabot horn, works – $125. Crosley 157 cathedral – $125. Emerson mini tombstone with Ingraham cabinet – $75. McMurdo Silver Masterpiece II, no cabinet – $950. Elaborate Victoreen radio/phonio – $1,100. Edison Amberola VI – $600. Edison P-1 portable – $450. Mahogany Barrel front record cabinet – $450. Parting Victor XVI, inquire Victor I – $1,300. Symphony outside horn disc player – $1,100. New batch of cylinder records, clean 2-minute at – $5 ea.; and 4-minute at – $4 ea. WANTED: Philco 38-690 amplifier chassis and speakers or will sell cabinet and upper chassis. John Hayes, 27 Highland Dr., Henniker, NH 03242. (603) 428-3053, or fax only (603) 428-8315 FOR SALE: Radios: Setchell-Carlson 416 frog eye – $45. Crown TR-800, rough – $45. Motorola X-15A – $18. Westinghouse H-376P4 portable w/case – $30. Toob Cbs: Pearce-Simpson ‘23 Guardian – $65. Lafayette HE-20A – $45. Courier 23 (e.c.i.) – $45. Knight C-540 – $35. Knight C-22 – $35. Teaberry T Charlie One (solid-state) – $15. Knight C-100 walkie-talkie – $15. GE Voice-Commander (two-way) – $20. Mics: Electro-Voice 630 – $45. Shure CR520SLT green frog – $55. General Radio 650A LCR bridge w/550PI oscillator – $95. Crown IC-150 preamp in cabinet w/manual and cabinet – $125. Heathkit AA-20 amplifier w/manual and cabinet – $45. Utah SG-522 12” coaxial speaker – $35. Hammond organ amplifier w/4-2A3s – $155. Call after 7/28! Jon Hall, WB4MMV, 39 Spring Oaks Ln., Ruckersville, VA 22968. (804) 985-3827, 8:30-10:30 pm. Fax: (804) 984-3299. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: 401-A tubes – $11. Navy CND-46156 receiver and CND-20131 power unit – $35. Bogen U-57 amp – $25. Elgin delivery. Barry McDaniel, 6 Pacos Ln., Little Rock, AR 72212. (800) 755-3326, days FOR SALE: Atwater Kent H horn speaker, horn & base only – $50. Airline 62-196 tombstone – $100. Fada 192-A – $135. GE A-63 tombstone – $135. Kadette 38? – $75. Magnavox horn speaker – $80. RCA 128 tombstone – $230. Silvertone 1403? cathedral – $240. Westinghouse H-126, ivory – $55. J. Gary Cameron, 824 Andrews St., Southington, CT 06489. (860) 276-9200 FOR SALE: TR-4 and AC – $225. National NC188 – $125. Lafayette KT-320 – $125. Hallicrafters S41W – $100. Mark Gilbert, N5MG, PO Box 88, Old Greenwich, CT 06870. (203) 625-8374 FOR SALE: 1942 Philco Beam-of-Light Record Changer Service Manual, 36 pp., copy – $13.25 ppd. Gary A. Micanek, 226 Henry Ave., Manchester, MO 63011. (314) 227-7046 FOR SALE: Tube amps: Dyna ST-70 – $275. Scott 299C – $250. Both play well, exc cosmetics. Also tube tuners, tube manuals, tubes, small radios. SASE for lists. Charles D. Blair, 815 N. 5th St., Cambridge, OH 43725. (614) 432-4453, Fax: (614) 439-2644 FOR SALE/TRADE: A pair of RCA theatre amplifiers (mono blocks) 70 watts each, vintage 1930’s, a real power house combination – $895 pr. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Emerson 888 Vanguard, black, plays – $100. Firestone S7426-9 Roamer, 1939, portable, fold down front, handle – $45. Majestic G2 speaker – $25. Stewart-Warner 13-6P table, wood, plays – $45. Zenith T600, Trans-Oceanic, brown leather, plays – $150. Military R174/VRR & PP308/VRR general coverage receiver and power supply, untested – $90. Altec 515 speaker, reconned – $150. Dynakit stereo 70 – $240. Dynakit PAS2 preamplifier – $75. Fisher 514 2/ch/2 channel receiver – $75. Heathkit A9B20W integrated amplifier – $75. Jensen ST891 K310A 15 in. coaxial speaker – $45. Masco MA25PN PA amplifier w/turntable, 2-6L6’s – $45. RCA MI9351 amplifier, 2-2A3’s, untested – $120. Electro-Voice Wolverine LS12A speaker – $45. General Radio 636A wave analyzer, large wood case, book, untested – $95. Varitran V1, Variac, works – $25. Astatic DN50, Microphone – $60. Electro-Voice 600, microphone, hand held – $45. Turner U9S microphone, yoke, brown – $125. Other PA amplifiers, different brands and output tubes, call or write for additional information. Shipping extra. Many other new items. Three lists available. (1) Pocket transistors, table radios, sound equipment, microphones, test equipment and more. (2) 15,000+ Transmitting/receiving tubes and projector bulbs. (3) 12 Pages of books, catalogs, magazines and manuals. Send SASE. Ray Nowak, 30513 Ednil Dr., Bay Village, OH 44140. (216) 871-8303 One Month Free! BONUS FOR EARLY RENEWALS If you renew before the month shown on your mailing label (your expiration month), you will receive an extra month on your subscription: 13 months instead of 12! 26 months for an early 2-year renewal! INTRODUCING ZENITH and Philco Grille Cloths Authentic reproductions based on original patterns ★ New scalloped pattern for 1939 Zenith Deco console sets (e.g. 7-S-363) available NOW! ★ Zenith ‘block,’ ‘swirl,’ and ‘leaf’ patterns for those shuttered consoles, Walton tombstones, and Deco sets are available NOW! ★ New brown ‘big waves’ generic pattern - just right for all those consoles. See it to believe. ★ 20 additional patterns for GE, RCA, Emerson, and Stromberg are also available. ★ Satisfaction or money back guarantee. ★ Summer sale special: RCA pattern $2 ea. See all patterns on the World-Wide Web at http://www.libertynet.org/~grlcloth Send a 55¢ LSASE for samples and info to: John Okolowicz, N3VSR 624 Cedar Hill Rd. Ambler, PA 19002 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: More than (80) transistor radios, several table model tube radios, novelty transistor radios and miscellaneous items. LSASE for list. Russ Abrams, 2330 Villaret Dr., Huntsville, AL 35803. (205) 883-7322 FOR SALE: Telefunken Opus 7 radio, works – $250 + shipping. EV mics 630 – $60 ea. Salt shaker mics – $50 ea. Mike Dupuis, 116 First Ave., Tuckerton, NJ 08087. (609) 296-4883 FOR SALE: Zenith 12H670 – $210 . WE phone bells (oak box) – $40. Meyer x-ray xfmr w/2 meters – $55. Hallicrafters SX-99 – $75. Following w/tubes: Hazeltine Neutrodyne, built from kit – $60. Radiola 18 – $30. Unknown 5-tube metal case – $30. Arborphone 45 – $75. Atwater Kent 845 – $80. All-American 44 – $65. Following w/o tubes: Crosley 50A – $120. Crosley 52 – $80. Ramway S-28 – $50. AK 30 – $25. Chelsea Super 6 – $40. 5 dial home brew – $30. Majestic 50 – $10. Airline 6 – $10. Belmont cathedral – $15. Magnavox MI Model A horn spkr – $175. Sterling pocket meter – $15. Silvertone wood table radio/phono – $15. Tube testers: Precision 920 – $55; 10-12 – $55; 920 parts – $10. Radiola 100A spkr – $20; 1925 spkr – $20. Philcos: 610 – $40; 623 – $50; 60B – $45. Transistors & novelties – SASE for list. Add UPS. Steve Leffel, 1790 Edison St., Green Bay, WI 54302. (414) 465-1855, evenings FOR SALE/TRADE: 1935 McMurdo Silver Mod 5-C communication receiver w/speaker – $400. The original National Standard HRO w/large metal dial and doghouse power supply – $495. 1930’s National HRO Sr. Prototype communication receiver and special designed combination pwr supply/speech amp plus speaker and manual – $500. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: 1st edition (1906) Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for Naval Electricians by Robison – $175. Gary Berg, 24 Pat Rd., Newburgh, NY 12550. (914) 565-5077 FOR SALE: Cathedrals: Gloritone 26, original, plays – $200. Gloritone 27, original, plays, rounded top version, not the pointed top version pictured in Bunis – $225. Philco 50, plays, AC – $150. Philco 60, plays – $125. Ed Wilmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 FOR SALE: Truetone D2615 – $60. Western Electric military field telephone – $20. Webster-Chicago wire recorder – $65. RCA 103 tapestry speaker – $100. Westinghouse Aeriola Senior – $100. First Edition biography of David Sarnoff signed by author Eugene Lyons – $40. Send SASE for list. Tim Healy, 18 Abby Ln., Syosset, NY 11791. (516) 496-7206 FOR SALE/TRADE: BO, from an estate: 1930’s QSL cards, many from Japan, Australia, U.S., etc.; May 1923 QST; June ’27 Amateur Radio Stations of U.S.; program 15th Convention ARRL, September 1941; 1923 Citizens Radio Call Book. Browning Eagle 27 trans/rec., mic – $275. RCA 75X16 – $75. Arvin 950T2 – $20. Philco/Ford 90R – $80. (2) Audiosears switchboard headsets/mics – $35. Regency WT-4 s/wave – $40. Stromberg-Carlson 880 int. amp, nice – $100. WAP2 preamp, clean – $25. N.I.B. Queen Tr2 boys radio – $95. Heath IT-28 cap. tester w/p – $35. Trade my MC-30 for transistors? Thanks! Michael L. Hagan, 428 Sharron Dr., Waco, TX 76712. (817) 776-4760 FOR SALE: Zenith 10A1 spinet console, needs minor repairs – Make Offer. RCA D22-1, 22-tube console, needs restoration – Make Offer. Zenith 1103 console, needs refinishing – $125. Philco 112 lowboy console, Norman Bel Geddes design, works, could use minor cosmetics – $150. Zenith 7S657 console, works, nice – $125. Philco 37-650 console, needs cosmetics, will sell chassis & speaker without cabinet – $75. Zenith 10S464 chassis, speaker, wavemagnet only – $75. Philco 39-30 console, needs refinishing, will sell chassis & speaker without cabinet – $75. Philco 46-1209, radio chassis & speaker only – $50. Zenith 12H-689 console, needs minor repairs – $150. Zenith 64, chassis, speaker, antenna, power supply – $50. Can deliver to Elgin. Ed Wilmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 FOR SALE: Royce CB AM, SSB Model 1-640, clean – $75 plus UPS. Hallicrafters Model S-119 Sky Buddy 2 – $25. Lafayette FM communications receiver Model HB76 – $50. H.H. SCPTTtype 99D amplifier – $75. Heathkit AA100, AJ30, AC11 with papers – Offers. Bogen Series C-105 MO 30A amplifier – $75. Harman Kardon Model DPR-7 mixer preamp Prelude 2 – $50. EICO HFT90 FM tuner – $25. Heathkit FM3 tuner – $25. Realistic SAF 248 amplifier – $50. H.H. Scott 311-DFM Stereomaster FM tuner – $50. The Fisher Series 80 & 80T, has separate AM and FM tuning meters – $150. Technics SA404 amp – $150. Frank D. Atwood, Nostalgia Radio, 117 E. Main St., Merrimac, MA 01860. (508) 346-8100 FOR SALE/TRADE: Zenith, RCA, Kolster Splitdorf, AK, Victor, Philco, Sonora, Grundig, Telefunken, Motorola, Airline; books. SASE/call. Gene Katz, KC6BLD, 212 Burnam Wood Dr., Mt. Laurel, NJ 08054. (609) 866-1189 FOR SALE/TRADE: McIntosh MC-40, good chrome, needs work – $650. MC-60, pair – $1,500. MAC 2100 solid-state, 100 WPC – $850. Scott 310-D tuner – $300. Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE/TRADE: Heath DX100-B transmitter – $250. Eria cathedral w/clock in grille (casket style) cabinet design, unbelievably beautiful – $425. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Zenith T-shirts and sweats, call. Zenith 10S130 tombstone. Emerson Aristocrat, butterscotch, small chip under handle – $425. Lime green and tortoise Fada 5F60AR, cracked – $500. McMurdo Silver Masterpiece V, original phono cabinet; Philco remote control unit – $75. Plaskon Setchell-Carison 427 frog eye – $110. GE HJ624 Deco table model – $100. Motorola 9A oval Deco chairside – $550. Belmont D111, rebuilt chassis – $225. Zenith 6D525 – $125. 18-tube round white dial Midwest console – $450. RCA 813K; Rider’s Manuals: 8-14 – $15 ea. Call for current availability on other numbers. We have available in excellent cosmetic condition all type Trans-Oceansics including a beautiful 7G605, rebuilt, and a cowhide 600, electrically restored, if requested, and guaranteed. Zenith consoles: 22H, 1942 AM/FM 22-tube radio/phonio; 15S373A; 15S372; 15U270; 15U269; 12S569; 12S471; 12U159; 12U158; 12S370; 12S371; 12S265; 12S266; 12S267; 12S268; 11S474; 10S153; 10S155; 10S157 zephyr; 10S160; 9S54; 9S262; 9S367; 9S369; 8S154, 8S463 (S808); 8S359; 7S366; 7S363; 7S260; 7S258; 410 and many others. Zenith chairsides: 12S245; 9S344; 6S147 zephyr; 8S451; 7S343; 6S241 bar radio; 6S239. If you are looking for a set not listed, please call for more info. We can and do ship consoles anywhere and we do it right. Zenith table models: SS29; SS127; 7D226; 6D029; 6S321; 6S322; 6S330; 10S130; 7S323; 6V72; 6S27; 6S128; 6S222; 7S543; 8S443; 807; L cathedral and many others, call. We can deliver to the Elgin and Rochester meets. All radios unrestored electrically unless noted. Shipping extra unless noted. Satisfaction guarantee, highest quality possible assured. Send for our free catalog featuring reproduction knobs, restoration and shop supplies, owner’s manual reprints, grille cloth, etc. When in Minneapolis, be sure to visit our retail location Great Northern Antiques, 5159 Bloomington Ave., just five minutes from the airport. We accept Visa and MasterCard. Alan Jesperson/Mike Emery, PO Box 17338, Minneapolis, MN 55417. (612) 727-2489 or fax only (612) 727-1908, ans. mach. after 4 rings, 8 am to 8 pm 7 days FOR SALE: Transistors: Mitsubishi 6X-870, blue & white, nice – $150; Mitsubishi 6X-870, black & white, new in box with case, earphone, paperwork, mint – $250; Zenith Royal 500, hand-wired, black, nice – $250; Emerson 988 Rambler, grey, nice – $100; Raytheon 8TP-1, near mint – $200; Viscount 1010, new in box, twin to Nipco pictured on back cover of Lanes’ book except case is white – $100; Emerson 888 Explorer, 1 small chip, turquoise – $75; Bulova 290P, turquoise, minor scratches on back, with leather case – $50; Westinghouse H-621P6, has scratches – $50; Scotty 1250, Model 622P-658, 6 transistor kit pocket radio, new in box, unbuilt – $75; Waltham-Standard SR-4000, new in box, twin to Samson SC4000 pictured in Bunis 2nd edition – $125; Kensington 5091, travel radio-clock, new in box – $40; Essex 2 transistor, new in box – $40; Coronet 2 transistor, new in bottom half of original box – $100; Zenith Royal 500B, maroon, nice, with leather case – $100; Zenith Royal 185, nice, with case – $30; Sony ICR200, nice, no charger, with case – $100. Ed Wilmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 FOR SALE: Crosley 15-20E – $35; Farm radios: RCA 85BT – $15. Zenith 4K331 – $15. Richard Haneline, 3600 Cuba Blvd., Monroe, LA 71201. (318) 323-9657, 8 am-6 pm FOR SALE/TRADE: Lots of price reductions this month!!! Philco 40-120, nice shape – $55. Philco 46-250, rough – $15. Heath TC-2 tube tester – $15. Phono Trix 3” R tape rec with case, manuals, access., exc, rare – $70. Telephone, like Guild, good – $15. American Bosch 38, good, (2) 171A’s missing, otherwise complete – $50. Zenith S-14549 table, good – $20. RCA Radiola 80 console – $30. Philco 38-3 console – $75. Olympic 6-501 table, black – $30. Stromberg 1500H – $25. Zen. 6-G-601, fair – $30. Transistors: Zenith Royal 500E, black, fair – $30. Spica ST-600, red chipped rear cover, displays nice – $40. Seminole KTF-115, clipped, fair – $5. Aiwa AR 853 M.I.B. – $15. Zen. Royal 760, fair, knob missing – $10. Ever-Play rechargeable – $10. Raleigh 766 G.I.B. – $5. Novelties: Thomas 511 repro tombstone with cloth grille and flowers on grille, AM/FM cass., neat looking, exc – $30. Kodak alkaline battery, (B&B Pl. 153), exc – $40. Panasonic ball & chain, green, (BPL 515) – $15. Spirit of St. Louis repor gas pump (B&B Pl. 560), approx 24” high, M.I.B., 1 left, was $110, now – $85. Spirit of St. Louis bumper car, 14” long, 7” high, AM/FM/cass., black/pink seat, N.I.B., really sharp, 1 left – $70. 59 Caddy rear end, fins and all, pink or black, AM/FM, M.I.B., 3 left, was $75, now – $45. Power Ranger head, AM/FM, M.I.B., 1 left – $15. Power Ranger AM/FM digital clock radio, M.I.B., 1 left – $20. Computer mouse, FM/scan, M.I.B., 2 left – $15. Beri/Ernie pals MBC (BPL #149) – $5. Armchair Mickey BPL #117 MBC – $5. French telephone (BPL 488) – $25. Blabber Mouse MBC (BPL 179) – $5. Polaroid AM/FM film (BPL #179) – $10. Tom & Jerry, rare below book, (BPL 170) – $60. Kraft Mac/Cheese R&B Pl. #63), M.I.B., 1 left – $25. GE 7-4111 nite-lite radio – $10. Knight helmet (BPL #507) – $30. Raggedy Ann/Andy (BPL #131), MBC – $5. Franklin grand piano, rare and well below book, (BPL 427), complete – $90. Tune-A-Apple (BPL 356), M.I.B., $20. Jukebox (BPL #411) – $15. Big Bird head (BPL #144) – $15. Care Bears (BPL #77), MBC – $5. Benson Hedges FM/headphone, N.I.B. – $10. Big Bird (BPL #142), M.I.B., 2 left – $20. Sesame St. (BPL #140), M/lamp post – $10. Looking for Batman (B&B Pl. 353), Superman (BPL 162), MM in car (BPL 106), Gumby (BPL 92), Charlie Tuna (BPL 273), Mighty Mouse (B&B Pl. 387), others. Let’s trade. All plus ship/handle. Dan Phelan, Consolidated Electronics, 24 Hinchey Rd., Rochester, NY 14624. Phone/fax: (716) 436-7130, days 10 am till 6 pm EST FOR SALE: Zenith 6-S-528 – $60. Crosley XJ cabinet – $50 or will buy chassis. Brunswick 5KR – $75. Gary Watkins, 8006 Greenwald, Belton, MO 64012. (816) 322-0773 FOR SALE: Working & restored: AK 55 Pooley, Majestic 70B, Philco 87, Stromberg-Carlson 130M, Philco 71A, others. Keith Park, 795 Grooms Rd., Rexford, NY 12148. (518) 373-0417 FOR SALE: Philco 70, refinished – $250. Zenith radio nurse – $950. RCA 1956 CTC 5 color TV – $150. RCA 128, refinished, working – $275. Fisher 500C – $150. Eveready #3, works – $125. Heathkit shortwave HR108 – $75. Hallicrafters Worldwide portable – $150. Scott LK 72 stereo – $150. Philco 76 chassis only – $75. WANTED: How bout a TV collector newsletter? Vaughn Rudisill, 11 E. Marie St., Hicksville, NY 11801. (516) 822-4501 FOR SALE: (25) new WWI Signal Corps Edison batteries, never activated – $10 ea., $200/all. Richard Bury, PO Box 25, Gurnee, IL 60031. (847) 623-7746 FOR SALE: General Radio Type 727-A vacuum tube AC voltmeter in walnut case – $65 ppd. Ross Wollrab, 229 N. Oakcrest Ave., Decatur, IL 62522-1810. (217) 428-7385 FOR SALE: Emerson U4B – $175. Emerson 988 Rambler – $75. Marvol A-1 – $150. Joe Holdner, 443 2nd St., Brooklyn, NY 11215. (718) 768-6212. July & August (914) 657-2399 FOR SALE: Tubes, schematics, service notes, Riders, Sams Photofact Folders and Transistor Books, etc. for early radios. LSASE for price list. Sam Faust, PO Box 94, Changewater, NJ 07831 FOR SALE: Simpson 313 FET solid-state VOM, like new with case and RF probe – $145. Glen Richie, W4JGO, 643 Diamond Rd., Salem, VA 24153. (540) 389-3356 FOR SALE: Coming soon FB-7 replacement plug-in coil forms, FB-7 data package, power plugs to fit Zenith and many other battery pack connectors. SASE for literature. James Fred, RR1, Box 41, Cutler, IN 46920 FOR SALE: Catalogue for perforated music rolls and instructions and care of Victrola VIII. SASE please. Robert J Stone, 721 Fisk St., Piqua, OH 45356-3729. (513) 773-2217 FOR SALE: Vista 6 transistor, small, beautiful, tangerine, CD, case, no # – $45. Zenith #500 E, maroon, case – $45. Russian palm held, generating flashlight, spot/flood – $20. Panasonic #RF-1006, small carry-about, 3-band bat. portable – $15. Newcomb #A-104, 6-tube integrated amp & tuner, both – $45. Books: Rider: Vacuum Tubes, Auto Freq. Control; Drake: Radio Electronics; Sylvania: Tube Manual; GE/Coyne: Transistor Manual; Reich: Tube Theory; Hund: TV; Navy: Radar Electronics, Radio Handbook, 11th ed.; books total – $25. All UPS extra. C. Hill, 6934 Orion Ave., Van Nuys, CA 91406. (818) 787-0376 FOR SALE/TRADE: Hallicrafters Model SX62A w/R46B speaker – $450. Hammarlund HQ170A w/speaker – $500. Eico amplifier model HF-12 – $250. (13) different pieces Heathkit test equipment – $125. Hallicrafters Sky Buddy S19R – $125. Rider’s Tellafault[?] Volumes 1/2 – $25. Crank tabletop Pal Deluxe phono – $175 plus UPS. Trade in your DAV mini keychain license tags for – $2 ea. off any radio. John Williams, Jr., PO Box 1545, Scarborough, ME 04070-1545. (207) 775-4212 FOR SALE: (10) Edison disc records – $25. Grunow #9A chassis – $35. Buick #981651 Sonomatic – $30. Kolster K6 speaker – $30. (15) Plug-in shortwave coils – $20. #R445 Zenith – $12. Sencore #Fe149 VOM – $15. Johnson Viking – $40. (100) Sams between 1843 & 2165 – $15. Midwest 18-tube console – $275. Zenith 11C21 chairside – $350. Knight #83YX143 tube tester – $40. Heathkit #10-18 scope – $30. U.S. military #ME-70A VOM – $35. Johnson transceiver tester – $10. Zenith Royal #790 – $35. RCA #100 speaker – $50. (10) transistor radios, all work – $35. (2) Big 15” speakers – $30. Honeywell millivoltmeter – $10. Zenith #8B08D chassis – $25. Philco #38 cathedral – $100. WANTED: Crosley #48 chassis, dial escutcheon for AK 84 & Philco 70. Walt Wrabek, Rt. 4, Box 370, Menahga, MN 56464. (218) 564-4623 FOR SALE: New Lafayette radio broadcaster phono oscillator, AC 10-125 volts, tubes 12BE6 & 35W4 – $75. John Nosbaum, 2743 Wilmette Ave., Wilmette, IL 60091. (847) 256-0547 FOR SALE: Cathedral S.W. Model R110-A – $190 ppd. Tombstone RCA Model 6T – $150 ppd. Ray L. Mayeux, 520 Gladstone Blvd., Shreveport, LA 71104. (318) 868-1202 FOR SALE: Lessing, Man of High Fidelity, paperback copies, new, covers slightly rubbed – $5 ppd. Rainy Day Books, PO Box 775, Fitzwilliam, NH 03447-0775. (603) 585-3448 FOR SALE: Zenith tube caddy, 1776 Independence Day design, clean good condition – $40 plus UPS. Gary Redfield, 214 Bailey Rd., Crystal City, MO 63019. (314) 933-0542 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters S38A – $75. General Electric G63 – $80. Setchell-Carison 485R – $60. Hitachi TH666 – $45. Philco T4-124, aqua – $45. Hallicrafters S47 – $150. Grundig 2420 – $75. 811 tubes new in box – $4 ea. Zenith 6D312 – $175. (35) vibrators, most in box – $70. Vance Rayburn, 2718 Homestead Rd., Madison, WI 53711. (608) 274-3002 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters S38A – $75. General Electric G63 – $80. Setchell-Carison 485R – $60. Hitachi TH666 – $45. Philco T4-124, aqua – $45. Hallicrafters S47 – $150. Grundig 2420 – $75. 811 tubes new in box – $4 ea. Zenith 6D312 – $175. (35) vibrators, most in box – $70. Vance Rayburn, 2718 Homestead Rd., Madison, WI 53711. (608) 274-3002 FOR SALE: Advertisement for Crosley radio, 1929 – SASE. Robert J Stone, 721 Fisk St., Piqua, OH 45356-3729. (513) 773-2217 FOR SALE: Tubes, radio & TV; N.I.B., used, blues. Low prices! Mike Tobin, Rock-Sea Enterprises, 323 E. Matilija, #110-241, Ojai, CA 93023. (805) 646-7362. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Simpson Handiscope #466, works, near mint – $35. Sams Vols. 69 to 114, (10) per vol., covers 681 to 1140 – $10/vol. All shipping. Harry Pewowaruk, 1535 No. 8th Ave., St. Cloud, MN 56303. (320) 252-9910. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: 2x3-ft. porcelain on steel 5-color radio & television service sign, subscript says Sylvania Radio & TV Tubes, printed both sides – Best Offer over $250. Byron Bernor, 2479 W. Sierra Hwy., Acton, CA 93510. (805) 269-5459 FOR SALE: RCA 100A speaker – $25. Hallicrafters S-120 – $25. GE T238B – $15. Plus UPS. Jim Clifford, KE4DSP, 108 Bayfield Dr., Brandon, FL 33511. (813) 654-7531. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: AK 3955 without Type II tuner, with mounted variometer, 2-tube detector amplifier. Steve Bailey, RR1, Box 128A, Brooksville, ME 04617 FOR SALE: 6L6's Lafayette PA 1930's – $50. 1970 2M transceiver – $50. Ham accessories, books literature, more stuff, SASE list. Bill Tucker, W4FXE, 1965 S. Ocean Dr., Apt. 15-G, Hallandale, FL 33009. (954) 456-1349 FOR SALE: 16" radio transcription records, early 1950's. Two players. Jim Collings, 12005 Victoria Pl., Oklahoma City, OK 73120. (405) 755-4139 FOR SALE/TRADE: Addison Catalin Mod 5 in black w/ excellent butterscotch marbling, beautiful, and in brilliant flawless condition, (see Collins Book 1, p. 56) – $2,500; or will trade for Western Electric amplifiers or tubes. Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Zenith 767 Aviatrix console, needs refinishing, 1 knob missing – Make Offer, can deliver to Elgin. Ed Wilmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 FOR SALE: All in excellent condition, plus UPS: AK 20C – $90; 35 – $60; 36 – $110; 42 – $50. Crosley 51P – $165; 51, wood panel – $125. Freed-Eisemann NR-5 – $110; FE-15 – $125; 40 – $100. Howe crystal – $100. Northern Electric R4 – $500. Radiola V, complete – $475. Many others, books, tubes and test gear. Roger Hart, 4533 Harvard Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A2X3. (514) 483-3857. Fax: (514) 483-6114. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FREE – 20 WORD AD EACH MONTH To get your free 20 words, include your SUB# with your Ad. Additional words are 25¢ each. Read inside back cover for details. MANY THANKS!!!!! FOR SALE/TRADE: The following Hallicrafters S-40A – $175; S-20-R – $200; SX-17 Super Skyrider – $350; SX-120 – $150; SX-130 – $200. All above receivers are in top quality condition. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: B5X88A, large 8-tube Super, AM/SW1, SW2, exc cond. – $50. Ernud Rekord, large, dual-tone cabinet design, unique – $50. Grundig RF260, multiband, FM stereo Super – $90. Sony CRF5100 10-band portable w/BFO, mint – $125. Telefunken Opus 50, complete, as is – $25. Harman Kardon 7000X, 70WX2 stereo receiver, 4X5961s – $90. Philips CM33A multiband, 10-tube, Super Deluxe, very unique and eye-catching – $290. Telefunken Gavotte, near mint – $150. Telefunken Elite and hi-fi portables, exc cond. – $125. WANTED: Zenith R-3000. Electric Technics, 75 Breakwater Shores, Hyannis, MA 02601. (508) 771-5955 FOR SALE/TRADE: Spectacular Emerson Strad table radio (Bunis 2, p. 71) – $750. Philco Mod 37-604 (Ramirez, p. 86); Crosley Buddy Boy – $650. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Pair Eico HF20 amplifiers, excellent – BO. American D4T mic – $60. WANTED: WE Model 124 amplifier in excellent condition. Frank Hagenbuch, 1440 Lafayette Pkwy., Williamsport, PA 17701. (717) 326-0932 FOR SALE: Hickok 600A tube tester, vg – $127; good – $95. Books, ppd: Elements of Radio, Elements of Radio Servicing, Marcus – $15 ea.; RCA Pocket Tube Manuals – $6. RF generators, with manuals: B&K E200D solid-state, 100 kHz-216 MHz, metered output, xtal calibrator – $95; Heathkit IG-5280, 310 kHz-220 MHz – $35; HP806A, exc, 50 kHz-65 MHz – $125; HP4260 RLCDQ bridge, exc – $225. Conar M-1400 hand-held DMM, 10A AC/DC, ACV/DCV, ohms – $14 ea. Much more, list LASE. Kirk Ellis, KK4YP, 203 Edgebrook Dr., Pikeville, NC 27863. (919) 242-6000, eves. FOR SALE: Eico ST-70 – $100. Scott 310-E – $250. Gonset Communicator III transceiver – $125. WANTED: RadioShack #276-1761, SAD-1024 or other Bucket Brigade IC’s. Larry Kays, 6 Old Ivy Dr., Harwich, MA 02645. (508) 430-0462 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters miniature communications receiver, covers 0.5-30 MHz, all-transistor – $125. Vibroplex original #220xxx, M.I.B. – $129. Tube CB Polycom Pro w/24 xtls, tuneable rcvr, 115VAC and 12VDC – $135. GE transistor P-807C – $49 + UPS. Steve Lipsky, W2VVN, PO Box 404, Barnegat Light, NJ 08006. (609) 361-8175; alt. @ (215) 884-1817. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Philco 90 – $595. Sylvania Thunderbird – $495. Toshiba 6TP-301A – $175. Pee-Wee pocket radio – $95. Radiola IIIA – $165. Catalins: DeWald Harp, marbled brown – $575; Emerson BT-245, yellow-marrow trim – $2,200; perfect yellow Fada 1000 – $650; red wavy grille Sentinel – $750; Cutting & Washington 11B – $375; Radiola AR-812 – $175; Danish modern Philco Predicta – $1,200; Tan Crosley left-side bullseye radio – $175. Sparton 550, blue – $2,850. Black Colonial globe – $1,200. RCA book radio from Chile – $1,750. McMurdo Silver Masterpiece VI – $4,500. RCA 1939 World’s Fair Radio – $1,500. San Francisco Expo – $1,100. LaSiesta – $795. Amplion large wood horn – $650. Peter Pan cathedral Jackson Bell 84 – $850. Crosley E1P – $550. Federal 141 – $375. Pilot TV 37 – $295. Emerson 888 Atlas – $135. Baseball trophy radio – $795. White Westinghouse refrigerator radio H-126 – $95. Black Emerson US-A – $295. Arvin 444, white – $85. Arvin 422, black – $85. Motorola Pixie, brown – $150. Westinghouse Aerolia Sr. – $175. Raytheon Radio Tubes cardboard sign – $95. Tuskia 225 – $375. RCA authorized dealer sign – $395. Air King chassis for Egyptian cabinet – $450. Bristol 1-stage amp – $150. Vintage Radio, 87 Sandra Dr., Parsippany, NJ 07054. (201) 316-8424, voice or fax Have You Seen This Ghost? — Radiola 9-54 — Report sighting to: Sid Greenspan 4701 Willard Ave., Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (301) 951-0232 — REWARD FOR SALE: Catalogue for Victor records, 1923, in near perfect shape. SASE please. Robert J Stone, 721 Fisk St., Piqua, OH 45356-3729. (513) 773-2217 FOR SALE: N.O.S. Delco transistor DS-501. Zenith AM-FM table radio, very good H845. Louis L. Veltre, 643A Sherwood Ct., Lakehurst, NJ 08733-4207. (908) 657-7592 FOR SALE: Military hand-held transceivers Models RT159B/URC4 and RT285A/URC11 – $50. N.O.S. alum. rack panels 7" x 19" – $8 ea. Plus S&H. Ed Povraznik, 9606 Biddulph Rd., Brooklyn, OH 44144. (216) 661-0032 FDR SALE: Zeniths: 9S367 – $250; 12U158, needs work – $250; H500, vg, works great – $85. Philco 42-350NW, excellent. Truetone metal D2210, needs work – $45. Heathkits: SB104 w/sprk, PS, mike and manuals, excellent – $300; HW12 w/HPI3 & manuals – $55; EF-1w/box – $15. Hallicrafters S-38, wrinkle finish, excellent – $75. Guild spice rack – $45. 5-tube caddys – $50. Small Norelco tape recorder – $35. Uher 4000 – $45. (60+) lessons from L.L. Cooke Chicago Engineering, works, 1924 – $35. Philmore kit radio w/manual from 1954 – $25. Cabinets: DeForest D10 – $65; Crosley 54 – $25; Reliable Mfg. of Cleveland, 3 dial – $20. Sylvania tube display, 5 total – $35 ea. Approximately (55) 12AX7 pulls – $125. Any reasonable offer considered. Fred Watson, 581 W. Summit St., McClure, OH 43534. (419) 748-8798 FOR SALE: Emerson Ingraham cabinet, plays, nice, similar to 217 – $100. Westinghouse WR201 tombstone, 1935, restored, excellent – $120. Eveready 3, WT, vg – $100. Zenith Royal 670, plays – $20. Add shipping. Larry Kellough, PO Box 849, Canton, CT 06019-0849. (860) 693-8269 FOR SALE: Electro-Voice Model 664 microphone in original box, nice – $80. Tumer tiny desk microphone Model BOX – $30. Wurlitzer Mod 841 amp. GE auto radio model D-72 – $45. Echophone Model EC-1 – $30. Hallicrafters Model S-41 – $20; S-38-A – $30. Hard-to-find Atwater Kent Model 415Q battery tombstone – $150. Zenith 6G-501, needs handle – $20. Philco 20 deluxe chassis and speaker, untested – $40. Airline movie dial table set, 6-volt – $50 OBO. Frank Frannowsky, 440-A Jemez Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501. (505) 473-4150, after 6 pm FOR SALE: Argos tube caddy – $50. RCA tube caddy – $35. Wawasee JB1000 pwr meter/scope – $200. Browning Sabre mobile, new – $100. Browning RJ20A AM/FM tuner – $150. Glenn Hendrix, PO Box 144, Ardmore, OK 73402. (405) 657-3327, or (405) 223-6709 FOR SALE: Zenith 6-G-501 chassis and knobs, tubes, speaker – $35. Bee Gees transistor – $30. Tony the Tiger transistor – $55. Panasonic R-70, N.I.B., white – $30. Co-op Forget-it battery transistor radio – $25. Jewel all-transistor, TR-4, new, brown leatherette case, hand-wired chassis – $65. Airline 10 transistor, GEN 1258B, new – $25. Crosley 51, restorable, complete with tag and decal, mousey, NT – $35. RCA 9X641, chassis, speaker, loop, dial, NT – $20. 1957 Crosley electric range, beautiful – $275. Crosley case 56PB – $10. Zenith 6-G-601ML, sailboat grille, chassis, some case parts – $45. Zenith 6-G-601M, airplane grille, no handle otherwise complete – $45. Zenith 6-G-001Y chassis, some case parts – $25. Offers? Sure! Thanks. Del Tysdal, Rte. 1, Box 157, Glyndon, MN 56547. (218) 287-2562 FOR SALE: Granco 809 AM-FM stereo radio, dual speakers, dual loudness controls, separate audio amplifiers, 10-tube AC, needs some work – $25 plus UPS. Onerio Sabetto, 1717 Burgess Rd., Cleveland, OH 44112-1103. (216) 481-1036 FOR SALE/TRADE: M.I.B. Beanee Weenee novelty radios – $30 ppd or trade for Delco radios. Herman Gross, W9TT, 1705 Gordon Dr., Kokomo, IN 46902-5977. (317) 459-8308 FOR SALE: ICOM R-71A rcvr, excellent w/P.B.T. manual – $575 shipped con. U.S. Levy, 8 Waterloo, Morris Plains, NJ 07950. (201) 285-0233 FOR SALE/TRADE: Golden-Leutz ad showing the Trans-Oceanic Phantom, two-sided, paper, 33 x 22, (in Douglas book V2, pp. 128 & 129), excellent condition. WANTED: Majestic ads. Can bring to Radiofest in Elgin. Bill Allen, 505 S. 8th St., Eldridge, IA 52748. (319) 285-6472 FOR SALE: Newsletter for transistor radio collectors. Send SASE for sample page and subscription information. Transistor Network, 3612 N. 12th Ave., Pensacola, FL 32503 FOR SALE: Tube portable, Motorola 68L11, clear polyurethane over basketweave tweed – $300. Chuck Bray, 1322 Ivy Rd., Bremerton, WA 98310. (360) 373-1013 FOR SALE: White and blue Patriots, bullet, Temples, Commander, marbled Stewart-Warner, brown Aristocrat, green 5+1 in trouble. Red Motorola 53H, brown and beetle candy canes, Arvin Midget, white Philco Boomerang, nice black Zenith Crest, Emerson Memenote, GE H-600, Fada 34 Series, red Raytheon table set. Crosley new book radio, red Vanguard, Explorer, white 500, white TR-1 case only, Ballantine's novelty. Also small Catalin chip rack, S+P, rare mint Lunch 'N Munch vinyl lunchbox, Reddy Kilowatt N.O.S. pins, large Hull bow-knot vase, Roseville Bushberry pedestal mint. Ted Chronister, 7073 Carlisle Pike, #26, Carlisle, PA 17013. (717) 766-6436 FOR SALE: New tubes: 6B5ST, (6) – $8 ea.; 42ST, (5) – $8 ea.; 6N6G, (4) – $11 ea.; 76ST, (4) – $3.50 ea.; 41ST, (4) – $3 ea.; 46ST, (3) – $7 ea.; (5) 5881 – $14 ea.; 10Y, (1) – $30. George Jones, 1943 Palm Dr., Fernandina Beach, FL 32034. (904) 261-6533 FOR SALE: Mini Silvertone 6406 – $75. Ivory Emerson 587A – $50. Wooden Artone, model unknown – $35. Ivory Crosley Trooper 9-120W – $45. All working. Traveler red leatherette 5002, not working – $25. Stan Ward, 56 Third Ave., Berea, OH 44017. (216) 243-7197 FOR SALE: Exact reproduction of the Zenith 7G605 Trans-Oceanic log chart for the door of your Clipper. Offset printed on card stock like the original. It is great! – $19.95 ppd. Alan Jespenson, PO Box 17338, Minneapolis, MN 55417. (612) 727-2489, 8 am to 8 pm FOR SALE/TRADE: Red TR-1 – $395. FOR TRADE: Maxfield Parrish prints, 1.3 GHz hand-held scanners (AOR, ICOM), C.K. Bucy, PO Box 16583, Lubbock, TX 79490-6583. (806) 792-1662, voice/fax FOR SALE: Pilot TV-37 3" television, exc – $300. Stewart-Warner A-51T3 AirPal (Collins 1, p. 47) – $200. Airline 62-475 (Collins Redux, p. 59) – $135. Setchell-Carlson 416 (Redux, p. 83), blue – $350; red – $250. Jon Steinhouser, 1205 E. Broadway, F-15, Hewlett, NY 11557. (516) 295-3147 FOR SALE: Scott tube amplifier Mod 99D, untested – $70. Scott AM/FM tube tuner, Mod 330-D, untested – $45. Scott AM/FM tube tuner, Mod 330-C, untested – $45. $145 for all. Jeff Hoskins, 824 E. Madison Ave., Stuart, FL 34996. (561) 283-2291, after 7 pm FOR SALE: Hickok 533A, 209A, 288X – $250. Radiola Model 100 speaker, good – $50. EV SP12 – $80. All + ship. Chuck Steika, 24 Frederick St., Johnson City, NY 13790. (607) 797-9573 FOR SALE: Recordio Wilcox-Gay Coronet console similar to Model 7D44, (Burns 3), but with left-lift up lid for phone, right lift-up for recorder, lower left and right doors, center-front tilt out dial, 14 tubes, works – $85. Pick up only. Dick Desjarlais, Box 629, Littleton, MA 01460. (508) 486-9018 FOR SALE: Zenith Trans-Oceanic Model 7G605 airplane grille – $275. Motorola 7" screen tabletop television Model VT 73, blonde leather case, with antenna, complete and working – $200. RCA table radio Model 75X12 – $45. Bill Constantine, PO Box 493, Glens Falls, NY 12801. (518) 792-7065 FOR SALE/TRADE: Lost storage, sacrifice: Wurlitzer/Seeberg jukeboxes: Capehart, Midwest, Zenith consoles. Broadcasting, recording, audio. Pickup/deliver between N.Y., Albany/Rochester. SASE. WANTED: Microphones, RCA/WE limiters amplifiers, consoles, speakers. Robert Van Dyke, 2 Squires Ave., East Quogue, NY 11942. (516) 728-9835 FOR SALE: Norelco BX433A/51 table radio – $140. Realistic tube stereo TM 8-D – $40. Lafayette HB-444 CB – $60. John Malley, 19 Claremont Ave., Enfield, CT 06082. (860) 745-0733 FOR SALE: Sony ICR-120, clean – $150. Emerson 838 hybrid, maroon, sharp – $125. Realtone TR-8042, black – $35. Sam Samuelian, 2305 W. Deerfield Dr., Media, PA 19063. (610) 566-7248 FOR SALE: Grebe CR2 exc with RORE detector – $9,000. Don Patterson, 636 Cambridge Rd., Augusta, GA 30909 FOR SALE: Navy RCA AN/SRR13 receiver, 29 tubes, general coverage, with book – $350. Ed Wilmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 FOR SALE: Radios, transistors, hi-fi equipment, tubes: Fada 845, white – $325. Case/chassis for Airitre – $250. Emerson 520, brown Catalin – $115. Marbled brown grille for DeWal 5A02 – $155. Zenith 500, white – $95. Marantz 7C, plate not perfect and BB, McIntosh preamp C104 – $200. Altec 820A speaker system with cabinet, Fisher preamp 80C – $115. Stephens 15" 150FR – $350/pair. Tannoy 15" monitors, one needs reconing, Bozak speakers 207A system – $175/pair. Tubes new old stock; (55) 1B32/532A – $125/all; (87) 1632 – $90/all, others. All items electronically unrestored. WANTED: Catalin Bakelite radios, parts, hi-fi equipment, speakers. Ross Litrenta, PO Box 41, Eastchester, NY 10709-0041. (914) 337-7176 FOR SALE: Philcos 42-340 – $35; 37-610J console, shipable – $45. Receiver Troubleshooting Repair, Ghirardi – $25. Curt Brohard, 1417 Court St., Alameda, CA 94501. (510) 521-4299 FOR SALE: Crosley 178 – $45. WANTED: Remler 11 knobs, same on several models, can send sketch. Curt Schreiber, 3923 East Latoka St., Springfield, MO 65809. (417) 887-5184, collect. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Radiola VI – $1,650. Kennedy V – $425. Day-Fan OEM-7 – $95. Airline cathedral – $85. Silvertone tombstone – $95. Steve Wallace, 3707 Pricetown Rd., Fleetwood PA 19522. (610) 944-7230 FOR SALE: Tubes: N.O.S – 25¢ ea. and up. Over 1,000 types inc. industrial and few audio. Large 2-stamp envelope for list. I am always buying tubes. Charles D. Blair, 815 N. 5th St., Cambridge, OH 43725. (614) 432-4453 FOR SALE: Science Fair Globe Patrol, 4-band – $44. Heathkit GR-91 4-band, nice – $55. Ameco RSA 5-band, cute – $50. Signal Corp. (Hallicrafters) R44/ARRS, missing cover – $235. Scott kit LT-110 – $44. Scott kit LK-72 amp – $75. Scott LK-48-8 – $44. McIntosh MX110 w/problems – $135. Pioneer SX-34 multiplex w/tuning eye – $44. Harmon Kardon Sonata – $33; A-300 amp – $45. Heathkit W-5M – $144; W-6M 70W amp – BO by 8/31. Cobra CB Cam-88 – $33. Knight CB Safari-I – $46. Siltronix 90 VFO – $25. Archer Space-Patrol, CB/AM – $32. All are not tested and are plus shipping. Will consider offers after 8/10. Lars Roose, 10100 Chapala Ct., NE, Albuquerque, NM 87111. (505) 296-4129, evenings FOR SALE: National SW-3, good condition, 1 pair coils – $250. Hallicrafters SR-75 transceiver, rare, looks like an S-38 – Best Offer. Philco 48-1001 TV, good condition – $125. Motorola VT-71, missing back – $65. Admiral 20X12N Bakelite 10" table model, good condition – $75. Philco 1950 console 12" TV/AM/FM radio, phono, good condition – $75. Philco Seventeener portable, good CRT – $45. Singer TV6-U, not working – $35. Rider's TV manuals Vols. 3 to 27 – $50/all. Most Often Needed Circuit books, 1939-1942-1954 – $8 ea. AK Service Manual, in AK binder – $100. Factory original radio for 1932 Ford, complete – Best Offer. Dynaco Stereo 70 power amp, works well – $250. Western Electric nondial candlestick phone, good condition – $150. Add UPS. Large TV's and TV Rider's, pick up only. Rick Weibezahl, 305 Belvidere Ave., Washington, NJ 07882. (908) 689-3276 FOR SALE: Radio Lamp of America, all brass w/mushroom shade, complete, good condition – $850 OBO. Scott Headley, 567 Traverse Dr., Costa Mesa, CA 92626. (714) 662-3497 FOR SALE/TRADE: The following vintage tube type hi-fi and stereo items: Scott 121C Dynaural Equalizer preamp – $250. LK-72 Scott amp – $250. Fisher X-101B amp – $350. Pair of Heath kit W5M mono block amps – $400. McIntosh Mod C-20 preamp – $750. Pair of McIntosh MC-60 mono block amps w/poor chrome – $1,400. McIntosh MX 110 preamp tuner – $450. McIntosh MC-240 stereo amp – $1,500. McIntosh MC-67 preamp tuner – $550. Scott Lab. 280 80-watt amp – $350. Heath AA-31 amp – $250. Pair of Heath A-9C amps – $400. Plus many other Heathkit tuners and preamps under $100 ea. Also Stromberg-Carlson and Pilot amps and tuners at affordable prices. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Scott’s first classic 1931 Allwave. 1934 Zenith Avatrix. 1946 dual FM Zenith commemorative. Sony 1CF-2001. Novelty Empress house radio. AK M horn. Old Emerson, GE TV. Bill Coolahan, 1450 Miami Dr., NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52402-2933. (319) 393-8075 FOR SALE/TRADE: The following Collins 51-J2 transmitter for parts, needs transformer – $200; 75A4 w/3 mechanical filters, Mod #888 – $600. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Sams, below 1000, as low as – $1 ea. Must sell, overstocked. Send SASE for list. John E. Kendall, PO Box 436, Fallston, MD 21047 FOR SALE: Magictone bottle radio, works but missing label. Gene Greneker, 184 Lake Somerset Dr., Marietta, GA 30064. (770) 422-2979 FOR SALE: Pair McIntosh C4 preamps – $200; rough MC30 – $200; used 7868’s – $10 ea. 7027A’s (2) N.I.B. and (3) used – Offers. Crown D150 amp, Dyna D120 amp – $50. (135) N.O.S. 6GH8’s – $10/5 or $30/20. Heacock Model 610 TV FM alignment generator – $50. WANTED: BIGG U30 amp by Gott, EICO HF60 amp almost any condition. Dave Barth, 8320 Bevan St., San Gabriel, CA 91775. (818) 286-6503 FOR SALE: H.H. Scott receiver Model 335R, excellent, working cond. – $80 + shipping. Call: Bob Putnak, 1507 4th St., Monongahela, PA 15063. (412) 258-6236 FOR SALE: 1935 Modern Radio Servicing by Ghirardi, 1,300 pgs. vg condition – $18 ppd. Radio Relics, 15556 Sandra Ln., Sylmar, CA 91342. (818) 364-0491. Fax: (818) 367-1442 FOR SALE: Superior Instruments Genometer Model TV-50-A, new, versatile test equipment – $50. Heathkit signal tracer Model IT-12 – $30. 5” DuMont scope Model 274, vg – $45. RCA 5” oscilloscope, WO-91, excellent condition – $65. All items plus UPS. Stephen L. Bonino, 107 Georgetown Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028. (609) 881-0244 FOR SALE: NC-300 – $225. Hallicrafters S-77 – $100. ARC-5 receivers – $50. BC-348R – $150. LSASE list. Sam Timberlake, PO Box 161, Dadeville, AL 36853. (205) 825-7305 FOR SALE: Blaupunkt Genua – $25. Blonder-Tongue hi-fi amp A-1B, works – $25. H.H. Scott AM-FM tuner #330 – $40. Philips B5X65A 5-band Bakelite – $40. Silvertone 1863 32v tombstone – $45. Don Reinsma, 610 Nix Rd., Pensacola, FL 32506. (904) 455-7721 FOR SALE/TRADE: Edison Protechnic cylinder recorder dated 1906 with Edison shaver machine dated 1905, exc & can deliver Elgin. N.O.S. projector lamps 300W-1000W. GE: some Japanese, exciter lamps, N.O.S. Raytheon subminiature tubes CK 5702, 5744, 5783, 5784, 633, 634, 636, 637. Jim Hauskins, 1403 W. Miller, Bloomington, IL 61701. (309) 828-6879, 2-4 pm daily; wknd. 5-9 pm FOR SALE: Stewart-Warner 61TR36 radio/phono – $75. WANTED: Philco 17B cathedral, owners manual for Tram D201 transceiver. Ted Depto, The Philco Collector, 913 5th Ave., Patton, PA 16668. (814) 674-8834 FOR SALE: Radiola 5, repo. top & crystal; Radiola 4, Radiola 2 – $500 ea. Rider’s Radio 1 thru 22 – $500. You ship. John W. Weyer, 16979 110 Ave., Sperry, IA 52650. (319) 985-2405, eves. FOR SALE: Zenith radio nurse, crack in grille; Guardian ear, painted white – $500 for both OBO. Scott Headley, 567 Traverse Dr., Costa Mesa, CA 92626. (714) 662-3497 FOR SALE/TRADE: National HRO 60 w/coils and speaker – $500. HRO 7 w/coils, PS and manual – $475. Heath SB 401 and SB 301 – $600/pair; NC 300 – $275; NC 300 – $375. Hallicrafters SX-101-A – $375; SX-28A – $475; rare Haigis UHF TX/rcvr – $250. Barlow-Wadley XCR-30 MK2 – $175. RCA marine rcvr Mod AR8506-B – $325. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Admiral 7C73W-UL chassis with escutcheon – $20. Stromberg-Carlson 1407 chassis, speaker, escutcheon, knobs; Philco 48-1262 chassis, turntable, dial, escutcheon – $30. Most tubes present. WANTED: Nice Howard AC radio. Chassis for Philco 37-89, AK 228, Westinghouse WR-14, WR-10, Majestic 363, General Motors 250, Crosley 1137. Brian Kurlie, 2222 Nodleigh Ter., Jarrettsville, MD 21084. (410) 692-0450 FOR SALE: Champion spark plug radio, 15-inch, chipped, have chip – $35 plus shipping. Ken Armstrong, Box 216, Storm Lake, IA 50588. (712) 732-3012 FOR SALE: Solavolt constant voltage transformer, 95-125 volts input, 0-130 volts adjustable output, max amps 7.5 – $40 OBO. Ken Voyles, 7425 Brushmore NW, N. Canton, OH 44720. (330) 494-5648 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters S-20R Sky Champion – $35; SX25 – $45. WANTED: Speaker for AK 480, AK-260 or AK 469. Thanks. Jack Mattox, 1443 Platte Ave., Alliance, NE 69301. (308) 762-8831 FOR SALE: Heath W5-M and preamp – $150. 6B4 amp – $40. Dyna MKIV – $175. Bogen DB-20 – $100. Dan Merz, 312 Sierra St., Richland, WA 99352. (509) 375-1334 FOR SALE: Transistors: Westinghouse H790P6GP – $15; Commodore Minroc in zipcase – $25; Traveler TR-283, gray – $40; Realtone like TR-4016, no Model #, cream and gold, chipped – $25; Windsor FR-601, black and gold, round grille, in box with case – $45; Silvertone 212, with case – $30; Coronet boys radio, black, sharp – $35; Plastic teddy bear radio, different, N.I.B. – $15. Radios are untested. Add $3.50 to ship each radio. Jim Martes, 15400 E. 2nd St., S., Independence, MO 64050. (816) 836-0668 FOR SALE: Telefunkens: Super 330 WLK Bakelite, 1933, complete, no cracks – $425; 713W, 1935 – $275; 766W, 1937 – $275; Gavotte 7, 1959 – $120; Nora W 220 L, 1934 – $250; Phillips 1952, 1957, 1961 Pinettas – $95 ea. Nordmende Electra, 1955 – $105. All have 110/220-volt transformers, complete, good to excellent. WANTED: Need reasonably priced and looking A-K horn speaker; Hallicrafters: S-38C/D/E, S-19F; Zenith 6G601 portable. J.R. Sprouse, PSC-2, Box 8968, APO AE 09012. Phone: #011.49.6383.1419 FOR SALE: Retired, collection of (40) radios, 1923-1950’s. Tubes, test equip, and misc. parts. Send SASE for list. Ken Hoffman, 70 E.H. Colchester Tpk., Moodus, CT 06469. (860) 873-1803 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters SX42 – $225. Sky Buddy II – $40. Atwater Kent 87-89 console, refinished – $225. Heindel electro cardiograf machine – $200. Offers. Pickup in Rochester. Joe Figliomeni, 2074 Maiden Ln., Rochester, NY 14626. (716) 227-2355 FOR SALE: Eico 6- and 12-volt battery eliminator – $15. Heathkit: HW-32A receiver – $50. HP-23 power supply – $50. Sine and square wave audio generator – $25. Tube tester – $25. VTVM/manual – $15. Manual for C-3 checker – $10. Bill Coolahan, 1450 Miami Dr., NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52402-2933. (319) 393-8075 FOR SALE: ARRL Handbooks 1950 and 1960’s; RCA tube manuals – $10 ppd. Joe Duffin, 4 W. Central Ave., Moorestown, NJ 08057-2415. (609) 778-1436 FOR SALE: AK 55C w/speaker Type F4, brown, excellent shape, works – $150 + UPS. Michael J. Doback, 592 E. Southlawn, Birmingham, MI 48009. (810) 646-6944 FOR SALE/TRADE: NBC chimes; Variac N.I.B. – $40; Motorola 6T – $70; Bendix 0526-E – $50. Bob Suslovitch, Box 9053, McLean, VA 22102-0053. (703) 841-5889 or (540) 743-9346 FOR SALE: Jensen Concert speaker, 12-inch, 4K field, cone OK – $25 plus shipping. Ray Harland, 2602 Mary Ln., Escondido, CA 92025-7502. (619) 746-4584 FOR SALE: Global GR-711 transistor radio, lavender, perfect, rare – $300. Dekalite transistor radio, looks like Aurora, (Made in Japan, p. 43), new-in-box, never used – $100. Suzanne Wyatt, 4403 Boyd Rd., Dearborn, MO 64439. (816) 992-8811 FOR SALE: Crosley #26 chassis, NT – $40 plus UPS. David Buck, 3630 Wilcox St., San Diego, CA 92106. (619) 224-5821. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE/TRADE: Pair of Heathkit W5-M power amplifiers, w/preamplifier – $500. Pair of British RCA power amps w/all tubes and both preamps – $800. Pair of Bogen DB-20 amplifiers – $400. McIntosh Mod 1700 rcvr – $700. Eico HF85 preamp – $100. Pair of Bogen B10 amps – $325. Bell 2122-B amp – $125. Lafayette Mod LR400 rcvr – $225. Scott LK 48-B stereo amplifier – $300. One Fairchild Mod 255 power amp – $300. Hartfield Driver JBL Mod #375 – $400. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters TW-1000 Worldwide, excellent condition, not working – $100. Toshiba 8TM-294, works – $55. Eric Hayes, 1248 Denver Ct., Naperville, IL 60540. (708) 357-4569 FOR SALE: Lafayette 250A stereo amp – $75. Sherwood S3000 IV FM stereo tuner – $75. Both exc. Eico HF-20 mono amp, exc – $125. Audiocraft and Hi-Fidelity magazines, call. 6KD6 tubes, new – $20 ea. Rick Yerke, PO Box 392, Moscow, PA 18444. (717) 842-4857 VISIONETTE MECHANICAL TELEVISION 24 LINES AUTHENTIC OPERATION SCANNING DISK CAMERAS AND RECEIVERS EASY TO BUILD KITS OR READY TO GO AVAILABLE NOW! A collection is incomplete without a VISIONETTE FOR INFORMATION, CALL OR WRITE PETER YANCZER, 836 BRICKEN St. Louis, MO 63122 Ph. 1-314-822-1748 or a SASE FOR SALE: The following National communications receivers: HRO M – $200; NC-100A – $300; National 183 – $200; NC-105 – $300; NC-46 – $300. Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Memorabilia: Zenith ESP cards – $20/pk.; Atwater Kent matches – $15/book. Radios: AK 20C, excellent – $125. Grebe Synchrophase MU-1, vg – $225. Kadette tombstone Model 65 has world map grille cloth fair – $125. Philco 70, excellent original working – $325. Philco 89 cathedral, restored, working – $225. Tubes: Arcturus blue tubes: 24A – $10 ea.; 27 – $10 ea.; 47/P2 – $30 ea.; Globe type clear 301A – $10 ea.; 24A – $6 ea.; 26 – $6 ea.; 27 – $6 ea. All tested & guaranteed. Speakers: AK H – $50; O’Neil – $50. Test Equipment: Clough-Brengle signal generator – $25. Confidence Automatic tube tester, very old – $50; Precision 920 tube tester – $30. Jackson 598 tube tester – $50. Boonton Q-meter Type 260-A with coils & book – $150. Sprague Kwik-Test KT-1 capacitor checker – $25. The following Heathkit: IT-28 cap. checker – $15; IG-102 signal generator – $10; IM-17 voltmetter – $10; IM-28 VTVM – $10; transistor checker – $10. Harder toroidal coil winder model L-2, with book – $150. Mark Miner, 11430 Tuscarora Ln., Clermont, FL 34711. (352) 394-6596 FOR SALE: Radio chassis: RCA 6K3 – $30; 88K – $20. Knight-kit 1960’s wireless intercom transistor – $20. 1 Crayola Crayon radio left, M.I.B. – $100. Standard Micronic Ruby SR-H436 – $80. Lewol leather table radio – $130. Guitar amp Thunderbolt by Supro, 1966-1967 w/15” Jensen – $300. Send SASE for list of 2 dozen N.O.S. old TV flybacks/transformers. Plus UPS. Kevin and Kathy Moe, 616 Lockrem St., Ottawa, IL 61350. (815) 433-4598 FOR SALE: Now in production, aluminum can capacitors, 7/8” dia. by 4” H, 4 values available, wire leads, 7/8” threaded mount – SASE for prices. ARL-USA, RR1, Box 41, Cutler, IN 46920 FOR SALE: Addison 5, Admiral 29G9, Airline 94-KR-1520, Arvin 540T, Crosley 9-106-W, 10-135, 10-140, 11-106. Mike Radio, Sears 8003, Westinghouse H126, Grundig Satellit 500 – $200. Richard Bell, 100 Cane Dr., Lafayette, LA 70508. (318) 232-0825 FOR SALE: I found a cache of old tubes. (3) new CX201A’s & most used. Also bunches of two-digit numbers both globe and ST’s all used. Might have what you need. Dee Almquist, W4PNT, PO Box 371, Crimora, VA 24431. (800) 755-2365, voice mail. (540) 249-3161, hamshack. Fax: (540) 249-5064 FOR SALE: Radiola 26 beautiful condition – $375. Westinghouse RC-DA – $350. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Nice Heathkit Sixer – $50. Super clean Millen 90651 GDO, original box and manual – $150. Pair of Heathkit EA2 mono amplifiers – $150. Prices negotiable. Jack Campellone, KD4HAK, PO Box 232, Genoa, OH 43430. (419) 855-4420 FOR SALE: Tube ampl. Siemens, fine condition (Foto). WANTED: Bezel and 2 corners for Radiola 33. Bezel for Philco 60. AF transf. for Radiola 16. Emil Socher, 135 Brinkworthy Rd., 2-114 Salt Spring Isl., British Columbia, Canada V8K 1S3. (604) 537-5947 FOR SALE: Addison A2A, black – $320. Dahlberg 4130-D1 pillow radio, 2-tone green – $240. Airline 93WG-604A, Deco – $110. Sparton 5953 red/gold torpedo lunchbox – $100. Transistors: Sony TR-63 case, red – $50. Lincoln, Nipco, Realtone – $30. Western Electric field phone – $60. (200) Sprague multi-stage electrolytics – $75/all. Mark Zaluski, 113 Pike St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2K 3C1. (204) 667-3562 FOR SALE: U.S. Recording Company 3-speed professional portable phonograph, used in schools & dance studios – $50 plus shipping. J.J. Papovich, 53 Magnolia Ave., Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 582-8279 FOR SALE/TRADE: If you are or know of a serious phonograph collector, perhaps this ad will be of interest! I have just acquired a most unique and unusual floor model phonograph designed in Egyptian motif and shaped to resemble a pyramid. This unit is surrounded with over (100) hieroglyphic cutouts, tastefully hand-painted pharaohs and king figures plus Egyptian scenery, mfg. by Pyramid Inc., circa 1920. It's absolutely breathtaking if you appreciate fine design or something different and even works beautiful. For details or videotape and information, call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: (2) good used Eimac 304TL – $50 ea. (4) good used RCA 4-125A – $30 ea. (2) N.I.B. GE 8643 – $40 ea. Prices negotiable. Jack Campellone, KD4HAK, PO Box 232, Genoa, OH 43430. (419) 855-4420 FOR SALE: 7" National TV set and National booster amplifier. Rodney Schrock, 402 Lincoln St., Somerset, PA 15501 FOR SALE: 1964 Emc tube tester #213, works, with manual, chart, good condition, tiny – Offers? John Smith, RRI, Box 74, Collison, IL 61831. (217) 776-2225 FOR SALE: 1949 Emerson 7" TV, Model 639, cabinet needs refinish – $65 + UPS. James S. Fisher, 344 Harrison Ave., Manville, NJ 08835. (908) 725-7476 FOR SALE: Military: RT-18/ARC-1 xcvr, 100-150 MHz, 26 tubes, 26 volt dynamotor, with manual – $55; matching Western Electric-I-106-A field strength meter – $40; Signal Corps IE-36 test set – $15. WANTED: Philco 84B chassis and/or knobs, junker OK. Andrew Mitz, WA3LTJ, 4207 Ambrl Dr., Kensington, MD 20895. (301) 897-5531. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Radio Shack 1976 Bicentennial rdio. 1988 Broadcast Electronics hardcover equipment catalog. Chales Harper, 2000 Jackstown Rd., Paris, KY 40361. (502) 769-0404 FOR SALE: RCA 16X4 wood tabletop with push buttons, nice, plays – $50. GE A-82 tombstone, beautifully restored, all bands work great – $225. Silvertone 6324, wood tabletop, tuning eye, push buttons, plays, could use cosmetic touch-up – $50. Mantola 405-7C, wood tabletop, push buttons, plays, could use minor touch-up – $50. Arvin 242T, small metal tabletop, nice, plays – $75. Arvin 524A, small metal tabletop, nice, plays – $75. Silvertone 1, small metal tabletop, nice, plays – $75. Philco 38-10 tabletop, restorable – $50. Trav-Ler 6300 tube-type plastic portable – $15. Farnsworth AT-10, cabinet cracked – $40. Farnsworth ET-064, cabinet cracked – $40. Belmont 6D-111, cabinet broken – $50. Zenith H-500, with book, plays on all bands – $50. Zenith SS-218, beautiful original, plays – $175. Philco 41-RP2, near mint, works – $150. Ed Wilmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 FOR SALE: Emerson 157, ivory – $110; 522 – $35. Hallicrafters SX-110 – $100; 5R42 – $20. Zenith F508B – $15. Pal kids phono – $20. Elgin transistor C/R – $10. Hickok 215 VTVM – $10. Nice Variac – $20. Precision 612 tube tester – $45. Classic Radio & Television, 541 Riverside Dr., Box 61, Augusta, ME 04330. (207) 623-2059 FOR SALE: Superb Pilot 3" TV, magnifier, case with antenna, paperwork, works – $675. Deliver Elgin. Bill Ross, 875 Gordon Ter., Winnetka, IL 60093. (847) 441-6462 FOR SALE: National NC183D, nice, plays, 2 knobs not original – $175. NC 98, nice, plays – $125. NC-98, plays, needs work – $75. National 1-10, no P/S, nice – $150. National 1-10A, no P/S, nice – $150; both 1-10's have original books. Knight R-100, nice, plays – $125. Hallicrafters Sky Buddy, plays, needs cosmetics – $65. National SW-3, missing part of cabinet & volume control, no coils – $100. Hammarlund Super Pro 210XL for parts or restore – $100. Collins R-388, Serial #398, mint, unmodified, museum quality in military tabletop cabinet – $700. Collins 51J2, shows a little wear, no cabinet – $300. Ed Wilmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 FOR SALE: Stromberg-Carlson 925L AM/FM/SW/PB console. DuMont 164-E 3" scope, circa 1936 – BO, PU. P. Seidel, 30 Vista Way, Port Washington, NY 11050-3807. (516) 767-0948 FOR SALE: Grundig Satellit 650, large shortwave portable in excellent condition – $580. Grundig AM-FM Majestic Model 85/USA small tube radio – $20. Lang Model 406-AM, small table radio – $20. Philco Transistone PT-30 AM table radio – $35. Zenith Model L721 AM-FM table radio – $40. Shipping extra. Call after 7 pm. Simon Sarkissian, 930 Montgomery Ave., Apt. 407, Rosemont, PA 19010. (610) 525-7675 FOR SALE: Old Weston, GE meters, DC watthour, Ester[?] Angus recording amperie, watt, voltage meters. Old book list. Henry Weiland, 8946 West Grantosa Dr., Milwaukee, WI 53225. (414) 463-4681 FOR SALE: Many years collection: old radios, tubes, testers, etc. Must sell now. Bob Lamminen, 471 Stark Rd., Cloquet, MN 55720. (218) 879-1515 FOR SALE: Aztec cathedral, complete as is – $115. Zenith Royal 500D, with leather case – $85. Zenith Royal 500E – $70. Jukebox radio, new-in-box – $30. Philco #91 dial plate – $15. William Egan, 10332 S. Komensky, #C, Oak Lawn, IL 60453. (708) 229-9676 FOR SALE: Radiola III, NT, vg – $65. Ralph Trotter, 103 Beach Rd., Bristol, RI 02809. (401) 254-0138 FOR SALE: Tektronix 585A oscilloscope with 82 dual trace plug-in unit – $250. N.I.B. miniature color video camera with RCA output jacks for VCR recording – $275. Lafayette HA63 communications receiver – $100. Toshiba VM 32C Beta VCR – $100. John Tokie, 519 W. Water St., New Lexington, OH 43764. (614) 342-5192 FOR SALE/TRADE: The following National receivers: NC 46 – $250; like-nu HRO 500 – $25; the original HRO Standard w/coils, speaker, doghouse PS and manual – $495. Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Realtone TR-2663, similar to Zenith Trans-Oceanic, has 11 bands, logs and charts – $125. Russ Abrams, 2330 Villaret Dr., Huntsville, AL 35803. (205) 883-7322 FOR SALE: Stromberg-Carlson Te-Lek-Tor-Et (1933) head unit with cable and 8-pin plug, 78, 6A7 tubes or WANTED: other unit with main chassis & speaker. Frank D. Atwood, Nostalgia Radio, 117 E. Main St., Merrimac, MA 01860. (508) 346-8100 FOR SALE: Zenith Universal Model G503 flip-up – $50. WANTED: Excellent Zenith H725. Top dollar for color set. Gary Harmon, 10704 Callanish, Austin, TX 78750. (512) 219-0499 FOR SALE: Tubes, global type: 301A, 112A, 47, 171A – $15; 245 – $40; 281 $20; 24/A – $3; Arcturus blue glass 127 – $20, tipped – $25. Herb Ratner, 3542 Westminster Ct., Holiday, FL 34691. (813) 937-7452 FOR SALE: Crosley table mod. radio Model V w/ Baldwin headset, has DeForest Audion tube, exc cond. – $250. Mike Speno, 7 East Genesee St., Auburn NY 13021. (315) 253-6259. Fax: (315) 253-6348 FOR SALE: RCA X551 – $40. Radio Shack DX160 – $55. Philco 86 Junior – $130. RCA Radiola 60 table – $110. Charles Voigt, 94 Cleveland St., Norfolk, MA 02056. (508) 528-7928 PHONE NUMBER FOR ANTIQUE RADIO CLASSIFIED (508) 371-0512 Best time to call is weekdays: 8:30 am to 6 pm Eastern Time (Please no classified ads by phone. Thanks!) FOR SALE: WE speaker Model 100F – $75; VOM WE D-166852 – $35. Ampro tape recorder w/spkr – $85. Mikes: Turner 22D, Altec (2) 633A – Offers. Keyer w/tapes – $45. Approx. 1,000 TV-radio tubes – $450 lot. VRC 12-RT-524 radio – $550. BC-611 radios, 2 ea. Parts BC-348-342. Steve Bartkowski, 4923 W. 28 St., Cicero, IL 60650. (708) 863-3090 FOR SALE: Blaupunkt Super Hi-Fi Bullet Type 20003 AM/FM/SW – $130. RCA Model #1X53 – $30. All plus shipping. Call: George Delker, 1216 26th St. NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881. (841) 294-3123 FOR SALE: Photoflash capacitors, small size, low leakage, 160 ufd, 330 volt – $8/50, $15/100. Plus postage. Gordon Wilson, 11108-50 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 0H9. (403) 434-6257 FOR SALE: Zenith console 10S567 – $175. Philco 39-45 console – $125. Marshall tombstone (Ozarka)? – $75. WANTED: Early 50’s Cameradio Catalog. John Packer, 318 School St., Springdale, PA 15144. (412) 274-4734 FOR SALE: 1948 Crosley 56TN table, AM/SW – $45. 1936? Silvertone 4521 six-volt tombstone, AM/SW – $75. 1931 Victor R35 micro synchronous console – $130. All plus shipping or pickup 10 miles from Elgin. Jerome A. Wieland, 780 Charleston Ln., Hoffman Estates, IL 60195. (847) 934-1790 FOR SALE/TRADE: RCA 12” electrodynamic speaker #050824, exc – $50. WANTED: Sennheiser ME-40, Sony ECM-77B mics, Jay Myers, 1010 Graybar Ln., Nashville, TN 37204-3213. (615) 297-5886 FOR SALE: GE Model 260 metal, 6 SW bands and AM battery or line schematic and parts list, not playing – $20. Philco portable 46-350, 6-tube wood and leatherette, not playing – $15. GE clock radio C405-0 plastic (Bunis 3, p. 101) – $10. UPS extra. Ferdinand Estree, 660 Fineview Ave., Kalamazoo, MI 49004. (616) 344-0231 FOR SALE: Hammarlund HQ-140X, good operating and physical condition with new tubes – $140 plus UPS. Harry Cap, 190 Beech St., Bridgewater, MA 02324. (508) 697-8648 FOR SALE: General Radio Company test equipment catalog M, 1951 – $25 ppd. Ross Wolrab, 229 N. Oakcrest Ave., Decatur, IL 62522-1810. (217) 428-7385 FOR SALE: N.O.S. 6L6WGB/5881 JAN Phillips – $16 ea. (4) GEC Gold Lion KT88’s in GEC boxes, test new – $650. (2) British KT66’s N.O.S. – $160. McIntosh C8 w/Telefunkens & cabinet – $200. Dyna ST70 & PAS2 – $500. Dyna MKIII’s w/5 GEC KT88’s, (2) PAM’s, DSC unitized, extra N.O.S. faceplates, manuals, cables – $1,000. Scott’s 340B, (2) 99B’s, (2) LK-48-B’s – $200 ea. 222 parts. Peter F. DeGregorio, 45 Moritz Pl., Fairfield, CT 06430-3527. (203) 331-9155 FOR SALE: Remler Model 93 Scottie radio, nice condition – $125. Two Remler Scottie chassis, both complete and working – $40 ea. Bob Furtado, 23 Garden Rd., Alameda, CA 94502. (510) 521-3084 FOR SALE: E.H. Scott Philharmonic, Warrington cabinet; E.H. Scott Allwave 23, Tasman cabinet; both play great; can deliver to East or West Coast for gas expenses to insure safe delivery! Zenith console Mod 12U158, Zenith 10S567 dial glass, escutcheon. Zenith wave-magnet antenna. Cathedrals: Crosley Mod 124, Radiochron Mod unknown, 4 tuber; Philco Mod 84B; Jackson-Bell Mod 62. UHF tuners: Blonder-Tongue, Mallory; both excellent shape. Emerson chassis w/spkr Mod BG223 plays good; RCA Mod BT6-10 chassis w/spkr 6 tube, bat. only; 1935 both. Philco portable rolltop Mod 41-844, Philco Mod 144B tombstone, Heathkit Mod AJ-11 AM-FM tuner, NRI Mod 33 sig. tracer, Triplett tube tester Mod 3413, Triplett sig. gen. Mod 3432, Sprague TO-5 capacitor tester; Supreme tube tester Mod 502, very good oak cabinet, issued 7/25/37, all original papers. Weston Mod 682 tube tester; Heathkit Mod IT-17 tube tester; Heathkit Mod TC-2 tube tester; Heathkit factory-wired oscilloscope Mod 0-10, excellent; Heathkit Mod A-9 amp, excellent. Still looking for E.H. Scott Masterpiece complete cabinet or not. Thanks. R.R. Bruning, 1901 U.S. Hwy. 150N, Apt. B, Galesburg, IL 61401. (309) 344-1968 FOR SALE: N.O.S. tubes: 1P37 – $15; 6AD7G – $15; 12A8GT – $2. Ballasts: 50A2 – $9; 50B2 – $9; 868 – $9; 872A – $20; 884 – $5; 918 – $15; 2050 – $5. Star-Tronics, Box 98102, Las Vegas, NV 89193. (702) 795-7151 FOR SALE: Detrola Super Pee Wee, black/beetled grille, minor flaws – $700. Lafayette Troubadour, ivory – $150. Blue/white N.E. bullseye, exc – $150. General Television 1A5, dk. brn/white trim, exc – $135. Stromberg-Carlson 1500 red Bakelite – $125. GE C400 midget, brown, hairline – $80. Crosley 11-104U, stock black, exc – $150. Mike Herman, 2-1731 Rockland Ave., Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8S 1W6. (604) 595-2829 FOR SALE: TV/Auto Radio Controls, 1962, 126 page, Replacement Guide, Centralab, Clarostat, IRC, Mallory, original – $15. Sales literature for Grundig, Telefunken, Nordmende, Hallicrafters, National. Send SASE, 2 stamps for list. Auto Radio Vibrator catalogs, 1950’s, Mallory, James, ATR, Cornell-Dublier, Radiart – $10 ea., plus postage. Ellsworth O. Johnson, 364 S. Coeur d’Alene St., Spokane, WA 99204. Phone/fax: (509) 838-2161 FOR SALE: Transistor Radio Photo Guides. Each guide packed with photos of all known collectible models of each brand. With model numbers and notes. Global/Zephyr, Standard, Realtone, Toshiba, and Sony are – $7 ea. including postage. Regency booklet – $10. Eric Wrobbel, 20802 Exhibit Ct., Woodland Hills, CA 91367. (818) 884-2282 FOR SALE/TRADE: A Central Electronics Model 200V, the ultimate transmitter. Unit has 21 tubes w/CRT scope, bands 80-10 meters plus additional 1 MHz band, modes include LSB, USB, DSB, AM, CW, PM, FSK, broadbanded, no tuning required, asking ~$950. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Lafayette 250A amp, nice ~$125. Commodore SX64 early color portable computer, nice, works with book & working parts unit ~$75. Heathkit IT-18 transistor tester, like new, with book ~$50. Heathkit IT-5230, CRT tester & rejuvenator for color, black & white, like new with book ~$50. B&K 1075 TV analyst, nice, with book, slides ~$50. Victrola VV-VI, works, original ~$150. Victrola VV-IVA, works, original ~$150. Ed Wilmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 RATE FOR ADDITIONAL WORDS: 25¢ per word FIRST 20 WORDS FREE! Cash or stamps OK for small amounts. Your payment helps to keep A.R.C. healthy! FOR SALE: Zenith Trans-Oceanic 8G00STZ1, vgc, plays well on all bands, complete wavemagnet antenna ~$95. Clyde Powell, 3822 Edwards Ter., Chattanooga, TN 37412. (423) 867-5022 FOR SALE: Brother Model 600D shirt pocket, exc cond., works ~$75. Emerson 555, red, exc cond. ~$75. Koyo Parrat, sub min. tubes, beautiful radio untested, chipped ~$175. L & M boys radio, near mint in box, horizontal ~$150. Plus postage. Kay Botzum, R.D. 2, Box 419, Morgantown, PA 19543. (610) 286-0047. Fax: (610) 286-5315 FOR SALE: Pictured in Stein: Airline 93-WG-542A, professional ivory repaint ~$120. Sonora TW49, brown, missing push button & wrong on/off knob ~$130. Silvertone 3061 beetle, problems but good display ~$110. Philco 52-940 ~$55. Silvertone 6002, black, top hairline ~$55. Fada, brown Bakelite, (p. 94 bottom left) ~$55. Fada 830, perfect Plaskon ~$130. RCA 96X13, brown w/o push buttons, small corner chip ~$190. Belmont 5D128, near mint ~$200. Fada 550 ~$50. GE 202 ~$30. Imperial, (ref. Trav-Ler p. 207 middle right) ~$40. These not in Stein: Emerson CG268 (Bunis 3) ~$55. Emerson 516 ~$40. Garod 5A1, black ~$50. Northern Electric midge, double bullseye, brown ~$150. Mike Stambaugh, 506 W. Springettsbury Ave., York, PA 17403. (717) 854-1368. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Zenith Royal 500 cloth bag ~$15. Freshman Masterpiece with built-in horn ~$90. BC348-Q receiver ~$60. Hallicrafters SX-130 ~$70. Courier 23 plus CB ~$25. Eimac 304TH ~$25. Precision 10-60 tube tester ~$35. Beitman 1939 thru 1942, 1946 ~$8 ea. Rider’s 23 ~$145. WE 2J25. Dud PL172 ~$12. Add UPS. Raymond Filozof, 339 Howertown Rd., Catasauqua, PA 18032. (610) 264-4733 FOR SALE: Hickok 810 and B&K 960 transistor radio analyzer ~$45 ea. + UPS. Allen Jochem, 2205 Broadway, Quincy IL 62301. (217) 223-6751 FOR SALE: Gorgeous Federal oriental table radio Mod 1050-T with handpainted scenery on all sides, a red front concealed radio pulls out from cabinet, a simply beautiful and elegant piece, (see E.O.R. 2, p. 93) ~$500. Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Cathedrals: Philco 90 ~$300; AK 165 ~$250; Jackson-Bell Swan ~$250; Philco 37-610 tombstone ~$90. Novelties: Old Lager Barrel ~$150; Crosley 141 Books ~$250; Grebe MU-1, NT ~$225; Tower speaker, drum Repwood face & back, molded horn inside, rare ~$160; Radiola UZ 1325 horn, exc ~$150; Radiola III, NT ~$90. Stefan Ponek, 462 O’Farrell Dr., Benicia, CA 94510. (707) 747-9180. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Capacitors and capacitor rebuilding, Twistloc and others. Capacitors for sale; electrolytics, metal poly, silver mica, ceramics, oil-filled xmttr, etc. Orders shipped same day received. All electrolytics are new stock. Call, write, fax, for free pamphlet. See our white canvas booth at Elgin. Everett Hoard, Frontier Capacitor, Box 218, Lehr, ND 58460. (710) 378-2341. Fax: (701) 378-2551 FOR SALE: Blabber Mouse on cheese radio (mouth moves with radio announcers!), looks, plays fine ~$25. Mini repro Crosley Mod 56TD-R, new in box ~$20. American Bosch Mod 515 untested, complete except for knobs ~$22. Philco Mod PT-4, ivory, looks plays fine ~$29. Old TV magnifier 14” dia. ~$24. GE Mod 200, looks & plays fine, same style as Mod 201, (G.A.R. 2, p. 84) ~$30. Joseph L. Gambaccini, 192 Division Ave., Shelton, CT 06404. (203) 924-0271 FOR SALE/TRADE: The following RCA microphones 77-D ~$1,050. PB-90 (resembles 44-B) with stand and radio station flag, looks beautiful. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Earl Radio 21/22 junker chassis and speaker ~$10 plus shipping. Donald Borowski, 4215 S. University Rd., Spokane, WA 99206, (509) 924-9680. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Back issues of A.R.C. from ’91-’96, sell as lot. Wilcox-Gay Recordio. Best Offer on both plus UPS. Lance Walker, 7116 Reedy Creek Rd., Charlotte, NC 28215. (704) 568-5379 FOR SALE/TRADE: Magnavox hi-fi receiver chassis CR190D, FM tuner chassis CR192E, 12” speaker 12C1310, ca. 1948, very good ~$75 plus UPS OBO. Paul Geraghty, 1245 Lyon Ave., Waterloo, IA 50702. (319) 233-3520 FOR SALE: Various early tubes, globe types, etc. Send stamp for free list to: Don Jackson, 1394 Dansey Ave., Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada V3K 3H8 FOR SALE: Mono tuners: Scott 311D, w/case, vg+ ~$60. Brooks ST10, excellent, not working ~$35. Al Wirtenberg, 15 Wilson Rd., Weston, CT 06883. (203) 544-9270 I am not a dealer, but a serious collector and historian interested in all aspects of E. H. Scott. Please contact me first if you are selling your E. H. Scott Radio, Radio-tone Record Superhet, or other Coils, World’s Scott Transformer items. Always interested in any E. H. Scott stock certificates, literature, and military sets. John T. Meredith 2462 Statonsburg Rd., Suite 152 Greenville, NC 27834 — (919) 551-1882 FOR SALE/TRADE: Circa 1935, two Wright Decroster 12" talkie theater speakers Mod 107, need reconing – $300. Two 12" Wright Decroster theater speakers Mod 305 in good condition – $500. These are classic speakers and very powerful. They resemble the type used for early EH Scott and McMurdo Silver radio receivers. Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Atwater Kent Model 10 (4340), original black paint, all Bakelite perfect, all original components, never restored – $1,400. Ed Walmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 FOR SALE: AK Mod 10 and 10C. 3 organ speaker cabinets with amps, (one Leslie). WANTED: Need tube socket, one Bakelite knob with backplate and one coil for AK 10, coil has AK tag on top. Also 6973 tubes. Have trades. Thank you. Mike Fletcher, 1204 Cedar St., Niles, MI 49120. (616) 684-2174 FOR SALE: TeleMatic color TV jig, 35 adapters/data, does tube and transistor TVs – $150. Charles A. Days, PO Box 80205, S. Dartmouth, MA 02748-0205. (508) 979-3758 FOR SALE: Atwater Kent 318 console, shadow-tuning (works!), beautiful orig. finish/grille cloth – $350. Philco Predicta 21" table set – $100. Will deliver either above to Rochester September meet, no ship. Horn speaker, model unknown, works and looks nice – $75. Radiola IIIA, very nice, good transformers, needs a tube socket – $120. Paul Ernst, 238 Meadow Ln., Webster, NY 14580. (716) 787-9879 FOR SALE: Small Japanese tombstone, 1930's, picture in July's Photo Review. Larry Stone, Rt. 3, Box 70D, Martinsburg, WV 25401. (304) 267-6721 FOR SALE: Transmitting tubes – SASE for list. Charles Stinger, W8GFA, 404 Ross Ave., Hamilton, OH 45013. (513) 867-0079. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: RCA 77, type import mics, made in the 50s, brand new in box – $80 includes shipping. Only (10) left. Mike Dupuis, 116 First Ave., Tuckerton, NJ 08087. (609) 296-4883 FOR SALE: Gernsback Electrical Experimenter mags. 1/1918-1/1919 bound set – $20. Hickok 600A, needs fix, n – $65. Grunow #566 & Philco 38-12, working – $50 ea. Berlant Concertone tape recorders: 2 mono transports w/preamps – $200, Scott mono FM trr #310B – $150. All + ship. Agreed? May's Electric Instruments, 1242 N. El Centro Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90038. Ph/fax: (213) 464-9179 FOR SALE/TRADE: Communications receivers: Drake, Collins, Hallicrafters, JRD, National, Panasonic, Zenith, etc. SASE to: Barry Durinda, 9 Elson St., Staten Island, NY 10314. (212) 235-4595 FOR SALE: General Radio 5-amp Variac – $40. Hallicrafters S-40A, untested – $75. Bogen CHB 35A PA amp – $40. LMT Weekender French tube port. – $30 + ship. Kustom V Lead S.S. guitar amp 35 WRMS. Robert Riddick, 33 Emily Ln., Ft. Myers Beach, FL 33931. (941) 463-8887 FOR SALE/TRADE: The following Hallicrafters receivers: Mod SX-42 – $450; SX28 – $475; S-20R – $200; SX 62A – $425; SX 62, needs work – $250; S-40A – $250; S-77A – $225; S-36A – $400; R46 speaker – $75. Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Atwater Kent 10C breadboard, complete, all original, no tags, good condition $850. James S. Fisher, 344 Harrison Ave., Manville, NJ 08835. (908) 725-7476 FOR SALE: Beautiful Mitchell 1101, near mint condition, works – $1,500. Kay Botzum, R.D. 2, Box 419, Morgantown, PA 19543. (610) 286-0047. Fax: (610) 286-5315 FOR SALE: Transistors. Bulova 672, with box & case – $50. Philco T7-126 – $65. The following @ $25/2: GE P807e, P800A, Motorola X29W (fliptop) X15A (rough). Tokai G110 AM/FM, Westinghouse H790P6, H697P7. The whole lot for $145. Mike Stambaugh, 506 W. Springettsbury Ave., York, PA 17403. (717) 854-1368. E-mail: email@example.com FOR SALE: Johnson Viking 250-23 matchbox 275w – $100 plus shipping. Steve Slater, 3045 Orange, La Crescenta, CA 91214. (818) 248-0416 FOR SALE: Magnecord DST tape decks, two complete, 6 for parts, no electronics – $75/lot. Joe Brady, Box 8 Star Rt., Huntingdon, PA 16652. (814) 643-0603 TUBES BOUGHT & SOLD Industrial • Power • Receiving Special Purpose • CRT’s — Vast Inventory — Contact: Donna – Sales Mgr. (201) 751-2591 / (800) 526-1275 Fax → (201) 481-1524 United Electronics Co. Est. 1935 Tube Manufacturing Equipment For Sale Assorted Tube Bases For Sale FOR SALE: 1930's BC-375E, BC-212D, BC-347, BC-366, BC-456B, BC-624A, BC-625A, KS-7543 power unit, Dyna motors. Bill Coolahan, 1450 Mianni Dr., NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52402-2933. (319) 393-8075 FOR SALE/TRADE: Pair of JBL Mod 375 theater drivers ~ $800; (can also be used in Hartsfield horn speaker), Rola pedestal Re-creator speaker ~ $300. Atwater Kent Mod H speaker ~ $175. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 NOTICE TO ALL CLASSIFIED ADVERTISERS! OUR CLASSIFIED AD DEADLINE IS 12:00 NOON ON THE 10th OF EACH MONTH FOR SALE: Zenith Trans-Oceanics. All are original, complete, and 100% cosmetically restored following procedures in Zenith Trans-Oceanic book by Bryant and Cones. 8G005 ~ $175; G500 ~ $195; H-500 ~ $185; A600 ~ $185; R600 ~ $185; Y600 ~ $185; B600L leather ~ $250. Zenith color Trans-Oceanic repro ads ~ $7 ea. Hammarlund HQ129X for sale or trade for Zenith wood radios. Frank J. Manziano, 82 Monhegon Ave., Oakland, NJ 07436. (201) 337-5263 FOR SALE: Cathedral RCA Model 128, 18" x 22" airplane dial, all original, nice, plays ~ $300. Cathedral Philco 84B, all original, nice, plays ~ $160. Catalin Emerson 20, all original, real nice, plays, brown, green dial ~ $300. Town Crier by Guild, 2 1/2" high, 1/2" wood panel, wraparound brown fancy glass door, ring on top, plays ~ $100. Two ribbon air fans, one is by Singer, runs ~ $150 for sale or trade for radio. Dictograph loudspeaker unit, New York, nice ~ $100. For trade on radio. Westinghouse 6 polished brass blades and cage 12", runs, Model 182885, stationary, real nice ~ $200 trade or sale. Robbin & Myers 5 polished brass blades 9", finish real nice, runs, oscillates ~ $150. RCA all nice tan leather case, as Zenith Oceanic, no marks on case, plays ~ $100. Philmore black crystal set, plays, has glass dome over crystal, 6" x 8", has new metal bottom ~ $65. Crosley 11-1250 light blue clock radio, exc nice, works, Bakelite ~ $120. Zenith Y825, maroon Bakelite, ex-nice plays, finish nice ~ $60. Zenith Trans-Oceanic 8G005YT, owned signed by doctor, ex-nice, works, original ~ $110. Zenith Oceanic 500-11, nice, original, plays ~ $120. Zenith SM 0221, maroon plastic portable with handle, ends rounded, like new, works ~ $65. Emerson 724 bright red plastic clock radio, plays, exc finish, 10" ~ $65. Edison Mabry, 715 W. Longview, Mansfield, OH 44906. (419) 526-1175 FOR SALE: (2) speakers: Stephens P52A, 15" co-ax ~ $60. RCA 515S2, 15" duc-cone ~ $25. D.G. Piacentini, 12 Joyce Rd., Plainview, NY 11803. (516) 935-8096 FOR SALE: Electro-Voice V-2A microphone ~ $350. Drake 2-CQ ~ $75. Heath EK-1 VOM ~ $25. B-1 Balun coil ~ $35. VF-1 VFO ~ $60. DX-35 ~ $85. Others, request list, call/write. Richard Prester, 131 Ridge Rd., West Milford, NJ 07480. (201) 728-2454 FOR SALE: Drake AL-4 ~ $45. Sony TR-84 ~ $40. WANTED: Hallicrafters S-107, WR-3000, WR-4000. Mike Brillhart, 12551 Maiden Creek Rd., Abingdon, VA 24210. (540) 944-4387 FOR SALE: Transistors, N.I.B. Hormel Chili, Macaroni & Cheese, Star command robot, Lincoln convertible ~ $25 ea. Arthur Kreitner, 2013 E. Belle Ave., Belleville, IL 62221. (618) 233-5610 FOR SALE: Hallicrafters SX111 ~ $75. Swan 350 with 117 w/power supply ~ $175. R-11A & R-19 Aircraft Radio Corp. receivers ~ $100. WANTED: Crosley book radios, AM Wonderbar car radio, Newslette transistor radio, space novelty radios. Shipping extra. Thanks. Robert White, 4077 E. Galbraith Rd., #379, Cincinnati, OH 45236 FOR SALE: Supporting Clinton? Follow the campaign on this Clinton radio - wood table with t.e., model unknown, think it's a 215, circa 1936, good condition. Tom Thumb radio collectors, how about a Tom Thumb typewriter to go with your radio collection? I have one in good condition - Make Offers. Willard Smith, 1802 13th St., Bedford, IN 47421. (812) 275-5670, eves. FOR SALE/TRADE: Hallicrafters SX17 Super Skyrider ~ $400. Hallicrafters Sky Buddy S-19R ~ $200. SX400 ~ $175. S-36 ~ $485. S-20R ~ $200. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Hickok tube tester Model TV-3 B/U ~ $45. Signal generator AEI Model A200 ~ $35. Precision Model E-75 ~ $25. BK digital capacitor tester Model 820 ~ $45. Voice of Music recorder Model 729 4-track ~ $35. Untied tape Ampex made UST-4 ~ $45. Webcor 2 track ~ $15. Have many reel-to-reel recorders, tuners and Scott amps. Malcolm Canon, 449 E. Ventura Dr., Birmingham, AL 35235. (205) 836-7657 FOR SALE: Catalins. Emerson Patriot blue, mint! Emerson EP375 red, Fada 1000 yellow/red, Fada 700 yellow, Emerson 520. Beetle GE H500, Truetone Stratoscope. Transistors: Micronic Ruby SRH437 red, Bulova 672. Bob Masterson, Box 172, Valley Cottage, NY 10989. (914) 353-3151 FOR SALE: Longines Symphonette LMB-3030 all band, Porto Baradio 9008A, no glass ~ $100 ea. Matt Kurzdorfer, 107 Falconer St., N. Tonawanda, NY 14120. (716) 695-0036 FOR SALE: Gamble's Aircharger (like Zenith), 6-volt ~ $385. Exide and Gould battery jars. Jim Dill, Box 5044, Greeley, CO 80631. (970) 353-8561 FOR SALE: Exceptionally nice Model SX-28 Hallicrafters receiver with matching speaker, also a Silver Marshall Around the World Tour, with coils. Les Rayner, 5512 N. 71st Pl., Scottsdale, AZ 85253. (602) 947-1375 FOR SALE: Detrola 304, Philco's 89 and 47-204, other radios, tubes, parts, etc. 15 pages, LSASE. W.F. Horn, 13110 Marsh Rd., Bealeton, VA 22712. (540) 439-9781 FOR SALE: SX99 ~ $75. S-40 ~ $70 + shpg ea. (200) tubes, 7- and 9-pin ~ $100 ppd. N.O.S. No junk! Pete Putra, 1429 Lawndale Ave., Racine, WI 53403. (414) 632-2543 FOR SALE: Police car transmitters receivers, 6-volt Motorola brand 50 years old, 2 pair working. Visit: Jim Brown, 7708 Main St., West Rushville, OH 43163. (614) 536-7322 FOR SALE: Telefunken Concerto ~ $95. 110/220 130KVA conversion transformers ~ $15. Original grille cloth for AK 165 with backing board ~ $15. Zenith 50A1 tube N.I.B. ~ $12. Large AR speakers ~ $40/pair. WANTED: Pilot radios, any model, any condition. Bill Moore, 3049 Box Canyon Rd., Huntsville, AL 35803 FOR SALE: Radiola IV, NT ~ $550. WANTED: Blue 199 tube dud OK. Greg Bogel, 312 Peg Run Rd., Cherry Tree, PA 15724. (814) 743-9028 FOR SALE: Emerson 439, Ingraham cabinet, nice, original finish, plays, similar to 440 pictured in Stein – $175. Ed Wilmart, 593 W. 15th Pl., Chicago Heights, IL 60411. (708) 747-6423 FOR SALE: (12) E.H. Scott consoles for sale, including an Allwave 15 in a Lido. Call for info. We accept Visa and MasterCard. Alan Jesperson, PO Box 17338, Minneapolis, MN 55417. (612) 727-2489, 8 am to 8 pm 7 days or fax only (612) 727-1908 FOR SALE/TRADE: Magnificent Kennedy XV made in St. Louis with (5) exposed tubes on slant-front design battery radio – $795. Call: Larry Drago, 383 Lincoln Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410. (203) 272-6030 FOR SALE: Mitchell 1102 – $395. Sparton Bluebird – $2,500. Zenith 9S367 – $650. EH Scott AW23, Westminster front panel only – $100. All F.O.B. Mpls. WANTED: McMurdo Silver radios, brochures, booklets, tubes. Don Hauff, PO Box 16351, Minneapolis, MN 55416. (612) 933-9070 or e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org FOR SALE: Cheap parts sets Philco 46-1263 console, Zenith 6G001Y, RCA 46X13, Emerson 543. Mark Gutekunst, 2600 Martin Rd., Willow Grove, PA 19090. (215) 657-8958 FOR SALE: Crosley Model 516, plays well, has been refinished – $50 plus shipping. Dan Olson, E. 4913 Sumac Dr., Spokane, WA 99223. (509) 448-8828, after 5 pm FOR SALE/TRADE: Sparton 4-6 tombstone, original, plays – $150. Jesse French cathedral. GE A-53 tombstone – $75. Majestic 90B, nice, plays – $90. Philco 37-610 (Ramirez, p. 86), original, inop. – $80. Zenith 10S153. Elgin delivery. WANTED: General Motors chassis No. S3A, S3B for my 252. Bill Timoszyk, 35283 Leon, Livonia, MI 48150. (313) 421-2076 FOR SALE: M-209 cipher machine with case and manual, like new – $875. Will Jensby, 645 Giannini Dr., Santa Clara, CA 95051. (408) 296-6071. Fax: (408) 296-3224 FOR SALE: New military HF/MF dipole antennas. Includes balun/center insulator, coax. – $33 ppd. Lowell Thomas, AA6ZD, PO Box 15026, Fresno, CA 93702. (209) 227-1605 FOR SALE: Electro-Voice Aristocrats (2) – $375. Dyna PAS-2 – $95. Fisher 50-F – $45. Western Electric 9A – $125. Marantz 2226B – $145. Hallicrafters S-120 – $85. Zenith Trans-Oceanic G500 – $120. RCA 1-X52 – $55. Apolec (Mission Impossible?) 3 in., 4-transistor tape recorder – $65. Realtone TR-7637 3-in. tape recorder – $45. Radios Master, 1953 – $60. Heathkit 0-10 – $35. Slide rules (2) – $40. Elements of Radio, Marcus – $15. Radio Eng. Handbook, Terman – $17. Packing & shipping extra. Joel Carmicia, 1811 N.E. 58th Ave., Portland, OR 97213-4103. (503) 287-7832 FOR SALE: 78 rpm record changer Webster-Chicago 176-27, N.I.B.O.S. – $40 ppd 48. Robert Larson, 1325 Ridgeway, Medford, OR 97504 FOR SALE: Tombstones, Hallicrafters, National, radio, TV’s, tubes, consoles, early test equipment, books & catalogs, etc. Gerald E. Perkins, RFD #2, Box 34, Milo, ME 04463-9605. (207) 943-5204 FOR SALE: DeWald A-502, good cond., 1/4" crack on rear top edge – $600 or BO. Bill Cherensky, 6 Kate Ln., Metuchen, NJ 08840. (908) 549-2165 MESSAGE: Seeking roommate to share my non-smoking room at Elgin Holiday Inn during Radiofest. Ralph Kemper, 297 27 3/8 Rd., Grand Junction, CO 81503. (970) 243-2576 MESSAGE: The Friends Directory is shipping! (See ad). New free listing, SASE, for 1997. Xtal Publishing, PO Box 253, Sandy, UT 84091-0253. (801) 571-5453 SERVICES: Rider/Sams Radio Schematics 1930-1970’s – $3 ppd. Send make/model to: Richard A. Lerche, 1561 Bluebell Ct., Livermore, CA 94550. (510) 447-9365 SERVICES: Schematics 1920-1960, mailed or faxed – $3 radios, $4 TVs ppd. Robert Schrantz, 610 E. Juanita Ave., San Dimas, CA 91773. Phone/fax: (909) 394-1194 SERVICES: Radio Schematics & Advice 1920-1960 – $3 ppd. Paul Thompson, 315 Larkspur Dr., Santa Maria, CA 93455. (805) 934-2778 SERVICES: Atwater Kent 165 replica grille fretwork – $30, delivered to Elgin or Rochester. WANTED: General Motors TRF cathedral chassis. Greetings from 37.00.3S174.47.4E. Ian Sangster, 75 Anawhata Rd., Piha, New Lynn, 1250 New Zealand. Phone: (64) 9-8149597 FOR TRADE: Altec Model 250 tube studio console, McElroy auto keyer, and RCA 74 microphone. Michael Payne, 803 S. Taylor, Alvin, TX 77511. (713) 331-9217. Fax: (713) 585-2727. E-mail: email@example.com FOR TRADE: My Zenith Trans-Oceansics for your horns or battery sets or Deco consoles. A. Bruno, 24 Butternut Dr., New City, NY 10956. (914) 354-8899 FOR TRADE: My mint old stock vacuum tubes for your vintage microphones. Many rare tubes. Mike States, Box 81485, Fairbanks, AK 99708. Ph/fax: (907) 456-3419 FOR TRADE: Rider’s Radio #7, 8, 11, 13, 14/or #19, 22, 23. Mark S. Rauber, PO Box 1077, Minden, NV 89423. (702) 782-3596 FOR TRADE: Transistor radios for factory prerecorded 7" reel-to-reel tapes. Phil Vaccaro, 2581 Pond Ave., Maplewood, MN 55119. (612) 897-4931 HELP: Missing rear leg for Predicta barber pole TV #G4654. This leg protrudes from rear base of the TV. Looking for documents/diagrams which help me recreate this piece per the original. If you have an original/exact reproduction of this piece, that's even better. What can you offer me? David E. Polott, PO Box 139, Albertson, NY 11507-0139. (718) 343-9026 HELP: Looking for a junked RCA 140. Mark M. Murphy, 1400 Chicago Ave., #208, Evanston, IL 60201. (847) 328-5036 HELP: Need info on Freshman Master B power supply. Need Rider’s TV 14. Randy Call, 4091 So. State St., Salt Lake City, UT 84107. (801) 266-5301 HELP: Please, manual or copy of: Heath o-scope Model #iob-18-3. J.R. Manninen, RR1, Box 157, Hancock, MI 49930. (906) 487-5571 HELP: What does Jackson Bell 62 swan, grille cloth look like? Richard Arnold, Box 275, Lone Grove, OK 73443. (405) 657-3319 HELP: Need field telephone Kellog Mod 1914. Please write to: Orlandini Iginio, Via Lessing, 10, 00137 Roma, Italy MESSAGE: Scott Philharmonic speaker. Will the gentleman who called me on the speaker please call back. Thanks. John T. Meredith, 2462 Stantonburg Rd., Suite 152, Greenville, NC 27834. (919) 551-1882 MESSAGE: Radio collector, Sylmar/Santa Clarita, Ca. Thank you for Capehart 405 information. Clyde Watson, 8311 Via de Sereno, Scottsdale, AZ 85258 MESSAGE: Do you collect antique phonographs or 78 rpm records? Then check out our website at www.78rpm.com/ for a listing of vintage record and phonograph collector publications, plus the world's premier vintage 78 rpm & cylinder phonograph record auction. Nauck's Vintage Records, 6323 Inway Dr., Spring, TX 77389-3643 SERVICES: Authorized Hickok contact person. Specializing in instrument-repair & calibration. All major makes including kits & military. (Service that satisfies.) FOR SALE: Hickok radio & TV test equipment. Hickok 123R Cardmatic with 500+ cards, manual, very clean $185 + S&H. Hickok 156 indicating traceometer, very rare – $175. Hickok 6000A tube tester, mint cond. – $195. Other Hickok radio & TV test equipment such as 288X, 610, marker adders, maker & calibration sig. gens. Over (200) pieces of test equipment in stock. Some for as little as $25. Most all w/manuals. Radio Rider’s 1-5 Abridged & 6-14, all for – $195. Obsolete & foreign tube test data, technical & operator’s manuals for commercial & military instruments. WANTED: Clean & complete radio test equipment, need not work. Special needs Hickok 539B parts unit w/good meter movements, also clean 539C Hickok, need not work. Clean AN/USM 118B with cards & card carrier case. Hickok 209A-B VTVM Radio Rider’s #7 & #16-#18 – $19. Let’s keep the filaments lit. Thanks. Wendell E. Hall, 3 Mockingbird Cir., Jeffersonville, IN 47130. (812) 282-9709 SERVICES: Repair of TV-7 tube testers w/calibration; I will fix and then verify calibration of your TV-7 tube tester for $45 plus all shipping or return it no charge. Daniel Nelson, 1025 E. Desert Ln., Phoenix, AZ 85040. (602) 243-7421, evenings. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org SERVICES: Don’t strip it ship it! Expert stain matching, shading and spot repair or total refurbishing with an original appearance. Mark Toppo, 5127 West Kings Ave., Glendale, AZ 85306. (602) 439-3558 SERVICES: Rider Radio Schematics, 1930 through 1950’s. Includes alignment data. Send $3 with make, model and SASE to: George M. Bonanno, WA2KPE, 34 Charles St., Clifton, NJ 07013. (201) 746-5953 SERVICES: Radio schematics & service info, 1920-1960 – $2.50 + SASE. Steve Rosenfeld, PO Box 387, Ocean Gate, NJ 08740. (908) 269-2022, days SERVICES: Reputable collector offering affordable delivery services to major radio meets or your home. Ed Sage, PO Box 13025, Albuquerque, NM 87192. (505) 298-0840 SERVICES: Thousands of vintage manuals available. Get new Catalog 7. Send (3) 32¢ stamps. P.A. Markavage, The Manual Man, 27 Walling St., Sayreville, NJ 08872. (908) 238-8964 FOR TRADE: Airline 74BR1502B (Bunis 2, p. 17) for cathedral. Need: GE wood flower pedal knobs. Richard Arnold, Box 275, Lone Grove, OK 73443. (405) 657-3319 FOR TRADE: My Mullard, Amperex, RCA rare N.O.S. tubes for your microphones. Mike States, Box 81485, Fairbanks, AK 99708. Ph./fax: (907) 456-3419 FOR TRADE: Partial set original glassware for radiobar console for your Stromberg-Carlson 2A horn or N.I.B. 6U5/6G5 tubes. A. Bruno, 24 Butternut Dr., New City, NY 10956. (914) 354-8899 HELP: Need schematic and construction manual for Precise Model 300 Series B oscilloscope. Pat Riffey, 147 Fairground Rd., Woodstock, VA 22664. (540) 459-3933 HAS YOUR SUBSCRIPTION EXPIRED? It has if your mailing label reads "EXP=AUG96" or earlier. Renew now! BONUS: Renew before your "EXP" month and receive 13 issues per year instead of 12! Renewal rates are: $36.95 for Second-Class Mailing $53.95 for First-Class Mailing (Two-year renewals are twice above rates.) HELP: Need manual (copy OK) and termination unit for General Radio 805C signal generator. Lane Upton, 11284 Clinton Bar Rd., Pine Grove, CA 95665. (209) 223-4638 HELP: Information about 1952 Shaw televisions, no Sams. Address of anyplace displaying early televisions. Fred Ringwald, MSC #293, PO Box 901, Elmendorf AFB, AK 99506. (719) 495-0384 WANTED FOR MY BROADCASTING MUSEUM Microphones, stands, call letter plates. Tube amplifiers, mixers, compressors, Hi-Fi equipment. Speakers, on-air lights, equalizers. Disk, wire & tape recorders. Blank recording disks. Catalogs, magazines, manuals. 16" transcriptions, turntables, arms, pickups. Early TV cameras & receivers. Elaborate console, deco, plastic, mirror, novelty & wireless radios. Jukeboxes & parts. Acoustic phonographs. We are looking for all makes of equipment, and especially Western Electric, Telefunken, Neumann and RCA. The museum contains various duplicates and items surplus to our needs, and many of these articles are available for use or trade. The museum is located in a Victorian seaside inn, The Caffrey House, situated on a bay next to the ocean, in the Southampton resort area of Long Island. A trade of equipment for a stay at the hotel is always encouraged. Robert Van Dyke, 2 Squires Ave., East Quogue NY 11942 516-728-9835 COMING RADIO EVENTS ARKANSAS – Aug. 1 ANTIQUE RADIO COLLECTORS CLUB OF FORT SMITH CLUB MEETING Fort Smith, AR – St. Luke Lutheran Church Waldron Road, at Free Ferry 7:30 pm Info: Paul Tucker, 4700 N. “N” Street Fort Smith, AR 72904 – (501) 782-8178 LOUISIANA – Aug. 4 LOUISIANA/GULF COAST ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB — MEET Mandeville, LA – Mandeville High School 1-4 pm Info: Phil Boydston, 640-18 Tete Lours Mandeville, LA 70471 – (504) 845-0867 TEXAS – Aug. 2-3 HOUSTON VINTAGE RADIO ASSN. SUMMER MEGA AUCTION Houston, TX – Lal Lal Banquet Room Tides II Hotel, 6700 S. Main St. – (713) 522-2811 Aug. 2: 3 pm – Registration 7-10:30 pm – Auction Aug. 3: 8:30 am – Registration 12 am-5 pm – Auction Info: Bill Werzner – (713) 721-2242, or E-mail: email@example.com NEW YORK – Aug. 4 GREATER NEW YORK VINTAGE WIRELESS ASSN. — SWAP MEET Lake Ronkonkoma, NY – 367 Hawkins Ave. N. of L.I. Expressway, Ig. white house 9-12 am Info: Chris Lieppert – (516) 471-9526, or Chris Bacon – (516) 821-7618 CALIFORNIA – Aug. 3 CALIF. HISTORICAL RADIO SOCIETY SWAP MEET Los Altos Hills, CA – Foothill College upper lot T – exit El Monte W. off Hwy. 280 8 am Info: CHRS Hotline – (415) 978-9100 WASHINGTON – Aug. 4 VINTAGE AUDIO LISTENERS AND VALVE ENTHUSIASTS — MEETING Poulsbo, WA – Classic Radio 1127 N.W. Bright Star Ln. 10 am-2 pm Info: Dan Schmalle – (360) 697-1936 INDIANA – Aug. 3 INDIANA HISTORICAL RADIO SOCIETY SPECIAL SUMMER MEET Noblesville, IN – Forest Park Inn northwest of Noblesville on State Road 19 7 am-3 pm Info: Michael Feldt – (317) 844-0635 after 8 pm VIRGINIA – Aug. 7 TIDEWATER ANTIQUE RADIO ASSN. MEETING 7 pm – Call for location & directions Info: Phil Stroud, 2328 Springfield Ave. Norfolk, VA 23523 – (757) 481-2561, pms WASHINGTON – Aug. 3 RADIO ENTHUSIASTS OF PUGET SOUND MEETING Seattle, WA – Queen Anne Library 400 W. Garfield 2 pm Info: REPS, 9936 NE 197th Street Bothell, WA 98011 – (206) 488-9518 ARKANSAS – Aug. 8 ARKANSAS ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB MEETING Little Rock, AR – Call for location 7 pm Info: Tom Burgess – (501) 455-0773 TEXAS NEW CLUB FORMING TEXAS ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB Info: Joe Koester, 7111 Misty Brook San Antonio, TX 78250-3498 – (210) 522-1662 NEW JERSEY – Aug. 9 NEW JERSEY ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB MEETING Freehold, NJ – Grace Lutheran Church West Main St. & Park Ave. (old Rt. 33) 7:30-9:30 pm – Meeting & Swap Info: Don Cruse – (908) 542-2848 Tony or Kathleen Flanagan – (908) 462-6638 MISSISSIPPI – Aug. 11 MISSISSIPPI HISTORICAL RADIO & BROADCASTING SOCIETY MEETING Meridian, MS – 2412 C Street 3 pm Info: Randy Guttery, 2412 C. Street Meridian, MS 39301 – (601) 693-5958 CALIFORNIA – Aug. 10 PERHAM FOUNDATION FOOTHILL FLEA MARKET Los Altos, CA – Foothill College Parking Lot A 6 am-2 pm Info: Perham Foundation – (408) 734-4453 GEORGIA – Aug. 12 SOUTHEASTERN ANTIQUE RADIO SOCIETY MEETING Norcross, GA – Piccadilly Cafeteria 3400 Holcomb Bridge Road 6 pm – Mini-Meet 6:30 pm – Meeting Info: Charles Pierce – (770) 886-8018, or SARS, PO Box 500025 – Atlanta, GA 31150 NEW YORK – Aug. 10 NIAGARA FRONTIER WIRELESS ASSN. ANTIQUE WIRELESS ASSN. MEET Amherst, NY – Amherst Museum From Exit 49 of NY Thruway, take Rt. 78 North 9 miles, go West on Tonawanda Creek Rd., & proceed West 2 miles to New Rd. 8:30 am – Gate opens 12:30 pm on – Museum radio exhibit open, Dex Deeley will talk on Tuska Flea Market all day – Contest 3 Auctions, one w/estate items Info: Larry Babcock – (716) 741-3082, or Gary Parzy – (716) 668-2943 ILLINOIS – Aug. 12 BELLEVILLE AREA ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB MEETING Belleville, IL – Belleville Area College 7 pm Info: Karl Stegman, 4 Cresthaven Drive Belleville, IL 62221 – (618) 234-7992 OHIO – Aug. 10 SOCIETY FOR PRESERVATION OF ANTIQUE RADIO KNOWLEDGE SUMMER SWAP MEET Columbus, OH – DeVry Institute of Tech parking lot, 1350 Alum Creek Dr., I-70 Exit 103B 8 am-12 Noon Info: Sharon/Ken Fullerton – (614) 237-2621 CALIFORNIA – Aug. 13 CALIF. HISTORICAL RADIO SOCIETY NORTH VALLEY CHAPTER – MEETING Redding, CA – 7 pm Info: Chris Galantine, 15853 Ontario Place Redding, CA 96001-9785 – (916) 244-2337 OKLAHOMA – Aug. 10 OKLA. VINTAGE RADIO COLLECTORS MEETING Oklahoma City, OK – P.W.A. 7100 N.W. 63rd Suite 1010, Conference Room Willey Post Airport Complex 7 pm – Meeting: Radio Books, Ads & Signs Info: Jim Collings – (405) 755-4139, after 6 pm Mike Lapuzza – (405) 745-3394, after 7 pm OKVRC, PO Box 332, Wheatland, OK 73097-0332 MISSOURI – Aug. 13 ANTIQUE RADIO COLLECTORS & HISTORIANS OF GREATER ST. LOUIS – MEETING St. Louis, MO – Kirkwood Community Center 111 S. Geyer Rd., Room 201-A 7 pm Info: Scott Teichmann, 103 Pleasant St. Jerseyville, IL 62052 (314) 256-6263 OHIO – Aug. 13 ANTIQUE RADIO COLLECTORS OF OHIO MEETING Kettering, OH – National City Bank Basement 4100 Far Hills Ave., at Stroop Rd. 7:30 pm – 1930s Radios/Elections Info: Ed App – (513) 865-0982 ARCO, PO Box 292292, Kettering, OH 45429 MARK YOUR CALENDAR Aug. 1 - AR, Fort Smith - ARCCFS Meeting $ Aug. 2-3 - TX, Houston - HVRA Auction* Aug. 3 - CA, Los Altos Hills - CHR-S Swap Meet* Aug. 3 - IN, Noblesville - IHRS Summer Meet* Aug. 3 - WA, Seattle - REPS Meeting $ Aug. 4 - LA, Mandeville - LGCARC Meet* Aug. 4 - NY, Lake Ronkonkoma - GNYVWA $ Aug. 4 - WA, Poulsbo - VALVE Meeting $ Aug. 7 - VA, TBA - TARA Meeting $ Aug. 8 - AR, Little Rock - AARC Meeting $ Aug. 9 - NJ, Freehold - NJARC Meeting $ Aug. 10 - CA, Los Altos - Perham Flea Market* Aug. 10 - NY, Amherst - NFWA Summer Meet* Aug. 10 - OH, Columbus - SPARK Swap Meet* Aug. 10 - OK, Okla. City - OKVRC Meeting* Aug. 11 - MS, Meridian - MHR&BS Meeting $ Aug. 12 - GA, Norcross - SARS Meeting $ Aug. 12 - IL, Belleville - BAARC Meeting $ Aug. 13 - CA, Redding - CHR-S-NVC Meeting* Aug. 13 - MO, St. Louis - ARCH Meeting $ Aug. 13 - OH, Kettering - ARCO Meeting $ Aug. 13 - PA, Souderton - DVHRC Meeting $ Aug. 13 - TX, Houston - HVRA Meeting $ Aug. 17 - CA, Canoga Park - SCARS Meeting* Aug. 17 - IN, Elkhart - IHRS Swap Meet* Aug. 17 - OH, Dayton - ARCO Swap Meet/Show* Aug. 17 - TX, Irving - VRPS Swap Meet $ Aug. 17-23 - WV, Huntington - Museum Classes* Aug. 18 - MD, Burtonsville - MAARC Meetings $ Aug. 18 - NM, Albuquerque - NMRC Meetings $ Aug. 18 - WA, Seattle - PSARA Swap Meet $ Aug. 20 - CA, N. Highlands - SHRS Meeting $ Aug. 21 - OH, Cincinnati - SPARK Meetings $ Aug. 21 - OH, Columbus - SPARK Meeting $ Aug. TBA - NY, TBA - HARPS Meeting $ Aug. 25 - NE, Holdredge - NARCC Meeting* Aug. 26 - AL, Birmingham - ALHRS Meetings $ Aug. 27 - OH, Kettering - SPARK Meeting $ Aug. 28-31 - IL, Elgin - ARCI Radiofest 1996* Sep. 4-7 - NY, Rochester - AWA Conference* Sep. 8 - CO, Denver - CRC 5th Auction* Sep. 8 - IA, Dubuque - IARCHS 3rd Radiofest* Sep. 11 - Ontario, Ottawa - OVRC Meeting* Sep. 14 - CA, Fairfield - CHR-S Picnic/Meet* Sep. 14 - Ontario, Guelph - LVRC Flea Market* Sep. 14 - OR, Portland - NWVRS Meeting $ Sep. 14 - RI, E. Greenwich - Museum Steam-up Sep. 21-22 - UK, Harpenden - BVWS Event* Sep. 22 - WV, Huntington - Museum RadioDrama Sep. 29 - CT, Plainville - CVRS Show/Sale Oct. 5 - CA, Redding - CHR-S/NVC Meet Oct. 5-6 - GA, Atlanta - SARS Atlanta 1996* Oct. 5 - KY, Lexington - MSARC Swap Meet Oct. 5 - OR, Portland - NWVRS Show/Sale Oct. 6 - MI, Grand Rapids - MARC Swap Meet Oct. 12 - IN, Greenfield - IHRS Swap Meet Oct. 12 - KS, Kansas City - MAARC Auction Oct. 12 - NY, Highland Falls - HARPS Meet Oct. 13 - MD, TBA - MAARC Picnic Oct. 19 - CA, San Diego - SCARS Meeting Oct. 19-20 - OH, Brunswick - BARPC Show Oct. 19 - WV, Huntington - Show/Auction Oct. 20 - KS, Oberlin - NARCC Meeting Oct. 25-27 - TX, Irving - VRPS Convention '96* Oct. 26 - NH, Nashua - NEARC Swap Meet Nov. 2 - CA, Los Altos Hills - CHR-S Swap Meet Nov. 10 - CO, Denver - CRC Meeting $ † Nov. 15-16 - CA, Los Angeles - SCARS Meet Dec. 1 - UK, London - NVCF Xmas Special Dec. 8 - WV, Huntington - Museum Banquet * See expanded listing this month. $ Monthly Meeting † Date changed from original announcement Enclose a SASE when requesting info. PENNSYLVANIA - Aug. 13 DELAWARE VALLEY HISTORIC RADIO CLUB MEETING - SWAP MEET - AUCTION Souderton, PA – 113 Main St., N. Penn Amusements Bldg. 7:30 pm Info: DVHRC, PO Box 41031, Philadelphia, PA 19127-0031 – Mike Koste – (215) 646-6488 TEXAS - Aug. 13 HOUSTON ANTIQUE RADIO ASSN. MEETING Houston, TX – Tides II Motel Lai Lai Restaurant, Holcombe & Main St. 7-10 pm Info: David Moore – (713) 485-1705 CALIFORNIA - Aug. 17 SO. CALIF. ANTIQUE RADIO SOCIETY MEETING Canoga Park, CA – 8130 Remmet Ave. 7-10 am – Swap Meet only Super 8 Motel – (818) 883-8888 Info: Jim Webb – (818) 769-6738 INDIANA - Aug. 17 INDIANA HISTORICAL RADIO SOCIETY ELKHART SUMMER SWAP MEET Elkhart, IN – High Dive Park Pavillion Parking Lot, 500 E. Beardsley Ave. 7:30 am – Swap & Shop 9:30 am – Enter Contest items 10:30 am – Enter Silent Auction items 10:30 am – Contest voting begins 11:30 am – Silent Auction ends 12 am – Potluck dinner; Contest Judging 12:15 pm – 50/50 Raffle Drawing 1 pm – Business Meeting & Contest results 1:30-3 pm – Swap & Sell Old Equipment Contest – 6 Categories: Radios of the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s (incl. xstrs), Advertising items, Your favorite radio Info: Doug McIntosh – (219) 264-4658 Terry Garl – (229) 679-4280 OHIO - Aug. 17 ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB OF OHIO 6th ARCO ANTIQUE & COLLECTIBLE SHOW Dayton, OH – Holiday Inn So., 2455 Dryden Rd., I-75 Exit 50A – (513) 294-1471 8 am-1 pm – Show/Swap Meet (inside & out) 1-3 pm – Auction Raffle of 4 Antique Radios – Door Prize Info: Ed App – (513) 865-0982 Randy Frasure – (513) 253-4330 TEXAS – Aug. 17 VINTAGE RADIO & PHONO. SOCIETY SWAP MEET Irving, TX – Senter East Building 8 am-12 Noon Info: George Potter – (214) 315-2553 CALIFORNIA – Aug. 20 SACRAMENTO HISTORICAL RADIO SOCIETY — MEETING N. Highlands, CA – SMUD Foothill Service Center, Room D, 5026 Don Julio, 1 mi. W. of I-80 7-9 pm Info: SHRS, PO Box 162612, Sacramento CA 95816, or Don Steger – (916) 929-8274 W. VIRGINIA – Aug. 17, 23 MUSEUM OF RADIO & TECHNOLOGY RADIO REPAIR/RESTORE CLASSES Huntington , WV – 1640 Florence Ave. Aug. 17: 10-12 am – Basic Electronics & Radio Repair Class w/Lloyd McIntyre Aug. 23: 7 pm – Cabinet Restoration - Bakelite and Catalin Info: Museum, 1640 Florence Ave. Huntington, WV 25701 – (304) 453-2915 OHIO – Aug. 21 SOCIETY FOR PRES. OF ANTIQUE RADIO KNOWLEDGE/CINCINNATI CHAPTER MEETING Cincinnati, OH – Richards Radio & TV 4041 Edwards Rd., I-71, Exit 6 7:30 pm Info: Tim Kaiser, PO Box 81 Newport, KY 41071 – (606) 441-2548 NEW YORK – Aug. TBA HUDSON VALLEY ANTIQUE RADIO AND PHONO. SOCIETY/AWA — MEETING Date & place to be announced Info: HARPS, Box 207, Campbell Hall, NY 10916 – Peter DeAngelo – (914) 496-5130, or Art Kingsley – (914) 446-4091 OHIO – Aug. 21 SOCIETY FOR PRES. OF ANTIQUE RADIO KNOWLEDGE/COLUMBUS CPT. — MEETING Columbus, OH – DeVry Institute of Tech. 1350 Alum Creek Road, I-70 Exit 103B 7:30 pm Info: Sharon/Ken Fullerton – (614) 237-2621 MARYLAND – Aug. 18 MID-ATLANTIC ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB MEETING Burtonsville, MD – New Hope Seventh Day Adventist Church gym 2 pm Info: Sam Cannan, 1010 Siske Road Stony Creek, MD 21226 – (410) 255-7728 NEBRASKA – Aug. 25 NEBRASKA ANTIQUE RADIO COLLECTORS CLUB — MEETING 4 mi. North of Holdredge, NE – KRVN Transmitter Site 1 pm – Meeting & Swap Meet Info: Steve Morton, 905 West First North Platte, NE 69101 NEW MEXICO – Aug. 18 NEW MEXICO RADIO COLLECTORS CLUB MEETING Albuquerque, NM – Sierra Vista Bible Church, 7509 Paseo Del Norte 1:30 pm – Catalin Info: Bill Schultz, 7213 Donet Ct. NE Rio Rancho, NM 87124 – (505) 867-8178 ALABAMA – Aug. 26 ALABAMA HISTORICAL RADIO SOCIETY MEETING Birmingham, AL – Homewood Public Library 1721 Oxmoor Road 7 pm Info: Earl Ridolphi, 2413 Old Briar Trail Birmingham, AL 35226 – (205) 823-3314 WASHINGTON – Aug. 18 PUGET SOUND ANTIQUE RADIO ASSN. 14th ANNUAL SWAP MEET N. Seattle, WA – Shoreline Museum Parking Lot, 749 No. 175th St. & Linden Ave. 9 am-1 pm Info: Al Atworth, PO Box 125 Snohomish, WA 98291-0125 – (360) 568-2698 OHIO – Aug. 27 SOCIETY FOR PRESERVATION OF ANTIQUE RADIO KNOWLEDGE — MEETING Kettering, OH – Cassano’s Pizza 1680 E. Stroop Rd. 7:30 pm Info: Richard Arter – (513) 932-7721, eves. ILLINOIS – Aug. 28-31 ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB OF ILLINOIS RADIOFEST '96 Elgin, IL – Holiday Inn Holidome & Convention Center, 345 River Rd.: (708) 695-5000 Aug. 28: All Day – Open-air Flea Market Aug. 29: All Day – Open-air Flea Market 10 am-4 pm – Muchow Museum open 12 am – Contest viewing 2 pm – Presentation 6:30 pm – Awards Banquet w/Chicago’s Dixieland trio The Banjo Buddies Aug. 30: All Day – Open-air Flea Market 9 am – Presentation 10:30 am – Auction check-in begins 3:30 pm – Main Auction Aug. 31: Until Noon – Open-air Flea Market 10 am – Giant Donation Auction Aug. 29-31: Multi-media display room open Pack and ship services on premises Info: Jeff Aullik, 1708 Parkview Ave. Rockford, IL 61107 – (815) 399-1902 NEW YORK – Sep. 4-7 ANTIQUE WIRELESS ASSOCIATION 35th HISTORICAL RADIO CONFERENCE Rochester, NY – Thruway Marriott Hotel Easy access from New York State Thruway (I-90), I-390, or Rochester Airport (716) 389-8300 Theme: 100 Years of Atwater Kent 3-acre Flea Market Old Equipment Contest/Exhibit Grand Banquet with “Baby Snooks” old radio show recreated, period music by “Boogie Woogie Girls” w/pianist Ed Clute AWA Museum open w/expanded hours Book Fair extended to 4 days Sightseeing Excursion Ladies’ Luncheon & Program 4 Auctions: Communications Equipment, Tubes, Literature, and General, (including consoles!); please bring an item to be donated for sale in the auction – proceeds to AWA building Fund. Programs: Atwater Kent, Master Marketer; The Legacy of the Fleming Valve – Vacuum Tubes of the American Marconi Co.; Amateur Radio Activities; RCA at Riverhead; News for SWLs; Key & Telegraph; Pre-1912 Wireless & Electrical Equipment – bring items for display & identification; Museum of Radio & Technology, an overview. Info: AWA, Box E, Breesport, NY 14816 Secretary’s phone – (607) 739-5443 [If you can go to only one meet, make it to this one. Editor] Submission Deadline – 5th of month. IOWA – Sep. 8 IOWA ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB & HISTORICAL SOCIETY – 3rd IOWA RADIOFEST Dubuque, IA – Dubuque County Fairgrounds 8 am-2 pm – Radiofest 2:30-3:30 pm – Meeting Info: Dennis Hilberg, 804 Ravine St. Decorah, IA 52101 – (319) 382-2012 COLORADO – Sep. 8 COLORADO RADIO COLLECTORS 5th ANNUAL AUCTION Denver, CO – SouthWest Bank Building 1380 South Federal, Bank Parking Lot 11 am – Registration; 1 pm – Auction Radios, Televisions, Test Equipment Speakers, and “Stuff” Expected! Info: Rick Ammon – (970) 221-4001 ONTARIO – Sep. 11 OTTAWA VINTAGE RADIO CLUB MEETING Ottawa, Ontario – Ottawa Citizen Conference Room, 1101 Baxter Road 7 pm Info: Tom Devey, 810 Edgeworth Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K2B 5L5 – (613) 828-5152 CALIFORNIA – Sep. 14 CALIF. HISTORICAL RADIO SOCIETY PICNIC/MEET between Rio Vista & Fairfield, CA – Hiway 12 Western Railroad Museum 8 am Info: CHRS Hotline – (415) 978-9100 ONTARIO – Sep. 14 LONDON VINTAGE RADIO CLUB 8th ANNUAL FLEA MARKET Guelph, Ontario – Royal Canadian Legion 919 York Road (Highway 7 East) 9 am-2 pm 8-10 am – Breakfast available 12:30 pm – Auction Sale Indoor/outdoor spaces – Lunch available Info: Dave Noon, VA3DN, 19 Honeysuckle Cr. London, Ontario N5Y 4P3 – (519) 453-2292 Attend a radio event near you, learn, meet others in the hobby, and perhaps find an item or two for your collection! OREGON – Sep. 14 NORTHWEST VINTAGE RADIO SOCIETY MEETING Portland, OR – NW Vintage Radio Museum 7675 SW Capitol Hwy. 10 am – Meeting Info: Ed Charman, PO Box 82379 Portland, OR 97282-0379 – (503) 654-7387 ENGLAND – Sep. 21-22 BRITISH VINTAGE WIRELESS SOCIETY 20th ANNIVERSARY EVENT Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England – Harpenden Halls Sep. 21: 11 am-6 pm – 1-Day Exhibition of Telegraphy, Wireless & TV from the 19th Century to the Era of the Transistor – Auction – Rare Valve Display – Hertz, Marconi and Baird Presentations – Vintage Amateur Radio Station Sep. 22: 10 am-5 pm – Swap Meet – Restoration Contest – “Bring and Buy” Stall Info: Ken Tythacott, 21 Barrett Rd. Fetcham, Surrey, England KT22 9HL Tel.: 01372 452569 SOUTH FLORIDA NEW CLUB FORMING SO. FLA. ANTIQUE RADIO COLLECTORS Info: Thomas Valentl, 1717 N. Bayshore Dr. #1251, Miami, FL 33132 – (305) 536-2224 INDIANA INDIANA HISTORICAL RADIO SOCIETY INDIANA HISTORIC RADIO MUSEUM Ligonier, IN – Ligonier Visitors Center 2 blocks N. of US 6, US 33, & State Rd. 5 Open Tues., Wed. & Sat.: 10 am-3 pm Info: Fred M. Schultz, 800 S. Lincolnway Ligonier, IN 46767 – (219) 894-9000 KS.—MO.—OKLA.—AR. NEW CLUB FORMING FOUR STATES ANTIQUE RADIO CLUB To serve collectors in S.E. Kansas, S.W. Mo., N.E. Okla., and N.W. Arkansas Info: Stephen Phipps, 1702 S. McKinley Ave. Joplin, MO 64801 – (417) 659-8140 GEORGIA – Oct. 5-6 SOUTHEASTERN ANTIQUE RADIO SOCIETY — ATLANTA 1996 Atlanta, GA – North Atlanta Community Center, 1 block off I-75 at Northside Dr. 7 am – Entry 8 am – Flea Market opens (for 1 1/2 days) Guest Speakers – Zenith Radios Display Contest – Radio Raffle – Lunch on site Info: Bill Johnson – (404) 355-6308, or Steve Davis – (770) 413-2265 TEXAS – Oct. 25-27 VINTAGE RADIO & PHONO SOCIETY ANTIQUE WIRELESS ASSOCIATION CONVENTION ’96 Irving, TX – Holiday Inn DFW Airport South 4440 W. Airport Freeway VRPS Rates: (214) 399-1010 Auctions – Programs – Flea Market Contest – Awards Banquet Info: VRPS, PO Box 165345 Irving, TX 75016 FLORIDA NEW CLUB FORMING — TREASURE COAST ANTIQUE WIRELESS CLUB For coastal area from Melbourne to Stuart Info: Milt Falvre, K4EBT, 1445 2nd Rd. SW Vero Beach, FL 32962 – (407) 778-0642 QUEBEC NEW CLUB FORMING — QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR VINTAGE RADIO COLLECTORS Info: Orn Arnason – (514) 243-6934, or OSVRC-Radiophilie Quebec, c/o Micheal Morin, 799 St. Etienne St. Granby, Quebec, Canada J2G 9N8 Although non-members are welcome at all events, joining may be required at some. Admission is charged at some events. A free* listing on these pages is available for each coming radio event. Sponsors should provide description of event, date, time, place, directions, & information/contact person. Since listings are on a "space available" basis, no guarantee of listing is made. Submission Deadline – 5th of month. Club/museum/non-profit events are listed free; other events are obtained from advertisements placed elsewhere in A.R.C. SPY EQUIPMENT WANTED! - Code Machines - Secret Cameras - Secret Radios - OSS, SOE, CIA, KGB! - Clandestine Weapons - I Buy or Trade! Keith Melton P.O. Box 5755: Bossier City, LA. 71171 (318) 747-9616 Days; FAX (318) 747-9010 HAROLD C. BRAMSTEDT C & N ELECTRONICS 8104 Egg Lake Road North Hugo, MN 55038 - Buy - Sell - Transmitting & Industrial Tubes 812-429-8397 800-421-9397 Fax 812-429-0292 The RCA Shop Carlton Carver Proprietor-RCA Collector 1645 W. 5th St. Washington, NC 27889 (919) 975-2677 Quality electronic restoration of your mid-thirties RCA radios including all Magic Brain receivers. Oscilloscope sine wave tuning for maximum performance as per RCA service literature. 30 years experience Jackson Speaker Service Expert Antique Loudspeaker Repairs (Cane Types) And Rebuilding A Speciality. Speaker Parts And Repair Service On Virtually Any Speaker Made Including Stereo, P.A., And Antique Auto Speakers. 217 Crestbrook Dr. Owner Jackson Mich 49203 Ron McGee Ph.-(517)789-6400,Ans. 4th ring Wk-days 10:am -7pm Wk-Ends 9-5pm Get your ZENITH Transoceansies working again... on batteries! It only takes 6, maybe 7 "D" cells. You need the PORTA-POWER, CVA-9 converter. It works on others sets too. You can get everything you need directly from me at the new low price of $84.50 plus $4 shipping. Over 200 sold! Peter Yanczer TESLA ELECTRONICS (314) 822-1748 836 BRICKEN, ST. LOUIS, MO 63122 CRYSTAL SETS PARTS - PLANS - KITS - BOOKS CATALOG $1.00 Largest source of Vintage and New Variable Air Condensers, Variometers, Vario-Couplers, Tap Switches, Tap Points, Galena and Germanium Detectors, Detector Stands, Cat Whiskers, Terminals, Sliders, Headsets, Dial Knobs, Coil Forms, Magnetic Wire, etc. MIDCO P O Box 2288 Hollywood, FL 33022 (305) 925-3670 BA Turbo, PD EEE (510) 490-5842 Fax (510) 490-1961 Speakerworld® Expert Speaker Refoaming and Reconing 2000 Warm Springs Ct. #6 Fremont, CA 94539 Visa/MC USED TEST EQUIPMENT Bought & Sold NOS & Used Parts HP_ TEK _ GR _ Measurement Corp. - Heath _ BCO Boca Electro Magnetic Lab 21218-10 St. Andrews Blvd. Boca Raton, FL 33433 (407) 750-8911 Buy Sell Trade Vintage Radio Bob's Radio & TV 2300 Broad St San Luis Obispo California 93401 (805) 543-2946 Repairs Restorations Specializing in all tube type car and home radios FM additions Full warranty on work performed, walk-ins welcome, stop by and see our antique radio museum CAPACITORS - TUBES RADIO SERVICE ITEMS Thousands in jam-packed illustrated 24-page catalog No. 49 Send $3 U.S./Canada $5 overseas (U.S. funds) for a Heavy-Paper limited edition copy NOW! DON DIERS 4276 North 50 St. Dept. AB8 Milwaukee, WI 53216-1313 Phono Needles/Styl 1500 Types Magnetic - Ceramic - Crystal Cartridges Rebuild Obsolete Idlers New Idlers and Belts Fabricate 78 RPM Needles Rebuild Astatic and All Types of Crystal Ceramic Cartridges West-Tech Services 648 N. Ridgewood Dr. #2 P.O. Box 1415 Sebring, FL 33871 STEVE KARPIAK C.E.T. Phone (941) 471-0922 BUSINESS CARD ADS - $45.00 FOR 3 MONTHS PUT YOUR BUSINESS CARD HERE! $45 FOR 3 MONTHS - $78 FOR 6 MONTHS DON'T HAVE ONE? SEND AN EXTRA $6.50 AND WE WILL TYPESET ONE FOR YOU. THE VACUUM TUBE LTD SPI CHALLENGE IN LARGE 1938 TO 1954 HEAVY MULTIBAND HF SETS REPAIR • BUY • SELL • TRADE 1934 TO 1972 RADIO • H.F. • AUTO RADIO TUBE CIRCUITRY MAGNAVOX STROMBERG-CARLSON MIDWEST HOWARD Michael K. Trampier 110 Lynnhurst Terrace Chesapeake, New York 14225 U.S.A By Appointment (716) 834-8180 THE FISHER PROFESSOR RESTORATIONS OF ALL VINTAGE TUBE & SOLID STATE HIGH END UNITS QUALITY SERVICE SINCE 1973 ROD PEDERSON TEL: (206) 881-4873 FAX: (206) 881-3834 222 POPLAR COURT LONDON, ONTARIO CANADA N6B 2X3 Looking for early, portable electronic calculators (1970-78) (Any that have LED or other "lighted" displays) • Will Trade Transistor Radios (or buy outright) • Especially: Busicom, Berkey/Keystone, Calfax, Columbia, Commodore, Decimo, Educalc, Garrett, Ian Jones, JCE, Kingspoint, M.I.T.S., Monroe/Litton, Olympia, Royal, Sanyo, Sinclair, Sperry Remington, Summit, Victor. Guy "Mr. Calculator" Ball Fax-(714) 730-6140 14561 Livingston St., Tustin, CA 92680 The Bavarian Radio Works Ross A. Hochstrasser (617) 447-4299 162 Brulah St. Waltham, MA 02254 LOGANS TV-RADIO SINCE 1952 BUY • SELL • TRADE 100's of N.O.S. Parts, Tubes In Stock. Partial or Total Restoration Available. 412-837-5580 REAR 526 Mt. Pleasant St., Greensburg, PA 15601 WANTED PRE 1900 ELECTRICITY MEDICAL • X-RAY TELEGRAPHY • TELEPHONE PRE 1925 RADIO • WIRELESS PRE 1940 TELEVISION BOOKS • TUBES • ARTIFACTS MAGAZINES • AUTOGRAPHS CATALOGS • EPHEMERA NEW WIRELESS PIONEERS P.O. Box 308 ELMA, NY 14050 716-681-3186 FAX: 716-681-4540 RADIO BOOKS FOR SALE Large selection of books on Radio and Related Technology Call or write for our List of Catalogs. Always buying, single items or collections. RAINY DAY BOOKS P.O. BOX 775, FITZWILLIAM NH 03447 (603)-585-3448 WHAT... You have CATALINS? I'll Pay Top $'s — Any Models Please Send a Photo and Price To: Kunihiko Suzuki 2173 Takao, Fukuroi-Shizuoka, Japan 437 (Fax) 81 538 43 3188 ANTIQUE EDISON 78 R.P.M. PHONOGRAPH RECORDS LPS, and 16" TRANSCRIPTIONS OLD TUBE RADIOS AND TV's PHONOGRAPHS SHEET MUSIC We specialize in 20's, 30's, 40's, 50's, Jazz, Swing, Blues, C&W, Vocals, Big Bands, Combo, Personality, R&R, R&B, 10" Record Sets, etc. Auction Lists Upon Request JOHN MARINACCI 301 Murray Avenue Bridgeville, PA 15017 HIGHEST PRICES PAID BOUGHT AND SOLD (412) 221-4946 (412) 221-6763 VINTAGE RADIO SERVICES Ken Hubbard KA9WRN Repair of Vacuum Tube Equipment P.O. Box 792 Beloit, WI 53512-0792 (608) 362-1896 6 pm Evenings Home-Auto REPAIRS • BUY • SELL • TRADE PRE '65 AC SETS & CAR RADIOS FRED'S OLD RADIO EMPORIUM 1612 WEST 7TH AVENUE CORSICANA, TEXAS 75110 F.L. GORDON, PROPRIETOR BUSINESS (903) 874-5185 HOME (903) 874-7147 ESTES AUCTIONS Specializing in Vintage Radios Bus Phone 330-769-4992 Fax 330-769-4116 Res. Phone 330-769-3987 7404 Ryan Rd. Medina, Ohio 44256 RADIO ELECTRIC SUPPLY We Specialize In Receiving and Special Purpose Tubes Send For Price List Dorothy and Don Gies Owners 352-475-1950 Phone or Fax Box 2790 RR#2 Melrose, FL 32665 We have been supplying quality electronic parts to satisfied customers for 25 years. Call or write for our monthly flyers. Phone/Fax (702) 795-7151 STAR-TRONICS P.O. Box 98102 Las Vegas, NV 89193-8102 Are You Looking For Antique Radios, Parts, Tubes, Schematics and Restoration Services? For Free Flyer, a 2-Stamp LSASE is required to insure a response to your request. Send to: Olde Tyme Radio Company 2445 Lyttonsville Road, Suite 317 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Wish to contact us by phone or fax? Our number is (301) 587-5280. Please call 10 am to 10 pm (Local Time) 1920-1970 SCHEMATICS + PAGES OF INFO $5.00 POSTPAID MANUAL PRICES – SASE RADIO/TV/HAM/MISC. “If I don’t have it, you probably don’t need it.” ALTON H. BOWMAN — 4172 EAST AVENUE CANANDAIGUA, NY 14424-9564 ANTIQUE RADIO REPAIR Repair - Restore - Buy & Sell Schematic Service Radios $2.50, TVs $4.50 DAMASKE ELECTRONICS S74-W16834 Janesville Road Muskego, WI 53150 Phone: (414) 679-0838 Wanted! (Top Paid) Tube type amps by Western Electric, McIntosh, Marantz, Ampex, RCA, Langvin, etc. Vintage speakers, unis, by W.E., Tannoy, Altec, Jensen, JBL, EV, RCA, Goodman, etc. Western Electric tubes & 6L6, 6550, 7591, KT66/77/88, etc. David Yo, Tel: (818) 441-3942 PO Box 80371, San Marino, CA 91118-8371 PR NOVELTY VACUUM TUBE SPECIALISTS Amplifier Rebuilding & Service Surplus Parts Brokerage (New Old Stock and Used) “The Home of Mr. Happy Amp” Paul Darobialski Audio Technician Robin Richards General Manager (P) Box 140 • Milwaukee • WI 53201 414 944 3392 414 840 8812 WANTED: Tube Hi-Fi Components & Commercial Amplifiers of the 1950's & 1960's Marantz, McIntosh, Scott, Fisher, Brook Acrosound, Brociner, Western Electric Fairchild, Altec, Tannoy, JBL Richard Sharisky (617) 484-5784, phone P.O. Box 521 (617) 489-6592, fax Belmont, MA 02178 ANTIQUE RADIO RESTORATIONS 109 S. Oak St., O'Fallon, IL 62269 618-632-7423 Electronic Consultant Dial Reproductions Hickok Tube Testers, Service & Calibration Life Member I.E.E.E. AWA, ARCA, MAARC Clinton Blais, P.E. DO YOU HAVE A PROBLEM RADIO? THE OLD RADIO SHOP SERVICE OF VACUUM TUBE ELECTRONICS SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SERVICE RESTORATION OR REPAIR • FREE ESTIMATES ED HJERTHER 1029 ERIE ST OAK PARK IL 60302 WANTED! JAPANESE MILITARY RADIOS any kind of WW-2 radios & aircraft instruments Takashi Doi FAX : 011-8145-301-8069 1-21-4, Minamidai, Seyaku, Yokohama, Japan HARD TO FIND BATTERIES that really run your antique radios!! 1 ½ to 135 volts of various sizes & shapes! Also available: new & used panel meters; VTVM & multimeters; JAN 16mm projectors, UHER reel-to-reel recorders and more! Wanted: Meters & reel-to-reel recorders. S&G ELECTRONICS 618 S 62nd St. Philo, PA 19143 Phone 215-474-7663 — Fax# 215-726-9761 BETA-TEK ANTIQUE RADIO SERVICE • Repair of Radios, Communications Receivers & Test Equipment • Power Supplies for Battery Sets RAY BINTLIFF 2 Powder Horn Lane Acton, MA 01720 508 283-7435 Specializing in Antique Speaker Repair • Very large stock of vintage parts • Can repair most any cone-type speaker • Field coils rewound • Fast turn-around • Reasonable prices Work Guaranteed Hank Brazzel 103 N. Lake Point Ct. Crossville, TN 38555 BUSINESS CARD ADS - $45.00 FOR 3 MONTHS Carbon Resistors • Capacitors • Vacuum Tubes ALLTRONICS Electronic Component Supply 2300 Zanker Road • San Jose, CA 95131 Voice (408) 943-9773 • Fax (408) 943-9776 BBS (408) 943-0622 • 24 Hrs. • N-8-1 Call or Fax for Catalog 50 years CHUCKS of service! Any Tube Radio Repaired and Guaranteed to work good. $25 plus parts & UPS CHUCKS 167 LYNN DRIVE – PO BOX 598 NEW HAVEN, WV 25265 – Ph (304) 882-2220 78 RPM Cartridges Repaired Dead cartridges rebuilt right. New crystals etc., as needed. Allow 3-4 weeks. Most crystal and "horseshoe" magnet types $34.50 100 hr. sapphire setscrew needles (list $2.50 ea.) . . . 4/$5.50 Inquiries: (508) 879-2778, evenings and weekends. Prices include return postage. Please include payment with order. Joe Smoliski 835-A Pleasant Street Framingham, MA 01701 PHILCO PREDICTAS WANTED: BUY • SELL • TRADE • RENT • RESTORE DAVID WEDDINGTON (615) 890-7498 2702 Albany Ct. Murfreesboro, TN 37129 ELECTRON TUBE ENTERPRISES BOX 8311 11 LINDEN LN ESSEX, VT. 05451 BUY TEL: 802-879-1844 FAX: 802-879-7764 INTERNET: ETETUBES @ AOL.COM SELL WRITE FOR FREE 1996 CATALOG (Lowest prices for new & used tubes) INSTRUMENTS Radio, Telegraph, Historical Instruments, & Books For Sale Catalogs & Lists Available Antiques of Science & Technology A of ST Box 1852 Wakefield Ma.01880 U.S.A. Tel 617 245 2897 Fax 617 245 3572 MILITARY ELECTRONICS BUY WANTED TRADE Fender Martin Gibson We Buy, Sell, and Trade " PLAY IT AGAIN " Vintage Guitars, Amps Stereo Equipment, Alnico Speakers, and Antique Radios Tube Equipment Our Specialty 1-203-331-9155 PETER DEGREGORIO 45 Moritz Pl., Fairfield, Ct. 06430–3527 "The Early Sound Man" Mr. John P. Andolina, Jr Antique Phonographs Collect • Repair • Restore Edison, Victor, Columbia Cylinder • Disc Records Phonograph Advertising Quality Repairs Since 1973 (716) 247-3056 Reasonable prices All Tube Equipment Repaired "The Fisher Doctor" Al Pugliese 718-948-7489 27 Daleham Street Staten Island N.Y. 10308 VINTAGE FISHER PRODUCTS Bought • Sold • Traded • Repaired SUNSHINE SOUNDS WANTED: Hi Fi TUBE & COMMERCIAL AMPS McIntosh, Marantz, Dynaco, Heath, Altec, Scott, RCA, Fisher, Craftsman, Grommes, Fender, Ampex, W.E. Vox, Brook, Acro, Pultec, Fairchild Phone: 405-737-3312 or Fax: 405-737-3355 Sonny - 1413 Magnolia Ln., Midwest City, OK 73110 SPEAKERS & HORNS Altec, Jensen, RCA, E.V., Western Electric, JBL, Tannoy Modern Radio Laboratories Since 1932 Crystal Set Instructions, Radio Parts, Supplies, Receiving Tubes. MRL Handbooks by Elmer G. Oosterhoudt published by us. Catalog $2.00 MODERN RADIO LABS P.O. Box 14902 Minneapolis, MN 55414-0902 Radios of the Baby Boom Era Six Volumes — 2000 pages — From Sams’ Archives 1946 to 1960 — 274 Brands — 3494 Illustrations (B&W) 6769 Models — Catalin, Bakelite, Wood, Transistor Radios & More All Volumes Available! \| Vol. \| Brands \| Included \| \|------\|----------\|---------------------------\| \| 1 \| 56 \| Admiral to Clearsonic \| \| 2 \| 54 \| Co-op to Geloso \| \| 3 \| 58 \| GE to Monitoradio \| \| 4 \| 36 \| Motorola to RCA Victor \| \| 5 \| 35 \| Realtone to Stratovox \| \| 6 \| 35 \| Stromberg-Carlson to Zenith\| 1/2 Page for each illustrated radio including: - Large illustration of the radio including knob functions - Short description of the radio - Number of tubes - Power supply type (AC, Battery, etc.) - Tuning range - Manufacturer - Sams Photofact Set number & year Photofact published. Each Volume: $16.95 – Softcover 8 1/2" x 11" – Approx. 328 pages ALSO - Index by model number listing tubes in radio - List of similar radio models indexed to pictured radio - List of manufacturers and suppliers indicating their brand names - Basic trouble-shooting hints U.S. Orders - Enclose $3.00 per order for packing & book-rate shipping if total order is under $35.00. If using VISA or MasterCard, include name on card, card number and expiration date. Send payment with order. Mass. residents please add 5% sales tax. Money back return policy. Most orders shipped the same day received, but allow 2-4 weeks to receive order. Foreign orders - write for shipping costs, or use credit card and specify air or surface (allow 2-3 months for surface shipping). Send Order To: A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741 or Call: (508) 371-0512 Fax: (508) 371-7129 Radio Manufacturers of the 1920's BY ALAN DOUGLAS "The definitive book on American broadcast receivers of the 1920s" Volume 1: A-C Dayton - Adams Morgan - Air-Way - All-American Mohawk - American Bosch - Amrad - Amrad S-Tube - Apex - Atwater Kent - Bremer Tully - Browning-Drake - Clapp-Eastham - Crosley - Cutting & Washington - Day-Fan - DeForest - Eagle - ERLA - FADA - Federal - Ferguson. 225 Pages. Volume 1: $24.95 (softcover only) Volume 2: Freed-Eisemann - Eisemann - Freshman - Garod - Gilfillan - Grebe - Howard - Jones (Lester/Melco) - Jones (Jos.) - Kellogg - Kennedy - King - Kodel - Kolster - Leutz - Magnavox - Majestic - Marti - Metro - Klitzten/Michigan - Midwest - Mu-Rad - Murdock - Music Master - Neutrowound - Operadio - Ozarka - Pfanstiehl - Philco - Pilot - Priess. 266 Pages. Volume 2: $29.95 (softcover only) Volume 3: RCA - Scott - Silver-Marshall - Slagle - Sleeper - Sonora - Sparton - Splitdorf - Steinite - Stewart-Warner - Stromberg-Carlson - Thermiodyne - R.E. Thompson - Thorola - Tri-City - C. D. Tuska - Ware - Western Coil - Western Electric - Workrite - Zenith. 292 Pages. Volume 3: $29.95 (hardcover: $39.95) U.S. Orders - Enclose $3.00 per order for packing & book-rate shipping if total order is under $35.00. If using VISA or MasterCard, include name on card, card number and expiration date. Send payment with order. Mass. residents please add 5% sales tax. Money back return policy. Most orders shipped the same day received, but allow 2-4 weeks to receive order. Foreign orders - write for shipping costs, or use credit card and specify air or surface (allow 2-3 months for surface shipping). Send Order To: A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741 or Call: (508) 371-0512 Fax: (508) 371-7129 Books with Great Photographs Radio Art by Robert Hawes. This outstanding book is an illustrated history of radio that celebrates the technical and stylistic progress of the radio. Although focusing primarily on British sets, this book also contains the following American sets: Addison, Airline, Atwater Kent, Bendix, Colonial, Country Belle, Dahlberg, E.H. Scott, Emerson, Fada, General Electric, Grunow, Majestic, Motorola, Philco, RCA, Sparton, Westinghouse, & Zenith. 250 photos, 150 in color. 9 1/4" x 12". 128 pages. Hardcover only: $9.95 — New Low Price Radio! Radio! 2nd Edition by Jonathan Hill. Comprehensive coverage of British radios from the 1920s to the 1960s. Illustrated chapter on the history of wireless. Descriptive information on each radio pictured. Over 900 photographs. 8 1/2" x 12". 244 pages. Hardcover only: $44.95 Individually Signed & Numbered Radios Redux by Philip Collins. Subtitled "Listening in Style," this book showcases the sleek lines and luscious colors of over 80 gleaming sets from the collection of Philip Collins. 121 color photographs. 10" x 8 3/4". 120 pages. Hardcover: $29.95. Softcover: $17.95 Radios: The Golden Age by Philip Collins. Collins' first book of the colorful Catalin and Bakelite radios from the late 1930s to the early 1940s. Over 100 color photographs. 10" x 8 3/4". 128 pages. Hardcover: $29.95. Softcover: $17.95 U.S. Orders - Enclose $3.00 per order for packing & book-rate shipping if total order is under $35.00. If using VISA or MasterCard, include name on card, card number and expiration date. Send payment with order. Mass. residents please add 5% sales tax. Money back return policy. Most orders shipped the same day received, but allow 2-4 weeks to receive order. Foreign orders - write for shipping costs, or use credit card and specify air or surface (allow 2-3 months for surface shipping). Send Order To: A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741 or Call: (508) 371-0512 Fax: (508) 371-7129 The Collector's Guide to Transistor Radios 2nd Edition by Marty & Sue Bunis. This book will help you identify the most sought-after vintage transistor radios. Over 2,900 models listed, all with current prices. Includes radio club listing. 375 all new color photos. 5 1/4" x 8 1/4". 320 pgs. 1996. $16.95 - Softcover (1st edition still available for $15.95) Made In Japan by Roger Handy. A stunning book on the development and growth of the transistor radio featuring over 175 transistor radios in full color. 10" x 9 3/4". 108 pgs. $16.95 - Softcover The Portable Radio in American Life by Michael Schiffer. Approximately 50 pages on transistor radios, beginning with the Regency TR-1 through to the later sets made overseas. 450 photographs, 193 transistor radios pictured. 8 1/4" x 11". 259 pgs. $24.95 - Softcover $45.00 - Hardcover Collector's Guide to Novelty Radios by Marty Bunis & Robert Breed. This book is the source for novelty transistor radios in all shapes and sizes. Radios are described in detail with current prices. Over 600 all new color photographs. 8 1/4" x 11". 224 pgs. $18.95 - Softcover Transistor Radios, A Collector's Encyclopedia and Price Guide by David Lane & Robert Lane. Identification & price guide to over 2,500 transistor and novelty radios. History & key to collecting chapters. 8 1/4" x 11". 170 pgs. $19.95 - Softcover U.S. Orders - Enclose $3.00 per order for packing & book-rate shipping if total order is under $35.00. If using VISA or MasterCard, include name on card, card number and expiration date. Send payment with order. Mass. residents please add 5% sales tax. Money back return policy. Most orders shipped the same day received, but allow 2-4 weeks to receive order. Foreign orders – write for shipping costs, or use credit card and specify air or surface (allow 2-3 months for surface shipping). Send Order To: A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741 or Call: (508) 371-0512 Fax: (508) 371-7129 Communications Receivers 3rd Edition by Raymond S. Moore. A comprehensive guide to 732, 1932 to 1981, vacuum tube receivers by 66 manufacturers. New section on military receivers. 402 radios pictured! Sharper, clearer photographs. 8 1/2" x 11", 115 pages. Softcover. — $19.95 Heathkit, A Guide to the Amateur Radio Products by Chuck Penson. Documentation of ALL Heathkit's amateur products. 200+ sharp photos. Most products are pictured with a full-page description. 8 1/2" x 11", 256 pgs. Softcover. — $24.95 Radios by Hallicrafters by Chuck Dachis. This book includes over a thousand photographs (b/w & color) of radio receivers, transmitters, speakers, early television sets, electronics accessories and advertising material. Technical descriptions are provided for every known Hallicrafters model, including dates of production, model numbers, accompanying pieces and original prices. A current price guide is included. 8 1/2" x 11", 225 pages. Softcover. — $29.95 Ham Price Guide by Eugene Rippen. This book serves as a price guide and an identification guide. Handy index to help direct you from model numbers to the manufacturer. Small print. 8 1/2" x 11", 36 pages. Softcover. — $9.95 The Pocket Guide to Collins Amateur Radio Equipment 1946-1980 by Jay Miller. A pictorial guide to Collins equipment and accessories. 90+ sharp photographs. 3 1/2" x 7", 108 pages. Softcover. — $19.95 Tube Type Transmitter Guide by Eugene Rippen. Provides a wealth of information on transmitters and transceivers. Includes ancillary items such as linear amplifiers, converters, modulators and VFOs. Over 500 illustrations. 8 1/2" x 11", 145 pages. Softcover. — $19.95 Transmitters, Exciters & Power Amplifiers 1930-1980 by Ray Moore. Pictorial and descriptive guide to amateur high frequency transmitters and amplifiers manufactured in the U.S.A. Over 500 photos. 8 1/2" x 11", 144 pages. Softcover. — $21.95 U.S. Orders - Enclose $3.00 per order for packing & book-rate shipping if total order is under $35.00. If using VISA or MasterCard, include name on card, card number and expiration date. Send payment with order. Mass. residents please add 5% sales tax. Money back return policy. Most orders shipped the same day received, but allow 2-4 weeks to receive order. Foreign orders – write for shipping costs, or use credit card and specify air or surface (allow 2-3 months for surface shipping). Send Order To: A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741 or Call: (508) 371-0512 Fax: (508) 371-7129 COLLECTOR BOOKS AVAILABLE FROM A.R.C. BOOKS MARKED WITH "★" ARE THE MOST POPULAR AND ARE ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR NEW COLLECTORS! Antique Radio Restoration Guide, 2nd Ed., Johnson. Beginner's introduction to troubleshooting and repairing AC table model radios. 1992. 145 pgs ................................................................. $14.95 The AWA Review. Collections of articles Vol. 6: Hawaiian Wireless, U.K. TV, SCR-RC-BC Dir., NYC Wireless, etc. Vol. 7: Podhuy xmitters, Navy Equipment, Arc xmitters, etc. Vol. 8: Keys, Federal Co., KFS-Federal-Mackay Story, Nat'l Electrical Supply Co., Navy Electronics Dir., etc. .................................................. Vol. 6-8 ea. $10.00 Vol. 9: Marconi, The Int'l Contest for Radar, The Magnetron Story, F. Lowenstein, Ham Licensing ................................................................. Vol. 9 $17.00 The Antique Radio Boys and the Garrulous Grebe, Dryer. Thrilling adventure story written in the traditions of the '20s and '30s. 5 1/2" by 8 1/2". 51 pgs ........................................................................................................... $4.95 The Auto Radio, Matteson, Info, photos & ads of the auto radio through the 1950s. 316 pgs ................................................................. (hardcover) $34.95 Audio! Audiol, Hill. A comprehensive directory of classic audio amplifiers and control units. Details of over 850 models from nearly 150 British manufacturers from the 1940s to the 1970s. Signed and numbered. 95 pgs. ............... NEW $19.95 Behind the Front Panel, Rutland. Reviews radio circuits and radio history. Easy descriptions. 25 pgs. 158 pgs. ........ $18.95 Blast from the Past, A Pictorial History of Radio's First 75 Years, Rhoades. The performers, programs, & technology that made radio a part of everyday life. 100s of never-before-published photos. (hardcover)NEW $39.95 Broadcasting's Forgotten Father: The Charles Herrold Story, Adams. (Videotape, VHS). One-hour documentary on this amazing inventor. Featuring his family, students, and photos to document his work. .................. $29.95 Classic TVs, Wood, Prewar to 1950s, with price guide. 140+ color photos, plus reprints of catalogs & ads. 86 pgs. .......... $16.95 The Collector's Guide to Antique Radios, 3rd Ed., Bunis. This guide covers radios from 1920s to 1960s. Over 8,500 prices and over 650 all new color photos are included. 1994. 278 pgs ................................................................. $18.95 The Collector's Guide to Novelty Radios, Bunis & Breed. The source for novelty transistor radios. Full descriptions with current prices. Over 600 color photos. 1994. 224 pgs ................................................................. $18.95 The Collector's Guide to Transistor Radios, 2nd Ed., Bunis. Identifies the most sought-after vintage transistor radios. Includes club listing. Over 2,900 models, 375 all new color photos, with current prices. 1996. 320 pgs. ............ NEW $16.95 Communication Receivers, 3rd Ed., Moore. Information on 738, 1932 to 1981, vacuum tube receivers by 66 manufacturers. 402 radios illustrated. New section: 3 pages of military receivers. 125 pgs. ........................................ $19.95 The Compleat Talking Machine, 2nd Ed., Reiss. A guide to antique phonographs. Revised and expanded. Covers construction, cleaning and repairing of parts and cabinets. Over 710 pictures. 252 pages ........................................ NEW $29.95 Crystal Clear – Vintage American Crystal Sets, Crystal Detectors and Crystals, Sievers. Vol. 1 - Comprehensive reference with 750 illustrations, 570 crystal sets, 341 detectors, 207 crystals. 282 pgs. .............. $29.95 Vol. 2 - 479 All new & different illustrations, more crystal sets, detectors and crystals identified. 252 pgs. .............. $29.95 Crystal Radio, History, Fundamentals, and Design, Kinzie. Plus crystals for detectors. 121 pgs. ................................ NEW $10.95 E.H. Scott Radio Collectors Guide, 1925-1946, Clark. The reference for collectors of Scott radios, cabinets and accessories. Lists original prices of cabinets and accessories. Over 200 photos with descriptions. 88 pgs. ...................... $29.95 Early Radio, In Marconi's Footsteps, Jensen. Realistic description of Marconi's work and his surroundings. Early construction projects with diagrams. Color and B&W photographs. 170 pgs. ........................................ (hardcover only) $39.95 Empire of the Air, Lewis. Biographical radio history on De Forest, Armstrong and Sarnoff. 1991, 421 pgs. ............. $13.00 Evolution of the Radio, L-W Books. Radios pictured and priced, plus reproductions of catalog pages and ads. Vol. 1 - Eight-hundred + radios. 1991. 227 pgs., 118 pgs. in color ................................................................. $22.95 Vol. 2 - Totally different from volume one with new photos, etc. 1993. 654 color photos. 226 pgs. ...................... $24.95 Firco Radio Equipment, John Firth & Co., Inc. (reprint). Twenty-six-page booklet of the Firco Cth. .......................... $4.95 Fixing Up Nice Old Radios, Romney. Written by a retired radio instructor, this book covers Ohm's law, through battery sets, superhet and communications receivers. 1990. 300+ figures, 185 pgs. ........................................ $25.00 Flick of the Switch, McMahon. The classic photo reference guide for '30s - '50s radios. 1000+ photos. 263 pgs. ............ $11.95 Great Radio Personalities (reprint). B&W pics of the golden days of radio – Abbott & Costello, etc. 128 pgs. ........ $11.95 Guide to Old Radios – Pointers, Pictures & Prices, 2nd Ed., Johnson. Introduction to radio collecting. Includes hundreds of photos and a price guide. 1995. 272 pgs. ........................................................................ $19.95 Hake's Guide to TV Collectibles. Price guide and photos for 1600 TV shows, comic books, etc. 1990. 185 pgs. ........ $14.95 Ham Price Guide, Rippen. This book serves as a price guide and an identification guide. Small print. 36 pgs. ............ NEW $9.95 Heathkit, A Guide to the Amateur Radio Products, Penson. Documentation of all Heathkit's amateur radio products, a complete history of the company, 200+ sharp photos. 256 pgs. ........................................ NEW $24.95 Hertz: The Beginning of Microwaves, Bryant. Photos and descriptions of Hertz's apparatus and experiments. 50 pgs. $15.00 Inventing American Broadcasting, Douglas. A careful weaving of technology, social forces, and business decision making from the days of Marconi to broadcasting in the 1920s. 1987. 363 pgs. ........................................ $14.95 L. A. Radio Manufacturing, Paul. Radio makers in L.A. from 1922-42. Echophone, Gilfillan & 10 others. 88 pgs. .... $10.50 Supplement No. 1, Paul. Coverage of additional manufacturers, people and sets. 1993. 48 pgs. ...................... $6.75 Made in Japan, Handy. A stunning book on the rise of the transistor radio. 175+ radios in color. 1993. 108 pgs. ........ $16.95 The Mechanics of TV, Yanczer. Explanation of mechanical tv, details for a working system. 5 1/2" by 7 1/2", 170 pgs. $24.95 Most Often Needed 1926-38 Radio Diagrams and Servicing Information (reprint). 600+ diagrams for mostly AC radios from '26-'38. 240 pgs. ........................................................................ $11.95 Old Gramophones, Bergonzi. The development of phonographs and gramophones. 64 photos. 32 pgs. ................. NEW $4.95 Old Radio Sets, Hill. The development of the radio from the late Victorian era until the late 60s. 60 photos 32 pgs. .. NEW $4.95 Old-Time Radios! Restoration and Repair, Carr. How to repair vacuum-tube and transistor radios. A self-paced training guide. 200 illustrations, 256 pgs. ........................................................................ $18.95 Philco Radio: 1928-1942, Ramirez. A reference book on Philco. Shows receivers and company history year-by-year. 464 color photos, 364 black & white photos and drawings. 1993. 160 pgs. ........................................ $29.95 Phono-Graphics: The Visual Paraphernalia of the Talking Machine, Schwartzman. Shows the collection of products associated with the phonograph. Beautiful photos from Art Nouveau to Art Deco era. 1996. 119 pgs. ........ NEW $16.95 The Pocket Guide to Collins Amateur Radio Equipment 1946-1980, Miller. A pictorial guide to Collins equipment and accessories. 90+ sharp photographs. 3 1/2" x 7", 108 pages ........................................ NEW $19.95 Portable Radio, In American Life, Schiffer. Traces the development of the portable radio and how it affected American culture and society. 450 photos and drawings, 259 pgs. ........................................ (hardcover: $45.00) $24.95 Poster's Radio & Television Price Guide, 1920 - 1990, 2nd Ed. 875+ TV's, 650 transistor radios and 2,210 other radios listed. 600 sets illustrated, 75 in color. 1993. 7" x 10". 264 pgs. ........................................ $17.95 Price Guide to Plastic Collectibles, McNulty. Describes types of plastics, etc. (Radio is 8 of 207 pgs.) .......................... $17.95 RCA Radiolas, Radiotrons, and Accessories (reprint). Twenty-page booklet summarizing RCA's 1926 product line including the Radiola III, 20, 25, 26, 28, etc. ........................................ $4.50 Radio Art, Hawes. A chronological, illustrated history of the technical and stylistic progress of the radio. Mostly British, but American sets are featured as well. 250 photos, 150 in color, 128 pgs. ........................................ (hardcover only) Low Price $9.95 Radio Art Postcard Deck. 30 full-color photographs from Hawes' book. ........................................ $7.50 COLLECTOR BOOKS AVAILABLE FROM A.R.C. BOOKS MARKED WITH "FS" ARE THE MOST POPULAR AND ARE ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR NEW COLLECTORS! Radio Collector, (Videotape, VHS). The fine-part Emmy-nominated PBS series combined on one 130-minute videotape. Meet collectors, see collections, attend swap meets, learn about radio restoration. $29.95 The Radio Collector's Directory and Price Guide, 1921-1965, 2nd Ed., Grinder. Directory of over 20,000 radios by manufacturer, model number, year, etc., with prices. Radio history, cabinet styles, vacuum tube development chapters. Over 1,200 trade names listed. Thoroughly revised and expanded. 500 pgs. $26.95 Radio Collector's Guide, McMahon. Listing of 9,000+ radios made by some 1200 companies from 1921 to 1932. Gives manufacturer, year, model name and other info. No photos. 264 pgs. $11.95 The Radio Collector's Guide to Philco Bakelite Block Condensers, 2nd Ed., Bintliff. A detailed description of Philco Bakelite block condensers with illustrations and parts lists. 1995. 57 pgs. $9.95 Radio Craft – 50 Years of Radio (reprint). March 1938 issue of Radio Craft magazine. Numerous articles on the development of radio, then 50-years old, and on early radio pioneers. 144 pgs. $15.95 Radio Equip. & Supplies, (reprint). 1922 radio catalog, accessories, etc. RCA, Clapp-Eastham, etc. 168 pgs. $19.95 Radios-The Golden Age, Collins. Full-color book on the colorful Catalin and Bakelite radios from the late 1930s to the early 1940s. 128 pgs. (hardcover $29.95) $17.95 Radio Horn Speaker Encyclopedia, Paul. Listing of horn speakers for over 320 manufacturers for the 1920s. Expanded information on ten manufacturers. Over 145 photos, 80 pgs. $14.90 Radio Horn Speaker Notebook, Rev. H. Paul. The companion to the Encyclopedia. Over 450 horn picture ads are shown, over 325 manufacturers are identified. Photocopy. New Index. 1995. 72 pgs. $15.90 Radio Manufacturers of the 1920's, Douglas. Three comprehensive volumes. Vol. 1 covers A-C Dayton thru Ferguson. 225 pgs. (softcover only) $24.95 Vol. 2 covers Freed-Eisemann thru Priess. 266 pgs. (softcover only) $29.95 Vol. 3 covers RCA thru Zenith. 292 pgs. (hardcover: $39.95) $29.95 Radio Poster, Sonoran Publishing. Color 20" x 26". A radio timeline, 20 radios from the Pup to transistors. $10.95 Radiol Radiol, 2nd Ed., Hill. Revised easy-to-read subject index, separate A-Z directory listing of 1,100+ British radio models with clearer photographs than first edition. 978 photos, 244 pgs. (hardcover only) $44.95 Radio Redux, Collins. Subtitled "Listening in Style." This book showcases the sleek lines and luscious colors of over 80 gleaming sets from the collection of Philip Collins. 120 pgs. (hardcover: $29.95) $17.95 Radio/TV Finder, Okolowicz. Reference to nearly 7,000 radio and TV pics found in 24 books. No photos, 110 pgs. $13.95 Radio & T.V. Collector's Guide Book, Biraud. The "Vintage Radio" illustrated guide to European sets from early wireless to the 1930s (a few later). Text is in both French and English. Vol. 1: History & Manufacturers A to P. 256 pgs. Vol. 2: P to Z & T.V., Speakers, Tubes, Loops, Parts & Novelties. 256 pgs. (Per Volume) $49.95 Radios by Hallicrafters, Dachis. The most definitive book on the company. Over 600 photos (some color) on everything they made. An invaluable tool for anyone interested in Hallicrafters. 220 pgs. NEW $29.95 Radios of the Baby Boom Era. Pictures and info from Sams Photofacts. 3,494 radios illustrated plus 3,275 additional radios listed. 274 brands. 1946 thru 1960. Six volumes, 300+ pages per volume. Order by volume. Vol. 1: Admiral – Clearsonic. Vol. 2: Co-op – Geloso. Vol. 3: GE – Monitoradio. Vol. 4: Motorola – RCA. Vol. 5: Realtone – Stratovox. Vol 6: Stromberg-Carlson – Zenith. (Per Volume) $16.95 Refinishing Old Furniture, Wagoner. Written by a furniture restoration instructor. A step-by-step guide to furniture (or radio) restoration, from removal of finishes right up to the final polish. 178 pgs. $14.95 Saga of the Vacuum Tube, Tyne. The development of vacuum tubes – 1880 to 1930! From Edison, Thomson and Fleming to de Forest, Philips, Siemens and many more. 100+ tube photos, 495 pgs. $18.95 Sound & Vision Yearbook 1995/96. An annual directory of radio & TV collectors, primarily European $6.95 Syntony and Spark, Aiken (reprint). Subtitled "The Origins of Radio." Describes the development of radio from Maxwell's work in the 1860s through the contributions of Hertz, Lodge and Marconi. 1976. 347 pgs. $16.95 S. Gernsbach Radio Encyclopedia (reprint). 1927 classic encyclopedia on radio. From "A" Battery to Zirconium, with 1000s of entries in between. 100s of illustrations, 175 pgs. $9.95 70 Years of Radio Tubes and Valves, Stokes. The story of the radio tube from the lab to the public. 247 pgs. $25.95 75 Years of WE Tube Manufacturing, Magers. A log book history 750+ WE tubes. Illustrated. 133 pgs. $16.95 Tomart's Price Guide to Radio Premium and Cereal Box Collectibles, Tumbusch. Includes comic characters, pulp hero, TV and other premiums. 1991, 3,000+ illustrations, 176 pgs. $22.95 Transistor Radios, A Collector's Encyclopedia and Price Guide, Lane. Identification guide to over 2,500 transistor and novelty radios. History and key to collecting chapters. 1994. 170 pgs. $19.95 Transmitters, Exciters and Power Amplifiers 1930 - 1980, Moore. Pictorial and descriptive guide to amateur high frequency transmitters and amplifiers manufactured in the U.S.A. Over 500 photos. 144 pgs. NEW $21.95 Tube Type Transmitters, Rippen. Provides a wealth of information on transmitters and transceivers. Includes ancillary items such as linear amplifiers, converters, modulators and VFOs. Over 500 illustrations. 145 pgs. NEW $17.95 Vintage Radio, McMahon. Photo reference guide of radios before 1930! 1,000+ pics, 263 pgs. (Temp. Out-Of-Print) $11.95 The Weekend Refinisher, Johnson. A complete guide to stains and finishes and tips for setting up your own workshop. A handy furniture "first aid" kit for quick repairs. Illustrated. 296 pgs. $10.00 Westinghouse Catalog (reprint). 1920s catalog of the RA-DA and other early Westinghouse equipment. 8 pgs. $4.00 Wireless Communication in the U.S., Mayes. Early development of American radio operating companies. Alternators, coherers, stock promotions, unpublished letters, etc. 160 illustrations, 248 pgs. $29.95 The Xtal Set Society Newsletter, Anderson. Complete set of the Society newsletter. Order by volume. Vol. 1: 7/91 to 5/92 - Field Strength Meter, FM Xtal Set, Xtal Sets & Wireless, & more. Vol. 2: 7/92 to 5/93 - The Lead Pencil Detector, The Universal Xtal Set, etc. Vol. 4: 1/94 to 11/94 - Measuring Coil Capacitance, home-brew headphones and curve tracers, etc. Vol. 5: AM Receiver Design, Marconi Type 107, Radio Outfit in a Headset, & more. (Per Vol.) $9.95 The Xtal Set Handbook, Anderson. Formulas for coil inductance, a procedure for measuring coil capacitance, circuit matching theory, & more. Also included is Vol. 3 of the Xtal Set Society Newsletter. $10.95 Zenith Radio Corporation (reprint). The instructions for installation and operation for Models 39-39A Models 392-392A, and Electric Zenith Receivers. 3 sections, 3 photos, 7 1/2" by 5", 16 pgs. $4.50 The Zenith Trans-Oceanic: The Royalty of Radios, Bryant and Combs. Presents the fascinating story of the development and use of the Trans-Oceanic. Several photos, documents, ads, etc. 160 pgs. $24.95 U.S. Orders - Enclose $3.00 per order for packing & book-rate shipping if total order is under $35.00. If using VISA or MasterCard, include name on card, card number and expiration date. Send payment with order. Mass. residents please add 5% sales tax. Money back return policy. Most orders shipped the same day received, but allow 2-4 weeks to receive order. Foreign orders - write for shipping costs, or use credit card and specify air or surface (allow 2-3 months for surface shipping). Send Order To: A.R.C., P.O. Box 2, Carlisle, MA 01741 or Call: (508) 371-0512 Fax: (508) 371-7129 RCA Signs...and more! FOR SALE: RCA TUBES display topper. This 6-1/2" x 20" red-painted metal sign features the RCA logo and slogan in light yellow, and probably dates to the 1940s. It was made to sit over a dealer's display of tubes...or over YOUR display! Minor wear, but nice! RCA Tubes...$71 FOR SALE: RCA RADIO BATTERIES display topper. This red-painted metal sign is 18" x 7", and again shows only minor wear. Mentions portable radios—and is probably from the early 1950s. A nice addition to your portable radio collection or hang it over a battery display. RCA Sign...$65 FOR SALE: RCA Drive-in Speaker. You remember these throw-backs to the Drive-in Movies. Painted grey, it hung on your car window, played the movie sound track and announced "The Snack bar is Closing!"....$29 FOR SALE: RCA 6-JM-2. This black plastic and creme colored 45 RPM player is the style that has the records pushed in from the front. This totally confused the public, and the push-ins were short lived. Some light scratches or rubs, but overall very nice. Plus, the brass tab with "RCA Victor" is impressive. RCA front-loader....$39 FOR SALE: Sony Tape Deck 262D. New in the original box, with instructions, for 3-3/4 and 7-1/2 speeds. Quality unit with minimum wow and flutter at about .25% (one-quarter of one percent!) New, boxed Sony Superscope 262D...$42 FOR SALE: Novelty Transistors. We found three styles of novelty transistor radios—and couldn't pass them up. The best is the pink poodle from the 1950s. Just turn it's nose to tune. Plus, boxed AM/FM Microphone radio, #OTA-70, and boxed Cadmus Cognac bottle radio. Priced each...$27 or All 3...$60 FOR SALE: Zenith H500 Transoceanic. Found another one...this has seven bands from Shortwave to 31 Meters plus broadcast. Working condition, with a very nice cabinet. It includes the "wavemagnet" and pop-up antenna. Has schematic and 1950 log book. Model H500...$96 FOR SALE: Emerson Playtape 1200. This was Emerson's entry into cassette technology—and another flop! With dedicated tapes: Supremes, Trini Lopez, Petula Clark and more. All in a great 1960s plastic case. Playtape...$23 FOR SALE: TV Books: Television Simplified, Kiver. 366 pg hardcover. Includes photos of pre-war GE console and RCA prototype projection set. Info, etc...$24 Television Simplified, Kiver, 3rd ed, 608 pg hardcover. Includes photos of post-war Garod, plus very early CBS experimental color set. Loads of info and theory...$19 Principles of TV Engineering, Fink, 540 pg hardcover from 1940. From scanning discs to broadcasting with iconoscopes...$20 FOR SALE: Steinite Interference Eliminator. Circa 1925, bright green wound coil on a black base, only about 3 inches square. In worn box, with printed instructions and testimonials from customers! Steinite...$27 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING POLICY ONE FREE 20-WORD AD for subscribers in each issue; additional words are 25¢ each. See details below. Classified ads sent by mail, fax or by any other method must be received (not just postmarked!) by Noon Eastern Time on the classified ad deadline date to guarantee inclusion in the current issue. Late ads are held for the following issue. Please enclose correct payment with all ads. Stamps or cash are OK for small amounts. 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Testing electronic warning equipment together with the curative fungicide bitertanol for control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter) Afprøvning af et elektronisk varslingsudstyr sammen med det kurative fungicid bitertanol til bekæmpelse af æbleskurv (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter) STEEN LYKKE NIELSEN and ERNST SCHADEGG Summary In three years of experiments the control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter) obtained by spraying according to an electronic warning system Berghof Biomat SWG was compared to the control obtained by a protective program with application intervals of seven days. In the warning treatment the curative fungicide bitertanol with 0.25 kg per ha was used. Bitertanol was also used in the protective treatment with 0.25 kg per ha the first two years, and was replaced by 1.5 kg tolylfluanid per ha the last year. In the trials there was a high risk of infection so the preventive sprayings were applied in rather short intervals (7–10 days). The warning treatment gave under this condition a reduction of the spraying frequency. Applications in accordance with the warning equipment gave a slightly less control of apple scab compared to the protective treatment. The report indicates ways to eliminate the difference. It is concluded that the use of warning equipment together with a curative fungicide gives a sufficiently safe control of apple scab. Key words: Apple scab, Venturia inaequalis, warning equipment, bitertanol. Resumé I forsøg over tre år blev virkningen af at bekæmpe æbleskurv (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter) ved at sprøjte efter et elektronisk varslingsapparat Berghof Biomat SWG sammenlignet med virkningen af et forebyggende sprøjteprogram med sprøjteintervaller på 7 dage. I varslingsledet blev benyttet det kurative fungicid bitertanol med 0.25 kg pr. ha. Bitertanol blev ligeledes benyttet i det forebyggende led de to første år. Det sidste år blev det erstattet med 1.5 kg tolylfluanid pr. ha. I de gennemførte forsøg var der en høj infektionsrisiko, hvorfor de forebyggende sprøjtninger blev udført med ret korte intervaller (7–10 dage). Varslingssystemet gav under disse forhold en reduktion af sprøjtehyppighed. Der blev fundet en tendens til en lidt ringere virkning mod både blad- og frugtskurv ved sprøjtning efter varslingsapparatet i forhold til det forebyggende sprøjteprogram. Forskellen var dog meget lille og der angives i beretningen muligheder for at fjerne forskellene. Det konkluderes, at fastlæggelse af sprøjtetidspunkterne efter et elektronisk varslingsapparat kan give en tilstrækkelig sikker bekæmpelse af æbleskurv. Nøgleord: Æbleskurv, Venturia inaequalis, varsling, bitertanol. Introduction Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter) is a serious disease in apples in Denmark. To control the disease the growers must spray several times during the growth season. The main effect takes place from budburst to about four weeks from petal fall where infection with ascospores is possible (22). If no scab infected flecks are observed at this time the grower will stop spraying until late summer, where the fruits are sprayed for control of among other things storage scab. To increase the efficiency and to decrease the number of applications electronic warning systems based on the scab infection table of Mills and Laplante (15) have been developed (e.g. 6, 8, 10, 20). The appearance of the ergosterol-biosynthese inhibitor (E.B.I.) fungicides has made the use of warning systems more attractive. The E.B.I. fungicides show a curative effect up to 96 hours after a scab infection and so give a broad time margin from when a warning is registered to the fungicide being applied. The aim of the investigation has been to establish if application of a curative fungicide in accordance with a commercially available electronic apple scab warning equipment gives sufficient control of apple scab under strong infection pressure, and how the number of the applications could be reduced. The warning equipment was operated as recommended by the manufacturer. No attempts were made to check the precision of the equipment’s meteorological registrations or to improve the warning model. Materials and methods The experiments were carried out for three years from 1987 to 1989 and included three treatments: A control to assess the infection pressure, a treatment where the apple scab was controlled by protective sprayings, and a treatment where a curative E.B.I. fungicide was applied according to electronic warning equipment. The electronic fungus warning equipment was a Biomat SWG (Berghof, West Germany). It consists of a sensor unit which is placed in a tree crown, where it record the foliage moisture and the air temperature. The signals are transferred to a central unit which contains a program based on Mills’ tabel for the relation between temperature and the minimal period of leaf wetness necessary to give scab infection. It means that the model only registers when the climatic factors give the possibility of apple scab infection. The warning equipment can be set to indicate three levels of infection: Light, medium, or severe. The experiments were carried out in an experimental plantation in 3 m high ‘Golden Delicious’ spaced at $2.85 \times 4.5$ m. The experimental design was systematically placed plots of 4 trees. The number of blocks varied from year to year. It was 6 in 1987, 3 in 1988, and 4 in 1989. To assure the presence of infectious ascospores a net containing scab infected leaves from the previous year was placed in the canopy of each plot. The fungicide bitertanol was used in the warning treatments with 0.25 kg per ha (1.0 kg Baycor 25 WP per ha). Bitertanol was considered to have a curative effect of 4 days and a protective effect of at least 3 days. It meant that when the warning equipment indicated a possibility of infection bitertanol was applied up to 96 hours later. The warning equipment was reactivated 3 days after the application. This time scheme gave a minimal interval of 7 days between the applications in the warning treatment. Bitertanol was also used in the protective treatment in 1987 and 1988 with 0.25 kg per ha while it was replaced by the strictly protective fungicide tolylfuanid with 1.5 kg per ha (3.0 kg Euparen-M per ha) in 1989. The aimed Table 2. The level of infection of leaf and fruit scab and the number of applications in the 3 treatments in 1987–1989. \| Treatment \| No. of applications \| Leafscab \| Fruit scab \| \|-----------\|----------------------\|----------\|------------\| \| \| \| Bladskurv\| Frugtskurv \| \| \| 1987 1988 1989 \| 1987 \| 1988 \| 1989 \| \| \| 24/6 30/7 31/8 \| 28/7 17/8\| 13/9 \| 3/8 25/8 \| \| Level of infection \| Angrebsgrad \| \| \| \| 1. Control \| 72 94 100 \| 32 30 \| 47 \| 21 16 \| \| Ubehandlet \| \| \| \| \| 1. Control \| 0 0 0 \| 0a* 0a \| 0a \| 0a 0a \| 0a 0a \| \| Ubehandlet \| \| \| \| \| 2. Preventive \| 12 17 16 \| 93b 86b \| 91b \| 100b 100b\| 100b 100b\| 100b 99b \| \| Forebyggende \| \| \| \| \| 3. Warning system \| 11 10 9 \| 87b 80b \| 90b \| 100b 100b\| 100b 90b \| 97b \| \| Varsling \| \| \| \| * Numbers followed by the same letter in columns do not differ significantly for P<0,05 Tal efterfulgt af samme bogstav i søjlerne er ikke signifikant forskellige for P<0,05 years there was a reduction of seven applications each year. The number of sprayings was unrealistic high compared with practical apple growing because of the presence of the scab infected control plots caused an infection pressure throughout the season. This means that the results cannot apply to practical apple growing. An interesting point is however that the reduction in the number of sprayings in the warning treatment was obtained early in the season in the period where the fruit growers carry out their sprayings. The experimental design was adjusted between the years to incorporate new knowledge. The start of the treatments was moved forward from the mouse-ear stage to budburst because scab infection can occur at this early stage (12). The humidity conditions inside the unfolded bud at the budburst stage differ from the outside conditions, so the sensor unit of the warning equipment is not able to register the relevant data at the budburst stage (19). Therefore a purely protective spraying was applied at budburst in both treatments in 1989. The warning equipment was first activated at the mouse-ear stage where the humidity conditions are more comparable around the small leaves and the sensor unit. The adjustment of the warning equipment's level of infection was changed each year. The adjustment to the light level early in the season in 1987 and 1988 was done according to Scheer (19) who pointed out that apple trees are most susceptible to ascospore infection at that time. The adjustment to the light level caused on the other hand frequent warnings which gave a very high incidence of sprayings compared with practical apple growing. That is why the level was set at medium throughout 1989. A systematical investigation of which level to be used should be made. Bitertanol proved to be a very efficient fungicide for control of apple scab when applied in a protective treatment with 7 days intervals as well as when applied in a curative treatment with a minimal interval of 7 days between the applications. These results are in accordance with Birch et al. (3), Brandes et al. (4), Dijke et al. (5), Gilpatrick et al. (9), Kelly and Jones (11), and Kolbe (13) but inconsistent with Palm (17) who found that the protective effect of bitertanol is negligible. In 1989 bitertanol was replaced by tolylfluanid in the protective treatment. This was done purely to adjust the experimental design to similar experiments going on in Sweden and Norway. The results of the efficiency show that a better control of leaf scab than of fruit scab was obtained. Palm (17) investigated scab control obtained with two curative, local systemic fungicides in 'Golden Delicious'. Two weeks after flowering the efficiency of control of leaf and fruit scab was the same. Four weeks after flowering the control of fruit scab decreased however control of leaf scab remained the same. Palm connected the decrease in the control of fruit scab with a quick increase in fruit volume and a building of a wax layer which happen four weeks after flowering. This explanation might be valid for the present results as bitertanol is a curative local systemic fungicide and the investigation was made in 'Golden Delicious'. In conclusion it can be stated that determination of the applications of a curative fungicide to control apple scab under high infection pressure by use of an electronic warning equipment is sufficiently efficient under Danish conditions. The investigation gives no conclusive answer to if the warning system can cause a reduction of the number of sprayings in practical apple growing. The apple scab warning model can be improved by incorporating observations of the start of the ascospore discharge in the spring and of the end in the summer. There is obviously no reason to spray even when the conditions for infection are present if there is no infectious spores available. Assessment of ascospore discharge can be made by visual methods (16, 22) and by use of models for degree day accumulation (7). MacHardy and Gadoury (14) found a distinct variation in the ascospore discharge per day. These observations should be confirmed for Danish conditions and if present they should be incorporated in the warning model. References 1. Abbott, W. S. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. econ. Ent. 18, 265-267. 2. Anonymous 1985. Retningslinie for afprøvning af midler mod skurv på æble og pare. H-1. Statens Planteavlfsforsøg. Planteværnscentret. Institut for Pesticider. 3. Birch, P. A., Rose, P. W. & Wainwright, A. 1981. A broad spectrum fungicide of the triazole group for use in pome and bush fruit. Proc. 1981. Br. Crop Prot. Conf., 545-554. 4. Brandes, W., Dehne, H. W. & Kuck, K. H. 1988. Zur protektiven und kurativen Wirkung von Baycor gegen den Erreger des Apfelschorfes (Venturia inaequalis) sowie zur Verhalten des Präparates auf dem Apfelblatt. Pflanzenschutz – Nachrichten Bayer 41, 279-292. 5. Dijke, J. F. van., Alink, G. J. & Veens, T. 1986. Schurftbestrijdingsmiddelen met een curatieve werking bieden meer zekerheid! De Fruitteelt 9, 246-249. 6. Ellis, M. A., Madden, L. V. & Wilson, L. L. 1984. Evaluation of an electronic apple scab predictor for scheduling fungicides with curative activity. Plant Dis. 68, 1055-1057. 7. Gadoury, D. M. & MacHardy, W. E. 1982. Effects of temperature on the development of pseudothecia of Venturia inaequalis. Plant Dis. 66, 464-468. 8. Galli, P. & Richter, J. 1984. Zum Einsatz von Warn- und Registriergeräten bei der Abwehr des Apfelschorfes im integrierten Pflanzenschutz. Erwerbsobstbau 26, 82-87. 9. Gilpatrick, J. D., Seem, R. C. & Smith, C. A. 1981. Apple scab and powdery mildew control. Fungicide and Nematicide Test 36, 6. 10. Jones, A. L., Lillevik, S. L., Fisher, P. D. & Stebbins, T. C. 1980. A microcomputer - based instrument to predict primary apple scab infection periods. Plant Dis. 64, 69-72. 11. Kelly, R. D. & Jones, A. L. 1981. Evaluation of two triazole fungicides for postinfection control of apple scab. Phytopathol. 71, 737-742. 12. Kennel, W. & Moosherr, W. 1983. Kelchblatt-Schorf, eine gefährliche aber wenig bekannte Erscheinungsform des Apfelschorfes. Obstbau, Bonn 8, 470-472. 13. Kolbe, W. 1981. Versuche zur Schorfbekämpfung im Apfel und Birnenbau mit Baycor unter Berücksichtigung der Mehltau – Nebenwirkung und Sortenverträglichkeit (1975–1981). Pflanzenschutz – Nachrichten Bayer 34, 29-47. 14. MacHardy, W. E. & Gadoury, D. M. 1986. Patterns of ascospore discharge by Venturia inaequalis. Phytopathology 76, 985-990. 15. Mills, W. D. & Laplante, A. A. 1951. Diseases and insects in the orchard. Cornell Ext. Bull. 711, 21-27. 16. Olsson, K. 1962. Undersökning över förudsättningar för en svensk varningstjänst för äppelskorv. Statens Växtskyddsanstalt. Meddelanden 12:88, 131-161. 17. Palm, G. 1987. Untersuchungen zur Verringerung der Aufwandmengen an Schorffungiziden unter den klimatischen Bedingungen des Niederelbegebietes. Mitteilungen des Obstbauversuchringes des Alten Landes. Beiheft 6, 1-175. 18. Schadegg, E. 1985. Efterafprøvning af fungicider mod æbleskurv (Venturia inaequalis) 1982-84. 2. Danske Planteværnskonference, Sygdomme og skadedyr, 34-45. 19. Scheer, H. A. T. van der 1986. Management programs for control of scab and powdery mildew on apple. Bulletin SROP/WPRS Bulletin IX, 204-218. 20. Szepessy, I. 1985. 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Are non-slip socks really 'non-slip'? An analysis of slip resistance Satyan Chari†1,2, Terrence Haines†3,4,5, Paul Varghese6 and Alyssia Economidis7 Address: 1Safety and Quality Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland Health, Queensland 4029, Australia, 2Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, 3Clinical Research, Southern Physiotherapy School, Monash University, Victoria 3168, Australia, 4School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia, 5Allied Health Research Unit, Kingston Centre, Southern Health, Victoria 3192, Australia, 6Geriatric Medicine, Geriatric and Rehabilitation Unit (GARU), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland Health, Queensland 4102, Australia and 7Early Assessment and Medical Unit, Internal Medicine Services, The Prince Charles Hospital, Queensland Health, Queensland 4032, Australia Email: Satyan Chari - email@example.com; Terrence Haines - firstname.lastname@example.org; Paul Varghese - email@example.com; Alyssia Economidis - firstname.lastname@example.org * Corresponding author †Equal contributors Published: 25 August 2009 Received: 19 February 2009 Accepted: 25 August 2009 BMC Geriatrics 2009, 9:39 doi:10.1186/1471-2318-9-39 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/9/39 © 2009 Chari et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Non-slip socks have been suggested as a means of preventing accidental falls due to slips. This study compared the relative slip resistance of commercially available non-slip socks with other foot conditions, namely bare feet, compression stockings and conventional socks, in order to determine any traction benefit. Methods: Phase one involved slip resistance testing of two commercially available non-slip socks and one compression-stockings sample through an independent blinded materials testing laboratory using a Wet Pendulum Test. Phase two of the study involved in-situ testing among healthy adult subjects (n = 3). Subjects stood unsupported on a variable angle, inclined platform topped with hospital grade vinyl, in a range of foot conditions (bare feet, non-slip socks, conventional socks and compression stockings). Inclination was increased incrementally for each condition until slippage of any magnitude was detected. The platform angle was monitored using a spatial orientation tracking sensor and slippage point was recorded on video. Results: Phase one results generated through Wet Pendulum Test suggested that non-slip socks did not offer better traction than compression stockings. However, in phase two, slippage in compression stockings was detected at the lowest angles across all participants. Amongst the foot conditions tested, barefoot conditions produced the highest slip angles for all participants indicating that this foot condition provided the highest slip resistance. Conclusion: It is evident that bare feet provide better slip resistance than non-slip socks and therefore might represent a safer foot condition. This study did not explore whether traction provided by bare feet was comparable to 'optimal' footwear such as shoes. However, previous studies have associated barefoot mobilisation with increased falls. Therefore, it is suggested that all patients continue to be encouraged to mobilise in appropriate, well-fitting shoes whilst in hospital. Limitations of this study in relation to the testing method, participant group and sample size are discussed. Background Falls continue to remain among the highest reported causes of unintended harm to elderly patients in hospital [1]. Several multifactorial interventions to prevent falls in hospitals have been investigated, and some have demonstrated effectiveness [2-5]. However, few have focussed on the role of footwear in the prevention of in-hospital falls. The 2005 Australian Falls Prevention Guidelines (Preventing Falls and Harm from Falls among Older People) recommend that patients wear well fitting, closed shoes with a flat heel while in hospital [6]. However, ensuring compliance with this recommendation is sometimes difficult due to patient cognitive impairment (confusion, delirium, dementia), lack of access to appropriate footwear, intentional non-compliance and other factors. Concurrently, there has been a growing recognition of hospital morbidity and mortality due to venous-thromboembolism (VTE) [7]. The Australian and New Zealand Working Party on the Management and Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism suggest consideration of graduated compression stockings as an adjunct to pharmacological prophylaxis, in the management of patients at risk of VTE [8]. As patients can tend to mobilise without footwear while in hospital, there has been concern among clinicians that patients might be at an increased risk of falling due to the 'slippery' texture of most compression stocking products. As a result, the use of 'non-slip' socks over compression stockings has gained popularity as a strategy to improve under-foot traction. Non-slip socks (also referred to as anti-skid or treaded socks) are socks with a tread pattern provided on the sole, or ventral surface, for the purpose of improving traction. These socks appear to be a logical solution, however there is limited evidence regarding their effectiveness in improving traction and more importantly, their impact on patient safety. One retrospective study evaluated falls rates for a 102 day period before and after implementation of a non-slip sock (treaded sock) intervention in a Special Care Unit at a nursing home [9]. In total, twenty one falls were recorded in 102 days prior to intervention and eighteen falls were recorded in the 102 days after intervention; a modest change that was not statistically significant. An eight-fold reduction in falls due to slips on urine was reported by the authors, who attributed this positive finding to the treaded sock intervention. However, there was a concurrent five-fold increase in falls where patients were 'found on the floor', which suggests that the intervention had little positive effect overall and that modified reporting might have been a factor as staff were not blinded to the intervention period. This study aimed to establish the slip-resistance of non-slip socks relative to other foot conditions commonly encountered in hospital, in order to determine any traction benefit. Additionally, the data generated through this study would help inform decisions on further clinical research on non-slip socks as a falls prevention strategy. Methods Design Ethics approval was sought and gained from the Princess Alexandra Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee. A two-phase study was designed. In phase one, two commercially available non-slip socks and one brand of compression stockings were tested for slip resistance through a blinded, independent materials testing laboratory (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation's Manufacturing and Materials Technology Laboratory in Victoria). The samples were tested using a Pendulum Friction Test, also referred to as the Wet Pendulum Test [10,11]. The Wet Pendulum Test was selected instead of the alternative Inclined Ramp Test described in AS/NZS 4586:2004 [10], as it provides a continuous (rather than ordinal) measure, and is therefore more sensitive to small differences in slip resistance. Phase two involved in-situ testing of slip resistance of non-slip socks and other foot conditions among healthy adults. Phase two testing was analogous to the Inclined Ramp Test prescribed by the Australian Standard [10]. However, the method of testing followed in phase two, arguably provides a better approximation of standard hospital flooring in a dry state whilst also allowing for a continuous measure of slip resistance. Phase One The Wet Pendulum Test was carried out at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation's (CSIRO) Materials, Surfaces and Finishes laboratory at Highett, Victoria. The testers were blinded to brand and manufacturer details of samples provided (all tags and identifiers removed), but not to product function. Samples were labelled A (compression stocking), B and C (non-slip socks) respectively. Apparatus and Procedure The Wet Pendulum Test was completed in accordance with AS/NZS 4586:2004 [10] using a calibrated Munro-Stanley Pendulum Friction Tester. The Wet Pendulum Test is a test designed to simulate the mechanics of a person slipping on a wet surface. The terminal end of the pendulum arm has a mechanical foot with a spring-loaded rubber slider attached, to simulate the heel of the foot (Figure 1). The floor surface is saturated with deionised water prior to testing to simulate the presence of a fluid contaminant. The test is set up with the apparatus level to the floor and the length of the pendulum arm adjusted such that the rubber slider 'kicks' through when released, contacting the floor surface momentarily. On 'kicking' through, a loss of momentum occurs due to the friction generated at the point of contact. The amount of friction is dependant on the slip resistance characteristics of the floor and 'heel' surfaces. This loss in momentum causes a proportionate reduction in the arc described by the pendulum which is measured on an inverse scale affixed to the tester. The scale provides a British Pendulum Number (BPN) which is the unit of measurement for this test. A higher BPN indicates higher slip resistance. A detailed description of the Pendulum Friction Testing protocol is available as an appendix to the AS/NZS 4586:2004 [10]. The Wet Pendulum Test is normally used to test different floor surfaces for slip resistance while the rubber slider is conditioned before testing to provide a constant slip resistance. However, for the purpose of this study the conditions were reversed, by keeping the floor surface constant (2.0 mm thickness hospital graded vinyl) and varying 'foot' conditions by draping the test samples over the slider. Samples were adhered to the rubber slider using double-sided adhesive tape to eliminate bunching of the material on contact. Five different specimens cut from the ventral surface of the samples were tested three times each, producing fifteen readings per sample. Testing was performed at an ambient temperature of 23°C (prescribed testing temperature range). Phase Two Phase two of the study was conducted at the Princess Alexandra Hospital's Physiotherapy Gait Laboratory. A convenience sample of three brands of non-slip socks were tested (Figure 2). All of the non-slip sock products tested are commercially available in Australia and marketed for use with hospital patients. The non-slip socks brands tested in phase one (samples B and C) were included in phase two. An additional non-slip sock product was included in phase two as the investigators only became aware of the existence of this product following the completion of phase one. Additional foot conditions tested in phase two were conventional socks (worn by the participants on the day of testing), bare feet and a compression stocking product currently used by facilities in Queensland Health (also tested in phase one). Two male (Participant B and C) and one female participant (Participant A) were included in phase two of this study. Written informed consent was secured from participants prior to commencement. Participant A was 173 cm in height, weighed 65 kg and wore Australian size 8 women's footwear. Participant B was 182 cm in height, weighed 105 kg and wore Australian size 11.5 men's footwear. Participant C was 186 cm in height, weighed 85 kg and wore Australian size 12 men's footwear. All participants were aged between 29 and 31 years on the day of testing. Apparatus and Procedure The surface of the ramp was constructed by mounting a 900 mm × 600 mm panel of 2.0 mm thickness hospital grade vinyl (AS/NZS 2055.1:1985) [12], on to a rigid wooden board as per manufacturer's instructions. The ramp was bracketed on one end and the angle of inclination was adjusted by shifting support blocks forwards or backwards. The ramp was positioned in between a set of ![Figure 2](image-url) Figure 2 Non-slip sock samples. mobile parallel bars (Figure 3). An Intersense InteriaCube® inertial orientation reference system was used to accurately measure the inclination of the ramp. The sensor was taped to the surface of the ramp such that the 'pitch' reading provided the angle of inclination. Data was monitored on a laptop in real time. The testing procedure was recorded on video to enable verification of manually collected data prior to transcription to a spreadsheet for analysis. Once the angle of inclination was set (with an error tolerance of 0.2°), participants were asked to stand on the ramp and attempt to maintain an erect posture unsupported for a minimum of three seconds. If successful, the angle of the ramp was increased in one degree increments and the test was repeated until a slippage point was noted. Once slippage occurred, testing of that particular foot condition for the participant was complete. This procedure was repeated for every foot condition with each participant (non-slip socks, compression stockings, bare feet, and standard socks). Where multiple sizes of a non-slip sock product were available, these were also tested. The ramp surface was wiped down periodically to reduce contaminant build-up during testing. Results Phase one The compression stocking sample achieved the highest mean British Pendulum Number (55) followed by the two non slip sock samples B (40) and C (26), indicating that the compression stocking demonstrated the highest slip resistance in this testing condition (Figure 4). There was little variation in results from the five different areas of sole tested. Phase two Results of phase two testing demonstrated a relatively consistent slippage pattern across all three participants (Figure 5). However, in contrast to the Wet Pendulum Test in phase one, all participants slipped at the lowest angles while wearing compression stockings (12°, 11° and 11° respectively). Performance in conventional socks was relatively better, with slippage at 18°, 17° and 16° respectively. Performance in non-slip socks was variable, with slippage occurring in some products at angles comparable to conventional socks. Other non-slip socks performed better with traction maintained up to 30° in the case of one participant for a specific size of a non-slip sock brand. Different sizes within the same product also varied in performance (slippage at 19° for the 'small' sized sock and 30° for the 'medium' sized sock of the same brand in one participant). Barefoot conditions consistently resulted in the highest levels of traction across all participants with slippage at 38°, 27° and 30° respectively. Discussion Previous studies have associated mobilisation in foot conditions other than shoes (such as slippers, sandals, socks, bare-feet and other 'non-ideal' foot conditions) with an increased risk of falling [13-15]. The poorer relative performance of non-slip socks compared to barefoot conditions (a 'non-ideal' foot condition) in our study suggest that non-slip socks do not represent an adequate alternative to well-fitting rubber soled footwear or even to mobilisation in bare feet. Additionally, ensuring that non-slip socks are being worn appropriately (with tread pattern aligned with the sole of the foot) would most likely require periodic checks by clinical staff, especially if provided to patients with cognitive impairment. Aside from the resource implications, poorly fitted socks or socks that are mis-aligned could constitute a trip or slip hazard for patients. It is suggested that these risks might outweigh the clinical benefits of marginally improved underfoot traction over compression stockings. All non-slip sock products tested in this study had a tread pattern on the ventral surface (sole) of the sock (Figure 2). This tread pattern is three-dimensional in nature resulting in a series of peaks (1–2 mm high) and troughs. In phase one, specimens cut from the three samples were adhered to the rubber slider using double sided tape. As the Wet Pendulum Test generates limited downward force during the 'kick' phase of the test, force at the point of contact is predominantly along the horizontal plane. As a result, the rubber slider does not press down on the troughs. Consequently, only the raised portion of the sock specimen would make contact with the floor, reducing what could be termed as the 'effective contact area' and therefore reducing slip resistance. This phenomenon is avoided in the compression stocking sample due to the absence of a tread pattern resulting in a level surface. In this case, the effective contact area would be equal to the size of the specimen adhered to the rubber slider. When tested in-situ during phase two, the combined effect of participant weight and plantar characteristics of soft tissue of the foot are likely to force contact between the troughs of the non-slip sock and the floor thereby ensuring contact is made between the whole foot and floor across all testing conditions. This difference is proposed a plausible explanation for the apparent lack of congruence between phase one and phase two results. Nagata, Watanabe, Inoue and Kim (2008) studied the validity of five different friction testing methods as an index of the risk of slipping with seventy subjects and concluded that of the five methods tested, the ramp test was the most reliable, and the pendulum tester the least reliable [16]. These results appear to validate the incongruence between results of two phases of our study. There is also a possibility that the relative performance of non-slip socks and compression stocking is altered in the presence of a fluid contaminant. This hypothesis would require further investigation and if verifiable, has potential clinical implications when using non-slip socks with older persons having issues with bladder continence. Given previous findings that slips associated with standing in urine were reduced amongst nursing home residents wearing non-slip socks, one would have expected these socks to display greater slip resistance in the Wet Pendulum Test condition. However, this was not the case. Limitations This study tested a convenience sample of non-slip socks, however it is recognised that there may be alternative products which perform differently. This study tested non-slip sock performance on hospital grade vinyl which is the preferred floor covering as per AS 2055.1 [12]. However, it is possible that relative results might vary over other surfaces such as tile, polished concrete or carpet. Foot anatomy, biomechanics and skin characteristics of the relatively young and healthy participants in this study are also likely to be different to hospital patients who are older and frail. Some variation in performance across foot conditions could be expected with a sample of older hospital patients. The testing protocol employed in phase two, although not standardised or previously validated, is very similar in method to the ramp test recommended in the Australian Standard [10]. However, the testing protocol still provides a reliable method to compare performance of various foot conditions within the same participant. It needs to be acknowledged that the phase two ramp test collected slippage data with participants in a static standing position. It is conceivable that slippage characteristics, and therefore performance, of these foot conditions might vary during dynamic walking on a level surface. The small number of participants can be considered a limitation of this study. However, we would like to highlight that the unit of analysis is not the individual participant but rather the results of the test in each foot condition, which is a product of the unique characteristics of the contact material (compression stocking, non-slip sock, conventional sock or skin), the fit of the particular sock (or compression stocking sample) to the participant's feet, and the weight of the participant. Additionally, we tested subjects with both large and small feet, as well as significant difference in weight, and found the results to follow a consistent pattern across all participants. Conclusion Non-slip socks demonstrated poorer slip resistance than bare feet. It is therefore suggested that patients would be more likely to slip whilst mobilising in non-slip socks. compared to bare feet. Non-slip socks offer marginal benefit in slip-resistance over compression stockings in dry conditions, however slip resistance of such products in the presence of fluid contaminants needs to be explored further. This study did not explore whether traction provided by bare feet was comparable to 'optimal' footwear such as shoes. However, previous studies have associated barefoot mobilisation with increased falls. It is therefore suggested that all patients continue to be encouraged to mobilise in appropriate, well-fitting shoes whilst in hospital. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions SC, TH, PV contributed to the development, conceptualization and design of the study. TH, SC and AE were responsible data collection and the conduct of Phase 2 testing. SC was responsible for data transcription, analysis, and preparation of the manuscript. TH supervised the data collection and provided assistance with data analyses and editing the final manuscript. All authors contributed to interpretation of results and read and approved the final draft of the manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Queensland Falls Injury Prevention Collaborative for approving this study and the Queensland Health Patient Safety Centre for funding phase I testing through an external research laboratory. The authors would also like to thank the Princess Alexandra Hospital Geriatric Assessment and Rehabilitation Unit (GARU) for allowing the use of the physiotherapy gait laboratory facilities. The authors acknowledge the invaluable support received from Princess Alexandra Hospital physiotherapy research and clinical staff towards setting up the testing environment. SC would like to specifically thank the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Safety and Quality Unit for the support, resources and off-line time which enabled completion of this study. None of the investigators received any financial support related to the research in this paper. The research was investigator initiated and not sponsored by any company. References 1. Nadkarni JB, Iyengar KP, Dussa C, Watwe S, Vishwanath K: Orthopaedic injuries following falls by hospital in-patients. Gerontology 2005, 51(5):329-333. 2. Haines TP, Bennell KL, Osborne RH, Hill KD: Effectiveness of targeted falls prevention programme in subacute hospital setting: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004, 328(7441):676. 3. Fonda D, Cook J, Sandler V, Bailey M: Sustained reduction in serious fall-related injuries in older people in hospital. Medical Journal of Australia 2006, 184:379-382. 4. Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Lundstrom M, Englund U, Borssén B, Svensson O, Nyberg L, Gustafson Y: A multidisciplinary, multifactorial intervention program reduces postoperative falls and injuries after femoral neck fracture. Osteoporosis International 2007, 18(2):167-75. 5. Healey F, Monro A, Cockram A, Adams V, Heseltine D: Using targeted risk factor reduction to prevent falls in older inpatients: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 2004, 33(4):390-395. 6. Australian Safety and Quality Commission: Preventing falls and harm from falls in older people. Best practice guidelines for Australian hospitals and residential aged care facilities. Australian Council for Safety and Quality in Healthcare; 2005. 7. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: The burden of venous thromboembolism in Australia. 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Standards Australia; 2004. 12. Standards Australia: AS 2055.1:1985: PVC sheet floor-covering – Unbacked, flexible. Standards Australia; 1985. 13. Koepsell TD, Wolf ME, Buchner DM, Kukull WA, LaCroix AZ, Tencer AF, Frankeleld CL, Tautvydas M, Larson EB: Footwear style and risk of falls in older adults. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society 2004, 52(9):1493-1501. 14. Menz HB, Morris ME, Lord SR: Footwear characteristics and risk of indoor and outdoor falls in older people. Gerontology 2006, 52(3):174-180. 15. Sherrington C, Menz HB: An evaluation of footwear worn at the time of fall-related hip fracture. Age Ageing 2003, 32(3):310-314. 16. Nagata H, Watanabe H, Inoue Y, Kim I: Frictional values measured by various methods and their validities as an index of fall risks. 3rd Australian and New Zealand Falls Prevention (ANZFP) Conference: 2008; Melbourne, Australia 2008:50. Pre-publication history The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/9/39/prepub
SOUTH TEXAS COLLEGE REGIONAL CENTER FOR PUBLIC SAFETY EXCELLENCE PBK + G² Solutions Group, Inc SECTION 1 – INTRODUCTION 1 Acknowledgments SECTION 2 – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 The Master Planning Process SECTION 3 – MASTER PLAN 4 Long Range Master Plan 8 Educational 9 Fire Training 18 Driving Track 21 Shooting Range 29 Master Plan Phase One 30 Cost Assumptions On behalf of the Partners, Principals and entire PBK staff, we wish to express our sincere appreciation to South Texas College for the opportunity to participate in the development of the Long Range Master Plan for the Regional Center for Public Safety Excellence. The process of creating the Long Range Master Plan has been thorough and inclusive, drawing from the insights, expertise and vision of multiple stakeholders. We also extend our utmost gratitude to the South Texas College Board of Trustees, senior administrators, campus administrators, faculty, business and civic representatives that each actively participated in planning meetings, assisted with data collection and reviews, provided college system and campus-specific information and insight. Their commitment and contributions were invaluable to the success of the process. Cliff Whittingstall, AIA, LEED AP BD+C Partner Scott Adams, AIA, LEED AP Principal Mark Graham, AIA, LEED AP G2 Solutions Group Sarah Bustamante # ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ## BOARD OF TRUSTEES - Dr. Alejo Salinas, Jr. - Chair District 5 - Mrs. Graciela Farias - Vice Chair District 2 - Mr. Jesse Villarreal - Secretary District 6 - Ms. Rose Benavidez - Member District 1 - Mr. Paul R. Rodriguez - Member District 3 - Mr. Gary Gurwitz - Member District 4 - Mr. Roy de León - Member District 7 ## LEADERSHIP TEAM - Shirley A. Reed, M.B.A., Ed.D. President South Texas College - Maria G. Elizondo, MBA, CFE, CGMA, CPA Vice President for Finance and Administrative Services South Texas College - Ricardo de la Garza, Associate, AIA Director of Facilities, Planning & Construction South Texas College - George McCaleb, MBA, CFM, CEA Director of Facilities Operations and Maintenance South Texas College - Mario Reyna Dean for Business & Technology South Texas College - Victor Valdez, Jr. Instructor / Program Chair of Public Safety South Texas College - Victor Fonseca, Jr. Program Chair of Fire Science South Texas College ## COMMUNITY INPUT PARTNERS - South Texas College Department of Public Safety - Texas Department of Public Safety - City of Pharr Fire Department - City of Pharr Police Department - City of Donna Police Department - City of Alamo Police Department - Hidalgo County Sheriff’s Office - U.S. Customs and Border Patrol - Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School District - University of Texas Rio Grande Valley The Master Planning Process Creating a comprehensive master plan for a new Regional Center for Public Safety Center requires a highly collaborative process. It requires a significant time commitment from all participants. The process also requires collecting input from many stakeholders, including a variety of constituents representing groups from the South Texas College (STC) administration, faculty and community members, as well as representatives from several municipalities and State public safety organizations. In March 2016, South Texas College engaged PBK to assist them with the development of a LRMP. Throughout the process, there were several meetings with campus administrators and regional stakeholders. Each of these meetings was critical in understanding the physical and operational needs for this new center, and they provided insight into stakeholders, faculty and students’ needs and wants. Each group brought forward their needs, discussed possible program offerings, and made projections for growth. Having each group contribute and share their vision(s) for the new Regional Center for Public Safety Excellence is the right way to ensure the master plan effectively addresses both present and future stakeholder expectations. The South Texas College Regional Center for Public Safety Excellence Long Range Master Plan (LRMP) is designed to be a strategic road map for the physical development of the new campus over the next 20 years. The plan includes recommendations on program offerings based on the training and staff needs of the Rio Grande Valley. The LRMP serves as a valuable, fact-based planning tool for future facility related decision making. The results will be used to assist the college in determining where to focus and invest in terms of facilities and infrastructure. This is a very important step in guiding the College to realize the rewarding outcomes of its mission, purpose, core values and goals in meaningful and tangible ways – delivered in the form of facilities, learning environments, programs, opportunities and results. Design Charrette On June 20, 2016, a stakeholder Design Charrette was conducted to determine the design goals for the new campus. A charrette is an intensive planning session where participants and designers collaborate on a vision for the design and development of the projects. It provides a platform for sharing ideas and concepts, and allows for immediate feedback to and from designers. The biggest benefit of a charrette is that it empowers participating stakeholders to feel a sense of ownership in the overall plan. Over the two-day charrette process the following items were discussed and carefully evaluated by the stakeholders, which included: - Types of Fire Training Components requested by Stakeholders and STC - Drive track training components requested by Stakeholders and STC - Firing Range training components requested by Stakeholders and STC - Parking and Pedestrian Circulation - Future Educational Facilities and Student Services The discussion resulted in a draft of a 20-year master plan that was presented to the stakeholders at the end of the meeting for comments and further discussion. After gathering feedback and comments from the STC administration, faculty and community members, as well as representatives from several municipalities and state safety organizations, the final long range master plan was presented to the stakeholders on July 25th. Below is the recommended priority of construction for the master plan elements Master Plan - $71.28 Million Phase 1 - $9.99 Million (2016-2019) - 19,500+ Education Building - $4.5 Million - JAG Express Drop Off - included in cost of parking lot 160+ Parking Spaces and site development - $1.9 Million - Skills/Skiid Pad Driving Area - $17,529 - 54 Acres Contributed by the City of Pharr - $2.5 Million - 10 Acres Contributed by PSJA Independent School District - $370,532 Phase 2 - $9.69 Million (2020-2021) - Multi Story Fire Training Structure (7,500 sf) - $2.0 Million - EVOC Driving Track (255,156 sf), Scenario Buildings (4 @ 1,200 sf each), Cityscape with Simulation Building, Collision Avoidance, Barriers/Buffer Zones - $3.65 Million - Covered Shooting Range / Firearm Trg. Classroom - $3.2 Million - Confined Space / Trench Rescue Training - $248,000 - Flashover Training - $166,000 - Flammable Liquid and Glass (F.L.A.G.) Training Pad - $426,000 Phase 3 - $51.6 Million (2022-2023) - Two Story Residential Fire Training Structure (3,000 sf) - $1.0 Million - Future Campus Boulevard, Parking Expansion & Site Development, $4.2 Million - 15,000 sf Physical Plant - $6.5 Million - 50,000 sf Educational Building - $14.25 Million - 25,000 sf Student Services Building - $7.125 Million - 15,000 sf Student Services Building - $4.275 Million - 50,000 sf Educational Building - $14.25 Million Note 1: Includes $1 Million for additional classrooms by PSJA Independent School District. Note 2: 534,385 SF of buildings, structures, and driving track. 1. 21K+ Education Building 2. JAG Express Drop Off 3. 160+ Parking Spaces 4. Future 50,000sf Campus Boulevard 5. Future 50,000sf Educational Buildings 6. Future 25,000sf Student Services Buildings 7. Future 15,000sf Student Services Buildings 8. Future 15,000sf Physical Plant 9. Skills/Field Pad Training Area 10. 800’ Dirt Driving Track 11. Cityscape with Simmunition Building 12. Multi Story Fire Training Structure 13. Two Story Residential Fire Training Structure 14. Outdoor 50’x50’ Trench Rescue Training 15. Flashover Training 16. Flammable Liquid and Gas (F.L.A.G) Training Pad 17. Firearm Training Classroom 18. Covered Shooting Range LONG RANGE MASTER PLAN - AERIAL VIEW PBK + G² Solutions Group, Inc // South Texas College // Regional Center for Public Safety Excellence // Long Range Master Plan LONG RANGE MASTER PLAN - AERIAL VIEW PBK + G² Solutions Group, Inc // South Texas College // Regional Center for Public Safety Excellence // Long Range Master Plan LONG RANGE MASTER PLAN - AERIAL VIEW PBK + G² Solutions Group, Inc // South Texas College // Regional Center for Public Safety Excellence // Long Range Master Plan Site Design The new Regional Center for Safety Excellence was master planned to provide space for future growth. The overall organization was conceptualized around providing separation between the public educational areas and the safety training structures. The public oriented parking and educational buildings are located on the west side of the site closest to the entry road making navigation of the campus simple for students, staff and visitors. The safety training structures are on the east side of the site which serve to isolate them physically and acoustically. The main entry access creates a central boulevard that highlights the five-story fire training tower immediately signaling the purpose of the campus. This boulevard starts as vehicular traffic and transitions to a large pedestrian walkway that connects the six campus buildings via a central quad. This master plan provides over 180,000 sf square feet of educational space divided amongst six buildings, in addition, 500 plus spaces have been provided. Connecting the larger buildings together are smaller student services areas that can be used to help transition this center into a full campus as each new building is brought online. Also included in the master plan is a dedicated central plant to provide the infrastructure needed for the long term needs of the center. 1. 21,800 sf Education Building 2. JAG Express Drop Off 3. 500+ Parking Spaces 4. Campus Boulevard 5. 50,000 sf Educational Buildings 6. 25,000 sf Student Services Buildings 7. 15,000 sf Student Services Buildings 8. 15,000 sf Physical Plant Site Design The proposed fire training grounds will contain multiple fire training buildings, structures and props. These elements are designed specifically for fire training functions and incorporate the required operational and safety elements as defined within NFPA 1401 and NFPA 1403 guidelines for fire training buildings and structures. The site layout and environment will simulate a real life city grid containing street lighting, fire hydrants and signage. Road widths will follow standard city guidelines for residential, city streets and cul-de-sac design. The proposed placement of all fire training elements are shown in consideration of the existing site constraints, circulation requirements, safety, adjacencies and concurrent training activities. All vehicular traffic circulation areas within the site will be constructed of reinforced concrete pavement designed to accommodate the heavy loads of fire apparatus (H2 load factor). Integral curbs and gutters will be used for storm and fire training water management. Areas adjacent to fire training structures will be provided with sidewalks and impervious surfaces designed for fire training evolutions. 12. Multi Story Fire Training Structure 13. Two Story Residential Fire Training Structure 14. Confined Space/ Trench Rescue Training 15. Flashover Training 16. Flammable Liquid and Gas (F.L.A.G) Training Pad F.L.A.G (Flammable Liquid and Gasses) This testing and training area consists of a concrete pad area with a drive apron to the roadway. The area will be contained with a perimeter curb and sloped to a central area drain which is connected to the site clarifier. A combination of live fire portable props will be used in this area such as split-flange fire, Christmas tree fire, pressure vessel fire and liquid fuel pan fire. These elements are part of a self-contained transportable trailer unit which is complete with on-board propane tanks and power generator. Flashover Chamber The flashover chamber is comprised of shipping containers. These simple structures are connected in a way to allow for burning of materials in an upper chamber area and allow students to sit and observe various fire behavior scenarios in the lower chamber area. By using internal dampers and draft stops, the instructor can recreate real-life burn conditions. This prop is essential in understanding how fire can reignite and rollover in certain situations. The entire training prop itself is about 8’ wide x 40’ long x 12’ high. It accommodates up to eight (8) students and one (1) instructor. The duration in time of the exercise ranges from 15-20 minutes. Trench Rescue The trench rescue prop is used to train firefighters in the safe shoring and extraction of personnel in below grade trenches. The prop structure is comprised of cast-in-place concrete retaining walls. The series of trench walls varies in widths from 36” to 48” with “T” intersections, “L” shape configurations and 45-degree adjuncts. The depth is 8’-0” minimum to 10’-0” maximum. All open trench areas shall be protected with removable fiberglass grate sections. For access, a set of concrete stairs shall extend from grade level down to the bottom of the trench. One wall within the trench prop will connect to the confined space prop creating a horizontal entry point. Confined Space Training Prop There are two (2) distinct components of the confined space training. One section is above ground, the other below ground. The above ground section is comprised of 36” diameter reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) section set just below finish grade level. Within the pipe sections will be breach insertion “slots” allowing the instructors to place various breaching media for the students. The above ground terminus will be a standard concrete headwall at one end and a standard junction structure at the opposite end which would connect to the underground portion of the confined space prop. The below ground portion of the confined space is comprised of various diameter high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe sections. These sections will be positioned in accordance with the standards for confined space training. Individual sections will terminate at standard concrete junction structures with surface manhole access points. One section will extend to the trench rescue prop area. Vehicle Extrication Area The proposed vehicle extrication area will be located toward the rear of the site in the same area as the F.L.A.G. Training and Confined Space / Trench Rescue Prop. This area is sized to accommodate up to twelve (12) vehicles. The area itself will have a perimeter fence for screening. The surface area will be of concrete paving. This area will be sloped to drain to an area drain which will connect to the site clarifier due to the presence of various caustic liquids such as brake fluids, transmission fluids, gasoline etc. Propane Storage Tank(s) The interior and exterior live fire props are fueled with propane gas. Interior props are utilizing propane vapor. Exterior props utilize both vapor and liquid propane. From the propane tank, piping will be distributed to each of the fire training buildings, site props and the F.L.A.G. terminating with above grade shut-off valves. Dumpster Fire Prop The dumpster prop is one that simulates a typical dumpster fire. The prop will be located near the parking areas of the three-story apartment. The prop itself is surrounded by typical CMU trash enclosure walls and gates. Both liquid and vapor propane fuels are needed at this prop. Overhead Obstruction To further enhance the training ground setting, a series of telephone poles are installed. Between the poles are strung removable nylon ropes simulating power lines. At the residential structure, a single line is extended to rooftop structures to simulate power supply from a typical power pole. Two (2) buildings are currently planned within the Fire Training grounds to be used specifically for the training of firefighters. The placement of the buildings are planned to accommodate the necessary circulation and apparatus placement. They are also set a distance apart to allow for concurrent training by college personnel and/or outside agencies or companies. 2-Story Residential (House) Fire Training Structure A two-story structure will be erected to simulate a typical single family residence. The site will contain a fence for a backyard and synthetic grass for a front yard. This structure will have multiple roof systems for various slope training. The structure will have an internal stair leading to the upper floor area. There will also be single-story garage annex that connects internally to the structure. The access to the house will be from the street with a typical residential style driveway. Within the contiguous structure will be multiple fire training elements and live fire props. Below is a sample list of training elements and props to be contained within the structure. Fire Training Elements - Breach Door - Forcible Entry Door - Central controlled smoke generation system - Bailout window prop - Repelling and tie-off anchors - Movable Maze Panel wall system - Multiple window types: Casement, sliding, pivots and hinge. - Breach Walls and Openings Live Fire Props - Propane-Fueled Live Kitchen Fire Prop with Extension - Propane-Fueled Live Fire Bedroom Prop with Rollover - Exterior propane-fueled window fire prop - Propane fueled hallway flashover prop - Concealed propane-fueled attic fire prop - Propane-Fueled Exterior gas meter prop. - Interior Class “A” Burn Room (For burning of combustible materials) Multi-Story Tower Fire Training Structure A multi-story structure will be erected which will simulate several multi-story building styles including curtain wall, multi-family, hotel, commercial retail and high rise. The structure will contain a full height interior stair with rooftop penthouse for vertical circulation. Integrated as part of the multi-story structure will be a single story retail portion. This portion will simulate a typical non-descript retail strip mall where the rear side would have standard roll-up doors and metal access doors. On the front side facing north will be multiple commercial facades with various features and parapet heights simulating many of the typical firefighting buildings. The interior of the structure will be open and flexible for reconfiguration of specific scenarios. A portion of the retail roof area structure will be unique with each of the four (4) ‘stores’ having an independent different roof structure for observation and sound training. Roof construction types would include: - Open-Web steel truss framed - Heavy timber (Glue-Lam) panelized roof system - Wide flange steel framing - Wood truss Within the contiguous multi-story total structure will be multiple fire training elements and live fire props. Below is a sample list of training elements and props to be contained within the structure. Fire Training Elements - Fire Riser and Mock Sprinkler system - Forcible Entry Door - Central controlled smoke generation system - Repelling and tie-off anchors - Movable Maze Panel wall system - Multiple window types: Casement, sliding, pivots and hinge. - Dry-Pipe Riser with fire department connections - Flat-Roof Breach Prop - Pitched Roof Breach Prop - Jib Crane for Material management - Electrical Service Panel Prop - Mock Fire Alarm Panel Live Fire Props - Propane-Fueled Live Balcony Fire - Propane-Fueled Live Office Desk Fire with Extension - Propane-Fueled Hallway Flashover - Propane fueled warehouse rack and content fire Exterior The exterior composition of the fire training buildings will be of reinforced, solid-grouted concrete masonry units (CMU). The walls will be load-bearing supporting the interior floor structures as well as the roof structure. Additional architectural features will complement the facades of the buildings in correlation to the desired replication. The exposed CMU walls are to be of various block styles for aesthetic purposes such as colored block and split face. All CMU shall be sealed with an approved masonry sealer. Due to the functions of training, the windows depicted shall use ¼” thick solid aluminum plate as the glazing. Window frame systems shall be heavy gauge hollow metal type with painted finish. Exterior doors shall be standard hollow metal type with full height hinges for durability. Doors and frames shall have paint finish. Selected doors will be equipped with a forcible entry prop latch which is used by the trainees. These units are constructed of heavy gauge, galvanized metal, with heavy duty springs. Roof systems for the training buildings will be of two general types. For flat roof areas, the surface will be exposed concrete, with a two-part sealer applied. These areas are used by the trainee personnel for various activities. Pitched roofs as used on the 2-Story House structure will be constructed with heavy duty metal framing and covered asphalt roof shingles. As with the flat roof areas, these roofs will be used in various exercises. Interiors The interior environment of the training buildings is to serve functionally for the trainers. To that extent, finishes such as ceilings, floorings, wall surfaces, casework are not used. During a training evolution, the rooms are dark, without light fixtures. Firefighters advance with charged fire hose lines throughout the buildings. The only lighting to be provided within the structures will be a ills will be standard precision face CMU units. Walls with outside corners shall utilize bull nose corners. Floor and roof structures shall be constructed of exposed concrete. All floors shall be sealed with and approved concrete sealer system. The structural support of the floors will be determined by the structural engineer. Many of the training scenarios will incorporate the use of water. As the amount of water is extensive, all interior floors will be sloped for drainage. Slabs on grade will drain to interior oversized floor drains with removable strainers. Upper floors will drain to multiple exterior scupper and downspouts. Vertical circulation stairs shall be constructed of heavy duty steel frame structures with concrete filled metal pans. Metal elements will have paint finishes while the concrete treads will be sealed. Handrails/Guardrails shall be installed on each side of all stairs per Life Safety and OSHA guidelines. Typical Gas-Fueled Live Fire Training Props As part of the training environment, the fire training building will be equipped with propane-fueled live fire props. These computer controlled training units generate interior fires to be extinguished by the firefighters. Each prop is individually controlled by the trainer and is equipped with multiple safety elements, such as “dead man’s” shut off switch, integral smoke and heat evacuation, interior room temperature sensors and air samplers. Refer to Figure A at the end of this section. Where live fire props are located within the building, those rooms shall be provided with a high temperature lining system to protect the masonry wall and ceiling structure. The lining systems are designed to withstand temperatures to 2,000° Fahrenheit. These are attached to a galvanized metal framing system secured to the building superstructure. Doors and windows located within the live fire prop rooms have high-temperature lining material installed on the inside face. Door and window frames need not be protected. Live fire props require equipment rooms which houses the fire prop control panels and equipment. These rooms shall be “dry” in nature and protected from interior fire training functions using locking doors with seals and thresholds. The live fire props themselves and the supporting equipment shall be supplied and installed by the selected fire training equipment supplier. Refer to below for depiction of provided equipment. Figure A: Typical Gas-Fired Prop “Burn Room” Diagram Typical High Rise / Commercial Buildings Fire Training Grounds The high rise and commercial fire training structures are used to simulate many of the technical and specialized training scenarios facing firefighters. --- Interior Live Fire Training Props Fire Training Buildings The live fire training props are computer controlled systems offering state-of-the-art fire training in a safe environment. All props are full-controllable utilizing hand-held controls which monitor all functions of the fire, room and operations. These props vary in their shape and effects. --- Kitchen Fire Prop w/ Extension Bedroom Fire Living Room Fire w/ Rollover Bedroom Fire/ Rollover --- High Rise Facade High Rise/Hotel Commercial/Industrial Structure Multi-Family Structure Interior Live Fire Flashover Training Prop Fire Training Tower This is the live fire flashover/rollover effect prop. It is not intended to be an extinguishable fire, as much as the understanding of fire traveling across ceiling structures. The system is controlled by the trainer through a handheld remote device. A supporting equipment room houses the necessary infrastructure. --- Miscellaneous Fire Training Props Fire Training Buildings These props simulate a variety of real-world elements essential in firefighter understanding and training. They are located in typical locations. - Electrical Panel Simulator - Gas Meter Flange Fire Prop - Forcible Entry Door - Exterior Dumpster Fire Product: Portable Live Fire Car Prop Location: Fire Training Site Area Function/Application: This prop allows the users to locate the car anywhere on the site where a safe distance to combustible materials is maintained. It fully self-contained and portable which can be loaded onto its trailer and transported to other sites for remote training if desired. --- Car FIRETRAINER® O-100 Kidde’s portable Car Fire “Hawke®” O-100, with optional F.L.A.G. Advanced Equipment. The O-100 fire simulator allows the operator to safely ignite the car’s engine compartment from a safe distance through incident. Portable CAR Trainers offer multiple training scenarios including: vehicle fires, vehicle roll overs, and vehicle extrication. The car is available with two unique operation control systems: manual or automatic. The manual system allows the user to control the ignition, engine, and fire extinguisher. The Car FireTrainer® O-100 is extremely versatile with the ability to replicate scenarios such as: - engine fire - modern passenger compartment fire - rear seat fire The car fire prop’s functional wires and sensors allow for realistic fire behavior effects. An outboard transport trailer with an on-board propane tank allows for easy transport and storage. The car fire simulator can be transported to numerous locations. Car Trainers - Vehicle fires simulated by heat flux heat mats and simulating smoke, flames, and smoke and heat sensors activated. - Manual or automatic operation and ignition control. - Multiple training scenarios including: vehicle fires, roll over, and vehicle extrication. - The car is available with two unique operation control systems: manual or automatic. The manual system allows the user to control the ignition, engine, and fire extinguisher. Fusible O.H.P. - The Fusible O.H.P. Trainer represents a mid-size vehicle with interior and exterior compartment fires. The fusible O.H.P. trainer provides a realistic training environment for vehicle fires, vehicle roll overs, and extrications. Training scenarios include fires in multiple locations within the vehicle. Fusible O.H.P. Equipment - Programmable logic controller - Diesel fuel system - Propane gas system - Engine fire - Interior fire - Roof and Rollover - Exterior fire - Fusible Portable Equipment - Die cast aluminum transporter - Clear vinyl cover - Storage compartments --- Product: Portable F.L.A.G. Training Props Location: Fire Training Site Area Function/Application: This system of prop allows the users to change between applications of the actual live fire prop unit. The props are portable which will allow them to be transported to remote locations for training elsewhere. --- Portable Fire & Haz-Mat FIRETRAINER® O-100 Kidde’s Portable Fire & Haz-Mat FIRETRAINER® O-100, with optional F.L.A.G. Advanced Equipment. The O-100 fire simulator allows the operator to safely ignite the car’s engine compartment from a safe distance through incident. Portable FIRE & HAZ-MAT Training Scenarios include: vehicle fires, vehicle roll overs, and vehicle extrication. The car is available with two unique operation control systems: manual or automatic. The manual system allows the user to control the ignition, engine, and fire extinguisher. Flammable Liquid and Gas Trainer - Incompatible material responses to flammable liquid and gas incidents demonstrate quick and effective responses which is generated from the simulation of a variety of flammable liquids and gases. - The FL&G Trainer provides an assortment of training modules that represent the training scenarios of the F.L.A.G. and F.L.A.G.S Advanced Trainers. With a variety of flammable liquids and gases, each module includes innovative and advanced training capabilities. FL&G Trainer - The FL&G Trainer provides an assortment of training modules that represent a variety of flammable liquid and gas incidents commonly found in the fire service. FL&G Trainer Equipment - Dual compound transporter - Clear vinyl cover - Operator control module - Programmable logic controller - Propane gas system - Gas meter box - Gas manifold (not all gas/liquid fire) - TIG welder F.L.A.G. & Advanced - The F.L.A.G. Trainer offers a variety of training modules providing techniques for larger incident management, with the integration of multiple hazards. - F.L.A.G. Advanced Equipment - Dual compound transporter - Clear vinyl cover - Operator control module - Programmable logic controller - Propane gas system - Ignition module - Dual compound flammable liquid spill fire - TIG welder - Gas meter box - Gas manifold - Gas manifold hose kit - TIG welder --- SEND ME MORE INFORMATION [PBK + G2 Solutions Group, Inc](#) // South Texas College // Regional Center for Public Safety Excellence // Long Range Master Plan 06-30-2017 Product: Trench Rescue Area Location: Fire Training Area Function/Application: The trench rescue area is sub-terrain prop system of concrete trenches for designed for specific training applications. It is interconnected to one of the confined space pipe legs. For our project we will use below grade and CIP (Cast-In-Place Concrete) for all side walls, bottom and access stairs. --- Product: Flashover Chamber Location: Fire Training Area Function/Application: The flashover chamber is a free-standing structure designed to simulate various fire behavior conditions which can be observed by students in a controlled environment. --- Rollover Observation Simulator Consisting Of: - 10’ Burn Module - High Temperature Linzing - Interior Modular Burn Room - Galvanized bar grate flooring covered with paving blocks - Material Suspension Chains - Burn Crib Cylinder - Loading Platform - 20’ Observation Module - Ventilation Hatch / Damper System - Concrete paving blocks over steel lined floor - Reinforced fire doors - Hose line access hatch Typical Residential Training Building Fire Training Grounds The residential fire training structures are to simulate the layout, circulation and roof systems found in neighborhood residential communities which are the most common firefighter responses structures. Single Story Residence with Basement 2-Story Residential Structure Site Design The Emergency Vehicle Operations Center (EVOC) will include a state-of-the-art driving course to include all of the necessary elements to train both new and experienced officers. The EVOC complex will provide the foremost driver training facility in the region. Elements will include a Highway Response Course and a Driving Skills Pad. 9. Skills/Skid Pad Driving Area 10. EVOC Driving Track 11. Cityscape with Simunition Building a. Sand Stop b. Earth Berms Urban Driving Course (located within the EVOC Driving Area) This course simulates an urban driving environment that includes city streets, controlled and uncontrolled intersections, and various types of road surfaces (asphalt, dirt, gravel, and concrete). Students will apply learned accident avoidance techniques, vehicle dynamics and department policy requirements relating to emergency and pursuit driving, turning and backing techniques, steering and braking techniques. Highway Response Course This highway-style course will allow students to demonstrate high-speed driving skills. Students will apply learned accident avoidance techniques, vehicle dynamics and department policy requirements relating to emergency and pursuit driving. Students will apply learned techniques to avoid a hazardous situation by steering, braking, or accelerating to avoid a collision or other crash. Driving Skills Pad A concrete pad is where officers will apply skid control techniques during controlled braking exercises, straight line skids and 90-degree turning skids. The pad may also be used to set up various slow speed exercises using traffic cones. Officers will apply learned techniques for serpentine, 9-3 steering, shuffle steering, lane changes, backing, and parking. EVOC Complex Training Scenarios - Serpentine steering - High risk stops - Diminishing clearance exercises primarily for large rigs - Braking techniques (ABS and non-ABS) - Confined space turns - Pursuit training - Offset alley maneuvers - Skid control practice - Four-corner exercises to acquaint drivers with the location and clearance of each side of the car - Proper seating and steering techniques - Emergency driving maneuvers - Controlled braking - Urban environment driving techniques - Proper backing techniques and practice - Complex cone course driving - Vehicle dynamics training - Combined pursuit techniques Product: Slow Skills Driving Pad Location: Fire Training Area Function/Application: The slow skills driving pad is a heavy duty, reinforced concrete area designed for driver/operator training. Within the pad area are depicted the various law enforcement and fire apparatus driving layouts using colored dots by which the instructor can quickly set up the cones in the pre-measured configurations. DRIVING PAD SHOWING POLICE DRIVING LAYOUTS LAW: BACKING LAW: 90 & 180 DEGREE CORNERS LAW: LOLLIPOP LAW: PERCEPTION REACTION DRIVING PAD SHOWING FIRE DRIVING LAYOUTS Exterior Design The exterior construction of the shooting range building can be either constructed of “Tilt-Up” concrete walls or solid-grouted masonry. The shooting range building will be constructed with a secondary exterior façade wall that compliments the other campus buildings in color and forms. The walls will be load-bearing walls. Additional architectural features such as windows, trims, and accents can be incorporated to enhance the overall aesthetics. 17. Firearm Training Classroom 18. Covered Shooting Range The interior area of the shooting range building is an acoustic and ballistic separated space environment for the safe use and training of live firearms. The entire space is fitted with various equipment and elements to provide for safety in all aspects of firearm instruction including handguns, rifles and shotguns. The interior range area will have fifteen (15) lanes of 50-yard distance for instruction of all firearms. This range will have a tactical training area extending to the 25-yard line from the target line which will prevent any errant ballistic vertical misfires. A selected range vendor will be installing their systems as further described below. The MEP elements will be coordinated for installation in harmony with the range equipment. Firing Range Training - 50-yard handgun and shotgun firearms training utilizing a fixed target line and advancing firing line. - Fixed 50-Yard Shooting Distance - 25-Yard full tactical or lateral firing capabilities. Tactical Ballistic Walls - The front 25-Yards of the range will be designed to accommodate full tactical firearms training. The exterior perimeter walls will be fully grouted CMU or tilt-up concrete. These walls will be protected with a ballistic composite material with steel plate to a height approximately 9'-0" or bottom of the suspended ballistic baffles. Shooting Range Roof / Ceiling The roof/ceiling configuration will be comprised of a concrete slab roof on metal deck over steel structure protected by a series of suspended angled ballistic baffles. The roof structure shall be designed to accommodate the minimum suspended weight of 45 lbs./SF. The baffles will be an air-space composite of AR 500 steel plate angled to re-direct ballistic rounds. The underside will have secondary composite material to prevent ricochet and spatter. In addition to protecting the structure from ballistic impact, the suspended baffles will protect the HVAC and Electrical systems above. Shooting Range Floor The floor of the range shall be smooth finished reinforced concrete slab. All control and expansion joints will be sealed. The floor shall have proper lane markings for both distance and width. The entire floor area shall be sealed with a roll-on applied or spray-applied sealer to prevent the migration of lead into the porous concrete. Acoustical Separation The exterior walls and roof structure of the range will have additional acoustic dampening and absorbing applications. - Roof: The underside of the exposed roof and structure shall have a spray-applied acoustic material similar to a monocoat system. Material shall be placed on all steel members and metal deck systems to reduce interior echo and reverberation. - Interior Walls: The underside of the re-directive ballistic baffles will have surface applied rigid acoustic membrane applied. This also serves to eliminate ricochet and spatter. - Exterior Wall: To reduce ambient noise to adjacent or outdoor areas, a secondary wall or face brick material should be applied with a fibrous-filled air-gap between elements. Range Equipment – Bullet Trap There are two (2) predominant types of bullet containment traps to be considered. - The Steel Containment shall be of a typical inverted “V” steel trap designed to capture ballistic rounds via a deceleration chamber. The trap is construction of 3/8” AR 500 steel. - The Elevated Rubber Media bullet trap shall be of an inclined steel frame with a of 3/8” AR 500 steel backstop. The backstop is filled with 18”-24” deep field of rubber media designed to absorb bullet rounds. Range Equipment – Targeting Equipment The targeting systems in each bay will include a Laptop PC-based programmable control system (located in the range control room), utilizing electric or pneumatic actuators for fixed-position, turning targets and dual running man targets. The targeting system will be interfaced with the target lighting/dimming system. The targeting system will allow remote control of target courses from within the range area. Support Equipment – Sound System Communication between the control room and the range will be facilitated by a two-way intercom system. In addition, more sophisticated sound system capability in each bay will allow use of prerecorded training sounds to facilitate situational firearms training scenarios. Support Equipment – Portable Bleachers Prefabricated aluminum riser seating for 20 people. Master Plan \| SHOOTING RANGE COMPONENTS ### Product: Overhead Range Ballistic Protection Location: Shooting Range Function/Application: The range will be protected on all sides from errant rounds. The roof is protected using a series of suspended baffles spaced for tactical and fixed line shooting. The tactical provides 100% protection of vertical errant shots while the fixed line provides “0” daylight. The underside of baffles will be faced with acoustic panels. --- ### Product: Sidewall Ballistic Protection Location: Shooting Range Function/Application: The side walls of the range will be installed with a ballistic material that, while able to absorb errant ballistic rounds, also offers an acoustic baffling which reduces the noise levels and echoes within the range area. --- Ballistic Tile PRODUCT NAME: N-Gage™ Ballistic Rubber Tile PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: The N-Gage BMT series is a ballistic rubber tile with a woven surface that offers a versatile design for range kuffle and sidewall applications. The new N-Gage BMT series is designed to provide ballistic protection for indoor and outdoor trape, firing ranges, safety walls, targetry shields and other areas where durable ballistic protection is required. It is manufactured in a variety of sizes and colors. \| PRODUCT NO./COLOR CODE \| BMT-7530 \| BMT-7510 \| BMT-7550 \| \|------------------------\|----------\|----------\|----------\| \| DIMENSIONS / SIZE \| 24" x 24" x 8.5" \| 24" x 24" x 8.5" \| 24" x 24" x 12.5" \| \| \| 1.25" x 1.25" x 21.6" \| 1.25" x 1.25" x 21.6" \| 1.25" x 1.25" x 29.2" \| \| WEIGHT \| 29 lbs \| 29 lbs \| 38 lbs \| FEATURES - Indoor/Outdoor Shooting Range - Gun Ranges - Gun Clubs - Law Enforcement - Security - Target Ranges SAFETY BAFFLES™ U.S. PATENT # 6,833,888 Benefits - Assists in reducing reflection - Made from 100% recycled rubber - Manufactured specifically for added ballistic protection - Durable and resilient - Sound Absorbing - 100% Recycled Rubber - Looks great round after round Currently In Use At The Following Facilities - California Highway Patrol - Sacramento - Orange County Sheriff’s Dept. - DOD - White Sands Missile Range Division - New Mexico WARRANTY One (1) year warranty on material and manufacturing defects INSTALLATION - Attached with finish nails, screws or adhesive - Can be installed vertically or horizontally - Call for price quotes and availability CUSTOM ORDER Call for availability of modified or custom ballistic tiles and designs MISCELLANEOUS Call for Pricing ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Contact Paragon Tactical, Inc. or call PH: 800-682-0990 (1-1-1) Paragon Tactical, Inc. 1180 Commerce Street, Corona CA, 92880 Public Address System The public address system will allow audible sound to be heard within the range during exercises. The system is equipped with a desktop microphone within the control room, as well as a wireless microphone for the instructor. An electronic timer is incorporated as part of the system, which can provide an audible alarm for timed events. --- Portable Aluminum Bleachers Portable bleachers provide seating within the range area. The ability to tip and roll the bleachers allows the instructor the flexibility to move the units where instruction will be performed. --- Commercial System Solutions Everything you need in one box! Electro-Voice PA Systems, ideal for 1000-1500 people gathered within an oval canteen and coverage are essential. Typical applications are football, baseball, track and parking areas. Public Address or Stadium Systems, ideal for 1000-1500 people gathered within an oval canteen and coverage are essential. Typical applications are football, baseball, track and parking areas. These quality stadium sound systems are designed with excellent voice reproductions and a high quality dynamic microphone—an outstanding voice reproduction. It maintains throughout its frequency response and provides excellent feedback rejection—excellent for stadium PA systems. Atlas Sound AA120 amplifier incorporated in the system is designed to meet exact customer requirements. 120 Watt amplifier engineered with unique features to assist today’s commercial business audio environment. This unit has 6-channel, bridge balanced line/internal relay, Zone 2 MIC Out from CH1 Line source, remote or VU --- Tip-n-Roll Bleachers: - Manufactured in the USA - Available in 3 row and 4 row configurations - Lightweight Aluminum Structure - 4” casters on each frame - NoMar skids to protect the surface below To order your bleachers today: call 800.875.3141 or email email@example.com Our Tip-n-Roll Bleachers are available in these sizes: \| Item \| R \| Ht \| Sht \| D \| Description \| Wt \| \|--------\|---\|----\|-----\|---\|--------------------------------------\|----\| \| 643915 \| 3 \| 26 \| 16 \| 5 \| aluminum bleacher, 6' row, 12" seat board, 78" length \| 133 \| \| 643915 \| 3 \| 26 \| 10 \| 5 \| aluminum bleacher, 6' row, 12" seat board, 75" length \| 196 \| \| 643921 \| 3 \| 26 \| 42 \| 5 \| aluminum bleacher, 6' row, 12" seat board, 21" length \| 300 \| \| 643937 \| 3 \| 26 \| 54 \| 5 \| aluminum bleacher, 6' row, 12" seat board, 27" length \| 421 \| \| 644971 \| 4 \| 30 \| 10 \| 7 \| aluminum bleacher, 8' row, 12" seat board, 78" length \| 269 \| \| 644915 \| 4 \| 30 \| 40 \| 7 \| aluminum bleacher, 8' row, 12" seat board, 18" length \| 440 \| \| 644921 \| 4 \| 30 \| 56 \| 7 \| aluminum bleacher, 8' row, 12" seat board, 21" length \| 610 \| \| 644937 \| 4 \| 30 \| 72 \| 7 \| aluminum bleacher, 8' row, 12" seat board, 27" length \| 807 \| Range Hand Washing Sink Shooting Range Tests show that lead contamination to people occurs with the transfer of contaminants from the hands. The design includes this style of sink which accommodates multiple personnel before they enter back into the building. --- Bullet Resistant Doors & Windows Shooting Range Control Room The control room is a key element to the operations and security of the shooting range. Optimal vision of the range and quick access is essential. To ensure safety, all construction surrounding the Control Room will be protected from errant ballistic rounds. Product: Shooting Range Floor Sealer Location: Shooting Range Function/Application: To prevent lead from residing within the porous surface of exposed concrete, the entire slab area of the shooting range will have a clear sealer applied. This will allow for standard interior cleaning to remove lead particulates. --- VOCOMP™-30 Water-Based Acrylic Concrete Curing and Sealing Compound DESCRIPTION VOCOMP™-30 is a ready-to-use, 30% solids Concrete Curing and Sealing Compound formulated of special acrylic resins and pigments. VOCOMP™-30 is designed to cure and seal concrete surfaces in all weather conditions, freezing temperatures, most acids and industrial chemicals, and is resistant to alkali, salts, solvents (except aromatic solvents), diluted caustics and other pollutants. Color-wise, VOCOMP™-30 appears “milky-white” in its original state. The VOCOMP™-30 is simply a “blank” coat on the concrete for easy visual inspection. VOCOMP™-30 is designed to provide a transparent sheen finish. This sheen can be controlled by the number of coats applied. VOCOMP™-30 is also available in a variety of colors. Concrete Curing and Sealing Compounds are required by law in many states. USES VOCOMP™-30 may be used wherever a thicker film, with a medium to high sheen, is desired to bring out the natural beauty of the concrete without cracking or peeling. When properly applied, VOCOMP™-30 will provide a durable coating that far superior moisture protection. It may be applied to smooth, flat, new or old concrete, brick, stone, tile, wood, metal, glass, plastic, fiberglass, and other similar surfaces. VOCOMP™-30 is ideal for curing, sealing, and protecting concrete slabs, floors, patios, driveways, swimming pool areas and commercial and industrial floors. This product is also ideal for use on concrete 30-day old concrete. VOCOMP™-30 offers excellent wearing qualities for foot and vehicle traffic. VOCOMP™-30 is also ideal for use on concrete 30-day old concrete. VOCOMP™-30 is also ideal for use on concrete 30-day old concrete. VOCOMP™-30 is not a sealant for improperly mixed or installed concrete. ADDITIONAL CURE AND SEALING COMPOUNDS FROM W.R. MEADOWS CAN BE FOUND BY VISITING OUR WEBSITE: www.wrmeadows.com --- FEATURES AND BENEFITS - Water-based, non-yellowing, water-base compound that seals and protects concrete in one application. - Dries quickly on new concrete to provide a clear, tough, durable, non-yellowing finish. - Applicable for use on new, old, interior, exterior, residential, commercial, and industrial concrete. - Offers improved resistance to most chemicals, petroleum products, and salt solutions. - Application tools can be cleaned with soap and water. - VOC compliant - actual VOC content is less than 300 grams/L. PACKAGING - 5-gallon (1.79 L) pail (4 pails per case) - 1-gallon (3.78 L) pail (4 pails per case) - 200-ml (0.298 L) Liner Drums COVERAGE - Brushed Surface: Approximately 300 sq. ft. per gallon (28.3 m² per L) - Troweled Surface: Approximately 500 sq. ft. per gallon (47.2 m² per L) SPECIFICATIONS - ASTM C 1064, Type 1, Class A - ASTM C 309, Type 1, Class B - ASTM C 1064, Type 1, Class B - 1,000 psi (6.9 MPa) Acceptable --- Target Control System The target control system provides the trainer with full capabilities of all range systems such as, lighting, targets, and a running man unit. The main station is located in the control room while a wireless handheld unit provides the instructor control and mobility. Pivoting Targets System Location: Shooting Range Function/Application: The range will be equipped with individual pneumatically or electrically activated pivoting targets. The targets can spin in either direction offering “shoot”, “no shoot” and “blade” appearances. The individual connections allow targets to operate independent of each other through the range control system. --- “Running Man” Moving Target System Location: Shooting Range Function/Application: Along with the pivoting targets, an integral moving target is planned. This system utilizes target, supported from on overhead track that move laterally across the range. These are controlled through the target control system. --- D-TAPS™ U.S. PATENT PENDING The only thing worse than missing is hitting something you weren’t supposed to. - The D-TAPS is a high speed, 180-degree, pneumatic turning target actuator that adds a powerful new dimension of realism making to your firearms training program. - Exposing both sides of the target lets you train for good/ bad guy threat identification. You now have to identify any threat and decide action threats before taking action. - The target has a 2/3rd chance of a second which is presented when your brain can react. This means you can’t anticipate which side is being presented. - Each D-TAPS actuator comes with a built-in electric interface that allows you to control each target independently for tactical multiple-threat scenarios. - With the addition of our turntable/pneumatic control software, you can program individual target exposure and delay times with split-second accuracy. - The system works with all standard target sizes, and no drill is required. A simple and reliable steel clamp holds everything in place. --- TRACK RUNNER™ U.S. PATENT # 5242172 - Round rail track system - Single or double track configurations - Can be mounted indoors or outdoors - Impervious to wind - Can be mounted on flat track - Use paper, cardboard, and even steel targets - Heavy duty handwheel control - Automatic and manual operation available - Variable speed and electric braking - Permanent or non-permanent installation MOVING TARGETS Because old I-beam and steel strip tracks are clumsy and expensive to install and maintain, and because these track lines, we developed a round rail track system made of durable plastic that is easy to install and use for continuous training to master how windy it gets. The Track Runner™ system is available in several configurations depending on your needs. For systems used indoors, the track is mounted on a heavy-duty frame of sturdy feet attached at each track connector point. If the system is used outdoors, a concrete base is required; the system can easily be moved as necessary. If your needs are different, the new “Track Runner™” can also be mounted on a trolley. This is especially useful in areas where space is limited, such as indoor ranges or other ranges where space is limited. The trolley is a heavy-duty steel frame mounted on the new “Track Runner™” allows the target line to be moved as needed. THE TROLLEY The trolley uses a low-profile design and creates overhead smooth to provide extremely smooth track movement. The trolley’s low profile, which is less than 6 inches above ground level, reduces noise, avoids wind resistance, and reduces vibration, so you can actually stand on the trolley and ride it, and listen to the target. OVER >> Product: Location: Function/Application: Bullet Trap and Containment Shooting Range The trap system is considered a “total containment” trap that extends the full width of the range. It allows cross lane shooting. The system incorporates an integrated lead recovery unit as well as dust removal system. --- TOTAL CONTAINMENT TRAP™ A total containment trap is designed to contain all lead and debris from a shooting range. The trap is constructed with a steel frame and a rubber media surface. The trap is designed to be installed on top of a concrete floor or on top of a concrete slab. The trap is designed to be installed on top of a concrete floor or on top of a concrete slab. Features: - The trap is designed to be installed on top of a concrete floor or on top of a concrete slab. - The trap is designed to be installed on top of a concrete floor or on top of a concrete slab. - The trap is designed to be installed on top of a concrete floor or on top of a concrete slab. Applications: - The trap is designed to be installed on top of a concrete floor or on top of a concrete slab. - The trap is designed to be installed on top of a concrete floor or on top of a concrete slab. - The trap is designed to be installed on top of a concrete floor or on top of a concrete slab. Steel Containment Trap Steel Containment Trap Cross Section Rubber Media Bullet Trap Rubber Media Outdoor Installation 1. 21K+ Education Building 2. JAG Express Drop Off 3. 160+ Parking Spaces 4. Future Phase Campus Boulevard 5. Future 50,000 sf Educational Buildings 6. Future 25,000sf Student Services Buildings 7. Future 15,000 sf Student Services Buildings 8. Future 15,000sf Medical Plant 9. Skills/Skid Pad Driving Area 10. EVOC Driving Track 11. Cityscape with Simmunition Building 12. Multi Story Fire Training Structure 13. Two Story Residential Fire Training Structure 14. Confined Space / Trench Rescue Training 15. Flashover Training 16. Flammable Liquid and Gas (F.L.A.G) Training Pad 17. Firearm Training Classroom 18. Covered Shooting Range ## Master Plan \| COST ASSUMPTIONS PHASES I & II ### Shooting Range – Option 1 - Shooting Range Floor (16,000 SF): $96,000 - Shooting Range Perimeter Walls (560 LF): $19,750 - Shooting Range Roof (20,000 SF): $700,000 - Shooting Range 15 Lanes @ 50-Yard Length Equipment: $1,100,000 - 50-Yard Fixed Shooting Line - Tactical Range 0-25 yards - Overhead Ballistic Baffles - Full-Width Steel Containment Trap - Dust Collection System - Auger Bullet Retrieval System - Overhead Pivoting Targets - Overhead “Running Man” Target - Shooting Range HEPA Ventilation System: $500,000 - Acoustic Wall & Ceiling Treatments: $175,000 - Range Electrical & Lighting: $160,000 - Miscellaneous Equipment: $25,000 - Classroom and Staging Area: $400,000 SUB TOTAL: $3,175,750 ### Shooting Range – Option 2 - Shooting Range Floor (16,000 SF): $96,000 - Shooting Range Roof (20,000 SF): $500,000 - Shooting Range 15 Lanes @ 50-Yard Length Equipment: $580,000 - Full-Width Steel Containment Trap - Dust Collection System - Auger Bullet Retrieval System - Overhead Pivoting Targets - Overhead “Running Man” Target - Acoustic Wall & Ceiling Treatments: $65,000 - Range Electrical & Lighting: $160,000 - Miscellaneous Equipment: $25,000 - Classroom and Staging Area: $400,000 SUB TOTAL: $1,826,750 ### E.V.O.C. Driving Track - Driving Track Area (255,156 SF): $2,552,000 - Collision Avoidance: $23,500 - Cityscape with Simulation Buildings (4 @ 1,200 SF each): $600,000 - Barriers and Buffer Zones: $440,000 - Skills Driving Pad (87,929 SF): $871,000 - Signage and Area Lighting: $35,000 SUB TOTAL: $4,521,500 ### Two-Story Residential Fire Training Structure - Site Development (9,000 SF): $31,500 - Two-Story Structure (3,000 SF): $450,000 - Live Fire Training Props & High Temperature Lining (3 Live Fire Burn Rooms): $520,000 SUB TOTAL: $1,001,500 ### Multi-Story Fire Training Structure - Site Development (14,725 SF): $51,500 - Multi-Story Structure (7,500 SF): $1,312,500 - Live Fire Training Props & High Temperature Lining (3 Live Fire Burn Rooms + 2 Effect Fires): $580,000 - Non-Fire Training Props: $45,000 SUB TOTAL: $1,989,000 ### Fire Training Ground Props & Structures - Site Development (50,875 SF): $178,065 - Vehicle Extrication Area (7,500 SF): $45,000 - HAZ-MAT / F.L.A.G. Portable Life Fire Props: $115,000 - Dumpster Fire Prop & Enclosure: $46,500 - Confined Space/Trench Rescue Area: $158,000 - Flammable Liquid & Gas Training Prop: $245,000 SUB TOTAL: $787,565 ### Fire Training Miscellaneous Areas - Apparatus Truck Parking (8 Spaces): $8,500 - Propane Storage Tank(s): $5,000 - F.L.A.G. Area (6,000 SF): $24,000 - Shade Structures (2 total): $24,000 - Signage and Area Lighting: $15,000 SUB TOTAL: $76,500 These numbers could vary significantly based on the final selection of training props and materials. The provided cost assumption is only a suggestion, and the final selection of materials and training props have yet to be determined for this center. Overall site costs, including but not limited to: utility infrastructure, parking, access drives, landscaping and site lighting are not included in this estimate and must be provided by the civil engineer who is directly contracted with STC. THANK YOU SOUTH TEXAS COLLEGE PBK + G² Solutions Group, Inc
CSE 311: Foundations of Computing Lecture 28: Undecidability, Reductions, and Turing Machines Final exam Monday, Review session Sunday • Monday at either 2:30-4:20 or 4:30-6:20 – JHN 102 – Must select your exam time by Saturday No changes permitted after that – Bring your UW ID • Comprehensive: Full problems only on topics that were covered in homework. May have small problems on other topics. – May include pre-midterm topics, e.g., formal proofs. – Reference sheets will be included. Closed book. No notes. • Review session: Sunday starting at 1 pm on Zoom – Bring your questions !! Review: Countability vs Uncountability • To prove a set $A$ countable you must show – There exists a listing $x_1, x_2, x_3, \ldots$ such that every element of $A$ is in the list. • To prove a set $B$ uncountable you must show – For every listing $x_1, x_2, x_3, \ldots$ there exists some element in $B$ that is not in the list. – The diagonalization proof shows how to describe a missing element $d$ in $B$ based on the listing $x_1, x_2, x_3, \ldots$. Important: the proof produces a $d$ no matter what the listing is. Last time: Undecidability of the Halting Problem $CODE(P)$ means “the code of the program $P$” The Halting Problem Given: - $CODE(P)$ for any program $P$ - input $x$ Output: - true if $P$ halts on input $x$ - false if $P$ does not halt on input $x$ Theorem [Turing]: There is no program that solves the Halting Problem Proof: By contradiction. Assume that a program $H$ solving the Halting program does exist. Then program $D$ must exist. Does $ D(\text{CODE}(D)) $ halt? \[ \begin{align} \text{public static void } & D(x) \\ & \{ \\ & \quad \text{if (H(x,x) == true)} \\ & \quad \quad \text{while (true); / don’t halt /} \\ & \quad \} \\ & \quad \text{else} \\ & \quad \quad \text{return; / halt /} \\ & \} \end{align} \] $ H $ solves the halting problem implies that $ H(\text{CODE}(D), x) $ is true iff $ D(x) $ halts, $ H(\text{CODE}(D), \text{CODE}(D)) $ is false. Suppose that $ D(\text{CODE}(D)) $ halts. Then, by definition of $ H $ it must be that $ H(\text{CODE}(D), \text{CODE}(D)) $ is true. Which by the definition of $ D $ means $ D(\text{CODE}(D)) $ doesn’t halt. Suppose that $ D(\text{CODE}(D)) $ doesn’t halt. Then, by definition of $ H $ it must be that $ H(\text{CODE}(D), \text{CODE}(D)) $ is false. Which by the definition of $ D $ means $ D(\text{CODE}(D)) $ halts. The ONLY assumption was the program $ H $ exists so that assumption must have been false. Contradiction! SCOOPING THE LOOP SNOOPER A proof that the Halting Problem is undecidable by Geoffrey K. Pullum (U. Edinburgh) No general procedure for bug checks succeeds. Now, I won’t just assert that, I’ll show where it leads: I will prove that although you might work till you drop, you cannot tell if computation will stop. For imagine we have a procedure called $P$ that for specified input permits you to see whether specified source code, with all of its faults, defines a routine that eventually halts. You feed in your program, with suitable data, and $P$ gets to work, and a little while later (in finite compute time) correctly infers whether infinite looping behavior occurs... SCOOPING THE LOOP SNOOPER Here’s the trick that I’ll use – and it’s simple to do. I’ll define a procedure, which I will call $Q$, that will use $P$’s predictions of halting success to stir up a terrible logical mess. And this program called $Q$ wouldn’t stay on the shelf; I would ask it to forecast its run on itself. When it reads its own source code, just what will it do? What’s the looping behavior of $Q$ run on $Q$? Full poem at: http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/~gpullum/loopsnoop.html The Halting Problem isn’t the only hard problem Can use the fact that the Halting Problem is undecidable to show that other problems are undecidable. General method: Prove that if there were a program deciding $B$ then you can use it to build a program deciding the Halting Problem. 1. “$B$ decidable $\rightarrow$ Halting Problem decidable” Shown by general method 2. “Halting problem undecidable” Turing 3. “Halting Problem undecidable $\rightarrow B$ undecidable” Contrapositive from 1 4. “$B$ undecidable” Modus Ponens 2 & 3 A CSE 121 assignment Students should write a Java program that: - Prints “Hello” to the console - Eventually exits Our auto-grading program needs to grade the students. How do we write that grading program? WE CAN’T: THIS IS IMPOSSIBLE! A related undecidable problem • HelloWorldTesting Problem: – Input: CODE(Q) and x – Output: True if Q outputs “HELLO WORLD” on input x False if Q does not output “HELLO WORLD” on input x • Theorem: The HelloWorldTesting Problem is undecidable. • Proof idea: Show that if there is a program T to decide HelloWorldTesting then there is a program H to decide the Halting Problem for code(P) and x. A related undecidable problem • Suppose there is a program $T$ that solves the HelloWorldTesting problem. Define program $H$ that takes input CODE($P$) and $x$ and does the following: – Creates CODE($Q$) from CODE($P$) by (1) removing all output statements from CODE($P$), and (2) adding a System.out.println("HELLO WORLD") immediately before any spot where $P$ could halt Then runs $T$ on input CODE($Q$) and $x$. • If $P$ halts on input $x$ then $Q$ prints HELLO WORLD and halts and so $H$ outputs true (because $T$ outputs true on input CODE($Q$)) • If $P$ doesn’t halt on input $x$ then $Q$ won’t print anything since we removed any other print statement from CODE($Q$) so $H$ outputs false We know that such an $H$ cannot exist. Therefore $T$ cannot exist. The HaltsNoInput Problem - Input: CODE(R) for program R - Output: True if R halts without reading input False otherwise. Theorem: HaltsNoInput is undecidable General idea “hard-coding the input”: - Show how to use CODE(P) and x to build CODE(R) so P halts on input x $\iff$ R halts without reading input The HaltsNoInput Problem “Hard-coding the input”: • Show how to use CODE(P) and x to build CODE(R) so P halts on input x $\iff$ R halts without reading input. • Replace input statement in CODE(P) that reads input x into variable var, by a hard-coded assignment statement: \[ \text{var} = \text{x} \] to produce CODE(R). • So if we have a program N to decide HaltsNoInput then we can use it as a subroutine as follows to decide the Halting Problem, which we know is impossible: – On input CODE(P) and x, produce CODE(R). Then run N on input CODE(R) and output the answer that N gives. The impossibility of writing the CSE 121 grading program follows by combining the ideas from the undecidability of HaltsNoInput and HelloWorld. More Reductions - Can use undecidability of these problems to show that other problems are undecidable. - For instance: \[ \text{EQUIV}(P, Q) : \begin{cases} \text{True} & \text{if } P(x) \text{ and } Q(x) \text{ have the same behavior for every input } x \\ \text{False} & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \] Rice’s theorem Not every problem on programs is undecidable! Which of these is decidable? - Input CODE($P$) and $x$ Output: true if $P$ prints “ERROR” on input $x$ after less than 100 steps false otherwise - Input CODE($P$) and $x$ Output: true if $P$ prints “ERROR” on input $x$ after more than 100 steps false otherwise Rice’s Theorem (a.k.a. Compilers Suck Theorem - informal): Any “non-trivial” property of the input-output behavior of Java programs is undecidable. Computers and algorithms • Does Java (or any programming language) cover all possible computation? Every possible algorithm? • There was a time when computers were people who did calculations on sheets paper to solve computational problems. • Computers as we know them arose from trying to understand everything these people could do. Before Java 1930’s: How can we formalize what algorithms are possible? • Turing machines (Turing, Post) – basis of modern computers • Lambda Calculus (Church) – basis for functional programming, LISP • μ-recursive functions (Kleene) – alternative functional programming basis Turing machines Church-Turing Thesis: Any reasonable model of computation that includes all possible algorithms is equivalent in power to a Turing machine. Evidence - Intuitive justification - Huge numbers of models based on radically different ideas turned out to be equivalent to TMs Turing machines • Finite Control – Brain/CPU that has only a finite # of possible “states of mind” • Recording medium – An unlimited supply of blank “scratch paper” on which to write & read symbols, each chosen from a finite set of possibilities – Input also supplied on the scratch paper • Focus of attention – Finite control can only focus on a small portion of the recording medium at once – Focus of attention can only shift a small amount at a time Turing machines • Recording medium – An infinite read/write “tape” marked off into cells – Each cell can store one symbol or be “blank” – Tape is initially all blank except a few cells of the tape containing the input string – Read/write head can scan one cell of the tape - starts on input • In each step, a Turing machine 1. Reads the currently scanned cell 2. Based on current state and scanned symbol i. Overwrites symbol in scanned cell ii. Moves read/write head left or right one cell iii. Changes to a new state • Each Turing Machine is specified by its finite set of rules \| \| - \| 0 \| 1 \| \|-------\|----\|----\|----\| \| $s_1$ \| (1, L, $s_3$) \| (1, L, $s_4$) \| (0, R, $s_2$) \| \| $s_2$ \| (0, R, $s_1$) \| (1, R, $s_1$) \| (0, R, $s_1$) \| \| $s_3$ \| \| \| \| \| $s_4$ \| \| \| \| \[\begin{array}{cccccc} - & - & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & - & - \\ \end{array}\] UW CSE’s Steam-Powered Turing Machine Original in Sieg Hall stairwell Turing machines Ideal Java/C programs: - Just like the Java/C you’re used to programming with, except you never run out of memory - Constructor methods always succeed - `malloc` in C never fails Equivalent to Turing machines except a lot easier to program: - Turing machine definition is useful for breaking computation down into simplest steps - We only care about high level so we use programs Turing’s big idea part 1: Machines as data Original Turing machine definition: – A different “machine” $M$ for each task – Each machine $M$ is defined by a finite set of possible operations on a finite set of symbols – So… $M$ has a finite description as a sequence of symbols, its “code”, which we denote $\langle M \rangle$ You already are used to this idea with the notion of the program code or text but this was a new idea in Turing’s time. Turing’s big idea part 2: A Universal TM • A Turing machine interpreter $U$ – On input $\langle M \rangle$ and its input $x$, $U$ outputs the same thing as $M$ does on input $x$ – At each step it decodes which operation $M$ would have performed and simulates it. • One Turing machine is enough – Basis for modern stored-program computer Von Neumann studied Turing’s UTM design \[ \begin{array}{c} \text{input} \\ x \rightarrow M \\ \end{array} \] \[ \begin{array}{c} \text{output} \\ M(x) \\ \end{array} \] \[ \begin{array}{c} \text{input} \\ \langle M \rangle \rightarrow U \\ \end{array} \] \[ \begin{array}{c} \text{output} \\ M(x) \\ \end{array} \] Takeaway from undecidability • You can’t rely on the idea of improved compilers and programming languages to eliminate major programming errors – truly safe languages can’t possibly do general computation • Document your code – there is no way you can expect someone else to figure out what your program does with just your code; since in general it is provably impossible to do this! We’ve come a long way! • Propositional Logic. • Boolean logic and circuits. • Boolean algebra. • Predicates, quantifiers and predicate logic. • Inference rules and formal proofs for propositional and predicate logic. • English proofs. • Set theory. • Modular arithmetic. • Prime numbers. • GCD, Euclid’s algorithm, modular inverse, and exponentiation. We’ve come a long way! • Induction and Strong Induction. • Recursively defined functions and sets. • Structural induction. • Regular expressions. • Context-free grammars and languages. • Relations and composition. • Transitive-reflexive closure. • Graph representation of relations and their closures. We’ve come a long way! • DFAs, NFAs and language recognition. • Product construction for DFAs. • Finite state machines with outputs at states. • Minimization algorithm for finite state machines • Conversion of regular expressions to NFAs. • Subset construction to convert NFAs to DFAs. • Equivalence of DFAs, NFAs, Regular Expressions • Finite automata for pattern matching. • Method to prove languages not accepted by DFAs. • Cardinality, countability and diagonalization • Undecidability: Halting problem and evaluating properties of programs. What’s next? …after the final exam… • Foundations II (312) – Fundamentals of counting, discrete probability, applications of randomness to computing, statistical algorithms and analysis – Ideas critical for machine learning, algorithms • Data Abstractions (332) – Data structures, a few key algorithms, parallelism – Brings programming and theory together – Makes heavy use of induction and recursive defns Course Evaluation Online • Fill this out by Sunday night! – Your ability to fill it out will disappear at 11:59 p.m. on Sunday. – We really value your feedback! Final exam Monday, Review session Sunday • Monday at either 2:30-4:20 or 4:30-6:20 – JHN 102 – Must select your exam time by Saturday No changes permitted after that – Bring your UW ID • Comprehensive: Full problems only on topics that were covered in homework. May have small problems on other topics. – May include pre-midterm topics, e.g., formal proofs. – Reference sheets will be included. Closed book. No notes. • Review session: Sunday starting at 1 pm on Zoom – Bring your questions !!
The dynamic conductivity and the plasmon profile of Aluminum in the ultra-fast-matter regime. M.W.C. Dharma-wardana National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0R6 * (Dated: July 11, 2018) We use an explicitly isochoric two-temperature theory to analyze recent X-ray laser scattering data for Aluminum in the ultra-fast-matter (UFM) regime up to 6 eV. The observed surprisingly low conductivities are explained by including strong electron-ion scattering effects using the phase shifts calculated via the neutral-pseudo-atom model. The applicability of the Mermin model to UFM is questioned. The static and dynamic conductivity, complex collision frequency and the plasmon line-shape are evaluated within a Born approximation and are in good agreement with experiment. PACS numbers: 52.25.Os, 52.35.Fp, 52.50.Jm, 78.70.Ck INTRODUCTION Introduction - Short-pulsed X-ray photons, e.g., from the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) have begun to provide data in hitherto inaccessible regimes of matter [1, 2]. Such information is of interest in understanding normal matter under extreme conditions [3–6], as well as at new frontiers in high-energy-density matter, astrophysics, fusion physics etc. Such non-equilibrium systems are also produced in semiconductor devices [7]. The theory involves complicated many-body effects and the quantum mechanics of finite-temperature non-equilibrium systems. Standard ab-initio methods are inapplicable or computationally prohibitive for this ultra-fast matter (UFM) regime. Extensions of elementary plasma models or Thomas-Fermi models fail badly. Hence computationally simple realistic theories of these systems are essential in the interpretation of experiments on UFM which is a sub-class of warm-dense-matter (WDM) [8]. Here we use a finite-T density-functional theory (DFT) calculation of the electronic charge distribution $n(r)$ and the ion charge distribution $\rho(r)$ around an Al ion in the system as the basic ingredient of such a theory. The neutral pseudoatom (NPA) model of Perrot and Dharma-wardana [9, 10] is used in this study. The LCLS results [1] of the plasmon feature and the dynamic and static conductivities $\sigma$ of Al up to 6 eV, isochorically held at solid density dramatically improves on the accuracy of the earlier UFM experiments [6, 11]. Surprisingly low static conductivities $\sigma(0)$ of UFM aluminum are reported in Ref. [1], even at 0.2 eV. We present two-temperature (2T) calculations for isochoric Aluminum. Atomic units (a.u., $\|e\| = \hbar = m_e = 1$) are used, and the temperature is in energy units. The ion temperature $T_i$ is the initial ‘room’ temperature, while only the electron temperature $T_e$ is raised to 6 eV by the 50 femto-second X-ray pulse. We do not get the gradual decrease of $\sigma$ with $T$ found for equilibrium non-isochoric aluminum. Instead, we reproduce the low static conductivities reported in the experiment. The high conductivities of the normal solid and the molten metal ($T_e = T_i$) at low $T$ are partly attributed to the position of the scattering momentum $2k_F$ falling within the second minimum in the ion-ion structure factor $S(q)$. In an isochoric UFM solid, the ions have no time to adjust to the rapidly heated electrons. The ions (and their bound electrons) remain frozen at their lattice sites, and at $T_i$. Hence $S(q)$, and the bare electron-ion pseudopotential $W(q)$ remain essentially unchanged, even up to $T_e = 6$ eV. The thermal smearing of the Fermi sphere is set by $f'(k, T_e) = f(k, T_e)(1 - f(k, T_e))$, where $f(k, T_e)$ is the electron Fermi function. It’s overlap with the ion-ion $S(q)$, and the electron-ion scattering cross section determine the conductivity $\sigma(0)$ as well as $\sigma(\omega)$. The new experiment provides the profile of the plasmon resonance. We present a simple theory of the momentum relaxation and energy dephasing frequency $\nu(\omega)$ (also known as the ‘collision frequency’), using a Born approximation constructed to match the $\omega \rightarrow 0$ conductivity obtained from the NPA phase shifts. The calculated plasmon profile is in good accord with experiment. The DFT-NPA model for isochoric UFM Aluminum - An aluminum nucleus is placed in an electron subsystem and an ion subsystem, within a large sphere ($R \sim 30$ au.) where all particle correlations reach bulk values as $r \rightarrow R$. Hence this ‘neutral-pseudo-atom’ (NPA) is not an ‘average-atom cell-model’ similar to the INFERNO model of Lieberman or its improvements [12]. The electron density in the bulk, viz., $n_e$ is $1.81 \times 10^{23}$ electrons/cm$^3$, has an electron-sphere radius $r_s = 2.07$ au. The free-electron pile up $n_f(r)$ and the scattering phase shifts $\delta_{kl}$ around the Al nucleus are calculated via the Kohn-Sham equations, using a step-function to mimic the ion-ion pair distribution function $g(r)$. This is known to work well for Al [9]. The phase-shifts satisfy the Friedel sum rule, and the DFT uses a finite-T exchange-correlation contribution [13]. All the results in this study follow from the NPA output. The many-ion system is built up via the $S(q)$ as a superposition of NPAs, using the $S(q)$ derived within the theory. At room temperature, this calculation yields an ionization $Z = 3$ and an ion Wigner-Seitz radius $r_{ws} \simeq 2.99$ The $r_{ws}$ is held constant while $T_e$ is increased, to mimic the isochoric UFM, where as normal solid or liquid Al expands (i.e., $r_{ws}$ increases) with temperature. A static electron response function $\chi(q, T_e)$ is constructed, with its local field correction (LFC) satisfying the compressibility sumrule at each temperature. This defines a fully local pseudopotential $W(q) = n_f(q)/\chi(q, T_e)$, and an ion-ion pair potential $U_{ii}(q) = Z^2V_q - [W(q)]^2\chi(q)$. The pseudopotential $W(q) = -ZV_qM_q$, $V_q = 4\pi/q^2$ is fitted to a Heine-Abarenkov form for convenience. The form factor $M_q = n_f(q)/n_f^0(q)$ obtained from the NPA is shown in Fig. 1(a) at $T = 0.2$ and 6 eV. Here $n_f^0(q)$ is the linear-response charge pileup. This approach is capable of milli-volt accuracy and reproduces even the high-temperature phonons [14] discussed by, e.g., Recoules et al [15] (but phonons do not form during UFM timescales). The resulting $U_{ii}(q)$ is used in the modified Hyper-Netted-Chain equation (MHNC) yielding the $S(q)$ at the ion temperature $T_i$ (which is the initial temperature of the system at the arrival of the X-ray pulse). Since the initial Al-crystal has an FCC structure, it is sufficient to use the spherically averaged $S(q)$ taken as a ‘frozen fluid’, say, at 0.06 eV. The latter is the lowest temperature at which the HNC could be converged, since the melting point is $\simeq 0.082$ eV. The results are insensitive to the use of an $S(q)$ at 0.06 eV or, say, 0.082 eV. Our MHNC procedure is accurate enough to closely reproduce the experimental $S(q)$ of normal liquid aluminum [16]. The complex conductivity $\sigma(\omega)$ - The Drude theory with a static $\nu(0)$ is known to be inadequate for $\sigma(\omega)$ except at small and high $\omega$ [19]. Sperling et al [1] have used a Mermin model (diffusion pole) [21] augmented by plasma many-body theory [22] where they combine components of Born (B), Lenard-Balescu (LB) and Gould-DeWitt (GDW)-Mermin (M) approaches in their analysis where $T_i = T_e$. The real part of the complex conductivity $\sigma(\omega) = \sigma_1 + i\sigma_2$, obtained via B-LB-GDW-M is two orders of magnitude too large compared to experiment, although the imaginary part $\sigma_2(\omega)$ as well as the plasmon profile are in much better accord. They use several models of $S(q)$, point-ion Coulomb potentials as well as pseudopotentials. Since the $\omega \to 0$ limit of the $\sigma(\omega)$ gives a poor $\sigma(0)$, they use a Ziman formula with suitable models of $S(q)$ and pseudopotentials. In our approach, the ion-$S(q, T_i)$ at $T_i$ remains intact for all $T_i$. We first calculate $\sigma(0)$ using the electron phase shifts obtained from the NPA and obtain good agreement with experiment. The calculation of $\sigma(\omega)$ via the phase shifts is more demanding. Instead, since Al is a “simple metal”, an Ashcroft pseudopotential $V_A(r_c)$ specified only by the core radius $r_c$ that reproduces the $\sigma(0)$ could be found. This $r_c$ is consistent with the NPA value. This is used in calculating $\sigma(\omega)$. There is no low-frequency ‘diffusion pole’ in the experimental spectra as expected from Mermin theory. Mermin assumes that the ions respond perfectly to the electron-density fluctuations and maintain local charge neutrality. This holds for timescales $t$ much larger than the electron-ion temperature relaxation time $\tau_{ei}$ which is many pico-seconds [23] if $T_i \neq T_e$, or for timescales significantly larger than phonon timescales if $T_i = T_e$. Thus the Mermin model is largely inappropriate for most UFM-WDM systems. Hence we examine a simple RPA-like model where the ions are mere immobile scatterers during the 50 fs signal, and obtain good overall agreement with experiment. The conductivity $\sigma(\omega)$ can be expressed via the force-force correlation function as given in standard texts (e.g., Ref. [24] sec. 4.6). If plane waves are used for the free electrons, the limit $\omega \to 0$ recovers the Ziman formula. However, if the electron-ion interactions are strong, then the electron response $\chi(q, \omega)$ and the dynamic conductivity $\sigma(\omega)$ should be expressed via the electron eigenstates $\phi(r)_\alpha$ of the system [25, 26]. The NPA provides these, with $\alpha = n, l$ for core-states, and $\alpha = k, l; E_{kl} = k^2/2$ for continuum states, with the $m$ quantum number and spin summed over [25, 26]. The core states give bound-bound transitions, while the bound-continuum and continuum-continuum transitions are also included. If numerical eigenstates $\phi_\alpha(r)$ are not available, hydrogenic functions can be used within a many-body theory as in Ref. [26]. Such “Green-Kubo” formulae for $\sigma(\omega)$ usually need heavy numerical codes. Our NPA approach gives a simpler evaluation of comparable accuracy with orders of magnitude rapidity. The corrections beyond the non-interacting response can be expressed as a relaxation frequency $\nu(\omega) = \nu_1 + i\nu_2$ given in terms of a scattering cross section. The $\nu$ describes momentum relaxation as well as energy dephasing. This can be expressed via the NPA phase shifts [17, 18]. The real part $\nu_1(\omega)$ may be given as: \[ \nu_1(\omega) = \frac{3}{3Z} \sum_{\vec{q},\vec{k}} q^2 \Sigma(\vec{k},\vec{q}) S(q) \frac{f(\vec{k}) - f(\vec{k} + \vec{q})}{i\omega(\omega + \epsilon_{\vec{k}} - \epsilon_{\vec{k}+\vec{q}})} \] (1) \[ \Sigma(k,q) = \left\| k^{-2} \sum_l (2l+1) e^{i\delta_{kl}} \sin(\delta_{kl}) P_l(\cos\theta) \right\|^2 \] (2) The static limit of Eq. 1 gives: \[ \nu(0) = \frac{1}{3\pi Z T_e} \int_0^\infty f(k)(1-f(k)k^2 dk F(k) \] (3) \[ F(k) = \int_0^{2k} q^3 \Sigma(q,k) S(q) dq; \quad q = k(1-\cos\theta)^{1/2} \] (4) The original numerical implementation (see appendix, Ref. [17]) has been improved, using up to 38 $l$-states if needed, using an energy cutoff of $E_F + 2T_e$, together with asymptotic corrections. Typical $\delta_{kl}$ from the NPA are shown in fig. 2(b). Results for $\sigma(0)$ for isochoric Al, from Eq. 3 covering 0.2 eV to 10 eV are given in Fig. 2(a) while $\sigma(0)$ up to 100 eV are in Table.1 of Ref. [18]. If the scattering cross section is evaluated using plane waves (i.e., Born approximation), Eq. 3 reduces to the Ziman formula with the weak pseudo-potential $W(q) = ZV_q M_q$ (shown in Fig. 1). The Heine-Abarenkov $W(q)$ gives a higher estimate of $\sigma(0)$, while the phase-shift calculation agrees with LCLS. We replace $W(q)$ by an Ashcroft pseudopotential $V_A(q)$ chosen to reproduce the static conductivity $\sigma(0)$, and use it to evaluate the relaxation frequency $\nu(\omega)$ in the Born approximation to Eq. (1). Thus, \[ \nu(\omega) = \frac{1}{6\pi^2 Z} \int q^4 \|V_A(q)\|^2 S(q,T_i) \Delta(q,\omega) dq \] (5) \[ \Delta(q,\omega) = \frac{\{\chi_e(q,\omega,T_e) - \chi_e(q,0,T_e)\}}{i\omega} \] (6) Eq. (5) is basically Hopfield’s expression [19], while modern discussions are found in Refs. [20, 22]. The $S(q)$ is for the cold ions at $T_i = 0.06$ eV, as shown in Fig. 1(b). The plasmon profile and $\nu(\omega)$. An important result of the LCLS-experiment is the plasmon profile from UFM-Aluminum. We discuss $T = 6$ eV in detail. Eq. (5) evaluates $\nu_1(\omega)$ and $\nu_2(\omega)$ using the $V_A(r_e)$ pseudopotential. Obtaining $\nu_1$ via $\Im\{\chi(q,\omega)\}$ in Eq. 6 and $\nu_2$ via Kramers-Kronig is computationally convenient. A direct estimate of $\nu_2$ is also available from Eqs. (5) and (6). The response function $\chi(q,\omega)$ uses an LFC derived from the finite-$T$ xc-potential [13]. The transverse dielectric function $\varepsilon(q \to 0, \omega + i\nu(\omega))$ provides the optical scattering cross section $S_{ee}(q \to 0, \omega)$. This is $\propto \Im\{1/\varepsilon(\omega - \nu_2 + i\nu_1)\} n_B(\omega)$ where $n_B(\omega)$ is a Bose factor at the electron temperature $T_e$. Instead of Mermin theory we use the simple RPA-like transverse dielectric function in the $q \to 0$ limit. The calculated scattered intensity is shown in Fig. 3. The predicted profile differs on the red wing of the experimental plasmon line shape. Since $V_A(r_c)$ was fitted to the phase-shift $\sigma$ only at $\omega = 0$, this is not surprising. The relaxation frequency $\nu(\omega)$ and the conductivity $\sigma(\omega)$ can be extracted from the experimental $S(q \to 0, \omega)$. We use the experimental $\nu_1(\omega), \nu_2(\omega)$ of Sperling et al., to test our methods, even though they assumed a Mermin form to extract the data, assuming that the modeling differences fall within the error bars. The experimental $\nu_1^{ex}$ and $\nu_2^{ex}$ are compared with the calculated $\nu_1, \nu_2$ in the figure 4, where the energy shift $\omega$ is $\omega_1 - \omega_0$ with $\omega_0=7980$ eV., and hence negative (for the plasmon studied here). The theoretical $\nu_1$ decays very slowly compared the $\nu_1^{ex}$. We expect this to be corrected when a full evaluation using phase shifts is used. The Drude formula provides $\sigma(\omega)$ from $\nu(\omega)$. Setting $\varpi = \omega - \nu_2$, $d(\omega) = \nu_1(\omega)^2 + \varpi^2$ we use $\alpha = \omega_p^2/(4\pi)$, $\sigma_1(\omega) = \alpha \nu_1/d$ and $\sigma_2(\omega) = \alpha \varpi/d$. We have recalculated $\sigma_1, \sigma_2$ from our theoretical $\nu_1, \nu_2$ given in Fig. 4(a), and from the experimental $\nu_1, \nu_2$ at $T=6$ eV given in Fig. 3 of the supplementary material of Ref. [1]. The resulting $\sigma_1(\omega), \sigma_2(\omega)$ are displayed in Fig. 4(b). Note that although $\sigma_2(\omega)$ is expected to tend to zero as $\omega \to 0$, this happens only quite close to $\omega = 0$ because of the strong negativity seen in both experimental and theoretical numbers for $\nu_2$ (see Fig. 4(a)). Although $\sigma_1$ is close to the experiment for small-$\omega$, it begins to differ significantly from experiment as $\omega$ increases. In conclusion, the static conductivity calculated using phase-shifted NPA electron eigenfunctions for two-temperature ultra-fast aluminum are in good agreement with the LCLS data. A simple Born approximation to the dynamic conductivity using a pseudopotential fitted to the theoretical $\sigma(0)$ provides a good approximation to the plasmon lineshape and the dynamic conductivity obtained from the LCLS experiment. It is argued that the Mermin form is inappropriate for ultrafast matter where the ions have no time to respond. A full calculation of $\nu(\omega)$ entirely from the phase shifts via Eq. (1) may resolve some of the shortcomings in the present theory. The author thanks Heide Reinholz, Philipp Sperling and colleagues for their comments. * Email address: firstname.lastname@example.org [1] P. Sperling et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 115001 (2015) [2] S. Glenzer and R. Redmer Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1625 (2009) [3] Andrew Ng, Int. J. Quant. Chem. 112, 150 (2012) [4] Z. Chen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 135001 (2013) [5] Jie Chena et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 108 18887 (2011) [6] H. M. Milchberg et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2364 (1988). [7] M.W.C. Dharma-wardana, Solid State Communications, 86, 83 (1993) [8] F. R. Graziani et al. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory report, USA, LLNL-JRNL-469771 (2011) [9] F. Perrot and M.W.C. Dharma-wardana, Phys. Rev. E. 52, 5352 (1995) [10] M. W. C. Dharma-wardana, Contributions to Plasma Physics, 55, 85 (2015) [11] M. W. C. Dharma-wardana and F. Perrot, Phys. Lett. A 163, 223 (1992) [12] Wilson et al., JQSRT 99, 658-679 (2006) [13] F. Perrot and M.W.C. Dharma-wardana, Phys. Rev. B15 62, 16536 (2000) Erratum 67, 79901 (2003) [14] L. Harbour, M. W. C. Dharma-wardana, D. D. Klug, L. Lewis, Contr. Plasma. Phys. vol. 55, 144-151 (2015) [15] V. Recoules et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 055503 (2006). [16] M. W. C. Dharma-wardana and G. C. Aers, Phys. Rev. B. 28, 1701 (1983). [17] F. Perrot and M. W. C. Dharma-wardana, Phys. Rev. A 36, 238 (1987). [18] F. Perrot and M. W. C. Dharma-wardana, International Journal of Thermophysics, 20,1299 (1999) [19] Hopfield, Phys. Rev 139, A419 (1969) [20] G. D. Mahan, Many particle Physics, Sec. 8.1, Plenum Publishers New York (1981) [21] N. D. Mermin, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2362 (1970) [22] H. Reinholz, R. Redmer, G. Röpke and A. Wierling, Phys. Rev. E 62, 5648 (2000) [23] M. W. C. Dharma-wardana, Phys. Rev. E. 64 035401 (2001) [24] G. F. Giuliani et al., Quantum Theory of the Electron Liquid., Sec. 4.6, Cambridge University Press (2005) [25] H. Ehrenreich et al., Phys. Rev. 132, 1918 (1963) [26] M. W. C. Dharma-wardana, Physica 92A, 59 (1978)
1993 TECHNOLOGY ROUNDUP Display technology Display manufacturing Cover: Makers of production equipment are helping manufacturers squeeze the cost out of flat-panel displays. For the first time, ID's year-end technology review incorporates coverage of manufacturing issues. See page 12. Photon Dynamics, Inc. Next Month in Information Display CRT Technology Issue - Color-beam profiling - Display controllers - Air-traffic-control displays - SMAU '93 report INFORMATION DISPLAY (ISSN 0962-9973) is published ten times a year for the Society for Information Display by Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc., 201 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014. James A. Chief Executive Officer; Kenneth E. Elias President; Laura Mangano, Secretary/Treasurer. EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES: Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc., 201 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014. Telephone: 212/625-3371. Send manuscripts to: Editor, INFORMATION DISPLAY. 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PERMISSIONS: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Permission to reprint or photocopy material contained in this magazine is granted provided that the appropriate fee is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 21 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970. Annual fee for this service: 0972/0972/92/S25.00 + $0.00. Instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee. This permission does not apply to any other kind of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. For further information, write to Society for Information Display, 2055 West Manchester Avenue, Suite 615, Playa del Rey, CA 90293. Copyright © 1993 Society for Information Display. All rights reserved. 2 Editorial 4 The Display Continuum At warp speed into the Information Age — "Beam us down some new displays, Scotty!" Aris Silzars 10 Emissive Flat-Panel Displays Fujitsu brought the first color plasma TV set to market, high-brightness LEDs earned millions, and a full-color EL display earned respect. Ken Werner 12 Manufacturing Flat-Panel Displays Until OEMs have industry-standard displays that are economical and readily available, they will not pay a premium for application-specific manufacturing. François Henley, Alan Nolet, and Renée Mello-Robinett 16 CRT-Based Data Display Technology If CRTs are such a mature technology, why are they changing so quickly? Richard Trueman 20 Liquid-Crystal Displays The LCD is now challenging the CRT as the world's largest-selling display — and will soon surpass it. John L. West 23 Calendar 23 Data Bank Printers: Sales and Leading Manufacturers. 26 New Products 37 Letters 42 Update Recent display-related patents. Howard L. Funk 44 Index to Advertisers Welcome to the Jungle – and Happy New Year The manufacturers who are trying to squeeze a profit out of color active-matrix displays will tell you. Makers of specialized CRT monitors who must adapt to programs emphasizing ruggedized off-the-shelf (ROTS) devices rather than full-custom products will tell you. Glassmakers wondering how they will push enough 16:9 bulbs through their plants to make a profit will tell you. Makers of flat-panel displays who have not found a graceful upgrade path to color will tell you. Tell you what? “It’s a jungle out there, Maude.” Of course, this jungle is not a botanical one. It is the product of high technology and global trade. As such, it is treacherous – and it changes in the blink of an eye or the sweep of an electron beam. But jungles are ecosystems that support an incredible richness of life. They are places where the quick of wit and the fleet of foot not only survive, but thrive. For most of us, the display jungle is not as threatening an ecosystem this winter as it was one or two winters ago. We understand the hazards better and we are quicker to see the opportunities. Daring new initiatives from Matsushita, Fujitsu, Motif, and Philips (to name a few); interesting ventures in customization and system integration from EDI and Dolch (to name just two); and expanded or new display-manufacturing efforts in India, Korea, and both parts of China are indicative of a revived worldwide entrepreneurial spirit. So, I suggest we all take a moment off from slaying dragons and dodging vipers to raise a glass of champagne, a cup of sake, a pint of bitter, a glass of vodka – or a cup of tea – and congratulate ourselves. And we might also raise our glasses to those who have not fared as well in the jungle as we have. To the fallen, as well as to the triumphant, we at ID dedicate this year-end technology review. For the first time in a December review issue, we are covering display-manufacturing issues. This is part of an editorial expansion that will provide increased coverage of manufacturing and systems issues in the months to come. Because of the new coverage, we have had to abbreviate our treatment of hard copy. But we still provide a highly informative snapshot of the U.S. printer market, thanks to data provided by BIS Strategic Decisions. We at ID take this moment to wish you a happy and prosperous new year. Now, where’s my machete? – Ken Werner At Warp Speed into the Information Age – “Beam Us Down Some New Displays, Scotty!” by Aris Silzars Attempting to describe something as grand as the Information Age can literally leave one at a loss for words. And that doesn’t happen to me very often. So, what to do? Let’s be scientific about it and invent some new ones! I am going to propose the definition of a new term – Information Velocity. Since the well-known Newtonian velocity is distance/time, our Information Velocity will be defined as the amount of information per unit time. (Perhaps some of you hard-core physicists would prefer more precise terminology, such as Information Flow-Rate?) If we have an Information Velocity, then we can also have Information Acceleration, which we will correspondingly define as Information Velocity per unit time. For well over a decade now, Information Acceleration has been approximately constant. If it stays constant for long enough, we will achieve some humongous “warp speed” for Information Velocity. Now, I don’t know if there is a relativistic theory that will eventually apply here, but I sure hope so. However, we don’t seem to be approaching any fundamental limits just yet. Is this then going to make our brains feel like trying to “take a drink from a fire hose”? I don’t know about your brain, but mine can only process a limited number of bits at a time. So, I’m going to need some help in absorbing all this great new stuff. As we talk to each other, the Information Velocity is about 100–150 words per minute. Reading textbooks goes only a little faster at somewhere between 200 and 500 words per minute, or approximately 1000 bits/sec. The number of significant people interactions we can handle at any given time in our lives is on the order of 50–100 (Information Velocity in people/time units). Thus, the only way I can see for us regular humans to achieve high Information Velocity is through pictures and/or graphics. With a picture, I can look at one million pixels and in less than one second extract what is significant to me. And I can keep doing that over and over, sometimes for hours on end. So, if you want me to absorb and process lots of information/time, show me pictures and do it on the very best display you can provide. With this limited ability to process information, what will happen to us if Information Acceleration remains constant? And why am I even saying that it is? My baseline for this assertion comes from the well-known doubling of computer memory-chip size every 2–3 years, which has now been sustained for at least the last two decades, with no end yet in sight. I do remember hearing a talk at a technical conference not so many years ago that “proved” it would be impossible for the world to use more than a few million bytes of memory per person. Apparently, what was not too well understood by this speaker was how memory intensive image manipulation would be and how every family would soon be doing its own computer-aided image processing. Perhaps that would have seemed like something right out of StarTrek. Of course, just moving the same information around faster and faster isn’t the only thing we are experiencing. New information is being created and added all the time. But that by itself doesn’t take us into the Information Age – we have continued on page 34 Emissive Flat-Panel Displays Fujitsu brought the first color plasma TV set to market, high-brightness LEDs earned millions, and a full-color EL display earned respect. by Ken Werner Millions of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and vacuum fluorescent displays (VFDs) went into cars, instruments, appliances, communications equipment, and audio components in 1993, and Planar Systems demonstrated the world's first full-color electroluminescent (EL) display. But the only emissive-display issue able to sustain excitement outside the display community was color plasma television. Late in the year, Fujitsu General brought the first commercial plasma TV set to market in Japan (Fig. 1). This 21-in.-diagonal NTSC (4:3 aspect ratio) set uses a three-electrode surface-discharge ac-plasma display. The display has $640 \times 480$ pixels, an impressive white peak area luminance of 200 cd/m$^2$, 256 gray levels, a contrast ratio of 50:1, and a luminous efficacy of 0.7 lum/W. Fujitsu says the display should be available in the U.S. next year. Katsutomi Yoshida, manager of Fujitsu's visual systems engineering department, gives the credit for Fujitsu's being first to market to the company's decision to pursue ac-plasma technology. Also making rapid progress down the ac-plasma road is Photonics Imaging of Northwood, Ohio. At the Association of the United States Army's annual meeting in October, Photonics demonstrated its developmental 30-in. color plasma display with $1024 \times 768$ pixels, giving it bragging rights to the highest pixel density yet for a color plasma display. Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK) – the Japan Broadcasting Corporation – announced the fabrication of an improved 40-in. dc-plasma display for HDTV and has subsequently discussed further improvements in private communications (Fig. 2). Image quality seems good, which has been true of previous NHK displays, but the peak area luminance of 65 cd/m$^2$ indicates the continuing problem facing developers of dc-plasma display panels (DC-PDPs). The panel's luminous efficacy of 0.15 lum/W is down by nearly a factor of 5 compared with the Fujitsu panel. NHK continues to develop dc panels because the structure is simpler than that of AC-PDPs and fabrication does not require vacuum thin-film depositions. The resulting economies are undeniably alluring. Senior officers of Plasmaco, the highly visible producer of monochrome plasma displays... in Highland, New York, were caught in a boardroom coup. Some board members had become impatient at red ink that refused to dissipate in the face of superb power-conservation technology. The company, sharply downsized, has retreated from production to R&D mode. Electroluminescent displays Planar Systems produced a genuine technological breakthrough by developing blue thin-film EL phosphors based on alkaline earth thiogallate host materials – CaGa$_2$S$_4$, for example – that can produce a luminance of up to 1.5 cd/m$^2$ under actual panel operating conditions. At SID '93, Planar exhibited a display utilizing this phosphor that produced a good color gamut. The display was balanced to produce a true white – actually gray at this luminance – with a resulting white area luminance of about 15 cd/m$^2$. The question is whether this technological breakthrough can be converted into a commercial one. The luminance is less than half of that needed for commercial applications. Sharp Microelectronics studiously avoided any mention of color in their EL display line, but introduced high-brightness (65 fl.) monochrome VGA-resolution displays – including a 17-in.-diagonal unit – that are plug-compatible with LCDs. There is also a 13-in. 1280 × 1024 display producing 60 fL. Despite the advances and the excellent characteristics of EL displays, the opinion was increasingly expressed in 1993 that EL technology had topped out and would increasingly be a niche technology – unless color can get much brighter very quickly and beat AMLCDs on price. A lot of people just don't believe that will happen. Light-emitting diodes The high luminous efficacy – up to 8 lum/W – of the new generation of AlGaAs LEDs led to their acceptance as incandescent lamp substitutes. They're "third brake light" on many automobiles, and is opening an interesting market for LEDs as incandescent bulb replacements in traffic signals and airborne applications. Avionic and airborne indicator applications were pursued with particular enthusiasm by Teledyne Microelectronics. In laboratories at Hewlett Packard Optoelectronics and elsewhere, the next generation of LEDs, which is based on AlInGaP, exhibited efficacies up to 20 lum/W in orange and yellow and up to 6 lum/W in green. Stanley was selling a red incandescent-bulb replacement for traffic signals and predicting commercial availability of green in 12–18 months. The materials research that is leading to bright red, amber, and green LEDs holds long-term promise for blue. This is making the prospect of an all-LED full-color display an RGB gleam in designers' eyes, but don't expect to buy such a display much before the turn of the century. Field-emission displays Quietly (for the most part), interest in field-emission displays (FEDs) increased in 1993. Work on the now-classical microtip architecture continued at scattered university, government, and industrial laboratories, and new excitement was generated by electron emission from diamond films. The reason for the excitement is that emission from diamond films does not require hard-to-fabricate microtips with their problems of limited lifetime. But – despite implications to the contrary by the companies using diamond films for displays are in a very early stage of development. The technology could turn out to be of major importance. But you can easily tell the responsible workers in this field: they're the ones who are playing their cards methodically – and very close to their chests. --- Fig. 2: Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK) – the Japan Broadcasting Corporation – announced a 40-in. dc-plasma HDTV display fabricated using a new high-accuracy large-area screen printer developed with Dai Nippon Printing Co. Manufacturing Flat-Panel Displays Until OEMs have industry-standard displays that are economical and readily available, they will not pay a premium for application-specific manufacturing. by François Henley, Alan Nolet, and Renée Mello-Robinett Flat-panel-display (FPD) manufacturers know that both the OEM market and end-users are ready for more FPDs if they can deliver higher quality, more consistent performance, and a lower price point. Today's typical thin-film-transistor (TFT) FPD unit prices – which range from $800 to $1200 – limit demand for laptop computers and other cost-sensitive applications. FPD manufacturers have hoped that prices can fall to $350–$400 by 1995 (although this now seems optimistic). Although FPD manufacturing parallels semiconductor manufacturing in many ways, there is a significant difference: FPDs have not followed the IC pattern of dramatically reduced prices and improved performance with each new generation. Yet the demand is there, as indicated by market projections from numerous reliable market-research organizations (Fig. 1). The organizations may disagree on the exact size of the market and its growth rates, but all see significant potential. Most of today's yield and quality problems can be solved through sound manufacturing engineering, most notably through process characterizations with subsequent feedback to improve yields and quality (Fig. 2). Production issues There are general economic conditions, market trends, and user issues that should not be ignored. Some key issues for display producers are: - FPD manufacturing processes must be better characterized, with the characterization based on scientific and engineering realities, and the results must be used to improve yields of good displays. - Product designers always have alternatives for producing any OEM product, display-based products included. Make it easy for them to use your display by complying with some basic standards. - The customer is always right. If end-users do not like the display, there is a real problem – regardless of whether advertising created unrealistic user expectations or whether the display is in fact an unsuitable product. Standards are key From the OEM end-product manufacturers' and the final customers' perspectives, developing and using industry standards are more important than striving for product differentiation. The OEM electronics industry needs standards for FPD components. FPDs, being nothing more than components and subassem- François Henley is President of Photon Dynamics, Inc., 1504 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035; telephone 408/433-3922, fax 408/433-3925. Alan Nolet is Vice-President of U.S. Sales for Photon Dynamics, and Renée Mello-Robinett is the Marketing Programs Manager. Worldwide Market: High-Information-Contact LCDs ![Graph showing sales in millions of dollars for Computers, Industrial eq., Bus./Comm., Transportation, and Consumer.] Fig. 1: Despite prices that have been slow to drop, all market projections for high-information-content FPDs indicate significant demand. (Source: Stanford Resources, Inc., 11/93.) Fig. 2: Most FPDs are visually inspected by human operators. biles to an OEM designer, now require basic physical and electronic standards if they are to reach and sustain projected market volumes. At the present stage of development, success at each level of manufacturing does not require product differentiation. An analogous situation exists with PC manufacturers, some of which are profitable despite cut-throat competition and the fact that all PCs use the same basic components. OEM product designers and manufacturing staffs are justifiably concerned about committing a company’s future to any sole-source component supplier unless the potential for creating and/or dominating a market is enormous. The FPD manufacturing industry has many parallels with the semiconductor industry and uses many of the same basic manufacturing technologies. Just as the integrated circuit (IC) has been standardized by function, package shape, size, and pinouts for power and data I/Os, FPDs must soon follow to make building FPD-based products easier and more reliable. Will there be an application-specific FPD (ASFPD) segment of the industry that is comparable to the ASIC market of today – a segment that satisfies a need for display differentiation? Certainly, in time, after the industry can get mass-produced panel yields above today’s unprofitable 50–70%. Innovative FPD applications will drive standards Is it too early for standards? None of the current FPD technologies permit impressive yields of consistent quality and performance. Also, for volume economies of scale in laptops – the largest user of FPDs – total system prices must drop below even today’s bargain levels. Why? The entire global economy is sluggish, with an overall lack of consumer confidence and a reluctance to spend more than necessary for anything. FPDs are used most heavily in computers (Fig. 3) – specifically laptops, notebooks, and pen-based personal digital assistants – a product class whose market is in the midst of revolutionary changes. The other primary users – industrial, business/commercial, transportation, and consumer – when lumped together roughly equal the computer market in value. If the computer industry analysts are correct, by this time next year, the new IBM/Apple/Motorola PowerPC™-based computers and workstations and the Intel Pentium™-based platforms will be able to run MS-DOS™, Windows NT™, Macintosh™, or UNIX™-based applications with just minor software changes! Computer users will be able to pick the platform and operating system independently. An obvious implication of this development is that software vendors will want to penetrate each segment of every market. That, in turn, requires some pixel and line-count standards that are compatible with CRTs and FPDs to prevent a programmer’s nightmare. Some current CRT users will inevitably want to upgrade to thin lightweight energy-efficient FPDs, but the computer video card or built-in video IC drive circuits may limit that demand if FPD producers do not start anticipating such changes now. In addition, current CRT users have come to expect sharp text and graphics at affordable prices. In the high-end versions of flat-panel displays, users rightfully expect no noticeable bad pixels and reasonably long usable lifetimes. And virtually every laptop user wants a larger usable screen. Could NEC’s UltraLite Versa™ notebook computer be a case study of standardization opportunities for FPD producers and other computer producers? The UltraLite has user-swappable FPDs (in monochrome and color), removable hard drives, a floppy drive that can be replaced with a battery for more time away from the power outlet, upgradable microprocessors and memory cards, and PCMCIA cards for modems, LANs, and (eventually) wireless networking. One can even remove the display and use it as a pen-based computer for taking notes and annotating presentations. This is both clever marketing and a technology badge: just swap anything that goes wrong or does not meet the customer’s expectations and forget about obsolescence. Of course NEC builds both FP and CRT displays, so it has some inherent interface control. But what of computer vendors? Just to be competitive with NEC, they will need some industry standards for circuit drivers, addressing schemes, color quality, resolution, panel dimensions, and ruggedness – and any second-source manufacturers will have to match them. Users of laptops other than the Versa will wonder why their displays are not upgradeable. With the interactive multimedia frenzy well under way, computers will have to be reasonably capable of displaying video soon – and HDTV not long after that – regardless of the country in which the system is used. Better manufacturing approaches FPD manufacturers are in the process of optimizing their manufacturing processes to minimize costs and improve yields while producing the highest quality possible. This dynamic is forcing a strict review and analysis of current industry production processes and quality standards against the newly leveraged, although risky – potential of differentiated product manufacturing. Short- and long-term solutions mandate better design for manufacturing, test, and both pre- and post-assembly repair. Common defects caused by particulates are unacceptable and avoidable because effective contamination monitoring and control techniques exist as off-the-shelf or slightly modified IC-industry solutions. Killer particles at between 0.3 and 1 µm are limiting FPD yields now, but manufacturing engineers are making rapid progress. FPD manufacturing technologies for each deposition, patterning, etch, assembly, inspection, and test step, although based on semiconductor products, have some unique requirements that equipment vendors are effectively addressing with FPD-specific tools. No wafer has the substrate area of the larger panels in production, and the uniform processing over large areas at high speeds required by display circuits has no IC parallel. As FPD customers are also IC customers, they expect solutions to come just as quickly from FPD vendors as from the more mature IC vendors – whether that is realistic or not. Quick inspection is essential at every level of FPD manufacturing because the test/inspection results provide the feedback needed to correct problems before subsequent value-added process steps make repair prohibitively expensive. Just a few years ago innovative test, inspection, and repair systems were introduced that enable their users to quickly boost yields. Today’s equipment can measure substrates prior to cell assembly, scan powered displays for defects prior to final assembly, and cut or modify circuitry for defect correction. Other testers can evaluate both color and hue to establish grades of panels. If you want to stay in business, functional testing is best not left to your OEM customers. Other contributing factors Why is the standardization of FPDs so painfully slow? It’s because manufacturers are forging into unknown territory as they extend existing processes while trying to build larger displays with many different technologies. Although existing FPD technology has enjoyed massive financial investment in both R&D and manufacturing, this alone does not assure long-term viability. The entire industry infrastructure – the builders of displays, along with their equipment and materials vendors – are developing concurrently. Equipment suppliers are building versatile products to serve all FPD technologies and are developing quantifiable standards to be competitive. Systems must be reasonably priced because the FPD market is very sensitive to overall production costs. Today’s FPDs are barely competitive with alternative technologies. FPD manufacturers are looking for competitive advantages based on manufacturing prowess. At the moment, the strongest distinction is simply the ability to deliver on time and at predictably priced displays with the quality and ruggedness to survive real-world use. U.S. Display Consortium (USDC) The recently formed USDC is interesting in its potential as a catalyst for improvements in both display and manufacturing technologies. This consortium – formed by industry representatives, government, and trade organizations – has a charter to develop a healthy U.S. display industry. USDC will affect manufacturing standards and the technologies with which displays are produced. Some objectives are to improve supplier quality, spearhead a drive to establish industry standards, and disseminate the results of progress. Clearly, with low yields affecting the FPD industry worldwide, a coherent development program has merit. The program could proceed without the constraints that limit existing companies that have already made massive investments in certain technologies, plant, and equipment, and are therefore reluctant to start afresh. Some USDC projects in the works include deposition, lithography, etching, substrate handling and finishing, materials, automated driver connections, and final test/assembly. The bottom line? Either directly or indirectly, USDC activities should produce better manufacturing yields. The USDC may also help balance the equipment/materials/FPD manufacturer/customer infrastructure, which is painfully seeking a profitable equilibrium. And perhaps, like SEMATECH, the USDC may become open to non-U.S. involvement in some form in the future. Opportunities FPD manufacturers that control their fabrication operations based on scientific realities rather than as an “art” will have the best chance to prosper. As the once separate fields of computing, telecommunications, education, and entertainment continue toward a seemingly inevitable merger, customers will view the products of the merging fields as appliances. The personal digital assistant (PDA) products were created as commodities. Appliance and department stores will sell them along with other mass-produced merchandise, such as computers. One characteristic that typifies commodities is low price. Today, the market demands lower prices, and lower prices mean low-cost displays are a necessity. Conclusions The FPD industry will stabilize as costs and quality are controlled. Lower panel costs are a prerequisite to sustained growth. Standards for fabrication, test/inspection, and repair will be established because OEM customers need standards to simplify design, manufacturing, and service requirements. Although standards will be set for display products and their construction materials, the standards will not preclude further innovation. Rather, they will discourage minor changes leading to significant interface issues. Technology barriers in manufacturing are being overcome, and most FPD producers realize that long-term industry health depends on easy-to-use products. Prices will be more predictable for new products as the FPD experience curve will allow manufacturers to set prices that meet the expectations of their OEM customers. Use our Database Expertise for Market Research Competitive Intelligence Patent Searches Patent Trend Analysis Technical Literature Demographics Database Training Avoid costly errors. Get the facts before you act. H.L. Funk Consulting is a subscriber to major electronic database providers and has over twenty years of experience in their use. A brief discussion with us determine if your information requirements can be satisfied by H.L. Funk Consulting. H.L. Funk Consulting 7 Diane Court Katonah, NY 10536 Telephone: (914) 232 3530 FAX: (914) 232 3530 Circle no. 27 Please send new product releases or news items to Joan Gorman, Departments Editor, Information Display, c/o Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc., 201 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014. SID '94 Symposium, Seminar, and Exhibition San Jose Convention Center San Jose, California June 12–17, 1994 Model 901: $6,450 video timing range 1.4 to 87 MHz Model 902: $8,500 video timing range 2 to 133 MHz Model 903: new low cost $9,950 video timing range 2 to 250 MHz They cost so little for capabilities delivered you'll be amazed! 900 Series ...a new standard of performance The world's only video display generators with production networking capability The 900 Series features the same easy-to-use graphic user interface on all models. They deliver the Formats, Images and Tests you'll need to adjust or evaluate almost any video display. Whether you're designing easy to use tools for servicing lower resolution PC displays or designing and producing top-of-the-line CAD displays, there's a 900 model to fit your needs. The built-in hard disk and floppy disk drives let you store your own library of display formats and tests. You'll find the 900 Series saves time, money and frustration. Makes design, testing, quality control, production and servicing of video displays easier than ever before. Call or FAX for full details today. Quantum Data® 2111 Big Timber Road, Elgin, IL 60123 Phone: 708-888-0450 • FAX: 708-888-2802 Circle no. 28 CRT-Based Data Display Technology If CRTs are such a mature technology, why are they changing so quickly? by Richard Trueman Since it was invented over 100 years ago, the longevity of the cathode-ray tube (CRT) has not been rivaled by any other active component, nor has any other active component experienced the CRT's striking and constant improvement$^1$ (Fig. 1). The continual re-invention of the CRT has been financed by the device's extraordinary success — which is the result of a luminance and resolution that can not be rivaled by any other display technology at comparable cost. The pace of CRT re-invention is not slowing. Activity in the last few years has been intense, and those of us who design CRTs see an accelerating level of change over the next 2 years at least. But let's take a moment to reflect on some of the more recent improvements in CRTs and CRT-based data-display monitors. Surface treatments One of the fastest-moving areas in CRT technology does not involve the tube's interior structures, but the outside of its front panel. Surface treatments are needed because the CRT panel glass reflects ambient light, as does the light-colored phosphor layer deposited on the interior surface of the panel glass. The reflections reduce the "blackness" of the image background and degrade several other measures of picture quality. An ideal surface treatment would completely eliminate reflections from the CRT glass. Only the light emitted from the CRT's phosphors should reach the user, with all other light sources being attenuated. A variety of different surface treatments have been developed to accomplish this end. Simply darkening the panel glass diminishes phosphor reflection and improves contrast. But this method does not address reflection from the front surface of the glass itself, which reflects up to 4% of the incoming light. Manufacturers currently employ three methods to reduce reflection: (1) roughing up the surface to disperse or scatter the light, (2) using thin-film technology to create interference, and (3) using a combination of the two preceding techniques. ![Image](image.png) Fig. 1: The CRT's longevity has not been rivaled by any other active component because it is amenable to striking and constant improvements. A dramatic and very recent example is Matsushita's color flat-panel (CFP) display (background) that consists of a matrix-addressed array of thousands of tiny CRTs. An earlier tube that embodied important improvements was RCA Victor's UBB4 (foreground). It solved the problem of ion burn in magnetically deflected CRTs and became the best-selling TV picture tube of the 1946-1950 period. (Photograph of RCA Victor's UBB4 tube courtesy of Peter A. Kellogg; see Ref. 1.) (Photograph of color flat-panel display consisting of tiny CRTs courtesy of Matsushita Electronics Corp.) The panel front surface can be roughed up by chemical etching, mechanical etching, or applying silica. These low-cost methods make surface reflections less objectionable by diffusing them, but because they scatter both the reflected and the emitted light they defocus the displayed image. One method of reducing defocusing with silica coatings is to reduce the silica particle size. Anti-reflective (AR) panels use thin-film layers to create interference between light waves that reduces the intensity of reflections. Because these panels use properties of interference that are wavelength dependent, several layers must be used to diminish reflections across the visible spectrum. AR panels do not scatter light, so defocusing does not occur. AR panels are effective but they are expensive compared with other methods. In addition to requiring several thin-film layers, AR panels have been manufactured by third-party companies and bonded to the CRT. Both of these characteristics have a considerable impact on cost and make AR panels the most expensive way of eliminating reflections as well as the most effective. The most recent and most cost-effective approach adopted by CRT manufacturers has been to apply thin films directly to the CRT panel glass. These films have both AR and anti-static properties. The first layer is typically a material with a high refractive index and low resistivity, such as SnO₂. Subsequent layers have lower indices of refraction to establish the correct phase relationships for destructive interference. But there is a trade-off. In order to keep costs down, the number of layers must be reduced to as few as possible. This means that certain wavelengths are not attenuated, which produces the purple-blue reflections typical of integral thin-film coatings. A few CRT manufacturers, including Matsushita, are further improving this method by combining integral thin films with silica. Minute amounts of very-fine-grain silica are added to the outermost layer of the film to scatter reflected light while having very little effect upon clarity. Thus, the combination of these two techniques produces an excellent yet cost-effective method for reducing both specular reflections and specular glossiness. Shadow masks Nearly all CRT manufacturers have had to replace steel shadow masks with INVAR in their high-end data-grade products. INVAR is the trade name for a nickel-steel alloy that has many of the favorable qualities of steel, but a lower coefficient of thermal expansion that resists geometric distortion of the mask called “doming.” This resistance to doming allows higher beam currents and brighter pictures without degrading brightness uniformity or color purity. But INVAR is not a perfect solution and is still susceptible to doming at high brightness levels – a problem that is accentuated by the flatter screens of newer CRTs. Matsushita’s Advanced INVAR Mask (AIM) is one of the new approaches to doming and the additional stress placed upon the shadow mask by flatter screens. The AIM has a decreased radius compared to conventional shadow masks, so the shadow mask is actually less flat than the tube faceplate. This would ordinarily produce landing errors – electrons passing through holes in the mask would not land on the phosphor dots associated with those holes. But in the AIM, the pitch of the holes at the outer edge of the shadow mask is adjusted to compensate for mislanding. Cathodes As display size, brightness, and resolution continue to increase, while dot pitches and electron-beam spots grow even smaller, the cathode must supply ever-increasing current demands in modern CRTs. Recent improvements in surface analytical techniques have improved our understanding of cathode emitter surfaces, and this has permitted significant improvements in thermionic electron sources. Impregnated cathodes (known as I-cathodes, or “dispenser cathodes”) have an even longer life expectancy – about 10,000 hours when operated at 5–7 A/cm² – than the super-oxide cathodes they are replacing. Scandate cathodes, which operate at lower temperatures, show potential for the next generation of CRTs. These cathodes have demonstrated current densities approaching 100 A/cm². Power management Although several notable innovations in chassis electronics have been introduced over the last year to improve data-display performance, none have had as large an impact upon the industry as power management. President Clinton’s Energy Star™ – or “green PC” – initiative to reduce the power consumption of PCs and their peripherals has been openly embraced by the industry. The Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) is about to release a standard defining the signaling necessary to enable data-display devices to go into various stages of power management. In essence, there are four modes of power management: on, standby, suspend, and active-off. Each mode has its own level of energy savings and a corresponding recovery time (Fig. 2). The greater the amount of power saved, the greater the toll exacted upon the user, who must wait longer for the display to become operational. The most substantial power savings is accomplished by shutting down the high-voltage circuits, although other tricks are used to wring out additional watts. One method is the use of dual power supplies – known as mother-and-daughter supplies – in which the mother provides the lion’s share of the power while the daughter picks up the rest. This allows the mother supply to be shut down during stand-by and active-off modes, leaving the low-wattage daughter supply to operate the signal-sense circuitry. Moire reduction Moire is a video distortion which causes a series of horizontal, vertical, and/or diagonal lines, which are typically but not exclusively found at the outer edges of the display. It is caused by a well-focused spot in conjunction with non-linearities in the sweep circuitry.$^5$ Since the spot size on lower-performance displays is usually large enough to mask any non-linearities, this phenomenon is typically found only on high-performance displays. Moire is most likely to occur when displaying pixel-on, pixel-off patterns as found in some Windows™ backgrounds. Circuits have been developed that do a nice job of reducing – and sometimes canceling – moire. We know that we can reduce moire by enlarging the spot size, but enlarging the spot size also decreases resolution. Designers have now developed a method for reducing moire without sacrificing resolution. The technique utilizes circuits that are adjustable by the user from the front panel. The circuits “wobble” the electron beam either horizontally or vertically, thereby allowing the user to selectively “grow” the spot in the direction of choice just enough to eliminate moire, yet not so much that there is any more than a minimal effect upon resolution. Microprocessor-based designs The microprocessor-based chassis came of age with the introduction of multi-scanning displays. The microprocessor has given display manufacturers the ability to offer higher-performance products at lower prices, and has permitted the introduction of a whole new range of user-controlled functions. Today, microprocessor-based displays are being manufactured on lines that are almost completely automated. The microprocessor has allowed design engineers to develop chassis that are free of potentiometers (except for those that are part of the flyback) so all of the cumbersome setup normally handled by assembly-line workers can now be handled with software. Cameras monitor the CRT display while the software works in conjunction with a servo-CPU to optimize the display. Quite apart from the more reduction circuits discussed earlier, geometric-distortion correction and color-temperature control are becoming more commonplace. In fact, so many new functions have been introduced that some front panels have become cluttered and unintelligible. Designers have addressed this problem with a limited number of front-panel push-buttons and a small liquid-crystal display (LCD), but on-screen display (OSD) is a more elegant and economical way of pursuing the same strategy. OSD places a menu of functions on the CRT from which the user can choose. It greatly reduces the complexity of operation, while further reducing the cost of introducing new functions. OSD also provides the user with feedback as to the display’s status. This is especially useful when the user is, for example, adjusting color temperature without the assistance of a color analyzer. In addition, OSD can also inform the user of the format that is currently being used and the problems that may exist. What’s next? Display manufacturers are striving to achieve more intelligent and brighter displays with higher contrast and smaller footprints. VESA members have already begun discussing a two-way communication channel between the CPU and the display that will allow the display to tell the CPU what its current and maximum scan rates are. The CPU will then select the best format, based upon the software present and the video board’s capabilities. This will be a significant achievement because it will make the video board and display self-configuring. Non-technical users will welcome this simplification because it will mean the end of reading technical manuals and configuring video boards. Technical users will enjoy operating with the best possible format for any particular piece of software. Finally, video-board manufacturers should realize cost savings from a reduced use of technical-assistance lines. Let’s carry this idea one step further. If we combine the communications channel with OSD, we can have keyboard control of the display. We envision a system that will reduce the display controls to an on-off switch. In the near future, all of the functions described in this article, plus many more, will be activated through software via the host system’s keyboard. Since W. Ross Aiken first conceived of the idea in 1937, manufacturers have wrestled with the attractions and difficulties of flat CRTs. In September, Matsushita introduced a flat-panel television in Japan that represents a genuinely new approach.$^6$ FlatVision – Matsushita’s name for its flat-panel televisions – and soon-to-be-introduced data displays – is a thin (approximately 4-in.) matrix of thousands --- The Best of Both Worlds? Several TV manufacturers announced high-end sets with 16 x 9 CRTs. No, HDTV isn’t here yet. The extra screen width is filled by selectively stretching the NTSC image. These sets will fill their screens with the letterbox images available on some videotapes and videodiscs. of tiny CRTs and their drive electronics (Fig. 3). It is targeted to be considerably less expensive than other technologies -- such as active-matrix LCDs -- offering similar specifications. FlatVision is now available in Japan and could be available in the U.S. as early as next year. Notes 1. P. Keller, The Cathode-Ray Tube, pp. 45-64 (Palisades Press, New York, 1991). 2. H. Toda et al., Anti-Glare, Anti-Reflection, Anti-Static Coatings (AGRAS) for CRTs, (Matsushita Electronics Corp., Osaka, Japan). 3. B. Hartzell, private correspondence. 4. R. T. Longo and D. R. Dibb, "Dispenser Scandate Cathode: A Progress Report," SID Intl. Symp. Digest Tech. Papers, 327-330 (1992). 5. A. Morell et al., Color Television Picture Tubes, pp. 50-62 (Academic Press, 1974). 6. K. Werner, "The Flat Panel's Future," IEEE Spectrum Magazine (November 1993). --- NEW The Klein CRT Inspection Microscope Mode 1 Shown measuring CRT blemishes, attached with its suction cup base. • 50x power Mode 2 Shown with its bench top base. Klein Optical Instruments 8948 S.W. Barbur Blvd., Dept. 100 Portland, Oregon 97219 U.S.A. Phone: (503) 245-1012 FAX: (503) 245-8166 Circle no. 29 --- More Than The Eye Can See Data Ray offers more than high performance color and monochrome monitors with outstanding image quality— • U.S. Engineering and Manufacturing • Superior Product Reliability • Personalized Customer Support • Flexible Manufacturing Capabilities Call us today to discuss your particular OEM requirements. DATA RAY CORPORATION 12300 Pecos • Westminster, CO 80234 • (303) 451-1300 • FAX (303) 451-1143 1-800-926-5556 Circle no. 31 Liquid-Crystal Displays The LCD is now challenging the CRT as the world's largest-selling display – and will soon surpass it. by John L. West Practical matters dominated the liquid-crystal field in 1993. Active-matrix liquid-crystal displays (AMLCDs) were readily available at long last in laptop and notebook computers. Companies around the world were busy forming consortia, often with government support, while others established or expanded manufacturing capacity. New applications for LCDs were touted by communications and computer companies and were prominently featured in advertisements. Technological advances were mostly incremental, offering higher resolution, better viewing, and larger screens. The LCD market was one of the few bright spots in the global electronics industry. Despite a worldwide recession, the sale of liquid-crystal devices showed strong growth. The Electric Association of Japan reported that sales of liquid-crystal devices increased by 28% even though the overall production of electronic devices dropped by 12% in 1992. One can only speculate about the growth that might have occurred in better economic times. The strong market reflects the performance and lower cost of both super-twist LCDs (ST-LCDs) and AMLCDs used in laptop computers. Companies are improving production yields and are therefore able to provide more displays at lower cost. While companies are still gearing up to service the rapidly expanding laptop and notebook computer market, they are also exploring a range of new applications in communications and portable computing. Technological evolution While no real technological breakthroughs mark 1993, steady advances were made in improving the LCD. Xerox and its collaborators, Stanish Industries and VCD Sciences, Inc., garnered a great deal of attention at SID '93 in May. They claimed the lead in high-resolution AMLCDs by unveiling behavior and black-and-white 6.3M-pixel AMLCDs – 6.3M sub-pixels in the case of the color version (Fig. 1). Xerox effectively exploited the design advantages of binary operation to achieve the high resolution. Gray scale can be introduced by standard dithering techniques. The nearly 300-lpi 13-in.-diagonal format can produce laser-quality images suitable for desktop publishing and CAD applications. Tektronix unveiled (also at SID '93) a full-color 16-in.-diagonal VGA-resolution plasma-addressed LCD (PALCD) (Fig. 2). The large format and bright image of the display is made possible by the plasma-addressing scheme, which offers the advantages of an active matrix but only requires passive-matrix tolerances. This eases the manufacturing of large-area high-resolution LCDs. PALCDs also have higher aperture ratios than their active-matrix counterparts, which makes them brighter. Closer to the laboratory, researchers at Kent State University's Liquid Crystal Institute demonstrated a 320 x 320 reflective display based on polymer-stabilized cholesteric textures (PSCT) (Fig. 3). Like displays based on ferroelectric materials, PSCT displays are switched between two stable states: a planar reflecting state and a focal conic transparent state. Unlike ferroelectric displays, gray scale is easily achieved with these new materials. The PSCT materials do not require polarizers because they utilize light reflected from the cholesteric planar state. PSCT displays are easily viewed in dim to bright ambient light, so backlights are not required. The road to commercialization for ferroelectric liquid-crystal displays (FELCDs) is turning out to be a rocky one. Canon promised commercial introduction in 1993, but the displays have yet to reach market. Probable reasons: difficulty in controlling alignment and sensitivity to mechanical shock. Active-matrix goes public Color active-matrix displays finally appeared on store shelves in numbers and at a price where they were a practical option for the consumer looking to buy a laptop or notebook computer. Promises and prototypes of these displays have been the talk of SID conferences for years. AMLCDs were commercially available prior to 1993 but their astronomical price (greater than $7000) and scarcity made them curiosities limited to the computer connoisseur and largely unknown to the general public. Advertisements for active-matrix full-color LCD laptop and notebook computers were few and far between – even in January of 1993 – and consumers soon found that an advertisement didn't always mean the computers were available. By summer 1993 the availability of AMLCDs increased, and more than a dozen companies offered them in their laptops and notebooks. Calls to a few distributors found computers with AMLCDs in stock – or at least readily available. The quality of ST-LCDs has improved in response to the AMLCDs, with compensation layers... offering more brilliant color and better black-on-white displays. The consumer must now weigh the cost/performance ratio when selecting a portable computer. A $1500-$2000 cost differential separates computers with the low-end black-and-white ST-LCD from the high-end full-color active-matrix display. Consumers are quickly educating themselves in the advantages and disadvantages of each display option. The growth of the LCD market is still closely tied to the laptop computer, but the number of potential applications is quickly growing. It seems that everyone is touting the coming communications revolution. You have probably seen the commercial from AT&T showing portable faxes and phones incorporating liquid-crystal screens that let you send messages or participate in teleconferences from the beach. Knight Ridder is planning to distribute an electronic newspaper that will be read on a hand-held tablet, likely utilizing a liquid-crystal screen. If these new applications are successful, earlier forecasts for the size of the market may prove conservative. Working together Japanese companies hold a commanding lead in the production of LCDs and deserve the credit for advancing LCD technology to the point where it now challenges – and is predicted to soon surpass – the CRT as the largest selling display. With the success of the LCD confirmed, companies in the Far East, the United States, and Europe that were once content to purchase LCDs are now at least considering in-house production. Companies are typically forming joint ventures and consortia, often with government encouragement and support, as a means of spreading the risk involved in active-matrix manufacturing. The Government of Taiwan is expected to supply $100 million over the next 4 years to a new TFT-LCD consortium, consisting mostly of companies in Taiwan, but also including Philips and several Japanese --- 6 Million Pixel AMLCD With 6.3 million pixels, this display has the highest pixel count of any reported AMLCD. - Technology: Amorphous Silicon - Resolution: 1536 by 1024 color pixels - Pixel Count: 6.3 million - Diagonal: 13 inch Abstract This paper will describe a 6.3 Million pixel monochrome active matrix display having a diagonal dimension of 33cm (13 inch). This display has the largest number of pixels of any AMLCD so far reported. Its characteristics (including resolution, and binary output) are similar to those of a laser printer. The advantages of a binary monochrome design are described and the image quality is shown. flat-screen display vendors. The consortium will support LCD research and production. In the United States, ARPA (formerly DARPA) provided major support for U.S. industries to conduct research and produce high-resolution LCDs. They have awarded a multi-year contract to fund the U.S. Display Consortium. Headed by Xerox and AT&T, and representing producers and suppliers, the consortium will fund projects to develop equipment and materials for flat-panel-display production. ARPA has also funded OIS, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Guardian Glass, to establish an active-matrix production facility. In Europe, Philips, Sagem, and Thomson have formed a joint venture, Flat Panel Display, to produce LCDs for computers and televisions. This joint venture plans production volumes large enough to serve the broad consumer market. Companies are joining together to share the risk and rewards inherent in production of high-resolution LCDs. There are too many joint ventures and cooperative agreements to list in this article, but they are a sign of both the promise and the remaining uncertainty of the LCD market. Looking ahead The future of LCDs now seems secure. The commercial introduction of full-color AMLCDs is proceeding well. If, as expected, the cost of high-resolution displays falls with large-scale production and improved yields, these displays will be used in an increasing array of applications. The large number of companies around the world considering LCD production, both active matrix and supertwist, indicates the central role LCDs will play. Consumers are choosing computers largely by the quality of the display, and this trend promises to spread to phones, faxes, and a variety of new devices. To reap the rewards of these markets, companies are deciding they must produce LCDs. I expect the number of companies fabricating LCDs to grow. How many more companies will plunk down the $300 million to $1 billion required to be a real player in this field is not clear. The Japanese companies that have invested heavily in AMLCD production over the last decade will certainly control the market for the near future. New technologies involving liquid-crystal or other materials may ultimately supersede the AMLCD, but until that happens LCDs will dominate the market. Fig. 2: At SID '93, Tektronix unveiled a bright full-color 16-in.-diagonal VGA-resolution PALCD. Plasma addressing offers the advantages of an active matrix but only requires passive-matrix tolerances, which eases the manufacturing of large-area high-resolution LCDs. Fig. 3: This prototype reflective 320 × 320 multiplexed polymer-stabilized cholesteric texture display was fabricated at the Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University. Notes 1 R. Martin et al., “A 6.3-Mpixel AMLCD,” SID Intl. Symp. Digest Tech. Papers, 704 (1993). 2 T. S. Buzak et al., “A 19-in. Full-Color Plasma-Addressed Active-Matrix LCD,” SID Intl. Symp. Digest Tech. Papers, 883 (1993). 3 Following developments in the LCD marketplace over the last year has been simplified with the Flat Panel Display Hotline, a monthly newsletter written by William C. O’Mara of O’Mara & Associates, which is offered via SEMICOMM. --- calendar Display Technology SID ’94. The Society for Information Display’s Annual Symposium, Seminar & Exhibition. Jay Morreale (SID ’94), Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc., 201 Varick Street, Suite 1006, New York, NY 10014. 212/620-3371, fax -3379. June 12-17, 1994 San Jose, CA The 14th International Display Research Conference. Sponsored by SID. Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc., Ralph Nadell (IDRC ’94), 201 Varick Street, Suite 1006, New York, NY 10014. 212/620-3341, fax -3379. October 10-13, 1994 Monterey, CA Imaging/Graphics/General Interest 1994 ISCC Williamsburg Conference on “Colorimetry of Fluorescent Materials.” Ms. Ginny Baca, Hunter Associates Lab., Inc., 11491 Sunset Hills Rd., Reston, VA 22090. 703/471-6870, fax -4237. Feb. 20-23, 1994 Williamsburg, VA CeBIT ’94. Hannover Fairs USA, Inc., 103 Carnegie Center, Princeton, NJ 08540. 609/987-1202, fax -0092. Mar. 16-23, 1994 Hannover, Germany --- data bank Printers: Sales and Leading Manufacturers U.S. Printer Sales \| Year \| Dot matrix \| Ink jet \| Laser \| Other \| \|------\|------------\|---------\|-------\|-------\| \| 1992 \| 55.9% \| 1.1% \| 26.0% \| \| \| 1993 \| 50.5% \| 1.2% \| 27.8% \| \| \| 1994 \| 37.0% \| 1.1% \| 31.8% \| \| Total U.S. Printer Sales - 1992: 9,817,360 - 1993: 10,282,340 - 1994: 10,352,000 Data courtesy of BIS Strategic Decisions, Norwell, Massachusetts Leading printer manufacturers (Rankings based on 1992 U.S. unit sales.) \| Rank \| Dot matrix \| Ink jet \| Laser \| \|------\|------------\|---------\|-------\| \| 1 \| Epson \| Hewlett-Packard \| Hewlett-Packard \| \| 2 \| Panasonic \| Canon \| Apple \| \| 3 \| Okidata \| Apple \| Okidata \| \| 4 \| Star Micronics \| Eastman Kodak \| Panasonic \| \| 5 \| Citizen \| Lexmark \| Lexmark \| \| 6 \| Lexmark \| Star Micronics \| Epson \| \| 7 \| Apple \| Digital \| Texas Instruments \| \| 8 \| C-Tech \| Olivetti \| NEC \| \| 9 \| ALPS \| Brother \| Digital \| \| 10 \| Digital \| \| QMS \| Note: Data courtesy of BIS Strategic Decisions, Norwell, Massachusetts. Flat-panel PC APF, Greenville, South Carolina, has introduced the APF4000 series of flat-panel PCs that integrate a full-function 486DX2 PC at 66 MHz, an active-matrix color TFT flat-panel display, a 170-MB hard drive, and a 1.44-MB 3.5-in. floppy drive into a compact unit weighing only 14 lbs. The APF4000 leaves a $9 \times 10$-in. footprint and consumes less than 40 W. The system features a 10-in. 64,000-color TFT-LCD, with power, keyboard, COM, mouse, and printer ports easily accessed at the rear of the unit. The APF4000 is priced from $6995 with stock to 30-day delivery. Information: APF, Sales Department, P.O. Box 25126, Greenville, SC 29616-0126. 803/244-4416, fax 803/879-2030. Circle no. 1 Low-temperature laser annealing system XMR, Inc., Santa Clara, California, has introduced the ELA 9100, an excimer laser annealing system that provides a production-ready process for low-temperature annealing of active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AMLCD) substrates. Unlike conventional annealing processes, the ELA 9100 does not subject the substrate to high temperatures, enabling display manufacturers to use glass instead of quartz substrates for making high-quality high-resolution polysilicon thin-film transistor (poly-TFT) displays. The new turnkey system can be readily added to existing flat-panel-display production lines and consists of two major components: an XMR 150-W XeCl excimer laser and a beam delivery/substrate handling system. The ELA 9100 directs the laser beam to the substrate through an optical train and beam homogenizer. The homogenizer converts the beam from a quasi-Gaussian intensity profile to a spatially uniform "top hat" profile. The rectangular beam is then scanned over the substrate. Substrates are automatically loaded and unloaded by a cassette-to-cassette handling system for throughput of up to twenty 450 $\times$ 360-mm substrates per hour. Information: Diana Zankowsky, XMR, Inc., 5303 Betsy Ross Drive, Santa Clara, CA 95054. 408/988-2426. Circle no. 2 Ultra-miniature LED displays Hewlett-Packard Co., Palo Alto, California, has introduced a new family of ultra-miniature seven-segment LED displays that provide full 8-mm character height in a compact package. The combination of larger character size and smaller package dimensions makes this new family of LED displays applicable for temperature controllers, timers, and digital panel meters; typical consumer applications include various appliances with LED readouts for time, temperature, and other numeric information. These compact displays are available in either gray or black surfaces, and in standard, high-efficiency, and super-efficient colors of AlGaAs red, orange, yellow, or green. They offer a combination of high light output, high peak-current capability with evenly lighted segments, and mitered corners on segments for a pleasing appearance. Information: Hewlett-Packard Co., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., P.O. Box 58059, Santa Clara, CA 95052-8059. 800/537-7715 ext. 7891. Circle no. 3 Universal flat-panel controller board Allus Technology Corp., Houston, Texas, has introduced the "Allus-in-One" universal flat-panel controller board that offers an easy-to-use plug-and-play solution for driving any flat-panel technology. The combination of specialty modules and a software-configuring technique allows for automatic configuration - no set-up required, no switches to switch, no jumpers to set, no special cables or software to configure. The QUAD controller feature allows up to four Allus-in-One boards to exist in the same system bus, allowing four flat panels or CRTs to display different information simultaneously. Other features include IBM compatibility, gray-scale generation on monochrome panels, and support of resolutions up to 1280 $\times$ 1024. Also available is the "Boot," a universal single-board computer with a flat-panel controller that can be mounted to the back of any VGA flat panel as well as interfaced to all flat-panel technologies. Information: Ms. Kay Murrell, Allus Technology Corp., 12611 Jones Road, Houston, TX 77070. 800/255-8748 or 713/894-4455, fax 713/894-6709. Circle no. 4 Color VGA plasma panel Thomson Tubes Electroniques, Velizy, France, has introduced the TH 7675A, an eight-color VGA ac-plasma flat-screen display panel primarily intended for industrial data processing and ruggedized military applications. The TH 7675A is a $640 \times 480$-dot display with an RGB color pixel pitch of 0.4 mm and a 13-in. diagonal. The white area brightness is 50 cd/m². The panel combines RGB-phosphor color and the inherent qualities of ac-plasma flat-screen technology that include ruggedness and a stable flicker-free high-contrast image with a viewing angle of over 160°. Information: Hélène Maggair, Thomson Tubes Electroniques, B.P. 121, F-78148 Velizy Cedex, France. 33-1-30-70-35-00, fax -35. Gyro-sensed stereoscopic HMD Vista Controls Corp., Santa Clarita, California, has introduced their See-Thru Armor® Helmet that provides unrestrained gyro-sensed head position and stereoscopic color video using active-matrix color LCDs. The helmet is equipped with both see-through and see-below video presentation options. It can also be used in a virtual-reality mode by pulling down an opaque screen in front of the video presentation. The unit, which is a modified SPH-5 helmet, allows land-vehicle operators to “see through” the armored protection of their land vehicle while simultaneously viewing control displays inside the vehicle. During non-combat activity, when the operator’s head is outside the vehicle, graphic data such as tactical vehicle status and data-link information can be projected on the screen. During battle, four cameras supply an integrated 360° digital view of the battlefield to multiple users inside land vehicles such as an M109 howitzer or an M1A2 tank. Helmet sensors computerize and communicate a particular vehicle operator’s view of outside terrain to commanders of other vehicles, who can also view the inside of his tank. The gyros permit real-time view of the exterior terrain. Multiple cameras provide independent video to two color LCDs, which project a stereoscopic image to the operator. Information: Mike Nemechek, Vista Controls Corp., 27825 Fremont Court, Santa Clarita, CA 91355. 805/257-4430. New LCD fluids Standish LCD, Lake Mills, Wisconsin, has introduced two new series of LCD fluids. The new first-minimum LCD fluids provide a 20% improvement in viewing TN-LCDs from an off-center perspective and represent a substantial increase in viewer convenience. They incorporate a very low birefringence fluid and controlled cell spacing to achieve a very wide viewing angle with no nulls in the center. Applications include outdoor, extreme-temperature, or off-direct-center installations. A new series of extreme-temperature LCDs includes the H-4137, which operates in temperatures colder than ice (-131°F/-55°C) and hotter than boiling water (221°F/105°C). Applications include process and foundry controls, avionic and military devices, ovens and/or moisture-removal equipment, and enclosed equipment subject to a “greenhouse” effect. The H-4184 extreme-cold-temperature fluid is suitable for freezers, scientific and research instrumentation, portable communications equipment, and avionic and military equipment. Both series of fluids are available in standard LCD configurations or as a custom display package. Information: Walter A. Bruenger, Marketing Manager, Standish LCD Division, Standish Industries, W7514 Highway V, Lake Mills, WI 53551. 414/648-1000, fax -1001. Touch screens for CD multimedia Interaction Systems, Inc. Watertown, Massachusetts, has announced the availability of Crystal Clear™ touch screens for Philips Consumer Electronics CD-I multimedia players, such as the CD-I 220, 605, and other players using either an 8- or 9-pin RS232 cable. The user can then set communication parameters and operating modes that best suit his particular software application. Touch screens are available for the 14-in. Philips/Magnavox CM135 as well as other popular multimedia monitors. Capacitive touch screens utilize a conductive coating to detect touches on the display. Crystal Clear™ has a clear-glass non-reflective hermetically sealed surface producing better than 95% light transmission, with less than 0.5% reflection. The hermetic seal permits operation in environments of up to 100% humidity with condensation. Pricing for OEM orders and large direct accounts starts at $495.00. The Crystal Clear™ touch-screen kit. Kits are available in a wide variety of curved and flat-glass sizes from 9 to 20 in. Optional factory installation is also available. Information: Bob Maher, Interaction Systems, Inc., 86 Coolidge Avenue, Watertown, MA 02172. 617/923-6001, fax -2112. Circle no. 8 Stereo 3D graphics for PC market StereoGraphics Corp., San Rafael, California, has introduced its CrystalEyes® PC™ system for most popular desktop system platforms, including IBM PCs and compatibles, and some Apple Macintosh and Amiga computers. CrystalEyes® PC™ is the first true stereo viewing product designed for desktop PC users. The system combines stereo electronics and an infrared emitter in a single small package which sits atop the monitor, and includes the patented CrystalEyes® shuttering liquid-crystal eyewear in a new teal color. The stereo electronics converts a non-stereo-ready PC into a state-of-the-art graphics platform for true 3D stereo visualization, increasing the user's ability to analyze complex computer graphics and intricate details. Typical applications for mainstream desktop users include mechanical design, CAD/CAM/CAE, molecular modeling animation, medical imaging, and digital mapping. A single cable ensures easy installation without opening the computer. CrystalEyes® PC™ will be available for shipment early in January, 1994, at a U.S. list price of $1300 for the model CE-PCE or $2695 for the CE-PCE-17M, which is bundled with a 17-in. stereo-ready monitor. As an inducement to new 3D stereo users, the company is offering a special introductory price of $985 for the CE-PCE or $2380 for the CE-PCE/17M. Information: Wil Cochran, StereoGraphics Corp., 2171 East Francisco Blvd., San Rafael, CA 94901. 415/459-4500, fax -3020. Circle no. 9 Desktop projector Proxima Corp., San Diego, California, has announced the Desktop Projector™, a compact portable high-performance system which is smaller, lighter, and easier to use than other data and video projectors. Data from a computer can be projected onto a large screen and changes can be made in real time. Less than 6 in. high and weighing just 18 lbs., it features a built-in light source, interactivity, advanced ergonomics, and the ability to project up to 2 million colors. Lenses and mirrors are hidden from view for transport or storage. Three models, which are compatible with both PC and Macintosh computers, are offered: the Desktop Projector™ 2800 high-performance video-ready active-matrix multimedia projector accepts all three international video formats and power sources, as well as S-VHS, and carries a U.S. suggested retail price of $8995. The Desktop Projector™ 2700 is a high-performance active-matrix color projec- tor, with video and audio as an option, suitable for business presentations, workgroup meetings, and training presentations. The Desktop Projector™ 2300 is the first self-contained color projector to break the $5000 price barrier. Its color-stripe super-twisted-nematic LCD technology projects 24,389 true colors and is priced at $4995. It features fast mouse tracking and can project QuickTime or Video for Windows, making it affordable for the training or education community. Information: George Wilson, Proxima Corp., 6610 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121-3297. 619/457-5500, fax -9647. Circle no. 10 Deflection yokes for virtual environments Celco-Constantine Engineering, Mahwah, New Jersey, has introduced a series of CRT deflection yokes for virtual environments designed for commercial and MIL-SPEC applications for 1- and 0.5-in. helmet-mounted displays. Made in the U.S.A., the Celco HM series high-resolution CRT deflection yokes are designed for very high-speed applications where losses are critical to system performance. The ruggedly built deflection yokes are available in a full range of inductances. Information: Celco-Constantine Engineering, 70 Constantine Drive, Mahwah, NJ 07430. 201/327-1123, fax 201/327-7047. Circle no. 11 Intrinsically safe touch terminal Deeco Systems, Hayward, California, has introduced the first full-size touch display terminal in an "intrinsically safe" form for use in combustible, flammable, and explosive environments. The terminal does not require large gas-filled packages or explosion-proof outer boxes that have small difficult-to-read displays. The units are certified to Factory Mutual standards for the U.S. (Class I, Div. 1, Groups C & D, T4). The ST2220iS has also been tested at a prestigious safety lab under the requirements of BS5501, parts 1, 7, and 9, by SIRA, the British test and certification organization. SIRA has given the product a rating that enables its use in the most hazardous environment (Zone 0). The ST2220iS is a two-part system featuring a small footprint and a full-size display panel. The controller enclosure portion of the system is installed in a "safe" area and houses a standard Deeco C320 controller, a power supply, and an intrinsically safe barrier. The display enclosure is used in the hazardous area, and houses a reflective LCD flat panel (suitable for daylight or well-lighted applications), support circuitry for the panel, and a SeaTouch IR touch system (providing an easily accessible interactive operator interface). The display enclosure, with conduit cover, is rated for NEMA 4/12 (IP65). Pricing for the ST2220iS is $5895 in volume quantities. Delivery is 90 days ARO. Information: Melissa May, Deeco Systems, 31047 Genstar Road, Hayward, CA 94544-7831. 510/471-4700, fax 510/489-3500. Circle no. 12 ■ If your computer screen jitters, swims or oscillates you can correct the problem without compromising the aesthetics of your work environment. The GBENCLOSURE is the solution. This innovative product encases your existing monitor in a protective shield that reduces the electromagnetic interference (EMI) from nearby transformers, power lines or motors, frequently the cause of distortion you see on your screen. The GBENCLOSURE is available in a series of sizes that can be shipped upon receipt of order. And it takes less than one minute to install! Circle no. 35 Put Your Analysis in Motion Fully Automated Testing of CRTs, HUDs. Analyze any image in two or three dimensions. Above the rest... ...the Spectron DASH is the New Industry Standard! DASH (Display Analysis System—HighSpeed) is Fast, Accurate, High precision. High technology can sneak up on you. About the time you think everyone else uses the same technology, surprise! There comes something even better. The DASH utilizes the same type of area detector as many display analysis systems, but it is the one that puts the camera in motion with a high-accuracy, sub-millisecond range-finder. You get the ability to measure finite & infinite focal distance images, large area coverage, automatic focusing, a broad luminosity range, a temperature-stabilized detector, and IEEE488 and RS232 communication. You no longer worry about optical aberration, out-of-focus parallax, poor detector, or inadequate resolution. Many DASH units are already in use. Don't let new technology sneak up on you unnoticed—call Spectron for information. Capabilities - autofocus - color analysis - rotational positioning - finite & infinite focal distance images - DASH measures: • line brightness • line width • parallax • luminosity • line position • MTF • and others Introducing Spectron's new DASH Development Kit a complete test system that lets you start testing displays instantly! SPECTRON ENGINEERING "If you can see it—we can measure it."™ 255 Yuma Court • Denver, Colorado 80223 Phone (303) 733-1060 • FAX (303) 733-2432 Circle no. 36 been creating new information, saving it, and moving it around since cave-man days. Nicholas Negroponte of MIT was recently quoted in a newspaper article as saying, “People thought of themselves as being in the newspaper business, or movies, music, and so on. But they’re really not anymore. They’re in the bit manufacturing business.” Wow, is that all there is to the Information Age? Isn’t that like saying that all the great books ever published were produced by “word manufacturers”? Doesn’t it matter just a little what kind of information those bits or words are carrying? Let me suggest that the Information Age will be characterized by a society that devotes more time to information creation and processing than it does to meeting its needs for food, shelter, safety, and manufactured goods. While this statement is not nearly as “sound-bitey” or “newsworthy” as the one made by Prof. Negroponte, I think it better characterizes how the Information Age will supplant the Industrial Age. Information in various forms will be the commodity of the Information Age. But what do you do with the shopping bag full of stored bits you bring home or receive over your modem? Well, we need to be able to display and understand them, to manipulate and organize them, to use them to create more information, to play with them, to copy what we have done, to transmit them to someone else, and to combine them with other things we have created or are yet to create. Several months ago, in a column about ARPA, I used the phrase “Displays are Windows into the Information Age.” Now, can you see why I am so enthusiastic about the future of display technology? Displays are absolutely critical to making the Information Age happen. We need today, and will need for many years to come, all kinds of new and better displays and I/O devices. We need high-resolution ones. We need big hang-on-the-wall ones. We need lightweight low-power ones to carry around. Most of all, the world needs all of us innovating and working hard to make these great things happen. Now, if we can just get more of our innovative ideas into seriously funded development programs and then into products and manufacturing, we may not need to be as concerned about jobs and survival as we have had to be in the last few years. This month, there is all kinds of interesting industry news to tell you. Let me begin with a short summary of a visit I made to Tektronix in the middle of October. After years of thinking about it, Tektronix appears to be getting out of the components business. The Integrated Circuits Operation, the Hybrids Operation, and three business segments of the Display Operation have been put up for sale, while the CRT plant itself is apparently scheduled for closure in 1995 or '96. The avionics display group, the plasma-addressed LCD technology group, and the display products group are all looking for a new home. Richard Hockenbrock, GM of the Network Displays & Display Products group, gave me a good overview of how they are building the business in spite of this period of high uncertainty. Bill Stein and John Moore showed me a demo of their latest plasma-addressed LCD panel. They are making a very serious effort to try quickly transition this technology from the laboratory into a marketable product. On that same trip, I was also able to visit with Steve Hix of In Focus Systems and to participate in the official opening ceremonies of the new Motif facility for making active-addressed LCDs. Motif is a joint venture between Motorola and In Focus Systems, and to emphasize that partnership, it is managed by Henry Lewinsohn, who came from Motorola and Paul Gulick, who was with In Focus. In one year, these folks have put together a complete facility for making the new active-addressed LCD panels and are now testing the production process. I expect that by the time you get to read this column, they will be in full-scale operation. One of my objectives in writing this column is to provide you with timely information. There is, of course, the normal delay time in getting a magazine together and printed. For instance, while I am writing this column over Thanksgiving week, you will not get to read it until early January. This month, however, I am going to make an exception and include a description of an event that took place last June. It makes for interesting reading in spite of the elapsed time. It was sent to me by Alan Lewis of Xerox PARC. Here is some of what he wrote. "Between June 7th and 10th 1993, groups of engineers from various companies came to Washington to demonstrate the fruits of their ARPA-funded display development work. This 'High Definition Display Showcase' involved demonstrations at four locations, including the White House and the Pentagon, and the displays on show included the 6.3M-pixel AMLCD from Xerox, the Texas Instruments deformable mirror video projection system, Planar's 10-in. full-color 640 × 480 EL display, a 1024 × 768 full-color plasma video monitor from Photonics Imaging, and two 3-D systems from Dimension Technology and Revo." (The first day's show was mostly for ARPA personnel.) "The second day's show took place at ARPA headquarters in the 'Enterprise Room' which we decided got its name because the..." internal decor resembles that of the Starship. The normal sounds of the demonstration systems going together were punctuated by occasional cries of 'Beam me up, Scotty!' "On the third day, Wednesday, the show moved to the White House. We took all the equipment over late in the afternoon on Tuesday, and arrived in convoy at the White House gates for security checks. Unfortunately, this turned out to be the night of the Congressional Barbecue, so we had to wait for the security agents to come and let us in. We were all stuck outside on the road for about three hours in temperatures of over 90°F and 90% humidity with our packing cases opened waiting for the 'Canine Security Operatives' (dogs) to come and sniff everything. Finally, we were allowed in (although there was also some argument about leaving a U-Haul truck on the White House grounds overnight) and the show was set up again. During the next day, the displays were seen by (among others) Jack Gibbons (OSTP), Bo Cutter of the National Economic Council, and John Deutch, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition. Bill Clinton passed the demo room just as we were packing up to leave. 'Looks great,' he said." Thanks, Alan. Nice story. SI Diamond Technology, Inc. and Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC) have agreed to cross-license and pool technologies that will form the basis of new flat-panel displays utilizing the electron-emitting characteristics of diamond. SI Diamond expects to begin manufacturing flat-panel displays in limited quantities, using the diamond-based field-emitter technology, as early as the first half of 1994 in 5000 ft² of existing facilities leased from MCC in Austin, Texas. SI Diamond has also signed a letter of intent to acquire Emerald Computers, Inc. of Portland, Oregon. Emerald develops and manufactures integrated computer control systems, operator interface terminals, and industrial consoles that use flat-panel displays in factory automation and process control applications. The key people at SI Diamond are Robert H. Gow, president and CEO, and Howard K. Schmidt, founder and COO. Optical Imaging Systems, Inc. (OIS) has selected Curris J. Casey as Vice-President, Business Development, Marketing and Sales. Mr. Casey's earlier career experiences were with Delmo-Victor, Textron, Inc., and Kaiser Electronics. Another new Vice-President of Sales has been appointed by Photon Dynamics. James Ellick comes to this position with prior experience at Fairchild, Applied Materials, and Alameda Instruments. The people at Photon Dynamics were particularly impressed with Jim's knowledge of both the IC industry and the FPD equipment industry. Schott Glass Technologies, Inc. of Duryea, Pennsylvania, has appointed Stephen P. Krenitsky to the position of Vice-President, Operations. He has been with Schott since 1971, when he began as a design engineer. Schott Fiber Optics' Opto-Electronics Components Group has selected Normand O. Allard as its Director of Marketing/Sales. The Schott Group (Mainz, Germany) employs more than 18,000 people worldwide. The Group's headquarters in North America, called the Schott Corporation, employs nearly 1800 for the manufacture and distribution of fiber optics, special glass, instruments, and crystal ware. Semiciconductor Systems, Inc. of Fremont, California, has appointed James D. McKeibben to the position of Director of Marketing & Sales for the flat panel display and multichip module (MCM) market sector. SSI manufactures customized high-performance resist processing equipment for silicon wafers, thin-film heads, and flat-panel displays. They provide systems for cleaning, phototresist coating, developing, and polyimide processing. To conclude this month's industry news segment, Voice Processing Corporation of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has appointed Julie Donahue as President and COO and Anthony Blandon as Director of Product Development. Donahue was most recently with Dun & Bradstreet Software, Atlanta, Georgia, and Blandon moved over from Digital Sound Corporation in California. Contributions to and comments about this column are always welcome. You may call me in person at 302/733-8927, or fax me at 302/733-8923. If you prefer the mail, send your information to Jay Morreale, Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc., 201 Varick Street, Suite 1006, New York, NY 10014. To the Editor: It was most interesting to read in your September editorial about the "dramatic," nay, "explosive" trend from 14- to 15-in. colour monitors. Towards the end of 1992, we monitor market analysts, seeing a remarkable penetration growth of 15-in. units from 1.1% of the total Western European colour monitor market in 1991 to a predicted 5.7% in 1992, naturally expected an even greater increase to around 11% in 1993 and well over 20% in 1994. Surely, we reasoned, that extra inch and, as you say, much more actual usable screen area would mean that the European end-user would happily pay that diminishing extra payment for a 15 in. and make our predictions come true. Alas, oh for hindsight-foresight or even a better crystal ball. Even though sales of data-graphic monitors are still increasing in Europe, albeit at a slower rate and in line with PC sales, in recessionary times when it comes to saving the local equivalent of a dollar or two, be it DMark, Franc, £ Lire, or Peseta ... especially Lire or Peseta, then a new 14 in. is quite good enough, thank you. After all, comparing the performance of a new 14-in. microprocessor controlled monitor, operating at a "flicker-free" Super VGA resolution with MPRII, and overscan to fill the viewable screen, compares very favorably, even in workspace area, with its equivalent 15-in. counterpart – and is still quite a bit cheaper! Thus, 15-in. monitors have had a sabbatical and actually took 4.9% of the total Western European colour monitor market in 1992 and 5.5% in the first half of 1993. The CDT is now around 70% of the cost of the monitor. And the 15-in. tube, and thus the monitor using it, is always expected to be more expensive than the 14 in. Bearing these important cost factors in mind, we now confidently predict that the 15 in. will take 6.4% of the European colour monitor market in full-year 1993, nearly 11% in 1994, and over 16% in 1995 – well, fairly confidently. Interestingly, we were somewhat reassured to find that the 17-in. penetration share, for a different set of reasons, did rise from 0.9% in 1991 to 4.2% in 1992, and 7.7% in the first half of 1993. With the price of 17-in. monitors also dropping very rapidly and being really the ideal size for both PC windows and low-end CAD applications, we expect the European penetration of 17-in. models to reach 8.5% in full-year 1993, over 13% in 1994, and nearly 20% in 1995. – Bryan Norris BIS Strategic Decisions, Ltd. Bedfordshire, U.K. To the Editor: On page 30 of your September 1993 issue you report on the revocation of the anti-dumping duty on AMLCDs, quoting the Commerce Department spokesman as follows: "Final determination was made because the order was no longer of interest to the AMLCD industry. None of the parties objecting to revocation of the duty was a producer of AMLCDs." What a huge joke this is! Japanese tactics for years have concentrated on preventing the emergence of a viable U.S. AMLCD industry by intimidating potential investors and by first threatening with dumping, followed by actual dumping of active-matrix displays – in sample quantities only, but that did the trick. The sequence of these events reminds me forcefully of the great Thurber fable, "The Rabbits Who Caused All the Trouble." As you may know, the rabbits caused a lot of trouble, such as earthquakes, lightning strokes, and floods, and so were eventually eaten up by the wolves. Since they had been eaten, the affair was a purely internal matter for the wolves. The other animals warned that they might possibly unite against the wolves unless some reason was given for the destruction of the rabbits. So the wolves gave them one: "They were trying to escape, and, as you know, this is no world for escapists." Thurber's moral was: Run, don't walk, to the nearest desert island. – T. P. Brady Active Matrix Associates Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Please send new product releases or news items to Joan Gorman, Departments Editor, Information Display, c/o Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc., 201 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014. Compiled by HOWARD L. FUNK H. L. Funk Consulting U.S. Patent No. 5,243,419; Issued 9/7/93 Soft Coding for HDTV Inventors: Farvar, A F; Knauer, S C; Kustka, G J; Matthews, K N; Netravali, A N; Petajan, E D; Westerink, P H Assigned to: AT&T Bell Laboratories Blocks of HDTV picture information are selected for transmission at a plurality of channel rates of an HDTV transmitter. The size of each block of HDTV picture information is dependent on a target-distortion parameter for the HDTV picture information. As a result of this selection, a portion of each block of HDTV picture information is transmitted at the lower channel rate, with the result that the HDTV transmitter rate is maximized, while maintaining a picture quality for the resulting HDTV video image. U.S. Patent No. 5,247,363; Issued 9/21/93 Error-Concealment Apparatus for HDTV Receivers Inventors: Sun, H; Zdepski, J W Assigned to: RCA Thomson Licensing Corp. Image reproduction is improved in an MPEG-like television receiver by inclusion of post-processing adaptive error concealment. Compressed video signal is examined to determine blocks of video signal containing errors, and error tokens are generated for identifying corresponding blocks of decompressed pixel values. Pixel values adjacent to the decompressed blocks of pixel values containing errors are examined to generate estimates of the relative image motion and image detail in the area of such blocks. The block of pixel values is replaced with temporally displaced co-located blocks of pixel values or interpolated data, depending upon whether the estimate of image motion is lesser or greater than the estimate of image detail. U.S. Patent No. 5,235,424; Issued 8/10/93 Automatic-Gain-Control System for a High-Definition-Television Signal Receiver Inventors: Kelly, K M; Wagner, T M Assigned to: General Electric Co. A high-definition-television receiver, including analog and digital signal-processing circuits receives an analog high-definition-television signal representative of digital television information. The received signal contains narrow-band high-priority information and low-priority wide-band information. An automatic gain control (AGC) signal is developed from the received analog signal by means of a root-mean-square amplitude detector. U.S. Patent No. 5,245,413; Issued 9/14/93 Method and Apparatus for Generating a Spiral-Curve Television Test Pattern for Testing Advanced Television Systems Inventors: Bohmert, J; Teichner, D Assigned to: North American Philips Corp. A test pattern suitable for testing high-definition-television signals is described as well as a method and apparatus for providing such a pattern on a television display apparatus. A plurality of color signals are stored in a memory device (clocked pulse) and each pixel of the display screen is correlated to a point on a spiral curve in order to determine a rotational angle which is used as an address for one or more of said color signals which are displayed at that pixel location. In this manner, a spiral shaped test pattern is generated having spiral color (or monochrome) segments corresponding to a spiral curve. U.S. Patent No. 5,243,679; Issued 9/7/93 Multi-Subcarrier Modulation for HDTV Transmission Inventor: Wei, L-F Assigned to: AT&T Bell Laboratories A high definition television (HDTV) signal is transmitted by a multi-subcarrier transmission scheme in which each subcarrier is used to carry a different class of HDTV information. U.S. Patent No. 5,247,353; Issued 9/21/93 Motion Detection System for High-Definition-Television Receiver Inventors: Cho, H-D; Jung, H-M; Lee, J-H; Park, W-S Assigned to: Samsung Co Ltd, Korea A motion area detector capable of simple detection of a moving picture-area in a HDTV receiver of a multiple subsampling transmission system is disclosed. The motion area detector includes a still-picture processor for processing a still picture from a picture signal applied into the detection circuit of the receiver, a moving-picture processor for reproducing a moving picture from the picture signal, a mixer for carrying out a linear mixing operation between the still picture and the moving picture, and a motion detector for detecting a motion area from a mixed picture signal of the mixer and from the still picture signal reproduced by the still picture processor and for providing information concerning a mixing ratio between the still picture and the moving picture. U.S. Patent No. 5,240,748; Issued 8/31/93 Method of Manufacturing a Display Window for a Display Device Inventors: Niestadt, M; Van Esdonk, J M A Assigned to: U S Philips Corp To reduce reflection at the surface of a CRT display window, the surface is provided with a pattern of irregularities formed by ultraviolet laser radiation. Preferably the inside surface of the display window of the CRT is treated with the pattern of irregularities followed by a phosphor pattern over the treated surface. In one embodiment, a transmission grating is used to pass ultraviolet radiation to form the irregularities. U.S. Patent No. 5,240,447; Issued 8/31/93 Flat-Tension-Mask Front-Panel CRT Bulb with Reduced Front-Seal-Area Stress and Method of Making Same Inventors: Capek, R G; Fondrk, M T; Greiner, S M Assigned to: Zenith Electronics Corp Accelerated thermal upshock rates in the exhaust cycle of a CRT envelope are attained for a tension-mask CRT having a shadow mask supporting a rail frame affixed to the front panel. The actual corners of the rail frame are chamfered or left open to provide an increased separation distance from the corners of the funnel seal area. Panel fracturing stresses generated in the funnel seal area corners during upshock are thus alleviated allowing for faster CRT throughput during manufacture, without increasing the size of the CRT components. U.S. Patent No. 5,245,326; Issued 9/14/93 Calibration Apparatus for Brightness Controls of Digitally Operated Liquid-Crystal-Display System Inventor: Zaiph, W N Assigned to: International Business Machines Corp A TFT-LCD has a PEL matrix in which the drain lines of the different TFTs are supplied with different drain voltages to achieve a preset number of gray scales. The different drain voltages are set during factory calibration through use of a test PEL having substantially the same characteristics as the PELs viewable by a user. The characteristics of the test PEL are first measured, the values of drain voltages for achieving the different gray scales are mathematically derived from the measurements, and such values are stored in the display system. The specific measurement which calibration is done by is measuring output voltages of a photodiode located next to the test PEL as a function of different drain voltage inputs and constructing a unique transmissivity versus drain voltage for the subject display. Calibration is accomplished by a factory tester or by a built-in calibration system. U.S. Patent No. 5,233,331; Issued 8/3/93 Inking Buffer for Flat-Panel-Display Controllers Inventors: Comerford, L D; Levy, L I Assigned to: International Business Machines Corp An intelligent subsystem separately supports inking functions in order to allow stroke-ignorant software to be supported in a stylus-driven environment. This subsystem thus provides the inking capability missing in existing flat-panel-display controllers. Separate inking functions are incorporated into the subsystem in order to support inking management functions which do not corrupt the display refresh buffer as it is understood by existing application software. The subsystem makes no assumptions about the application software's stroke data as an input modality. Instead, the subsystem assumes that a conventional display subsystem also exists in the system. The subsystem utilizes the strokes and clocks generated by the conventional display controller to generate addresses in a memory which has physically separate address and strobe lines from the display refresh buffer. The content of this added memory is used to control the source of data to the data lines of the display. The invention can be generalized to allow any number of planes to be added to a display system providing access to that display system by any number of asynchronous processes such as inking. U.S. Patent No. 5,247,376; Issued 9/21/93 Method of Driving a Liquid-Crystal-Display Device Inventor: Wakai, Y Assigned to: Seiko Epson Corp., Japan A method of activating a matrix LCD formed with column electrodes intersecting row electrodes and liquid-crystal material therebetween in which liquid-crystal pixels are defined at the intersections of the row and column electrodes. The column electrodes are provided with voltage waveforms of high and low magnitude corresponding to display data. The row electrodes are supplied with a sequential scanning signal of activating magnitude. During one data output period, a signal for the data about the selected rows is delivered with one polarity and then switches to the opposite polarity N number of times (where N is a positive integer) during the same data output period to prevent crosstalk in the column electrodes. U.S. Patent No. 5,247,375; Issued 9/21/93 Display Device, Manufacturing Method Thereof, and Display Panel Inventors: Aoyama, T; Mochizuki, Y Assigned to: Hitachi Ltd., Japan A display device such as an LCD device is provided which comprises a single substrate, a plurality of thin-film semiconductor elements provided on the substrate, a plurality of display elements whose pixel displays is controlled by the semiconductor elements, and electrodes for driving the display elements. The substrate includes a display zone having the thin-film semiconductor elements arranged in the display elements as well as a non-display zone. The non-display zone has a display scan drive circuit area and a display signal drive circuit area. The thin-film semiconductor elements are formed in both zones. A distance between the display signal drive circuit area and the semiconductor elements of the display zone on the substrate is physically arranged so as to be larger than a distance between the display scan drive circuit area and the semiconductor elements of the display zone. In the display device, the multiplicity of semiconductor elements are formed on a glass substrate having one side of several or more inches so that minimum processing dimensions of the semiconductor elements in the display zone are smaller than those in the non-display zone. U.S. Patent No. 5,247,289; Issued 9/21/93 Liquid-Crystal-Display Device with Commonly Connected Capacitor Electrodes Inventor: Matsuda, Y Assigned to: Seiko Epson Corp., Japan An LCD device is provided with a storage capacitor relative to each pixel electrode, and a common electrode is electrically connected to the storage capacitors of adjacent pixel structures between pairs of adjacent scan lines comprising paired odd and even numbered scan lines. With the utilization of this common electrode structure comprising commonly connected capacitor lines, the number of common electrodes necessary for electrically connecting storage capacitors of the pixel structures can be reduced by one-half and the number of the source electrodes connecting portions of the TFTs can be reduced by one-half as compared with the conventional technique utilizing a single storage capacitor per pixel structure. Therefore, a high aperture ratio can be maintained by splitting a dot matrix in pixel pitch to form a more dense pixel array. The common electrode lines could alternatively be formed between pairs of adjacent signal lines rather than pairs of adjacent scan lines, i.e., the common capacitor connection of the storage capacitors by the common electrodes is primary and the directional orientation of the common electrodes is secondary. U.S. Patent No. 5,247,224; Issued 9/21/93 Color Cathode-Ray-Tube Shadow-Mask Assembly Inventor: Baek, S-S Assigned to: Samsung Electron Devices Co Ltd., Korea A color CRT shadow-mask assembly includes a panel having a screen; a shadow mask positioned within the panel; a frame supporting the shadow mask; and a self-compensating hook spring which is fixed to the frame within the panel, suspending the shadow-mask assembly within the panel, the hook spring including a fixed planar portion welded to the frame, a coupling part for receiving a stud pin, and a connecting part connecting the coupling part with the fixed planar portion, wherein the distance between the planar portion and the coupling part increases with the distance from the connecting part whereby the fixed planar portion of the hook spring welded to the frame is inclined at a predetermined angle relative to the coupling part. The bending portion between the coupling part and the fixed planar portion is optically deformed under a smaller force, and the angle between the connecting part and the planar portion is smaller than in the conventional hook spring so that the resilience at the bend is not decreased so much. Through the resilience at the bend, the shadow mask frame assembly is flexibly and resiliently supported and the hook spring withstands vibrations better. Please send new product releases or news items to Joan Gorman, Department Editor, Information Display, c/o Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc., 201 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014. ## Sustaining Members \| Company \| Page \| \|----------------------------------------------\|------\| \| Ad-Vance Magnetics, Inc. \| 36 \| \| AEG Corp. \| 19 \| \| Arcmium Specialty Alloys \| \| \| Babcock Display Products \| 34 \| \| Brewer Science, Inc. \| 5 \| \| Canon, Inc. \| 9 \| \| Capetronic USA (HK), Inc. \| 39 \| \| Cherry Electrical Products \| 24 \| \| Channel Picture Tubes, Ltd. \| 19 \| \| Clinton Electronics Corp. \| 19 \| \| Corning Inc. \| 24 \| \| Corning Japan K.K. \| 19 \| \| Dale Electronics, Inc. \| 3 \| \| David Sarnoff Research Center \| 30 \| \| Diagnostic/Retrieval Systems, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Dickey-John Corp. \| 3 \| \| DISCOM/Display Components, Inc. \| 3 \| \| EEV, Inc. \| 3 \| \| EG&G Gamma Scientific \| 3 \| \| Electro-Plasma, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Endicott Research Group, Inc. \| 3 \| \| F-P Electronics \| 3 \| \| Futaba Corp. \| 3 \| \| Graseby Optronics \| 3 \| \| Grimes Aerospace Company \| 3 \| \| Hewlett-Packard Co. \| 3 \| \| Hitachi, Ltd. \| 3 \| \| F. Hoffmann-La Roche \| 3 \| \| Honeywell, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Hoya Optics, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Hughes Aircraft Co. \| 3 \| \| Hughes Display Products \| 3 \| \| IBM Corp. \| 3 \| \| Incom, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Industrial Electronic Engineers, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Industrial Technology Research Institute \| 3 \| \| In Focus Systems \| 3 \| \| Infoxel, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Interface Products, Inc. \| 3 \| \| ISE Electronics Corp. \| 3 \| \| Kollmorgen Corp., Photo Research Div. \| 3 \| \| Leybold AG \| 3 \| \| Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. \| 3 \| \| Litton Systems Canada Ltd. \| 3 \| \| Loral Librascope \| 3 \| \| Magnetic Radiation Labs \| 3 \| \| Micron Display Technology \| 3 \| \| Microphase Laboratories \| 3 \| \| Microvision Corp. \| 3 \| \| Minolta Corp. \| 3 \| \| Mitsubishi Electronics America, Inc. \| 3 \| \| MRS Technology, Inc. \| 3 \| \| MTL Systems \| 3 \| \| National Semiconductor Corp. \| 3 \| \| Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd. \| 3 \| \| Norden Systems, United Technologies Corp. \| 3 \| \| nView Corporation \| 3 \| \| OI-NEG TV Products, Inc. \| 3 \| \| OIS Optical Imaging Systems, Inc. \| 3 \| \| OKI Electric Industry Co., Ltd. \| 3 \| \| Optus Control Lab., Inc. \| 3 \| \| Perkin-Elmer Corp. \| 3 \| \| Photon Dynamics \| 3 \| \| Photonics Systems, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Planar Systems, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Plasmaco, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Plasmaterials, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Precision Electronic Glass, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Quantum Data Inc. \| 3 \| \| Rambus Bldg. Ltd. \| 3 \| \| Rantek Microwave & Electronics Regisbrook Group, Ltd. \| 3 \| \| Schott Corp. \| 3 \| \| Semiconductor Systems \| 3 \| \| Sony Corp. of America \| 3 \| \| Sony Corp./Corporate Research Labs \| 3 \| \| Smith Industries, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Stanford Resources, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Supertex, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Syntronic Instruments, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Tamarack Scientific Co., Inc. \| 3 \| \| TEAM Systems \| 3 \| \| Thomas Electronics, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Thomson Components and Tubes Corp. \| 3 \| \| Toshiba America, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Villa Precision \| 3 \| \| Viratec Thin Films Inc. \| 3 \| ## Index to Advertisers \| Company \| Page \| \|----------------------------------------------\|------\| \| Accudyne Corp. \| 25 \| \| Ad-Vance Magnetics, Inc. \| 6 \| \| Brewer Science, Inc. \| 31 \| \| CELCO Constantine Engineering \| 32 \| \| Contralds Performance Films \| C4 \| \| CRT Scientific Corp. \| 15, 30 \| \| Datavision, Inc. \| 32 \| \| Data Ray Corp. \| 8 \| \| Electrohome \| 29 \| \| Elftone Corp. \| 39 \| \| Graseby Optronics \| 40 \| \| H. L. Funk Consulting \| 41 \| \| Klein Optical Instruments \| C3 \| \| Kurdek/CPA Sales \| 38 \| \| Libbey-Owens-Ford \| 37 \| \| Microvision \| 38 \| \| Minolta \| 7 \| \| MultiComp, Inc. \| C2 \| \| The MuShield Company, Inc. \| 29 \| \| Nikon Precision, Inc. \| 6 \| \| Nippon Electric Glass America, Inc. \| 31 \| \| Panelight Display Systems, Inc. \| 32 \| \| Philips Display Components Co. \| 32 \| \| Photo Research \| C4 \| \| Quantum Data \| 32 \| \| Reynolds Industries, Inc. \| 32 \| \| Semiconductor Systems, Inc. \| 8 \| \| Spectron Engineering \| 29 \| \| Spectrum Sciences \| 39 \| \| System Instruments, Inc. \| 40 \| \| Team Systems \| 41 \| \| Tektronix, Inc. \| 3 \| \| Teledyne Microelectronics \| C3 \| \| Thomson Tubes Electroniques \| 39 \| \| Viratec Thin Films, Inc. \| 38 \| \| XMR, Inc. \| 7 \| \| Yamaha LS1 \| C2 \| ## Business and Editorial Offices Recruitment Advertising Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc. 201 Varick Street New York, NY 10013 Jay Morreale, Advertising Manager 212/620-3371 Fax: 212/620-3379 District Sales Office – East Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc. 201 Varick Street New York, NY 10014 Jay Morreale, Advertising Manager 212/620-3371 Fax: 212/620-3379 District Sales Office – West/Mid-West Ted Lucz 630 S.W. Fall Street Unit O Newport, OR 97365 503/265-9140 Fax: (same) District Sales Office – International Lee Brunt Caracal Communications P.O. Box 1513 Redondo Beach, CA 90278 310/542-4233 Fax: 310/542-8754 Lab... Factory... Field... World-Class Quality Light and Color Measurement problems?... We've got the Solution. Scientifically-Correct Light and Color Measurement, as the eye sees it. NIST-Traceability. Precision Photo-Colorimetric Instruments. World-Class Laboratories. Expert Staff. Photo Research Fundamentals. New Technology Leaders, Pioneers, and Display Measurement Specialists for over half a century. When You Have To Measure Light... Measure Right! Anywhere You Measure Color and Light. What You See Is What You Measure (WYSIWYM)— Whatever your application — Automotive to Aerospace, Computers to Medical, Ergonomics and beyond. We deliver World-Class Quality and NIST-traceability in portable, lab-grade and automated factory-floor systems... Comprehensive Calibration Services... Equipment Characterization... Lab Certification. Total Quality in Precision Photometric, Radiometric and Colorimetric Equipment, Measurement, Standards and Training. "Quality Brought to Light." PHOTO RESEARCH DIVISION OF KOLLMORGEN INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION 9330 DeSoto Avenue, Chatsworth, CA 91311-4926 USA Telephone: (818) 341-5151 FAX: (818) 341-7070 International Sales Representatives: BELGIUM ANALIS SA Ph: (81) 222085 FINLAND HELSINKI HEX OY INSTRUM Ph: (358) 200 400-700 FRANCE INSTRUMAT S.A. Ph: (1) 69-28-27-34 GERMANY PHOTOMETRICS GMBH Ph: (06151) 800-0 HONG KONG (HKS) LIMITED Ph: (852) 2571-1111 ITALY INSTRUMAT S.A. Ph: (02) 3571-4242 ISRAEL ANKOR Ph: (3) 571-4242 ITALY PHOTO SYSTEMS SAS Ph: (2) 0527-0333 JAPAN KYOKKO TRADING COMPANY Ph: (3) 5586-5221 SINGAPORE SEIDENSHA CONTROLS Ph: (65) 760-0896 SWEDEN SAVEN AB Ph: (8) 630-1850 SWITZERLAND INSTRUMAT S.A. Ph: (1) 941-4997 TURKEY ADTEST Ph: (4) 223-0894 U.K. MICRON TECHNIQUES LTD. Ph: (44) 81 543 4536 All trademarks are property of Kolmorgen. Patents Pending.
Privacy Impact Assessment for the NOAA6101 Office for Coastal Management (OCM) Reviewed by: Mark Graff Bureau Chief Privacy Officer ☒ Concurrence of Senior Agency Official for Privacy/DOC Chief Privacy Officer ☐ Non-concurrence of Senior Agency Official for Privacy/DOC Chief Privacy Officer Tahira Murphy on behalf of Jennifer Goode 6/16/2022 Signature of Senior Agency Official for Privacy/DOC Chief Privacy Officer Date NOAA6101 is a general support system used to ensure that the Office for Coastal Management’s (OCM’s) operational, programmatic and internal administrative needs are met. The system is an integrated collection of subsystems designed to provide general office automation, infrastructure, and connectivity services for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Office for Coastal Management (OCM). New additions since the last PIA: - Added content for future use of Uncrewed Systems (UxS) - Digital Coast Academy – New learning management system - Azure SQL Server – Modified storage in 8.2 to include SQL Server in Azure for storage New removals since the last PIA: - Ocean Law Search – removed from site and archived - OCM Staff Info – removed from site (a) Whether it is a general support system, major application, or other type of system NOAA6101 is a general support system used to ensure that the Office for Coastal Management’s (OCM’s) operational, programmatic and internal administrative needs are met. The system is an integrated collection of subsystems designed to provide general office automation, infrastructure, and connectivity services to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Office for Coastal Management (OCM). (b) System location Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), North Charleston, SC NOAA Inouye Regional Center (IRC), Honolulu, HI Stennis Space Center, MS Ronald V. Dellums Federal Building, Oakland, CA Silver Spring Metro Center (SSMC), Silver Spring, MD (c) Whether it is a standalone system or interconnects with other systems (identifying and describing any other systems to which it interconnects) NOAA6101 has interconnections with the following FISMA systems: NOAA0100 – NOAA Cyber Security Center (H) NOAA OCIO (NCSC/ESS/NCIRT) (Managed by NOAA6101) PII is shared (NCIRT tickets, vulnerability data). NOAA0550 – NOAA Enterprise Network NOAA N-Wave (NOAA Enterprise Network) (Managed by NOAA6101) PII is shared (sensitive information transmitted through the network). NOAA0700 – NOAA High Availability Enterprise Services (HAES) (EDS/ICAM/NSD) (Managed by NOAA6101) PII is shared (employee addresses and contact information). NOAA0900 – NOAA Consolidated Cloud Applications (H) Cloud SaaS Applications (ENS/G-Suite/MaaS360/ESRI etc.) (Managed by NOAA6101) PII is shared (NOAA has allowed employees to send and store PII using g-suite products). NOAA6001 – NOS Enterprise Information System and cloud services (Azure) (Managed by NOAA6001) Adobe Connect – audio/video recordings are hosted in Adobe Connect Managed Services. PII is shared (audio and video). (Adobe Connect Managed Services # 1331L521A13ES0041) (d) The way the system operates to achieve the purpose(s) identified in Section 4 NOAA6101 groups elements of the system into three areas, each of which serves a distinct and specific function: - Network Devices – OCM Wide Area Network (WAN) and OCM Local Area Network (LAN). - OCM Domain Servers -- The domain infrastructure LAN components (File, Print, Application) services. - Web Application Servers -- OCM application and database hosting services (e) How information in the system is retrieved by the user All NOAA6101 users must be furnished with GFE and valid accounts before access is granted. The information is retrieved through applications. Remote access is provided via NOAA’s N-WAVE VPN solution. Internal web sites and internal information is only accessible by NOAA6101 employees. General public will only have access to the public web sites. Public data is hosted on publicly accessible web sites which are all hosted with SSL/TLS certificates for enhanced security. (f) How information is transmitted to and from the system All sensitive information identified in section f is transmitted through secure e-mail (Kiteworks), facsimile, or data is manually entered into online web applications such as Travel Manager, CBS, etc. Google mail and G-Suite is used by NOAA6101 for email and data sharing as NOAA preferred provider. Internal data security is provided by defense in depth with layered security for internal data. (Physical access, Firewalls, Active Directory, Access Controls, etc.). Public data is hosted on publicly accessible web sites which are all hosted with SSL/TLS certificates for enhanced security. NOAA6101’s Communications Office manages its social media sites. PII is manually entered into the system by the administrator or through a bulk upload from a spreadsheet(s). Social Security Numbers (SSNs) are collected for new NOAA/NOS/OCM employees, and when renewing Common Access Card or Personal Identification Verification (CAC/PIV) cards for staff members. These are transmitted to the NOAA Security Office via a secure file sharing platform that facilitates access to enterprise content sources (i.e., Kiteworks). OCM does not maintain SSNs on the IT system or as hard copy files. Passport numbers are handled in the same way as SSNs. Taxpayer or employer ID information is collected infrequently (see section 5.1 in the OCM Privacy Impact Assessment for more details), but is stored only temporarily on the system. POC information is entered into various applications/web sites as detailed in Section 5 below. This POC information generally consists of name, email, phone number, organization name, and is collected for the following reasons (not exhaustive, and not applicable to each application/site - see Section 5 for specific details): - preparing collaborative partner project plans - requesting delivery of data or information - posting of subject matter expert contact information - requesting training - managing task order information - joining webinars Adobe Connect recorded webinars are stored on Adobe’s site. Attendee information is anonymized when saved for republishing. Adobe Connect is using TLS/SSL. Please reference question 2 in the questionnaire section of this document for NOAA guidance on recording Google Meet sessions. Google Meet is using TLS/SSL. (g) Any information sharing PII is manually entered into the system by the administrator or through a bulk upload from a spreadsheet(s). Social Security Numbers (SSNs) are collected for new NOAA/NOS/OCM employees, and when renewing Common Access Card or Personal Identification Verification (CAC/PIV) cards for staff members. These are transmitted to the NOAA Security Office via a secure file sharing platform that facilitates access to enterprise content sources (i.e., Kiteworks). OCM does not maintain SSNs on the IT system or as hard copy files. Passport numbers are handled in the same way as SSNs. Taxpayer or employer ID information is collected infrequently (see section 5.1 in the OCM Privacy Impact Assessment for more details), but is stored only temporarily on the system. POC information is entered into various applications/web sites as detailed below. This POC information generally consists of name, email, phone number, organization name, and is collected for the following reasons (not exhaustive, and not applicable to each application/site - see Section 5 for specific details): - preparing collaborative partner project plans - requesting delivery of data or information - posting of subject matter expert contact information - requesting training - managing task order information - joining webinars PII is collected to communicate with OCM customers and stakeholders on topics where they have an explicitly expressed professional interest, or have made a specific request for data or information. Other PII is collected for OCM staff employment and personnel records (federal/contractor) and OCM visitor access information (federal/contractor/member of the public/foreign national). Just like DOC, NOAA and NOS internal/public-facing websites, OCM internal/public-facing websites also have photographs of OCM staff involved in research and/or educational programs/activities, voluntarily submitted with implied consent to serve a purpose, reviewed, verified and managed through OCM website content managers prior to publishing them on the websites. Business Identifiable Information (BII) is collected and maintained for purposes such as contractual agreements and grants. Details are found below. NOAA’s Office for Coastal Management Business Operations Division collects data containing personally identifiable and business identifiable information (BII) for internal government operations / administrative processes. The processes include: - Employee / Contractor information needed for personnel, performance evaluation, merit rewards, training, travel, accident reporting, etc. This type of PII information is reviewed and updated annually by staff. - Employee / Contractor / Visitors / Foreign National information required by DOC and/or OPM for security purposes and/or background checks. Passport numbers are collected for foreign visitors, sent as appropriate for security checks, and removed from the system. All information is required per DOC PII Policy and Foreign National Processing guidance, as well as the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) Foreign National Visitor Process. - Employee / Contractor emergency contact information for use in call trees and Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP), which includes names, phone numbers, and addresses. - Applicant information submitted in response to requests for proposals and/or in response to a solicitation. External grant applications/proposals are not typically collected by OCM. Per the NOAA Grants Management Office policy, proposals almost always run through the Grants.gov submission process and end up in the Grants Online system. In rare cases, applicants without access to the Internet [e.g., US Territories] are permitted to submit paper applications. When this happens, OCM scans the proposals and loads them into Grants Online. Any subsequent sharing of grant proposals via email for review must be done via a secure file transfer process (e.g., Grants Online, Accellion/Kiteworks if emailing internally or externally to NOAA, a secure Google Drive or a network location for internal NOAA reviewers, or a password protected website for internal and external NOAA reviewers). Once reviews are complete and awards are made, proposals are removed from the OCM system and the Grants Online system is the official repository. Typical personal or business identifiable information collected for grant applications includes: - proposer's name - email - phone # - organization name - organization DUNS # or Unique Entity Identifier - employer identification number or taxpayer identification number For acquisitions, the business identifiable information collected typically includes: - proposer's name - email - phone # • organization name • organization DUNS # or Unique Entity Identifier • cost proposal information is also collected, and would be considered BII, as it is often proprietary • management and technical approaches found in vendor proposals is often considered BII Other PII that is being collected and/or made available via Internet / Web sites or applications include the following: (Any personal information on any of the following sites is voluntary and can be removed by request at any time.) • Coastal and Marine Management Program (CAMMP): Application that allows for collaborative project planning with partners (state CZM and NERRS). Data collected includes names, title, email, and budget. This is an internal site and information is not shared publicly. • Coastal Zone Management Act Program Changes is an application where proposed State CZM Program changes are posted for public comment. Information collected includes name, affiliation, email address, city, state, zip, comments. Email address is collected to verify a user exists and a two-step authentication process is in place to make sure the user receives an email before comments are posted. • Coral Database: Application that collects internal NOAA staff proposals to the NOAA Corals matrix program. This is an internal site and information is not shared publicly. • Data Access Viewer (DAV): Application that receives requests for data from the public. Email addresses are stored to provide a method of contacting the requester when the data is ready for pickup via the OCM website. • Digital Coast: Publishes contact information of trainers for some trainings listed on the Digital Coast Training page. Information includes name, email, and location. Permission is acquired (via a form) from each trainer before listing their information on the site. • Digital Coast Academy Campus: Digital Coast Academy Campus is the name for a Moodle based Learning Management System (LMS) where online users participate in blended (self-paced and in person) trainings. Data collected from students includes: name, email, address, phone, institution/department, and profile picture (voluntary). • Estuaries Education: Website that publicly lists some partner organization POCs (name, organization, email, phone number), along with OCM POCs. POC information is entirely voluntary and can be removed at any time upon request. • Green Infrastructure Database is a catalog of literature resources documenting the effectiveness of using green infrastructure to reduce impacts from coastal hazards. Information published includes study authors as typical with standard citations. • NERRs and State Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Performance Measures Databases are authenticated applications for NERRs and CZM partners to document grant performance measures in a standardized way, and to work collaboratively with OCM staff. Information collected includes name, organization, email, and phone number. This is an internal site and information is not shared publicly. - National Estuarine Research Reserves (NERRS): Website that publicly lists some partner organization POCs (name, organization, email, phone number), along with OCM POCs. POC information is entirely voluntary and can be removed at any time upon request. - OCM Intranet (Inet): Contains current information on staff, including phone numbers, names, email addresses, and emergency contacts. The system is used to maintain up to date records on staff contact information. This is an internal site and information is not shared publicly. - OCM Staff Info - Contact information for OCM staff. Information published includes name, email and phone number. - Pacific Risk Management ‘Ohana (PRiMO): Web site that publicly lists some partner organization POCs (name, organization, email, phone number, photos), along with OCM POCs. POC information is entirely voluntary and can be removed at any time upon request. - Task Order Management Information System (TOMIS): Application that collects and maintains POC information (name, email, phone, company name) for use in administering various contractor tasks and deliverables. This is an internal site and information is not shared publicly. - Training Manager System: Web site that collects information on training courses, hosts, and participants of OCM training programs. Information that is collected is not shared publicly. Fields collected include (name, organization, address, city, state, zip, email, phone). This is an internal site and information is not shared publicly. - Virtual Conferencing and Webinars - Adobe Connect and Google Meet are being used for virtual meetings and webinars. - Adobe Connect: Recorded webinars are stored on Adobe’s site. Attendee information is anonymized when saved for republishing. - Google Meet: Please reference question 3.1 in the questionnaire section of this document for NOAA guidance on recording Google Meet sessions. - Still images and video on web sites, online newsletters, video streaming, to fulfill OCM’s mission to provide coastal information to interested stakeholders and the general-public. Images and video with identified individuals are searchable when included on web pages with descriptive text of the person in the image or video. People who are identified in images and videos will be required to submit the POC Consent Form. - Uncrewed Systems (UxS): As outlined in the System of Records Notice (SORN) Commerce/DEPT-29 (Unmanned Aircraft Systems, February 2018), the use of UxS for OCM purposes has the potential for inadvertent collection of PII, such as images of individuals along the coastlines that are within the area of study by the UxS vehicle. However, no retrieval of information using any unique identifier within UxS collected datasets will be conducted, and any PII inadvertently collected will be deleted within 30 days. NOAA6101 does not contain any application capable of facial recognition within any captured images. OCM is working with vendors to use UxS (drones) for gathering Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) or aerial photos in order to assist with the accuracy of the mapping of beach, marsh, wetlands, and water study areas. It is anticipated that the UxS collected imagery will be at a resolution to meet organizational needs but it would not have the ability (resolution or clarity) to uniquely identify any individuals. If the drone goes down during flight, the retrieval of the unit would be at the discretion of the operator, based on safety and technical factors. Inadvertently obtained PII captured during the flight could potentially be retrieved by others from the damaged drone, if technically possible. OCM will comply with all policies and procedures posted on the NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation Operations site as it relates to Uncrewed Systems and as posted to the NOAA Uncrewed Systems Research to Operations site. Relevant policy documents include but are not limited to: - NOAA Unmanned Aircraft System Handbook, v1.0, June 2017 - NOAA Aircraft Operations Center UAS Policy 220-1-5 (Version 7) - NOAA Uncrewed Systems Research Transition Office Privacy Policy (NOAA OCIO) (h) The specific programmatic authorities (statutes or Executive Orders) for collecting, maintaining, using, and disseminating the information OCM has the authority to collect, maintain, use, and disseminate the information under the authority of: - The general legislation supporting the system is 5 U.S.C.301, one of the statutes concerning government organization and employees. - From Coastal Zone Management Act - 16 USC 1456; Coordination and cooperation - From Coral Reef Conservation Act - 16 USC 6401 - From Digital Coast Act – 16 USC 6401 - U.S.C. 2; the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, Public Law 106-229; - 28 U.S.C. 533-535; 44 U.S.C. 1301; Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 and IRS Publication-1075. - Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (44 U.S.C. 3554); E-Government Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–347, Sec. 203); Government Paperwork Elimination Act (Pub. L. 105–277, 44 U.S.C. 3504 note); - 5 U.S.C. 1302, 2951, 3301, 3372, 4118, 8347, and Executive Orders 9397, as amended by 13478, 9830, and 12107. (i) The Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 199 security impact category for the system Moderate Section 1: Status of the Information System 1.1 Indicate whether the information system is a new or existing system. _____ This is a new information system. _X_ This is an existing information system with changes that create new privacy risks. (Check all that apply.) \| Changes That Create New Privacy Risks (CTCNPR) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\| \| a. Conversions \| d. Significant Merging \| g. New Interagency Uses \| \| b. Anonymous to Non-Anonymous \| e. New Public Access \| h. Internal Flow or Collection \| \| c. Significant System Management Changes \| f. Commercial Sources \| X i. Alteration in Character of Data \| \| j. Other changes that create new privacy risks (specify): \| The potential use of UxS for coastal management purposes. OCM will be relying on commercial contracts to collect the photo imagery. The ref above to commercial sources is due to the use of UxS (e.g., drones). _____ This is an existing information system in which changes do not create new privacy risks, and there is not a SAOP approved Privacy Impact Assessment. _____ This is an existing information system in which changes do not create new privacy risks, and there is a SAOP approved Privacy Impact Assessment. Section 2: Information in the System 2.1 Indicate what personally identifiable information (PII)/business identifiable information (BII) is collected, maintained, or disseminated. (Check all that apply.) \| Identifying Numbers (IN) \| \|--------------------------\| \| a. Social Security \| X \| f. Driver’s License \| \| j. Financial Account \| \| \| b. Taxpayer ID \| X \| g. Passport \| X \| k. Financial Transaction \| \| \| c. Employer ID \| X \| h. Alien Registration \| \| l. Vehicle Identifier \| \| \| d. Employee ID \| \| i. Credit Card \| \| m. Medical Record \| \| \| e. File/Case ID \| \| \| \| \| \| \| n. Other identifying numbers (specify): \| Explanation for the business need to collect, maintain, or disseminate the Social Security number, including truncated form: Social Security Numbers (SSNs) are collected for new NOAA/NOS/OCM employees, and when renewing Common Access Card or Personal Identification Verification (CAC/PIV) cards for staff members. \| General Personal Data (GPD) \| \|-----------------------------\| \| a. Name \| X \| h. Date of Birth \| \| o. Financial Information \| \| \| b. Maiden Name \| \| i. Place of Birth \| \| p. Medical Information \| \| \| c. Alias \| \| j. Home Address \| X \| q. Military Service \| \| \| Category \| Data Elements \| \|--------------------------------\|----------------------------------------------------\| \| General Personal Data (GPD)\| d. Gender, e. Age, f. Race/Ethnicity, g. Citizenship, k. Telephone Number, l. Email Address, m. Education, n. Religion, r. Criminal Record, s. Marital Status, t. Mother’s Maiden Name, u. Other general personal data (specify): \| \| Work-Related Data (WRD)* \| a. Occupation, b. Job Title, c. Work Address, d. Work Telephone Number, e. Work Email Address, f. Salary, g. Work History, h. Employment Performance Ratings or other Performance Information, i. Business Associates, j. Proprietary or Business Information, k. Procurement/contracting records, l. Other work-related data (specify): \| \| Distinguishing Features/Biometrics (DFB) \| a. Fingerprints, b. Palm Prints, c. Voice/Audio Recording, d. Video Recording, e. Photographs, f. Scars, Marks, Tattoos, g. Hair Color, h. Eye Color, i. Height, j. Weight, k. Signatures, l. Vascular Scans, m. DNA Sample or Profile, n. Retina/Iris Scans, o. Dental Profile, p. Other distinguishing features/biometrics (specify): \| \| System Administration/Audit Data (SAAD) \| a. User ID, b. IP Address, c. Date/Time of Access, d. Queries Run, e. ID Files Accessed, f. Contents of Files \| Employee information is collected for emergency/disaster/COOP related contact needs. General inquiries related to information sharing consist of collecting name and email address in order to respond to the information requests. Gender, Age, and Citizenship are only collected in hard copy forms for foreign visitors to OCM Charleston office and provided to DHS/FLETC in Charleston. Various web pages/sites throughout the system collect POC data for information sharing purposes. These are listed below in Section 5.1. Certain subject matter experts agree explicitly to share contact information (name, phone, email) on OCM’s public web site. These are listed below in Section 5.1. Work related data is collected and shared with employees for internal office communication purposes. Additionally, grant information or acquisitions information often contain PII/BII, such as budgets/costs; this information is only accessible to those involved in specific work activities, and only on a need-to-know basis. Additionally, all financial transactions take place outside of the OCM system (i.e., NOAA Finance, Grants Online handle financial transactions). General contact information is collected and/or shared on OCM websites for public comments, training, grant proposal preparation, partner points of contact, project and task management, and reference documents. See section 5.1 below for more details. The Uncrewed System (UxS) collected Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) or imagery will be at a resolution to meet organizational needs but it would not have the ability (resolution or clarity) to uniquely identify any individuals. LIDAR is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. Any PII collected is incidental, unintentional, and is not retained. g. Other system administration/audit data (specify): Other Information (specify) Server logs collect IP addresses, date and time of access for IT Administration purposes. Building Entry Readers: Information is captured for physical access to OCM buildings. Contents of files are scanned using a Data Loss Prevention scanner in the TOMIS application. This scanner checks uploaded files to ensure no sensitive PII or BII is uploaded in files to the TOMIS system. 2.2 Indicate sources of the PII/BII in the system. (Check all that apply.) \| Directly from Individual about Whom the Information Pertains \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------\| \| In Person \| x \| Hard Copy: Mail/Fax \| x \| Online \| x \| \| Telephone \| x \| Email \| x \| Other (specify): \| Government Sources \| \|--------------------\| \| Within the Bureau \| x \| Other DOC Bureaus \| \| Other Federal Agencies \| x \| \| State, Local, Tribal \| \| Foreign \| \| \| Other (specify): \| Non-government Sources \| \|------------------------\| \| Public Organizations \| x \| Private Sector \| x \| Commercial Data Brokers \| \| \| Third Party Website or Application \| \| \| Other (specify): 2.3 Describe how the accuracy of the information in the system is ensured. PII/BII in the system is reviewed by OCM staff upon entry and users can review for accuracy and update or request their information be removed from the system. Staff also update PII in the system semi-annually upon request, and can make changes at any time necessary. Staff and partners QA/QC their own PII/BII entries and can either make their own updates or send update requests to a small team assigned this task. 2.4 Is the information covered by the Paperwork Reduction Act? Yes, the information is covered by the Paperwork Reduction Act. Provide the OMB control number and the agency number for the collection. OMB Control # 0648-0030 (expires 07/31/23) OMB Control # 0648-0119 (expires 08/31/22) OMB Control # 0648-0121 (expires 12/31/24) OMB Control # 0648-0145 (expires 10/31/24) OMB Control # 0648-0411 (expires 02/28/23) OMB Control # 0648-0448 (expires 08/31/24) OMB Control # 0648-0459 (expires 03/31/22) OMB Control # 0648-0661 (expires 05/31/23) OMB Control # 0648-0796 (expires 07/31/24) No, the information is not covered by the Paperwork Reduction Act. 2.5 Indicate the technologies used that contain PII/BII in ways that have not been previously deployed. (Check all that apply.) \| Technologies Used Containing PII/BII Not Previously Deployed (TUCPBNPD) \| \|---------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Smart Cards \| Biometrics \| \| Caller-ID \| Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Cards \| \| Other (specify): \| There are not any technologies used that contain PII/BII in ways that have not been previously deployed. Section 3: System Supported Activities 3.1 Indicate IT system supported activities which raise privacy risks/concerns. (Check all that apply.) \| Activities \| \|------------------\|------------------\| \| Audio recordings \| Building entry readers \| \| Video surveillance \| Electronic purchase transactions \| Other (specify): Audio/video recordings: Virtual Conferencing and Webinars - Adobe Connect is being used for virtual meetings and webinars. Attendee information and recorded webinars are stored on Adobe site, and when appropriate (i.e. trainings and webinars) published for later viewing. Google Meet recordings have been recently approved within NOAA, in compliance with the [NOAA Privacy Office defined Standard Operating Process](#). Note that Google Meet recordings are stored in NOAA0900 and not NOAA6101. Video Surveillance: Video monitoring occurs in the Charleston, SC office at the front door. The video is streamed to an individual's desk for monitoring, but the data is not recorded, saved, or stored. Building Entry Readers: Information is captured for physical access to OCM buildings. The utilization of UxS (drones) to gather aerial photos to assist with the accuracy of mapping of beach, marsh, wetlands, and water study areas. The use of drones is not for surveillance. Although the UxS has the potential to collect PII via patterned single images taken during the drone flight, it is not the purpose of the device and any inadvertently captured PII will be immediately deleted, when identified during the data processing stage. Section 4: Purpose of the System 4.1 Indicate why the PII/BII in the IT system is being collected, maintained, or disseminated. (Check all that apply.) \| Purpose \| \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---\| \| For a Computer Matching Program \| X \| \| For administrative matters \| X \| \| For litigation \| \| \| For civil enforcement activities \| \| \| To improve Federal services online \| \| \| For web measurement and customization technologies (single-session) \| X \| \| For administering human resources programs \| X \| \| To promote information sharing initiatives \| X \| \| For criminal law enforcement activities \| \| \| For intelligence activities \| \| \| For employee or customer satisfaction \| \| \| For web measurement and customization technologies (multi-session) \| \| Other (specify): Google Analytics is used for web measurement technologies. All traffic sent to Google Analytics is anonymized per the GSA policy (OMB-M-17-06 Digital Analytics Program). Thus, no PII is collected for web measurement technologies. UxS: OCM will be utilizing UxS (drones) in the future to gather lidar and aerial photos to assist with the accuracy of mapping of beach, marsh, wetlands, and water study areas. It is anticipated that the UxS collected lidar or imagery will be at a resolution to meet organizational needs but it would not have the ability (resolution or clarity) to uniquely identify any individuals. Any PII collected is incidental, unintentional, and is not retained. UxS data would be maintained in a separate folder, and mission-specific data validated for incorporation into OCM mission products. The UxS data would not be disseminated as collected images, but relevant data would be incorporated into OCM products. Section 5: Use of the Information 5.1 In the context of functional areas (business processes, missions, operations, etc.) supported by the IT system, describe how the PII/BII that is collected, maintained, or disseminated will be used. Indicate if the PII/BII identified in Section 2.1 of this document is in reference to a federal employee/contractor, member of the public, foreign national, visitor or other (specify). PII is collected to communicate with OCM customers and stakeholders on topics where they have an explicitly expressed professional interest, or have made a specific request for data or information. Other PII is collected for OCM staff employment and personnel records (federal/contractor) and OCM visitor access information (federal/contractor/member of the public/foreign national). BII is collected and maintained for purposes such as contractual agreements and grants. Details are found below. NOAA’s Office for Coastal Management Business Operations Division collects data containing personally identifiable and business identifiable information (BII) for internal government operations / administrative processes. The processes include: - Employee / Contractor information needed for personnel, performance evaluation, merit rewards, training, travel, accident reporting, etc. This type of PII information is reviewed and updated annually by staff. - Employee / Contractor / Visitors / Foreign National information required by DOC and/or OPM for security purposes and/or background checks. Passport numbers are collected for foreign visitors, sent as appropriate for security checks, and removed from the system. All information is required per DOC PII Policy and Foreign National Processing guidance, as well as the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) Foreign National Visitor Process. - Employee / Contractor emergency contact information for use in call trees and Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP), which includes names, phone numbers, and addresses. - Applicant information submitted in response to requests for proposals and/or in response to a solicitation. External grant applications/proposals are not typically collected by OCM. Per the NOAA Grants Management Office policy, proposals almost always run through the Grants.gov submission process and end up in the Grants Online system. In rare cases, applicants without access to the Internet [e.g., US Territories] are permitted to submit paper applications. When this happens, OCM scans the proposals and loads them into Grants Online. Any subsequent sharing of grant proposals via email for review must be done via a secure file transfer process (e.g., Grants Online, Accellion/Kiteworks if emailing internally or externally to NOAA, a secure Google Drive or a network location for internal NOAA reviewers, or a password protected website for internal and external NOAA reviewers). Once reviews are complete and awards are made, proposals are removed from the OCM system and the Grants Online system is the official repository. Typical personal or business identifiable information collected for grant applications includes: - proposer's name For acquisitions, the business identifiable information collected typically includes: - proposer's name - email - phone # - organization name - organization DUNS # - employer identification number or taxpayer identification number Other PII that is being collected and/or made available via Internet / Web sites or applications include the following. (Any personal information on any of the following sites is entirely voluntary and can be removed by request at any time.) - Coastal and Marine Management Program (CAMMP): Application that allows for collaborative project planning with partners (state CZM and NERRS). Data collected includes names, title, email, and budget. - Coastal Zone Management Act Program Changes is an application where proposed State CZM Program changes are posted for public comment. Information collected includes name, affiliation, email address, city, state, zip, comments. Email address is collected to verify a user exists and a two-step authentication process is in place to make sure the user receives an email before comments are posted. - Coral Database: Application that collects internal NOAA staff proposals to the NOAA Corals matrix program. - Data Access Viewer (DAV): Application that receives requests for data from the public. Email addresses are stored to provide a method of contacting the requester when the data is ready for pickup via the OCM website. - Digital Coast: Publishes contact information of trainers for some trainings listed on the Digital Coast Training page. Information includes name, email, and location. Permission is acquired (via a form) from each trainer before listing their information on the site. - Digital Coast Academy Campus: Collects name, email, address, phone, institution/department, and profile picture (voluntary). As part of account creation process and that information is used as part of course interaction. No information is published publicly, information collected is only for use within the course and subsequent reporting. Students in these courses are a combination of federal, contract, and general public users. - Estuaries Education: Website that publicly lists some partner organization POCs (name, organization, email, phone number), along with OCM POCs. POC information is entirely voluntary and can be removed at any time upon request. - Green Infrastructure Database is a catalog of literature resources documenting the effectiveness of using green infrastructure to reduce impacts from coastal hazards. Information published includes study authors as typical with standard citations. - NERRs and State Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Performance Measures Databases are authenticated applications for NERRs and CZM partners to document grant performance measures in a standardized way, and to work collaboratively with OCM staff. Information collected includes name, organization, email, and phone number. - National Estuarine Research Reserves (NERRS): Website that publicly lists some partner organization POCs (name, organization, email, phone number), along with OCM POCs. POC information is entirely voluntary and can be removed at any time upon request. - OCM Intranet (Inet): Contains current information on staff, including phone numbers, names, email addresses, and emergency contacts. The system is used to maintain up-to-date records on staff contact information. - PRiMO: Web site that publicly lists some partner organization POCs (name, organization, email, phone number, photos), along with OCM POCs. POC information is entirely voluntary and can be removed at any time upon request. - Task Order Management Information System (TOMIS): Application that collects and maintains POC information (name, email, phone, company name) for use in administering various contractor tasks and deliverables. - Training Manager System: Web site that collects information on training courses, hosts, and participants of OCM training programs. Information that is collected is not shared publicly. Fields collected include (name, organization, address, city, state, zip, email, phone). - Virtual Conferencing and Webinars - Adobe Connect and Google Meet are being used for virtual meetings and webinars. - Adobe Connect: Recorded webinars are stored on Adobe’s site. Attendee information is anonymized when saved for republishing. - Google Meet: Please reference question 3.1 in the questionnaire section of this document for NOAA guidance on recording Google Meet. 5.2 Describe any potential threats to privacy, such as insider threat, as a result of the bureau’s/operating unit’s use of the information, and controls that the bureau/operating unit has put into place to ensure that the information is handled, retained, and disposed appropriately. (For example: mandatory training for system users regarding appropriate handling of information, automatic purging of information in accordance with the retention schedule, etc.) Threats* - If users print information from the system, there is a chance that privacy data will be viewed if the document is left in plain sight. - There is a potential for unauthorized access to the system, which would expose non-sensitive PII to an unauthorized user. - There is potential for insider threat to download data Controls - Users take privacy training at least annually in the required annual IT security awareness course. After successfully completing the training section of the annual IT security awareness course. Users must sign a digital rules of behavior form stating they understand their responsibilities in order to complete the course. - Users take Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) course annually - Before logging on to any NOS computer or web application the user must agree with the warning banner which has language specifying that the user has the responsibility to safeguard any CUI on the computer system. - OCM follows least access privilege policies for users and any PII is limited access to users who have a business need for the information. - OCM follows records retention schedules as noted in Section 10 below. Manual review and manual purging of records occurs per these schedules or as noted in Section 10. In addition, as stated in Section 7, individuals with PII in the system can request a review and/or removal of individual PII at any time. Please see Section 7 for specific details. UxS - Any PII collected is incidental, unintentional, and is not retained. It is anticipated that the Uncrewed System (UxS) collected lidar or imagery will be at a resolution to meet organizational needs but it would not have the ability (resolution or clarity) to uniquely identify any individuals. Section 6: Information Sharing and Access 6.1 Indicate with whom the bureau intends to share the PII/BII in the IT system and how the PII/BII will be shared. (Check all that apply.) \| Recipient \| How Information will be Shared \| \|----------------------------------\|-------------------------------\| \| \| Case-by-Case \| Bulk Transfer \| Direct Access \| \| Within the bureau \| X \| \| \| \| DOC bureaus \| X \| \| \| \| Federal agencies \| X* \| \| \| \| State, local, tribal gov’t agencies \| \| \| \| \| Public \| \| \| X** \| \| Private sector \| \| \| \| \| Foreign governments \| \| \| \| \| Foreign entities \| \| \| \| \| Other (specify): \| \| \| \| * DHS FLETC for verification of foreign visitor identity. ** Only non-sensitive, point of contact information is shared, typically for subject matter experts who have agreed to share this information The PII/BII in the system will not be shared. 6.2 Does the DOC bureau/operating unit place a limitation on re-dissemination of PII/BII shared with external agencies/entities? \| \| Yes, the external agency/entity is required to verify with the DOC bureau/operating unit before re-dissemination of PII/BII. \| \|---\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| X \| No, the external agency/entity is not required to verify with the DOC bureau/operating unit before re-dissemination of PII/BII. \| 6.3 Indicate whether the IT system connects with or receives information from any other IT systems authorized to process PII and/or BII. \| \| Yes, this IT system connects with or receives information from another IT system(s) authorized to process PII and/or BII. Provide the name of the IT system and describe the technical controls which prevent PII/BII leakage: \| \|---\|---\| \| \| NOAA6101 has interconnections with the following FISMA systems: \| \| \| • NOAA0100 – NOAA Cyber Security Center (H) NOAA OCIO (NCSC/ESS/NCIRT) (Managed by NOAA61001) PII is shared (NCIRT tickets, vulnerability data). \| \| \| • NOAA0550 – NOAA Enterprise Network NOAA N-Wave (NOAA Enterprise Network) (Managed by NOAA61001) PII is shared (sensitive information transmitted through the network). \| \| \| • NOAA0700 – NOAA High Availability Enterprise Services (HAES) (EDS/ICAM/NSD) (Managed by NOAA61001) PII is shared (employee addresses and contact information). \| \| \| • NOAA0900 – NOAA Consolidated Cloud Applications (H) Cloud SaaS Applications (ENS/G-Suite/MaaS360/ESRI etc.) (Managed by NOAA61001) PII is shared (NOAA has allowed employees to send and store PII using g-suite products). \| \| \| • NOAA6001 – NOS Enterprise Information System (Managed by NOAA6001) \| \| \| • Adobe Connect – audio/video recordings are hosted in Adobe Connect Managed Services. PII is shared (audio and video). (Adobe Connect Managed Services # 1331L521A13ES0041) \| \| \| No, this IT system does not connect with or receive information from another IT system(s) authorized to process PII and/or BII. \| 6.4 Identify the class of users who will have access to the IT system and the PII/BII. (Check all that apply.) \| Class of Users \| General Public \| Contractors \| Other (specify): The public has limited access to Subject Matter Expert Points of Contact via listings on OCM web pages. \| \|----------------\|---------------\|-------------\|-------------------------------------------------\| \| \| X \| X \| \| Section 7: Notice and Consent 7.1 Indicate whether individuals will be notified if their PII/BII is collected, maintained, or disseminated by the system. (Check all that apply.) \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| X \| Yes, notice is provided pursuant to a system of records notice published in the Federal Register and discussed in Section 9. \| \| X \| Yes, notice is provided by a Privacy Act statement and/or privacy policy. The Privacy Act statement and/or privacy policy can be found at: - CAMMP ([https://coast.noaa.gov/cammp/](https://coast.noaa.gov/cammp/)) (Privacy Act Statement on login page) - Coastal Management Fellows Contacts ([https://coast.noaa.gov/fellowship/Directory/alphabetical.html](https://coast.noaa.gov/fellowship/Directory/alphabetical.html)) (Privacy Policy link in footer) - Coastal Zone Management Program Change Public Comments Form ([https://coast.noaa.gov/czmprogramchange/#/public/change-view/1230](https://coast.noaa.gov/czmprogramchange/#/public/change-view/1230)) (Privacy Act Statement linked on top of public comments form) - CZM Performance Measure tracking system ([https://coast.noaa.gov/czmpm/](https://coast.noaa.gov/czmpm/)) (access is restricted) (Privacy Act Statement is provided on the login page.) - Corals DB ([https://inet.coast.noaa.gov/coral/](https://inet.coast.noaa.gov/coral/)) (Privacy Act Statement on login page) - Data Access Viewer ([https://coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer/](https://coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer/)) (Privacy Act Statement on request submission form) - Digital Coast Training Section Host This Course form ([https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/ecosystem-services.html](https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/ecosystem-services.html)) (Privacy Act Statement link to contact us statement) - Digital Coast Academy Campus: ([https://coast.noaa.gov/campus/user/profile.php](https://coast.noaa.gov/campus/user/profile.php)) (Privacy Act Statement link on Profile and Preferences Page) (Privacy Policy in Footer) - Estuary Education Volunteer Contacts ([https://coast.noaa.gov/estuaries/news/volunteer.html](https://coast.noaa.gov/estuaries/news/volunteer.html)) (Privacy Act Statement included on consent form) - Green Infrastructure Effectiveness Database ([https://coast.noaa.gov/gisearch/#/search](https://coast.noaa.gov/gisearch/#/search)) (Privacy Policy in Footer) - National Estuarine Research Reserves - Reserve Profiles ([https://coast.noaa.gov/nerrs/reserves/wells.html](https://coast.noaa.gov/nerrs/reserves/wells.html)) (Privacy Policy in Footer) - NERRS Performance Measure tracking system ([https://coast.noaa.gov/nerrspm/](https://coast.noaa.gov/nerrspm/)) (Privacy Act Statement is provided on the login page.) - OCM Contact Form ([https://coast.noaa.gov/contactform/](https://coast.noaa.gov/contactform/)) (Privacy Act Statement linked at bottom of form) - OCM Intranet ([https://inet.coast.noaa.gov/](https://inet.coast.noaa.gov/)) (access is restricted) (Privacy Act Statement is on login page and linked at top of employee update form) - OCM Partner Contact Information Sharing Consent Form ([https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0Bx8TMwCZRex9Zi1DV1ZCV2pyY0E](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0Bx8TMwCZRex9Zi1DV1ZCV2pyY0E)) (access is restricted) (Privacy Act Statement is on the form provided to partners) when they consent to publishing their information on OCM website(s)) - PRiMO leadership page (https://coast.noaa.gov/primo/about/leadership.html) (Privacy Policy in footer, POC consent form for users on page) - Still Images and Video on websites (Privacy Policy link in footer) - TOMIS V2 (https://coast.noaa.gov/tomis) (Privacy Act Statement on login) - Training Management System (https://coast.noaa.gov/trainingmanager/) (Privacy Policy in footer, POC consent form with Privacy Act Statement linked in course participants section) - Virtual Conferencing and Webinars (via Adobe Connect) (Privacy Act Statement link to Adobe Connect Exit link) The privacy policy is linked in footers of every page and can be found at: https://coast.noaa.gov/PrivacyPolicy/privacyPolicy.html \| X \| Yes, notice is provided by other means. \| Specify how: Subject matter experts often provide contact information via the OCM public website. Prior to making the POC information public, the subject matter experts are asked to fill out a form acknowledging that they will be providing this information on a public web site and that they agree to do so. A Privacy Act Statement is also made available on the form. Visitors to the OCM web presence can request information by providing minimal PII through an information request/contact form. Individuals are under no obligation to provide this information, and the details of how this information is handled are readily available via the OCM Privacy Policy and a Privacy Act statement. OCM staff members (government employees and contractor staff) are provided notice of how PII is used (i.e., emergency contact information in case of natural disasters) upon hire and when annually updating personal information in the OCM INET employee update form. Partners/grantees may provide contact information (PII) to participate in the NERRs Intranet site established for collaboration and to enter data into grantee performance measurement tracking systems. Vendors and grantees are notified via solicitations and calls for proposals that BII will be collected as necessary to effectively evaluate proposals. Video surveillance: Notice is posted at all ingress/egress points that video monitoring is occurring for the purpose of safety/security monitoring. Photographic images: Prior to collection, individuals are notified that photographs may be taken at organizational events. Notice is either provided by posting notice in the area where photographs will be taken or verbally/in writing of occasions where photos may be taken. 7.2 Indicate whether and how individuals have an opportunity to decline to provide PII/BII. \| \| Yes, individuals have an opportunity to decline to provide PII/BII. \| Specify how: \| \|---\|------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| \| Subject matter experts often provide contact information via the OCM public website. Prior to making the POC information public, the subject matter experts are asked to fill out a form acknowledging that they will be providing this information on a public web site and that they agree to do so; all have the opportunity to decline to provide PII as it is an “opt in” scenario. A Privacy Act statement is also made available. \| \| \| Visitors to the OCM web presence can request information by providing minimal PII through an information request contact form. Individuals are under no obligation to provide this information, and the details of how this information is handled are readily available via the OCM Privacy Policy and a Privacy Act statement. \| \| \| Staff members provide PII upon hire as a condition of employment. A Privacy Act statement concerning usage of this information is made available to OCM staff members. They may decline to provide PII but this may affect their employment status. \| Site specific details: CAMMP – Staff and partners are required to have accounts to access internal documents and update task order status. Partners/grantees may provide contact information (PII) to participate in grants application preparation systems. Partners can decline to provide this information as it is an “opt in” scenario. Coastal Management Fellowship Projects and News No data entry, this section lists fellows in relationship to the projects they worked on and highlights in the fellowship news. Fellows are required to fill out the OCM POC sharing consent form in order to list their name on the site. A fellow could request to have their information removed from the site. They can also decline to publish their info in the POC sharing consent form. Coastal Zone Management Act Program Changes – Visitors to the site have the ability to submit public comments. This is voluntary or “opt in” for the users. The users are required to submit basic PII contact information and an email address for validating the comment. The details of how this information is handled are readily available via the OCM Privacy Policy and a Privacy Act statement at the top of the form. Coral Database – Restricted access site. If user information is not provided, users can’t login to the site to manage projects. Data Access Viewer (DAV) – Downloading data only requires the user to submit an email address. That email address could be a temporary or anonymous account. Digital Coast – Registration for live online courses and webinars require contact information. Courses are provided afterward in an on-demand self-guided version if people don’t want to register. (example: see additional information section https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/risk-communication.html). Digital Coast Academy Campus – Registration for courses in Digital Coast Academy Campus requires contact information for account management purposes. If a course participant wishes to have their information removed from the Digital Coast Academy Campus learning management system, they can request to have their account deleted via email. Estuaries Education – No data entry allowed. Education Volunteer Coordinator’s contact info is provided, but some states have generic contact info (i.e.: Delaware – email@example.com). If a volunteer \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| \| coordinator wishes to remove their contact info, they can use a generic contact email address. \| \| \| Green Infrastructure Database - No data entry. All information listed in this database is from publicly available literature. \| \| \| National Estuarine Research Reserves (NERRS) – No data entry. NERRS staff and contributors are listed in the reserve site profile. Staff and Contributors could request to have their information removed from the contact us link at the bottom of every page. \| \| \| NERRs Performance Measures Database – Restricted access site. Information used for access to performance measurement tracking and administrative purposes. Partners/grantees may provide contact information (PII) to participate in grantee performance measurement tracking systems. Partners can decline to provide this information as it is an “opt in” scenario. \| \| \| OCM Intranet (Inet) – Staff are required to have accounts to access internal documents. If they decline to provide information, users cannot use the system. \| \| \| PRiMO – No data entry, partners can request to have their information removed from the site. They can also decline to publish their info in the POC sharing consent form. \| \| \| State Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Performance Measures Database - Restricted access site. Information used for access to performance measurement tracking and administrative purposes. Partners/grantees may provide contact information (PII) to participate in grantee performance measurement tracking systems. Partners can decline to provide this information as it is an “opt in” scenario. \| \| \| Still images and video – A subject in a picture or video can request to have the image or video removed. The request can be made via the Contact Us form which is in the footer of every page. \| \| \| Task Order Management Information System (TOMIS) – Staff and contractors are required to have accounts to access internal documents. If they decline to provide information, users cannot use the system. \| accounts to access internal documents and update task order status. Vendors and/or grantees provide BII when submitting proposals of various types. Proposers may decline to provide BII by not including it in their proposals; however, that declination effectively removes them from consideration of contract or grant awards, as there are certain types of information that contain BII that are essential to a full and valid competition. Training Manager System – This is a restricted site. Course registrants are required to submit minimal information to take a course. Non-OCM course participants are required to submit the PII Disclosure Agreement form. Virtual Conferencing and Webinars (Adobe Connect) – Virtual Conferences require minimal PII to register for courses and webinars. If a user declines to register, the courses are typically provided for on-demand viewing after the course/webinar has completed. Individuals may decline to provide PII during Google Meets by turning off their web cam. \| \| No, individuals do not have an opportunity to decline to provide PII/BII. \| Specify why not: \| \|---\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-----------------\| \| \| \| \| 7.3 Indicate whether and how individuals have an opportunity to consent to particular uses of their PII/BII. \| X \| Yes, individuals have an opportunity to consent to particular uses of their PII/BII. \| Specify how: \| \|---\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| \| Subject matter experts who may be asked or offer to provide contact information are informed of exactly how and where on the OCM web site their contact information will be made available. A Privacy Act statement for this type of scenario is also available. \| \| \| Visitors to the OCM web presence can learn how PII is used via the OCM Privacy Policy and make the choice to opt in to the particular stated uses. A Privacy Act statement for this type of scenario is also available. \| \| \| Staff members provide PII upon initial onboarding as a condition of employment. They may consent to only \| particular uses, but this may affect their employment. A Privacy Act statement for this type of scenario is also available. Partners/grantees who provide contact information (PII) to participate in the NERRs Intranet site established for collaboration or to enter data into grantee performance measurement tracking systems opt in to providing PII for the particular stated uses. For vendors and grantees, the only usage of the BII is during proposal review and subsequent consultation with vendors or grantees. The BII is not shared or disseminated beyond this scope. Just like DOC, NOAA and NOS internal/public-facing websites, OCM internal/public-facing websites also have photographs of OCM staff involved in research and/or educational programs/activities, voluntarily submitted with implied consent to serve a purpose, reviewed, verified and managed through OCM website content managers prior to publishing them on the websites. Site specific details: CAMMP – Staff and partners are required to have accounts to access internal documents and prepare grant applications. Partners/grantees may provide contact information (PII) to participate in grants application preparation systems. Partners can decline to provide this information as it is an “opt in” scenario. User consent for PII is limited to the CAMMP application. Coastal Management Fellowship Projects and News – Fellows fill out the OCM POC sharing consent form to have their name listed with their project descriptions. Fellows contact information (as a Subject Matter Expert) is shared on OCM web site upon consent of the Fellow. Coastal Zone Management Act Program Changes – Visitors to the OCM web presence can learn how PII is used via the OCM Privacy Policy and make the choice to opt in to the particular stated uses. A Privacy Act statement for this type of scenario is also available. Coral Database – This is a restricted access NOAA staff only application. Staff members provide PII upon hire as a condition of employment. They may consent to only particular uses, but this may affect their employment. A Privacy Act statement for this type of scenario is also available. Data Access Viewer (DAV) – Visitors to the Data Access Viewer are required to submit their email address for sending the data. They are also provided with an option to sign up for email lists. Digital Coast – Subject matter experts who may be asked or offer to provide contact information are informed of exactly how and where on the OCM website their contact information will be made available. The consent is provided by the POC consent form. A Privacy Act statement for this type of scenario is also available on the consent form. Digital Coast Academy Campus - Visitors to the OCM web presence can learn how PII is used via the OCM Privacy Policy and make the choice to opt in to the particular stated uses. Virtual Conferencing require minimal PII to register for courses and webinars. If a user declined to register for a course, they can request course materials via email. Estuaries Education – Subject matter experts who may be asked or offer to provide contact information are informed of exactly how and where on the OCM web site their contact information will be made available. They consent to that use via the POC Sharing Form. A Privacy Act statement for this type of scenario is also available. Green Infrastructure Database - There is no data entry or PII created to end users. This is a database of publicly available scholarly papers. National Estuarine Research Reserves (NERRS) – NERRS does not provide data entry capabilities. There are reserve profiles that list staff and contributors to the profile. Anyone listed on the Reserve Profiles can request that their info be removed through the Contact Us form linked in the bottom of every page. NERRs Performance Measures Database – Partners/grantees who provide contact information (PII) to participate in the NERRs Intranet site established for collaboration or to enter data into grantee performance measurement tracking systems opt in to providing PII for the particular stated uses. OCM Intranet (Inet) – This is a restricted access for NOAA staff only application. Staff members provide PII upon hire as a condition of employment. They may consent to only particular uses, but this may affect their employment. A Privacy Act statement for this type of scenario is also available. PRiMO – Partners and Subject matter experts who may be asked or offer to provide contact information are informed of exactly how and where on the OCM web site their contact information will be made available. A Privacy Act statement for this type of scenario is also available. State Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Performance Measures Database - Partners/grantees who provide contact information (PII) to participate in the State CZM Performance Measurement Database site established for collaboration or to enter data into grantee performance measurement tracking systems opt in to providing PII for the particular stated uses. Still images and video – Employees and partners identified in still images or videos will be asked to submit the POC consent form. Task Order Management Information System (TOMIS) – Employees, partners and contractors who provide contact information (PII) to participate in the TOMIS site established for collaboration or to task order management systems opt in to providing PII for the particular stated uses. \| \| \| Training Manager System – This is a restricted access for NOAA staff only application. Staff members provide PII upon hire as a condition of employment. They may consent to only particular uses, but this may affect their employment. A Privacy Act statement for this type of scenario is also available. Virtual Conferencing and Webinars (Adobe Connect) – Visitors to the OCM web presence can learn how PII is used via the OCM Privacy Policy and make the choice to opt in to the particular stated uses. Virtual Conferencing require minimal PII to register for courses and webinars. If a user declines to register, the courses are typically provided for on-demand viewing after the course/webinar has completed. Attendees are also notified that the session is being recorded and will be posted to the internet. Any PII captured during a Google Meet will be used for the purpose of that meeting only. Individuals have the opportunity to consent to this use by having their webcam on. \| \| \| No, individuals do not have an opportunity to consent to particular uses of their PII/BII. \| Specify why not: \| 7.4 Indicate whether and how individuals have an opportunity to review/update PII/BII pertaining to them. \| X \| Yes, individuals have an opportunity to review/update PII/BII pertaining to them. \| Specify how: Subject matter experts who provide contact information on the OCM website can review, update, or delete their PII upon request at any time. Web site visitors who provide PII via a request for information can request to review, update or delete their PII at any time. Staff members can update PII during performance reviews or via secure Intranet. Partners/grantees who provide contact information (PII) to participate in the NERRs Intranet site established for collaboration or to enter data into grantee performance measurement tracking systems can review, update, or delete their PII upon request at any time. Vendors or grantees can review/update BII at any time upon Anyone can at any time request the removal/update of a photograph or video, voluntarily submitted by them with implied consent in the past and still published on OCM internal/public-facing websites, through OCM website content managers. Site specific details: CAMMP – Users can review their account information and grant application preparation materials in their user profile. Coastal Management Fellowship Projects and News – Fellows can review the information on the web page and request modifications via the contact us page linked at the bottom of every page. Coastal Zone Management Act Program Changes – These are public comments relating to rule/law changes. As a result, users cannot change information they entered. NOAA staff moderate all comments prior to publishing. If a user submitted something they wanted to change, they could contact the comment moderators to have them reject publishing the comment. Coral Database – Users can review and update their account information in their user profile at any time. Data Access Viewer (DAV) – Users only enter email address for delivery of data link. They have the option to sign up for NOAA OCM mailing lists when they request data. Mailing list emails have the option to unsubscribe on each email. Digital Coast – Subject matter experts who provide contact information on the OCM website can review, update, or delete their PII upon request at any time. Digital Coast Academy Campus - Users can review and edit their account information in their user profile. Estuaries Education – Volunteer coordinators who provide contact information on the OCM website can review, update, or delete their PII upon request at any time. Green Infrastructure Database - Per rights in the Privacy Act, users who have information listed in the scholarly articles hosted in the Green Infrastructure Database may submit a Privacy Act request to Dept of Commerce FOIA/Privacy Act \| \| No, individuals do not have an opportunity to review/update PII/BII pertaining to them. \| Specify why not: \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| \| Video surveillance: This imagery is archived as a record of \| Section 8: Administrative and Technological Controls 8.1 Indicate the administrative and technological controls for the system. (Check all that apply.) \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| X \| All users signed a confidentiality agreement or non-disclosure agreement. \| \| X \| All users are subject to a Code of Conduct that includes the requirement for confidentiality. \| \| X \| Staff (employees and contractors) received training on privacy and confidentiality policies and practices. \| \| X \| Access to the PII/BII is restricted to authorized personnel only. \| \| X \| Access to the PII/BII is being monitored, tracked, or recorded. Explanation: All forms of electronic PII/BII are monitored, tracked and recorded with role based access controls in place on the system. \| \| X \| The information is secured in accordance with the Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FISMA) requirements. Provide date of most recent Assessment and Authorization (A&A): 1/6/2022__________ □ This is a new system. The A&A date will be provided when the A&A package is approved. \| \| X \| The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 199 security impact category for this system is a moderate or higher. \| \| X \| NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-122 and NIST SP 800-53 Revision 4 Appendix J recommended security controls for protecting PII/BII are in place and functioning as intended; or have an approved Plan of Action and Milestones (POA&M). \| \| X \| A security assessment report has been reviewed for the information system and it has been determined that there are no additional privacy risks. \| \| X \| Contractors that have access to the system are subject to information security provisions in their contracts required by DOC policy. \| \| \| Contracts with customers establish DOC ownership rights over data including PII/BII. \| \| \| Acceptance of liability for exposure of PII/BII is clearly defined in agreements with customers. \| \| \| Other (specify): \| 8.2 Provide a general description of the technologies used to protect PII/BII on the IT system. (Include data encryption in transit and/or at rest, if applicable). Secured database - OCM secures PII data in SQL Server databases on secured servers on premises and in Microsoft Azure Cloud Environment. Databases are only accessible based on least privilege and role-based access control. There are physical and network (firewall and internal only connections) security in place for both on premises and Azure data centers to ensure authorized access to the SQL Servers. Information placed in the database is only accessed on a need-to-know basis by OCM administrator staff who are identified as needing access to this information. The data in the SQL Servers is encrypted at rest via transparent data encryption and in transit for any transactions using HTTPS. SQL Server databases are scanned for vulnerabilities weekly and vulnerabilities are addressed per the OCM security policy schedules. Secured file/folder network directory - OCM enforces assigned authorizations for controlling access to the system through the use of logical access control policies. Access controls lists are configured to enforce access authorization and assign user and group privileges. These access control policies are employed to control the access between users and objects (files, directories, servers, printers, etc.). Access enforcement mechanisms are in place at the network, system and application levels. Section 9: Privacy Act 9.1 Is the PII/BII searchable by a personal identifier (e.g., name or Social Security number)? _X_ Yes, the PII/BII is searchable by a personal identifier. ___ No, the PII/BII is not searchable by a personal identifier. 9.2 Indicate whether a system of records is being created under the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a. (A new system of records notice (SORN) is required if the system is not covered by an existing SORN). As per the Privacy Act of 1974, “the term ‘system of records’ means a group of any records under the control of any agency from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual.” Yes, this system is covered by an existing system of records notice (SORN). Provide the SORN name, number, and link. (list all that apply): Existing Privacy Act system of records notices (SORNs) for NOAA cover the personnel information in this system: - COMMERCE/DEPT-2, Accounts Receivable - COMMERCE/DEPT-5, FOIA Records - COMMERCE/DEPT-6, Visitor Logs and Permits for Facilities under Department Control - COMMERCE/DEPT-7, Employee Accident Reports - COMMERCE/DEPT-12, OIG Investigative Records - COMMERCE/DEPT-13, Investigative and Security Records - COMMERCE/DEPT 14, Litigation, Claims, and Administrative Proceeding Records - COMMERCE/DEPT-18 - Employees Personnel Files Not Covered by Notices of Other Agencies - COMMERCE/DEPT-25, Access Control and Identity Management System - COMMERCE/DEPT-29, Unmanned Aircraft Systems - GSA/GOVT-7, Personal Identity Verification Identity Management System. - NOAA-11, Contact Information for Members of the Public Requesting or Providing Information Related to NOAA’s Mission. - NOAA-12, Marine Mammals, Endangered and Threatened Species/Permits and Authorizations - NOAA-13, Personnel/Payroll records - NOAA-21, Financial Services Division - OPM/GOVT-1, General Personnel Records - COMMERCE/DEPT-31, Public Health Emergency Records of Employees, Visitors, and Other Individuals at Department Locations. - OPM/GOVT-10, Employee Medical File System Records. COMMERCE/DEPT-20, Biographical Files and Social Networks \| \| Yes, a SORN has been submitted to the Department for approval on (date). \| \|---\|------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| \| No, this system is not a system of records and a SORN is not applicable. \| Section 10: Retention of Information 10.1 Indicate whether these records are covered by an approved records control schedule and monitored for compliance. (Check all that apply.) \| X \| There is an approved record control schedule. Provide the name of the record control schedule: General Records Schedules (GRS), which are issued by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) to provide disposition authorization for records common to several or all agencies of the federal government. The underlying paper records relating to employees are covered by GRS 1, Civilian Personnel Records. In accordance with GRS 20, item 3, electronic versions of records scheduled for disposal under other records schedules may be deleted at the expiration of the retention period authorized by the GRS for the equivalent paper copies or when no longer needed, whichever is later. Guidance for these records in the NOAA Records Schedules refers disposition to GRS 20. NOAA Records Schedules Chapter 1600 – National Ocean Service (NOS) Functional Files describes records created and maintained in the National Ocean Service (NOS) on the ocean and coastal zone management services and information products that support national needs arising from increasing uses and opportunities of the oceans and estuaries. 1610-01 - Coastal Zone Management Program Documents 1610-02 - Program Change Files 1610-03 - Coastal Non-point Pollution Control Program 1610-04 - Federal Consistency 1610-05 - Program Administrative Guidance 1610-06 - The Coastal and Marine Management Program Information System NOAA Records Schedules Chapter 2300 applies to OCM’s internal records related to IT and software development. OCM typically does not remove these records, but preserves them in perpetuity. NOAA Records Schedules Chapter 2400-Information System Security Records, provides guidance on records created and maintained by OCM and is related to protecting the security of IT systems and data, and responding to computer security incidents. \| \| No, there is not an approved record control schedule. Provide the stage in which the project is in developing and submitting a records control schedule: \| \|---\|---\| \| X \| Yes, retention is monitored for compliance to the schedule. \| \| \| No, retention is not monitored for compliance to the schedule. Provide explanation: \| 10.2 Indicate the disposal method of the PII/BII. (Check all that apply.) \| Disposal \| \| \| \|-------------------\|---\|---\| \| Shredding \| X \| \| \| Degaussing \| X \| \| \| Other (specify): \| \| \| Section 11: NIST Special Publication 800-122 PII Confidentiality Impact Level 11.1 Indicate the potential impact that could result to the subject individuals and/or the organization if PII were inappropriately accessed, used, or disclosed. (The PII Confidentiality Impact Level is not the same, and does not have to be the same, as the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 199 security impact category.) \| \| Low – the loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability could be expected to have a limited adverse effect on organizational operations, organizational assets, or individuals. \| \|---\|---\| \| X \| Moderate – the loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability could be expected to have a serious adverse effect on organizational operations, organizational assets, or individuals. \| 11.2 Indicate which factors were used to determine the above PII confidentiality impact level. (Check all that apply.) \| \| Identifiability \| Provide explanation: \| \|---\|-----------------\|----------------------\| \| X \| \| OCM only collects non-sensitive PII such as phone numbers and e-mail addresses. No SSNs or other sensitive PII/BIA information is electronically stored. Just like DOC, NOAA and NOS internal/public-facing websites, OCM internal/public-facing websites also have photographs of OCM staff involved in research and/or educational programs/activities, voluntarily submitted with implied consent to serve a purpose, reviewed, verified and managed through OCM website content managers prior to publishing them on the websites. CAMMP – Restricted access site. System user name, First Name, Last Name, Email, Address, Phone Number, Organization Name, EIN/TIN/DUNS number Coastal Management Fellowship Contacts – First Name, Last Name, Email, Organization Coastal Zone Management Act Program Changes – System Username, First Name, Last Name, Affiliation, Email, City, State, Zip Coral Database – ICAM Username, First Name, Last Name, Email, Organization Data Access Viewer (DAV) – Email, Organization Digital Coast – Training Partners Case Studies - Subject Matter Experts - Picture, First Name, Last Name, Email, Organization - Training Webinars - Videos - Presenters Name(s), Organization Digital Coast Academy Campus – Restricted access site. User Profile: First/Last Name, Email, Location, Phone, Institution/Department, Profile Picture Estuaries Education – Volunteer Coordinator Names \| \| \| Description \| \|---\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| \| and Email \| \| \| Green Infrastructure Database - Links to scholarly articles Author(s) First Name, Last Name in citation. \| \| \| National Estuarine Research Reserves (NERRS) – Names of authors, editors, contributors. \| \| \| NERRs Performance Measures Database – Restricted access site. Username, First Name, Last Name, Email \| \| \| OCM Intranet (Inet) – Restricted access site. User names, First Name, Last Name, Email, Job Title, Phone Number, Business Address, Organization, Birth Month and Day, Manager Names. (Not visible to staff beyond management is Emergency Contact Information and Home Address) \| \| \| PRiMO – Leadership First Name, Last Name, Title, Organization, Picture, Conference Programs with presenter names and abstracts. \| \| \| State Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Performance Measures Database – Restricted access site. Username, First Name, Last Name, Email \| \| \| TOMIS – First Name, Last name, Organization, Email, Phone Number \| \| \| Training Manager System – Training Host (Name, Email, Phone, Organization), Facility Contact (Name, Address, Email), Training Participants (Name, Email, Zipcode) \| \| \| Virtual Conferencing and Webinars (Adobe Connect) – First Name, Last Name, Email, State, Zip, County, Organization \| \| X \| Quantity of PII \| \| \| Provide explanation: \| \| \| Information collected is limited to a small subset of specific applications and personnel files. \| \| \| CAMMP – 137 System User (38 NOAA users, 99 External Users) \| \| \| Coastal Management Fellowship Projects and News – 129 Fellows listed in project descriptions and Fellows \| news highlights. Coastal Zone Management Act Program Changes – 71 total users (25 NOAA staff, 46 State CZM staff) with access to the admin section. 23 people have submitted public comments. Coral Database – 485 NOAA staff system user accounts and project members. Data Access Viewer (DAV) – 536,808 download requests according to DAV Data report. Not all are unique email addresses. Digital Coast – 341 Subject matter experts and training presenters. Digital Coast Academy Campus – 636 user accounts (77 NOAA users, 559 non-NOAA users) – 219 active accounts, 417 inactive accounts Estuaries Education – 30 Coordinators contact information listed. Green Infrastructure Database - 237 scholarly article citations with multiple authors each. National Estuarine Research Reserves (NERRS) – 30 NERRS reserves site profile documents with varying number of authors, editors, and contributors’ names. NERRs Performance Measures Database – 71 NOAA users, 188 Partner user accounts OCM Intranet (Inet) – 284 Employee Records PRiMO – 32 Leadership names and photos, 17 Conference Programs with varying number of presenters’ information. 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Chaos and Lyapunov exponents in classical and quantal distribution dynamics Arjendu K. Pattanayak and Paul Brumer Chemical Physics Theory Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3H6 (July 21st, 1997) We analytically establish the role of a spectrum of Lyapunov exponents in the evolution of phase-space distributions $\rho(p,q)$. Of particular interest is $\lambda_2$, an exponent which quantifies the rate at which chaotically evolving distributions acquire structure at increasingly smaller scales and which is generally larger than the maximal Lyapunov exponent $\lambda$ for trajectories. The approach is trajectory-independent and is therefore applicable to both classical and quantum mechanics. In the latter case we show that the $\hbar \to 0$ limit yields the classical, fully chaotic, result for the quantum cat map. The canonical measure of chaotic Hamiltonian dynamics is the non-zero Lyapunov exponent [1] which quantifies the rate of exponential divergence of neighboring classical trajectories. This measure has resisted translation to the Hilbert space of phase space distributions, where the linearity of the evolution equation precludes the asymptotic exponential divergence of initially “close” distributions. Rather, chaos in distributions is described in terms of the character of the spectrum of the Liouville operator [2], a difficult property to access. As a consequence, a quantitative diagnostic for the manifestation and characterization of chaos in the evolution of distributions has proven elusive, although several conjectures and limited diagnostics have been proposed [3–7]. In this article we analytically establish a diagnostic of chaos for distributions that is independent of trajectories and is valid for arbitrary initial distributions and at asymptotic times. In particular, we expose the role of an entire spectrum of generalized Lyapunov exponents $\lambda_\gamma$ [8] in the evolution of distributions. Although we derive the results by considering phase-space trajectories, our final expressions for $\lambda_\gamma$ depend solely on the evolution of the phase space distribution. We thus have a means of studying the role of Lyapunov exponents in the evolution of both classical and quantum systems, as shown below. We also show that the particular exponent $\lambda_2$, which is generally larger than the standard trajectory-based maximum Lyapunov exponent $\lambda$ [8], assumes particular importance as the arbiter of the growth of phase space structure. This growth has been thought [9] to characterize chaos for distributions. In particular, we show that (1) a distribution evolves so as to acquire structure at increasingly smaller scales at an exponential rate given by $\lambda_2$ (2) the rate at which the information in the system moves to the smaller scales (and hence, the rate at which it relaxes) is given by $\lambda_2$ and (3) the error in a calculation for a fixed level of resolution increases exponentially in time with $\lambda_2$. Consider the usual computation of the Lyapunov exponents [1]: Let the equations of motion of a point in phase space be $\dot{x}_i = f_i(x)$, where $x \equiv (q,p)$ for Hamiltonian systems] is the vector denoting all phase space variables and individual vector components are denoted by subscripts. Our variables are scaled to be dimensionless so that we may define a metric in phase space. The equations of motion for the vectors in the tangent space are obtained by linearizing the equations of motion [substituting $x + \varsigma$ into $\dot{x}_i = f_i(x)$] around this fiducial trajectory: $$\frac{d\varsigma_t}{dt} = \sum_j M_{ij} \varsigma_j$$ (1) where $M_{ij} = \frac{\partial f_i}{\partial x_j}$ is the Jacobian matrix at the point $x(t)$. If this system is evolved forward in time, then we can obtain the maximal Lyapunov exponent as [Theorems A and B, Ref. [1]] $$\lim_{t \to \infty} \frac{1}{t} \ln(\|\varsigma(t)\|) = \lambda(x)$$ (2) where $\|\cdots\|$ defines the standard norm in phase-space and the result is independent of $\varsigma$ except for a set of vanishing measure. For a Hamiltonian system the set of exponents is unchanged under the transformation $\lambda \to -\lambda$ as a consequence of time-reflection symmetry. We use the foregoing to derive the equations of evolution for the first-order derivatives of a distribution. The assumptions necessary in our analysis imply that the results are valid for all distributions that evolve non-trivially under the Liouville equation and are differentiable: This specifically excludes delta-function distributions (point trajectories) and time-invariant solutions to Liouville’s equation. Consider the relationship between the densities at the point $x$ and $x + \varsigma$: \[ \rho(x + \varsigma) = \rho(x) + \sum_i \varsigma_i \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} \rho(x) \] (3) where we neglect higher-order terms, as in the trajectory-based derivation. Taking the total time-derivative of both sides and noting that $ \frac{d\rho(x)}{dt} \equiv 0 \equiv \frac{d\rho(x+\varsigma)}{dt} $ we get \[ \sum_i \frac{d}{dt} \left[ \varsigma_i \left( \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x_i} \right) \right] = \sum_i \left[ \frac{d\varsigma_i}{dt} \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x_i} + \varsigma_i \frac{d}{dt} \left( \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x_i} \right) \right] = 0 \] (4) where here and below $ \rho $ and its derivatives are evaluated at $ x $. Using Eq. (1), we get \[ \sum_i \left[ \sum_j M_{ij} \varsigma_j \left( \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x_i} \right) \right] + \sum_j \left[ \varsigma_j \frac{d}{dt} \left( \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x_j} \right) \right] = 0 \] (5) \[ \Rightarrow \sum_j \varsigma_j \left[ \sum_i \left( M_{ij} \left( \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x_i} \right) \right) + \frac{d}{dt} \left( \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x_j} \right) \right] = 0 \] (6) \[ \Rightarrow \frac{d}{dt} \left( \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x_j} \right) = - \sum_i M_{ij} \left( \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial x_i} \right), \] (7) the last equality following from the independence of the various $ \varsigma_j $. Eq. (1) and Eq. (7) for the evolution of $ \varsigma $ and $ \nabla \rho $ respectively are identical except for a minus sign. This makes physical sense: Since the number of points cannot be created or destroyed along trajectories, the density sharpens (flattens) along the direction in which points move closer (further). This being the case, $ \lambda $ is directly reflected in the gradient of the distribution $ \nabla \rho(x(t)) $ at asymptotic times at almost every phase space point [10] in the chaotic region. Remembering the reflection symmetry of the Lyapunov exponents, the maximal Lyapunov exponent may hence be equally well computed as \[ \lambda(x) = \lim_{t \to \infty} \frac{1}{t} \ln(\|\nabla \rho(x(t))\|). \] (8) We now consider the averaged quantites $ \chi_\gamma $ where \[ \chi_\gamma \equiv \left( \frac{\text{Tr}[\|\nabla \rho(x(t))\|^{\gamma}]}{4\pi^2 \text{Tr}[\rho^\gamma(x(t))]} \right)^{\frac{1}{\gamma}}. \] (9) Here Tr indicates the trace or integration over phase space and $ \gamma $ is an arbitrary real number; note that the denominator $ \text{Tr}[\rho^\gamma(x(t))] $ is a constant for Hamiltonian evolution. Several interesting properties have been established for similarly constructed averages using $ \varsigma $ instead of $ \nabla \rho $ [8]. Using the same approach, since Eqs. (2) and (8) are identical, we get that the following properties also hold for $ \lambda_\gamma $ defined via Eq. (9): (1) A spectrum of generalized Lyapunov exponents can be defined through \[ \lim_{t \to \infty} \frac{1}{t} \ln(\chi_\gamma) = \lambda_\gamma, \] (10) (2) The ‘usual’ maximal Lyapunov exponent $ \lambda $ is a member of the spectrum: $ \lim_{\gamma \to 0} \lambda_\gamma = \lambda $ and (3) $ \lambda_\gamma $ is concave in $ \gamma $; i.e., if $ \gamma_1 < \gamma_2 $, then $ \lambda_{\gamma_1} \leq \lambda_{\gamma_2} $. Note that by defining the averages in terms of $ \nabla \rho $ rather than $ \varsigma $, the quantities $ \chi_\gamma $ and $ \lambda_\gamma $ are independent of trajectories. We note that the dependence of $ \lambda_\gamma $ on $ \gamma $ arises due to the variation in local stretching rates in different regions of phase space. Hence, for a system where the local stretching rate is a constant, $ \lambda_\gamma $ is independent of $ \gamma $ and equals the maximum Lyapunov exponent $ \lambda $. Considerable physical insight emerges by considering $ \lambda_2 $ and the quantity $ \chi_2(t) $ in Fourier space. That is, consider the Fourier expansion of a distribution $ \rho(q,p) = \sum_{n,m} \rho_{n,m}(t) f_{n,m} $ where $ f_{n,m}(p,q) = \exp\{2\pi i(np + mq)\} $. We use a two-dimensional discrete Fourier basis for simplicity; all arguments generalize to multiple dimensions and Fourier integrals. In Fourier space $ \chi_2(t) $ is of the form \[ \chi_2^2(t) \equiv \frac{\text{Tr}[\|\nabla \rho(x(t))\|^2]}{4\pi^2 \text{Tr}[\rho^2(x(t))]} = \frac{\sum_{n,m} (n^2 + m^2) \|\rho_{n,m}(t)\|^2}{\sum_{n,m} \|\rho_{n,m}(t)\|^2}. \] (11) Hence $ \chi_2 $ is the root-mean-square Fourier radius, measuring the Fourier space extent of the phase space distribution. Equation (10) shows that \[ \lim_{t \to \infty} \frac{1}{t} \ln(\chi_2) = \lambda_2; \] or that, for a chaotic system, $\chi_2$ increases exponentially with time. Thus, since the higher ($\|n\|, \|m\|$) modes correspond to structure at smaller scales, a distribution moves exponentially in time, with rate $\lambda_2$, from structure at a discernible scale to structure at extremely small scales. We can relate this to the loss of accuracy associated with the chaotic evolution of point trajectories as follows [11]. All the information about the distribution is encoded in the initial Fourier basis expansion; as $\chi_2$ grows, this information leaves any finite range of $\|n\|, \|m\|$ exponentially fast. Attempting to account for all Fourier modes corresponds to retaining an infinite amount of information and is inconsistent with a finite-resolution measurement in phase-space. Thus, Fourier modes with mode-numbers greater than some $n_{\text{max}}, m_{\text{max}}$, where $\frac{1}{n_{\text{max}}}, \frac{1}{m_{\text{max}}}$ are the limits of resolution in $p, q$ respectively, are effectively non-observable and the information therein not retrievable. In this sense the evolution of a chaotic distribution can be reconciled with the exponential loss of accuracy inherent in the chaotic evolution of trajectories, also a consequence of finite measurement capability. Equation (10) provides deep insights into the relation between the Lyapunov exponents and distribution dynamics but should not be regarded as a competitive tool to compute Lyapunov exponents when trajectories can be calculated. However, since $\chi_\gamma(t)$ no longer relies on trajectories, we may now study it for quantum mechanical phase-space distributions, thus analyzing “quantum chaos”, i.e. the effect of chaos on quantal evolution. Again, $\chi_2$ proves particularly valuable since, by integration by parts \[ \chi_2^2(t) \equiv \frac{\text{Tr}[\nabla \rho]^2}{4\pi^2 \text{Tr}[\rho^2]} = -\frac{\text{Tr}[\rho \nabla^2 \rho]}{4\pi^2 \text{Tr}[\rho^2]}. \] Noting that $\nabla^2 \rho \equiv \{p, \{p, \rho\}\} + \{q, \{q, \rho\}\}$, where $\{.,.\}$ denotes the Poisson bracket, we may now perform the standard quantization $\{A, B\} \rightarrow -i \left[A, B\right]$ to yield a quantal $\chi_2$ which is independent of the representation. In the Wigner-Weyl [13] representation it has precisely the classical form [Eq. (13)], with $\rho$ replaced by the Wigner function $W(q, p)$. As an example of the insights afforded by this approach we consider the cat map on the torus, which is a classical K-system [12] and which has been recently shown [7] to display smooth quantum-classical correspondence. The dynamics of this system, whose classical and quantal propagators for distributions are known analytically [14], are those of a kicked oscillator with Hamiltonian [11] \[ H = p^2/2\mu + \epsilon q^2/2 \sum_{s=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta(s - t/T). \] restricted to a torus $0 \leq q < a$, $0 \leq p < b$. The cat map corresponds to the choice $\eta = Tb/\mu a = 1$ and $\xi = -\epsilon Ta/b = 1$ and $\alpha = h/ab$ acts as a dimensionless form of Planck’s constant for this problem. Two other cases of interest we study are the (stable) elliptic map $(\eta = 1, \xi = -1)$ and the borderline parabolic case $(\eta = 1, \xi = 0)$. We note that this classical system has a constant Jacobian matrix and $\chi_\gamma \equiv \chi$ is independent of $\gamma$. We then anticipate that (1) for the stable system $\chi$ oscillates as a function of time, (2) $\chi$ grows linearly for the parabolic case and (3) a chaotic system has $\chi$ growing exponentially in time with the asymptotic rate given by $\lambda$. This behavior is indeed confirmed computationally, as shown in Fig. 1, for these three maps. We emphasize that (1) the behavior is independent of the initial distribution; the distributions used here were randomly initialized and (2) in the chaotic case, there is no saturation of $\chi(t)$ even though the phase-space is bounded. In the quantal case we study the dependence of $\chi_2(t)$ on the degree of classicality of the system, that is the value of $\alpha$. To eliminate kinematical effects of changing $\alpha$ we consider the evolution of Wigner distributions which are initially of the Gaussian form \[ W(q, p) = N_\beta \exp[-\frac{(q - \beta q_0)^2}{\beta^2 \sigma_q^2}] \exp[-\frac{(p - \beta p_0)^2}{\beta^2 \sigma_p^2}] \] where $\beta$ is a scaling variable (see below), $N_\beta$ is a normalization factor, $(\beta q_0, \beta p_0)$ specifies the location of the Gaussian of width $(\beta \sigma_q, \beta \sigma_p)$ in a phase space of dimension $\beta^2 ab$. Since $\alpha = h/\beta^2 ab$, by increasing $\beta$ we approach the classical limit while preserving the ratio $(\beta^2 \sigma_q \sigma_p/\beta^2 ab)$ of the volume of the initial distribution to the volume of phase space. Here we choose this ratio as $\approx 0.0175$, sufficiently large to display quantum effects at relatively early times. Note that for these large initial distributions, the approximate methods of measuring the separation of centroids [7] or the growth of second moments [6] fail to detect the existence of chaos, even for the classical system. Our results are displayed in Fig. 2. For the classical cat ($h = 0, \beta a = \beta b = 1$), shown again for comparison, $\chi_2(t)$ grows exponentially after a short transient, with a rate equal to $\lambda$. The behavior of $\chi_2$ for the quantized cat map is shown for $\alpha = 10^{-5}, 10^{-2}$ and Near the classical limit $(\alpha = 10^{-5}; h = 1, \beta a = \beta b = 316.2)$ $\chi_2$ exhibits exponential growth, indistinguishable from the classical behavior on the finite Fourier grid (of size $2048 \times 2048$) used in our computations. However, as $\alpha$ is increased to $10^{-2}$ $(h = 1, \beta a = \beta b = 10)$ the initial growth of $\chi_2$ is seen to be faster than that of the classical cat map, suggesting that the amount of structure in the quantal distribution at short times actually increases relative to the classical one. This is indeed the case since one expects the quantal $W(q,p)$ to adiabatically follow the classical $\rho(q,p)$ but with added fringes [15] (interference structures). Such interference structures can be seen in contour maps of the evolving distributions. For example, an examination of Figs. 1-3 of Ref. [7] at $t = 4T$ shows clearly that the distribution with $\alpha = 10^{-2}$ has far more structure at finer scales than does the distribution with $\alpha = 10^{-5}$. This, of course, implies greater support for the distribution at larger Fourier node-numbers, leading to larger $\chi_2$ values. However, supra-classical growth does not persist for larger $\alpha$ or for longer time because a second quantal effect kicks in: Quantal distributions resist the growth of structure at scales smaller than $\hbar$ [15], implying that the support of the distribution travels slowly across the $\frac{1}{\alpha}$ boundary in Fourier space. This is marked by a clear slow-down of the growth at $\chi_2 \approx 100 = O\left(\frac{1}{\alpha}\right)$. As $\alpha$ is increased to $10^{-1}$ $(h = 1, \beta a = \beta b = 3.162)$, the initial rapid growth saturates in one time step, resulting in a slowly growing $\chi_2$. The interplay between the two effects thus implies in general a finite value of $\alpha$ at which the quantum system acquires structure maximally rapidly for early times. Note also that the initial differences between the various values of $\chi_2$ in Fig. 2 is exaggerated by the fact that we are using discrete time-steps which are themselves of the order of $\frac{1}{N^2}$ in our model system. Since the quantal propagator is a smooth function of $\alpha$, the results at larger values of $\alpha$ imply that on the full (infinite) Fourier grid the quantal $\chi_2$, even at the smallest values of $\alpha$, will ultimately slow down, reflecting the non-ergodic nature of the quantum map [14]. However, and this point is significant, for any finite resolution there is always an $\alpha$ sufficiently small such that the classical and quantal behavior are indistinguishably chaotic. Thus, the various $\lambda_\gamma$ govern the behavior of classical and quantal distributions in precisely the same manner in the limit $\hbar \to 0$, as manifest in the behavior of $\chi_2$. Note that the form of $\chi_2(t)$ enables us to verify this behavior without masking effects arising from the choice of broad initial distributions or from saturation and relaxation in the finite phase-space (see the discussion in Ref. [7]). In summary, we have provided a quantitative demonstration of the role of Lyapunov exponents in the behavior of classical and quantal distributions and have identified $\chi_2(t)$ as a measure of the increasingly fine detailed structure of the distribution. We have thus related the generalized Lyapunov exponents directly to the properties of distributions, independent of trajectories. Our approach is valid for arbitrary initial distributions and asymptotic times, unlike other methods [6,7], and has been explicitly derived from the definition of Lyapunov exponents, unlike previous conjectures [3–5]. In particular, it avoids the need to introduce perturbations to define the stability of distributions [3] and avoids basis-dependent definitions of chaos in distributions [4]. Rather, it provides a consistent understanding of the role of Lyapunov exponents in the dynamics of classical distributions and affords a method of connecting Lyapunov exponents to the behavior of quantal distributions in the semiclassical limit $\hbar \to 0$. Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the Natural Sciences Engineering and Research Council of Canada. We thank an anonymous referee for comments emphasizing the existence of a spectrum of Lyapunov exponents. AKP would like to thank Salman Habib for useful discussions. --- [1] G. Benettin, L. Galgani and J.-M. Strelcyn, Phys. Rev. A 14, 2338 (1976). [2] P.R. Halmos, Lectures on Ergodic Theory, (Chelsea, N.Y., 1956). [3] A. Peres, Phys. Rev. A 30, 1610 (1984); R. Schack and C. M. Caves, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 525 (1993) and references therein. [4] A. Peres and D. Terno, Phys. Rev. E 53, 284 (1996); A. Peres, Phys. Rev. E 53 4525 (1996). [5] L. E. Ballentine and J. P. Zibin, Phys. Rev. A 54, 3813 (1996). [6] R. C. Fox and T. C. Elston, Phys. Rev. E 49, 3683 (1994) and references therein. [7] A. K. Pattanayak and P. Brumer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 59, (1996). [8] C. Beck and F. Schlögl, Thermodynamics of chaotic systems, (Cambridge University Press, N.Y., 1993); G. Paladin and A. Vulpiani, Phys. Rep. 156, 147 (1987); H. Fujisaka, Prog. Theor. Phys. 70, 1264 (1983). [9] See, e.g. B. Chirikov, Izrailev and Shepelyansky, Physica D 33, 77 (1988). [10] We say “almost every” to exclude unstable periodic orbits, a set of zero measure. [11] J. Ford, G. Mantica and G.H. Ristow, Physica D 50, 493, (1991) and references therein. [12] V.I. Arnold and A. Avez, Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics, (Addison-Wesley, N.Y., 1989). [13] See S.R. De Groot and L.G. Suttorp, Foundations of Electrodynamics, (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972) for an excellent review of the Wigner-Weyl technique. [14] J. Wilkie and P. Brumer, Phys. Rev. E 49, 1968 (1994); J. Wilkie, Ph.D. dissertation (unpublished), University of Toronto, 1994. [15] H.J. Korsch and M.V. Berry, Physica D 3, 627 (1981) and in many papers by other authors since. FIG. 1. $\chi$ as a function of time for the classical elliptic, parabolic and cat maps. FIG. 2. $\chi_2(t)$ for the classical ($\alpha = 0$) and quantal ($\alpha = 10^{-1}, 10^{-2}$ and $10^{-5}$) cat map. \[\ln(x)\] t (in units of T) \[\ln(\chi_2)\] t (in units of T) \[ \begin{align} \alpha = 0.1 & \quad --- \\ \alpha = 0.01 & \quad --- \\ \alpha = 0.00001 & \quad --- \\ \text{Classical} & \quad x \end{align} \]
1. Appendix I: PVI algorithm See Algorithm 1. 2. Appendix II: Experiments 2.1. Spin Models We generated two synthetic systems. The first system was ferromagnetic (all $J \geq 0$) with 64 spins, where neighboring spins $x_i$, $x_j$ have a nonzero interaction of $J_{ij} = 0.2$ if adjacent on a $4 \times 4 \times 4$ periodic lattice. This coupling strength equates to being slightly above the critical temperature, meaning the system will be highly correlated despite the underlying interactions being only nearest-neighbor. The second system was a diluted Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin glass (Sherrington & Kirkpatrick, 1975; Aurell & Ekeberg, 2012) with 100 spins. The couplings in this model were defined by Erdős-Renyi random graphs (Erdős & Rényi, 1960) with non-zero edge weights distributed as $J_{ij} \sim \mathcal{N}\left(0, \frac{1}{Np}\right)$ where $Np$ is the average degree. We generated 5 random systems where the average degree was $Np = 100(0.02) = 2$. Across all of the systems, we used Swendsen-Wang sampling (Swendsen & Wang, 1987) to sample synthetic data and checked that the sampling was sufficient to eliminate autocorrelation in the data. For inference, we tested both $L_1$-regularized deterministic approaches as well as a variational approach based on Persistent VI. The $L_1$ regularized approaches included Pseudolikelihood, (PL) (Aurell & Ekeberg, 2012), Minimum Probability Flow (MPF) (Sohl-Dickstein et al., 2011), and Persistent Contrastive Divergence (PCD) (Tieleman, 2008). Additionally, we tested the proposed alternative regularization method of Pseudolikelihood Decimation (Decelle & Ricci-Tersenghi, 2014). For $L_1$ regularized Pseudolikelihood and Minimum Probability Flow, we selected the hyperparameter $\lambda$ using 10-fold cross-validation over 10 logarithmically spaced values on the interval $[0.01, 10]$. We performed $L_1$ regularization of the deterministic objectives using optimizers from (Schmidt, 2010), and chose the corresponding $L_1$ hyperparameter for PCD + $L_1$ based on the optimal cross-validated value of $\lambda$ that was selected for $L_1$-regularized Pseudolikelihood. For the hierarchical model inferred with Persistent VI, we placed a separate noncentered Horseshoe prior over the fields and couplings, in accordance with the (centered) hierarchy \[ s_h \sim C^+(0, 1), \quad s_J \sim C^+(0, 1), \] \[ \sigma_i \sim C^+(0, s_h), \quad \sigma_{ij} \sim C^+(0, s_J), \] \[ h_i \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma_i^2), \quad J_{ij} \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma_{ij}^2). \] where $C^+(0, 1)$ is the standard Half-Cauchy distribution. We then used PVI-3 with 100 persistent Markov chains and performed stochastic gradient descent using Adam (Kingma & Ba, 2014) with default momentum and a learning rate that linearly decayed from 0.01 to 0 over $5 \times 10^4$ iterations. 2.2. Synthetic Protein Data We constructed a synthetic Potts spin glass with sparse interactions chosen to reflect an underlying 3D structure. After forming a contact topology from a random packed polymer, we generated synthetic group-Student-t distributed sitewise bias vectors $h_i$ (each $20 \times 1$) and Gaussian distributed coupling matrices $J_{ij}$ (each $20 \times 20$) to mirror the strong site-bias and weak-coupling regime of proteins. Since this system is highly frustrated, we thinned $2 \times 10^6$ sweeps of Gibbs sampling to 2000 sequences that exhibited no autocorrelation. Given 400 of the 2000 synthetic sequences$^1$, we inferred $L_2$ and group $L_1$-regularized MAP estimates under a pseudolikelihood approximation with 5-fold cross validation to choose hyperparameters from 6 values in the range $\{0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 30.0, 100.0\}$. We also ran PVI-10 with 40 persistent Markov chains and 5000 iterations of stochastic gradient descent with Adam$^2$ (Kingma & Ba, 2014). We note that the current standards of the field are based on $L_2$ $^1$We find this effective sample size to mirror natural protein families (unpublished) $^2\alpha = 0.01, \beta_1 = 0.9, \beta_2 = 0.999, \text{no decay}$ Algorithm 1 Persistent Variational Inference (PVI-$n$) with Gaussian $q(\theta\|\phi)$ Require: Model. Undirected $p(x\|\theta)$ defined by $k$ features $\{f_i(x)\}_{i=1}^k$ on $x \in \{1, \ldots, q\}^D$ Require: Data. Expectations of the features $\{\mathbb{E}_D[f_i(x)]\}_{i=1}^k$ and sample size $N$ Require: Prior. Prior gradient $\nabla \log P(\theta)$ Require: Number of Gibbs sweeps $n$, Markov Chains $M$, variational samples $Q$ Require: Initial variational parameters $\mu_0, \log \sigma_0$ (e.g. $\{0, -3\}$) // Initialize parameters and Markov chains $\tilde{x}$ $\mu \leftarrow \mu_0$, $\log \sigma \leftarrow \log \sigma_0$ $\tilde{x}^{(1:M)} \leftarrow \text{RandInt}(1, q)$ $t \leftarrow 0$ while not converged do // Estimate $\nabla \text{ELBO}$ with $Q$ samples from the variational distribution $\nabla_\mu L \leftarrow 0$, $\nabla_{\log \sigma} L \leftarrow 0$ for $s = 1 \ldots Q$ do $\epsilon \sim \mathcal{N}(0, I_{\|\mu\|})$ $\theta \leftarrow \mu + \sigma \odot \epsilon$ // Estimate model-dependent expectations $E$, where $E_i = \mathbb{E}_{p(x\|\theta)}[f_i(x)]$ $E \leftarrow 0$ for $m = 1 \ldots M$ do for $j = 1 \ldots n$ do $\tilde{x}^{(m)} \leftarrow \text{GibbsSweep}(p(x\|\theta), \tilde{x}^{(m)})$ $E \leftarrow E + \frac{1}{Mn} \{f_i(\tilde{x}^{(m)})\}_{i=1}^k$ end for end for // Compute stochastic gradient $G \leftarrow N(\mathbb{E}_D[f_i(x)] - E) + \nabla \log P(\theta)$ $\nabla_\mu L \leftarrow \nabla_\mu L + \frac{1}{Q} G$ $\nabla_{\log \sigma} L \leftarrow \nabla_{\log \sigma} L + \frac{1}{Q} (G \odot (\theta - \mu) + 1)$ end for // Update parameters with Robbins-Monro sequence $\{\rho_t\}$ $\mu \leftarrow \mu + \rho_t \nabla_\mu L$ $\log \sigma \leftarrow \log \sigma + \rho_t \nabla_{\log \sigma}$ $t \leftarrow t + 1$ end while and Group $L_1$ regularized Pseudolikelihood (Balakrishnan et al., 2011; Ekeberg et al., 2013). ### 2.3. Real Protein Data #### 2.3.1. SAMPLE REWEIGHTING Natural protein sequences share a common evolutionary history that introduces significant redundancy and correlation between related sequences. Treating them as independent data is biased by both the overrepresentation of certain sequences due to the evolutionary process (phylogeny) or the human sampling process (biased sequencing of particular species). Thus, we follow a standard practice of correcting the overrepresentation of sequences by a sample-reweighting approach (Ekeberg et al., 2013). Sequence reweighting. If we were to treat all data as independent, then every sample would receive unit weight in the log likelihood. To correct for the over and underrepresentation of certain sequences, we estimate relative sequence weights using a common inverse neighborhood density based approach from the field (Ekeberg et al., 2013). We set the relative weight of each sequence proportional to the inverse number of neighboring sequences that differ by a normalized Hamming distance of less than $\theta$. We use the established value of $\theta = 0.2$. Effective sample size estimation. We propose a new definition for an effective sample size $N_{eff}$ of correlated discrete data and derive an algorithm for estimating it from count data. The estimator is based on the assumption that in limited data regimes for sparsely coupled systems, the sample Mutual Information between random variables is dominated by random, coincidental correlations rather than actual correlations due to underlying interactions. This is consistent with classic results on the bias of information quantities in limited data regimes known as “Miller Maddow bias” (Miller, 1955; Paninski, 2003). If we can define a null model for how such coincidental correlations would arise for a given random sample of size $N$, then we define $N_{eff}$ as the sample size that matches the expected null MI to the observed MI. $$\mathbb{E}_{i,j} \left[ MI_{null} \| N_{eff} \right] = \mathbb{E}_{i,j} \left[ MI_{data} \right]$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) The expectation on the right is given by the average sample Mutual Information in the data, while the expectation on the left will be specific to a null model for Mutual Information $\mathbb{E}_{i,j} \left[ MI_{null} \| N \right]$. Given a noisy estimator for $\mathbb{E}_{i,j} \left[ MI_{null} \| N_{eff} \right]$, we solve for $N_{eff}$ by matching the expectations with Robbins-Monro stochastic optimization. To define the null model of mutual information $\mathbb{E}_{i,j} \left[ MI_{null} \| N \right]$ we treat every variable as independent categorical counts that were drawn from a Dirichlet-Multinomial hierarchy with a log-uniform hyperprior over the (symmetric) concentration parameter $\alpha$. Given observed frequencies $f_i$ and $f_j$ for letters $x_i$ and $x_j$ together with a candidate sample size $N$, we (i) use Bayes’ theorem to sample underlying distributions $p_i, p_j$ that produced the observed frequencies, (ii) generate $N$ samples from the null joint distribution $p_i p_j^T$, and (iii) compute the sample Mutual Information of this synthetic count data (Algorithm 2). We also experimented with using both MAP and posterior mean estimators as plugin approximations $\hat{p}_i, \hat{p}_j$ for the latent distributions, but found that each of these were biased estimators of the true sample size in simulation. Posterior mode estimates generally underestimated the null entropy ($\hat{p}_i$ too rough) while the posterior mean overestimated the entropy ($\hat{p}_i$ too smooth). It seems reasonable that this would be the behavior of point estimates that do not account for the uncertainty in the null distributions that is signaled by the roughness of the frequency data. We note that this estimator will become invalid as the data become strong, since the assumption that Mutual Information is dominated by sampling noise will break down. However, for the real protein data that we examined, we found that this approach for effective sample size correction was critical for Bayesian methods such as Peristent VI to be able to set the top level hyperparameters (the sparsity levels) from the data. Algorithm 2 Sample the null mutual information as a function of sample size $\mathbb{E}_{i,j} \left[ MI_{null} \| N \right]$ - Require: Sample size $N$ - Require: Observed frequencies $f_i, f_j$ - Sample positions $i \in [L], j \in [L] \setminus i$ - Set count data $C_i \leftarrow Nf_i, C_j \leftarrow Nf_j$ - Sample concentration parameter $\alpha_i \| C_i, \alpha_j \| C_j$ with numerical CDF - Sample null distributions $p_i \| C_i, \alpha_i, p_j \| C_j, \alpha_j$ from Dirichlet - Sample joint count data $M(x_i, x_j)$ from categorical joint distribution $p_i p_j^T$ - Compute sample frequencies $f = \frac{1}{N} M(x_i, x_j), f_i = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{x_j} M(x_i, x_j), f_j = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{x_i} M(x_i, x_j)$ - Compute sample Mutual Information $MI = \sum_{x_i, x_j} f(x_i, x_j) \log \frac{f(x_i, x_j)}{f_i(x_i)f_j(x_j)}$ #### 2.3.2. INFEERENCE AND RESULTS Alignment Our sequence alignment was based on the Pfam 27.0 family PF00018, which we subsequently processed to remove all sequences with more than 25% gaps. Indels Natural sequences contain insertions and deletions that are coded by ‘gaps’ in alignments. We treated these as a 21st character (in addition to amino acids) and fit a $q = 21$ state Potts model. We acknowledge that, while this may be standard practice in the field, it is a strong independence approximation because all of the gaps in deletions are perfectly correlated. Inference We used 10,000 iterations of PVI-10 with 10 variational samples per iteration and 40 persistent Gibbs chains. Comparison to 3D structure We collected about 260 3D structures of SH3 domains referenced on PF00018 (Pfam 27.0) and computed minimum atom distances between all positions in the Pfam alignment. For each pair $i, j$, we used the median of distances across all structures to summarize the “typical” minimum atom distance between $i$ and $j$. References Aurell, Erik and Ekeberg, Magnus. Inverse ising inference using all the data. Physical review letters, 108(9):090201, 2012. Balakrishnan, Sivaraman, Kamisetty, Hetunandan, Carbonell, Jaime G, Lee, Su-In, and Langmead, Christopher James. Learning generative models for protein fold families. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 79(4):1061–1078, 2011. Decelle, Aurélien and Ricci-Tersenghi, Federico. Pseudolikelihood decimation algorithm improving the inference of the interaction network in a general class of ising models. Physical review letters, 112(7):070603, 2014. Ekeberg, Magnus, Lökvist, Cecilia, Lan, Yucheng, Weigt, Martin, and Aurell, Erik. Improved contact prediction in proteins: using pseudolikelihoods to infer potts models. Physical Review E, 87(1):012707, 2013. Erdős, Paul and Rényi, A. On the evolution of random graphs. Publ. Math. Inst. Hungar. Acad. Sci., 5:17–61, 1960. Kingma, Diederik and Ba, Jimmy. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980, 2014. Miller, George A. Note on the bias of information estimates. Information theory in psychology: Problems and methods, 2(95):100, 1955. Paninski, Liam. Estimation of entropy and mutual information. Neural computation, 15(6):1191–1253, 2003. Schmidt, Mark. Graphical model structure learning with l1-regularization. PhD thesis, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver, 2010. Sherrington, David and Kirkpatrick, Scott. Solvable model of a spin-glass. Physical review letters, 35(26):1792, 1975. Sohl-Dickstein, Jascha, Battaglino, Peter B, and DeWeese, Michael R. New method for parameter estimation in probabilistic models: minimum probability flow. Physical review letters, 107(22):220601, 2011. Swendsen, Robert H and Wang, Jian-Sheng. Nonuniversal critical dynamics in monte carlo simulations. Physical review letters, 58(2):86, 1987. Tieleman, Tijmen. Training restricted boltzmann machines using approximations to the likelihood gradient. In Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Machine learning, pp. 1064–1071. ACM, 2008.
Severe chondrolysis after shoulder arthroscopy: A case series David S. Bailie, MD\textsuperscript{a}, Todd Ellenbecker, DPT, MS, SCS, OCS, CSCS\textsuperscript{b,} \textsuperscript{a}The Orthopedic Clinic Association, PC, Scottsdale, AZ \textsuperscript{b}Physiotherapy Associates, Scottsdale Sports Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ Hypothesis:* Chondrolysis has been observed after shoulder arthroscopy and results in severe glenohumeral complications. Materials and methods: Twenty three cases of post-arthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis, occurring between 2005-2006, are reported following a variety of arthroscopic shoulder procedures. Presenting complaints, signs and symptoms, associated operative findings, and potential etiological factors are reviewed. Management options are summarized. Results: Of the 23 cases of chondrolysis identified in our practice over a two year period, 14 occurred in patients following labral repair using a bioabsorbable device. Seventeen of the 23 patients used a high volume intra-articular pain pump for 48 hours after surgery. Seven of the 23 cases had documented use of a thermal probe. Four cases occurred in shoulders with no reported use of fixation anchors, pain pumps, or thermal probes. All cases had at least a 20 cc intra-articular bolus injection of 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine. Discussion: This case series identifies several common factors that could be responsible for post-arthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis. No single mechanism can be implicated based on the results of this study. Although strong concerns are raised over the use of intra-articular local anesthetics, glenohumeral chondrolysis appears to be an unfortunate convergence of multiple factors that may initiate rapid dissolution of articular cartilage and degenerative changes. Conclusion: Chondrolysis is a devastating complication of arthroscopic shoulder surgery that can result in long-term disabling consequences. Further research is required to specifically identify causative factors. Until this is available, we strongly advise against the use of large doses of intra-articular placement of local anesthetics. Level of Evidence: Level 4; Case series, no control group. © 2009 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Keywords: Shoulder; chondrolysis; cartilage; glenoid; humerus; pain pump; anchor; thermal; arthroplasty Chondrolysis is defined as the disappearance of articular cartilage as the result of lysis or dissolution of the cartilage matrix and cells. For our discussion, this definition should be further refined to include the term “rapid” (onset of radiographic loss of joint space within 12 months of documented normal joint during arthroscopy) to describe the dissolution of cartilage matrix and chondrocytes. Because “acute” typically indicates onset within several weeks to a few months and “chronic” implies long-term presence, we chose the term “rapid” to describe the onset of degeneration in cases of chondrolysis to emphasize the difference from other more common reasons for degenerative disease of the shoulder. Historically, chondrolysis was mostly associated with the hip as an idiopathic disorder in the developing hip\textsuperscript{5} or associated with slipped capital epiphysis.\textsuperscript{16} The etiology remains elusive but may be multifactorial, given the variety of reported associations and presumed causes. Chondrolysis has been reported to occur after both physical and surgical trauma,\textsuperscript{11} after meniscectomy,\textsuperscript{1} and with the use of irrigation fluid,\textsuperscript{25} thermal devices,\textsuperscript{8,10,13,15,24} or bioabsorbable implants.\textsuperscript{23} Chondrolysis of the glenohumeral joint after arthroscopic surgery appears to be rare, being reported in only a few published studies.\textsuperscript{2,8,14,19,22} The reported association of the occurrence of chondrolysis with high-volume intra-articular pain pumps, bioabsorbable labral fixation devices, and thermal probes is most concerning, given the frequency of use of these technologies in modern shoulder arthroscopy. However, the actual cause of even the reported cases has not been confirmed, and the associations are speculative at this juncture. No randomized or prospective studies have been performed. Given the severity of this devastating complication and the young patients affected, published anecdotal observations can be useful. We report a series of 23 cases of chondrolysis of the glenohumeral joint occurring after shoulder arthroscopy in young patients. The suspected causative associations, presenting characteristics, and our treatment experience are discussed. Materials and methods We reviewed the records of suspected cases of glenohumeral chondrolysis that presented to our office after shoulder arthroscopy from 2005 to 2006. This research study was submitted to and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Physiotherapy Associates (Exton, PA) before the review of patient data. This time period was used because we had not been aware of a single case of glenohumeral chondrolysis in our clinic before 2005. A total of 23 cases were identified. Chondrolysis was suspected in those patients who presented with a delayed increase in shoulder pain after arthroscopy (typically 8-12 months after the index procedure) and whose radiographs showed a clear loss of joint space. In all of these cases, radiographs taken before the index surgery were interpreted as normal, that is, no radiographic evidence of loss of joint space, osteophytes, cystic changes, or other findings that could represent early arthritis. Patients with any known history or diagnosis of arthritis or infection before the index surgery were excluded. All operative reports were reviewed, in addition to any available preoperative imaging studies and intraoperative photographs from the index surgery. A thorough history was obtained and physical examinations performed on all suspected chondrolysis patients. Additional radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained in some cases. In addition, because of the concern initially over infection, the first 10 cases encountered had blood work performed, including complete blood count, sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein level. None had a bone scan or nuclear white cell scan. Eleven of the cases occurred in patients in whom the index operation was performed by the senior author. The remaining patients had been referred to us for further care and their surgery performed elsewhere. None of the latter had been given the diagnosis of chondrolysis before being evaluated in our clinic. The 11 cases represented less than 1% of the total shoulder surgeries performed during the time when an indwelling pain catheter was used. Although symptoms may have been present, they were not sufficient to warrant a return to our office before 8 months after the index surgery. In addition, these numbers do not account for patients in whom chondrolysis may have developed to a lesser degree and who did not feel the need to return to the clinic for evaluation or those who may have sought opinions elsewhere. We did not attempt to contact all shoulder surgery patients during a specific time period for this study. We evaluated demographic data, including gender and age, time of onset (as indicated by the patient’s history of a rapid change in pain) from the index surgery, and initial pathology. In addition, surgical variables of concern including the use of bioabsorbable fixation devices, intra-articular pain pumps, and thermal probes were documented from the patient history and medical records. Treatment methods are presented but outcomes are not yet available and are not the purpose of this report. This study did not undergo Institutional Review Board approval. Results There were 23 documented cases of chondrolysis of the glenohumeral joint. The details are summarized in Table I. The mean age was 30.5 years (range, 15-47 years). The onset of symptoms occurred at a mean of 9.1 months after the index operation (range, 8-12 months). No patient indicated an intervening injury during the time from index surgery to presentation to our office. Review of all available preoperative and intraoperative data failed to show any evidence of degenerative arthritis, infection, or inflammatory condition before the index surgery in any patient. There were 14 cases involving labral repairs with bioabsorbable fixation devices (suture anchors and/or tacks), including 5 Bankart-type tears and 9 superior labrum anterior-posterior tears. There were 7 cases with documented use of a thermal probe for capsular laxity (3 monopolar and 4 bipolar), but the wattage used was not documented in the medical records. Seventeen cases involved the use of an intra-articular high-volume pain pump catheter, with 250 to 300 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine administered over a 48-hour period. One of these catheters was reportedly placed in the subacromial space after a mini-open rotator cuff repair. The remainder had been placed within the glenohumeral joint itself. Epinephrine appeared to have been used in 6 known cases, but not all operative reports reflected the actual concentration or amount. Other records (ie, nursing operative records and anesthesia records) were not available, except in the patients who had their index surgery at our clinic. In addition, there were 4 cases in which there was no recorded use of fixation anchors, thermal probes, or pain pumps. Two of these had only an arthroscopic debridement of a frayed labrum and/or partial rotator cuff tear. However, all 4 did have a documented intra-articular bolus of 20 to 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine at the end of the procedure. Initially, the first 10 cases were also evaluated for occult infection, despite a lack of constitutional symptoms, including a complete blood count, sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein level, which were normal in all cases. In addition, 4 of these had a negative joint aspirate with no bacteria seen on Gram stain and no growth after 21 days’ incubation (aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal). After these 10 negative infection workups, the remaining patients did not have these tests performed because of the lack of other clinical findings that would lead us to suspect an infectious etiology. The clinical presentation was similar in all patients. All had initially done well after surgery, with nearly complete resolution of their original symptoms. Most had already completed a rehabilitation program and returned to preoperative levels of activity without limitations. At a mean of 9.1 months, they noticed an increase in pain that rapidly escalated over the next 4 to 6 weeks. Nine patients also had a rapid loss of function and loss of range of motion. The remainder described significant pain but had preserved motion and function. Radiographic findings were similar as well. Compared with preoperative radiographs, there was a diffuse loss of joint space ranging from 1 mm to complete loss (Figure 1). None had any evidence of substantial bone loss develop on plain radiographs, and osteophytes were not apparent. In some cases, MRI scans were obtained. These showed profound loss of articular cartilage and symmetric subchondral cysts on both sides of the joint (Figure 2). In all 23 cases, treatment initially consisted of the use of injected and/or oral corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, and/or physical therapy. This was not effective in any case to the point that patients could return to desired activity. Of the cases, 9 (39.1%) ultimately went on to undergo cementless humeral head resurfacing arthroplasty with the Copeland Macrobond Implant (Biomet, Warsaw, IN). These cases had initially presented with severe loss of motion and function and, at the time of surgery, had more diffuse loss of articular cartilage on the humeral head (Figure 3) and a contracted, thickened capsule. In 6 of these cases (26.1%), arthroscopic debridement and capsular release were performed before arthroplasty and had not improved their range of motion, and the patients had continued pain. The remainder (14 cases [60.9%]) underwent successful arthroscopic debridement and/or capsular release, with 11 also receiving subsequent hyaluronic acid injections beginning 6 weeks later. Surgical findings at arthroscopy indicated a paucity of loose bodies, nearly complete dissolution of the articular cartilage on the glenoid, and more central cartilage erosion of the humeral head (Figure 4). None of the cases had evidence of mechanical abrasion by a pain catheter or broken labral fixation device, leading us to conclude that the etiology was biochemical. Furthermore, the surrounding intra-articular \| Age (y) \| Sex \| Original complaint/surgery \| Onset \| Anchor \| Thermal \| Pump \| Treatment \| \|--------\|-----\|----------------------------\|-------\|--------\|---------\|------\|-----------\| \| 40 \| M \| Traumatic instability Bankart \| 9 \| BIOABS \| Monopolar \| IA \| Arthroplasty \| \| 45 \| F \| SLAP (thrower) \| 10 \| BIOABS \| IA \| Debridement \| \| 41 \| F \| Traumatic instability Bankart \| 10 \| BIOABS \| IA \| Arthroplasty \| \| 47 \| M \| P/O RTC repair \| 10 \| Metal \| SUB AC \| Arthroplasty \| \| 22 \| F \| MDI with chondral blisters \| 12 \| Bipolar \| IA \| Debridement \| \| 27 \| M \| SLAP (thrower) \| 9 \| BIOABS \| IA \| Arthroplasty \| \| 15 \| F \| SLAP (direct blow impact) \| 8 \| BIOABS \| IA \| Debridement/HA \| \| 33 \| M \| SLAP (fall) \| 10 \| BIOABS \| IA \| Arthroplasty \| \| 26 \| M \| Posterior labrum \| 9 \| BIOABS \| Bipolar \| Debridement/HA \| \| 47 \| F \| PASTA/type I SAD \| 8 \| \| \| Arthroplasty \| \| 28 \| M \| SLAP (fall) \| 10 \| BIOABS \| IA \| Debridement \| \| 29 \| M \| Traumatic instability Bankart \| 12 \| BIOABS \| IA \| Debridement/HA \| \| 27 \| F \| MVA partial bursal cuff \| 12 \| \| \| Debridement/HA \| \| 29 \| M \| SLAP (fall) \| 7 \| BIOABS \| IA \| Arthroplasty \| \| 32 \| M \| SLAP (thrower) \| 8 \| BIOABS \| IA \| Arthroplasty \| \| 46 \| F \| Idiopathic frozen shoulder \| 9 \| \| IA \| Arthroplasty \| \| 16 \| F \| MDI (thrower) \| 9 \| \| Monopolar\| Debridement/HA \| \| 18 \| M \| SLAP (thrower) \| 8 \| BIOABS \| IA \| Debridement/HA \| \| 22 \| M \| Bankart \| 10 \| BIOABS \| Bipolar \| Debridement/HA \| \| 26 \| M \| Bankart \| 10 \| BIOABS \| Monopolar\| Debridement/HA \| \| 24 \| M \| SLAP I/PASTA \| 9 \| \| \| Debridement/HA \| \| 31 \| F \| MDI \| 8 \| \| Bipolar \| Debridement/HA \| \| 30 \| M \| Interval repair \| 8 \| \| \| Debridement/HA \| BIOABS, Bioabsorbable anchor; IA, intra-articular pain pump; SLAP, superior labrum anterior-posterior; HA, injection series of hyaluronic acid; p/o RTC, post-op Rotator cuff repair; MDI, multidirectional instability; SAD, subacromial decompression; PASTA, partial articular surface tendon avulsion; MVA, motor vehicle accident. Figure 1 Axillary radiographs of same shoulder from Figure 1 preoperatively (A) and at 9 months postoperatively (B). soft tissues appeared to be unaffected except in a few cases in which the labral tear may not have healed. Discussion Given the total number of shoulder arthroscopies done each year, the occurrence of chondrolysis still appears to be rare. Of the 3 commonly used modalities implicated by various authors as potential contributors to chondrolysis (pain pumps, thermal devices, and bioabsorbable tissue anchors), devices used for tissue shrinkage initially had the greatest research support as a potential cause for chondrolysis.\textsuperscript{8,12,24} The association for both pain pumps and bioabsorbable anchors was initially more tenuous.\textsuperscript{4,6} Gobezie et al\textsuperscript{6} reported on 687 consecutive patients who had received pain pumps postoperatively with no instances of chondrolysis or other physiologic side effects. Other reports in the literature on the use of continuous infusion of local anesthetics for postoperative pain control in the shoulder would seem to indicate that pain pumps are both safe and efficacious.\textsuperscript{3,9,17,18} Conversely, 2 recent animal studies suggest that direct perfusion of articular cartilage with bupivacaine may have deleterious effects on cartilage metabolism.\textsuperscript{4,7} More recently, 0.5% bupivacaine was shown to be significantly more toxic to human chondrocytes than ropivacaine.\textsuperscript{20} Whereas the degradation products of bioabsorbable devices have been shown to be chondrotoxic, chondrolysis associated with the use of these devices may more likely be the result of mechanical factors (dislodgement and fragmentation) than a biochemical sequela.\textsuperscript{21} As noted earlier, the available literature on the pathophysiology of chondrolysis after arthroscopic shoulder surgery is sparse. Whereas other authors have correlated the occurrence of chondrolysis with modalities such as pain pumps, bioabsorbable anchors, and thermal devices, the actual etiology would appear to be much more complex and multifactorial. The demographic data of the patients in this series do little to clarify potential etiologies, because they are a fairly representative patient sampling of a typical orthopaedic practice. We were unable to identify a single specific modality that we could implicate in the initiation of postoperative chondrolysis. More likely, we believe that chondrolysis is an unfortunate convergence of multiple factors that may initiate rapid articular cartilage dissolution and degenerative changes. Realistically, these may include not only the modalities mentioned previously but such factors as genetic predisposition of the patient, irrigation fluids used during the procedure (type, temperature, and pressure), the surgical procedure itself, and any medications the patient has or is taking. These factors remain to be defined. Certainly, with the addition of recent laboratory evidence of chondrocyte toxicity of local anesthetics,\textsuperscript{4,7,20} caution should be used in considering the use of indwelling pain catheters near hyaline cartilage. In our series, we identified some common presenting factors that may aid in making the diagnosis of chondrolysis. Most of our patients had surgery elsewhere and presented with advanced disease, that is, the process of chondrolysis was already mature, and extensive damage to the joint surfaces had already occurred. Upon interviewing the patients, we found that most had initially done well after their procedure, with many indicating nearly complete recovery. However, all noted that they had a sudden change in symptoms, with a rapid increase in their pain that was characterized as different than their original complaints. Most suggested that it began around 8 to 12 months after their original surgery and became severe over a few months’ time. This was true for our cases as well, in whom a more defined timeline could be determined. The pain was initially described as a deep, dull ache but progressed to intense pain, particularly in the evening and after activity. Few patients had mechanical symptoms, such as catching, locking, or clicking. Unfortunately, because of the lack of suspicion, very few had early radiographs or MRI scans obtained, and they were often told that they were having pain from overactivity too soon after their procedure. This was particularly true for those who maintained nearly normal range of motion and function. A high index of suspicion should be maintained for those with these symptoms who also had intra-articular exposure to high-volume pain pumps, bioabsorbable anchors or tacks, and/or thermal devices. Because the findings on plain radiographs were consistently abnormal, we strongly suggest that anyone with an unexplained change in pain have a standard radiographic evaluation of the shoulder. A true anteroposterior view of the glenoid and axillary views are most diagnostic, even if the joint space narrowing is minimal. Comparisons should be made to the original preoperative films to ensure accurate determination of the degree of joint changes. MRI scans were helpful in making the diagnosis, because more extensive damage was more apparent, given that the degree of articular cartilage loss and cystic changes were obvious. In addition, MRI may aid in making treatment decisions because cases with loose bodies or cartilage flaps may be best treated with arthroscopy whereas those without fragmentation might not require arthroscopy. We did not find nuclear imaging studies helpful, and blood work findings were not abnormal. However, if infection is suspected, these 2 tests should be performed, in conjunction with arthroscopic lavage. Unfortunately, because of the rarity of this condition, the treatment regimen for postarthroscopy chondrolysis of the shoulder is not defined. Our initial approach to treatment has been conservative/palliative, using intra-articular and oral corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories. Of the 23 patients in this report, 9 subsequently underwent arthroplasty because of loss of function after failure of conservative management. The remainder responded well to debridement with and without intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid. Long-term follow-up will be necessary to determine the success of the treatment in this series. A trend seemed to exist in short-term follow-up that suggests that those with severe loss of motion and capsular thickening do not rapidly respond to any form of treatment. Therefore, we would recommend arthroscopic debridement/capsular release and aggressive rehabilitation before performing arthroplasty, even when the joint space appears to be completely lost. In conclusion, chondrolysis is fortunately a rare sequela of arthroscopic shoulder surgery. However, its long-term consequences can be particularly disabling, especially in the young patient. It is difficult to implicate a single factor as the etiology of this condition. Rather, we believe that this condition results from an unfortunate convergence of multiple factors. These factors are not adequately defined but probably include genetic, traumatic, biomechanical, and biochemical elements. Likewise, treatment options are poorly defined. Whereas some patients have responded favorably to conservative management, arthroplasty has been required to restore function in others. Clearly, more research is indicated to identify the initiating factors in this pathology. A high index of suspicion is needed to make an early diagnosis, and patients with any change in symptoms after arthroscopy of the shoulder should be encouraged to return for prompt evaluation and followed up closely over time. References 1. Alford JW, Lewis P, Kang RW, Cole BJ. Case report: rapid progression of chondral disease in the lateral compartment of the knee following meniscectomy. Arthroscopy 2005;21:1505-9. 2. Athwal GS, Shridharani SM, O’Driscoll SW. Osteolysis and arthropathy of the shoulder after use of bioabsorbable knotless suture anchors: a report of four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88:1840-5. 3. Chao D, Young S, Cawley P. Postoperative pain management for arthroscopic shoulder surgery: interscalene block versus patient-controlled infusion of 0.25% bupivacaine. Am J Orthop 2006;35:231-4. 4. Chu CR, Izzo NJ, Papas NE, Fu FH. In vitro exposure to 0.5% bupivacaine is cytotoxic to bovine articular chondrocytes. Arthroscopy 2006;22:693-9. 5. Daluga DJ, Millar EA. Idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 1989;9:405-11. 6. Gobezie R, Krastins B, Lavery K, Warner JP, Millett PJ. Complications associated with the use of pain control infusion pumps (PCIPs) after arthroscopic shoulder surgery [poster 9]. Presented at the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine annual meeting; 2006 Jun 30; Hershey, PA. 7. Gomoll AH, Kang RW, Williams JM, Bach BR, Cole BJ. Chondrolysis after continuous intra-articular bupivacaine infusion: an experimental model investigating chondrotoxicity in the rabbit shoulder. Arthroscopy 2006;22:813-9. 8. Grood CR, Shindle MK, Kelly BT, Wanich T, Warren RF. Glenohumeral chondrolysis after shoulder arthroscopy with thermal capsulorrhaphy. Arthroscopy 2007;23:797.e1-5. 9. Harvey GP, Chelly JE, Al Samsam T, Coupe K. Patient-controlled ropivacaine analgesia after arthroscopic subacromial decompression. Arthroscopy 2004;20:451-5. 10. Hogan CJ, Diduch DR. Progressive articular cartilage loss following radiofrequency treatment of a partial-thickness lesion. Arthroscopy 2001;17:E24. 11. Jay GD, Elsaid KA, Chichester CO. Early damage to the articular cartilage matrix occurs following traumatic knee injuries without fracture [abstract]. Acad Emerg Med 2003. 12. Lane JG, Amiel ME, Greenfield R, Amiel D. Matrix assessment of the articular cartilage surface after chondroplasty with the holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. A long-term study. Am J Sports Med 2001;29:704-8. 13. Levine WN, Clark AM Jr, D’Alessandro DE, Yamaguchi K. Chondrolysis following thermal capsulorrhaphy to treat shoulder instability. A report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:616-21. 14. Levy JC, Virani NA, Frankle MA, Cuff D, Pupello DR, Hamelin JA. Young patients with shoulder chondrolysis following arthroscopic shoulder surgery treated with total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2008;17:380-8. 15. Lu Y, Edwards RB II, Cole BJ, Markel MD. Thermal chondroplasty with radiofrequency energy: an in vitro comparison of bipolar and monopolar radiofrequency devices. Am J Sports Med 2001;29:42-9. 16. Lubicky JP. Chondrolysis and avascular necrosis: complications of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;5:162-7. 17. Mallon WJ, Thomas CW. Patient-controlled lidocaine analgesia for acromioplasty surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2000;9:85-8. 18. Park JY, Lee GW, Kim Y, Yoo MJ. The efficacy of continuous intra-bursal infusion with morphine and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after subacromial arthroscopy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002;27:145-9. 19. Petty DH, Jazrawi LM, Estrada LS, Andrews JR. Glenohumeral chondrolysis after shoulder arthroscopy: case reports and review of the literature. Am J Sports Med 2004;32:509-15. 20. Piper SL, Kim HT. Comparison of ropivacaine and bupivacaine toxicity in human articular chondrocytes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90:986-91. 21. Sassmannshause G, Sukay M, Mair SD. Broken or dislodged poly-L-lactic acid bioabsorbable tacks in patients after SLAP lesion surgery. Arthroscopy 2006;22:615-9. 22. Tamai K, Higashi A, Cho S, Yamaguchi T. Chondrolysis following a “color test” assisted rotator cuff repair—a report of two cases. Acta Orthop Scand 1997;68:401-2. 23. Taylor MD, Daniels AU, Adriano KP, Heller J. Six bioabsorbable polymers: in vitro acute toxicity of accumulated degradation products. J Appl Biomater 1994;5:151-7. 24. Vangsness CT Jr. Radiofrequency use on articular cartilage lesions. Orthop Clin North Am 2005;36:427-31. 25. Yang CY, Cheng SC, Shen CL. Effect of irrigation fluids on the articular cartilage: a scanning electron microscope study. Arthroscopy 1993;9:425-30.
AGENDA CITY OF MONONA PUBLIC WORKS COMMITTEE City Hall Conference Room WEDNESDAY, June 6, 2012 6:30 P.M. 1. Call To Order 2. Roll Call 3. Approval of Minutes from May 2, 2012 4. Appearances 5. Old Business A. Consider replacing Yield sign with Stop sign on Bridge Rd. at Panther Trail intersection. (Tabled May 2, 2012) 6. New Business A. Review Draft Water Disconnection Policy B. Review 2012 Annual Road Maintenance List 7. Miscellaneous Business A. 2012 Capital Projects – Review of SCADA Bid results and presentation by L.W. Allen B. Public Works Operations Report C. Questions or topics for future discussion 8. Next Scheduled Meeting: Wednesday, July 4, 2012. Consideration for alternate meeting date. 9. Adjournment NOTE: Upon reasonable notice, the City of Monona will accommodate the needs of disabled individuals through auxiliary aids or services. For additional information or to request this service, contact Joan Andrusz at (608) 222-2525 (not a TDD telephone number), FAX (608) 222-9225, or through the City Police Department TDD telephone number 222-2535. The public is notified that any final action taken at a previous meeting may be reconsidered pursuant to the City of Monona ordinances. A suspension of the rules may allow for final action to be taken on an item of New Business. It is possible that members of and a possible quorum of members of other governmental bodies of the municipality may be in attendance at the above stated meeting to gather information or speak about a subject, over which they have decision-making responsibility. No action will be taken by any governmental body at the above stated meeting other than the governmental body specifically referred to above in this notice. The regular monthly meeting of the Public Works Committee for the City of Monona was called to order at 6:34p.m. by Chairperson Thomas. Present: Alderperson Thomas, Alderman Speight, Mr. McConnell (arrived 6:47pm), Mr. Franklin, Mr. Besch, Mr. Turino (arrived 6:36pm), Mr. Podell, Ms. Busse Excused: Mr. Stolper Also Present: DPW Director Stephany APPROVAL OF MINUTES A motion by Mr. Besch, seconded by Mr. Franklin to approve the Public Works Committee minutes of April 4, 2012 was carried. APPEARANCES None OLD BUSINESS None NEW BUSINESS 6A: 3837 Monona Drive -- On The Lake Condominium Association: Request to continue receiving solid waste and recycle collection services under the City contract, in violation of Chapter 3 of Monona City Code. Alderperson Thomas stated that the committee is reviewing the matter and will decide whether or not to recommend a change of the Solid Waste Disposal & Recycling Code. Director Stephany provided a summary of the association request to continue receiving the residential curbside solid waste and recycling collection service under the City’s contract with Veolia Environmental. Current City Code states that multi-family units with nine units or greater will have to contract privately for these services. Allowing the association to continue to receive these services will require a change in the City Code. Director Stephany stated that approximately 17 businesses and non-profits have received the same notification as the condominium associations. The City has been aware of this situation since December. As part of the new contract with Veolia, they were required to come up with a new master list of properties that are serviced by the City contract. The two associations are still being serviced until a decision has been made on this issue. Mr. Turino asked if there was any advantage for the City to have a separate category to provide solid waste and recycle collection services for business and large multi-family units for which they would be billed, for better economies of scale with regards to volume collected. Alderperson Thomas stated this could be a topic to discuss when we review the 2013 budget. A motion by Mr. Podell, seconded by Ms. Busse was made to not alter the City Code, and that the City will no longer provide service to the association after a reasonable time for their transition, was carried. 6B: 3905 Monona Drive -- Lakeside Terrace Condominium Association: Request to continue receiving solid waste and recycle collection services under the City contract, in violation of Chapter 3 of Monona City Code. A motion by Mr. Podell, seconded by Ms. Busse was made to not alter the City Code, and that the City will no longer provide service to the association after a reasonable time for their transition, was carried. 6 C: Consider replacing the Yield sign with a Stop sign on Bridge Street at Panther Trail – Residents at 505 Panther Trail appeared at the April 16, 2012 City Council meeting to request a Stop sign be installed in place of the current Yield sign due to cars driving through the intersection and entering their property causing damage. There is no history of vehicle/vehicle crashes at this location. Director Stephany reviewed the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and determined the intersection is signed appropriately. Mr. Podell questioned if the double black arrow on yellow background is more appropriate. Alderman Speight questioned why a Stop sign is not already placed at the intersection compared to similar intersections in the City, as a Yield sign is not complete. Information and guidance on the double black arrow with yellow background will be provided at the June 2012 meeting. A motion by Ms. Busse, seconded by Mr. Podell to table this issue for future discussion, was carried. 7A: 2012 equipment purchase review – Director Stephany presented for review the snow plow truck chassis equipment package bid price, and the lawn mower bid price. The City received equipment package bids from Burke Truck & Equipment for the price of $61,710.25 and Monroe Truck Equipment for the price of $54,426. The Monroe Truck Equipment bid did meet the requirements of our specifications. The City received bids for two replacement lawn mowers. Middleton Power Center provided the low bid of $38,500 after trade-in. Both bid items came in lower than the approved amounts in the 2012 Capital Budget. 7B: No update to the submitted written report. 7C: Future topics for discussion – update of the Water Utility Code – Title 9, Chapter 1; water disconnection policy; SCADA bid results; and generator project; appropriate bicycle signage NEXT SCHEDULED MEETING: Wednesday, June 6, 2012. ADJOURNMENT A motion was made by Mr. Podell, seconded by Alderman Speight to adjourn was carried (7:45pm). Daniel Stephany Director of Public Works The undersigned PROPOSER proposes and agrees, if this Proposal is accepted, to enter into an agreement with the OWNER to furnish all labor, materials, tools and services required for the design and construction of the SCADA System Upgrade for the City of Monona, WI, hereafter referred to as PROJECT, all in accordance with the Proposal RFP Documents. The documents have been prepared using equipment per our selection. No exceptions will be allowed. A. This proposal remains valid for 60 days after the proposal due date shown above. B. In submitting this proposal, PROPOSER agrees to the following: 1. PROPOSER has examined a copy of this Request for Proposal. 2. PROPOSER is familiar with the extent and nature of the Request for Proposal, site, PROJECT, location, and all local conditions and legal and regulatory requirements that may affect cost, performance, progress or furnishing of the PROJECT. 3. PROPOSER has included the required proposal security, performance and payment bonds. Proposal Security Accompanying this proposal is a certified cashier’s check, Corporate Surety Bond in the amount of five percent of the total lump sum price made payable to the City of Monona, which will be held by the Owner until contract award is made or sixty (60) days after the proposal deadline, whichever occurs first. The undersigned agrees that this proposal will remain valid for sixty (60) days after the day of the proposal due date above. Performance and Payment Security A performance bond and payment bond in the total amount of the total lump sum price made payable to the City of Monona, will be required prior to award of the contract. Retainage One percent of the lump sum price will be retained by the City of Monona for a period of one year after final completion coinciding with the last of two follow-up system checks. Warranty By signing this Proposal Form, the undersigned guarantees workmanship, equipment, materials for a period of one year after final acceptance by the OWNER. Time of Completion The undersigned agrees, if awarded this contract, to expedite this project to complete all work in accordance with the following schedule. Time is of the essence, if the project is not completed by the final completion date, the system supplier shall pay the City of Monona $500.00 per day until the project is complete. 120 consecutive calendar days for substantial completion from the Notice to Proceed date 150 consecutive calendar days for final completion from the Notice to Proceed date. Base Cost PROPOSER will complete the Water Utility SCADA Upgrade for the following lump sum price: Words: Fifty Nine Thousand Eight Hundred Dollars Figures: $ 59,800.00 Acknowledgement of Addenda Addendum ___ through _____ Acknowledged None Signature Submitted, signed and sealed this 23 day of May, 2012 PROPOSER FIRM: L.W. Allen Inc By: Michael F. Beswick Name & Title: Mike Beswick - Vice President ATTEST: Mary Ann Nicholson Name & Title: Mary Ann Nicholson Staff Accountant 12 PROPOSAL FORM OWNER: Water SCADA System Upgrade – Phase 1 City of Monona 5211 Schluter Road Monona, WI 53716 PROPOSER: Company: Energenecs, Inc. Address: W59 N249 Cardinal Avenue City/State/Zip: Cedarburg / WI / 53012 Telephone: 262-377-6360 Fax: 262-377-1515 Proposals Due: May 23, 2012 @ Noon (12:00 P.M.) The undersigned PROPOSER proposes and agrees, if this Proposal is accepted, to enter into an agreement with the OWNER to furnish all labor, materials, tools and services required for the design and construction of the SCADA System Upgrade for the City of Monona, WI, hereafter referred to as PROJECT, all in accordance with the Proposal RFP Documents. The documents have been prepared using equipment per our selection. No exceptions will be allowed. A. This proposal remains valid for 60 days after the proposal due date shown above. B. In submitting this proposal, PROPOSER agrees to the following: 1. PROPOSER has examined a copy of this Request for Proposal. 2. PROPOSER is familiar with the extent and nature of the Request for Proposal, site, PROJECT, location, and all local conditions and legal and regulatory requirements that may affect cost, performance, progress or furnishing of the PROJECT. 3. PROPOSER has included the required proposal security, performance and payment bonds. Proposal Security Accompanying this proposal is a certified cashier’s check, Corporate Surety Bond in the amount of five percent of the total lump sum price made payable to the City of Monona, which will be held by the Owner until contract award is made or sixty (60) days after the proposal deadline, whichever occurs first. The undersigned agrees that this proposal will remain valid for sixty (60) days after the day of the proposal due date above. Performance and Payment Security A performance bond and payment bond in the total amount of the total lump sum price made payable to the City of Monona, will be required prior to award of the contract. Retainage One percent of the lump sum price will be retained by the City of Monona for a period of one year after final completion coinciding with the last of two follow-up system checks. Warranty By signing this Proposal Form, the undersigned guarantees workmanship, equipment, materials for a period of one year after final acceptance by the OWNER. Time of Completion The undersigned agrees, if awarded this contract, to expedite this project to complete all work in accordance with the following schedule. Time is of the essence, if the project is not completed by the final completion date, the system supplier shall pay the City of Monona $500.00 per day until the project is complete. 120 consecutive calendar days for substantial completion from the Notice to Proceed date 150 consecutive calendar days for final completion from the Notice to Proceed date. Base Cost PROPOSER will complete the Water Utility SCADA Upgrade for the following lump sum price: Words: One Hundred Thirty Four Thousand, Seven Hundred Fifty Figures: $ 134,750 Acknowledgement of Addenda Addendum N/A through N/A Acknowledged Signature Submitted, signed and sealed this 23rd day of May, 2012 PROPOSER FIRM: Energenecs, Inc. By: [Signature] Name & Title: Jared Feider, President ATTEST: Name & Title: Doralee Piering, Office Manager W1-7 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices - MUTCD Section 2C.47 Two-Direction Large Arrow Sign (W1-7) Standard: 01 The Two-Direction Large Arrow (W1-7) sign (see Figure 2C-9) shall be a horizontal rectangle. 02 If used, it shall be installed on the far side of a T-intersection in line with, and at approximately a right angle to, traffic approaching from the stem of the T-intersection. 03 The Two-Direction Large Arrow sign shall not be used where there is no change in the direction of travel such as at the beginnings and ends of medians or at center piers. 04 The Two-Direction Large Arrow sign directing traffic to the left and right shall not be used in the central island of a roundabout. Guidance: 05 The Two-Direction Large Arrow sign should be visible for a sufficient distance to provide the road user with adequate time to react to the intersection configuration. 48" x 24" The purpose of this policy is to establish guidelines which are to be followed in a uniform manner, exercised consistently, and in accordance with the rules of the Public Service Commission. As an example: Payments are due on the 20th of the month following the month of the billing, i.e., a billing issued on September 17th is due on October 20th. At the point of no less than ten (10) days having elapsed past the due date, the following may occur: Section A - Written Disconnection Notices 1. A written notice, requiring a response within 10 days, is sent to the resident or landlord/tenant of the delinquency and payment plan options. (The municipality will attempt to collect 50% of the outstanding amount and set up installments to result in full payment prior to the next billing.) Section B – Verbal Notices 1. Upon expiration of no less than an additional ten (10) days without a response to A-1 above, phone contact will be attempted with the resident or landlord/tenant to follow-up on the above mentioned written notice. Inability to contact, or a failure to respond within this period, will advance the collection into an immediate phase of “Disconnection” and a letter will be mailed to the party(s) so advising. (The municipality will attempt to collect 50% of the outstanding amount and set up installments to result in full payment prior to the next billing.) 2. Any default of an agreement on the part of the “customer” or responsible party(s) will advance any delinquent balance into the “Disconnection” phase. (A default may also provide a basis for the City to not offer a deferred payment plan to the defaulting party in the future). Section C – Disconnection 1. The administration at City Hall will provide the Department of Public Works (DPW) a listing of “disconnects” to be addressed on a timely basis. 2. DPW will alert the Police Department in advance of disconnections so that they may assist, as necessary. 3. DPW will not attempt to enter into further negotiations with a resident, tenant, or landlord on the payment of any amount, nor shall DPW collect any monies in full or partial settlement of a delinquent account. Matters of this nature will be referred to City Hall and dealt with appropriately. 4. Once on the scene to exercise a disconnection function, DPW shall follow through as planned, unless they are provided proof of a valid, up-to-date payment plan agreement. DPW will confirm this with City Hall through the most appropriate manner of communication available at the time prior to taking any action. Section D – Reconnection 1. Once a disconnection takes place, the resident or current tenant must pay the appropriate fee in order to be reconnected (100% of outstanding charges plus reconnection fee, $30.00 prior to 3:30pm and $45.00 after 3:30pm). The City may not require a new tenant or landlord to pay a reconnection fee. Requests for reconnection that cannot be met by 5:00 pm will be addressed the next business day, as the City Hall Administrative section will be closed. Note, from 3:30pm to 5:00pm will require a utility staff person to be on standby which will result in 1.5 hours of scheduled overtime per Article 19, 5A of the union contract, on the scheduled disconnect date. Section E – Continued occupancy during a Disconnection period 1. Should the City of Monona be made aware that a disconnected residence remains occupied for a period of three (3) days, the matter will be referred to Building Inspector/Code Enforcement Officer. Should the Building Inspector/Code Enforcement Officer determine that the residence is uninhabitable due to no water and sewer service, the residence may be placarded which will involve restrictive use for occupancy until the delinquency is resolved. City of Monona Building Inspector/Code Enforcement Officer 222-2525 2. In rental units the landlord is ultimately responsible. Every effort is made by the City to collect from the tenant and keeping landlords informed of action being taken. Landlords are encouraged to protect their own interests in a manner they see fit for each situation. It is not the City’s responsibility to dictate to landlord’s how they should deal with their tenants. 3. A tenant, vacating a premise, with a balance due will not be allowed utility services at another premise until the prior bill is paid in full. A balance from one residence will not be allowed to be carried over to the next. PSC 185.37 Disconnection and refusal of service. (1) (a) In no circumstances shall the cumulative time before notice of disconnection be less than 20 days after the date of issuance of the bill. An account may be deemed delinquent for the purpose of disconnection after such period has elapsed. (b) At least 10 calendar days prior to disconnection, the utility shall give a written notice of disconnection upon a form approved by the commission and which conforms to the requirements of sub. (11) unless excepted elsewhere. (c) When a customer, either directly or through the commission, disputes a disconnection notice, the utility shall investigate any disputed issue and shall attempt to resolve that issue. During this investigation, utility service shall not be disconnected over this matter. (d) If a disputed issue cannot be resolved pursuant to s. PSC 185.39 (1), the utility shall inform the customer of the right to contact the commission. (1m) Prior to disconnecting a jointly-metered property containing more than one rental dwelling unit and where service is in the property owner’s or manager’s name, the utility shall first make an attempt to transfer the debt to the property owner’s or manager’s residence or office service. If a transfer is permitted under sub. (7) (a) the utility shall pursue available collection efforts at the owner’s or manager’s property prior to disconnecting the jointly-metered property. (2) Utility service may be disconnected or refused for any of the following reasons: (a) Failure to pay a delinquent account or failure to comply with the terms of a deferred payment agreement (see s. PSC 185.38); (am) Delinquency in payment for service received by a previous account holder or customer at the premises to be served, if an account is transferred to a new account holder or customer and the previous account holder or customer continues to be an occupant of the dwelling unit to be served; (b) Failure to pay for an outstanding account balance with the utility owing at a previous address and for which there is no agreement or arrangement for payment and it is not in dispute but remains outstanding; (c) Failure to comply with deposit or guarantee arrangements as specified in s. PSC 185.36 or 185.361; (d) Diversion of service around the meter; (e) Refusal or failure to permit authorized utility personnel to read the meter at least once every 4 months where the utility bills monthly or bimonthly, or at least once every 9 months where the utility bills quarterly or less frequently than quarterly. The 4- or 9-month period begins with the date of the last meter reading; (f) Refusal or failure to permit authorized utility personnel access to the base meter; (g) Violation of the utility’s rules pertaining to the use of service in a manner which interferes with the service of others or to the operation of nonstandard equipment, if the customer has first been notified and provided with reasonable opportunity to remedy the situation; (h) Failure to comply with Wisconsin statutes, commission rules, or commission orders pertaining to utility service; (i) Failure to pay costs or fees incurred by and awarded to the utility by a court of law, for pursuit of collection of bills, or failure to pay extraordinary collection charges as allowed and specified in the utility’s tariffs filed with the commission; (j) Failure to comply with the utility’s rules or if the customer uses a device that unreasonably interferes with communications or signal services used for reading meters; (k) Failure of an applicant for utility service to provide adequate verification of identity and residency, as provided in sub. (5) (a); (L) Failure of an applicant for utility service to provide the information set forth in ss. PSC 185.33 (18) (a), (b) and (c). (3) A utility may disconnect utility service without prior notice where a dangerous condition exists for as long as the condition exists. Upon disconnection, the utility shall provide a written explanation of the dangerous condition. (4) Service may be discontinued with a written 24-hour notice for nonpayment of a bill covering surreptitious use of water. (5) (a) Any one of the items under subd. 1. or any 2. of the items under subd. 2. shall constitute adequate verification of identity and residency, although a utility may accept other forms of verification: 1. Photo identification card, driver’s license, or U.S. military card; 2. Social security card, birth or baptismal certificate, or letter of identification from a social service agency or employer. (b) An applicant denied or refused service because of this subsection shall be informed in writing of the opportunity to dispute the matter through the commission, and shall be provided with the address and telephone number of the commission. (6) A public utility may disconnect residential utility service, without notice, where it has reasonable evidence that utility service is being obtained by potentially unsafe devices or potentially unsafe methods that stop or interfere with the proper metering of the utility service. (7) (a) Account arrears incurred by an owner or property manager for rental residential dwelling units may be transferred, without regard to class of service, to the home or office account of the owner or property manager. (b) The utility shall send written notice of the planned transfer of the account arrears to the owner or property manager prior to making the transfer. (c) If the transferred account arrears remain unpaid, the utility may disconnect the owner’s or property manager’s residence or office service, provided that the utility complies with the disconnection provisions of s. PSC 185.37. (8) Utility service may not be disconnected or refused for any of the following reasons: (a) Nonpayment of a delinquent account over 6 months old where collection efforts have not been made within that period of time unless the passage of additional time results from other provisions of this chapter or from good faith negotiations or arrangements made with the customer; (b) Failure to pay for merchandise or charges for nonutility service billed by the utility, except where authorized by law as in s. PSC 185.33 (1) (h); (c) Failure to pay for a different type or class of utility service, except as provided by sub. (7) (c); (d) Failure to pay the account of another customer as guarantor of that account; (e) Failure to pay charges arising from any underbilling occurring more than one year prior to the current billing; (f) Failure to pay an estimated bill other than a bill rendered pursuant to an approved billing tariff or the customer upon request refuses to permit the reading of the meter during normal business hours; (g) For the intentional removal or eviction of a tenant from rental property; (h) The utility may not disconnect service in affected counties when a heat advisory, heat warning, or heat emergency issued by the national weather service is in effect. A utility shall make reasonable attempts to reconnect service to an occupied dwelling that has been disconnected when an occupant states that there is a potential threat to health or life that results from the combination of the heat and loss of service. The utility may require that an occupant produce a licensed physician’s statement or notice from a public health, social services, or law enforcement official which identifies the medical emergency for the occupant. Upon expiration of the heat advisory, heat warning, or heat emergency, the utility may disconnect service to a property that was reconnected during this period without further notice if an appropriate payment arrangement has not been established. (8m) If the utility is provided notice that there are extenuating circumstances, such as infirmities of aging, developmental, mental or physical disabilities, the use of life support systems, or like infirmities incurred at any age, or the frailties associated with being very young, the utility shall take these circumstances into consideration and ensure compliance with s. PSC 185.37 (10) prior to disconnecting service. (9) Residential water utility service to an occupied dwelling may not be disconnected during the period November 1 to April 15 if the water service is a necessary part of a dwelling’s heating system. (10) (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a utility may not disconnect service or refuse to reconnect service to a residential customer if disconnection shall aggravate an existing medical or protective services emergency of the occupant, a member of the customer’s family or other permanent resident of the premises where service is rendered and if the customer conforms to the procedures described in par. (b). (b) A utility shall postpone the disconnection of service, or reconnect the service if disconnected, for 21 days to enable the occupant to arrange for payment, if the occupant produces a licensed Wisconsin physician’s statement or notice from a public health, social services, or law enforcement official which identifies the medical or protective services emergency and specifies the period of time during which disconnection shall aggravate the circumstances. The postponement may be extended by renewal of the statement or notice. During this 21 days of service, the utility and occupant shall work together to develop resources and make reasonable payment arrangements in order to continue the service on a permanent basis. Further postponements may be granted if there is evidence of reasonable communication between the utility and occupant in attempting to make arrangements for payment. (c) During the period service is continued under the provisions of this subsection, the customer shall be responsible for the cost of residential utility service. However, no action to disconnect that service shall be undertaken until expiration of the period of continued service. Any customer who is in this continued service category shall be admitted into appropriate and special payment plan programs the utility may offer. (d) If there is a dispute concerning an alleged existent medical emergency, either party shall have the right to an informal review by the commission staff. Pending a decision after informal review, residential utility service shall be continued, provided that the occupant has submitted a statement or notice as set forth in par. (b). (11) (a) A utility shall not disconnect service unless written notice by first class mail is sent to the customer or personally served upon a responsible party at least 10 calendar days prior to the first date of the proposed disconnection except as provided in subs. (3), (4), and (7). If the billing address is different from the service address, notice shall be posted at each individual dwelling unit of the service address not less than 5 days before disconnection. If access is not possible, this notice shall be posted, at a minimum, to all entrances to the building and in the lobby. The notice shall contain: 1) the date of the notice; 2) the proposed date of disconnection; and 3) that, if feasible, the occupants may apply to the utility to accept responsibility for future bills and avoid disconnection of service. Refusal or acceptance of the application for service is subject to those conditions set out in this chapter. If disconnection is not accomplished on or before the 20th day after the first notice date, a subsequent notice shall be left on the premises not less than 24 hours nor more than 48 hours prior to the disconnection unless the customer and the utility agree to extend the 20-day time period. (b) The utility shall make a reasonable effort to have a personal or telephone contact with the residential customer prior to disconnection. If a contact is made, the utility shall review the reasons for the pending disconnection of service, and explain what actions shall be taken to avoid disconnection. (c) The utility shall keep a record of these contacts and contact attempts. (d) When a residential customer, either directly or through the commission, disputes a disconnection notice under s. PSC 185.37, the utility shall investigate any disputed issue and shall attempt to resolve that issue. During this investigation, utility service shall not be disconnected over this matter. (e) If a disputed issue cannot be resolved, the utility shall inform the customer of the right to appeal to the commission. (f) Disconnection notice shall be given on a form approved by the commission, and shall contain the following information: 1. The name and address of the customer and the address of the service, if different; 2. A statement of the reason for the proposed disconnection of service and that disconnection shall occur if the account is not paid, or if arrangement is not made to pay the account under deferred payment agreement, or if other suitable arrangements are not made, or if equipment changes are not made. If disconnection of service is to be made for default on a deferred payment agreement, the notice shall include an explanation of the acts of the customer which are considered to constitute default; 3. A statement that the customer shall communicate immediately upon receipt of the notice with the utility’s designated office, listing a telephone number, if the customer disputes the notice of delinquent account, if the customer wishes to negotiate a deferred payment agreement as an alternative to disconnection, if any resident is seriously ill, or if there are other extenuating circumstances, as the presence of infants or young children in the household, the presence of aged, or persons with disabilities in the household, the presence of residents who use life support systems or equipment or residents who have mental retardation or other developmental or mental disabilities; 4. A statement that residential utility service shall be continued for up to 21 days during serious illness if the account holder submits a statement or notice pursuant to sub. (10); 5. A statement that the customer may appeal to the commission staff in the event that the grounds for the proposed disconnection or the amount of any disagreement remains in dispute after the customer has pursued the available remedies with the utility. (12) Service shall not be disconnected on a day, or on a day immediately preceding a day, when the business offices of the utility are not available to the public for the purpose of transacting all business matters unless the utility provides personnel which are readily available to the customer 24 hours per day to evaluate, negotiate, or otherwise consider the customer’s objection to the disconnection as provided under s. PSC 185.39, and proper service personnel are readily available to restore service 24 hours per day. (13) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, utility service may not be refused because of a delinquent account if the customer or applicant provides, as a condition of future service a deposit or guarantee, as governed by s. PSC 185.36, or a voucher agreement. If the guarantor has agreed to be responsible for payment of all future bills, the customer shall be notified of the billing arrangement and of the ability to reject the proposed arrangement. History: Cr. Register, January, 1997, No. 493, eff. 2–1–97, CR 01–033: am. (1) (b), (2) (e) and (L), (8) (h), (9) and (11) (a), cr. (1m), (2) (sm) and (8m), Register October 2001 No. 550, eff. 11–1–01. PSC 185.38 Deferred payment agreement. (1) A utility is required to offer deferred payment agreements to residential accounts and encouraged to offer such agreements to other customers. (2) Every deferred payment agreement entered into due to the customer’s inability to pay the outstanding bill in full shall provide that service shall not be discontinued if the customer pays a reasonable amount of the outstanding bill, agrees to pay the remaining outstanding balance in installments, and agrees to pay the current bill by the due date. (3) For purposes of determining reasonableness in sub. (2), the parties shall consider the customer’s ability to pay, including the following factors: (a) Size of the delinquent account; (b) Customer’s payment history; (c) Time that the debt has been outstanding; (d) Reasons why the debt has been outstanding; (e) Any other relevant factors concerning the circumstances of the customer such as household size, income, and necessary expenses. (4) A deferred payment agreement offered by a utility shall state immediately preceding the space provided for the customer’s signature and in bold face print at least 2 sizes larger than any other print used, that: (a) You have the right to suggest a different payment agreement; (b) If you believe the terms of this agreement are unreasonable, DO NOT SIGN IT; (c) If you and the utility cannot agree on terms, you may ask the commission to review the disputed issues; (d) If you sign this agreement, you agree that you owe the amount due under the agreement; (e) Signing this agreement does not affect your responsibility to pay for your current service. Allowing any bill for current service to become delinquent places you in default of this agreement. (4m) A utility that does not require a written deferred payment agreement shall communicate to the customer all points listed in sub. (4) except those pertaining to a signature when making the arrangement with the customer. A utility shall send written confirmation of a deferred payment agreement upon customer request. The commission may require a utility to use written deferred payment agreements if it has evidence that the terms of the agreements are not being effectively communicated to customers. (5) A delinquent amount, including late payment charges covered by a deferred payment agreement, shall not be subject to an additional late payment charge if the customer meets the payment schedule, including the current bill required by the agreement. A deferred payment agreement shall not include a finance charge. (6) If an applicant for utility service or current customer has not fulfilled terms of a deferred payment agreement and there has not been a significant change in the customer’s ability to pay since the agreement was negotiated, the utility shall have the right to disconnect pursuant to disconnection of service rules (s. PSC 185.37) and under such circumstances, it shall not be required to offer subsequent negotiation of a deferred payment agreement prior to disconnection. (7) Any payments made by a customer solely in compliance with a deferred payment agreement, and not as part of a payment for other utility services, shall first be considered as payment toward the deferred payment agreement with any remainder credited to the current bill. Payments made to satisfy a current bill for utility service, which may include a portion for a deferred payment agreement, shall be credited as set forth in s. PSC 185.33 (4). (8) If a deferred payment agreement cannot be reached because the customer’s offer is unacceptable to the utility, the utility shall inform the customer in writing why the customer’s offer was not acceptable. History: Cr. Register, January, 1997, No. 493, eff. 2-1-97; CR 01-033: cr. (4m), Register October 2001 No. 550, eff. 11-1-01. DEPARTMENT PROGRESS REPORT May 30, 2012 MONONA DRIVE RECONSTRUCTION Phase I - The spring 2012 landscape inspection has been completed, and the contractor has completed a few replacements. Trees that are distressed will be looked at again in the fall and replaced within the warranty. A final walk-through inspection will occur in the fall of 2012. We are reviewing the plantings in the rain garden at Monona Drive/Broadway intersection for warranty and other planting options. Phase II - The second phase of Monona Drive reconstruction encompasses the section of Monona Drive from Winnequah Road north to Cottage Grove Road. Reconstruction is now underway. For timely updates please see WWW.MYMONONA.COM. We will provide updates as we are made aware of the news, and after each progress meeting on Tuesday of each week. - Foth Infrastructure and Environment is the engineering design consultant for the project. - Pavement type will be asphalt as per recommendation in the Pavement Design report. - The bid opening for Monona Drive Phase II was held on 2/14/2012. The low bidder was R.G. Huston, the same contractor as Phase I. The low bid was $3,341,382. Homburg was the second low bid at $3,742,220. - The last Public Information meeting prior to construction was held on March 12, 2012 at the Monona Community Center. - Phase II preconstruction meeting was held on March 29, 2012. Phase III - The third phase of Monona Drive reconstruction encompasses the section of Monona Drive from Nichols/Pflaum Road north to Winnequah Road, with construction tentatively set to occur in 2013. - The Ad Hoc Monona Drive Advisory Committee last met May 18, 2012. Discussion items focused on the project schedule, deliverables, real estate acquisition, corridor lighting, and landscaping plan. - We have coordinated an order with the City of Madison for two LED street lights to be installed on Monona Drive near Nichols Rd. The goal is to determine if the LED light provides adequate lighting compared to the standard street light in Phase I. - Phase III is nearing 90% design. The utility coordination meeting was on April 17, 2012. 2011 STREET IMPROVEMENTS - Streets included in the program are Tecumseh Avenue, Neponset Trail, Nishishin Trail, Nishishin Trail NE and Pocahontas Drive, and Oneida Park. - The project is considered complete. Staff completed a warranty walk-through inspection with the engineer to create a punch list of items to be corrected. Most final punch-list items have been completed. Concrete repairs are scheduled for the week of May 28, 2012. Once the concrete repairs are completed the project will be considered complete. 2012 DREDGING PROJECT - The City has received the Chapter 30 permit (good until 2013) from WDNR for the Belle Isle area channels of the project. - Cove Circle lagoon is now part of the 2012 Dredging Project. The City has received the Chapter 30 permit for the Cove Circle lagoon from the WDNR. - The City received bids for the project on February 9, 2012, with results posted on the City website. - A dredging Public Information meeting was held Tuesday, February 28, 2012 to inform the affected property owners of the preliminary assessments, discuss the bids and project details. A public hearing to present the preliminary assessments and Engineers Report was held on March 19, 2012. The Council did approve the 2012 Dredging Project on March 19, 2012. - The dredging project is scheduled to begin in September of 2012. Site preparation for sediment storage at Winnequah Park, just north of Nichols Road next to the blue park equipment, is scheduled to begin August 20, 2012. - The City Council approved low bidder, Veit & Company at the April 16, 2012 Council meeting. PUBLIC WORKS - OPERATIONS. - The Yard Waste site at the public works garage opened on March 13th. - Tree trimming ongoing throughout the spring and summer. - Street sign maintenance, ongoing. - Park maintenance activities, ongoing. - Patching of potholes, ongoing as needed. - Street sweeping has started for the 2012 sweeping season. - Curbside brush chipping has started for the season. - The annual Water Quality Report has been published in the Herald-Independent, and is posted online. - The annual CMAR report of the sewer utility collection system has been completed. It will be submitted to the WDNR upon acceptance of the Resolution by City Council. - Spring flushing is now underway and should be completed by mid-June. Notice of our spring flushing was published in the Herald-Independent. GIS MAPPING - Phases I & II Layers: GIS Web training for public works and general staff is complete. - Phase III Scope: water and storm water layers will be further developed, images of all street improvement and utility project as-builts will also be added. - Additional future layers may include additional Planning Dept. info, Monona Express/Lift routes, Bike Routes, PD & FD routes/statistics, and additional water services, meter data, and valve data. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLIC WORKS MANAGEMENT AND ENGINEERING - Lake Edge Sedimentation Basin – basin repairs are scheduled to be completed the summer of 2012. The section of damage on the adjacent private property will not be completed during the pond reconstruction due to current legal issues being addressed through the courts. The City of Madison will be placing the reconstruction plans out for bid on June 1, 2012, with repairs set to begin July 30, 2012. - Phase 1 of the SCADA system upgrade bids have been received. - We have asked for engineering proposals from our three contracted engineering firms for the four emergency stand-by generators, as approved in the 2012 capital budget. SCS BT Squared provided the lowest proposal for engineering services at $15,655, which was approved by Administrator Marsh. - Water Interconnect with City of Madison – SCS BT Squared will be completing the engineering for the connection on Industrial Drive. The price for engineering is $2,610. - Staff is currently working on completing the road maintenance list for 2012. We will focus mainly on road patching, crack sealing, infra-red repair, and City Hall parking lot maintenance. - All 2012 Capital Budget equipment has been awarded and ordered except the Valve Exercising Trailer. We will proceed with this purchase in late summer 2012. - Attached is the monthly breakdown of our solid waste and recycle collection program. 4. Requests from landlord’s, realtor’s etc. to have the placard removed will not be honored until the respective outstanding bill is paid in full by either the tenant, landlord, or realtor. 5. All of the above efforts are driven by the City working with customers, who are having difficulty making payments, out of respect for their various situations. However, the City must proceed with serving the best interests of the Utilities and its’ customers. Section F – New Connections 1. An existing resident who will be vacating the premises must notify City Hall to request a meter reading for the day of moving and provide a forwarding address and telephone contact number. An existing resident may not make any arrangement for a new incoming resident to change the name on the account. \| Commodity Information \| Ton \| Rebate \| Ton \| Rebate \| Ton \| Rebate \| Ton \| Rebate \| \|-----------------------\|-----\|--------\|-----\|--------\|-----\|--------\|-----\|--------\| \| Paper \| 30.61 \| $2,143.40 \| 33.35 \| $2,834.75 \| 29.43 \| $2,501.55 \| \| \| \| Cardboard \| 7.56 \| $718.20 \| 8.24 \| $865.20 \| 7.27 \| $833.05 \| \| \| \| Aluminum \| 0.87 \| $1,287.60 \| 0.95 \| $1,567.50 \| 0.84 \| $1,428.00 \| \| \| \| Tin \| 1.62 \| $129.60 \| 1.77 \| $513.30 \| 1.56 \| $202.80 \| \| \| \| Glass \| 14.8 \| $0.00 \| 16.13 \| $0.00 \| 14.23 \| $0.00 \| \| \| \| Plastic \| 5.06 \| $1,113.20 \| 5.51 \| $1,046.90 \| 4.86 \| $972.00 \| \| \| \| Scrap Metal \| 1.94 \| $310.40 \| 2.11 \| $337.60 \| 1.86 \| $297.60 \| \| \| \| Monthly Rebate Value \| \| $5,702.40 \| \| $7,165.25 \| \| $6,238.00 \| \| \| Bulk Items Tonnage - January: 2.89 - February: 0.72 - March: 1.93 Illegal Curbside Expense - $159.68 Illegal Curbside Revenue -
Recent Litigation Developments Affecting Delaware Executive Compensation By Robert Rachal, Esq.* OVERVIEW An interesting mix of issues have been litigated recently under Delaware law related to executive compensation. One issue relates to what shareholders are required to ratify to provide business judgment protection to directors’ decisions on their compensation. The Citrix¹ and Investors Bancorp² cases discussed below provide some helpful parameters, but there still may be some unresolved space between unprotected “blank checks” and valid, ratified director-specific limits. The Advaxis³ case discussed below also suggests that a court may construe the scope of shareholder ratification narrowly on those decisions if it believes that the directors may have engaged in wrongdoing. Another recent case analyzed whether directors failed meaningfully to exercise their business judgment in approving what appears to be excessive executive compensation. From the pleadings, Yahoo!⁴ appears to be a repeat of Disney,⁵ where a powerful CEO was given close to a blank check by the directors to hire a second-in-command, and the hire ended expensively and badly for the company. Note, though, that the Disney directors prevailed after trial, and the full facts in Yahoo! are currently unknown. Another issue recently litigated includes whether directors are considered independent of controlling shareholders who appoint them when deciding those shareholders’ executive compensation. Cablevision⁶ suggests that there is a presumption of independence absent compelling facts showing that the controlling shareholders usurped that decision, or coerced the directors in the exercise of their judgment. The Saba Software⁷ and Zynga⁸ cases discussed below illustrate how equity compensation, in certain circumstances, can create potential conflicts with the interests of other shareholders. Like in Yahoo!, the decisions in Saba Software and Zynga, however, are based only on plaintiffs’ allegations, and the facts in these cases are currently unknown. Finally, in Wal-Mart,⁹ the Delaware Supreme Court recently adopted the Garner corporate fiduciary exception to the attorney-client privilege. Based on how Delaware courts are applying this exception, if plaintiff can provide credible allegations of wrongdoing related to executive compensation, and privileged documents are essential to investigate this claim, there is a significant risk that this legal advice may not be privileged. --- * Robert Rachal, Esq. is a member of Holifield, Janich, Rachal & Associates PLLC. Robert’s work focuses on complex ERISA and executive compensation litigation. Robert advises and defends employers on claims by executives seeking benefits under SERP and bonus or “top hat” plans, and advises employers on ERISA fiduciary and benefit claim issues. Robert also routinely represents executives who have been sued as alleged ERISA fiduciaries for employee benefit plans, including §401(k) and ESOP plans. ¹ Calma v. Templeton, 114 A.3d 563, 577 (Del. Ch. 2015) (Citrix). ² In re Investors Bancorp Stockholder Litig., No. 12327-VCS, 2017 BL 111738 (Del. Ch. Apr. 5, 2017). ³ Bono v. O’Connor, No. 15-6326 (FLW)(DEA), 2016 BL 163723 (D.N.J. May 23, 2016) (Advaxis, reconsideration denied, No. 15-6326(FLW), 2016 BL 457964 (D.N.J. Oct. 05, 2016). ⁴ Amalgamated Bank v. Yahoo! Inc., 132 A.3d 752, 778 (Del. Ch. 2016). ⁵ In re Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litig., 825 A.2d 275, 286–290 (Del. Ch. 2003). ⁶ Friedman v. Dolan, No. 9425-VCN, 2015 BL 209974 (Del. Ch. June 30, 2015) (Cablevision). ⁷ In re Saba Software, Inc. Shareholder Litig., No. 10697-VCS, 2017 BL 105912 (Del. Ch. Mar. 31, 2017). ⁸ Lee v. Pincus (Zynga), No. 8458-CB, 2014 BL 322609 (Del. Ch. Nov. 14, 2014). ⁹ Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Ind. Elec. Workers Pension Trust Fund IBEW, 95 A.3d 1264 (Del. 2014). Calma v. Templeton and Shareholder Ratification of Director Compensation Because of a director’s financial interest in his compensation, directors’ decisions on this issue are, absent shareholder ratification, typically subject to an “entire fairness” standard — i.e., “the directors must establish ‘to the court’s satisfaction that the transaction was the product of both fair dealing \textit{and} fair price.’”\footnote{Calma, 114 A.3d at 577.} With shareholder ratification, however, a court reviews the compensation decision under the business judgment rule only for waste.\footnote{Id.} The key threshold issue is whether shareholders have properly ratified director compensation, with ratification typically leading to dismissal on the pleadings, and non-ratification typically leading to burdensome litigation into the reasonableness of the directors’ compensation. The \textit{3Com}, \textit{Citrix}, and \textit{Investors Bancorp} cases discussed below illustrate how Delaware courts are analyzing this issue, with a focus on whether there was some shareholder approval specific to directors, such as by inclusion of director sub-limits in a ratified plan. \textit{In re 3COM Shareholder Litigation}.\footnote{C.A. No. 5067-CC (Del. Ch. Dec. 18, 2009).} Shareholders claimed directors breached their fiduciary duties of loyalty by awarding themselves excessive compensation in a stock option plan. The court (Vice Chancellor Steele) analyzed whether shareholders’ approval of the plan made the directors’ award of options to themselves subject to the business judgment rule. In 1998, the directors awarded themselves between 22,500 to 45,000 options each (out of a pool of 167,000 shares) under the shareholder-approved plan. The court held that plan had sufficiently defined terms to make that approval effective: the plan included director-specific ceilings, and the challenged awards were within these parameters. \textit{Calma v. Templeton (Citrix)}.\footnote{114 A.3d 563 (Del. Ch. 2015).} Breach of fiduciary duty claim relating to director equity awards survives motion to dismiss. The court (Chancellor Bouchard) held the business judgment rule was inapplicable; instead, the award was subject to review under the “entire fairness” standard. The key issue for the court was that although the shareholders had approved the equity plan, that plan did not include director-specific limits: Shareholder approval of a plan with overall generic limits of 1 million shares (market value of $55 million) was not approval of awards to directors. Applying Delaware law, the court noted that approval of a plan without director-specific limits would give directors a “blank check” to act under the broad parameters of the plan.\footnote{Id. at 583–584.} The court distinguished \textit{3COM} as having director-specific limits, and held that without these limits shareholders had not taken any action specific to approve or ratify director compensation. Because the court concluded that there was no shareholder ratification, it applied the entire fairness standard to determine whether plaintiffs stated a claim of fiduciary breach. Total director compensation was in the $300,000 to $400,000 annual range during the challenged period, and appeared in line with the peer group identified by the company in its SEC filings. The court nonetheless concluded that plaintiffs stated a claim since it could not resolve on a motion to dismiss what was an appropriate company peer group for comparison. \textit{In re Investors Bancorp Stockholder Litig}.\footnote{No. 12327-VCS, 2017 BL 111738 (Del. Ch. Apr. 5, 2017).} The board submitted and the shareholders approved the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, which for non-employee directors had a sublimit of 30% of all restricted stock (approximately 3.9 million shares) or options (approximately 5.3 million shares) offered in the plan. The average non-employee, director compensation for peer companies was around $157,000. After the shareholders approved the 2015 EIP, the non-employee directors awarded themselves $2,034,000 each under the plan. The court (Vice Chancellor Slights) held that shareholder ratification of the 2015 EIP constituted ratification of these awards — thus, the business judgment rule applied, and the awards could be attacked only for waste. The court reasoned that the director-specific limits in the 2015 EIP were sufficient, and distinguished \textit{Citrix} as a plan containing only generic limits. The court further noted that the awards did not need to be self-executing, nor do director-specific limits have to be “meaningful limits” to be effective. Although the court noted that the awards appeared to be quite large (more than 10 times larger than the peer group), it declined to try to police a “meaningful limits” line. Instead, the court reasoned that the doctrine of waste would provide residual protection for shareholders. \textit{Investors Bancorp} can provide helpful guidance post-\textit{Citrix}. This approach squarely focuses shareholder ratification on form, whether a director sub-limit was included, not on economic substance. Thus, director awards of $300,000 to $400,000 are challengeable in \textit{Citrix}, even though they appeared to be in line with peer companies, but director awards of over $2 million are not challengeable in Investors Bancorp, even those these awards were more than 10 times larger than the peer group, and even though the director sub-limits were quite large — 3.9 million restricted stock units and 5.3 million stock options could be awarded in any calendar year to the director group. The “no blank check” reasoning in Citrix suggests that there may be some limits to how large these sub-limits can become, however; but whether and what those limits are may have to be fleshed out in further litigation. This focus on form over substance is also doctrinally consistent with Espinoza v. Zuckerberg,$^{16}$ where plaintiffs’ challenge to director compensation of Facebook’s outside, non-management directors was allowed to proceed even though the controlling shareholder, Mark Zuckerberg, had stated in deposition and affidavit that he approved this compensation. The court (Chancellor Bouchard) nonetheless held that this ratification was ineffective because it did not follow corporate forms, including proper notice to the other shareholders. Bono v. O’Connor (Advaxis).$^{17}$ This case indicates, however, that courts may construe the scope of shareholder ratification narrowly if they are concerned over potential misconduct. Advaxis is a publicly held Delaware corporation. The board adopted a new equity compensation plan on March 30, 2015, and immediately awarded stock to director and officers subject to subsequent shareholder ratification of the plan. Plaintiff claimed this was a drastic break from past practice: among other things, the directors had already received their compensation for 2015 under the prior plan. In addition, the directors had no stock left under the prior plan, so to make the awards on March 30, 2015, they had to make the awards contingent on later shareholder approval. In April 2015, Advaxis made several disclosures that increased its stock price over 75% and resulted in paper profits to defendants from those awards of $15.8 million. Plaintiff shareholder brought a derivative action claiming directors breached their fiduciary duties by spring-loading their equity compensation awards. Applying Delaware law, the court (U.S.D.J. Wolfson) held that the plaintiff stated a breach of fiduciary duty claim against the director committee defendants who both approved and benefitted from the option award. On defendants’ ratification defense, the court held that subsequent shareholder approval of the plan was not approval of the awards disclosed in that plan: the shareholders were asked to approve the plan, not specifically asked to approve those awards.$^{18}$ The court also held that the awards were not pursuant to specific limits in the plan if they were spring-loaded, i.e., if the directors knew they were undervalued in light of pending disclosures. In contrast, the court held that there were no claims against the recipient — only director defendants because there was no basis to infer that they engaged in wrongdoing: they did not decide the timing or manner of the awards that created the suspicion of wrongdoing. Yahoo! and Alleged Excessive Pay — Disney Revisited? Quoting Mark Twain, in Amalgamated Bank v. Yahoo! Inc., $^{19}$ the court (Vice Chancellor Laster) noted that “history may not repeat itself, but it often rhymes.” The history referred to was the Disney case, and the saga therein about whether Disney’s directors had breached their fiduciary duties to act in good faith and on an informed basis regarding the hiring and termination of Disney’s second-in-command, Michael Ovitz.$^{20}$ As the Yahoo! court also noted, Disney’s full import is complicated, however, as the directors ultimately prevailed after trial.$^{21}$ In Yahoo!, a trustee on behalf of mutual funds filed a §220$^{22}$ action seeking to investigate the board’s involvement in the hiring and subsequent firing of Yahoo’s second-in-command, the Chief Operating Officer, Henrique de Castro. Mr. de Castro’s compensation package (which included various options and restricted stock awards) was $39 million for the first year, and his severance grew from the originally approved $8 million to an expected $29 million if he was terminated without cause, even if terminated shortly after he was hired. Mr. de Castro performed poorly and was fired within a year; because of an increase in Yahoo’s stock price from unrelated events (Yahoo’s investment in Alibaba stock), he received $60 million in severance benefits. The trustee Amalgamated Bank sought inspection of Yahoo’s books and records. The court held that the trustee was entitled to do so because it had alleged a credible basis to infer fiduciary breach or waste (note that there has been no fact finding yet), including that: - Mr. de Castro was offered a complex compensation package, yet the board appeared to have no --- $^{16}$ 124 A.3d 47 (Del. Ch. 2015). $^{17}$ No. 15-6326 (FLW) (DEA), 2016 BL 163723 (D.N.J. May 23, 2016), reconsideration denied, No. 15-6326 (FLW), 2016 BL 457964 (D.N.J. Oct. 5, 2016). $^{18}$ Parallel litigation was also going on in Delaware chancery court before Chancellor Bouchard, and Judge Wolfson followed his analysis on this issue. $^{19}$ 132 A.3d 752, 778 (Del. Ch. 2016). $^{20}$ See In re Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litig., 825 A.2d 275, 286–290 (Del. Ch. 2003). $^{21}$ See Yahoo!, 132 A.3d at 779–780. $^{22}$ 8 Del. C. §220. tables or reports for calculating the financial impact and interrelationship of various provisions. - It appeared that the CEO Marissa Mayer had not shared critical information on or acquired board approval on changes that materially increased the compensation offered to Mr. de Castro. - It was not clear that the board exercised its independent business judgment in approving the package, and instead accepted Ms. Mayer’s statements uncritically. - Although it appears to be a $50 million plus issue, it does not appear that the board considered a for-cause termination, even though there may have been grounds to terminate Mr. de Castro for cause because of poor performance. Similar to Disney, the Yahoo! case offers some thoughts on sound best practices that can help limit litigation exposure. One is for the board to explore potential conflicts — Ms. Mayer and Mr. de Castro both worked together at Google, and, at least at the allegation stage, Ms. Mayer appeared often to act unilaterally in increasing the compensation offered Mr. de Castro. Another is to create helpful board materials — e.g., complex compensation packages may require tables and the like to understand how the various components work together. The Yahoo! court called particular attention to this issue, noting that it had to create its own tables to understand and show (1) how Mr. de Castro’s various compensation items worked together, and (2) the magnitude of the changes that Ms. Mayer made increasing Mr. de Castro’s compensation. Likewise, the directors should have sufficient time to review these materials before the meeting, and any proposed changes to the offer should be highlighted. The directors should ask questions, as it ultimately needs to be their business judgment (not just the CEO’s) on what to offer. Finally, the decision should be carefully documented in the board minutes. Controlled Corporations and Director Independence on Compensation Friedman v. Dolan (Cablevision).$^{23}$ This case addressed the application of the business judgment rule to executive compensation in a controlled corporation. Plaintiffs claimed that Cablevision’s directors agreed to pay Executive Chairman (the founder, Charles Dolan) and the CEO (the son of the founder, James Dolan) excessive compensation. The Dolan family controls 75% of Cablevision’s voting power. Although the court (Vice Chancellor Noble) noted that it was troubled by the allegations, it also noted that the company was listed as a controlled company under NYSE rules, and refused to adopt a rule that would require courts to second-guess directors’ business judgment regarding compensation for controlling shareholders. Rather, the independent compensation committee insulates from the claim that the controlling person was on both sides of transaction, absent proof that the controlling person compromised the directors’ independence, or that the directors acted in bad faith. Reviewing the allegations, the court found that the compensation directors’ independence was not compromised: - Long-term board service, and appointment and self-nomination with the controller’s approval were insufficient. - Retirement and older age were insufficient. - Refusing to follow non-controlling shareholders’ direction was insufficient. - A sibling’s employment at a Dolan-controlled company was insufficient. The court concluded that these allegations made no “reasonably conceivable case that the directors wanted to remain on the board so much that they sacrificed their professional integrity.”$^{24}$ The court also found that there were no credible allegations of bad faith. The directors were not unreasonable in relying on the selected peer-group sample, and the Dolans were not prohibited from providing input to the directors, who were advised by a compensation consultant, to consider. The court also found that there were no allegations showing that the Dolans coerced the directors regarding the Dolans’ compensation. Executive and Equity Compensation Creating Alleged Motives to Act Against Shareholder Interests Executive and equity compensation is, at least in theory, supposed to incentivize directors and officers to act in the interests of shareholders. In several recent cases, however, courts have analyzed whether the compensation and equity packages to directors and officers may have incentivized them to act contrary to those shareholder interests: In re Saba Software, Inc. Shareholder Litigation.$^{25}$ The SEC deregistered the company after it repeatedly failing to correct its financial statements for fraud. The company merged in a deal that plaintiff shareholders claimed was too low and forced on them $^{23}$ No. 9425-VCN, 2015 BL 209974 (Del. Ch. June 30, 2015). $^{24}$ Id. at 7. $^{25}$ No. 10697-VCS, 2017 BL 105912 (Del. Ch. Mar. 31, 2017). because of deregistering of their stock. During this period, other bidders were appearing, but dropped out because the company was unable to complete its financial restatements in time to avoid deregistration. The court (Vice Chancellor Slights) concluded that plaintiffs’ allegations were sufficient to show that the shareholder vote approving this merger was coerced and not fully informed. The court also found that plaintiffs pled, among other things, an actionable breach of the duty of loyalty against the directors based on compensation payments that were tied to the merger. Specifically, the merger allowed the board to turn their illiquid equity awards into cash, versus keeping Saba as a stand-alone company, which may have been in the interests of the shareholders. The court noted that the looming deregistration neutralized these equity awards, while the merger was the only means to revive them and turn them into cash. Lee v. Pincus (Zynga).$^{26}$ Plaintiffs brought breach of fiduciary duty claims of self-dealing regarding lock-up waivers. In the IPO for Zynga, most pre-IPO investors were subject to lock-up restrictions. The board restructured these lock-ups to allow staggered sales. Under this restructuring, half the members of the board, including the company founder, were allowed to sell a portion of their shares before others in a secondary offering. The founder received over $192 million in this early sale; other directors received between $3 million to $8 million. By selling early, these sellers were able to sell their Zynga stock at twice the price ($12 versus $6.09) of the stock at the expiration of the original lock-up period. Plaintiff (a former employee) brought breach of fiduciary duty claims against the directors of Zynga for waiving post-IPO lock-up restrictions for certain stockholders. The court (Chancellor Bouchard) first held this was a direct not derivative claim because the harm was not to the company or shareholders generally, but to the pre-IPO shareholders subject to the lockout while others sold. The court then held that no contractual provision preempted the directors’ fiduciary duties to the shareholders. The directors’ actions modifying their shareholder rights were not pursuant to the terms of the plaintiffs’ contracts, and plaintiffs alleged that they received an improper personal benefit contrary to their duty of loyalty to plaintiff and the other shareholders that remained subject to the lock-up restrictions. The court held that plaintiffs’ fiduciary breach claim survived a motion to dismiss because the business judgment standard was rebutted in light of that half of the directors were not disinterested. At the time of the decision, the benefit to the affected directors of selling some shares early may have outweighed any potential detriment on extending the lock-up period on their other shares. Other Compensation Issues* Failure to Comply With §162(m) for Tax Deductions Freedman v. Adams.$^{27}$ From 2004–2007, XTO Energy paid more than $130 million in executive bonuses. The board decided not to seek to make XTO’s compensation plan tax deductible under I.R.C. §162(m) because it did not want to be constrained by that criteria in paying bonuses. A plaintiff shareholder brought suit alleging that XTO’s decision to not seek tax-deductible status constituted corporate waste, because XTO paid an additional approximately $40 million in taxes because of this. The court rejected the claim, stating that “[t]he decision to sacrifice some tax savings in order to retain flexibility in compensation decisions is a classic exercise of business judgment.”$^{28}$ Freedman thus clearly confirms a board’s ability under the business judgment rule to make compensation decisions that, in the board’s view, best fit the corporation’s needs, even if it means forgoing tax benefits. Say-on-Pay Vote Raul v. Rynd.$^{29}$ In 2010, the board of Hercules Offshore approved a new executive compensation plan that raised executive compensation by between 40% and 190%. Pursuant to §951 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act,$^{30}$ Hercules held a say-on-pay vote at its annual meeting, where shareholders rejected the executive compensation package, with 59% voting against the package. Hercules implemented the compensation plan despite the shareholder vote. Plaintiff shareholder brought a derivative suit claiming, in part, that Hercules breached its fiduciary duty by going forward with the executive compensation plan despite the adverse shareholder vote. The district court explained that plaintiff’s claims were “flawed” because the Dodd-Frank Act explicitly states that say-on-pay votes are not binding and do not “‘create or imply any change to the fiduciary duties of a company’ or its board of directors.”$^{31}$ The court dismissed plaintiff’s claims for failure to make a pre-suit demand on the board because he failed to demonstrate that the board would have been unable objec- $^{26}$ No. 8458-CB, 2014 BL 322609 (Del. Ch. Nov. 14, 2014). $^{27}$ 58 A.3d 414 (Del. 2013). $^{28}$ Id. at 417. $^{29}$ 929 F. Supp. 2d 333 (D. Del. 2013). $^{30}$ Pub. L. No. 111-203. $^{31}$ Raul, 929 F. Supp. 2d at 344. tively to evaluate the demand — under Dodd-Frank the shareholder vote did not give rise to a substantial claim of personal liability. Raul confirms that say-on-pay votes required by Dodd-Frank are not binding, and are not good grounds in themselves to sue over executive compensation decisions. Corporate Fiduciary Exception There also can be a corporate fiduciary exception that can apply to defeat privilege, which arises out of the seminal case of Garner v. Wolfinbarger.36 Although this exception has potentially broader application than the ERISA exception, Garner imposes a “good cause” requirement on the party seeking documents. Of import to Delaware corporations, in Wal-Mart Stores v. Ind. Elec. Workers Pension Trust Fund IBEW,37 the Delaware Supreme Court recently explicitly adopted the Garner exception, including applying it to a §220 proceeding on a shareholder union’s request for Wal-Mart’s corporate books and records related to the alleged bribery of Mexican officials. Wal-Mart also illustrates the applicability of the “good cause” requirement, concluding that the union had met these standards: - The union had demonstrated a colorable claim of wrongdoing (this had been the subject of a front-page investigative report in the New York Times). - The information regarding how Wal-Mart investigated these bribery allegations was available from other sources. - The information request was particularized, and predated and did not concern the present litigation. - Garner’s other “good cause” factors supported disclosure: (1) disclosure would not reveal trade secrets; (2) the allegations implicate criminal conduct under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; and (3) the union is a legitimate shareholder of Wal-Mart. The Garner factors, and the way that Wal-Mart adopted and applied them, suggest that the Garner exception may be broadly applied. The factors appear skewed to favor annulment of the privilege when high stakes legal advice is involved over contentious issues; many would argue that this is precisely when the privilege is most needed. An example of this is In re Lululemon Athletica Inc. 220 Litig.38 Lululemon involved the claim that the founder and board chairperson sold shares based on inside information that Lululemon’s CEO was resigning. The Wall Street Journal inquired about these trades, and the company’s corporate counsel, officers, and directors exchanged emails to develop a coordinated response. The court (Vice Chancellor Parsons) --- 32 See, e.g., United States v. Mett, 178 F.3d 1058, 1064 (9th Cir. 1999). 33 Companies may still be subject to duties of good faith and fair dealing regarding their administration and exercise of discretion under these excluded plans. See, e.g., Niebauer v. Crane & Co., Inc., 783 F.3d 914, 923 (1st Cir. 2015) (applying same to top-hat plan). See also ERISA §3(36), ERISA §401(a)(1). 34 See, e.g., In re Long Island Lighting Co., 129 F.3d 268 (2d Cir. 1997). 35 See, e.g., Tatum v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 247 F.R.D. 488 (M.D.N.C. 2008) (concluding that fiduciary exception was inapplicable to communications relating to imminent lawsuit and fiduciaries’ concern for their own liability). 36 430 F.3d 1093 (5th Cir. 1970). 37 95 A.3d 1264 (Del. 2014). 38 No. 9039-VCP, 2015 BL 126240 (Del. Ch. Apr. 30, 2015). determined that some of these emails were privileged, but that the Garner/Wal-Mart fiduciary exception to the privilege applied. The court found that (1) the stockholder’s mismanagement and insider-trading claims were colorable, (2) the sought-after information was necessary for the investigation and likely unavailable elsewhere, (3) the purpose behind seeking the privileged information was proper, and (4) the legal advice in the emails was more like “real-time” evidence than preparatory plans for litigation. In light of this, the court held that the plaintiffs demonstrated good cause and were entitled to review the emails under Garner’s fiduciary exception to privilege. In contrast, in Amalgamated Bank v. Yahoo! Inc., the court (Vice Chancellor Laster) found the Garner analysis premature. As noted above, Yahoo! involved a §220 investigation into whether the board breached its fiduciary duties related to the compensation offered Yahoo!’s COO. The court found that prior to undertaking a Garner analysis, it must first determine that the privileged documents are essential, because that inquiry is dispositive of the threshold question — the scope of document production to which the party is statutorily entitled. The court held that the threshold question of essentiality could not be determined until, in responding on documents that the court has identified as essential, defendant identifies and logs any documents that are privileged. In sum, it appears that Delaware courts are reading the Garner/Wal-Mart exception expansively if plaintiff can provide credible allegations of wrongdoing, and these privileged documents are essential to investigate this claim. Because of this uncertainty and potential broad application of Garner/Wal-Mart, counsel advising the corporation will need to consider that sometimes their advice effectively may not be privileged and confidential. And because of this uncertainty, corporate officers at legal risk may need to consider engaging their own counsel to be able to receive candid privileged advice in fraught situations. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS Courts in Delaware continue to give broad deference to directors’ exercise of their business judgment regarding executive compensation, relying on the capital markets — not judges — to police the soundness of those business decisions. Thus in Cablevision, although the court noted that it was troubled by the allegations, it also noted that the company was listed as a controlled company under NYSE rules, and refused to second-guess the directors’ business judgment regarding the controlling shareholders compensation. However, if plaintiffs can credibly allege that directors abdicated their duties (Yahoo!?) or engaged in misconduct and self-dealing (Advaxis, Saba Software), the courts will undertake a fulsome review of those decisions. Delaware’s adoption of the Garner corporate fiduciary exception adds another layer of complexity to advising boards in this area. If plaintiff can provide credible allegations of wrongdoing related to executive compensation, and privileged documents are essential to investigate this claim, this exception creates a significant risk that this legal advice may not be privileged. --- 39 132 A.3d 752 (Del. Ch. 2016).
Towards A General SIMD Concurrent Approach to Accelerating Integer Compression Algorithms Juliana Hildebrandt TU Dresden Dresden, Germany email@example.com Dirk Habich TU Dresden Dresden, Germany firstname.lastname@example.org Wolfgang Lehner TU Dresden Dresden, Germany email@example.com ABSTRACT Integer compression algorithms play an important role in column-oriented data systems. Previous research has shown that the vectorized implementation of these algorithms based on the Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) parallel paradigm can multiply the compression as well as decompression speeds. While a scalar compression algorithm usually compresses a block of $N$ consecutive integers, the state-of-the-art SIMD implementation scales the block size to $k \times N$ with $k$ as the number of elements which could be simultaneously processed in a SIMD register. However, this means that as the SIMD register size increases, the block of integer values for compression also grows, which can have a negative effect on the compression ratio. In this paper, we analyze this effect and present an idea for a novel general approach for the SIMD implementation of integer compression algorithms to overcome that effect. Our novel idea is to concurrently compress $k$ different blocks of size $N$ within SIMD registers. To show the applicability of our idea, we present initial evaluation results for a heavily used compression algorithm and show that our approach can lead to more responsible usage of main memory resources. 1 INTRODUCTION Column-store database systems are state-of-the-art for analytical application scenarios [3, 11]. These systems have in common that all values of every column are encoded as a sequence of integer values and, thus, query processing is done on these integer sequences [1, 6]. The necessary memory space for storing these integer sequences can be reduced with the help of some additional lightweight computations for integer compression. Moreover, compressed integer values offer advantages for data processing such as increasing the effective bandwidth to reduce the memory wall or a better utilization of the cache hierarchy. As shown in [4, 5, 12, 15], there is a large number of lightweight integer compression schemes available. Nevertheless, compression as well as decompression leads to additional computational effort, which is typically kept low by means of vectorization. Vectorization based on the Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) parallel paradigm is a state-of-the-art technique, because all mainstream CPUs offer powerful SIMD extensions nowadays [10]. The main objective of SIMD is to increase the single-thread performance by executing an identical operation on multiple data elements in a vector or SIMD register simultaneously (data parallelism) [10]. In recent years, the efficient SIMD-based implementation of these integer compression algorithms has attracted a lot of attention [4, 5, 15], since it further reduces the computational effort. As described in [15], the general state-of-the-art SIMD-based implementation can be described as follows: While a scalar compression algorithm would compress a block of $N$ consecutive integers, the state-of-the-art SIMD approach scales this block size to $k \times N$ with $k$ as the number of integers which can be simultaneously processed within a SIMD register. A current hardware trend is to increase the size of the SIMD registers. On the one hand, Intel’s latest SIMD extension AVX-512 uses 512-bit SIMD registers, while previous SIMD extensions of Intel operate on 128-bit (SSE) or 256-bit (AVX2). On the other hand, the ARM NEON extension (available in ARMv7-A and ARMv8-A) was limited to a SIMD register size of 128-bit, the recently announced Scalable Vector Extension (SVE) (available in ARMv8-A AArch64) aims at supporting much wider SIMD registers from 128 to 2,048-bits, in 128-bit increments [14]. The wider the SIMD registers, the more data elements can be stored and processed simultaneously, which promises significant speedups. However, this means that as the SIMD register size increases, the block of integer values for the state-of-the-art SIMD implementation for compression also grows, which can have a negative effect on the compression ratio. Our Contribution and Outline. In this paper, we analyze this effect and show that the compressed output of a state-of-the-art SIMD implementation could be many times larger than the result of a scalar implementation of the same compression algorithm. Thus, this is not conducive to reducing the memory footprint. To overcome that, we present an idea for an alternative generalized approach for the SIMD-based implementation by concurrently compressing $k$ different blocks of size $N$ within SIMD registers. To present our approach, the remainder of the paper is structured as follows: In Section 2, we briefly summarize the state-of-the-art in the domain of integer compression algorithms including the SIMD-based implementation. Moreover, we theoretically analyze the compression ratios of the scalar and SIMD-based implementations of a heavily used and representative compression algorithm. Then, we present our alternative generalized approach for the SIMD-based implementation in Section 3. In particular, we will (i) discuss different implementation choices for our running representative compression algorithm, (ii) present some initial evaluation results, and (iii) discuss our ongoing research work. We close the paper with related work in Section 4 and a short summary in Section 5. 2 STATE-OF-THE-ART The objective of every lossless, lightweight integer compression algorithm is to represent a finite sequence of integer values with as few bits as possible [4, 5, 12, 15]. Over the past few decades, a large corpus of different scalar algorithms has evolved [4, 5, 12, 15]. The algorithms have in common that the compressed representation for single or blocks of integer values often consists of control patterns and data snips [15]. Data snips represent the compressed integers in binary format, while control patterns store the auxiliary information to interpret the data snips. A well-known and representative integer compression algorithm is BitPacking (BP) belonging to the class of null suppression algorithms by omitting leading zero bits [12]. We use BP as running example throughout the paper. The scalar version of BP for 64-bit integer values is called BP64 and works as follows: A finite input sequence of integer values is subdivided into blocks of 64 integers each. For each block, the minimal number of bits required for the largest element is determined. Then, all 64 integers in each block are stored in data snip with with the respective number of bits for each value. The used bit width is stored in a single byte as control pattern. Other scalar compression algorithms operate in a similar way and Figure 1 gives a schematic overview about this procedure using a block size of four. As described in [15], the state-of-the-art generalized SIMD approach is characterized by the fact, that (i) the block size is scaled by the SIMD register size $k - k$ is the SIMD register size in number of integer values – and (ii) the application of the compression on this larger block size. For example, SIMD-BP256 is the SIMD-based implementation of our running example algorithm BP64 for SIMD register sizes of 256-bits. In those SIMD registers, we are able to store and process 4 64-bit integer values at once, so that the block size is scaled by $k = 4$. Based on that, the $k$-way scaled SIMD block contains 256 integer values and for these 256 elements, the minimal number of bits required for the largest element is determined. Then, all 256 integers in each block are stored in a data snip with that many bits for each value and the used bit width is stored as common control pattern. Advantages of this generalized $k$-way scaling concept for SIMD are: (i) in many cases, scalar algorithms can be easily ported to SIMD-based implementations, (ii) the generalized approach supports different SIMD register sizes, and (iii) the SIMD-based implementations are faster than the scalar versions [4, 5, 12, 15]. However, a main drawback of this $k$-way scaling is that the compression factor $$cf(k) = \frac{\|k\text{-way compressed data}\|}{\|\text{uncompressed data}\|}$$ mostly increases with an increasing SIMD register and block size. On the one hand, fewer control patterns need to be stored due to larger block sizes. On the other hand, a number of larger integer values may be compressed with a larger bit width. To precisely analyze this effect, we use our running example algorithm and derive the expected compression factor for different integer bit width distributions. Our analysis framework works as follows: The scalar algorithm BP64 encodes blocks of 64 64-bit values with the least possible common bit width and the bit width as control pattern itself with 64 bits. The SIMD-based implementations with SIMD register size $k$ encode $64 \cdot k$ values with the same approach. Given is a data distribution for 64-bit integer values characterized by the probability for the bit widths $0 \leq b \leq 64 : p(b)$ and a SIMD register size $k$. Now, we can distinguish 65 cases corresponding to blocks of $64 \cdot k$ values which are encoded with bit width $0 \leq b \leq 64$. Each of these cases (i) occurs with a probability $p'(b,k)$, which depends on the given data distribution and the SIMD register size $k$, and (ii) is characterized by a block compression factor $cf'(b,k)$. The expected compression factor for a $k$-way SIMD-based implementation of BP can be calculated by $$cf(k) = \sum_{b=0}^{64} p'(b,k) \cdot cf'(b,k).$$ The block compression factor $cf'(b,k)$ is given by $$cf'(b,k) = \frac{\|k\text{-way compressed block}\|}{\|\text{uncompressed block}\|} = \frac{1 + b \cdot k}{64 \cdot k}$$ and the block probability can be derived by the following consideration. The probability of the occurrence of a block of size $64 \cdot k$ containing only zero values is $p'(0,k) = p(0)^{64 \cdot k}$. The probability of a block encoded with one of the bit widths $0 \leq b$ is $\left(\sum_{bw=0}^{b} p(bw)\right)^{64 \cdot k}$. The probability for the occurrence of a block encoded with bit width $b$ is the difference of the above probability and all probabilities for the occurrences of blocks with a smaller bit width than $b$: $$p'(b,k) = \left(\sum_{bw=0}^{b} p(bw)\right)^{64 \cdot k} - \sum_{bw=0}^{b-1} p'(bw,k).$$ For the compressed size ratio between a $k$-way SIMD-based implementation and the scalar implementation of BP, we calculate $\frac{cf(k)}{cf(1)}$ with $cf(1)$ corresponding to the scalar compression factor (scaling factor $k = 1$). In the following, we apply these formulas on two different data distributions where most integer values are characterized by a bit width of 2, but we also have a probability $x$ for integer values with a larger bit width. These larger integer values are denoted as outliers. While in the first case the outliers have a bit width of 3, the outliers in the second case have a bit width of 60. Figure 2 depicts the compressed size ratio $\frac{cf(k)}{cf(1)}, k = \{2, 4, 8, 16, 32\}$ for the SIMD-based implementations for both cases and different outlier probabilities. As we can observe, all lines are below 1 for case one with the outlier bit width of 3. That means, each SIMD-based implementation (using different $k$-way scalings) has a lower compression factor than the scalar algorithm. The reason is the lower number of control patterns for larger blocks and the more or less homogeneous bit widths for all integer values. Moreover, the value $k$ for the best SIMD-based implementation yielding the best compression ratio depends on the outlier probability. In contrast to that, for the second case with the outlier bit width of 60 and lower outlier probabilities, we see that all lines are above 1. This means, the compression ratio of the scalar variant is much better than of the SIMD-based implementations. For example, a compressed representation of 8-way SIMD-based implementation of BP – SIMD register size 512-bit with 64-bit integer values – is 4 times larger than for the scalar variant. Those disturbing effects happen and destroy the advantages of the SIMD-based integer compression, especially since a small number of outliers has such large effects. 3 BLOCK CONCURRENT COMPRESSION From the previous section and our experimental evaluations in [4, 5, 7], we conclude that the state-of-the-art SIMD-based approach optimizes the compression algorithms from a performance perspective. However, this approach has shortcomings from a memory footprint point of view. To overcome that, we propose an alternative generalized SIMD approach and explain the application to our running example algorithm BP. Afterwards, we present some initial evaluation results and discuss our further research activities in that direction. General Idea. Instead of scaling the block size by the SIMD register size $k$, we suggest a block concurrent compression concept as generalization as depicted in Figure 1. In this block concurrent concept, each SIMD register place – also called SIMD lane – compresses its own data block. Thus, the number of available SIMD lanes determines the number of blocks which will be compressed simultaneously. The advantages are (i) the same block size of the scalar compression algorithms is maintained and (ii) the control patterns as well as data snips are calculated lane-wise. That means, we apply the scalar compression algorithm on each SIMD lane on different data blocks concurrently. A shortcoming could be that integer values from different memory regions must be loaded into vector registers. Application to BP. Figure 3 illustrates the realization of BP with our block concurrent concept. Here, we assume integer values of size 64-bit, which will be compressed with the scalar variant BP64 as introduced above. The assumed SIMD register size $k$ is 8, so that eight different data blocks of 64 values are compressed simultaneously. That means, we are processing 512 integer values in total of the finite input sequence of integer values and compute eight control patterns and data snips as compressed output. The BP compression is done in two phases, thereby each phase iterates over all 512 integer values. In the first phase, the bit width of the largest integer value within each block is determined, while the second phase uses the determined bit widths to shorten the values accordingly and to finally write out the compressed representation. As shown in Figure 3, we distinguish (i) a preprocessing step to load the data from the input into the vector registers, (ii) a computation step to shorten the values, and (iii) a postprocessing step to write the data into the output area. These steps are executed in each phase and each phase executes 64 iterations for 64 values per block. That means, for the $n$th iteration, we require the integer value of the $n$th position of each considered data block in the SIMD register. Assuming that the input sequence contains correct ordered data (horizontal data layout), we simply could use a SIMD-gather operation to load the corresponding values of the different data blocks into the SIMD register. The SIMD-gather seems an expensive operation, because it can be used for random memory access. However, in our case, we realize a strided access with a distance of 64. In the computation step, we apply the appropriate SIMD functions for each phase. In the first phase, we apply the SIMD functions to compute the number of leading zeros for the largest value per lane (per block). Based on the number of leading zeros, we compute the minimal number of bits for the compression. This bit widths are used in the second phase to concatenate the shortened data values while using an appropriate SIMD-bitshifting operation, which can be applied for each lane individually. Because in the single lanes, the data is concatenated with a different bit width, the lanes are filled at different loop passes. For example, a lane is full after 2 iterations for a bit width of 30 (assuming 64 bit integer values), but for a bit width of 2, we need 32 iterations to fill a lane. In any case, if one of the lanes is full, it has to be written to the output (postprocessing step). Here, we see two alternatives. The first alternative is to use a SIMD-compressstore-operation to consecutively write out lanes as soon as they are full. In this case, data snips of the different blocks are intertwined. The second alternative is to use a SIMD-scatter-operation. Since the bit width for each block is determined at first, the bit widths can also be used to calculate the position for each full lane in the output. In this case, we are able to organize the data snips for each of them in a consecutive manner. Since we read the input data twice, we must also perform the SIMD-gather operation twice. To avoid this, we can optimize this by using a buffer with a size of 512 (8 · 64) values. In the first phase, this buffer is filled with the gathered input data, while in the second phase, we only to consecutively load the data from the buffer. In this case, we save one SIMD-gather operation. Evaluation. To evaluate whether and when our general idea is suitable, we implemented our running compression algorithm example $BP$ in its scalar form and with the state-of-the-art SIMD\textsuperscript{1} as well as our novel block concurrent approach using Intel’s latest SIMD extension AVX-512. For the block concurrent approach ($k = 8$), we implemented the following variants as described above: (i) 2x gather with scatter (denoted as 2G/S), (ii) gather with buffer and scatter (GB/S), (iii) 2x gather with compressstore (2G/C), and (iv) gather with buffer and compressstore (GB/C). The state-of-the-art SIMD implementation only uses SIMD-load and SIMD-store operations with a block scaling factor $k = 8$. We compiled our source code using g++ (version 9.3.0) with the optimization flags -O3 –fno-tree-vectorize –maxv512f –maxv512cd. We ran our evaluation on an Intel Intel(R) Xeon Phi(TM) CPU 7250 with 204GB DDR4 main memory (the available high-bandwidth memory called MCDRAM was neither used explicitly nor configured as L3 cache). All experiments are executed single-threaded, happened entirely in-memory, were repeated 10 times, and we averaged the results. For our experiments, we only use the setting of the analysis from Section 2, where the compression ratio of the state-of-the-art SIMD approach was poor, so that the compression ratio of the block concurrent approach is the same as for the scalar implementation as thus much better compared to the state-of-the-art SIMD approach. For that, we generated synthetic data, where most integer values are characterized by a bit width of 2 and we varied the probability for integer values with a larger bit width of 60. The resulting performances in runtimes normalized by the scalar runtimes and compression rates normalized by the scalar compression rates are depicted in Figure 4a for two outlier probabilities $p = 0.001$ and $p = 0.005$. As we can see, the block concurrent approach achieves lower normalized-to-scalar runtime performances than the state-of-the-art implementation (0.66 vs. 0.28 for $p = 0.001$ and 0.59 vs. 0.33 for $p = 0.005$), but better runtime performances than the scalar implementation on the one hand. On the other hand, the normalized-to-scalar compression factor of the block concurrent approach is much better than for the state-of-the-art SIMD case (3.8 vs. 1.0 for $p = 0.001$ and 2.9 vs. 1.0 for $p = 0.005$). To compare the measurements in time and space in equal way, our goal is to maximize the uncompressed data size per compressed data size and time respectively for a given uncompressed data size to minimize the product of compressed data size and time. Because of the square influence of the uncompressed data size, we define the space time product ($stp$) as $$stp = \frac{\|compressed\| \cdot runtime}{\|uncompressed\|^2} = \frac{cf \cdot runtime}{\|uncompressed\|},$$ and thus, determine the product of space in bits and time in nanoseconds that is needed for each uncompressed bit to perform the compression. The less the $stp$ of a compression process, the more economically the limited memory is used. Figure 4b shows the $stp$ of each implementation as an area as well as the tuples of all compression factors and $\frac{runtime}{\|uncompressed\|}$ fractions leading of the same $stp$ as lines. The block concurrent implementations are much better than the state-of-the-art SIMD implementation for both outlier probabilities (0.0066 ns/bit vs. 0.0108 ns/bit for $p = 0.001$ and 0.0190 ns/bit vs. 0.030 ns/bit for $p = 0.005$). Ongoing Research Activities. Due to the promising results, we want to intensify our work in this area and refine our approach by looking at different exiting integer compression algorithms. From our point of view, the preprocessing and postprocessing components are the biggest challenges, since often the block size are varied depending on the data. In addition, a comprehensive comparison with the state-of-the-art SIMD approach must be carried out to work out the advantages and disadvantages. ### RELATED WORK A comprehensive overview of the field of lossless lightweight integer compression algorithms and SIMD implementations is given by the following papers [4, 5, 12, 15]. In addition to that, we presented a meta-model to specify integer compression algorithms in a descriptive and abstract way with the ability to derive executable code from that description [8, 9]. An integration of our presented generalized SIMD approach into the transformation to the executable code is in the focus of our ongoing research activities. Moreover, the selection of the best-fitting integer compression variant is a research field with a very dynamic development [2, 5]. With our alternative generalized SIMD approach, we extend the variety of variants increasing the importance of the selection. From a SIMD execution point of view, our presented generalized SIMD approach is in line with the idea of sharing vector registers for concurrently running queries as described in [13]. Nevertheless, the application as well as the specific challenges differ. However, both approaches show that an alternative use of SIMD execution can be profitably employed. ### CONCLUSION Integer compression algorithms play an important role to reduce the memory footprint and to speedup query processing in column-stores. While a scalar compression algorithm usually compresses a block of $N$ consecutive integers, the state-of-the-art SIMD implementation usually scales the block size to $k \cdot N$ with $k$ as the number of elements that could be simultaneously processed in a SIMD register. However, this means that as the SIMD register size increases, the block of integer values for compression also grows, which can have a negative effect on the compression ratio. In this paper, we analyzed this effect and showed that the compressed output could be many times larger than the result of a scalar implementation. To overcome that, we presented an approach towards a novel general approach for the SIMD implementation by concurrently compressing $k$ different blocks of size $N$ within SIMD registers of size $k$. Moreover, we showed some initial evaluation results for a heavily used compression algorithm. Our block concurrent implementation can lead to more responsible usage of main memory resources. REFERENCES [1] Daniel J. Abadi, Samuel Madden, and Miguel Ferreira. 2006. Integrating compression and execution in column-oriented database systems. In SIGMOD. 671–682. [2] Martin Boisier and Max Jendrak. 2019. Workload-Driven and Robust Selection of Compression Schemes for Column Stores. In EDBT. 674–677. [3] Peter A. Boucz, Martin L. Kersten, and Stefan Manegold. 2008. Breaking the megabyte barrier: LeanDB revisited. ACM Sigmod Record 37, 1 (2008), 86–97. [4] Patrick Damme et al. 2017. Lightweight Data Compression Algorithms: An Experimental Survey (Experiments and Analyses). In EDBT. 72–83. [5] Patriek Damme et al. 2019. From a Comprehensive Experimental Survey to a Cost-based Selection Strategy for Lightweight Integer Compression Algorithms. ACM Trans. Database Syst. 44, 3 (2019), 9:1–9:46. [6] Patrick Damme et al. 2020. MorphStore: Analytical Query Engine with a Holistic Compression-Enabled Processing Model. Proc. VLDB Endow. 13, 11 (2020), 2396–2410. [7] Dirk Habich et al. 2018. Make Larger Vector Register Sizes New Challenges?: Lessons Learned from the Area of Vectorized Lightweight Compression Algorithms. In DBTest. 8:1–8:6. [8] Juliana Hildebrandt et al. 2017. Metamodeling Lightweight Data Compression Algorithms and its Application Scenarios. In ER Forum and Demo Track. 128–141. [9] Juliana Hildebrandt, Dirk Habich, Patrick Damme, and Wolfgang Lehner. 2016. Model Kit for Lightweight Data Compression Algorithms. In EDBT. 692–693. [10] Christopher J. Hughes. 2015. Single-Instruction Multiple-Data Execution. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. [11] Marcel Kornacker et al. 2015. Impala: A Modern, Open-Source SQL Engine for Hadoop. In CIDR. [12] Daniel Lemire and Leonid Boytsov. 2015. Decoding billions of integers per second through vectorization. Softw. Pract. Exp. 45, 1 (2015), 1–29. [13] Johannes Pietrzyk, Dirk Habich, and Wolfgang Lehner. 2020. To share or not to share? It matters!. In DaMoX 12:1–12:10. [14] Nigel Stephens et al. 2017. The ARM Scalable Vector Extension. IEEE Micro 37, 2 (2017), 26–39. [15] Wayne Xin Zhao et al. 2015. A General SIMD-Based Approach to Accelerating Compression Algorithms. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 33, 3 (2015), 15:1–15:28.
The study of place names on the North American continent has had a peculiar development. In the days when it was necessary to give places names, few people saw any reason to record specifically how, when, or why certain names were chosen. Much of the information we have today has been painfully garnered from casual references in the records and writings of those days. During the first thirty years of our century a few curious souls began to ask questions about place names, and a few works actually appeared in print. The great depression of the 1930's had an extraordinary effect upon place-name studies. The Federal Writers' Projects, established in many states to keep some educated persons with intellectual or literary interests from starving, produced a considerable number of place-name works. These so-called writers, searching for something to print in order to justify the funds given them, somehow hit upon the idea of investigating place names. What they did had both a good and a bad influence upon the development of our field. A large amount of important information was very laudably dug out and recorded; a few satisfactory place-name volumes were printed; but most of the work was of a very superficial nature. Very few attempts were made to work out a systematic study of the place names of a region or state. A large number of short articles were published in newspapers or periodicals dealing with stories about peculiar names or peculiar stories about well-known names. Many others since that time have followed in this tradition. Too much unfavorable criticism should not be heaped upon these early writers, for these pioneers had no established customs or rules to follow. In fact, a vote of gratitude is really due them. The consequences of this kind of place-name activity, however, have had an unfortunate effect upon the development of our field. This eclectic approach has led many scholars as well as many academic groups and administrations to look upon all place-name activity as the work of dilettantes or retired persons in search of hobbies to keep themselves occupied. Study of place names has little or no part in most academic programs. Diligent work on place names has brought little or no recognition, small prospect of advancement for college or university instructors, very meager if any financial consideration or rewards, practically no time allowance for such work, and astonishing lack of willingness on the part of foundations or grant-giving organizations to consider place-name projects even though some remote and erudite fields have been generously supported. Yet in spite of these discouraging circumstances, which our respondents have noted and emphasized repeatedly in our annual reports, our progress during the last fifty years has been extraordinary. The American Dialect Society was the first professional society to recognize our work by making place names one of the society's research areas. With the founding of the American Name Society by a small group of enthusiasts in 1951, our future was assured. We should not fail to mention the invaluable assistance of a few universities, especially in New York, Arizona, and Texas. Many more schools should do likewise. Today a peculiar situation exists. Financial resources for some kinds of research have been drying up; grants have become increasingly difficult to obtain; and some areas have witnessed an alarming cutback. Educational or academic projects have not been receiving their customary support. In the face of these ominous conditions, however, place-name work has prospered as never before. Some have questioned the optimistic tone of our reports of recent years. Have we really been giving a true picture of what is going on, or are we merely whistling in the dark? We don't think we have been wrong. Place-name investigations have not depended on outside resources to sustain themselves, but rather on the interest and enthusiasm of the workers themselves. They have labored and are still doing so because they enjoy their endeavors and feel they are doing an important job which has long been neglected. The spirit of our efforts and gatherings is not one of dry research but rather one of adventure in fertile territory. While progress in some areas is faltering and even may have an uncertain future, place-name study is moving ahead admirably, with an ever increasing group of devoted followers. If you doubt this, just read the following report! There is obviously a long way to go, and many more recruits, especially young ones, are absolutely necessary, but with our foundation and spirit, we have nothing to fear. Bertha E. Bloodworth and Alton C. Morris (both of the University of Florida), the first to reply to our letter, gave us very good news. Their book on Florida place names is due to appear before Christmas, "of this year, that is," says Miss Bloodworth with feeling, for this book, for many years mentioned in our reports as in progress, was actually completed and accepted by the University of Florida Press in 1973, and has been all this time in the throes of publication. The experience of these two veteran scholars is similar to that of many of us. Place-name books are not best sellers and are not sought after by publishers. Such works have often remained in manuscript form for long periods of time. Places in the Sun, as the new book is entitled, is the most complete study of Florida place names yet to be published, from the earliest naming of the region of Florida by Juan Ponce de Leon to the latest creation of a new town by developers. The book is being published by University Presses of Florida, 15 N.W. 15th St., Gainesville, Florida 32603, at a tentative price of $9.50, with a pre-publication price of $7.50. Individual orders must be pre-paid with publisher paying postage. It is good to have Florida join the limited number of states which now have satisfactory state place-name volumes. Marvin Carmony (Indiana State University at Terre Haute) informs us that the University of Indiana Press has brought out a paperback edition of his and Ronald Baker's Indiana Place Names. There are as yet no definite plans for a second edition of this work, but one will surely come before too long, for new material is accumulating. At present he is working on several projects. One nearing completion is an analysis of the influence of railroads on place names in Indiana. May we suggest here that similar projects could be profitably undertaken in many other states? Another of his projects treats the effects of the massive Canal developments on names of the state. He is also well along on a more thorough analysis of an earlier rather casual study of the distribution of transfer names across the state. What he is trying to do is to fit Indiana dialects, names, religious affiliations, and politics, among other factors, into a more or less satisfactory picture of Indiana's regional cultures. The spring issue of the Midwest Journal of Language and Folklore carried his "The Speech of CB Radio," which treats CE-related city and state nicknames. He reports that the folklore newsletter which he and Ronald Baker have been producing will be enlarged and renamed to parallel the Midwest Journal of Language and Folklore, the newsletter carrying the shorter, less formal material and keeping an eye especially on work on names. The next issue of this newsletter will probably carry one of his forthcoming pieces on names. The September issue of the Indiana Council of Teachers of English's Indiana English reprinted an article of his entitled "O, The Moonlight's Fair Tonight along the Wah-bah-shik-ki?" dealing with the name of the Wabash River. This article appeared originally in the Indiana State University Alumni Magazine. Virgil J. Vogel (Northbrook, Illinois), one of our specialists on Indian place names, served as a consultant in the making of the two-part educational motion picture More than Bows and Arrows, which traces the contributions made by native Americans to the development of our country. When pressing academic duties allow him time, he wants to write a comprehensive work on Indian place names, the basic research for which he has completed. Gerald Cohen (University of Missouri-Rolla at Rolla) has started collecting information on the origin of Missouri place names which he intends to print up in a very preliminary paper next spring with the aim of stimulating people around the state to send him whatever interesting stories they may have. The paper will be distributed to high school students at a language fair and to senior citizen centers, libraries, etc. Publicity is also possible through local newspapers. Most of the material he has collected so far has come from talks he has given to local groups. He says his project is still in an embryonic stage, but congratulations are in order on what he is doing. Thomas Kochman (University of Illinois, Chicago Circle) calls our attention to an article, which may have escaped the notice of most of us, in Maledicta, Vol.1, No.2 (Winter, 1977), entitled "The Onomastics of the Rabble." He himself is interested in sociolinguistic analysis of black/white race labels. Thomas L. Bernard (Springfield College, Mass.) read a paper at the New Jersey Names Institute entitled "Onomastic Pleonasms and the Phenomena of Bilingual Redundancy." The paper dealt primarily with the area of toponyms: e.g. Mt. Fujiama, Mt. Kilimanjaro, Greenwich Village, etc. Frank Wuttge, Jr. (The Bronx, New York) informs us that he has arranged with the New York Public Library to bring his Texas place-name cards from the newspaper branch to the main Local History Room on 42nd St. and 5th Ave. He has also arranged to make available his New York City Street and Place Name Files in Room 2000, Municipal Building. Since these may be moved and since there has been some confusion concerning how and where his work should be catalogued, it might be wise for anyone wishing to consult Mr. Wuttge's material to get in touch with him at 3021 Radcliff Ave., Bronx, New York 10469. Kelsie B. Harder (State University College at Potsdam, N. Y.), executive secretary-treasurer of ANS, attended the meeting of the Place-Name Survey Commission in Washington, D.C., in May and the XIIIth International Congress on Onomastics in Krakow, Poland, in August. The "Namelore" column in Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin has been continued, with five items published during 1977-78. Others have been submitted. Along with the very heavy duties of his office, he continues to collect large amounts of material on place names and has begun specific work on the names of St. Lawrence County, N. Y. William E. Koch (Kansas State University at Manhattan), one of our folklore enthusiasts, in the course of his travels and investigations, continues to fill in some of the towns in the seventeen "flint hills" area of Kansas which Rydjord did not include in his excellent Kansas Place Names (1972). He is justifiably excited about the scheduled appearance next year (1979) of his new book, Folklore from Mid-America, Beliefs, Customs, and Superstitions, to be published by the regents Press of Kansas. We are grateful for his calling our attention to the appearance of "Perkey's Names of Nebraska Locations" by Elton A. Perkey, in Nebraska History, Summer, 1978 and Fall, 1978. This material is a county by county compilation and is, he says, very good. These articles are due to be published in book form later. Timothy C. Frazer (Western Illinois University) informs us of the publication of his article "Cultural Geography in Illinois: Regional Speech Sources and Place Name Distribution" in Great Lakes Review, Winter, 1978. An earlier version was delivered at the ANS meeting in 1974. It is gratifying to hear of some place-name publication in Illinois, where up to the present very little has appeared. Harold B. Allen (University of Minnesota) gives some interesting information about the status of place-name work in his state. The reprinting, with additions, of Upham's Minnesota Geographic Names has led, he says, to a cooling of interest in an updating, especially since the reprint did contain a supplement with some new names in the state. Although a Minnesota Folklife Society has been formed and is remarkably active, its interest so far has not included the study of place names. He has not been successful in finding any one interested in doing a thorough job in the state. Since retiring he has traveled all over the world, teaching and lecturing; he has attended and participated in an incredible number of professional meetings; as linguistic consultant for an elementary and secondary school publishing company, he finds himself responsible for critical materials almost every week. He has made a 58 minute videotape for the department of linguistics on the speech of the Upper Midwest which will probably be used in colleges and schools all over the country. With all these and still other activities, he has not, understandably, been able to do the work on place names which he had hoped to do, but we are going to keep his name on our mailing list because of his knowledge of conditions not only in Minnesota but throughout the world. Edwin H. Bryan, Jr. (Pacific Scientific Information Center, Honolulu) writes that back in 1940 in his book American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain he included a bibliography on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and also one on some 30 atolls in the Central Pacific. The book has long been out of print and the bibliographies out of date. At the request of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, he has brought the bibliographies up to date, so that they could be added to the Service's computerized information. These two annotated bibliographies and an updated account of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, which fill about 280 manuscript pages, he hopes to publish before long. In October (1978) he compiled a list of more than 750 Samoan place names, together with biogeographical information concerning Western and American Samoa to accompany a new map which is to be published. He ends his letter with a remark which could apply to a good many of us: "I have 'retired,' but I haven't yet had time to stop work." Virginia Foscue (University of Alabama), whose work with graduate students is an inspiration to many of us, writes that John S. Rich hopes to complete his dissertation on the place names of Greene and Tuscaloosa Counties in 1979. Another student, James Jolley, has resumed work on two other counties. One of her former students, Alex Sartwell, an employee of the State Geological Survey Commission and an amateur student of place names, is going to help her compile an introductory survey of the names of the entire state. To this initial collection of material will be added the detailed information that the doctoral candidates discover. We certainly wish this project success. Robert C. Rudolph (University of Toledo) reports occasional collecting of information, sometimes in local newspapers, to add to his work on Lucas County, Ohio. We should like to have better news from Ohio than the comment of Mr. Rudolph that, so far as he knows, Ohio place-name study is in the doldrums. C. Richard Beam (Millersville State College, Pa.), our Pennsylvania German place-name specialist, writes enthusiastically about the New Jersey Names Institute at Fairleigh Dickinson University, which he and Mrs. Beam attended last May and at which he read a paper, "Pennsylvania German Place Names in the Brendle Collection." He enjoyed very much the informal spirit of the occasion, the setting, the presence of several Name Society leaders, and the numerous interesting as well as scholarly papers. He reports that the Historic Schaefferstown Record, perhaps for the first time, recently featured a few maps with Pennsylvania German names on them. He is hopeful that at least one of the thirty students in his Pennsylvania German Culture course this semester will elect to write a paper on place names. Robert I. Alotta (Philadelphia, Pa.) is one of our most productive workers, especially in his efforts to interest young people in our important field. His columns, "'Why Is It Called . . . ?" run on a more or less regular basis in the chain of newspapers owned by Montgomery Publishing. He has been getting calls from readers asking for additional information. Next April 26 his third book dealing with names is scheduled to appear following Street Names of Philadelphia (Temple University Press, 1975) and Stop the Evil (Presidio Press, 1978). This forthcoming work, called Old Names and New Places and published by Westminster Press, Philadelphia, is a lively investigation into how names for towns, cities, etc. came into being--how they were brought to this country from Europe and then were taken across the country. He covers almost 2000 different places in all fifty states. The book is geared to the junior and senior high school student. Attention should be called especially to two very helpful sections of the book called "How to Do It" and "What to Do with It." Elsdon C. Smith, veteran book review editor of Names since the beginning, has asked us to remind and urge all authors of books on names to see that their publishers send him promptly copies of their works for review in Names, official journal of the American Name Society. Since books in our field are appearing frequently in all parts of the world, it is very difficult for one person to keep track of them all. What is more, a book of any consequence dealing with names should certainly be noted in the only American journal devoted exclusively to the study of names on a nation-wide scale. Smith's addresses are as follows: November to April, 4300 58th St. North, Apt. 2009, St. Petersburg, Florida 33709; May to October, 8001 Lockwood Ave., Apt. 309, Skokie, Illinois 60077. Claude Henry Neuffer (University of South Carolina), to whom the Names Festschrift (March, 1978) was appropriately dedicated, has for the 25th year edited and published on time his annual Names in South Carolina, which over the years has recorded over 25,000 legends and origins of place names in the Palmetto State. Solvency of this self-supporting journal has been assisted over the years by fairly steady sales of the Neufferers' little book, The Name Game: From Oyster Point to Keowee. This journal has been a family affair, the editor being assisted by his daughter and his public relations editor, Mrs. Claude H. Neuffer, who writes under her maiden name, Rene La Borde. The index for the first eighteen volumes of Names in South Carolina was prepared as a labor of love by Ashley F. Talbot of Maplewood, N. J., who at the time of his death on April 26, 1978, had begun work on the most recent volumes. This task has been completed by Neuffer's daughter and includes a special memorial page to Talbot, one of the most loyal supporters of and contributors to Names in South Carolina, and a long time member of ANS. During 1978 the staff members of this journal have promoted interest in place names by being guests and speakers on ETV, local radio and television shows, and literary and civic clubs. For the fourth year they have taught a class in South Carolina history through place names at the January-February Adult Education Series. Lee S. Motteler (Pacific Scientific Information Center, Honolulu, Hawaii) reports that pressing duties have kept him from systematic place-name research. He does, however, give some interesting information. In connection with the Bryan's Sectional Maps of Oahu, his center is in the process of compiling the definitive list of Oahu street names, to be published as an index to the guide. He mentions that some diacritical markings as part of the correct spelling of Hawaiian words and names will be included with the names in the index although excluded from the maps. There is frequently a problem concerning how to treat diacritical markings of place names. He also says that preliminary communications with the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Board on Geographic Names point to possible cooperation between these two agencies on a systematic place-name research program for the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, in conjunction with the Geological Survey's topographic mapping project. It has always seemed to many of us that cooperation is the only sensible approach in any place-name undertaking. Louis Stein (San Diego, Cal.), retired history teacher, now teaches a class on California place names at the University of California in San Diego, Extension Division. The course is offered every other quarter, with a course on American Surnames in the alternate quarters. His last place-name course, which proved very successful, had 24 students, 10 for credit and 14 non-credit. The first edition of his San Diego County Place Names (5000 copies) sold out this spring and is now in its second edition. He "guests" twice monthly on a local radio station regarding place names in his county in addition to lecturing and writing on the same subject. In spite of a serious illness last summer, from which he recovered amazingly, and although he is over seventy years old, he has ambitious plans for name study in the future. He is convinced that teenage interest in names is much greater than that of adults. All power to him! Don L. F. Nilsen (Arizona State University) tells us of sectional meetings of national organizations held in his part of the country at which one session is concerned with names. At the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association Thomas Clark presided at such a session; at the Linguistic Association of the Southwest Fred Tarpley presided; at the Rocky Mountain American Dialect Society John Sharp presided. Sessions on names at such gatherings, as well as at the national conventions of these bodies, were unheard of only a few years ago. Mr. and Mrs. Nilsen are authors of Language Play, a book in parts of which names and the various types of naming processes are discussed. Elizabeth N. Rajec (City College of The City University of New York), Chief of Acquisitions at the Cohen Library, has published, as many of you know, The Study of Names in Literature: A Bibliography, which provides for the first time a comprehensive survey of the most important studies in literary onomastics. At present she is working on Volume II of her study and would appreciate hearing from anyone who is working on or has bibliographical information on the subject. L.R.N. Ashley (Brooklyn College), ANS president for 1979, has been busy, as usual. His paper, "New England Sounds Like Old England" (on Connecticut place names), read at the Second Connecticut Place-Name Symposium is to be printed in revised form in a collection of Symposium papers scheduled to appear early in 1979. Some place names in literature were discussed in a general talk on "Literary Onomastics" at the June, 1978, Literary Onomastics meeting at Rochester, N. Y. More on this subject will appear in two ANS bulletins. He makes considerable mention of place names in "The Onomasticon of Roman Anthroponyms: Explication and Application" (with Michael Hanifin), which will constitute almost all of the Dec. 1978, issue of Names. The editor of Maledicta asked him to write a follow-up on his Cockney rhyming slang article, but concentrating on the "dirty words." It is forthcoming as "The Cockney's Horn Book" and does deal with some place names. Place names receive some treatment in papers he is preparing for sessions of the Midwest Modern Language Association and the ANS annual meeting. Mae Urbanek (Lusk, Wyoming) thinks that the third edition of her Wyoming Place Names will probably be sold out in about a year. She is always working on early Wyoming history, picking up an occasional place name and additional information in anticipation of a fourth edition of her book. Among her numerous books, Ghost Trails of Wyoming, the most recent, came out last June and has been selling very well. Jack D. Wages (Texas Tech University), vice-president of the South Central Region of ANS, attended the XIII International Congress of Onomastic Sciences at Krakow, Poland, in August, where he read a paper in a section devoted to names in literature. William Randel (Alfred, Maine), retired English teacher and longtime member of ANS, in preparation for his next trip to Scotland, has been studying half-inch maps of Scotland and is amazed at the wealth and variety of place names in that country. He should study Bill Nicholaisen's Scottish Place Names and he also might delve a bit into George Calder's Gaelic Grammar, which has some material on place names. John G. Allee (The George Washington University) is specializing on street names in towns of Greenland. He and Mrs. Allee spent a month in Greenland this year, working on 11 of the 13 major towns of West Greenland. While there he had a visit with Keld Thor Pedersen, author of the two-volume Greenlandic grammar in Danish and obtained the author's permission to make an English version of that unique work. Aiming at the completion of such a version, he has requested a sabbatical from July to December, 1979, in order to spend at least the last four months of that period on the Greenlandic side of Eiriksfjord. Conrad M. Rothrauff (State University College at Potsdam, N.Y.), editor of Names, has a difficult job. He is to be especially commended for the attractive Festschrift in honor of Claude H. Neuffer, which appeared last spring and in the preparation of which, he says, Raymond K. O'Cain was particularly helpful. May we have more such issues! Frank R. Trolle-Steenstrup (Clermont, Florida) sends to Kelsie Harder all kinds of information concerning names which he comes across. At present he is preparing a thirty minute speech on names, nontechnical but informative with some attempts at humor, which he hopes to offer to service clubs such as Lions, Kiwanis, etc., in fact, to any group that wants a speaker. He would urge many of us to spread the "gospel" re names in this manner. Warren Buell (Los Angeles) is fascinated by the vagaries of place names. He sends us an article on the queer pronunciation of many California names. Place names may serve as shibboleths whereby natives, particularly of small towns, can detect the presence of an outsider by his faulty pronunciation of the name of the place. Another article deals with street names, some quite outlandish. In buying a home, many people are definitely influenced by the name of the street on which the home may be located. John T. Casteen, III (University of Virginia) has been working on a book, now nearly completed, on Early English culture, which includes a section having to do with Celtic survivals in Anglo-Saxon place names. Administrative duties have slowed up work on this project, but he now expects to submit his material to his publishers sometime early next summer. John Algeo (University of Georgia), editor of American Speech, had an article in Names, Vol. 26, No. 1: "From Classic to Classy: Changing Fashions in Street Names." He very obligingly gives us information about forthcoming articles on names in his journal. In American Speech 51, Nos. 1-2, Calvin Brown reviews John H. Goff's Placenames of Georgia. In American Speech 52, Nos. 1-2: F. G. Cassidy, "Notes on Nicknames for Places in the United States"; R. I. McDavid, Jr., "Notes on the Pronunciation of American"; and a note by Frances D. Ross, "U.S. and Its Congener." There are some other things in the works but not yet far enough along for an announcement. We are indeed fortunate in having an editor interested in names who is willing to allow space for articles in our field. Lurline H. Coltharp (University of Texas at El Paso), ANS president in 1978, writes that she hadn't realized how heavy the duties of this office (which she is performing meticulously and admirably) would be, nor how rewarding the work would be. She has appointed committees, written several hundred letters, and represented our society at many professional gatherings. In May she attended the meeting in Washington, D. C. of the Commission for the Place Name Survey of the United States. Then she went to the Seventeenth Annual Names Institute at Fairleigh Dickinson University in New Jersey and gave the official greetings. At the time of writing she was preparing to go to the meeting of the American Dialect Society in Washington, D. C. to represent our society. The highlight of the year, however, has been the XIII International Congress of Onomastic Sciences in Krakow, Poland, in August. As president of ANS she received a wonderful welcome, including yellow roses. The meetings were held in the Jagiellonian University, founded in 1364, which gave a historical aura to the proceedings. Our group from U.S.A. was very happy to have our invitation accepted to hold the XIV Congress in the U.S.A. in 1981. She was greatly pleased at being elected a member of the International Committee of Onomastic Sciences, not only because this is an honor but also because it means that she will continue to serve in our discipline. At the time of the writing of this report she was working on the Presidential Address which she will deliver at the annual ANS dinner in New York at Christmas time. George E. Stanley (Cameron University, Lawton, Oklahoma) has as his main onomastic interest a study of the place names of the Eastern Province (around Port Elizabeth) of South Africa. Robert M. Rennick (Prestonsburg, Ky.) is proceeding as quickly as full-time job commitments will permit him to work on his book on Kentucky place names. He is still checking old facts, gathering supplemental data, and especially working on local pronunciations. He says his chief criticism of many recently published volumes on place names is that they omit pronunciation entirely or give it both sparingly and imperfectly. He hopes to be able to get his volume to the University Press of Kentucky by next summer. (He warns us never to refer to this press as the University of Kentucky Press, for it is a consortium of a number of colleges and universities in the state.) Herbert H. Petit (Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pa.) says that most of the year at his institution has been taken up with preparations for the University's centennial, with the activities centering in October and November. He calls our attention to an article, "Suburban Names, Plain and Fancy," by Joe Bennett, which appeared in the magazine section of the Pittsburgh Press on August 20, 1978. The writer of this article says that the names of boroughs and townships around Pittsburgh have been researched by William Trimble of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, and the origins are often colorful, imaginative, or highly sentimental. The rest of the article consists of examples. Can anyone give us more information about the work of William Trimble? Lewis L. McArthur (Portland, Oregon) has begun very preliminary work on the next edition of his Oregon Geographic Names, which will not be forthcoming for three to four years, when, he says, he has every hope of being able to include some first-class statistical data on etymology. He is suggesting passing the directorship of the Oregon survey to William Loy of the University of Oregon. Gerald W. Walton (University of Mississippi), has sent an article in which are mentioned two tiny communities in Winston Co., Miss., two to three miles apart, which once apparently bore the names "The Skillet" and "The Handle." He would like to know if anyone could throw any light on the origin and meaning of these very peculiar names. He also sent another article dealing with the name of a community known as Possumneck. Rene Coulet du Gard (University of Delaware), prolific author of 30 books including a novel in French, Pleure pas P'tit Bonhomme (Don't Cry, Little Man), currently very popular in France, is working on several onomastic projects. He has finished a 386 page American Counties and Parishes and Independent Cities and is looking for a publisher. His Handbook of Spanish Place Names in the U.S.A. is progressing satisfactorily, work on some 22 states having already been completed. He is preparing a paper to be read at Saskatoon on the onomastic influence of the Arabic language. In December he will be in France signing contracts for a series of books to appear in the next five years. Can anyone beat this record? Jeremy Anderson (Eastern Washington State College at Cheney) decided to use his sabbatical to see how the other half of U.S.A. lives. He has been spending the year at the North Carolina State University at Raleigh, studying environmental behavior of school age children, focusing a part of this research on local place-naming practices. He has also worked out a nice exercise for cultural geography, having students compare place names for an Indian area in Mexico with those for some places in U.S. Midwest. Work on place names in Eastern Washington has been slow, he says, but he does have Spokane County and city fairly well inventoried. Next year back at home, he hopes to do much more. Good luck! Arthur Beringause (Bronx Community College), an ANS stalwart of long standing, sounds a too familiar cry when he laments that so much has been going on at his institution that he has had no time for anything else. He writes: "Will I ever get back to research!" Many of us can sympathize with his situation. William A. Withington (University of Kentucky) is busily engaged in work on his proposed Gazetteer of Kentucky's Landscape Features, which he hopes to have in print by the fall of 1979. This gazetteer is intended to be "popular" in the sense of focusing on not more than 3000 to 5000 most frequently identified and best known landscape features in Kentucky. The entries will be arranged in alphabetical order, each entry followed by a two to five line statement. His work will be different from Robert Rennick's project, treated elsewhere in this report, in that Rennick will deal with fewer places in a considerably more detailed fashion. He will read in revised form a proposal paper, which he first read in 1977 at the Kentucky Academy of Sciences, at the Second Geographic and Cartographic Workshop at Athens, Georgia, in November, 1978. Not being able to secure financial aid to hire professional help in his project, he has been enlisting students in his large advanced classes to work on nearly all the 120 counties of Kentucky. Such work must, of course, be carefully supervised and checked, but it has produced very gratifying results. C. A. Weslager (Hockessin, Delaware), who has written extensively about the Delaware Indians, has just published The Delaware Indian Westward Migration, in which he has included references to Delaware Indian place names and their meanings at sites the Indians occupied during their westward trek through Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. The book may be ordered from The Middle Atlantic Press, Box 263, Wallingford, Pa. 19086. W. Edson Richmond (Indiana University) reports the completion of a significant dissertation on Wabash County place names by Rowan Daggett, noteworthy not only for the information it contains but also because it is very interesting reading, a qualification rarely found in dissertations. Recently no place-name papers have come from Richmond's classes, but he does have one student who has just started to work on made-up "Indian" names in his area, some of which are town, village, or lake names, but most of which are used for camps or cottages. Margaret Bryant (Brooklyn College) whom difficulty with eyes kept from attending last year's annual meeting, is back to normal and is once more local chairman of the approaching ANS meeting in New York City. She had an article, "Marcel Proust's Interest in Names" in the March, 1978, issue of Names. During this year she attended the Names Institute in New Jersey, the Onomastic Symposium in Connecticut, the annual meeting of the American Dialect Society in Washington, D.C., and, to cap the climax, spent nearly a month in the People's Republic of China. Karl Proehl (Penn State University) reports that his gazetteer of Long Island, N.Y., will, he hopes, be published in 1979 under the auspices of the Publications Committee of the State University of New York at Stony Brook Library. The work will consist of some 3,700 place names of both human settlements and physical features. Emphasis will be placed on locational information; reference sources will be included along with the name of the U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle. Information about this publication may be obtained from the author, Laps Section, Pattee Library, Penn State University, University Park, Pa. 16802. Robert D. Woodward (Drake University) is stirring up interest in place names in Iowa, where in recent years there has been almost no activity. In a special journalism class on interviewing he has had students interview older citizens about the early history of the state, and in the process has come across considerable place-name material. Since his state is heavily agricultural, he has been gathering information on the origin of names of farms. He is planning to begin some sort of newsletter on Iowa place names. He even discussed the Iowa place-name survey with Gov. Robert Ray, who expressed great interest in the project. An important piece of information which he has given us and which few, if any, of us knew anything about is the private publication in 1975 by an Iowa State University professor, Harold Dilts, and his two daughters of a collection of Iowa place names entitled From Ackley to Zwingle. Woodward's survey work will, of course, be much more extensive and comprehensive, but, he says, the Dilts' book is a worthwhile guide. We are certainly delighted to learn of all these happenings in Iowa and wish Woodward all the success possible in his important undertakings. John L. Andriot (Andriot Associates, McLean, Va.) published in 1977 Township Atlas of the United States, Names Townships, which covered only those 23 states for which the Bureau of the Census gave population data by townships in the 1970 census of population. Out of print, this work will not be reprinted in its present format. Instead, a completely new multi-volume edition will be issued. Volume I, to be released early in 1979, will be an index to the more than 43,000 named minor civil divisions; the county names; and, finally, over 21,000 place names of incorporated cities and towns and the larger unincorporated places. We shall be interested in the progress of this huge project. William Loy (University of Oregon), geographer and cartographer, and author of Atlas of Oregon, writes that he has had a smoldering interest in place names for a long time, but now, as director of the Oregon survey, he plans to make this interest a major portion of his professional research schedule. He is working on the technical aspects of the project, a pursuit which frightens many workers in the field. At present he is preparing a study of Lane County to be used as a model for similar studies of other Oregon counties. Lane is a large, diversified county stretching from the Pacific Ocean to the summit of the Cascade range and thus includes the great variety of land form types encountered in Oregon. This winter he has a course with 15 students entitled "Lane County Gazetteer," in which he intends to start the onomastic portion of the Lane County project. In all this work he will add systematically to the fine start we have in McArthur's Oregon Geographic Names. Donald G. Baker (Hillsboro, New Hampshire) says that his interest in place names remains high even though work with them in his state is particularly difficult. Names there go back beyond the memories of the oldest inhabitants, and the records for early 19th century, to say nothing of the 18th, are very spotty. He is convinced that the names of over half of the hills in the state can now be explained only by guessing. They are predominantly the names of people. A. Joseph Wraight (Washington, D.C.) reports that his work on Maryland place names is still coming along, and he hopes to finish it within a year or two. He finds going into the origin of many names to be most interesting and rewarding. We are glad to have him say that he is vitally interested in work on names as well as in ANS. A. M. Kinlock (University of New Brunswick) informs us that no place-name work is at present being done in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, but some work is in progress in Newfoundland, one of the Atlantic Provinces. E.C. Ehrensperger (University of South Dakota) never misses an opportunity to speak to any group that might be interested in place names. During the past year he learned about two projects in his state that he hadn't known about previously. Robert D. Woodward, whose work in Iowa is described elsewhere in this report, has been working during summers the past few years on an early history of Wind Cave in the Black Hills of S.D., now a national park, for the National Park Service. He has come across considerable material on the names of rooms, passageways, lakes, etc. within the cave. This material and more that he has a good idea how to find should be made available. Allan R. Woolworth, Chief Archeologist for the Minnesota Historical Society, a native of Clear Lake in Deuel County, S.D., has a virtually complete listing of the place names of his native county, together with collations, annotations, etc. Two years ago we reported the extensive work of Mrs. Arnold Baer on this same county. These two projects should certainly give us a most satisfactory treatment of the place names of Deuel County. One of the most baffling problems of S.D. place-name work has been how to indicate exact location of places--longitude, latitude, etc. David F. Maas of Ambassador College at Pasadena, Cal. has very obligingly volunteered to try to supply such information as soon as a uniform system is decided upon by the national survey and as a complete and up-to-date listing of all S.D. localities is available. Audrey R. Duckert (University of Massachusetts), director of the Western Massachusetts survey, reports that her file of names is being transferred to computer tape so it can be merged with the file prepared by Don Orth's people in Washington. In May she attended the Place-Name Survey meeting in Washington and enjoyed especially a visit to the U.S.G.S. Headquarters in Reston, Va., with its very impressive library. As usual, she has been "spreading the gospel" in talks before historical societies and senior citizen groups. At the time of writing she was scheduled to read a paper, "Home Names and Places," at the place-name session of NCTE in Kansas City at Thanksgiving time. Mrs. Jane B. Hobson (Bellows Falls, Vermont), retired Bellows Falls High School librarian, is happy to see her research finally in print in a sixteen page booklet entitled Rockingham, Vermont, Place Names, published by the Model Press in Bellows Falls for $1.00. It is believed to be the first booklet of its sort to be published about a Vermont community. Let us hope for more. Allen Walker Read (Columbia University), linguist, lexicographer, and pioneer place-name scholar, amazes us with his unbelievable activity. To list with just a bit of detail what he has done in 1978 would take up most of this report, and he has many more things planned even into 1981! Following his suggestion, we can mention only a few high points. In May he read a paper, "The Evocative Power of Place Names in the Poetry of Carl Sandburg" at the Literary Onomastics Conference at Rochester, N.Y. He speaks of this conference as delightful. In June he was the banquet speaker at the South Central Names Institute at Commerce, Texas, using as his topic "On Renaming the United States." The next day he read a paper, "Texians, Texonians, Texicans--What Texas People Call Themselves." He comments that with two other out-of-state people, Murray Heller and Robert Meyer, he was treated royally there. In August he and Mrs. Read went to the International Congress of Onomastic Sciences at Krakow, Poland, where he read a paper, "Semantic Dimensions of Adjectives Derived from National Names, with Special Reference to 'Un-English' and 'Un-American'." He and Mrs. Read had attended the same congress nine years ago when it was held in Vienna, and he adds, nostalgically, that they missed several of the old group, especially Fran Utley. In October at a meeting of the American Society of Geolinguists he gave a lecture entitled "The Evocative Power of National Names." He is scheduled to read a paper at the ANS annual meeting in December. There is much more, but space will not permit further details of the great work in our field of this extraordinary scholar. John Chase (New Orleans, La.) artist and cartoonist, spent the first four months of 1978 on a huge 68 x 10-foot mural dealing with the history of New Orleans. The origin and some brief historical notes about place names appear on this extraordinary and most attractive work. Over 25,000 reprints in miniature have been produced. A fifth or sixth printing—he forgets which—brought his Frenchmen, Desire, Good Children, a 1949 New Orleans street name book, back into the shops. A firm offer for a paperback of this book is currently in the negotiating stage. In addition to his weekly syndicated editorial cartoons, he has finished 16 illustrated bronze plaques. A. E. Schroeder (University of Missouri), who annually gives us one of the most accurate and complete accounts of place-name activities within a state, begins his admirable report this year by noting that as we approach the twenty-fifth anniversary of Robert L. Ramsay's death, which occurred on his 73rd birthday, Dec. 14, 1953, we can only feel a deep sense of loss that the great Dictionary of Missouri Place Names planned by Ramsay and described by Allan Walker Read in an article, "Plans for the Study of Missouri Place Names," in the January, 1928, Missouri Historical Review, is no nearer completion now than it was when Ramsay died. Ramsay's work must be one of the most carefully planned, faithfully sustained, and fully realized research projects never to be published. Since 1973, however, when Schroeder became director of the Missouri survey, as a part of ANS's national survey, he together with an outstanding committee of linguists, geographers, historians, folklorists, community specialists, and place-name buffs, has accomplished much. One very important difficulty has been lack of financial support. Schroeder sent us a very good article by staff writer Elaine Viets in the St. Louis Post Dispatch for March 25, 1978, entitled "Down the Road from Pucky-Huddle," in which the Missouri project is described and a plea is made for financial assistance, a plea which as yet has not produced any results. An account of the Missouri place-name story entitled "Robert L. Ramsay and the Study of Missouri Place Names," which Schroeder read before the names session of the Midwest Modern Language Association, should be read and pondered by everyone interested in our field. Schroeder and his committee, especially Howard Jancing, Don Lance, and Jerry Cohen, have certainly been continuing productive research and should be encouraged in the big but rewarding task before them. The compiler of this annual report is particularly interested in the progress in Missouri since Robert Ramsay was definitely responsible for the beginning of place-name work in South Dakota. Martin Glassner (Southern Conn. State College at New Haven), who spent some time in Nepal, says that the changeover of place names there from Hindi to Nepali is continuing gradually. The Nepali don't seem to be in any hurry about making the change, but are keeping at it. This past year he ran across Helen Earle Sellers' Connecticut Town Origins: Their Names, Boundaries, Early Histories and First Families, published in Chester, Conn., by the Pequot Press in 1973, which, he says, is "really quite good despite its rather precious subtitle." The survey workers in Conn. undoubtedly know this book, but it has never been mentioned in our reports and may not be known outside a limited area. Rev. J. Franklin Murray, S.J. (St. Thomas More Student Center, Tallahassee, Florida), who has been interested in place names for a long time, has had to curtail academic activities, largely because of poor health. He is still eager to see place-name work and ANS progress, however, and sends us the name of a Floridian who might supply information. Dahlia Terrell (Texas Tech University at Lubbock), who expresses an all too familiar complaint when she laments that very heavy administrative and classroom duties this year have made it impossible for her to move ahead on place-name work, has, nevertheless, served on the ANS nominating committee and plans to attend the annual meeting in New York. J. B. Rudnyckyj (Montreal, Canada) early in 1978 published a series of articles on Onomastica Australiana in the Ukrainian-Australian weekly Free Thought in Lidcombe, New South Wales. He made a lecture tour of universities at Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne, and Adelaide. Under his supervision a dictionary of Ukrainian surnames in Australia is being compiled by St. Radion in Melbourne and will be published by the Ukrainian Studies Foundation in Australia in 1979. With Rudnyckyj's help, this foundation initiated its activities in 1978 by reprinting the brochure of the late G.W. Simpson on The Origin of the Name Ukraine. During May and June, 1978, he worked under contract in the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. investigating the library's holdings in Ukrainica, including toponymy and anthroponymy. The year 1978 crowned his onomastic activities when, after a forty year career in this domain and as a charter member of the International Congress of Onomastic Sciences since 1938, he was elected as the first Canadian as well as first Ukrainian honorary member of this Congress. At the time of writing he was planning to leave for Australia in December. Paul C. Durand (Prior Lake, Minn.) has completed work on Indian names of Dakota origin in Minnesota and eastern South Dakota, but publishing presents a financial problem, especially since an illustrated map should be part and parcel of the effort if the names are to be exhibited properly. He has also compiled a list of names of Ojibway origin from the work of a missionary named Gilfillan, who was commissioned by the Minnesota Historical Society back in the 1880's. H. Gardiner (University of Vermont), on sabbatical in West Germany, writes from there that last spring he introduced a course on place names in the geography department of his institution, in which 35 students enrolled. He used Stewart's Names on the Globe as the chief text, but he encouraged students to write their term papers on the place names of areas with which they were most familiar--usually Vermont. The results have been interesting. We shall want to hear about the future of this course. Jack A. Dabbs (Texas A. and M. University), a former president of ANS, is turning his attention to genealogy and personal names, fields which have long attracted him along with his interest in place names. He is especially interested in Mexican materials. Carl McIntire (Mississippi), Sunday feature writer of the Jackson Daily News, had an article in the Nov. 12, 1978 edition on the tiny Simpson Co., Miss., town D'Lo, where the old postoffice has become the Simpson Co. Historical Museum. A considerable portion of the article is devoted to a discussion of the possible origin, history, and meaning of the queer place name D'Lo. H. R. Wilson (University of Western Ontario), secretary of the American Dialect Society, wishes our members to know that his society has decided to hold its annual meeting (probably each November) apart from the MLA meetings. He suggests that at these meetings ANS might conduct a session on names. This would seem to us especially appropriate since the Dialect Society was the original home of place-name studies in our country. He also calls our attention to the Annual Medieval Conference of the Center for Medieval Studies held last February at Victoria College Theatre in Toronto, at which Harrie Cox, Principal Lecturer in Medieval Studies, Trent Polytechnic, Nottingham, England, read a paper entitled "Aspects of Place-Name Evidence for Early Medieval Settlement." Wilbur Zelinsky (Pennsylvania State University) hopes sometime this winter to submit for publication an analysis of the frequency of some 73 terms that are both sufficiently numerous and widespread and also laden with geographical and general cultural significance that appear in the names of every manner of enterprise appearing in the telephone directories for 276 major metropolises in the U.S. and Canada. Among other interesting results, he has been able to identify and delimit the grosser popular, or vernacular, regions of North America. Louis Garcia (Tokio, North Dakota), who lives on Devils Lake Indian Reservation in North Dakota, continues his efforts to discover and interpret Indian place names. To date he has 360 Dakota Indian names for places in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana as well as a couple for Iowa and Wyoming. He hasn't found any names for Minnesota that Paul Durand doesn't know about. He has found about 60 South Dakota Indian place names that are not listed elsewhere. He comments on the many difficulties in learning about Indian place names, saying that frequently the best information comes from questioning elderly Indian people. Alan R. Woolworth (St. Paul, Minn.), chief archeologist of the Minn. Historical Society, mentioned elsewhere under South Dakota in this report, writes that his paper, "An Alphabetical Listing of Deuel County, South Dakota, Place Names: Their Origins and Locations," is virtually complete. Although reluctant to do so, he has now, for the sake of completeness, plunged into the task of gathering data on rural schools, churches, cemeteries, etc. Ultimately, he plans to use all this information as the core for a history of the county. We hope he can find time to carry out this important project. Fred Tarpley (East Texan State University), among a great many important activities of the year, may regard as his crowning achievement the calling and direction of a meeting of the Commission for the Place Name Survey of the U.S. and of the state survey directors in Washington D.C. May 3-5 to assess progress made so far and to formulate plans for the future. Since the survey began in 1972, there has certainly been a great increase in place-name research and publication, but redoubled efforts will be necessary if nationwide coverage is ever to be obtained. Tarpley suggested an anthology of essays on each state by state survey directors might call attention to the existence of the survey and gain workers for the project. There was a feeling that the survey needs to be more formally structured to support the directors. It was decided to have a handbook prepared that would contain uniform standards for the reporting of essential information that would make it possible for all data collected to go into a national data bank. Considerable discussion was given to the desirability of a nationwide inventory of current map names by the U.S.G.S., not possible at present, but a goal toward which steps might be taken. A full day's meeting was held at the U.S. Geological Survey headquarters in Reston, Virginia, an experience which was not only informative but truly delightful. Tarpley organized and directed most successfully the Ninth South Central Names Institute at his university June 15, 16, 1978, and is already busy with plans for the Tenth Institute next June. Publication 6 of papers presented at this institute is entitled Ethnic Names. Tarpley has served as program director for the coming annual ANS meeting, and has been nominated as 3rd vice-president. Numerous other activities we shall have to pass over for lack of space. W.F.H. Nicholaisen (State University of New York at Binghampton) is spending the year as a Carnegie Research Fellow at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, trying to compile a Dictionary of Scottish Place Names, which is intended to be a companion volume to his book on Scottish Place Names, of which a reprinted, but corrected, edition is planned for the near future. At the XIIIth International Congress of Onomastic Sciences at Krakow, Poland, last August he read a paper entitled "Lexical and Onomastic Fields." There he was signally honored by being elected president of the XIVth International Congress which is to be held in the U.S. in 1981. Otherwise much of his scholarly interest has turned to the study of names in the literary landscape, and he has published several articles on the subject. We shall miss him at our annual meeting. The Virginia Place Name Society held its annual meeting Oct. 7, 1978, at the University of Va., with an excellent program. This unique society, the only one of its kind in the country, has published and distributed to its members over 20 occasional papers. In addition, it sends out a newsletter from time to time, No. Five appearing last May, with extensive news about place-name activities not only in Va. but also in the country as a whole. Its officers are James W. Gordon, Jr., president; Minnie L. McGehee, secretary; Charles E. Moran, Jr., treasurer; and Mary E. Miller, publications director. Would that other states had such an admirable organization. Karl Rosen (University of Kansas) reports that his paper entitled "The Place Names of Gers based on Personal Names with Honorifics: a Trans-Pyrenean Isogloss" was printed in 1978 in the Proceedings from the 1977 Mid-America Linguistic Conference. Another paper, "The Zola Mystique: the Titles of the Rougon-Macquart Novels in English," appeared in Literary Onomastic Studies, 1978, vol. 5. A forthcoming number of Onoma is to contain an article of his entitled "Some Kansas Place Names of Scandinavian and Other Origin." Walter A. Schroeder (University of Missouri), not related to Adolf E. Schroeder of the same institution, tells us that Robert P. Austin of Department of Geography at the University of Missouri has just compiled a computer-format gazetteer of historical place names in southeast Asia and read a paper on this work at the annual meeting of the West Lakes Region of the Association of American Geographers at Mankato, Minn., on Nov. 3, 1978. Schroeder has submitted for publication an article on plant and animal place names in Missouri. Based on the Ramsay place-name card file, the article has twenty maps of specific plant (mostly tree) and animal words used for place names. In another project he has accumulated a list of some 215 prairie names in Missouri and an additional 420 other place names with "prairie" in them. These are presently being studied as to distribution and origin. As a matter of interest he notes that the German-heritage churches of Missouri are overwhelmingly named after male saints whereas other ethnic churches seem to be named after female as well as male saints. We appreciate his sharing this interesting information with us. Jim Comstock (The West Virginia Hillbilly, Richwood, West Va.) has a column on place names in his unique weekly publication. There is much in this periodical to interest readers in any part of our country. Douglas Tanner (Alderman Library, University of Virginia), director of the Virginia survey and author of Place Name Research in Virginia, the best example of a state handbook yet prepared (described in detail in one of our earlier reports), has finished the work the late Roger Bristol began in 1974 on Madison Co., Va., place names, expanding from Bristol's approximately 600 entries to about 1100. Tentatively entitled "Madison High and Low," the work was slated for publication last summer as the next occasional paper of the Virginia Place Name Society. Charles E. Hatch, Jr. (Yorktown, Va.) is actively at work on Mathews, Gloucester, and York Counties, Va. He is making excellent use of local informants and other available sources. Ronald L. Buchan (Pocomoke City, Maryland) remains active on place names of the Eastern Shore of Va. He reports completion of a preliminary index to the magisterial district names of Va. Margaret Walker (Goochland Co., Va.) continues work on that county, with hope of readiness for publication by 1981. Nan and Ross Metherton (Fairfax, Va.) have undertaken work in Fairfax (city) and Falls Church, respectively, using volunteer Scout groups as workers. Ronald L. Baker (Indiana State University at Terre Haute), director of the Indiana survey and editor of the Newsletter of that survey, as well as of the Midwestern Journal of Language and Folklore, is, together with Larvin Carmony of his institution, among our most active place-name workers. Their book, Indiana Place Names, is mentioned elsewhere. These two scholars direct an institute each spring; they write numerous articles and speak frequently; they have definitely put Indiana on the map in our field. Laurence E. Seits (Jaubonsee Community College, Sugar Grove, Ill.) tells us of a meeting of the Illinois Place Names Committee at the University of Chicago last April. Attending were Eric Hamp, chairman; Laurence Seits, secretary, and Virgil Vogel. Ladislav Zgusta was unable to attend; John Oldoni was on leave in Florida. A considerable portion of the session was devoted to a proposal to publish a book on Illinois place names under the aegis of this committee. There was a feeling, which we certainly share, that some information about Illinois place names should be put into print as soon as possible. We wish speedy success for this project as well as for any other place-name activities in the important state of Illinois. Frederic G. Cassidy (University of Wisconsin) reports that his study of Brown County (Wisc.), largely done about fifteen years ago, is now complete, and he hopes to have the manuscript ready for publication in 1979. Stewart A. Kingsbury (Northern Michigan University), director of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Survey, in keeping with what will probably be new goals and models for the national survey, is trying to apply scientific methods in dealing with the place names of his area. The present listing of names in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan totals about 11,800. He mentions sources of assistance of which, unfortunately, place-name workers in other states have neglected to take advantage. Various state agencies, he says, are likely to support what the national survey is doing. He tells of two in particular in Michigan which have been supportive and cooperative: the Geological Division of the Department of Natural Resources and the Human Service Network under the Department of Social Services. Kingsbury is doing pioneer work which is likely to have important influence far beyond the confines of his state. Murray Heller (North Country Community College, Saranac Lake, N.Y.), the extremely energetic director of the New York survey, reports that in addition to the appearance of two books: Richard M. Lederer Jr., The Place Names of Westchester County, New York (reported by us last year as in progress) and John L. Namara, History in Asphalt (dealt with elsewhere in this report), the following projects are in progress. Ted Aber is collecting material for a gazetteer of place names in Hamilton County; Mrs. Richard Husted of Rochester, N.Y., has completed a manuscript of Monroe County place names; David Brumbach, working on an archival grant from the N.Y. State Historical Research Foundation, is gathering material from Tonkins County; and Heller himself is nearing completion, hoped for this spring, of work on Essex County place names. During the year Heller has read papers at Onomastic Institutes, Conferences, and Symposia in New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Texas as well as at the Annual Fall Meeting of the Adirondack Mountain Club and at the NCTE convention at Kansas City, Missouri. Finally --and what a record!--he will read a paper at the December ANS meeting in New York. He is a member of the Commission for the National Place-Name Survey and has agreed to work on the committee for a revised worker's guide handbook. Delma E. Presley (Georgia Southern College at Statesboro), successor to Zoltan Farkas as director of the Georgia survey, is, she says, preparing for her important work. The library of her college has purchased microfilm records of post office names for Georgia; the Historical Society and the Surveyor General's office are also ready to help. She is eager to get the forthcoming booklet of directions being prepared by the National Commission. She represented the survey on the program of the first "Georgia Cracker Day" in Savannah on Aug. 26, 1978, speaking on the meaning of the name "Cracker." H. F. Raup (Kent State University) has in mind a brief article on the degree and/or extent of duplication of names in the state. For example, there are many Bear Creeks, and the amount of duplication in names of settled places is surprising. One of these days, he says, he plans to get at the job. Richard B. Sealock (314 Reed Road, Wooster, Ohio 44691), compiler with the late Pauline Seeley of the Bibliography of Place-Name Literature, United States and Canada, is working on the third edition of this very important publication. Anyone who knows of any place-name publication (books, articles, any kind of printed matter) not listed in the second edition or in any of the supplements which have appeared from time to time in Names is urged to send the information to Sealock at the address given above. If one is not sure that Sealock knows about certain publications, he should send the information anyway. Sealock will decide what to include. Arthur Berliner (44 Mountain Road, Mansfield Center, Conn. 06250), with the able assistance of his wife, Gina, directed Onomastic Symposium V at Eastern Connecticut State College at Willimantic on Oct. 7, 1978. The delightfully informal but very informative program ended with a "get-together" at Arthur's and Gina's at 5:00 p.m. for "one for the road" refreshments to round off the day. Plans are already afoot for Symposium VI next October. Arthur is the state director of the Conn. survey. Mary R. Miller (University of Maryland) has completed her ten years of research on the place names of the Northern Neck counties of Westmoreland, Northumberland, Richmond, and Lancaster of Virginia and is seeking a publisher for this important work. Survey workers anywhere could profit from reading her distillation of some of the theoretical aspects of her work in an article, "Place Names of the Northern Neck of Virginia: A Proposal for a Theory of Place-Naming," in Names, vol. 24 (March, 1976), 9-11. Grace Alvarez-Altman (State University of New York at Brockport) directed very effectively the sixth Conference on Literary Onomastics last June. During the year she edited Vol. V of Literary Onomastic Studies. This attractive journal, appropriately dedicated to Walter P. Bowman, contains 14 excellent articles and, among other features, on the inside of the back cover, a picture, together with the names, of all who attended the fifth conference in 1977. This energetic lady will undoubtedly make Conference No. 7, scheduled for June, 1979, even better than the good ones that have preceded it. E. Wallace McMullen (Fairleigh Dickinson University) directed most successfully the 17th Annual Names Institute at his institution early last May. Arthur F. Beringause served as director of a program on which several ANS leaders appeared. What would this report be like without mention of this annual institute and of the next session planned for the following May? Violet Moore (Montezuma, Georgia), a librarian, watches for placenames information. She sends us a long article by John H. Goff in the Special Supplement of the Ledger-Enquirer for Sunday, April 16, 1978, on "Pronunciations Unique to Georgians." Pronunciation is one of the most difficult and baffling of place-name problems, often neglected in early works. Clarence W. Minkel (Michigan State University) is the only person we know who is interested in "double" names such as Walla Walla, Pago Pago, etc. A traveler, he has noted this unusual practice in various parts of the world. We deeply regret having to report the deaths of four of our respondents, the names of two of whom, William E. Ashton and Alfred Senn, appear on the first published list of ANS members in 1954. 1. William E. Ashton, retired highway engineer of Helena, Montana, had for a long period of time an abiding interest in the place names of his state. He uncovered evidence that the dates of establishment of early post offices were frequently wrong. He published an article in the second volume of Names. We hope his large card file has found a permanent home. We shall sorely miss his regular replies for our annual reports. 2. James W. Phillips, a Seattle freelance writer and former newspaper editor and television executive, specialized in Pacific Northwest history and onomastics. He was the author of two important place-name volumes: Washington State Place Names (1971) and Alaska-Yukon Place Names (1975). As the first survey director for the state of Washington, he organized and carried on vigorously this important work until his retirement in 1973. We shall miss his informative and chatty annual letters. 3. Robert C. Pooley, one of the leaders in the field of the preparation of high school English teachers and of the development of the high school English curriculum, a past president of the National Council of Teachers of English, a member of ANS, had a definite interest in place names which he hoped to develop during years of retirement. A rather pathetic letter last year, however, related how ill health was interfering with this desire. We are indeed the losers in that he was unable to do more in our field. 4. Alfred Senn, University of Pennsylvania, one of the most distinguished linguists of our century, was a long-time active member of ANS, publishing in Names, attending our annual meetings, and making himself felt in discussions of our work. He was especially interested in Baltic place names. Can anyone tell us the current correct addresses of the following persons, some of whom we have unsuccessfully tried twice to reach: G. Thomas Fairclough, Frank Howell, Mrs. Roberta Cheney, Hal E. Brinkley, Vivian Zinkin. Please excuse our not using academic titles. Further information about any person or item listed in this report, so far as we have it, will be gladly supplied upon request. To save space we have perhaps at times been too brief. Additions, corrections, and criticisms will be appreciated. E. C. Ehrenspeger 1002 Mulberry Street Yankton, S. D. 57078 Addenda The following information has come in since our report was put in final form for presentation at the Christmas meetings. Donald A. Gill (University of Southwestern Louisiana at Lafayette), director of the Louisiana survey, has during 1978 prepared papers on the place names of two Louisiana parishes, Bienville and Lafayette. Hamill Kenny (Annapolis, Maryland), veteran place-name scholar, has been disappointed in pouring over many recent local history and genealogical studies in his search for information about Maryland place names. He writes very wisely: ". . . the present wave of genealogical research ignores the etymological study of names. The search for 'roots'--conceived as a search for one's earliest ancestors--is really a shallow and delusive quest. Modern man appeared some fifty thousand years ago, whereas family names cannot be traced beyond the twelfth century. A list of forebears is therefore only the tiniest fraction of one's ancestral 'roots.' It would be more satisfactory, I think, to know the meanings of one's family names and the roots and stories of the names of the places one's modern ancestors came from. That way knowledge lies!" Mary R. Miller (University of Maryland) reports that the Virginia State Library has offered to publish her manuscript "Place Names of the Northern Neck of Virginia" which she finished in the summer of 1978 and which totals more than 800 pages in all (less in print, of course). Alan Rayburn (Secretariat, Geographical Names, Ottawa, Canada) gives us very important information about activities in Canada. The highlight of 1978, he says, has been the separation of the Secretariat functions of the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names from the office responsible for the operational requirements for names for topographical maps. A new volume of the Gazetteer of Canada series for Nova Scotia was published in 1978. A field program was completed in Manitoba this past year, and a new gazetteer is planned for 1979. A new gazetteer for the Northwest Territories should be completed and published by next spring (1979). At the annual meeting of the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names at Ottawa in 1978, discussion revolved around jurisdiction of names in federal crown lands in the provinces. The Canadian Society for the Study of Names met in London, Ontario, last May, with a rather small registration, but with a lively discussion of seven papers. The next meeting is scheduled for May 25, 26 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Dues are $10 for Canadians with a special introductory offer for Americans of $8.50 (American dollars). No. 53 of Onomastica was published last summer with articles by two prominent ANS members, W.F.H. Nicholaisen and René Coulet du Gard. No. 53 will be ready to go to press shortly. Vol. 3, no. 4 of The Name Gleaner, the bulletin of this society, appeared in Dec., 1978. Donald B. Lawrence (University of Minnesota) and his research assistant, Makarand Jawadekar, continue their interest in tracing origins of Amerind names to possible regions in Asia. They wish to emphasize that they have never implied that whole Amerind languages have been derived from Asian languages, although that may be a possibility, but have merely suggested that some words may have been borrowed from Asian languages. Mr. Jawadekar spent the summer and autumn of 1978 exploring place-name literature on Alaska, British Columbia, and Oregon for names borrowed from two Asian languages, Sanskrit and Japanese (or Asian languages from which these may have been derived). At a meeting of the Minnesota Academy of Science last April they presented a paper entitled "Some Aboriginal Minnesota Names with Suggested Sanskrit and Japanese Origins." They are planning to give two more papers at the next May meeting of the Academy. Ronald A. Detro (Nicholls State University at Thibodaux, La.) gives us an interesting account of the special session on place names at the Association of American Geographers' Convention last April. He gave a paper entitled "Louisiana Toponyms Delimit Culture Areas." Other prominent place-name authorities appearing on the program were Wilbur Zelinsky, Frederic Cassidy, and Meredith Burrill. His inventory of place names in Lafourche Parish is still in progress and his chapter entitled "Louisiana Place Names" as part of a L.S.U. Geography Department monograph entitled Potpourri will not appear before some time in 1980. For the Geographers' Convention he helped put together a pamphlet entitled Lagniappe, in which he gives a brief list of enticing Louisiana place names. James L. Jacobs (Ogden, Utah) reports that the Utah State Committee on Geographic Names was host to the Western State Geographic Conference in Salt Lake City on Nov. 3, 1978. Kent B. Malan, Chairman of the Utah Committee, presided, with representatives from the states of Washington, California, Colorado, and Utah participating. Among the various speakers on a variety of subjects was Donald Orth, who discussed "National Developments in Name Activities." John Van Cott has resigned from the Utah State Committee to continue his research on Utah names. He has made substantial progress on this project, which he plans to publish personally. Mr. Jacobs continues work on his collection of names. During 1978 he has given several talks on this subject. Delma E. Presley (Georgia Southern College at Statesboro, Ga.) calls our attention to our error in referring to him on page 18 of this report as "she." We met this gentleman at the New York meetings and are sure that he is "quite male." To compound error and confusion, in the listing of state directors, where academic titles have been carefully used, Presley is referred to as Mr. instead of Dr., a title he earned in 1969. Ralph O. Fullerton (Middle Tennessee University) informs us that his research into the origins of Tennessee place names is about half completed. He has been working to determine the latitude and longitude for each point. He has just about exhausted library resources and must begin field travel. Don L. F. Nilsen (Arizona State University) and Mrs. Nilsen (Alleen Pace Nilsen) are pleased to announce the publication of their new book, Language Play: An Introduction to Linguistics, which has a great deal of space devoted to naming. Charles F. Hockett (Cornell University) writes that he has a reasonable guess, probably impossible to prove or disprove, that the place name Kentucky, first applied to a river, then to a county, then to a state, is from some Algonquian language of the Miami-Peoria-Illinois type and that its meaning is "netherland," low-lying land along a river. The published etymologies seem to him to be pure fancy. Danielle C. Cooper (Pacific Grove, Cal.) sounds a familiar note when she laments that her regular academic duties allow little or no time for "special interests" (place names), but she still maintains her interest and her membership in ANS and hopes for better days.
U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Privacy Threshold Analysis for the Patent Search System – Specialized Search (PSS-SS) System Introduction: This Privacy Threshold Analysis (PTA) is a questionnaire to assist with determining if a Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) is necessary for this IT system. This PTA is primarily based from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) privacy guidance and the Department of Commerce (DOC) IT security/privacy policy. If questions arise or further guidance is needed in order to complete this PTA, please contact your Bureau Chief Privacy Officer (BCPO). Description of the information system and its purpose: Provide a general description (in a way that a non-technical person can understand) of the information system that addresses the following elements: The E-Government Act of 2002 defines “information system” by reference to the definition section of Title 44 of the United States Code. The following is a summary of the definition: “Information system” means a discrete set of information resources organized for the collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, or disposition of information. See: 44. U.S.C. § 3502(8). Patent Search System-Specialized Search (PSS-SS) is a Major Application that provides support to the Patent Cost Center. It is considered a mission critical system. PSS-SS provides access to highly specialized data that may include annual submissions of nucleic and amino acid sequence or prior-art searching of polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences, and other types of information that may be more scientific or the technology-based, Patent Linguistic Utility Service (a query by example search system), Chemical Drawing ability, and Foreign Patent Data. The PSS-SS system is made up of multiple applications that allow patent examiners and applicants to effectively search the USPTO Patent data repositories. Requests are submitted to align a bio-sequence against all available bio sequences in a system and returns the top 50 bio sequences. The system produces a listing of high-scoring alignments with an alphanumeric identifier. The PSS-SS system is made up of the following applications that allow patents examiners and applicants to effectively search the USPTO Patent data repositories: Automated Biotechnology Sequence Search system (ABSS) The purpose of the ABSS system is to sustain the PTO’s business function of performing prior-art searching of molecular sequences claimed in patent applications examined by Technology Center 1600 (Biotechnology). The ABSS is an in-house PTO system designed to search electronic sequence listing data submitted by applicants, and support searching of molecular sequences using data stored from both applicant submissions and public/commercial databases of published sequence information. Catalogue Application Migration and Upgrade (CAMU) The CAMU Application Information System (AIS) is an Information Library System used to support document tracking by the Scientific and Technical Information Center (STIC). Electronic Chemical Drawing System (ECDS) The primary objective of ECDS is to provide a robust chemical drawing and naming program that can be made available to Patent Business Employees as a part of the Patent Examiner’s Toolkit (PET). PET is installed on the patent examiner desktop baseline. Foreign Image and Data Load/ Foreign Image Search Capability (FIDL/FISC) The purpose of the FIDL/FISC subsystem is to allow Production Services Branch (PSB) personnel to load foreign patent image, header, bibliographic, and classification data from tape, CD and DVD media. FIDL supports the Cooperative Patent Collaboration (CPC) Backend. The front-end search clients (EAST/WEST) retrieve all available images from FIDL. Publication Site for Issued and Published Sequences (PSIPS) PSIPS system is an application that provides a Web-based interface access to patent grants and publications. All PSIPS data is publicly available. The application’s goal is to update the currently available repository system of Biotech Sequences, mega tables, and mega data. a) Whether it is a general support system, major application, or other type of system PSS-SS is a major application information system. b) System location Madison Building, 600 Dulany Street Alexandria, VA 2231 c) Whether it is a standalone system or interconnects with other systems (identifying and describing any other systems to which it interconnects) PSS-SS interconnects with the following: - PE2E (Patent End to End): PE2E is a master system portfolio consisting of next generation Patents AIS. The goal of PE2E is to make the interaction of USPTO’s users as simple and efficient as possible in order to accomplish user goals. PE2E is a single web-based examination tool providing users with a unified and robust set of tools. - Patent Search System Primary Search (PSS-PS): PSS-PS is a master system that processes, transmits, and stores data and images to support the data-capture and conversion requirements of the USPTO to support the USPTO patent application process. - Patent Capture and Application Processing System – Examination Support (PCAPS-ES): PCAPS-ES is a master system that provides a comprehensive prior art search capability and the retrieval of patent and related information, which comprise text and images of United States (US), European Patent Office (EPO) and Japan Patent Office (JPO patents), US pre-grant publications, Derwent data, and IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletins. - Patent Capture and Application Processing System – Initial Processing (PCAPS-IP): PCAPS-IP is an AIS that provides support to the USPTO for the purposes of capturing patent applications and related metadata in electronic form; processing applications electronically; reporting patent application processing and prosecution status; and retrieving and displaying patent applications. PCAPS-IP is comprised of multiple AISes (components) that perform specific functions, including submissions, categorization, metadata capture, and patent examiner assignment of patent applications. - Enterprise Desktop Platform (EDP): EDP is an infrastructure information system that provides a standard enterprise-wide environment to manage desktops and laptops running on the Windows operating system (OS), providing United States Government Configuration Baseline (USGCB) compliant workstations. - Service Oriented Infrastructure (SOI): SOI provides a feature-rich and stable platform to deploy USPTO applications. - Enterprise Software System (ESS): ESS provides Enterprise Directory Services, Role-Based Access Control System, Email as a Service, PTO Exchange Services, Symantec Endpoint Protection, Enterprise SharePoint Services, etc. - Enterprise Monitoring and Security Operations (EMSO): EMSO provides Security Incident and Event Management, Enterprise Forensic, Enterprise Management System, Security and Defense, Enterprise Scanner, Enterprise Cybersecurity Monitoring Operations, Performance Monitoring Tools, Dynamic Operational Support Plan, and Situational Awareness and Incident Response. - Database Services (DBS): DBS is an infrastructure information system that provides a Database Infrastructure to support USPTO database needs. - Enterprise Windows Services (EWS): EWS is an Infrastructure information system that provides a hosting platform for major applications for USPTO. - Enterprise UNIX Services (EUS): The EUS system consists of assorted UNIX operating system variants (OS), each comprised of many utilities along with the master control program, the kernel. • Network and Security Infrastructure System (NSI): The NSI is an infrastructure information system, which provides an aggregate of subsystems that facilitates the communications, secure access, protective services, and network infrastructure support for all USPTO IT applications. • Data Storage Management System (DSMS): DSMS is an infrastructure system that provides archival and storage capabilities securely to the USPTO. The information system is considered an essential component of USPTO’s Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery program. DSMS consists of the following subsystems: Boyers Data Capture System, Enterprise Tape Backup System, and Storage Infrastructure System. d) The purpose that the system is designed to serve PSS-SS provides support to the Patent Cost Center. The system is made up of multiple applications that allow Patent examiners and applicants to effectively search the USPTO Patent data repositories. e) The way the system operates to achieve the purpose The PSS-SS is an AIS that provides support to the Patent Cost Center. It is considered a mission critical “system”. PSS-SS provides access to highly specialized data that may include annual submissions of nucleic and amino acid sequence or prior-art searching of polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences, and other types of information that may be more scientific or the technology-based, Patent Linguistic Utility Service (a query by example search system), Chemical Drawing ability, and Foreign Patent Data. The PSS-SS system is made up of multiple applications that allow Patents examiners and applicants to effectively search the USPTO Patent data repositories. f) A general description of the type of information collected, maintained, used, or disseminated by the system PSS-SS supports the legal determination of prior art relevant to patent applications where such art is as of unusual form or size, including RNA/DNA sequences, jumbo applications, chemical structures, and computer program listings. It provides specialized search databases, which are necessary for particular technologies. For example, Biosequences are searched using ABSS, and foreign documents are loaded and searched through FIDL/FISC and EPOQUE. This area also supports the user interface that is available on USPTO.gov for the public to search full text of patents and full text of published applications. g) Identify individuals who have access to information on the system The following are users of the system: Scientific and Technical Information Center (STIC) users, Reference Library users, Digital Resources Division, Patent Business Employees, Platform Services Branch (PSB) users, Office of Patent Information Management (OPIM) users, Patent Examiners, Information Library System (ILS) users, United States Patent and Trademark office (USPTO) Patents users, Publication Site for Issued and Published Sequence (PSIPS) Operators, Trademark Examiners, Search and Information Resources Administration (SIRA), Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO), and Public users. h) How information in the system is retrieved by the user Users retrieve information through web interfaces connecting various sub-systems of the PSS-SS Master system. i) How information is transmitted to and from the system For external connections to the DMZ, Contractor Access Zone (CAZ), and/or external networks, device management connections use SSH, PKI, and Secure ID VPN-based connections. User data connections use PKI and Secure ID VPN and SSL/TLS and only authorized USPTO systems may access the internal PTONet. Questionnaire: 1. Status of the Information System 1a. What is the status of this information system? - This is a new information system. Continue to answer questions and complete certification. - This is an existing information system with changes that create new privacy risks. Complete chart below, continue to answer questions, and complete certification. \| Changes That Create New Privacy Risks (CTCNPR) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\| \| a. Conversions \| \| b. Anonymous to Non-Anonymous \| \| c. Significant System Management Changes \| \| d. Significant Merging \| \| e. New Public Access \| \| f. Commercial Sources \| \| g. New Interagency Uses \| \| h. Internal Flow or Collection \| \| i. Alteration in Character of Data \| \| j. Other changes that create new privacy risks (specify): \| - This is an existing information system in which changes do not create new privacy risks, and there is not a SAOP approved Privacy Impact Assessment. Continue to answer questions and complete certification. - This is an existing information system in which changes do not create new privacy risks, and there is a SAOP approved Privacy Impact Assessment (version 01-2015 or 01-2017). Continue to answer questions and complete certification. - This is an existing information system in which changes do not create new privacy risks, and there is a SAOP approved Privacy Impact Assessment (version 01-2019 or later). Skip questions and complete certification. 1b. Has an IT Compliance in Acquisitions Checklist been completed with the appropriate signatures? 1. Is this an IT system acquisition? ☐ Yes. This is a new information system. ☐ Yes. This is an existing information system for which an amended contract is needed. ☐ No. The IT Compliance in Acquisitions Checklist is not required for the acquisition of equipment for specialized Research and Development or scientific purposes that are not a National Security System. ☒ No. This is not a new information system. 2. Is the IT system or its information used to support any activity which may raise privacy concerns? NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4, Appendix J, states “Organizations may also engage in activities that do not involve the collection and use of PII, but may nevertheless raise privacy concerns and associated risk. The privacy controls are equally applicable to those activities and can be used to analyze the privacy risk and mitigate such risk when necessary.” Examples include, but are not limited to, audio recordings, video surveillance, building entry readers, and electronic purchase transactions. ☐ Yes. (Check all that apply.) \| Activities \| \| \| \|----------------------------\|---\|---\| \| Audio recordings \| ☐ \| \| \| Building entry readers \| \| ☐ \| \| Video surveillance \| ☐ \| \| \| Electronic purchase \| \| ☐ \| \| transactions \| \| \| Other (specify): ☒ No. 3. Does the IT system collect, maintain, or disseminate business identifiable information (BII)? As per DOC Privacy Policy: “For the purpose of this policy, business identifiable information consists of (a) information that is defined in the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) as "trade secrets and commercial or financial information obtained from a person [that is] privileged or confidential." (5 U.S.C.552(b)(4)). This information is exempt from automatic release under the (b)(4) FOIA exemption. "Commercial" is not confined to records that reveal basic commercial operations" but includes any records [or information] in which the submitter has a commercial interest" and can include information submitted by a nonprofit entity, or (b) commercial or other information that, although it may not be exempt from release under FOIA, is exempt from disclosure by law (e.g., 13 U.S.C.).” ☒ Yes, the IT system collects, maintains, or disseminates BII. ☐ No, this IT system does not collect any BII. 4. Personally Identifiable Information (PII) 4a. Does the IT system collect, maintain, or disseminate PII? As per OMB 17-12: “The term PII refers to information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual’s identity either alone or when combined with other information that is linked or linkable to a specific individual.” ☒ Yes, the IT system collects, maintains, or disseminates PII about: (Check all that apply.) ☐ DOC employees ☐ Contractors working on behalf of DOC ☐ Other Federal Government personnel ☒ Members of the public ☐ No, this IT system does not collect any PII. If the answer is “yes” to question 4a, please respond to the following questions. 4b. Does the IT system collect, maintain, or disseminate Social Security numbers (SSNs), including truncated form? ☐ Yes, the IT system collects, maintains, or disseminates SSNs, including truncated form. \| Provide an explanation for the business need requiring the collection of SSNs, including truncated form. \| \|---\| \| Provide the legal authority which permits the collection of SSNs, including truncated form. \| ☒ No, the IT system does not collect, maintain, or disseminate SSNs, including truncated form. 4c. Does the IT system collect, maintain, or disseminate PII other than user ID? ☒ Yes, the IT system collects, maintains, or disseminates PII other than user ID. ☐ No, the user ID is the only PII collected, maintained, or disseminated by the IT system. 4d. Will the purpose for which the PII is collected, stored, used, processed, disclosed, or disseminated (context of use) cause the assignment of a higher PII confidentiality impact level? Examples of context of use include, but are not limited to, law enforcement investigations, administration of benefits, contagious disease treatments, etc. ☐ Yes, the context of use will cause the assignment of a higher PII confidentiality impact level. ☒ No, the context of use will not cause the assignment of a higher PII confidentiality impact level. If any of the answers to questions 2, 3, 4b, 4c, and/or 4d are “Yes,” a Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) must be completed for the IT system. This PTA and the SAOP approved PIA must be a part of the IT system’s Assessment and Authorization Package. 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Strategies of Divergence: Local Authorities, Law, and Discretionary Spaces in Migration Governance BARBARA OOMEN Utrecht University/University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands MORITZ BAUMGÄRTEL Utrecht University/University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands email@example.com SARA MIELLET Utrecht University/University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands ELIF DURMUS Utrecht University/University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands TIHOMIR SABCHEV Utrecht University/University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands MS received January 2020; revised MS received June 2020 This article classifies and theorizes the strategies of divergence that local authorities employ when confronting the discretionary spaces offered by domestic migration law. We propose a distinction between strategies that are either within or outside the perceived boundaries of the law and those that adopt an explicit or an implicit approach to positioning, thus harnessing or downplaying the communicative potential of the law. Based thereon, we introduce a fourfold typology of strategies of divergences that include defiance, dodging, deviation, and dilution. This typology was developed and refined based on field research in local authorities in Greece, Turkey, Italy, and The Netherlands. The case material also leads us into a preliminary exploration of which types of cities and conditions may lead to the adoption of one strategy over another. As such, this article draws attention to the relevance of law within multi-level migration governance and to the meaning of legal ambiguity and discretion as shaped by law and legal interpretation. The strategies of divergence that mould discretionary spaces, in turn, either mitigate or exacerbate legal uncertainty and should be considered a significant factor to account for change in migration governance. Keywords: discretion, migration, local authorities, legal certainty, strategies of divergence Introduction As essentialist narratives of uncertainty are increasingly coming under theoretical scrutiny in migration studies (Schiltz et al. 2019), helpful insights may be gained from legal scholarship. Probably more than in any other discipline, lawyers have long been deliberating the value of certainty, and more specifically legal certainty, in shaping the relations between institutions, people, and other legal entities. Variably defined as predictability, consistency, accessibility, and intelligibility of law (or a complex combination thereof), most if not all accounts affirm the principle’s status as a ‘central rule of law value’ that has ‘structured normative debates in political and legal modernity’ (Fenwick et al. 2017, p. 17). Moreover, when looking at the domain of migration, questions of legal certainty should be of interest not only for legal scholars and professionals. The less certain domestic laws and legislation are, the larger will be the room for manoeuvre for other actors such as local authorities (Motomura 2016). These ‘discretionary spaces’, as we will refer to them in this article, are created and inhabited in different ways, with often profound consequences for the situation on the ground. On the one hand, high degrees of discretion can reinforce legal uncertainty and confusion regarding responsibilities and ‘divisions of labour’ among policy actors, especially in perceived crisis situations such as the one in Europe in 2015 (Fontanari and Ambrosini 2018). On the other hand, discretionary spaces also create possibilities for local authorities including ‘street-level bureaucrats’ to influence reception and integration policies according to their preferences, particularly when they act in a strategic manner (Fassin 2013). Adding an extra dimension to this, local authorities may openly challenge domestic laws based most notably on international human rights norms (Baumgärtel and Oomen 2019), with judicial confrontations holding the potential to decrease legal uncertainty in the longer term. This article aims to foreground and classify the strategies that local authorities adopt to make use of and enlarge the discretionary spaces that are offered (or indeed foreclosed) by domestic law. Given the seemingly contradictory effects of such strategies of divergence on legal certainty, it further proposes contextual explanations for their adoption based on illustrative examples. Contrary to conceptualizations of discretion that are limited to legally permissible conduct (Hawkins 1992), we consider it relevant for the migration domain specifically to distinguish between strategies that are either within or outside the perceived boundaries of domestic law. Furthermore, we take into account those that are taking an explicit or an implicit approach to positioning, thus harnessing or downplaying the communicative potential of the law. As a result, we define four ‘Weberian’ ideal types of divergence (see Table 1): defiance (explicit and extra-legal), dodging (implicit and extra-legal), deviation (explicit and within the law), as well as dilution (implicit and within the law). The theorization of discretionary spaces and their strategic use by local authorities is important for several reasons. As already suggested, it ought to be an essential component of any theory that seeks to explain how instances of legal uncertainty (as a structural type of uncertainty) in the migration field comes to Table 1. \| Strategies of divergence \| Extra-legal \| Legal \| \|--------------------------\|------------\|-------\| \| Explicit \| Defiance \| Deviation \| \| Implicit \| Dodging \| Dilution \| differ in form and significance depending on the local context. Relatedly, it can account for some of the differences in the framing and the formulation of policy goals and choices, both of which have already been linked to forms of multi-level governance (Spencer 2018; Spencer and Delvino 2019). Better understanding may also draw our attention to the variable and movable legal scaffolding of multi-level governance, where the levels are all too often, and mistakenly, assumed to be relatively static. In short, we suggest that strategies of divergence mould discretionary spaces (and with them, degrees and expressions of legal uncertainty), which is in turn an important factor to account for change in multi-level migration governance. Methodologically, the typology was developed in an iterative manner pursuing a grounded theory approach (Charmaz 2006). We started this research with a theorization of the possible role of the law in processes of ‘decoupling’ as set out most notably by Scholten (2015) and Filomeno (2016). This theorization forms part of a wider project on ‘Cities of Refuge’: (see www.citiesofrefuge.eu), which began in September 2017, investigating the relevance of international human rights, as law, praxis, and discourse, to how local governments in Europe welcome and integrate refugees. Subsequently, field research was conducted in local authorities in Turkey, Greece, Italy, and The Netherlands. These four countries were selected based on their divergence in constitutional systems and, in particular, the degree of decentralization. Whereas Turkey and Greece are strongly centralist, and Italy much more decentralized, the Netherlands can be positioned in between. In addition, highly relevant for the purpose of this article, the four countries display differing degrees of legal ambiguity in the field of migration and integration in general. For the purpose of the research, local authorities of different sizes within countries were selected that all diverged from national norms on the role of local authorities in the reception and integration of refugees. Fieldwork was conducted in the period between August 2018 and early March 2020 with a wide range of data gathered on the basis of interviews, participant observation, analysis of local government proceedings, regulations, and (social) media amongst others. For the purpose of this article, interviews with local government officials and representatives of civil society were particularly pertinent to obtain insights on local activities that are seemingly outside of the law as well as the motivations behind them. In addition, the focus on not only legal, but also discursive strategies of divergence made it important to closely read texts produced and analyse them, making use of QSR NVivo. Throughout this process, we iteratively and reflexively engaged with the theoretical notions, in the ‘dialogue between data and theory mediated by the researcher’ that is common to abductive research (Blaikie 2010, p. 156). In addition, we conducted ‘theoretical sampling’ within our database of local authorities, which is understood as the method of sampling data and cases that further develop and saturate the theoretical categories that emerge from data (Charmaz 2006, p. 96). The main purpose of our theoretical sampling was the development, elaboration, and refining of the typology at hand. Before we turn to the typology and the empirical findings that informed it, the following section discusses why divergence is a legal question that has become salient following widespread processes of devolution and decentralization (Lahav 1998; Provine and Varsanyi 2012). Particular attention will be paid to the relevance of law within multi-level migration governance as well as to the meaning of legal ambiguity and discretion as shaped by law and legal interpretation. We will then move on to explore the discursive dimension of the law and, relatedly, the framing and intended audience of strategies of legal divergence. The subsequent four sections are each dedicated to one such strategy—defiance, dodging, deviation, and dilution—as we encountered them during our research in the European context. Based on these observations, we will formulate several hypotheses regarding the types of cities and conditions that are likely to lead to the adoption of a specific strategy and the possible implications for legal uncertainty. The article will conclude with a reflection of the relevance of law and legal and discursive strategies within multi-level migration governance and offer suggestions of how future research can build on the typology provided here. The Legal Dimension of Divergence The possibility of divergence between local and national migration policies and the potential for the development of migration governance that this holds have by now been widely recognized. Writing on immigrant integration, Poppelaars and Scholten (2008) found such a discrepancy in the Netherlands already more than a decade ago and ascribed it to the ‘divergent institutional logic’ of the two government levels. Since then, theory has further developed to identify conditions of ‘multilevel governance’ where ‘large cities in particular, are becoming increasingly entrepreneurial in developing their own integration philosophies and policies’, leading to ‘markedly different approaches… even within the same countries’ (Scholten and Penninx 2016, p. 91). The same line of scholarship has even taken a declared ‘local turn’ that has encompassed a horizontal and a vertical dimension, the latter designating research on ‘the implications of local governance for the interactions with higher levels of government, such as the national and increasingly also European institutions’ (Zapata-Barrero et al. 2017, p. 243–244). Critics have not been far, arguing that a focus on the local level risks losing sight of ‘broader processes of regulation’ beyond the local context (Filomeno 2016, p. 8). Situated in the political and related social sciences, this literature remains focused on explaining the political and historical factors underlying the rise of multi-level governance and on describing how these new contexts impact diversity in and beyond cities (see most recently Caponio et al. 2019). An important part of the puzzle that is in our view missing is an appreciation of the instrumental role of the law as the scaffolding of multi-level migration governance so defined. This oversight is curious given the inherently legal character of processes of devolution and decentralization, which can amount to tectonic constitutional shifts, and which have partially been the drivers of the turn to the local level. To be sure, lawyers have documented the rise of cities as legal transformations within the global order and their relation to principles such as subsidiarity or good governance (Blank 2006; Frug and Barron 2006). Still, these analyses have mostly been focused on domains such as climate policy and international development and have not therefore found much consideration in migration literature. The disconnect is equally visible in scholarship dealing with border control and ‘crimmigration’, which has paid significant attention to legal processes (including discretion) but mostly with a view to specific jurisdiction such as the United States or the European Union (e.g. Stumpf 2006; Van der Woude and van der Leun 2017). So, what exactly is at stake when we talk about the legal dimensions of multi-level migration governance? To start with, the law can be considered as one of the factors that structure the field of governance by enabling or restricting divergence between the various levels involved. This exogenous character of the law becomes immediately clear when considering the vast differences that exist between the constitutional systems, legal cultures and traditions, as well as regulatory agencies and competency allocations in various countries. Within the countries discussed, for instance, municipalities in Turkey have generally fewer formal competencies (and hardly any related to migration specifically) whereas local authorities in the Netherlands are responsible for housing individuals with refugee status, for civic integration, and for access to work. To make things even more complicated, legal issues can play out very differently even within the same country depending on the domain of migration governance ranging from citizenship policies to housing, freedom of movement, education, work, health care, civic integration, and many more. Finally, local laws can be directed at widely diverging groups of individuals from irregular migrants to those seeking asylum and receiving refugee status or other forms of international protection to labour migrants and students. While all these aspects are obviously also shaped by political factors and policy choices, they remain situated in a legal context: if politics is the language of multi-level migration governance, then we can consider law to constitute its grammar. One of the many legal elements shaping policy outcomes most visibly is discretion, which has long preoccupied both legal scholars and social scientists. Bringing both of the fields into conversation, Hawkins (1992) thus defines discretion ‘as the space… between legal rules in which legal actors may exercise choice’ and that ‘may be formally granted… or it may be assumed’ (11). Importantly, discretion is to be regarded as a relative concept that is created by and through legal rules, thus representing ‘an area left open by a surrounding belt of restriction’ (Dworkin in The behaviour of actors is therefore in principle circumscribed by the discretionary space that the law offers. This holds true as much for migration policy as for any other instance of multi-level governance that, like any other structured system of governance, can be conceptualized as a hierarchy of legal norms (Kelsen 1945). In other words, following classical legal theory, we would assume that local authorities will look ‘up’ to the higher levels (or at the least look ‘around’, for guidance, to other governing entities at the same level) to gauge their discretionary space before deciding on a course of action. Where such discretion cannot be found, municipal action would then, according to theory, not be possible. In reality, the story is of course a more complicated one. Not only are discretionary spaces also governed by organizational, social, and political rules (Hawkins 1992) but it would also be wrong to consider their boundaries fixed rather than dynamic, contested, and changing. Firstly, national legislatures and courts can extend or diminish the discretion available to actors (Resnik 2007). In the European context, migration governance has changed considerably in recent years through the introduction and subsequent revision of the Common European Asylum System, a complex field of EU law that harmonized some of the applicable rules on, amongst others, refugee qualification and asylum procedures (Chetail et al. 2016). This ‘Europeanization’ has reinforced the condition of multi-level governance described above (Scholten and Penninx 2016). Even more crucially from the perspective of local authorities, legal provisions, including any norm regarding discretion, are very much subject to interpretation. Law, as is well-known, is a ‘double-edged sword’ that can empower actors as much as it can curtail their spaces for action (Abel 1995). Interpretive struggles over this space can be particularly fruitful where norms are ambiguous and, therefore, legal uncertainty reigns (Edelman 1992). Such legal ambiguity comes in many forms. For one, ‘open’ terms that leave room for interpretation are part and parcel of any legal system. The broadness of legal concepts like ‘equity’, ‘reasonableness’, or ‘public order’ thus serve to accommodate complexity and discretionary action (Von Benda Beckmann 2018, p. 86). Another factor that reinforces legal ambiguity, particularly so in migration governance, is the plurality of legal regimes. Local decisions regarding migration will not only be based upon national laws—themselves often ambiguous—but also on the abovementioned EU regulations and directives, international and European human rights law, and international treaties, such as the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. These legal instruments are the product of multilateral negotiations, where deliberately vague provisions open to multiple forms of interpretation are often used to ‘paper over unresolved disagreements or uncertainties’ (Franck 1990, p. 52). As a result, each of these legal frameworks comes with its own interpretations of the concepts at hand, which can be invoked or side-stepped. Arguably a key feature of many fields of law, legal ambiguity is a hallmark of the deeply politicized and multi-level field of migration law that has also been described as ‘messy’ and ‘often unreadable’ by some (Eule et al. 2018), which in turn reinforces legal uncertainty. Nonetheless, as will become clear in the following sections, since ambiguity creates more spaces for divergence, invoking and strengthening it is often a purposeful act geared towards expanding the space of discretion either through the amendment of national and regional legislation or through the acquiescence of ‘superordinate’ authorities. All of this suggests, in our view, that it is critical to study the discretionary spaces that are being defined and contested through the law. This implies, next, that we must account for the strategic moves made by legal actors including local governments to understand how the dynamic multi-level system is evolving. It is for this reason that we bring in ‘extra-legal’ approaches as relevant to the production of discretionary spaces. As will become clear, our taxonomy (as described below) distinguishes between ‘legal’ and ‘extra-legal’ divergence strategies in full awareness that there is much in between these two poles that is up to legal interpretation. In fact, contesting legality is often at the core of strategies of divergence, which is why it is equally important to investigate their discursive dimension. The Discursive Dimension of Divergence Apart from being legal or extra-legal, local strategies of divergence can also differ in terms of their discursive character and intended audience. After all, law is not only a formal means of regulation that demands compliance, but it can also ‘send a message’ and represent an act of communication. This discursive aspect of divergence, as enacted in and through engagement with the law, informs the second axis of our typology. The fact that law forms a means of communication that can convey meaning forms a staple insight in legal sociology. For instance, ‘negative’ symbolic legislation can serve to underline the norms held by a particular social group, display vigour on the part of the authorities or mediate conflicts between groups of unequal societal status (Van Klink 2014, p. 9; Van Klink 2016). As such, one can distinguish between status laws (that seek to give a certain group an elevated position), compromise laws (that seemingly resolve two fundamentally conflicting viewpoints) and illusionary laws (that serve to project control when, in fact, there is none) (Kindermann 1988; Van Klink 2014, p. 9). One prototype of an illusionary law was the criminalization of ‘illegality’ in the Netherlands: in advancing the legislation, the national government already knew that it was violating international human rights law (De Roos 2013 as cited in Van Klink 2014, p. 5). Discussing exclusionary local by-laws in Italy, Ambrosini (2013) distinguishes likewise between situational ordinances aimed at restoring safety, behavioural ordinances, and ordinances that reinforce existing legislation but target specific groups, like street vendors (142). Symbolic legislation can, however, also convey a ‘positive’ message where it seeks to persuade the norm addressee into compliance as opposed to enforcing it, a practice that has been referred to as ‘communicative legislation’ (Witteveen and Van Klink 1999). At ‘higher’ levels of legal orders, constitutional discourse as channelled through the text of the constitution has in various countries proven to be of significance for the construction of national identities (Rosenfeld 2009). Whether local authorities pass an ordinance, set aside national policy, invoke international law, or start legal proceedings against the national government, all these acts can potentially be as much about discourse as they are about the law. They therefore also contain an element of ‘framing’ understood as a process in which grievances are constructed, disseminated, and contested in a certain manner (Snow et al. 2014, p. 30; Spencer and Delvino 2019). When local authorities require asylum seekers to perform community service whilst waiting for a status decision, it can be assumed that the frame is one of the ‘undeserving’ migrants. When another local authority adopts municipal IDs that give all urban residents including asylum seekers certain rights, it is not unlikely that the framing revolves around human rights (De Graauw 2014). When a mayor, in contrast, restricts the movement of asylum seekers, we may be confronted with a frame of securitization and ‘crimmigration’ (Van der Woude et al. 2014). Legal aspects pertaining, for instance, to the interpretation of law or a positioning outside the legal framework by a local authority can therefore often be understood in line with the types of frames that are used in relation to migration including security, humanitarian, human rights, deservingness, socioeconomic and efficiency frames (e.g. Caponio 2014; Spencer and Delvino 2019). At the same time, there can be more at stake, for example, when a city such as Barcelona demarcates its autonomy vis-à-vis the nation state or when a locality seeks to underline and strengthen local identity. Acknowledging this discursive aspect of local legal action in Europe is overdue: looking beyond Europe to the United States, it is very much recognized that debates surrounding ‘sanctuary cities’ are imbued with legal rationales concerning, most notably, the autonomy of local and state vis-à-vis federal law (Lasch et al. 2018). It is therefore necessary to analyse the engagement of authorities with the law not only through doctrinal analysis but, just like with other frames, by looking at a wider array of sources including (social) media, policy documents, and artwork. Here, it is also important to understand how acts are ‘ideologically shaped by relations of power and struggles over power’, and thus whom they seek to address and why (Fairclough 1995, p. 132). If legal acts are understood to also represent discursive acts, the intended audience can vary from local voters to the national government and international stakeholders. At the same time, local authorities will sometimes and for different reasons opt to stay ‘under the radar’ by deliberately not communicating their acts of divergence. While seemingly simple, the latter choice is indeed an essential one in the highly politicized and volatile domain of migration policy but can, at times, also reinforce legal uncertainty. The interplay between legal and extra-legal acts and between using law to also discursively ‘decouple’ local from national policies, as well as the potential downplaying of this role of the law, will be illustrated in the following section by means of examples. Strategies of Divergence: A Typology In seeking to understand how local authorities engage with the law in strategies of divergence, our simple taxonomy distinguishes between four ‘Weberian’ ideal types based on whether they are situated within or outside established frameworks of national law as well as their explicit or implicit quality, i.e. the degree to which discourse is a relevant factor in the strategies concerned. As ideal types, they inevitably gloss over a great deal of the complexities, such as the degree to which different actors within a local authority, both individual and institutional, can promote or hamper specific strategies (Oomen and Durmus 2019). We also will not discuss the domains in which divergence is most frequent, such as health care, housing, education, and transport (Oomen 2020). This section, instead, introduces each type in reference to selected examples from the Netherlands, Turkey, Greece and Italy. Moreover, it reflects on the possible reasons for certain cities to adopt one strategy as opposed to another, and to move between strategies and on potential consequences for legal certainty. Divergence as ‘Defiance’ The first and most ‘spectacular’ strategy of divergence is defiance. Here, a local government decides to oppose national migration policies explicitly and, in many cases, vocally whilst also contesting its legal obligations under national law. Defiance is most likely to be expressed through public actions such as open and often mediatized displays of disobedience including the introduction of local ordinances or the continuation of existing policy where national governments are seeking to assert their authority. Highly confrontational by intent and design, such defiance is at times a form of ‘lawfare’ and is likely to meet fierce opposition by the national authorities, which may worry that their policies have been rendered ineffective and that their legitimacy is under assault (Handmaker 2019). As such, it often is not only about migration but also about demarcating local autonomy, foregrounding a political ideology that opposes national government, as well as expressing and strengthening local identity. In Italy, for instance, one can find a number of cities and their mayors taking a defiant stance against the restrictive policies instituted by Matteo Salvini, then Minister of the Interior. The cities of Palermo and Naples, with their widely known and popular mayors Leoluca Orlando and Luigi de Magistris, have been at the forefront of this movement. Responding to the Security Decree passed by Salvini and the new national government in 2018, both cities disobeyed a clause that prohibited asylum seekers to register locally and by extension access municipal services. Refusing to apply the new provision and symbolically pushing through four asylum seekers’ applications for local registration, Mayor Orlando expected ‘to invite a legal challenge by the government that he can take all the way to Italy’s highest court’ (Horowitz 2019). A law professor by profession, Orlando’s challenge was based on the conviction that the Security Decree was essentially unconstitutional as it violated the human rights of the migrants in question. In a similar vein, Mayor de Magistris signed a directive allowing asylum seekers to register locally as temporary residents, claiming that apart from violating the constitutional principle of equality, the Security Decree was also ‘in clear breach of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice’ (Comune di Napoli, A senior member of his administration that we interviewed described this decision of the Mayor as a ‘courageous act’. The standoff between the national authorities and defiant cities such as Palermo and Naples has also extended to other issues such as whether the cities are allowed to open their ports in contravention of national governmental policy. Here, however, human rights, EU, and international maritime law seem to provide less legal ammunition for localities opposing the national governments (Cusumano and Gombeer 2018), thus rendering defiance a somewhat less attractive option. Another example of defiance that has been mediatized more locally concerns the municipality of Gazipaşa in the province of Antalya in Turkey. A popular holiday destination for tourists, the city council passed a motion that would ban Syrians in the municipality from entering the beaches “so that they would not disturb the people” (Bulut 2019). It is interesting to note that this instance of direct discrimination, a clear violation of both domestic and international law, was adopted by parties that constitute the opposition at the national level and that often invoke democracy, pluralism and rights-based discourses. Importantly, they are opposed to the policies of the national government led by the AKP and its President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, which have adopted a more open attitude towards refugees from Syria (as also reflected in the 2016 EU-Turkey Agreement). The mayor abstained from the vote, stating later that he did not agree with the decision due to considerations of non-discrimination and human rights, which he claimed to be particularly important for the tourist destination. The unprecedented ban was later vetoed by the Mayor and pulled back by the municipal council, and as such never entered into force. An instance of extra-legal and regressive divergence that made national and even international news (Al Bawaba 2019), the ban in Gazipaşa was intended to resonate with a large part of the Turkish public, which has grown increasingly critical of the welcoming policies of the national government. It therefore serves as an illustration of the fact that acts of defiance (or, for that matter, divergence in general) do not always have to be favouring migrants. Defiance, as the examples make clear, is a confrontational and thus controversial and rather risky strategy. While it is available also to smaller municipalities such as Gazipaşa, we expect it to be more attractive to larger and resourceful localities that are also able to point to the interests of their large constituencies. ‘Global cities’ with their high political and economic capital (Acuto 2013) are presumably particularly well-placed to take such an approach, also having much to gain in presenting themselves as cosmopolitan and welcoming. Furthermore, our examples seem to indicate that the political dimension of defiance is crucial. It is plausible, therefore, that a defiant approach will be taken by mayors and city councils that represent either independent local political formations or opposition parties at the national level. A charismatic mayor such as Palermo’s Leoluca Orlando, particularly when already in office for a longer period, will feel greater confidence to pursue this path as opposed to somebody politically fragile. It is also worth reiterating that defiance, whilst an apparent challenge to national law on the outset, can ultimately lead to a change in the law, which means that it is a strategy that can produce large-scale results. In this process, reference to European or international law that support the local position can form part of the strategy of defiance. For instance, as we have argued elsewhere, it was the opposition of Utrecht and other Dutch cities to the conditional and insufficient emergency reception foreseen by the Dutch government for failed asylum seekers that put the item on the public agenda (Baumgärtel and Oomen 2019). Once the case had reached the European Committee of Social Rights, the national government felt a pressure to react and offer more meaningful reception conditions. Even if the issue remains problematic to date, this example from the Netherlands illustrates that the legal uncertainty created by strategies of defiance in the short term can initiate a dynamic that could eventually yield way to more legal certainty in the longer term. Divergence as ‘Dodging’ The second category of strategies of divergence also concerns approaches and practices that constitute a challenge to national laws and norms pertaining to local migration governance in the country. However, in contrast to defiance, local authorities do not flag their opposition to national policies but rather ‘dodge’ attempts of the central government to assert their authority over local situations. Examples of such discreet initiatives include all kinds of informal practices, for instance as regards the implementation of national policies or the provision of services, that are difficult to trace but nonetheless significant in their local impact. As opposed to ‘dilution’ (described below), ‘dodging’ is characterized by a conscious choice on the part of the local government to over- or sidestep its legal mandate even if this is not openly flagged. As such, it can, once exposed, still be controversial and a source of conflict between the different tiers of government, though arguably less so than the overt provocation that comes with defiance. A number of municipalities in Greece that host asylum seekers and refugees provide a good example of ‘dodging’. After the administrative reform known as Kallikratis (Law No. 3852/2010), Greek local governments took advantage of their extended social welfare mandate to develop social kitchens, shops, medical centres, and pharmacies in an effort to support the local residents suffering from the consequences of the severe economic crisis that hit the country (Anagnostou et al. 2016). Access to these newly established and locally run facilities was based on a number of socio-economic criteria, which apparently the newly arrived asylum seekers and refugees could not cover, primarily because of the lack of documents demonstrating their financial situation (e.g. tax declarations). Despite these circumstances, some municipalities started using these facilities to complement the insufficient state-provided services that locally residing asylum seekers and refugees were benefiting from, though mainly on the basis of ‘off the record’ practice. For instance, social kitchens and shops shared food and clothing with beneficiaries without requesting any type of identification, well-aware that the new customers they had seen arriving at their doorsteps were often irregular migrants, especially in the country’s large urban centres (Delvino 2017). Our interviews revealed that local social workers involved in the reception of asylum seekers and refugees also used informal arrangements to provide access to the newly arrived migrants to some primary healthcare services run by the municipalities. While such support can be viewed as limited to covering primary needs only, it should not be underestimated. For certain vulnerable migrants such as homeless and undocumented persons, including families, turning a blind eye in this way was the only safety net left. In yet other instances, this ‘dodging’ strategy allowed social workers to place migrant women who were victims of domestic violence into specially designed shelters. While arguably violating the national regulations of that time concerning access to these facilities, this decision was according to a local deputy mayor ‘a political choice’ based on the conviction that the social services offered by the municipality ‘are for everyone, regardless of where they come from’. Another example of a dodging local strategy can be found in the Sultanbeyli Municipality, an area on the outskirts of Istanbul with overwhelmingly low-income families and high levels of informal housing and employment. Sultanbeyli has also enjoyed a high popularity among Syrian refugees coming to settle in the metropole due to the availability of cheap housing and employment with low bureaucratic thresholds. The municipality was among the first in Turkey to take proactive steps towards service provision for and integration of refugees in what can be regarded a textbook example of dodging. More specifically, Sultanbeyli established an NGO under the name ‘Association for Refugees’ (Mülteciler Derneği) to sidestep two specific complications (Coskun and Uçar 2018). First, the national law on the temporary protection regime for Syrians (Law No. 6458) does not make any reference to local governments’ involvement. There has also been uncertainty concerning the question whether local governments are legally obliged or even permitted to provide services for non-nationals according to the Law on Municipalities (Law No. 5393). Second, municipalities in Turkey receive state funding based on the number of registered citizens in the city and no funding for refugees (Erdogan 2017). According to interviews with local officials from Sultanbeyli, under the institutional guise of the Association for Refugees, the municipality could apply for funding from international organizations, such as the UNHCR, the IOM, and the EU as well as foreign NGOs and charities, which had previously hesitated to provide direct funding to a Turkish state organ. They also pointed out that the Association has received praise from both national and international actors and provides healthcare, education, vocational training, psychological support, legal aid and translation services in multiple large centres throughout the locality, thereby attracting refugees from all over Istanbul. Whilst not extra-legal strictly speaking, establishing a camouflage NGO to provide local services is neither a measure foreseen in Turkish domestic law nor common practice in the country. It clearly combines the intention to diverge from both to provide services with an aim to avoid conflicts of legal or political nature, bringing an aspect of implicitness to it that characterizes efforts in dodging. Both examples show that dodging is an effective strategy of divergence where municipalities’ primary consideration is to improve the local conditions on the ground and to not politicize such actions. One consideration can be humanitarian, with the local actors not wanting to draw national attention to their welcoming stance. More specifically, it provides a relatively easy and quick way of remedying the shortcomings of national policies, especially in the short term. This may be of particular interest for small towns and other localities not interested in directly confronting the national government, for example where these are a part of the same political or coalescing political parties. This type of low-key action, stripped of any kind of symbolic dimension, means that central governments will feel less challenged by dodging than by defiance. In fact, it seems plausible that even known dodging strategies may sometimes be tolerated, for instance where they moderate the negative effects of government policies that are being challenged at the national level or by international actors (Beckmann 2011). At the same time, it can also be complicated to garner sustained support among international partners and donors, which are likely to become increasingly worried about the extra-legal nature as time passes. Finally, dodging strategies can also be about not leaving paper trails to ensure that migrants cannot build up any legal claims, thereby maintaining discretion for instance over providing basic services. All these practices exacerbate conditions of legal uncertainty for the various actors that are involved as they covertly undermine established legal frameworks while simultaneously running the risk of being discovered and put to an abrupt end. Divergence as ‘Deviation’ Our third category—deviation—describes discretionary strategies that are legal as well as explicit. Whilst deviation is commonly understood as involving a departure from accepted standards or norms of behaviour, our conception of deviation is somewhat more specific and therefore in need of clarification. First, we consider it to be a type of divergence that does not, as such, challenge legal norms but rather pertains to instances where local authorities act intentionally within the perceived boundaries of their legally defined space of discretion. To be sure, there can be instances of serious legal uncertainty where due to different interpretations of the same law, the line between legality and extra-legality are exceedingly thin and contested. Our point, however, is that as opposed to defiance and dodging, deviation is less disruptive of established (legal) hierarchies: it accepts and engages with them. In fact, such divergence may have been foreseen by the legal system as a predefined exception to a general rule or, as one municipal official from Turkey observed, it may become the new norm if not challenged. At the same time, deviation is a deliberate course of actions that allows localities to pursue their own strategic goals, which are likely to be different from national policies even if they do not constitute legal challenges. A second quality of deviating cities is that they are, by our definition, explicit (or at least not secretive) about their decision to diverge, which is therefore more likely to be met with a response by higher authorities than dilution (as discussed below). This, as we will see, is once again often intentional. Through playing on the communicative character of the legal actions, local authorities can present alternatives and seek to persuade others, including the national government, to adopt certain interpretations of the law or even to change legislation and policies. Due to its combined legal and explicit character, deviation is thus the least controversial strategy of divergence. The approaches developed by some local authorities in the Netherlands can be classified as a form of deviation. The municipality of Tilburg, for example, stresses that its local approach to integration has been developed against the backdrop of the discretionary space that is offered by various existing legal frameworks. As a senior policy advisor and municipal executive in Tilburg explained, the municipality struggled with the fact that the Integration Act did not provide a clear legal mandate for local authorities to be involved in (civic) integration policies. They therefore decided to use the discretionary space offered by their minor competency in this field flowing from the nationwide ‘participation declaration program’ (participatieverklaringstraject). In their view, whilst the Integration Act only requires a minimal effort from Dutch municipalities in the form a one day workshop, the municipality of Tilburg strategically developed its own fully fledged integration program consisting of multiple courses spanning several weeks. The city presents this approach as divergent from these national guidelines but also as ‘exemplary’ in the sense of both being anticipative of, and stimulating amendments in national law, and therefore already in line with the future national policy framework for civic integration (Gemeente Tilburg 2019). In fact, it constitutes an effort to persuade the national government to enhance the role of municipalities in (civic) integration: as one senior policy advisor in Tilburg concluded, ‘we observe that the national government listens to us when it comes to the challenges we face regarding the legal framework and regulations, such as the Integration Act, and that they will now review this regulation.’ The deviation is justified as merely ‘anticipating’ legal amendments even if there is a clear intention to influence such amendments—an approach that illustrates the often conciliatory and even dialectic logic that undergirds this strategy. In Greece, where a nationally designed plan for the reception and integration of refugees was still missing long after the increased migrant arrivals of 2015 (Greek Ombudsman 2017), some municipalities likewise followed a strategy of deviation. Here, local authorities have a rather limited competency in integration: Art. 75 of the Code for Municipalities and Communities (3463/2006) gives them the ability to design and implement only supplementary interventions for the social, cultural and economic integration of vulnerable social groups such as immigrants and refugees. However, no funds were allocated from the national to the local level for the implementation of such interventions. Still, based on the supplementary competency provided by this provision, some municipalities have developed local initiatives in recent years while others have argued that they have no competency in this area to design or implement any measures. A good example of the more proactive deviating approach is the local provision of Greek language classes to asylum seekers and refugees. It is noteworthy that there is still no coherent framework or program covering this important aspect of integration at the national level. At the same time, interviews with municipal representatives and employees engaged in some of local projects revealed that a number of municipalities have initiated their own classes and courses for asylum seekers and refugees. Some of them, like the municipality of Neapoli-Sykies, have tapped on their own resources employing local teachers and covering all costs with their own budget, while others, such as the municipality of Karditsa, have relied on the support of volunteers. Yet other municipalities have developed their initiatives with the support of local NGOs and international organizations. These examples illustrate that deviation is a valuable strategy for local authorities that are trying to pursue their agendas without causing too much of a rift or that seek to influence national policy-making in a less confrontational manner. As such, it can be reflective of ‘coordinated multilevel governance’ characterized by ‘interaction and joint coordination’ between the different levels (Scholten and Penninx 2016, p. 94). These interactions may even go beyond (static) competency allocation when, like in the case of Tilburg, cities manage to use them to develop innovative and ambitious policies, for example in the domain of integration. Strategies of deviation can also represent exercises in forming, expressing and strengthening local identities. As with defiance, larger and more resourceful cities are arguably at an advantage when it comes to identifying and explicitly exploiting such legal discretion that is offered in national law (Oomen and Leenders 2020). However, the example of the Greek cities proves that this is not necessarily the case. Ingenious localities, including smaller ones, may indeed be able to mobilize civil society and international organizations to implement such solutions. Divergence as ‘Dilution’ Where strategies of divergence combine a legal and an implicit approach, we propose to speak of dilution. The term describes any deliberate divergence on the part of local authorities from national policies that seeks to remain under the radar of the central government but that would not, if legally probed, challenge any existing norms. In contrast to dodging, dilution thus does not actually imply an evasion or a skirting of formal obligations or competencies. However, there is an engagement with such norms in the sense that the strategy usually involves an interpretative exercise based on which a local decision-maker opted for a legally acceptable policy that nonetheless diverged from national norms on local migration governance. Dilution can therefore be described as a pragmatic approach that aims to achieve modest but nonetheless tangible results on the ground while minimizing the risks of exposure and sanctions. It is different from deviation also in being less likely to inform any systemic changes, although one should not dismiss the possibility of incremental evolutions where a multitude of actors continue to ‘muddle through’ (Lindblom 1959). Examples of dilution can be found in the Netherlands, again by looking at how certain municipalities offer shelter and support to irregular migrants such as refused asylum seekers. Some of the larger Dutch cities operate so-called ‘bed, bath and bread’ emergency shelters for refused asylum seekers and have openly criticized national policies. By contrast, other Dutch municipalities opt for implicit strategies and a more subtle use of discretion that does not challenge national norms or overstepping the boundaries of municipal competencies. In one medium-sized city, the municipal executive board, in a letter to the council, stated that the municipality does not offer an emergency shelter for refused asylum seekers as it considers this to be the exclusive responsibility of the central government. Instead, it provides ad-hoc and more tailored measures. However, interviews with municipal councillors, executives and civil servants point to a more complex reality on the ground. One councillor spoke of a ‘backstage approach’ by the municipality, which has been setting aside an annual emergency fund of approximately 30,000 euros for refugees since the early 2000s. This emergency budget covers these tailored measures for refused asylum seekers and other expenses that cannot be accounted for through the funds designated for social support to recognized refugees. As there is little insight into how this emergency fund is spent and because it is allocated each year following a vote in the municipal council, the same councillor attempted to formalize this initiative. She soon found out that she would not be able to gather enough support in the council, particularly if she were to include explicit references to ‘bed, bath and bread shelters’. She also noted that although municipal officials recognize the divergence from the national policy framework, they prefer not to publicly pronounce it. Although she considered this covert strategy to be problematic in terms of transparency, she explained that it has worked well over the years as there have been ‘no complaints from The Hague’. To sum up, dilution is a strategy that provides local authorities with a possibility to give their own and often quite divergent ‘spin’ to national policies whilst avoiding a political or a legal challenge to the superordinate level. ‘Street-level bureaucrats’ can play a key role in shaping such strategies (Lipsky 1980). Zeytinburnu (in Istanbul, Turkey), for example, established an “Integration to the Town” office within their community centre even before the arrival of Syrian refugees. The vulnerable group of refugees or migrants were not included into the name of this pre-existing centre, which goes under “Centre for the Support of the Family, Women and the Disabled” (whereas disabled people, also a later addition, had been added). However, the services provided such as day-care, psychological support, gender equality courses, vocational training were now available also to non-citizens who had applied to the “Integration to the Town” office. In addition, these applicants receive free language courses and are not required to show documentation to be eligible for any of the services. The officials who we interviewed considered the provision of services to refugees and undocumented migrants a necessity of the public character of the municipality. They also interpreted the Law on Municipalities to allow or even require municipalities to enable access to services for all persons living in the city is possible. However, service provision to undocumented migrants remains a divergence from the national norm as the Law is ambiguous and most local governments remain hesitant to provide services even to registered Syrian refugees. Zeytinburnu does not necessarily showcase or advertise this progressive policy that might bring about a controversy if publicized, but continues to mainstream available services to all vulnerable groups. Finally, it is important to understand that the line between deviation and dilution is often a fine one, as illustrated by another example from the Netherlands: a change in the Dutch Housing Act of 2017 that removed recognized refugees from being an obligatory priority group for social housing led certain municipalities such as Amsterdam, Arnhem and Nissewaard to openly chastise the national government’s turn to ‘symbolic politics’ while others (e.g. Middelburg and Leeuwarden) chose, more implicitly, to (not) use their new legal discretion and simply continue established practice of considering refugees in the process. This example also illustrates how dilution can be a strategic response to a shift towards more restrictive national immigration and integration policies. In addition, even where localities are trying to be implicit about their local approach, they may be required to share it, for example to reach target groups (such as refugees with an interest in studying) or because they are formally required. Based on this insight, we may also hypothesize that dilution is a strategy less suitable for bigger cities, which will often be forced to explicate their local policies in response to their comparably larger civil societies and richer media landscapes. The implicit quality of dilution may also reinforce legal uncertainty especially where migrants rely on the divergent interpretations of local authorities, for example in accessing social services and other rights. Concluding Remarks The goal of this article has been to classify and theorize the strategies of divergence that local authorities use when confronting national migration policies in a context of multi-level governance and to theorize their impact on legal uncertainty, which is a structural type of uncertainty. While much can be said about such strategies, we have described them as shaped fundamentally by the law and by discourse, as well as impacting upon them. On the one hand, local divergence from the policies and priorities of national governments is always influenced by the discretionary spaces that municipalities enjoy from a legal point of view and that can differ as per constitutional setting and policy domain. Yet, local authorities are also actively shaping the legal landscape, for instance in making use of ambiguous provisions. As a result, the relationship between discretion and strategies of divergence is a co-constitutive one and the strengthening of legal uncertainty may actually be a part of such strategies as well as one outcome. On the other hand, there is a significant difference between types of explicit and implicit approaches: the prior is supposed to send a message to the central government and perhaps, in doing so, to strengthen local identity. Intersecting these two axes of divergence, we have proposed a typology of four strategies, which all arise out of different local rationales. The first, defiance, combines an explicit and an extra-legal approach as it seeks a confrontation with the national level and possibly systemic change. Inherently controversial, it is more likely to be used by economically and/or politically resourceful localities including larger cities such as Palermo and Naples that are able to defy the national government by playing on the multi-level context, not infrequently for political reasons. It is a high-stakes game that arguably tends to (re-)establish legal certainty in the longer term, though with rather uncertain outcomes regarding who will come out on top and what this means for the actors involved. Dodging as the second strategy is also extra-legal, though implicitly so. Here, divergence from the law, its dominant interpretation, and perceived restraints is more results-oriented rather than communicative as it targets the conditions at the local level. Examples for this strategy can be found in localities that are less resourceful, such as Sultanbeyli in Turkey, where enabled the municipality to obtain foreign funds for providing better refugee reception. Dodging can also be an expected practice in places where open confrontation of the national government is less politically salient, or where this is deemed to be in the interest of the migrants concerned. However, favourable outcomes for migrants in the short term may well come at the cost of a lack of legal certainty in the long run. The third approach described here is deviation, which we understand to be divergence that is explicit but also adherent to existing national law and national norms on local governance. Like defiance, deviation is an attractive option for cities that feel that they have a stake in shaping national policies but do so in a more conciliatory manner as illustrated by the approach taken by Tilburg to the participation declaration policy. In this context, the positive communicative value of the law is harnessed not as ‘lawfare’ but more as a means of persuasion, for instance because the local and the national authority share the same political colour. Local divergence in this form can, in a cooperative manner, strengthen long-term legal certainty. Dilution, finally, fuses a legal and an implicit approach to create a low-key strategy that, like dodging, prioritizes outcomes at the local level, though without seeking any open conversation regarding the content and boundaries of the law. This also allows legal uncertainty to persist, the likely outcome being disparate effects on different (groups of) persons. For instance, while refugees and undocumented migrants in Zeytinburnu enjoy services that go unnoticed by the larger public and the national government, their counterparts in other localities will not draw any benefits from this divergence, be it in practical or political terms. Put together, our discussion of strategies of divergence proves that law in its indeterminate, constitutive, communicative and often fragmented form plays a key role in the efforts of local authorities to shape migration policies. It is, in turn, also shaped by their actions. To be sure, our inquiry can only be the starting point as more research is needed to confirm and further unpack why certain strategies are being used in specific contexts. We hereby expect critical contributions to come from comparative studies, be they legal or social scientific (or combined) in nature, mapping the differences at the various levels of migration governance. However, it will also be relevant to understand how different strategies of divergence may be employed by the same locality at the same time, for example vis-à-vis different status holders, and how these develop over time. This suggests that there is a need for single case studies that can provide thicker descriptions of specific localities. Finally, we expect strategies of divergence possibly to play different roles in various domains of migration governance. 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REGULATORY INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (RID'S) SESSION NBR: 9412290166 DOC. DATE: 94/12/22 NOTARIZED: NO DOCKET # FACIL: 50-269 Oconee Nuclear Station, Unit 1, Duke Power Co. 05000269 50-270 Oconee Nuclear Station, Unit 2, Duke Power Co. 05000270 50-287 Oconee Nuclear Station, Unit 3, Duke Power Co. 05000287 AUTH. NAME AUTHOR AFFILIATION HAMPTON, J.W. Duke Power Co. RECIPIENT NAME RECIPIENT AFFILIATION Document Control Branch (Document Control Desk) SUBJECT: Responds to NRC 941123 ltr re violation noted in Insp Repts 50-269/94-34, 50-270/94-34 & 50-287/94-34. Corrective actions: violation reviewed w/Regulatory Audit Group personnel & training completed & documented re revised audit procedures. 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December 22, 1994 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Attention: Document Control Desk Washington, DC 20555 Subject: Oconee Nuclear Site Docket Nos. 50-269, -270, -287 Inspection Report 50-269, -270, -287/94-34 Reply to Notice of Violation Dear Sir: By letter dated November 23, 1994 the NRC issued a Notice of Violation as described in Inspection Report No. 50-269/94-34, 50-270/94-34, and 50-287/94-34. Pursuant to the provisions of 10 CFR 2.201, I am submitting a written response to the violation identified in the subject Inspection Report. Very truly yours, J. W. Hampton Attachment cc: Mr. S. D. Ebneter, Regional Administrator U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Region II Mr. L. A. Wiens, Project Manager Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Mr. P. E. Harmon Senior Resident Inspector Oconee Nuclear Site ANSI N45.2.12 - 1977, "Requirements for Auditing of Quality Assurance Programs for Nuclear Power Plants," Section 4.5.1, requires management of the audited organization or activity review and investigate any adverse audit findings to determine and schedule appropriate corrective action including action to prevent recurrence and shall respond as requested by the audit report, giving results of the review and investigation. The response shall clearly state the corrective action taken or planned to prevent recurrence. Topical Report, Section 126.96.36.199, requires that conditions adverse to quality be corrected and action be taken to preclude repetition." Topical Report, Section 188.8.131.52.2, "Internal Audits," requires responsible management reply in writing to the Verification Manager, Audits, describing corrective action and an implementation schedule, within thirty days after receipt of the audit report. Quality Verification Department Procedure - 3.1, "Internal Audits," Rev.0, dated June 1, 1992, Section 5.5.2, requires the audit report cover letter request the following information for each finding: 1) Root cause for the findings; 2) Scope and the results of any investigation performed to determine the extent of each problem; 3) Corrective steps which have been taken and the results achieved; 4) Corrective actions which will be taken to avoid recurrence; and 5) Date when full compliance will be achieved. The audit cover letter dated March 18, 1993, to the ONS Vice President, required the addressee respond to the audit findings within 30 days after receipt of the report with a written statement addressing the five elements of corrective action required by Section 5.5.2 of Quality Verification Department Procedure 3.1. Contrary to the above requirements, during the period following the issuance of Quality Assurance Audit NG-93-04(ON) issued March 18, 1993, the licensee failed to follow the approved Quality Assurance Program requirements, in that: 1. The Oconee Nuclear Site (ONS) written response to the Verification Manager, Audits, concerning NG-93-04(ON) audit findings did not include a root cause determination for finding NG-93-04(ON)(01); the corrective steps which would be taken to avoid recurrence of findings NG-93-04(ON)(01) and (02); the corrective actions taken for NG-93-04(ON)(03); and failed to address finding number NG-93-04(ON) (5). 2. The ONS response to the audit findings was not issued within 30 days as directed by the audit's cover letter. The audit report was issued March 18, 1993, and received by the site on March 22, 1993. The response was issued 44 days after receipt of the audit findings. 3. An alternative corrective action process, utilizing the Problem Investigation Process (PIP) program for documenting and tracking the NG-93-04(ON) audit findings, was not procedurally described in the Quality Assurance Program Topical Report and Quality Assurance implementing procedures. 4. The PIP document does not specifically require the consideration, distinction, and documentation of corrective action to prevent recurrence. RESPONSE: 1) The reason for the violation, or if contested, the basis for disputing the violation: Duke Power Company acknowledges this violation. For Item # 1 the following explanation is provided: The NRC cites that for Audit Finding NG-93-04(ON)(01) that no root cause determination was included. Duke admits that no formal root cause process 1) continued was conducted to identify the root cause for this item. In the subject Problem Investigation Process form (PIP), a brief discussion of the cause of the problem is required and was conducted. Although this issue is highly subjective in nature as to how much detail should be pursued regarding this particular root cause analysis, Duke admits that more detail should have been provided in this case. The cause for this item is that clear expectations were not established through the Audit Team's implementing procedures regarding use of the PIP process. The NRC states that Corrective Steps to avoid recurrence of findings NG-93-04(ON)(01) and (02) were not included in the PIP for this item. Since a root cause was not clearly identified for item NG-93-04(ON)(01), Duke admits that specific, detailed, corrective steps to avoid recurrence of this issue were not clearly documented in the PIP. Corrective actions to avoid recurrence of findings were taken in that a "Count Room Working Group" was established to resolve this issue. Therefore, Duke concludes that this is a documentation issue and does not appear to be a process issue with the PIP system. Regarding finding NG-93-04(ON)(02), Duke specified that the RP technician at fault "was counselled concerning (the matter)". Although subjective in nature, the NRC identified that this did not appear to be adequate to prevent recurrence of this problem. Duke agrees that this item could have been addressed on a more generic basis in that the item could have been addressed as a training deficiency vice simply being limited to lack of training/knowledge of the individual involved. The NRC states that Corrective Actions taken for finding NG-93-04(ON)(03) were not discussed. Duke specifies one corrective action for this finding and discusses the results and actions surrounding the completion of the item in the PIP. The NRC states that Oconee Nuclear Site Audited personnel failed to address finding NG-93-04(ON)(05). Duke admits that this issue was not completely addressed in the PIP in that corrective actions were proposed but never documented in the "Corrective Actions" section of the PIP. This is a documentation problem since the proposed corrective actions were completed (and were identified in the PIP). It appears that the root cause of this problem was that the problem was addressed and solved before it was formally identified in the PIP Corrective actions section. Therefore, this appears to warrant training on the required PIP process necessary for proper documentation of these type of audits. 1) continued For Item # 2 the following explanation is provided: The NRC identified that the audit findings were not answered within 30 days by the applicable ONS personnel as directed by the audit's cover letter. Duke power admits that this audit was answered approximately 8 days late by ONS personnel. The Audit team was aware of the Oconee Safety Assurance Group's decision to handle the identified Audit items within the PIP system as a means of addressing the audit concerns and providing the necessary information for an acceptable response. The Lead Auditor for this audit provided verbal approval to the Oconee site audit contact for a minor extension in order to complete the PIP resolutions although this was not documented within the audit file in a timely manner. (This item has subsequently been included in the audit file.) The cause of the late response to the audit was a misinterpretation of the QA Topical Report by the Lead Auditor. Although the QA Topical Report requires a "report" to be submitted within thirty days which "describe(s) corrective actions and an implementation schedule", it does not require a descriptions of completed corrective actions such as were (in part) documented in the PIPs addressing the findings. The Lead Auditor allowed extension of completion of the PIPs since he recognized that the requirements of report content per the QA Topical report had already been exceeded (i.e., the corrective actions were not only specified, but completed). This warrants clarification in the QA implementing procedures. For Item # 3 the following explanation is provided: The NRC states in part that the PIP process is not procedurally described in the QA Topical Report or the QA implementing procedures. Duke acknowledges that this was the case at the time of the NRC audit. Since the NRC audit, Duke has included the PIP process into the applicable QA implementing procedures. However, it has always been Duke's position that the QA Topical Report is a general document used to describe Duke's QA process, while "second tier" documents (such as Nuclear System Directives) and "third tier" documents (procedures) would be used to describe the specifics of procedures for the QA program. The QA Topical Report has always provided the flexibility of delegation by management of specific tasks. Duke therefore takes the position that it would be inappropriate to include this level of detail in the QA Topical Report. 1) continued For Item # 4 the following explanation is provided: Duke admits that the PIP was not efficiently used to document the results of the findings of the QA Audit Team. However, this is considered to be a PIP documentation problem rather than a process issue with the PIP system. The PIP system provides a universal tracking process, promotes increased timeliness, and contains efficiencies over our previous methods of resolving audit findings. All of the concerns identified by the NRC Auditors could have been addressed within the PIP system had clear expectations been provided to the finding responders via the QA Implementing procedures. The cause of this item is that the guidance within the QA implementing procedures was not as clear as it could have been. In summary, Duke’s ongoing effort to include all facets of corrective actions into the PIP system continues to be effective. However, Duke must resolve each corrective action process as it is included into the PIP database. In the case of this corrective action process, the NRC audited a program in its infancy stage, and therefore some problems would be expected until the process is completely addressed in all applicable procedures. Therefore, the primary root cause of all the problems above appears to be due to lack of specific procedural guidance to the QA Auditors and finding responders via the QA Implementing procedures. 2) The corrective steps that have been taken and the results achieved: Duke has revised our implementing procedures (Nuclear Assessment Functional Area Manual, (Operational Assessment) Section 5.1 Regulatory Audits) to address utilizing electronic methods to reply to audits and to fully incorporate the established PIP process system as an acceptable means of satisfying the objective. Revisions have been made to the Nuclear Policy Manual (a “second tier” QA document) which clearly state the Corrective Action is defined as "Action taken to prevent recurrence of an identified adverse condition or trend in accordance with established procedures or processes (e.g., PIP)." 3) The corrective steps that will be taken to avoid further violations: This violation has been reviewed with all Regulatory Audit Group personnel to ensure that they establish consistent expectations with the audited groups. Training has been completed and documented regarding the revised audit procedures and utilization of the PIP process for resolution of audit findings. 4) The date when full compliance will be achieved: Duke Power Company is in full compliance with the above corrective actions.
Smarter Law Learning: Using Cognitive Science to Maximize Law Learning Jennifer M. Cooper Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/faculty Recommended Citation Jennifer M. Cooper, Smarter Law Learning: Using Cognitive Science to Maximize Law Learning, 44 Cap. U. L. Rev. 551 (2016). https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/faculty/761 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Articles by an authorized administrator of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. SMARTER LAW LEARNING: USING COGNITIVE SCIENCE TO MAXIMIZE LAW LEARNING JENNIFER M. COOPER* I. INTRODUCTION Legal educators do not need empirical research to tell them what they already know: many students coming to law school are ill-prepared for the academic rigors of law study.$^1$ Undergraduate institutions are failing to teach greater numbers of students how to study and learn, how to self-regulate their learning, and how to think critically.$^2$ To make matters worse, fewer qualified candidates are applying to law school, forcing many law --- * Visiting Assistant Professor of Lawyering Skills, Seattle University School of Law; J.D. from Seattle University School of Law, magna cum laude; B.A. in Theatre from Louisiana State University. $^1$ See Richard Arum, Josipa Roksa & Esther Cho, Improving Undergraduate Learning 3–4 (2011) [hereinafter Improving Undergraduate Learning]; Richard Arum & Josipa Roksa, Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (2011) [hereinafter Academically Adrift]; Michele Goodwin, Law Professors See the Damage Done by ‘No Child Left Behind’, Chron. Higher Educ. (Mar. 12, 2013), http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/03/12/law-professors-see-the-damage-done-by-no-child-left-behind (“Very bright students now come to college and even law school ill-prepared for critical thinking, rigorous reading, high-level writing, and working independently.”); Christine Bartholomew, Time: An Empirical Analysis of Law School Time Management Deficiencies, 81 U. Cin. L. Rev. 897, 904 (2013) (“It does not help that the overall quality of law school applicants has decreased . . . . Students are coming into law school less prepared, particularly in terms of analytical, writing, and research skills.”). $^2$ See generally Improving Undergraduate Learning, supra note 1; Academically Adrift, supra note 1. schools to lower admission standards.\textsuperscript{3} Law schools are inheriting more less-prepared students for the study of law than ever before.\textsuperscript{4} Many students entering law school lack strong critical thinking skills for legal educators to build on.\textsuperscript{5} Moreover, compared to previous student populations, these students often have poor and ineffective study habits, weak critical thinking and writing skills, and are thus less academically \textsuperscript{3} This is because LSAT scores are declining, combined with a steep decrease in law school applicants. \textit{See} Natalie Kitroeff, \textit{Law School Applications Set to Hit 15-Year Low}, BLOOMBERG (Mar. 19, 2015, 11:38 AM), http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-19/law-school-applications-will-hit-their-lowest-point-in-15-years. The brightest college graduates are no longer applying to law school. As of January 23, 2015, there were 168,887 applications from 24,097 applicants, representing a 7.3% decline in applicants from 2014. Brian Leiter, \textit{Latest LSAC Report On Law School Applications}, LAW PROFESSOR BLOGS NETWORK (Jan. 29, 2015), http://leiterlawschool.typepad.com/leiter/2015/01/latest-lsac-report-on-law-school-applications.html; Vivian Chen, \textit{Best and Brightest? Or Dumb and Dumber?}, AM. LAW. (Feb. 11, 2015), http://www.americanlawyer.com/the-careerist/id=1202715673998/Best-and-Brightest. Although most top tier schools are less affected and continue to attract high-quality candidates, mid-level and bottom-tier schools will be the hardest hit. \textit{See} Natalie Kitroeff, \textit{Getting Into Law School Is Easier Than It Used to Be, and That’s Not Good}, BLOOMBERG BUS., http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-06/getting-into-law-school-is-easier-than-it-used-to-be-and-thats-not-good (last updated Jan. 9, 2015, 10:57 AM). \textsuperscript{4} \textit{See} Cathaleen A. Roach, \textit{Is the Sky Falling? Ruminations on Incoming Law Student Preparedness (and Implications for the Profession) in the Wake of Recent National and Other Reports}, 11 J. LEGAL WRITING INST. 295, 296–97 (2005). [W]e must ask, . . . “is the preparedness level of our incoming law students in the next one to ten years declining, and if so, how dramatically?” In particular, how does less exposure to writing and reading affect what first-year law students bring to our law schools—\textit{regardless of their LSAT standardized test scores?} \textit{Id.} Susan Stuart & Ruth Vance, \textit{Bringing a Knife to the Gunfight: The Academically Underprepared Law Student & Legal Education Reform}, 48 VAL. U. L. REV. 1, 41 (2013). \textsuperscript{5} \textit{See} Goodwin, \textit{supra} note 1; Bartholomew, \textit{supra} note 1, at 904. At the Association of American Law Schools conference in January, a number of professors voiced concern about these cultural shifts, their impacts in the classroom, and law schools’ roles in perpetuating the trends by placing high value on LSAT scores. According to some conference participants, students’ writing skills are the worst they have ever encountered. Goodwin, \textit{supra} note 1. prepared for the case method and Socratic method.\textsuperscript{6} Most alarmingly, these students have “illusions of competence” in their reading, writing, and study habits, leading them to rely on improvised and ineffective study strategies.\textsuperscript{7} These students have also been trained that there is a “right answer” through more emphasis on standardized testing and less emphasis on rigorous reading and writing tasks.\textsuperscript{8} These deficiencies result in a reduced \textsuperscript{6} See Stuart & Vance, \textit{supra} note 4, at 41; James Etienne Viator, \textit{Legal Education’s Perfect Storm: Law Students’ Poor Writing and Legal Analysis Skills Collide with Dismal Employment Prospects, Creating the Urgent Need to Reconfigure the First-Year Curriculum}, 61 CATH. U. L. REV. 735, 737 (2012); Roach, \textit{supra} note 4, at 296–97; Aida M. Alaka, \textit{The Grammar Wars Come to Law School}, 59 J. LEGAL EDUC. 343, 343–44 (2010). \textsuperscript{7} See Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III & Mark A. McDaniel, \textit{Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning} 16–17 (2014) [hereinafter \textit{MAKE IT STICK}]; Benedict Carey, \textit{How We Learn: The Surprising Truth About When, Where, and Why It Happens} 82 (2014); \textit{ACADEMICALLY ADrift}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 126–27; Jennifer McCabe, \textit{Metacognitive Awareness of Learning Strategies in Undergraduates}, 39 MEMORY & COGNITION 462, 462 (2011). [College professors routinely encounter students who have never written anything more than short answers on exams, who do not read much at all, who lack foundational skills in math and science, yet are completely convinced of their abilities and resist any criticism of their work, to the point of tears and tantrums: “But I earned nothing but A’s in high school,” and “Your demands are unreasonable.”] Thomas H. Benton, \textit{A Perfect Storm in Undergraduate Education, Part I}, CHRON. HIGHER EDUC. (Feb. 20, 2011), http://chronicle.com/article/A-Perfect-Storm-in/126451. \textsuperscript{8} Critics argue that the rise of standardized testing created students who look for the “right” answer instead of analyzing multiple possible “good” answers. See Susan Fanetti, Kathy M. Bushrow & David L. DeWeese, \textit{Closing the Gap Between High School Writing Instruction and College Writing Expectations}, 99 ENG. J. 77, 78 (2010). The most crucial obstacle between test writing and learning: Standardized testing, to be standardized, must create questions and answers that leave no room for interpretation. Such rigid questions and answers remove the importance of context from literacy practices and allow for no independent meaning making from students. Yet it is in that moment when an individual makes meaning in writing and reading in a specific cultural context that identity and literacy come together. \textit{Id.} (citing Bronwyn T. Williams, \textit{Standardized Students: The Problems with Writing for Tests Instead of People}, 49 J. ADOLESCENT & ADULT LITERACY 152, 154 (2005). \textit{See also} Goodwin, \textit{supra} note 1 (“Teaching to the test overshadows (if not supplants) teaching critical thinking, higher-order reasoning, and the development of creative-writing skills.”). ability to quickly develop critical thinking skills when students are immersed in the law school learning environment and create the need for remediation before the real teaching of legal analysis can begin.\textsuperscript{9} Yet, legal education has been slow to adapt to the modern students’ learning habits.\textsuperscript{10} Law schools expect to educate students using the same Socratic and case methods designed for a population of students whose undergraduate institutions adequately prepared them.\textsuperscript{11} Law schools have a choice: maintain the status quo in legal education and continue lamenting the quality of incoming students, or modernize legal education with meaningful changes that acknowledge students’ inadequacies but use cognitive science to improve learning outcomes. Part II discusses how undergraduate students are “academically adrift,” lacking skills in critical thinking and problem solving as well as effective writing and study habits. Part III summarizes the empirical research on study behaviors, specifically which study behaviors are correlated with academic success. Part IV examines how law schools can use these empirical research findings in law school classrooms to maximize law learning. II. ACADEMICALLY ADRIFT WITH ILLUSIONS OF COMPETENCE During their undergraduate education, the majority of students are not developing effective critical thinking, analytical reasoning, or written communication skills.\textsuperscript{12} Undergraduate students enter law school without truly knowing how to study or learn, leading to improvised study methods, \textsuperscript{9} See Bartholomew, \textit{supra} note 1, at 905 (“This lack of foundational skills takes its toll in law school. For example, strong fundamental reading abilities are essential. A deficit in basic reading skills forces law students to devote extra time to meet even baseline expectations. Reading for law school is notably different than other disciplines.”); Roach, \textit{supra} note 4, at 297; Stuart & Vance, \textit{supra} note 4, at 41. \textsuperscript{10} See E. Scott Fruehwald, \textit{How to Help Students from Disadvantaged Backgrounds Succeed in Law School}, 1 TEX. A&M L. REV. 83, 83 (2013) (“[L]aw school has changed little in reaction to the new kinds of students it must educate.”); Benjamin V. Madison, III, \textit{The Elephant in Law School Classrooms: Overuse of the Socratic Method as an Obstacle to Teaching Modern Law Students}, 85 U. DET. MERCY L. REV. 293, 295 (2007). \textsuperscript{11} See Madison, \textit{supra} note 10. \textsuperscript{12} See \textit{IMPROVING UNDERGRADUATE LEARNING}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 1; \textit{ACADEMICALLY ADRIFT}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 1–2; Kathrin F. Stanger-Hall, Floyd W. Shockley & Rachel E. Wilson, \textit{Teaching Students How to Study: A Workshop on Information Processing and Self-Testing Helps Students Learn}, 10 CBE—LIFE SCIENCES EDUC. 187, 187 (2011) (citing many studies in recent years documenting a lack of critical thinking skills in college students). over-reliance on ineffective study behaviors, and illusions of competence.\textsuperscript{13} Rather than “dumb down” legal education, this Article advocates recognition and acceptance of undergraduate learning methods and creates plans for legal education to bridge deficiencies by looking to empirical research in teaching and learning. Professors can honor the academic rigor of legal education as well as students’ efforts by better supporting their learning and enabling their development of critical thinking, problem solving, writing, and study skills. \textit{A. Undergraduate Programs Produce Graduates with Weak Critical Thinking, Complex Reasoning, and Writing Skills} The overall quality of undergraduate learning is in decline because many college programs are not adequately rigorous or demanding.\textsuperscript{14} Approximately 45% of undergraduates demonstrate “no improvement in critical thinking, complex reasoning, and writing skills in the first two years of college, and 36% show no progress in four years.”\textsuperscript{15} A markedly small percentage of college graduates excel in higher order thinking and cognitive skills—specifically 16% in written communication and 28% in critical \textsuperscript{13} See Richard Arum & Josipa Roksa, \textit{Are Undergraduates Actually Learning Anything?}, CHRON. HIGHER EDUC. (Jan. 18, 2011), http://chronicle.com/article/Are-Undergraduates-Actually/125979; E. Ashby Plant et al., \textit{Why Study Time Does Not Predict Grade Point Average Across College Students: Implications of Deliberate Practice for Academic Performance}, 30 CONTEMP. EDUC. PSYCH. 96 (2005); McCabe, \textit{supra} note 7; Keith O’Brien, \textit{What Happened to Studying?}, BOSTON GLOBE (July 4, 2010), http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/07/04/what_happened_to_studying. In a 2008 survey of more than 160,000 undergraduates enrolled in the University of California system, students were asked to list what interferes most with their academic success. Some blamed family responsibilities, some blamed jobs. The second most common obstacle to success, according to the students, was that they were depressed, stressed, or upset. And then came the number one reason, agreed upon by 33 percent of students, who said they struggled with one particular problem “frequently” or “all the time”: They simply did not know how to sit down and study. \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{14} See \textit{ACADEMICALLY ADrift}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 18, 31. \textit{See generally Craig Brandon, The Five-Year Party: How Colleges Have Given Up on Educating Your Child and What You Can Do About It} (2010). \textsuperscript{15} Benton, \textit{supra} note 7. thinking and problem solving\textsuperscript{16}—compared to undergraduate students in the 1980s who learned at twice the rate of contemporary college students.\textsuperscript{17} Students enter universities not only poorly prepared for the highly demanding academic tasks but also with attitudes, norms, and behaviors that are counterproductive to academic commitments.\textsuperscript{18} More students are entering colleges and universities because of gains in access to education, and many are simply not prepared for the academic work at the college level.\textsuperscript{19} Yet, these students arrive at colleges and universities with strong convictions about their abilities and with illusions of competence, making some students nearly unteachable.\textsuperscript{20} These students express high academic expectations and professional ambitions but fail to realistically appreciate the necessary steps to achieve their goals.\textsuperscript{21} \textsuperscript{16} \textit{Academically Adrift}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 143. \textsuperscript{17} \textit{Improving Undergraduate Learning}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 5. \textsuperscript{18} See \textit{Academically Adrift}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 3. Four important findings from \textit{Academically Adrift} are: (1) Undergraduate learning is academically adrift and not adequately prioritized; (2) Gains in student performance are alarmingly low with a pattern of limited learning on undergraduate campuses; (3) Persistent and growing inequality despite gains in access; and (4) Low overall level of learning in and across institutions associated with measurable differences in students’ educational experiences. \textit{Id.} at 30. \textsuperscript{19} See \textit{id.} at 33. The Collegiate Learning Assessment (CLA) is a higher-education standardized test. See CAE, \textit{CLA+ References}, CAE.ORG, http://cae.org/participating-institutions/cla-references (last visited Apr. 2, 2016). Initial CLA performance and scores track closely with students’ family backgrounds, specifically when one of the student’s parents had attended graduate or professional school, not just undergraduate school. See \textit{Academically Adrift}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 38–39. Higher education reproduces social inequality: this means inequality from “educational experiences” and parenting styles as a result of parents’ own education and social status. \textit{Id.} at 40–41. Huge differences in “academic preparation” was one of the significant factors contributing to lower academic outcomes for students from less socioeconomically advanced families, i.e., high school A.P. classes, emphasis on getting good grades in school and on standardized tests, and using preparatory courses. \textit{Id.} at 42–43. Students from less-educated families and racial and ethnic minority groups had overall lower levels of these higher order thinking and cognitive skills as they enter college. See \textit{id}. The researchers found that this inequality was largely preserved—or in cases of African-American students exacerbated—as the students continued in their undergraduate educations. See \textit{id}. \textsuperscript{20} See \textit{Academically Adrift}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 126–27; Benton, \textit{supra} note 7. \textsuperscript{21} See \textit{Academically Adrift}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 126–27. Multiple factors have led to the decline of learning in undergraduate programs. Students have become adept at the “Art of College Management”—controlling their college academic experience by shaping their Some critics blame the overuse of multiple choice testing and standardized testing—which leads many students to believe there is a “right” answer—instead of essays or other written assessments that force students to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.\textsuperscript{22} \textit{B. Reduced Writing and Reading Requirements Result in Underdeveloped Critical Reading and Thinking Skills} Undergraduate students spend an average of fifteen hours per week studying, down from an average of twenty-four hours per week in the 1960s.\textsuperscript{23} Only one in four college students devote more than twenty hours a week to studying, which is relatively consistent across demographics.\textsuperscript{24} Thirty-seven percent of undergraduate students spend fewer than five hours per week on class preparation.\textsuperscript{25} The most troubling findings are related to the minimal amount of classes requiring significant reading and writing assignments—those directly related to the development of critical reading and thinking skills. One-half of the students in the sample did not take a single course requiring more than twenty pages of writing and one-third of the students did not take a course that required more than forty pages of schedules, choosing classes with little reading or writing, choosing easy professors, and generally limiting their workload. \textit{Id.} at 4. Many students have a “credentialist-collegiate orientation”; they are earning a degree for the sake of the credential with as little effort extended as possible. \textit{Id.} at 69–70. \textsuperscript{22} Fanetti, Bushrow & DeWeese, \textit{supra} note 8, at 78, 81–82. \textsuperscript{23} See \textit{IMPROVING UNDERGRADUATE LEARNING}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 4; Sarah A. Nonis & Gail I. Hudson, \textit{Performance of College Students: Impact of Study Time and Study Habits}, 85 J. EDUC. FOR BUS. 229 (2010) (This study focuses not just on time spent studying, but on how effectively the student spends time studying that influences academic performance, and uses a modified scale to measure scheduling, ability to concentrate, and access to notes. It also notes that results from the study did not demonstrate a significant direct relationship between the amount of study time and academic performance, which seems to indicate that it comes down to examining specific study habits). \textsuperscript{24} See \textit{ACADEMICALLY ADrift}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 3–4; Bartholomew, \textit{supra} note 1, at 903. \textsuperscript{25} \textit{ACADEMICALLY ADrift}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 69. The amount of time students spent preparing for class differed with social and academic background. \textit{See id.} at 70. Students with parents with graduate/professional level educations studied two hours more per week than students with parents from families with no post-secondary education. \textit{Id.} African-American students studied two fewer hours per week than white students. \textit{Id.} The limited hours spent studying is consistent with the college student culture focused on social activities and the art of college management where academic success is achieved through controlling college schedules, taming professors, and limiting workload. \textit{See id.} at 69–70. reading a week.\textsuperscript{26} Even worse, one-quarter of the students did not take courses that required either significant writing or reading.\textsuperscript{27} The combination of significant reading requirements (more than forty pages per week) and writing assignments (more than twenty pages per semester) are critical to improve higher order thinking and cognitive skills.\textsuperscript{28} The more time students spend reading and writing, the more the improvement in higher order thinking and cognitive skills is pronounced.\textsuperscript{29} Further, increases in studying and homework positively effect a range of academic and cognitive outcomes in higher education than almost any other measure.\textsuperscript{30} The quantity of time spent studying is not related to academic success.\textsuperscript{31} Therefore, understanding the study behaviors students use compared to effective behaviors is critical. \textsuperscript{26} \textit{Id.} at 70–71. \textsuperscript{27} \textit{Id.} at 71. The researchers found that social background was closely associated with the degree to which student chose courses with rigorous academic requirements, and race and having parents with prior graduate/professional education created significant differences. \textit{Id.} at 71–72. \textsuperscript{28} \textit{See id.} at 93. Courses that include significant reading and writing (reading more than forty pages per week and writing more than twenty pages per semester) are associated with improvements in higher order thinking and cognitive skills. \textit{See id.} Students reported that high faculty expectations and classes requiring significant reading and writing assignments improved their skills significantly. \textit{See id.} \textsuperscript{29} \textit{See id.} at 98–99. \textsuperscript{30} \textit{See id.} Arum and Roksa recommend that colleges develop a culture of learning and follow these recommendations: clearly state course objectives; clearly present materials; link course content to course objectives; provide students with examples of what is expected; create ample opportunities for students to apply what they have learned; and provide frequent formative assessment. \textit{See id.} at 131 (explaining recommendations by Harvard Project Zero). \textsuperscript{31} \textit{See Marcus Credé & Nathan R. Kuncel, Study Habits, Skills, and Attitudes, 3 PERSP. ON PSYCHOL. SCI. 425, 426 (2008)} (“Programs that focus on the acquisition of specific study skills are likely to be particularly useful in light of the consistent finding that the amount of studying (time spent studying) is largely unrelated to academic performance . . . .”); Plant et al., \textit{supra} note 13, at 97 (“[R]esearchers have consistently found a weak or unreliable connection between weekly study time and grade point average (GPA) for undergraduate students . . . .”). III. RESEARCH IN COGNITIVE AND LEARNING SCIENCES: WHICH LEARNING AND STUDY BEHAVIORS WORK Researchers have devoted vast resources to understanding how undergraduate students study and learn.\textsuperscript{32} Thousands of empirical studies examine the study behaviors of undergraduates.\textsuperscript{33} The existing comprehensive body of research shows that study behaviors\textsuperscript{34} exhibit relationships with academic performance that are as statistically significant as the relationship between academic performance and the two most frequently used predictors: prior academic performance (such as grade point average) and standardized test scores (such as the ACT and SAT).\textsuperscript{35} The effectiveness of specific study behaviors will be examined in more detail in the next section. A. Empirical Research on Specific Study Strategies The amount of time spent studying is unrelated to academic performance.\textsuperscript{36} Instead, the critical factor is the actual task or behavior.\textsuperscript{37} Undergraduate researchers have examined which specific learning skills, strategies, and habits are most effective, as well as students' awareness of the effectiveness of these empirically-proven study behaviors.\textsuperscript{38} These findings challenge much of what researchers know about the "right" way to study. \textsuperscript{32} See generally John Hattie, \textit{Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement} (2009). \textsuperscript{33} See generally id.; Credé & Kuncel, \textit{supra} note 31. Both works are meta-analyses that synthesize hundreds of individual research projects on learning and study behaviors. \textsuperscript{34} Study behaviors include study skills, study habits, study attitudes, and study motivation. See Credé & Kuncel, \textit{supra} note 31, at 427. \textsuperscript{35} See id. at 444. Over 50,000 empirical studies have been conducted on undergraduate learning and study habits. See Hattie, \textit{supra} note 32, at 2. Comprehensive meta-analytical studies of these individual research efforts demonstrate a clear link between study behaviors and academic performance. See \textit{id.} at 7. Study skills are the student's knowledge of study strategies and ability to manage time and resources to accomplish the academic task. See Credé & Kuncel, \textit{supra} note 31, at 429. Study habits are the degree and regularity with which the student uses specific acts of studying (e.g., reviews of material) in an appropriate environment. See \textit{id.} Study attitudes refer to a student's positive attitude toward studying and acceptance of the education goals. See \textit{id.} \textsuperscript{36} See Credé & Kuncel, \textit{supra} note 31, at 436. \textsuperscript{37} See Nonis & Hudson, \textit{supra} note 23, at 152 (explaining researchers are beginning to devote more attention to which study behaviors are effective and which are ineffective). \textsuperscript{38} See Credé & Kuncel, \textit{supra} note 31, at 427. Three specific study strategies are highly correlated with academic success: (1) retrieval; (2) self-testing; and (3) periodic review. These learning strategies are incredibly effective, yet are counterintuitive and challenge conventional ideas about studying. Despite this wealth of research, students lack knowledge about effective study methods and over-rely on ineffective and improvised study methods learned through common sense, trial and error, theory, lore, and intuition. These strategies—retrieval, self-testing, and periodic review—require more effort and planning than other commonly-used study methods such as rereading and cramming. Students mistakenly believe that material is well learned when the learning is “easy.” Unfortunately, the opposite is true: when learning is harder, it lasts longer. Until recently, the majority of research on memory and cognition focused on “encoding”—a term for getting information into memory—and the effects of encoding on learning, rather than the most effective methods of retrieving stored information. Likewise, researchers are focusing on --- 39 Interleaving or varying practice is also a well-established learning strategy and will be discussed with retrieval practice. See text accompanying infra notes 108–11. The concept of “desirable difficulties” will also be discussed in the context of retrieval, self-testing, and periodic review. See text accompanying infra note 107; MAKE IT STICK, supra note 7, at 4; CAREY, supra note 7, at 66. 40 See CAREY, supra note 7, at 3–4. 41 See, e.g., MAKE IT STICK, supra note 7, at 3; CAREY, supra note 7, at xii. 42 See MAKE IT STICK, supra note 7, at 8–9; Robert A. Bjork, John Dunlosky & Nate Kornell, Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions, 64 ANN. REV. PSYCHOL. 417, 419 (2013). Our intuitions about how to learn are an unreliable guide as to how we should manage our learning activities. See id. We assume that “children and adults do not need to be taught how to manage their learning activities.” Id. Colleges and universities are more concerned about whether incoming students have necessary background knowledge in important domains (e.g., English, math, etc.) and use tests to assess whether students have acquired this necessary knowledge. See id. However, institutions do not test whether students have the necessary skills to effectively learn. See id.; Veronica X. Yan, Khanh-Phuong Thai & Robert A. Bjork, Habits and Beliefs That Guide Self-Regulated Learning: Do They Vary With Mindset?, 3 J. APPLIED RES. MEMORY & COGNITION 140, 140 (2014). 43 See, e.g., MAKE IT STICK, supra note 7, at 44; CAREY, supra note 7, at 94. 44 MAKE IT STICK, supra note 7, at 9. 45 See id. 46 See Jeffrey D. Karpicke & Janell R. Blunt, Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping, 331 SCIENCE 772, 772 (2011); Jeffrey D. Karpicke & Phillip J. Grimaldi, Retrieval-Based Learning: A Perspective for Enhancing Meaningful Learning, 24 EDUC. PSYCHOL. REV. 401, 401 (2012). The emphasis on encoding what learning strategies produce more long-term learning.\textsuperscript{47} The chart below provides an overview of study strategies and their levels of effectiveness. \| Technique \| Utility \| Description \| \|----------------------------------\|---------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Retrieval \| High \| Retrieving information from memory without cues, recalling information \| \| \| \| without having it in front of the student \| \| Self-testing \| High \| Self-testing and self-quizzing: taking practice quizzes or tests to learn \| \| \| \| material. Using study questions at the end of reading material or \| \| \| \| generating a student’s own questions \| \| Periodic review (spacing study) \| High \| Studying information more than once by spacing study sessions over days or \| \| \| \| weeks \| \| Interleaving practice \| Moderate\| Mixing different kinds of problems when studying, instead of having blocks \| \| \| \| of similar kinds of problems \| \| Elaboration \| Moderate\| Explaining information in a student’s own words and relating material to \| \| \| \| what he or she already knew about the topic \| \| Generation \| Moderate\| Attempting to answer a question before being shown the answer, filling in \| \| \| \| missing information, answering a short-answer question or essay question \| \| Reflection \| Moderate\| Taking a few minutes to review what was learned in a class or from a text; \| \| \| \| a combination of retrieval and elaboration \| \| Massing study \| Low \| Repetition of information in the same study session until material is \| \| \| \| memorized; “cramming” study \| \| Highlighting \| Low \| Marking potentially important information while reading \| \| Rereading \| Low \| Rereading text material after initial reading \| and neglect of retrieval in education may be because of a belief that the mind is a place where knowledge is stored and use of common metaphors of knowledge as “constructed” into “structures” with instructors providing “scaffolding” for learning. \textit{Id.} at 403. The education community has paid less attention to the importance of retrieval in learning. \textit{See id.} \textsuperscript{47} See, e.g., Franklin M. Zaromb & Henry L. Roediger III, \textit{The Testing Effect in Free Recall Is Associated with Enhanced Organizational Processes}, 38 \textit{MEMORY & COGNITION} 995 (2010). \textsuperscript{48} See Annie Murphy Paul, \textit{Highlighting Is a Waste of Time: The Best and Worst Learning Techniques}, \textit{TIME} (Jan. 9, 2013), http://ideas.time.com/2013/01/09/highlighting-is-a-waste-of-time-the-best-and-worst-learning-techniques. 1. Retrieval “Retrieval” is recalling information without cues, i.e., testing what was learned.$^{49}$ The use and effects of retrieval and self-testing have been heavily researched,$^{50}$ yet are counterintuitive. As a result, these fundamental principles of cognitive science and psychology are not well known by students—those who need this knowledge most.$^{51}$ Retrieval is a powerful learning tool. The act of retrieving information from memory is different and more difficult than simply seeing the information again, as in rereading.$^{52}$ When people retrieve information, they re-store it in their memories in a different way than before.$^{53}$ Retrieval is not just a neutral assessment of knowledge; the process of retrieval itself creates learning.$^{54}$ Retrieval not only produces learning; it may be a more effective learning activity than encoding itself.$^{55}$ The more difficult it is to retrieve the information, the harder the brain works to dig up that information and the greater the learning.$^{56}$ $^{49}$ Practicing retrieval means learning by “recalling information from memory (e.g., learn by taking tests).” Bennett L. Schwartz et al., Four Principles of Memory Improvement: A Guide to Improving Learning Efficiency, 21:1 Int’l J. of Creativity & Problem Solving 7, 8 (2011). This act of retrieval is often studied through the use of tests or quizzes. See id. “Retrieval-based learning” refers to the process of encoding and retrieving information from memory; it is the key process for learning, and retrieval creates learning rather than neutrally assessing whether learning has occurred. Karpicke & Grimaldi, supra note 46, at 404. $^{50}$ See id.; Schwartz et al., supra note 49, at 8. $^{51}$ See Karpicke & Grimaldi, supra note 46, at 402; Karpicke & Blunt, supra note 46, at 772. Research in cognitive psychology has implications for education, but is typically not within the education context or published widely in the education community. See Deborah J. Merritt, Legal Education in the Age of Cognitive Science and Advanced Classroom Technology, 14 B.U. J. Sci. & Tech. L. 39, 40 (2008). Retrieval-based learning and other findings from cognitive science are even less known in legal education. See id. at 41. $^{52}$ See Carey, supra note 7, at 94. Retrieval is not just a read-out of stored knowledge; the act of retrieving itself creates learning. See Karpicke & Blunt, supra note 46, at 772. Researchers have also found the more difficult it is to retrieve something from memory, or the more effort required to retrieve the information, the more it will stick. See Make It Stick, supra note 7, at 75. $^{53}$ See Carey, supra note 7, at 94. $^{54}$ See Karpicke & Grimaldi, supra note 46, at 401–02. $^{55}$ See Karpicke & Blunt, supra note 46, at 772. $^{56}$ See Carey, supra note 7, at 82. 2. Self-Testing and the Testing Effect Closely related to retrieval is the “testing effect,” a well-established principle in cognitive science that testing students (i.e., requiring students to engage in retrieval practice) on previously-learned information causes students to retain information more thoroughly and for a longer term than rereading or other studying activities.$^{57}$ The testing effect is a robust finding that testing greatly enhances long-term retention compared to restudying or rereading the material.$^{58}$ Testing has even been proven to enhance the long-term retention of \textit{untested} information conceptually related to the tested information.$^{59}$ The testing effect also enhances organization and conceptualization of information during subsequent recalls.$^{60}$ Testing improves both access to higher-order units and access to items within units compared to studying alone.$^{61}$ The testing effect works positively with the organization of information to better understand how the process of mentally organizing information influences learning and retention.$^{62}$ “Chunking” is mental repackaging of large quantities of information into smaller chunks that help students to subjectively organize information.$^{63}$ When unrelated material can be subjectively grouped, the subjects who created the groups and chunked the material can better remember the information than if arbitrary groups were created.$^{64}$ Because of these powerful learning effects, testing and self-testing are effective learning tools, not just assessment tools.$^{65}$ $^{57}$ See Henry L. Roediger III & Bridgid Finn, \textit{The Pluses of Getting It Wrong}, Sci. Am. Mind, March/April 2010, at 39. $^{58}$ See Zaromb & Roediger, \textit{supra} note 47, at 995. The testing effect has been shown to promote learning rather than just assess learning. \textit{Id.} $^{59}$ See \textit{id.} $^{60}$ See \textit{id.} The experiment tested whether the testing effect extended to conceptual organization, rather than studying alone. \textit{See id.} $^{61}$ See \textit{id.} at 1005. Greater category clustering and information organization are correlated with recall, which shows that organizational processes add to the testing effect on long-term retention. \textit{See id.} at 1002. In all, the testing effect enhances access to higher-order units, access to contents within the units, and organization of the lists themselves. \textit{See id.} at 1006. $^{62}$ See \textit{id.} $^{63}$ See \textit{id.} at 995. $^{64}$ See \textit{id.}; Katherine A. Rawson & John Dunlosky, \textit{Optimizing Schedules of Retrieval Practice for Durable and Efficient Learning: How Much Is Enough?}, 140 J. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOL.: GEN. 283, 283 (2011). $^{65}$ See Henry L. Roediger III & Andrew C. Butler, \textit{The Critical Role of Retrieval Practice in Long-Term Retention}, 15 TRENDS COGNITIVE SCI. 20, 20 (2011). 3. Periodic Review and Spacing Study Periodic review is strongly correlated to academic success and durable learning.\textsuperscript{66} Periodic review, also known as “spacing study,” is the opposite of cramming or “massing study.”\textsuperscript{67} Spacing study means reviewing material more than once, but with time—days or weeks—between practice sessions to allow for forgetting before the next retrieval attempt.\textsuperscript{68} Periodic review is more effective than massing study, and the distribution of study over multiple sessions spread out or spaced out over time is far superior to massing of studying in any single session.\textsuperscript{69} Spacing study is one of the most robust findings in educational psychology.\textsuperscript{70} It is significantly more effective than massing study, but feels less effective as students have to work harder to retrieve information from days or even weeks ago.\textsuperscript{71} Massing study creates an illusion of competence as material that is easier to recall is judged as better learned than material that is more difficult to recall.\textsuperscript{72} In fact, students mistakenly believe that massing creates more learning because it creates “retrieval fluency”—information is easier to recall during massed study sessions, which is perceived as better learning.\textsuperscript{73} \textsuperscript{66} See Jonathan A. Susser & Jennifer McCabe, \textit{From the Lab to the Dorm Room: Metacognitive Awareness and Use of Spaced Study}, 41 \textit{Instructional Sci.} 345, 346 (2013). \textsuperscript{67} \textit{Id.} at 345–46. \textsuperscript{68} See \textit{MAKE IT STICK}, supra note 7, at 203. Spacing requires enough time to forget some information so retrieval will be more effortful but not so much space or forgetting that students must relearn the material. \textit{Id.} at 63–64. Because time periods between learning, including sleeping, helps material consolidate, at least a day in between review sessions is necessary. \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{69} \textit{See id.} at 263–64. The “spacing effect” is one of the most robust findings in educational psychology. Nate Kornell, \textit{Optimising Learning Using Flashcards: Spacing Is More Effective Than Cramming}, 23 \textit{Applied Cognitive Psychol.} 1297, 1297 (2009). The spacing effect is the creation of long-term learning from spacing study sessions over a longer period of time versus cramming or massing study sessions. \textit{Id.} at 1298. For a review of literature on spacing effect in memory, see N.J. Cepeda et al., \textit{Distributed Practice in Verbal Recall Tasks: A Review and Quantitative Synthesis}, 132 \textit{Psychol. Bulletin} 354 (2006). \textsuperscript{70} \textit{See Susser & McCabe, supra} note 66, at 345–46. \textsuperscript{71} \textit{See MAKE IT STICK}, supra note 7, at 205. \textsuperscript{72} \textit{See id.} at 204–05. \textsuperscript{73} Kornell, \textit{supra} note 69, at 1312. In massed study, students pay less attention to the second presentation of an item, but pay more attention to the second presentation of an item. Yet, students fail to understand the effectiveness of spaced study and continue to rely on massed studying or cramming.\textsuperscript{74} Even when students performed better following self-testing, students still chose to reread or restudy the material versus relying on self-testing.\textsuperscript{75} Because spacing study and optimal intervals are not intuitive, researchers examined the optimal intervals for spacing individual study sessions on the same material,\textsuperscript{76} provided in the table below. First, determine the time until the test: how long you have until the exam or how long you wish to remember the material.\textsuperscript{77} Second, use the corresponding study intervals to space your study sessions leading up to the exam.\textsuperscript{78} For example, law students will spend two to three months (depending on the quarter or semester system) learning material that will be on an exam. With an exam roughly three weeks away, law students should space out their study sessions in four to five day intervals, give or take a few days on either side.\textsuperscript{79} If law students started preparing earlier in the quarter or the semester, when the exam was three months away, such as in preparing course outlines and working through practice problems, a student could space those sessions two weeks apart. \textsuperscript{74} Focusing on micro-level decisions in the study process, Kornell and Bjork found that even though students quizzed themselves about the material, few students viewed retrieval or self-testing practice as a method to enhance learning. \textit{See} Nate Kornell & Robert A. Bjork, \textit{The Promise and Perils of Self-Regulated Study}, 14 \textit{PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REV}. 219, 221–22 (2007). “Even in studies where participants have shown superior results from spaced learning, they don’t perceive the improvement; they \textit{believe} they learned better on the material where practice was massed.” \textit{MAKE IT STICK}, \textit{supra} note 7, at 47. \textsuperscript{75} \textit{See} Bjork, Dunlosky & Kornell, \textit{supra} note 42, at 242. \textsuperscript{76} CAREY, \textit{supra} note 7, at 76. \textsuperscript{77} \textit{Id.} at 77. \textsuperscript{78} \textit{Id.} at 77–78. The intervals are not exact but are reliable guidelines. Instead of a rigid seven day spacing for one week, a student might choose to study material every five days or even every nine days depending on the student’s comfort with the material or personal schedule. \textsuperscript{79} Assume that first-year law students have final exams at the end of a semester in these subjects: Civil Procedure, Contracts, Criminal Law, and Torts. With three weeks leading up to each exam, the student might adopt the following intervals for spacing study four days apart: Civil Procedure on Days 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, and the day before the exam; Contracts on Days 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, and the day before the exam; Criminal Law on Days 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, and the day before the exam; and Torts on Days 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and the day before the exam. Optimal Study Intervals$^{80}$ \| Time Until The Test \| Study Intervals (Time between sessions) \| \|---------------------\|----------------------------------------\| \| 1 Week \| 1–2 Days \| \| 1 Month \| 5–7 Days \| \| 3 Months \| 2 Weeks \| \| 6 Months \| 3 Weeks \| \| 1 Year \| 1 Month \| Self-regulated study requires students to make many time management decisions when they study on their own.$^{81}$ Realistically, a student must choose which items to study, how long to study before moving on to another item, and when to stop studying.$^{82}$ Students are responsible for scheduling their study tasks and selecting specific strategies to use when learning course material.$^{83}$ --- $^{80}$ The information in this table is summarized from Carey, supra note 7, at 77. $^{81}$ See Kornell & Bjork, supra note 74, at 219. $^{82}$ See id. at 221 (focusing on micro-level decisions in the study process). Kornell and Bjork listed several popular study behaviors—including self-testing, copying notes, underlining reading material, outlining, and diagramming—but focused on two specific strategies: spacing practice and self-testing, both considered desirable difficulties that enhance long-term learning. Id. $^{83}$ See Marissa K. Hartwig & John Dunlosky, Study Strategies of College Students: Are Self-Testing and Scheduling Related to Achievement?, 19 PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REV. 126, 126 (2012). A large-scale study published in 2011 investigated differences in specific study habits of high and low achieving students. Id. at 127. Researchers targeted when students scheduled their study tasks and which specific strategies the students used to learn the course material. Id. at 127–29. They surveyed students about their regular use of specific, concrete study strategies and their rationale for using them to assess a wider range of commonly-used study strategies such as underlining while reading, making outlines or diagrams, as well as to assess how students schedule their study—when they study, whether they space or mass, as well as the relationship between students’ reported use of these strategies and their grades. Id. at 127. B. Ineffective Study Strategies Compared to Retrieval, Self-Testing, and Periodic Review The most commonly-used study method is rereading.\textsuperscript{84} Students steadfastly believe that the best way to learn something is to read and reread until the material is well engrained and “memorized.”\textsuperscript{85} Students are often convinced this studying method creates more learning and that testing merely measures what was learned.\textsuperscript{86} Instead, this repetition and rereading create an illusion of fluency: the belief that if information is familiar and easy to recall, then it is well-learned.\textsuperscript{87} Rereading not only creates an illusion of fluency but also an illusion of mastery of the underlying ideas.\textsuperscript{88} Fluency lulls learners into believing they learned and understood the material.\textsuperscript{89} If rereading is a warm, cozy blanket, then retrieval is a cold, hard wake-up call. Retrieval and self-testing destroy illusions of fluency, competency, and mastery by exposing a person’s actual knowledge and understanding. \textsuperscript{84} See Jeffrey D. Karpicke, A.C. Butler & H.L. Roediger III, \textit{Metacognitive Strategies in Student Learning: Do Students Practice Retrieval When They Study on Their Own?}, 17 \textsc{Memory} 471, 474 (2010). Rereading, highlighting, underlining and poring over notes and texts are the most commonly used study strategies. \textit{See Make It Stick}, supra note 7, at 15. \textsuperscript{85} “The finding that rereading textbooks is often labor in vain ought to send a chill up the spines of educators and learners, because it’s the number one study strategy of most people—including more than 80 percent of college students in some surveys—and is central in what we tell ourselves to do during the hours we dedicate to learning.” \textit{Make It Stick}, supra note 7, at 10. \textsuperscript{86} \textit{See id.} at 12. Many students believe that studying means rereading material over and over and that “practicing” or “self-testing” is only to assess what one has learned through rereading. \textit{See id.} The choice to repeatedly read and reread material is logical if learning is only the process of encoding or inputting information, and if retrieval is only a way to assess prior learning. To study for an upcoming test, students were given a choice: after reading through notes and the texts, either: (a) go back and restudy the material (all or parts); (b) try to recall the material; or (c) do some other study activity. \textit{See Jeffrey D. Karpicke, Retrieval-Based Learning: Active Retrieval Promotes Meaningful Learning}, 21 \textsc{Current Directions Psychol. Sci.} 157, 158 (2012). The majority of students chose to reread their notes or the text, although some students chose to do another study activity, and few students attempted to recall the material. \textit{See id.} \textsuperscript{87} \textit{See Carey}, supra note 7, at 80–83; \textit{Make It Stick}, supra note 7, at 13–22. \textsuperscript{88} \textit{See Make It Stick}, supra note 7, at 16. \textsuperscript{89} \textit{See id.} at 17. Retrieval and self-testing expose gaps in knowledge and understanding, which is critical for assessing how well a person learned something.\textsuperscript{90} Rereading has three strikes against it. It is time consuming. It doesn’t result in durable memory. And it often involves a kind of unwitting self-deception, as growing familiarity with the text comes to feel like mastery of the content. The hours immersed in rereading can seem like due diligence, but the amount of study time is no measure of mastery.\textsuperscript{91} Rereading alone does not work. The more times students reread material, the more they believe they have learned it, but the opposite is true: the more times students test themselves about what they read, the better they learn the material.\textsuperscript{92} The testing effect challenges the assumption that students only learn via class lectures, reading, highlighting, and rereading, and that testing should only be used to “measure” what students have learned.\textsuperscript{93} Students avoid testing themselves about learned material because of the fear of failure. Many students perceive errors as failures in learning, not as a critical part of mastery of new material.\textsuperscript{94} When learners make errors and receive corrective feedback (i.e., the correct answer), the error itself is not learned.\textsuperscript{95} Mistakes are learning opportunities. The testing effect works even when students make mistakes during retrieval and receive prompt feedback with the correct response or an opportunity to discover the correct response.\textsuperscript{96} Unsuccessful retrieval attempts promote encoding and learning because every retrieval attempt itself modifies memory.\textsuperscript{97} Retrieval efforts promote \textsuperscript{90} See Carey, \textit{supra} note 7, at 83. \textsuperscript{91} Make It Stick, \textit{supra} note 7, at 10. \textsuperscript{92} See Karpicke, Butler & Roediger, \textit{supra} note 84, at 471. \textsuperscript{93} See id. at 473. The testing effect is a recent finding that retrieval, recalling information from memory without using cues, creates better long-term retention than restudying the same material for the same amount of time. Roediger & Butler, \textit{supra} note 65, at 21. \textsuperscript{94} See Make It Stick, \textit{supra} note 7, at 90. “[I]n our Western culture, where achievement is seen as an indicator of ability, many learners view errors as failure and do what they can to avoid committing them.” Id. \textsuperscript{95} See id. Instructors possibly reinforce an aversion to failure under the belief that students may actually learn the errors. Id. \textsuperscript{96} See Roediger & Finn, \textit{supra} note 57, at 40–41. \textsuperscript{97} See Phillip J. Grimaldi & Jeffrey D. Karpicke, \textit{When and Why Do Retrieval Attempts Enhance Subsequent Encoding?}, 40 MEMORY & COGNITION 505, 505 (2012). better learning even without feedback, but feedback increases the benefit of retrieval and self-testing.\textsuperscript{98} Failed tests and retrieval attempts followed by immediate feedback lead to greater long-term learning.\textsuperscript{99} Retrieval and self-testing activities include reflection, elaboration, pretesting, generation, and interleaving information.\textsuperscript{100} The most effective retrieval schedules for long-term retention require spacing of retrieval attempts.\textsuperscript{101} Retrieval-based learning activities can be integrated into “group discussions, reciprocal teaching, and questioning techniques (both formal ones, such as providing classroom quizzes, and informal ones, such as integrating questions within lectures).”\textsuperscript{102} Both open-book and closed-book tests produce the desired testing effect.\textsuperscript{103} Students can test themselves to determine whether they understand the material by reflecting and elaborating on reading material: reading, then covering the read material, and summarizing it or explaining what they just read. Or, students could try to write down what they recall from the reading without looking at it, while summarizing key points.\textsuperscript{104} Only by testing their knowledge and understanding can students know what they actually learned and understood.\textsuperscript{105} A more recent and radical idea demonstrates the power of testing to promote learning even before students are taught the material. If given a test before a student learns the material, the majority of students will likely \textsuperscript{98} See Roediger & Butler, \textit{supra} note 65, at 25. \textsuperscript{99} See Matthew Jensen Hays, Nate Kornell & Robert A. Bjork, \textit{When and Why a Failed Test Potentiates the Effectiveness of Subsequent Study}, 39 J. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOL.: LEARNING, MEMORY & COGNITION 290, 294 (2013); Lindsey E. Richland, Nate Kornell & Liche Sean Kao, \textit{The Pretesting Effect: Do Unsuccessful Retrieval Attempts Enhance Learning?}, 15 J. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOL.: APPLIED 243, 252 (2009). \textsuperscript{100} See Karpicke, \textit{supra} note 86, at 162. \textsuperscript{101} See Roediger & Butler, \textit{supra} note 65, at 22. This is true, even if some errors are made. \textit{Id}. Retrieval practice and the testing effect lead to more long-term retention and knowledge transfer than other metacognitive exercises such as generating self-explanations. See Douglas P. Larsen, Andrew C. Butler & Henry L. Roediger III, \textit{Comparative Effects of Test-Enhanced Learning and Self-Explanation on Long Term Retention}, 47 MED. EDUC. 674, 680 (2013). \textsuperscript{102} Karpicke, \textit{supra} note 86, at 162. \textsuperscript{103} See Pooja K. Agarwal et al., \textit{Examining the Testing Effect with Open- and Closed-Book Tests}, 22 APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOL. 861, 871 (2008). Researchers found the maximum benefits with testing (both open and closed-book tests) present when students had access to feedback. \textit{Id}. \textsuperscript{104} See \textit{id}. \textsuperscript{105} See Karpicke, \textit{supra} note 86, at 157. fail.\textsuperscript{106} Depending on the difficulty of the content, they might not understand a single question. This use of pretesting is not intended to measure learning. But, this \textit{pretesting} is an effective learning strategy that actually primes the brain for material a student will learn.\textsuperscript{107} Varying retrieval practice, or interleaving,\textsuperscript{108} is also highly beneficial to learning. Interleaving two or more subjects is also a type of spacing and helps students to discriminate between different types of problems and selecting the correct strategy to apply.\textsuperscript{109} Interleaving is also more difficult, requires more effort, and feels slower; therefore, it is unpopular and seldom used.\textsuperscript{110} Interleaving prepares the brain for the unexpected by not only reviewing material but also by requiring the learner to make quick decisions and shift strategies.\textsuperscript{111} Trying to solve a problem and getting it wrong is still better than memorizing the answer without first attempting a solution.\textsuperscript{112} Generating responses is another form of self-testing.\textsuperscript{113} Trying to answer a question \textsuperscript{106} See Richland, Kornell & Kao, \textit{supra} note 99, at 245–46 (conducting an experiment in which participants were tested before studying, resulting in 95% of the questions being answered incorrectly). \textsuperscript{107} See CAREY, \textit{supra} note 7, at 95. These “unsuccessful retrieval attempts” prime the brain, increasing successful retrieval on later attempts. \textit{See id.} These acts of guessing engage the mind and create desirable difficulties. \textit{See id.} Pretesting is most effective when prompt feedback—i.e., the correct answer—is given. \textit{See, e.g.,} Richland, Kornell & Kao, \textit{supra} note 99, at 253. \textsuperscript{108} Interleaving means “mixing related but distinct material during study.” CAREY, \textit{supra} note 7, at 163. \textsuperscript{109} See MAKE IT STICK, \textit{supra} note 7, at 65; M.S. Birnbaum et al., \textit{Why Interleaving Enhances Inductive Learning: The Roles of Discrimination and Retrieval}, 41 MEMORY & COGNITION 392, 401 (2013). \textsuperscript{110} See MAKE IT STICK, \textit{supra} note 7, at 47. The mixing of material, skills, and concepts during study, especially over the long term, helps not only to see distinctions but also helps to grasp individual concepts. \textit{See id.} at 65. \textsuperscript{111} See CAREY, \textit{supra} note 7, at 156. “Interfering with concentrated or repetitive practice forces people to make continual adjustments, . . . building a general dexterity that, in turn, sharpens each specific skill.” \textit{Id.} Researchers believe it also enhances transfer. \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{112} MAKE IT STICK, \textit{supra} note 7, at 88. \textsuperscript{113} \textit{See id.} at 87. Generation is the act of attempting to answer a question or solve a problem by providing the information, rather than being presented with information. \textit{Id.} For example, it is more beneficial to provide the answer to a short answer question or fill in a blank, rather than selecting a response from a multiple-choice prompt. \textit{Id.} Writing a short essay is an even more effective form of generation requiring students to engage in higher-order thinking tasks instead of passively receiving knowledge. \textit{Id.} when a student is not presented with possible solutions, such as being required to supply an answer instead of selecting from multiple-choice options, increases retrieval and learning.\textsuperscript{114} Reflection also involves several cognitive activities leading to more durable learning: retrieval, elaboration, and generation.\textsuperscript{115} After class or a reading assignment, students can reflect by asking themselves: “What were the most important points?”\textsuperscript{116} An additional question students should ask: “How does this information relate to what I already know about this topic?”\textsuperscript{117} Retrieval, self-testing, spacing study, and interleaving challenge learners and create “desirable difficulties.”\textsuperscript{118} According to this theory, certain kinds of interference or added difficulty disrupts fluency, which increases comprehension and learning.\textsuperscript{119} Memory is enhanced when the brain is forced to work harder to recall information, especially when the information is not right in front of the learner.\textsuperscript{120} This increased effort results in stronger storage and retrieval.\textsuperscript{121} To achieve both efficient and durable learning, students need to use retrieval practice to a higher initial level, instead of terminating practice after one correct recall, as the effects of the initial learning attempt substantially diminish after relearning.\textsuperscript{122} The “3+3 schedule” is most effective: practicing to three correct recalls during the initial learning session, followed \begin{itemize} \item \textsuperscript{114} See id. \item \textsuperscript{115} See id. at 88–89. \item \textsuperscript{116} See id. \item \textsuperscript{117} See id. \item \textsuperscript{118} Elizabeth L. Bjork & Robert A. Bjork, \textit{Making Things Hard on Yourself, But in a Good Way}, in \textsc{Psychology and the Real World} 55, 58 (Morton Ann Gernsbacher et al. eds., 2011). \item \textsuperscript{119} See \textsc{Make It Stick}, supra note 7, at 87. \item \textsuperscript{120} See Rawson & Dunlosky, \textit{supra} note 64, at 286. “[T]he retrieval effort hypothesis states that memory will be enhanced by successful but effortful retrieval during practice.” \textit{Id}. \item \textsuperscript{121} See id. \item \textsuperscript{122} See id. Lower initial criteria for retrieval led to more retrieval failures in subsequent relearning sessions. \textit{Id}. Even if the student does not restudy or relearn, he or she will still benefit from the initial learning. \textit{See id}. This higher initial level requires more practice trials during the initial learning phase, but the gains in memory development are substantial. \textit{Id}. at 300. They also found that more relearning is better and that increasing the number of relearning sessions results in more long-term retention. \textit{Id}. at 286. \end{itemize} by three subsequent spaced relearning sessions.\textsuperscript{123} The ideal times for spacing retrieval practice will be discussed in the following section. The learning process requires time for learning, storage, forgetting, retrieving, and consolidating information.\textsuperscript{124} At first, learning is disorganized as the learner encodes new information, taking it in through reading or listening, not sure of how all of the information fits together.\textsuperscript{125} The newly-learned information is then stored and consolidated, where it is reorganized and connected to past experiences and knowledge already in long-term memory.\textsuperscript{126} Prior knowledge is required to make sense of new learning.\textsuperscript{127} During consolidation, new information is connected to prior knowledge.\textsuperscript{128} When information is retrieved after a lapse of time, the act of retrieving information from long-term storage strengthens the memory and enables it to be connected to more recent learning.\textsuperscript{129} This reconsolidation is how retrieval practice makes learning more durable.\textsuperscript{130} Under time pressure, such as when studying for exams, most students choose to study easier material before more difficult material.\textsuperscript{131} Students must also decide how long to persist in studying before moving on to different material and when to stop studying altogether.\textsuperscript{132} Students do not choose to study information they believe they have already learned.\textsuperscript{133} Research shows that passive study strategies (rereading, memorizing, and cramming) create the false sense that material is learned, resulting in premature termination of study. Retrieval practice, self-testing, and spacing \textsuperscript{123} \textit{Id.} at 283. Students need to stop relying so heavily on single-session study sessions with fixed amounts of practice. \textit{Id.} at 301. Relearning and spacing have positive, cumulative effects on developing knowledge and memory. \textit{Id.} Researchers found that expanding the interval between relearning sessions may improve the durability and the efficiency of learning, and these findings also relate to the effectiveness of both time management and spaced practice which will be discussed later this section. \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{124} \textit{See Make It Stick}, \textit{supra} note 7, at 100. \textsuperscript{125} \textit{See id.} at 72. \textsuperscript{126} \textit{See id.} at 73. \textsuperscript{127} \textit{See id.} \textsuperscript{128} \textit{See id.} \textsuperscript{129} \textit{See id.} at 75. \textsuperscript{130} \textit{See id.} at 74. Reconsolidation means to revive a memory and then store it again, as is done in retrieval practice. \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{131} \textit{See Kornell & Bjork}, \textit{supra} note 74, at 219. \textsuperscript{132} \textit{See id.} \textsuperscript{133} \textit{See id.} study provide accurate judgments of learning and result in true knowledge and understanding gains. C. Students Lack Awareness of Effective Study Strategies Students must take charge of their own learning, embrace the reality that learning should feel difficult, include mistakes, and require effort, but understand effortful learning changes the learner’s brain. Students receive little, if any, instruction about empirically-proven study habits and strategies.\textsuperscript{134} Students are mostly unaware of empirically-proven study strategies: retrieval practice, self-testing, and periodic review.\textsuperscript{135} The most common study strategies used by students are reading, rereading, rote memorization, and cramming.\textsuperscript{136} Students are not only overconfident in self-selecting study behaviors but are also unaware of the ineffectiveness of their selected study behaviors.\textsuperscript{137} \textsuperscript{134} See John Dunlosky et al., \textit{Improving Students’ Learning with Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions from Cognitive and Educational Psychology}, 13 PSYCHOL. SCI. PUB. INT. 4, 35 (2013) (students’ education is more concerned with content delivery than developing effective study and learning strategies); Kornell, \textit{supra} note 69, at 1298; Kornell & Bjork, \textit{supra} note 74, at 219 (finding a majority of students improvise their method of studying, “presumably on the basis of intuition rather than on research . . . .”); Maribeth Gettinger & Jill K. Seibert, \textit{Contributions of Study Skills to Academic Competence}, 31 Sch. PSYCHOL. REV. 350, 350–51 (2002) (“Although some students develop study skills independently, even normally achieving students may go through school without having acquired effective approaches for studying.”). \textsuperscript{135} See Yana Weinstein, Kathleen B. McDermott & Henry L. Roediger III, \textit{A Comparison of Study Strategies for Passages}, 16 J. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOL.: APPLIED 308, 308 (2010). The study also examined metacognition—the students’ awareness of study methods—and the efficiency of study strategies in general. \textit{See id}. Subjects were asked to predict the amount of information that they would remember after completing each type of study task. \textit{See id}. The learning created by generating and answering one’s own questions and answering questions generated by a teacher or third party were comparable study techniques and were far superior than the learning created by rereading alone. \textit{See id}. While generating and answering one’s own questions benefited retention the most, the technique was also the most time consuming; therefore, researchers recommend using questions generated by a teacher or a third party due to time limitations. \textit{See id}. \textsuperscript{136} See Aimee A. Callender & Mark A. McDaniel, \textit{The Limited Benefits of Rereading Educational Texts}, 34 CONTEMP. EDUC. PSYCHOL. 30, 31–32 (2009) (rereading text was not more effective in producing learning than reading the material once). \textsuperscript{137} See McCabe, \textit{supra} note 7, at 462. A study examining undergraduate students’ metacognitive awareness of six empirically-supported study behaviors (three from cognitive load theory and three metacognitive) revealed that undergraduates have little to no awareness The study advice that students do receive is often incorrect or based more on “common sense,” trial and error, theory, lore, and intuition, rather than empirically-proven research.\textsuperscript{138} Once students find a study strategy they believe is effective, they rarely experiment with other study techniques.\textsuperscript{139} This lack of instruction, combined with students’ reliance on improvised and ineffective study habits, leads to entrenched reliance on poor study habits.\textsuperscript{140} Students have difficulty gauging their own learning.\textsuperscript{141} To judge awareness of students’ own learning and memory performance, they must make a “judgment of learning.”\textsuperscript{142} A judgment of learning is the relationship between a student’s predicted performance and actual performance using a metacognitive judgment, i.e., how much a student thinks he or she has learned compared to evidence of what the student actually learned.\textsuperscript{143} “Information that is easy to process is judged to have been learned well.”\textsuperscript{144} Yet, research shows that when information is easy to process, it is typically due to retrieval fluency as well as illusions of competence and mastery.\textsuperscript{145} Individuals unaware of their own lack of knowledge develop “illusions of knowledge,” the belief that one knows more than he or she actually does.\textsuperscript{146} Learners who are overconfident in their knowledge make \textsuperscript{138} See Kornell, \textit{supra} note 69, at 1298; \textit{MAKE IT STICK}, \textit{supra} note 7, at 8. \textsuperscript{139} See id. at 1313. \textsuperscript{140} See id.; \textit{MAKE IT STICK}, \textit{supra} note 7, at 8. \textsuperscript{141} \textit{MAKE IT STICK}, \textit{supra} note 7, at 3. “We are poor judges of when we are learning well and when we’re not. When the going is harder and slower and it doesn’t feel productive, we are drawn to strategies that feel more fruitful, unaware that the gains from these strategies are often temporary.” \textsuperscript{142} Alan D. Castel, David P. McCabe & Henry L. Roediger III, \textit{Illusions of Competence and Overestimation of Associative Memory for Identical Items}, 14 \textit{PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REV}. 107, 107 (2007). \textsuperscript{143} See id. \textsuperscript{144} Nate Kornell et al., Abstract, \textit{Ease-of-Processing Heuristic and the Stability Bias: Dissociating Memory, Memory Beliefs, and Memory Judgments}, 22 \textit{PSYCHOL. SCI}. 787, 787 (2011). \textsuperscript{145} See Lisa K. Son & Nate Kornell, \textit{The Virtues of Ignorance}, 83 \textit{BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES} 207, 208 (2010). \textsuperscript{146} See id. poor choices compared to learners who are uncertain about their knowledge (or aware of a lack of knowledge).\textsuperscript{147} Too much information can be dangerous for monitoring learning progression.\textsuperscript{148} Researchers found that sometimes providing individuals with less information can result in more learning because it allows a learner to identify what is known and what is unknown.\textsuperscript{149} However, it is not enough for students to be aware that they lack information on a specific topic; they must also know whether information can be gained in a realistic amount of time so as not to waste time studying what is impossible to learn.\textsuperscript{150} Identifying ignorance, lack of knowledge, and mistakes in understanding is critical to learning; overconfidence in knowledge creates illusions of competence and mastery, which are barriers to learning.\textsuperscript{151} Repetition or rehearsal-based study strategies (repetition, rereading, rote memorization, cramming) are useful for storing small amounts of information for the short-term, but are not effective for meaningful, long-term retention.\textsuperscript{152} These tried and true study methods of rereading text and massed practice also lead to illusions of competence, yet students heavily rely on these methods.\textsuperscript{153} Students may not be self-testing because they are \textsuperscript{147} See id. at 207. \textsuperscript{148} See id. at 208–09. For example, consider the situation in which a student is using flashcards to study important terms. Students often have the cue word on one side of the flashcard with the explanation or definition on the other side. Id. Ideally, students would look at the cue word and fully attempt to retrieve the definition. Id. However, students often turn the card too quickly and read the definition or explanation without fully recalling or retrieving the information. Id. Students interpret their response as “correct,” creating the illusion that the word is “learned.” Id. \textsuperscript{149} See id. at 209. \textsuperscript{150} See id. at 211. \textsuperscript{151} See id. \textsuperscript{152} See Gettinger & Seibert, supra note 134, at 355 (classifying study skills into four broad categories: repetition-based, procedural study skills, cognitive-based, and metacognitive). \textsuperscript{153} See MAKE IT STICK, supra note 7, at 3; Karpicke, Butler & Roediger, supra note 84, at 476, 478; Son & Kornell, supra note 145, at 208. Students’ judgments of learning are often wrong and predict that the opposite will result: that restudying will produce the most long-term retention and that retrieval practice will produce the least long-term retention. See also Karpicke & Blunt, supra note 46, 772. When relying on rereading rather than self-testing to learn material, students experience an “illusion of competence,” a mistaken belief that they know the material better than they really do. Karpicke, Butler & Roediger, supra note 84, at 478. not aware of the benefits for studying or because it is difficult and involves substantially more mental effort than rereading and review.\textsuperscript{154} Because of the lack of awareness of effective study strategies and continued reliance on ineffective study strategies, students need explicit instruction in strategies supported by empirical evidence. Direct, explicit instruction improves academic performance and critical thinking across multiple academic domains.\textsuperscript{155} Targeted instruction on effective study strategies and learning methods leads to substantial improvement in academic performance.\textsuperscript{156} Learning how to learn is critical for success in education, but the task of becoming a self-regulated or metacognitively sophisticated learner requires using methods that may seem counterintuitive and against standard practices.\textsuperscript{157} IV. LEGAL EDUCATORS CAN USE COGNITIVE SCIENCE RESEARCH TO MAXIMIZE LAW LEARNING Legal scholars have explored interdisciplinary research on learning theory, cognition, metacognition, and expert learners, but not the research on study behaviors.\textsuperscript{158} Just as research from cognitive science on metacognition and learning theories has benefited legal educators, the wealth of research on undergraduate study behaviors can inform and \textsuperscript{154} See Weinstein, McDermott & Roediger, \textit{supra} note 135, at 308–09; Karpicke, Butler & Roediger, \textit{supra} note 84, at 478. \textsuperscript{155} See Deborah Zalesne & David Nadvorney, \textit{Why Don’t They Get It?: Academic Intelligence and the Under-Prepared Student as “Other”}, 61 J. LEGAL EDUC. 264, 272 (2011); Gettinger & Seibert, \textit{supra} note 134, at 358–59. \textsuperscript{156} McCabe, \textit{supra} note 7, at 462, 469–72, 474. Students receiving targeted instruction on the learning methods, such as testing, spacing, and generation, outperform students who did not receive instruction in learning methods. \textit{Id.} at 476. \textsuperscript{157} See Kornell & Bjork, \textit{supra} note 74, at 223. This is especially critical because of the rapidly changing nature of education to online and web-based learning environments where learners are more dependent on their own abilities to manage their learning without supervision or direction. \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{158} See Merritt, \textit{supra} note 51, at 40–41. “Cognitive scientists have made major advances in mapping the process of learning, but legal educators know little about this work.” \textit{Id.} at 40. Many legal scholars have examined metacognition, expert learning theory, and self-regulated learning, but few have specifically analyzed law student study skills and their relationship to academic success. \textit{Id.} at 40–41; Cassandra L. Hill, \textit{The Elephant in the Law School Assessment Room: The Role of Student Responsibility and Motivating Our Students to Learn}, 56 HOWARD L. J. 447, 471 (2013); Leah M. Christensen, \textit{Legal Reading and Success in Law School: An Empirical Study}, 30 SEATTLE U. L. REV. 603, 603 (2007). influence better practices in law school.\textsuperscript{159} Legal educators can learn what is effective and incorporate these research findings to improve law school learning. Many of the studies described in Part III are highly relevant for legal education, particularly the studies detailing the effectiveness of retrieval, self-testing, and periodic review.\textsuperscript{160} Similarly, the research demonstrates rereading and other rote study techniques, although used frequently by beginning law students, are ineffective.\textsuperscript{161} If undergraduate students are unaware of effective study habits, so are incoming and current law students.\textsuperscript{162} More importantly, most faculty are unaware of these findings.\textsuperscript{163} These empirically-proven study strategies are incredibly important for legal education,\textsuperscript{164} especially in light of the prevailing use of the case method and Socratic method and the lack of explicit skills instruction in the majority of law school classrooms.\textsuperscript{165} These research findings, combined with legal scholars’ research on critical reading skills,\textsuperscript{166} provide powerful tools in bridging the study skills gap that students bring to law school. \textsuperscript{159} See Merritt, \textit{supra} note 51, at 67, 70. \textsuperscript{160} See \textit{supra} note 39 and accompanying text. Law students are confronted with a larger volume of information than previously encountered, and the persistent use of a single, summative assessment at the end of the semester or quarter requires law students to keep up with their studying and review over a much longer period of time. Bartholomew, \textit{supra} note 1, at 903–04, 925; Carol Springer Sargent & Andrea A. Curcio, \textit{Empirical Evidence that Formative Assessments Improve Final Exams}, 61 J. LEGAL EDUC. 379, 379–80 (2012). \textsuperscript{161} See Merritt, \textit{supra} note 51, at 41. \textsuperscript{162} See Karpicke, Butler & Roediger, \textit{supra} note 84, at 476–77. \textsuperscript{163} See Merritt, \textit{supra} note 51, at 40–41. \textsuperscript{164} See \textit{id.} at 67, 70. \textsuperscript{165} See Bartholomew, \textit{supra} note 1, at 898; Madison, \textit{supra} note 10, at 295. \textsuperscript{166} For legal scholarship on critical reading skills, see, e.g., Ruth Ann McKinney, \textit{Reading Like a Lawyer} 51–55 (2d ed. 2012); Elizabeth M. Bloom, \textit{Teaching Law Students to Teach Themselves: Using Lessons from Educational Psychology to Shape Self-Regulated Learners}, 59 WAYNE L. REV. 311, 338–39, 343 (2013); Christensen, \textit{supra} note 158, at 603–04; Leah M. Christensen, \textit{The Psychology Behind Case Briefing: A Powerful Cognitive Schema}, 29 CAMPBELL L. REV. 5, 6 (2006); Laurel Currie Oates, \textit{Leveling the Playing Field: Helping Students Succeed by Helping Them Learn to Read as Expert Lawyers}, 80 ST. JOHN’S L. REV. 227, 227–28 (2006); Debra Moss Curtis & Judith R. Karp, “In a Case, in a Book, They Will Not Take a Second Look!” \textit{Critical Reading in the Legal Writing Classroom}, 41 WILLAMETTE L. REV. 293, 293–95 (2005); Laurel Currie Oates, \textit{Beating the Odds: Reading Strategies of Law Students Admitted Through Alternative Admissions Programs}, 83 IOWA L. REV. 139, 140, 158 (1997) [hereinafter Oates, \textit{Beating the Odds}]; Peter Dewitz, \textit{Legal Other legal scholarship on evidence-based learning has examined metacognition and self-regulation.\textsuperscript{167} Metacognition and self-regulation are intimately related with the study habits and strategies students employ,\textsuperscript{168} but the need for correction is urgent and requires knowledge of specific strategies to employ. Students are often entirely confused on the appropriate study method for the law school level, and, unfortunately, researchers struggle to answer this question because of lack of data.\textsuperscript{169} The “How to Study in Law School” \textit{Education: A Problem of Learning from Text}, 23 N.Y.U. REV. L. & SOC. CHANGE 225, 225 (1997). \textsuperscript{167} For legal scholarship discussing cognition and metacognition, see, for example, \textsc{Michael Hunter Schwartz}, \textit{Expert Learning for Law Students} (2d. ed. 2008); Anthony Niedwiecki, \textit{Teaching for Lifelong Learning}, 40 Cap. U. L. Rev. 149, 152, 155 (2012); Leah M. Christensen, \textit{Enhancing Law School Success: A Study of Goal Orientations, Academic Achievement and the Declining Self-Efficacy of Our Law Students}, 33 LAW & PSYCH. REV. 57, 76 (2009); Michael Hunter Schwartz, \textit{Teaching Law Students To Be Self-Regulated Learners}, 2003 Mich. St. U. DCL L. Rev. 447, 452, 468 (2003); Michael Hunter Schwartz, \textit{Teaching Law by Design: How Learning Theory and Instructional Design Can Inform and Reform Law Teaching}, 38 San Diego L. Rev. 347, 375–76 (2001); Paula Lustbader, \textit{Construction Sites, Building Types, and Bridging Gaps: A Cognitive Theory of the Learning Progression of Law Students}, 33 WILLAMETTE L. REV. 315, 324 (1997). \textsuperscript{168} Niedwiecki, \textit{supra} note 167, at 152, 155; Lustbader, \textit{supra} note 167, at 324–25. \textsuperscript{169} There are few published empirical studies specifically examining law student study habits. A small number of legal educators have investigated law student study habits, but compared to the wealth of empirical research at the undergraduate level, legal education is behind in understanding the study behavior of its students. See Bartholomew, \textit{supra} note 1, at 919 (“To date, no published studies on time management have analyzed law students.”); Karol Schmidt, \textit{Learning from the Learners: What High-Performing Law Students Teach Us About Academic Support Programming}, 4 PHOENIX L. REV. 287, 289–309 (2010). Schmidt’s research is a good start in understanding law student study behaviors, but Schmidt used surveys produced for the undergraduate learning environment, not surveys specifically tailored to the unique learning environment of law school using the case method and Socratic method. \textit{See id.}; Rolando J. Diaz et al., \textit{Cognition, Anxiety, and Prediction of Performance in 1st-Year Law Students}, 93 J. EDUC. PSYCHOL. 420, 420–22 (2001); Ian Gallacher, “Who Are Those Guys?”: \textit{The Results of a Survey Studying the Information Literacy of Incoming Law Students}, 44 CAL. W. L. REV. 151, 151–54 (2007); Edward L. Kimball et al., \textit{Ability, Effort, and Performance Among First-Year Law Students at Brigham Young University}, 1981 Am. B. FOUND. RES. J. 671, 671–73 (1981) (studying the relationship between first-year law students’ study time, time management, and their performance in first-year courses); Guy R. Loftman, \textit{Study Habits and Their Effectiveness in Legal Education}, 27 J. LEGAL EDUC. 418, 419 (1976); Robert Stevens, \textit{Law Schools and Law Students}, 59 VA. L. REV. 551, 551–60 books published for law students offer anecdotal, not evidence-based, advice.\textsuperscript{170} These books offer the same conventional and cliché advice: read for class, brief all of your cases, outline the course material, memorize the rules, do practice questions, and get some rest.\textsuperscript{171} The authors of these books were successful law students who often went on to become successful law professors—all expert law learners.\textsuperscript{172} These authors wrote about what worked for them and what made them successful. Legal educators need evidence-based information about what study behaviors are effective for law students. Until such empirical research on law student study behaviors is available, legal educators should use the wealth of undergraduate empirical research to better understand and teach students. The burdensome reading and the struggle just to keep up easily overwhelm law students who never learned how to study during their undergraduate education.\textsuperscript{173} These are exactly the students who quickly resort to “old” study habits that “worked” in their undergraduate studies, but were not effective study habits (i.e., rereading, rote memorization, and cramming).\textsuperscript{174} Like undergraduate students, law students develop illusions of competence and mastery of law school material.\textsuperscript{175} Their over-reliance on rote learning habits such as memorization and cramming leads to poor \textsuperscript{170} The vast majority of “how-to” books for law school do not include empirical evidence except a few books that incorporate empirical studies in their advice to law students. \textit{See}, e.g., \textsc{Schwartz}, \textit{supra} note 167; \textsc{McKinney}, \textit{supra} note 166; \textsc{Leah M. Christensen}, \textsc{Learning Outside The Box: A Handbook for Law Students Who Learn Differently} (2010); \textsc{Leah M. Christensen}, “One L of a Year”: Learning Strategies for Maximizing Your Success in Law School (2012). \textsuperscript{171} \textit{See}, e.g., \textsc{McKinney}, \textit{supra} note 166. \textsuperscript{172} \textit{See} UALR William H. Bowen School of Law, \textit{Michael Hunter Schwartz}, http://ualr.edu/law/faculty/michael-hunter-schwartz (last visited Feb. 19, 2016); UNC School of Law, \textit{Ruth Ann McKinney}, http://www.law.unc.edu/faculty/directory/mckinneyruthann (last visited Feb. 19, 2016); Thomas Jefferson School of Law, \textit{Leah Christensen}, T. \textsc{Jefferson Sch. L.}, http://www.tjsl.edu/directory/leah-christensen (last visited Feb. 19, 2016). \textsuperscript{173} \textit{See} Bartholomew, \textit{supra} note 1, at 905 (“This lack of foundational skills takes its toll in law school. For example, strong fundamental reading abilities are essential. A deficit in basic reading skills forces law students to devote extra time to meet even baseline expectations. Reading for law school is notably different than other disciplines.”). \textsuperscript{174} \textit{See id.} at 906. \textsuperscript{175} \textit{See} Gallacher, \textit{supra} note 169, at 180–81. academic performance, anxiety, and—for many—academic probation and dismissal.\footnote{176}{See id. at 195.} This Article is an opportunity for legal educators to gain insight from thousands of empirical studies on study strategies and behaviors to assist law students in becoming better law learners. By recognizing and accepting that poor learning methods have inhibited today’s law students, legal education can better serve today’s law learners through use of cognitive science. Empirical research can bridge deficiencies and honor the academic rigor of legal education. Students’ study efforts are better supported by legal educators who understand how to teach students to develop the critical thinking, problem solving, writing, and study skills they lack. Many schools are attempting to bridge the gaps in weaker student skills through more comprehensive academic support programs.\footnote{177}{See, e.g., Academic Support Program, BERKLEYLAW, https://www.law.berkeley.edu/student-life/student-services/academic-support-program (last visited Feb. 19, 2016); Academic Success Program, CAP. U. L. SCH., http://law.capital.edu/AcademicSuccessProgram (last visited Feb. 19, 2016); Academic Support Program, PENNLAW, https://www.law.upenn.edu/academics/support (last visited Feb. 19, 2016); Academic Support Program, U. WASH. SCH. L., https://www.law.washington.edu/Students/AcademicSupport (last visited Feb. 19, 2016).} But, academic support programs alone cannot correct this systemic problem. Law schools as institutions must recognize that if incoming students are academically adrift, it is the institutions’ responsibility to provide students with necessary support to develop skills. Undergraduate research reveals that retrieval, self-testing, and periodic review are highly correlated with academic success.\footnote{178}{See Schmidt, supra note 169, at 303–09.} It also reveals that students continue to rely upon ineffective and improvised study strategies and continue to experience illusions of competence and mastery of the material.\footnote{179}{See id. at 305–09.} Legal educators need concrete tools to put undergraduate research to use in their law school classrooms. Professors cannot assume students are able to perform these skills on their own without explicit instruction. Explicit instruction in retrieval, self-testing, and periodic review can be included in the law school classroom, whether a skills or doctrinal course, with little additional burden on the professor. The following techniques and exercises incorporate both explicit instruction and findings from undergraduate research and can be used by all legal educators in their classrooms, especially first-year doctrinal courses such as contracts, criminal law, torts, and property: (1) Include a calendar with specific study steps with the course syllabus; (2) Model effective case reading techniques and case synthesis in class; (3) Brief multiple choice or short essay practice questions or quizzes in class; and (4) Model effective use of a course outline in class. These techniques are simple, incorporate law school learning activities that students should—and may—be doing on their own, and do not create much additional burden on the individual professor.\textsuperscript{180} These techniques are discussed in more detail below. A. Multi-Month Calendar Including Specific Study Steps in Addition to the Course Syllabus Law professors already provide a course syllabus to their students. The syllabus will define the order in which a professor plans to cover topics and usually includes reading assignments. A syllabus will also likely include dates and times for important events, such as exams or presentations, but probably does not include explicit and timely study suggestions. First semester students especially need help transitioning from their undergraduate student experience to law school.\textsuperscript{181} At the undergraduate level, students had more frequent tests and assessments, and more opportunities for feedback, than they do in law school.\textsuperscript{182} Law school is often the first time students are completely and independently responsible for how and when to study.\textsuperscript{183} In many law schools, especially in doctrinal courses, law students only have one cumulative, summative exam at the end of the semester.\textsuperscript{184} With only one exam at the end of the semester or course, the amount of information covered is overwhelming, and law students often fail to develop \textsuperscript{180} See Bartholomew, \textit{supra} note 1, at 941–52. \textsuperscript{181} See id. at 906. \textsuperscript{182} See id. at 906–07. \textsuperscript{183} See id. at 906. \textsuperscript{184} See McKinney, \textit{supra} note 166, at 54. skills to determine what they should do on a given day to prepare for the end of the semester.\textsuperscript{185} Specific study steps can be noted on the calendar at key points in the semester. For example, the calendar could include assigned reading from the syllabus, as well as dates for review, outlining, and practice questions (essay and multiple choice). The calendar could go even further and include specific questions from a linked supplement (such as \textit{Examples & Explanations}\textsuperscript{186} or \textit{Questions & Answers}\textsuperscript{187}) relevant to the specific topic. Law students are consumed by keeping up with the reading, but should take professors’ specific recommendations about practice materials seriously. First-year students would find these recommendations about when to study and how to study particularly helpful, and it would help these students better transition to be more self-regulated studiers in their second and third years.\textsuperscript{188} Including this type of calendar will help implement all of the research findings.\textsuperscript{189} Such a calendar acts as a scaffold for law students to develop self-regulated learning activities and better learn not only what case information they need but also how to recall information from memory (retrieval and self-testing) and when to review (periodic review).\textsuperscript{190} Because of the amount of reading alone, many students concentrate only on reading and outlining, and often leave review and practice until right before an exam, which is too late in light of the amount of information covered. Providing a calendar that shows students how to schedule and manage all of the study steps needed for mastery of the material is not much of a burden for a law professor. A sample calendar is provided at the end of this Article. \begin{footnotesize} \begin{itemize} \item[\textsuperscript{185}] See Bartholomew, \textit{supra} note 1, at 925 (“The average law school class structure does little to help [with law student time management deficiencies]. End-of-course exams force future-oriented thinking, with limited attention to what needs to be done on a given day to prepare for end-of-semester exams.”). \item[\textsuperscript{186}] See \textit{Examples & Explanations}, WOLTERS KLUWER, http://www.wklegaledu.com/series/examples-explanations (last visited Apr. 2, 2016). \item[\textsuperscript{187}] See \textit{Questions & Answers Series Category}, LEXISNEXIS STORE, http://www.lexisnexis.com/store/catalog/catalog.jsp?id=cat80144 (last visited Apr. 2, 2016). \item[\textsuperscript{188}] See id. \item[\textsuperscript{189}] See id. \item[\textsuperscript{190}] See id. at 925. \end{itemize} \end{footnotesize} B. Modeling Effective Case Reading Techniques and Case Synthesis in Class Effective case reading and case synthesis is critical for success in law school. Yet, research demonstrates that students lack experience reading dense, complex material and struggle with critical reading and thinking skills.\textsuperscript{191} New law students often take long hours over months of reading cases to develop an effective case reading method, while some students never truly develop effective case reading strategies.\textsuperscript{192} Effective case reading is not intuitive and differs from effective case briefing.\textsuperscript{193} Simply rereading is not effective and leads to illusions of competence and mastery.\textsuperscript{194} Legal educators can model an effective reading strategy that helps students test whether they understand the reading, drawing from research on retrieval and self-testing techniques. Legal educators need to be explicit with students by explaining how expert readers use different techniques when they read—they survey, skim, scan, question, rephrase, and connect new information to prior knowledge.\textsuperscript{195} Legal scholars have identified the importance of engaging with the text in reading cases.\textsuperscript{196} Luckily, the effective reading strategies found in \textit{Reading Like a Lawyer}\textsuperscript{197} or SQ3R (Skim/Survey, Question, Read, Recite/Rephrase & Review) are simple and easy to employ.\textsuperscript{198} For example, the professor can \begin{itemize} \item \textsuperscript{191} See John C. Bean, \textit{Helping Students Read Difficult Texts}, in \textit{Engaging Ideas} 133, 133 (Jossey-Bass, 2d ed. 2011), http://www.case.edu/writing/pedscm/Bean_ReadingDifficultTexts.pdf. “Many of today’s students are poor readers, overwhelmed by the density of their college textbooks and baffled by the strangeness and complexity of primary sources and by their unfamiliarity with academic discourse.” \textit{Id.} \item \textsuperscript{192} See supra Part III.C. \item \textsuperscript{193} See supra notes 169–73 and accompanying text. \item \textsuperscript{194} See Karpicke, Butler & Roediger, \textit{supra} note 84, at 474. Rereading, highlighting, underlining and poring over notes and texts are the most commonly used study strategies. \textit{See} Make It Stick, \textit{supra} note 7, at 15. \item \textsuperscript{195} See Christensen, \textit{supra} note 166, at 16–17. \item \textsuperscript{196} See \textit{id.} at 11. \item \textsuperscript{197} McKinney, \textit{supra} note 166. \item \textsuperscript{198} See John S. Hedgcock & Dana R. Ferris, \textit{Teaching Readers of English} 168 (2009). \end{itemize} [T]he SQ3R process captures the connection between surveying, or previewing, which are somewhat passive activities, and questioning or predicting, which are active. At this stage of the pre-reading experience, students take information gathered from schema development and lead students through an SQ3R activity with a new case in class. First, the professor can instruct students to skim only a specific case section in a new case in class to get a general sense of what the case contains. The professor can advise students to remember to look at the markers on the page of the casebook, such as the section title, to orient the student to where the case fits into the topic. The professor can then call on students to discuss what they noticed from skimming the text and what the students might expect the case to be about from the skimmed reading. Second, the professor can ask students to develop questions based on observations when skimming the case, and then call on students to share questions they formulated about the case. Third, the professor can instruct the students to read the case in class, with the background information in mind. The professor should also talk with students about reading tactics, specifically how expert readers do not read a case from the first word to the last, known as “reading linearly.” Instead, expert readers skim, looking for the case rule, then read closely, such as reading for case analysis.\textsuperscript{199} Expert readers often skim items at the beginning of the case, such as facts, until reaching a relevant portion, then read closely.\textsuperscript{200} Expert readers read every case as if for legal research—truly searching the case for information, reading with a specific purpose, skimming and scanning material, and questioning the text—whether that case is in a casebook, a reporter, or from an online source.\textsuperscript{201} Many law students develop this reading for research skill once they have more experience with legal research, which typically occurs months into the first semester, at the earliest.\textsuperscript{202} Because the cases are in a casebook, students often read them differently, starting at the beginning and reading to the end, without a purpose, without questioning the text, and without reviewing whether a \textsuperscript{199} Oates, \textit{Beating the Odds}, supra note 166, at 140–41. \textsuperscript{200} See id. \textsuperscript{201} See id. \textsuperscript{202} See id. reading objective has been satisfied.\textsuperscript{203} By modeling effective case reading strategies used by expert readers in the casebook during class, the professor can help students more quickly develop expert reading strategies. Working through this type of reading strategy in class gives the professor an opportunity to both model effective reading techniques and intervene early or redirect those students struggling with the case material. The professor can also actively model the technique with a previously assigned case to show students a more effective method. The professor can then use the exercise to bridge reading individual cases with hypothetical questions and extracting case rules. Finally, the Professor can take advantage of the notes and questions typically following cases in students’ casebooks, modeling ways students can use these notes and questions during their own study to test their understanding and mastery of the material. Alternatively, the professor may choose to use the notes and questions as a brief, low-stakes quiz on the reading material in class. A short quiz provides formative assessment and gauges students’ understanding. These techniques teach not only effective reading strategies students may lack, but also self-testing, retrieval practice, and self-regulated study as students begin using the reading strategy in their own reading. C. Frequent Quizzing: Using Multiple Choice, Short Answer, and Notes and Questions in Class Practice quizzes and short answer essay questions given weekly, or as students finish a topic, aid students in learning the material.\textsuperscript{204} Practice tests are more effective when spaced, i.e., some time has passed since the material was presented or initially learned.\textsuperscript{205} Few legal educators include short quizzes or practice questions in their classroom teaching, but it should be more widely implemented.\textsuperscript{206} Legal educators can use quizzing in many different ways supported by research on effective learning strategies (pre-testing, retrieval, reflection, elaboration, etc.). The quizzing should force students to rely entirely on their own memory (i.e., closed book) to force students to engage in retrieval practice. Legal educators could incorporate quizzing in class at any of the following times: Before any instruction on the topic, after assigned reading \textsuperscript{203} See Christensen, \textit{supra} note 166, at 21. \textsuperscript{204} See Sophie M. Sparrow, \textit{Using Individual and Group Multiple-Choice Quizzes to Deepen Students’ Learning}, 3 ELON L. REV. 1, 12–13 (2011). \textsuperscript{205} See Dunlosky et al., \textit{supra} note 134, at 35. \textsuperscript{206} See GARY A. MUNNEKE, \textit{HOW TO SUCCEED IN LAW SCHOOL} 91 (2008). to test comprehension, after class discussion to test students’ ability to synthesize rules, after class discussion to test students’ ability to apply rules to new facts, or a week after the topic was discussed in class to promote retrieval and connect to new related information. Although professors may balk at more grading, the act of the student retrieving information from memory is the most critical learning strategy. Correct answers do need to be provided promptly, but the quizzes do not need to be individually graded.\textsuperscript{207} Professors can instead provide correct answers or model answers for students to grade and assess themselves. Multiple-choice questions, in particular, are very useful for retrieval, self-testing, and periodic review.\textsuperscript{208} However, law students often do not understand how to incorporate multiple-choice questions in their regular semester study.\textsuperscript{209} A legal educator could give a practice multiple-choice question at the beginning of class and give the students three to five minutes to guess from the answer choices. The professor could then give students the correct answer and discuss it with the class. The professor could also direct the students to write an IRAC answer to the multiple-choice prompt (with or without providing the correct answer in advance). This technique gives students multiple-choice practice and practice writing IRAC answers to single-issue questions, while also providing students with an incentive to use multiple-choice questions in their daily and weekly study. Low-stakes quizzes and practice questions in class give students opportunities to practice retrieval as well as periodic review. Professors can even call the short quizzes “reviews” to lower expectations. These reviews provide a tool allowing a professor to gauge comprehension of the material and allow the professor to remediate confusion or provide additional review.\textsuperscript{210} By providing frequent practice questions in class, professors model effective retrieval, self-testing, and periodic review, as well as assist students in dispelling illusions of competence and mastery in course material.\textsuperscript{211} \textsuperscript{207} See Roediger & Butler, \textit{supra} note 65, at 22. \textsuperscript{208} Multiple-choice questions are available from multiple sources such as \textit{Questions & Answers} (LexisNexis), \textit{Siegel’s} series (Aspen), multistate bar exam (MBE) style questions from the \textit{Finals: Law School Exam Series}, \textit{The Finz Multistate Method (Strategies & Tactics Series)}, \textit{Emanuel}, Kaplan, and in many CALI lessons. \textsuperscript{209} See Sparrow, \textit{supra} note 204, at 12–13. \textsuperscript{210} See MAKE IT STICK, \textit{supra} note 7, at 44. \textsuperscript{211} See \textit{supra} Part III.B; Sparrow, \textit{supra} note 204, at 6. D. Periodic Review of Course Material Most professors offer end of term reviews prior to final exams, which are beneficial to students.\textsuperscript{212} But, this is only a single event, “massed” at the end of the term. Research shows that spacing study and periodic review of learned material is more effective than massed study.\textsuperscript{213} Professors could offer periodic reviews of course material by reviewing at the end of each week or each topic. Professors, teaching assistants, or even students can lead these reviews. Effective periodic review of course material could force the students to retrieve the structure of the law—rules, elements, tests, policy, examples, etc.—as well as testing students’ application of the law to new facts using practice questions (see prior section on frequent quizzing).\textsuperscript{214} E. Modeling Effective Use of Course Outlines in Class While most professors do not teach outlining techniques, most professors do expect students will outline their course materials by extracting rules from cases read for class, synthesizing rules from related cases, breaking rules into elements, including examples, explanations, and policies.\textsuperscript{215} Although some doctrinal professors provide bare bones skeletal outlines for students to fill in course material as the semester progresses, these skeletal outlines do not encourage a student to effectively create their own outline.\textsuperscript{216} Outlining is a critical step in synthesizing and consolidating such a large amount of information, but it is not enough for students to merely create an outline.\textsuperscript{217} Students must also learn to \textit{use} their outline. Professors can encourage or require students to bring their outlines to class and then offer hypos for students to actively use their outlines. Given an opportunity to use \textsuperscript{212} See 20 Tips for Success in Law School, Chap. U. Fowler Sch. L., http://www.chapman.edu/law/student-resources/achievement-program/20-tips-success.aspx (last visited Feb. 19, 2016). \textsuperscript{213} See MAKE IT STICK, supra note 7, at 47. \textsuperscript{214} See supra Part IV.C. \textsuperscript{215} See Danielle B. Kocal, Law School Outlining—Why, When and How To Do It, BLOOMBERG L. (Aug. 9, 2013), http://www.law.pace.edu/sites/default/files/academic_success/Kocal_Outlining_Bloomberg.pdf. \textsuperscript{216} See Eric A. DeGroff, The Dynamics of the Contemporary Law School Classroom: Looking at Laptops Through Learning Style Lens, 39 U. DAYTON L. REV. 201, 216 (2014). \textsuperscript{217} See Michael T. Gibson, A Critique of Best Practices in Legal Education: Five Things All Law Professors Should Know, 42 U. BALT. L. REV. 1, 11 (2012). outlines as a tool in class, fewer students will wait until just before exams to create the document.\textsuperscript{218} Modeling the effective use of course outlines and providing opportunities for students to use outlines in the classroom teach students the importance of the outline as a vital tool in practicing application of the law, not just a tool for memorization when studying for an exam. Professors do not need to create course outlines for their students. Encouraging or requiring students to bring their own self-created course outlines to class does not create an additional burden on the professor. This technique builds on the research findings that self-testing—practice in application of law to facts—is critical to meaningful learning.\textsuperscript{219} V. CONCLUSION Law schools are inheriting academically adrift students with weak critical thinking, problem solving, and writing skills because these students were not challenged by sufficiently rigorous reading and writing requirements in their undergraduate studies.\textsuperscript{220} In addition, these students have poorly-developed study skills and rely on improvised, ineffective study skills such as highlighting and rereading.\textsuperscript{221} Empirical evidence from undergraduate research reveals that retrieval, self-testing, and periodic review are highly correlated with academic success.\textsuperscript{222} Legal educators can incorporate these research findings into their law school classrooms with some simple techniques such as providing law students with a calendar including study strategies in addition to case reading assignments, modeling effective case reading in class, providing practice opportunities in class through quizzes, more frequent review of course material, and modeling effective uses of course outlines to practice applying the law. More empirical research into the study habits of law students is needed. However, until legal educators know more about the study habits of law students, legal educators should maximize the wealth of research findings from undergraduate institutions. \textsuperscript{218} See Kocal, \textit{supra} note 215, at 2. \textsuperscript{219} See Schwartz et al., \textit{supra} note 49, at 9–10; Karpicke & Grimaldi, \textit{supra} note 46, at 404. \textsuperscript{220} See Roach, \textit{supra} note 4, at 302; \textsc{Improving Undergraduate Learning}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 4. \textsuperscript{221} See McCabe, \textit{supra} note 7, at 462–63. \textsuperscript{222} See \textit{supra} Part III.B. \| \| MON \| TUES \| WED \| THURS \| FRI \| SAT \| SUN \| \|---\|------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------\| \| August \| 25 Classes Begin Class prep: read & brief cases \| 26 Class prep: read & brief cases \| 27 Class prep: read & brief cases \| 28 Class prep: read & brief cases \| 29 Class prep & Review notes \| 30 Review Civ Pro & Property LW I Research \| 31 Review Torts & Contracts LW I Draft \| \| \| 1 Class prep + review questions \| 2 Class prep + review questions \| 3 Class prep + review questions \| 4 LW I Client Letter Due \| 5 Class prep + review questions \| 6 Start Outlines: Civ Pro & Property \| 7 Start Outlines: Torts & Contracts \| \| \| 8 Class prep + review questions \| 9 Class prep + review questions \| 10 Class prep + review questions \| 11 Class prep + review questions \| 12 Class prep + review questions \| 13 Review & Update Outlines \| 14 LW I Research Memo \| \| \| 15 Class prep + review questions \| 16 Class prep + review questions \| 17 Class prep + review questions \| 18 LW I Rough Draft of Memo Due \| 19 Class prep + review questions \| 20 Review & Update Outlines + Practice Essays Q's \| 21 Review & Update Outlines + Practice M/C Q's \| \| \| 22 Class prep + review questions \| 23 Class prep + review questions \| 24 Class prep + review questions \| 25 Class prep + review questions \| 26 Class prep + review questions \| 27 Review & Update Outlines + Practice Essays \| 28 LW I Revise Memo \| \| \| 29 Class prep + review questions \| 30 Class prep + review questions \| 1 Class prep + review questions \| 2 Class prep + review questions \| 3 Class prep + review questions \| 4 Review & Update Outlines \| 5 LW I Revise Memo \| \| \| 6 Class prep + review questions \| 7 Class prep + review questions \| 8 Class prep + review questions \| 9 LW I Memo Due \| 10 Class prep + review questions \| 11 Review & Update Outlines + Practice Essays \| 12 Review & Update Outlines + Practice M/C Q's \| \| \| 13 Class prep + review questions \| 14 Class prep + review questions \| 15 Class prep + review questions \| 16 Class prep + review questions \| 17 Class prep + review questions \| 18 Review & Update Outlines \| 19 Review Profs' Past Exams \| \| \| 20 Class prep + review questions \| 21 Class prep + review questions \| 22 Class prep + review questions \| 23 Class prep + review questions \| 24 Class prep + review questions \| 25 Review & Update Outlines \| 26 LW I Research Memo 2 \| \| Date \| Activity \| \|------------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 27 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 28 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 29 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 30 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 31 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 1 \| Review & Update Outlines + Practice Essays \| \| 2 \| Review & Update Outlines + Practice M/C Q's \| \| 3 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 4 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 5 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 6 \| LW I Memo 2 Draft Due \| \| 7 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 8 \| Review & Update Outlines \| \| 9 \| LW Revising \| \| 10 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 11 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 12 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 13 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 14 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 15 \| Review & Update Outlines \| \| 16 \| Practice Essays + Practice M/C Q's \| \| 17 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 18 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 19 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 20 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 21 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 22 \| Review & Update Outlines \| \| 23 \| LW II Revise Memo 2 \| \| 24 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 25 \| LW I Memo 2 Due \| \| 26 \| Class prep + review questions \| \| 27 \| Thanksgiving Break \| \| 28 \| Finish Outlines: Civ Pro & Property \| \| 29 \| Finish Outlines: Torts & Contracts \| \| 1 \| Practice Questions & Past Exams \| \| 2 \| Checklists & Attack Plans \| \| 3 \| Consolidate Outlines, Make \| \| 4 \| Review Property Outline + Practice Q's \| \| 5 \| Review Contracts & Torts Outline \| \| 6 \| Review Torts Outline + practice essays \| \| 8 \| Property practice essays & M/C Q's \| \| 9 \| Property I FINAL \| \| 10 \| Review Civ Pro Outline + Practice Q's \| \| 11 \| Civ Pro practice essays & M/C Q's \| \| 12 \| Civ Pro I FINAL \| \| 13 \| Review Contracts & Torts Outline \| \| 14 \| Review Torts Outline + practice essays \| \| 15 \| Torts practice essays & M/C Q's \| \| 16 \| Torts I FINAL \| \| 17 \| Review Contracts Outline \| \| 18 \| Contracts practice essays & M/C Q's \| \| 19 \| Contracts I FINAL \| \| 20 \| Review Contracts & Torts Outline \| \| 21 \| Review Torts Outline + practice essays \|
Trapping Neutral Molecules in a Traveling Potential Well Hendrick L. Bethlem, Giel Berden, André J. A. van Roij, Floris M. H. Crompvoets, and Gerard Meijer FOM—Institute for Plasmaphysics Rijnhuizen, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, and Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Received 11 February 2000) A series of pulsed electric fields can be arranged such that it creates a traveling potential well in which neutral dipolar molecules can be confined. This provides a method to transport, to decelerate, and to cool a sample of neutral molecules while maintaining the initial phase-space density. This method is described using the concept of phase stability. The oscillating motion of molecules in the traveling potential well, reaching a minimum velocity spread corresponding to a translational temperature of 4 mK, is experimentally observed. PACS numbers: 33.80.Ps, 33.55.Be Cooling and trapping of atoms has led to numerous exciting results during the last decades [1]. Triggered by this, there currently is a large interest in schemes to produce ultracold molecules [2–5]. Laser cooling has been successfully applied to obtain high densities of cold atoms, starting from a thermal beam or background gas; spontaneous emission acts as a friction force, providing a method to increase the initially rather low phase-space densities. However, laser cooling cannot easily be applied to molecules since off-resonant decay to different vibrational levels in the electronic ground state hampers efficient momentum transfer. Adiabatic cooling in an expansion can be used to obtain high densities of cold molecules. In pulsed molecular beams, densities on the order of $10^{12}$ molecules/cm$^3$ in a single quantum state at translational temperatures of 1 K are readily achieved. Typical velocities in a molecular beam are in the 250–2000 m/s range, however, preventing trapping of these dense low-temperature samples in the laboratory frame. Various methods are currently being explored to translate the high phase-space densities from the moving frame of the molecular beam to the laboratory frame [6–9]. These molecules can then be further cooled using evaporative cooling or using laser cooling on rovibrational transitions. Static electric and magnetic fields have been used to deflect and focus polar and paramagnetic molecules since the 1920s. Already in the 1950s it was realized that time-varying electric fields can be used to change the longitudinal velocity of polar molecules [10,11]. Molecules possessing an electric dipole moment will gain Stark energy upon entering an electric field when in the appropriate quantum state. This gain in Stark energy (“potential” energy) is compensated by a loss in kinetic energy. If the electric field is greatly reduced before the molecule has left the electric field the molecule will not fully regain the lost kinetic energy. This process may be repeated by letting the molecules pass through multiple pulsed electric fields. Molecules can thus be slowed down and eventually brought to a standstill. Recently, we successfully demonstrated deceleration of dipolar molecules using an array of pulsed electric fields [6]. Time-varying electric [7] and magnetic [12] fields have also been used to manipulate atoms released from a magneto-optical trap, as well as to change the velocity of a neutron beam [13]. The possibility to manipulate both the transversal and longitudinal velocities of neutral dipolar molecules allows one to perform all the operations on these molecules that are successfully used throughout on charged particles. In this Letter we demonstrate that neutral dipolar molecules can be transported, decelerated, and cooled employing the principle of phase stability. This principle, discovered independently by Veksler [14] and McMillan [15], forms the basis for synchrotronlike charged particle accelerators and can be viewed as trapping of the particles in a traveling potential well formed by the accelerating fields [16]. Consider an array of electric field stages separated by a distance $L$, as shown in Fig. 1. Each stage consists of two parallel cylindrical metal rods with radius $r$, centered at a distance $2r + d$ apart. One of the rods is connected to a positive and the other to a negative switchable high voltage power supply. Alternating stages are connected to each other. When a molecule in a quantum state with a positive Stark effect (a so-called low-field seeker) moves through the array of electric field stages as indicated in Fig. 1, it will gain Stark energy. This gain in potential energy is compensated by a loss in kinetic energy. FIG. 1. Scheme of the Stark decelerator, together with the Stark energy of a molecule as a function of position $z$ along the molecular beam axis. field is abruptly switched off, the molecule will keep its instantaneous velocity. If we simultaneously switch on the electric field of the next stage the process will repeat itself. In Fig. 1 the potential energy of the molecule, $W(z)$, is depicted as a function of its position $z$ along the beam axis. The energy a molecule loses per stage depends on its position at the time that the fields are being switched. In analogy with concepts used in charged particle accelerators, we express this position in terms of a “phase angle” $\phi$ which has a periodicity of $2L$. Molecules which are in maximum electric field just prior to the time at which the fields are being switched are assigned a phase angle of $\phi = 90^\circ$. We will first discuss the situation where the electric fields are switched at equal time intervals $\Delta T$. Let us consider a molecule at a phase $\phi = 0^\circ$ and with a velocity that matches the frequency of the electric fields, i.e., a molecule that travels exactly the distance $L$ in a time interval $\Delta T$. We will refer to this molecule as the “synchronous” molecule (vide infra). Its phase and velocity are indicated as the equilibrium phase $\phi_0$ and the equilibrium velocity $v_0$, respectively. It is readily seen that (i) the phase and velocity of the synchronous molecules remain unchanged, and (ii) that molecules with a slightly different phase or velocity will experience an automatic correction towards these equilibrium values. A molecule with a phase slightly larger than $\phi_0$ and a velocity equal to $v_0$, for instance, will lose more energy per stage than the synchronous molecule. It will thus be slowed down relative to the synchronous molecule and consequently its phase will get smaller, until it lags behind. At this point, the situation is reversed and it will lose less energy than the synchronous molecule, etc. This argument shows that molecules with a slightly different phase from $\phi_0$ and/or a slightly different velocity from $v_0$ will oscillate with both phase and velocity around the equilibrium values; the molecules are trapped in a potential well traveling at the velocity of the synchronous molecule. In order to decelerate the molecules one has to lower the velocity of the potential well, by gradually increasing the time intervals $\Delta T$ after which the electric fields are being switched. The synchronous molecule will still travel a distance $L$ in the interval $\Delta T$, but $\phi_0$ will now be different from zero. By definition, the synchronous molecule is always at the same position when the fields are being switched ($\phi_0$ remains constant); it will achieve this by losing exactly the required kinetic energy per stage. Again, the phase and velocity of a nonsynchronous molecule will oscillate around those of the decelerated synchronous molecule. The kinetic energy lost by the synchronous molecule per stage, $\Delta K(\phi_0)$, is given by $W(\phi_0) - W(\phi_0 + \pi)$. It is convenient to express $W(\phi)$ as a Fourier series. In the expression for $\Delta K(\phi_0)$ all the even terms cancel, yielding $\Delta K(\phi_0) = 2a_1 \sin(\phi_0) + 2a_3 \sin(3\phi_0) + \cdots$. When adjacent electric field stages are not too far apart, i.e., $L \sim 2r + d$, $\Delta K(\phi_0)$ is predominantly determined by the first term. As mentioned above, the phase is defined only at the moment at which the fields are being switched. To be able to mathematically describe the motion of the molecules through the Stark decelerator, a description in terms of continuous variables is needed. For a description of the motion of a nonsynchronous molecule relative to the motion of the synchronous molecule we introduce the instantaneous difference in phase, $\Delta \phi = \phi - \phi_0$, and velocity, $\Delta v = v - v_0$. One can regard the lost kinetic energy per stage of the synchronous molecule to originate from a continuously acting, average force $\bar{F}(\phi_0) = -\Delta K(\phi_0)/L$. When $\Delta v \ll v_0$, the average force on a nonsynchronous molecule can be written as $\bar{F}(\phi_0 + \Delta \phi) \approx -\Delta K(\phi_0 + \Delta \phi)/L$ [17]. The equation describing the motion of the nonsynchronous molecule relative to the motion of the synchronous molecule is thus given by $$mL \frac{d^2 \Delta \phi}{dt^2} + \frac{2a_1}{L} [\sin(\phi_0 + \Delta \phi) - \sin(\phi_0)] = 0$$ with $m$ the mass of the molecule. This is analogous to the equation for a pendulum driven by a constant torque. For small values of $\Delta \phi$, this results in a harmonic oscillation of $\phi$ around $\phi_0$. In Fig. 2 a numerical integration of Eq. (1) is shown for various equilibrium phases $\phi_0$, with parameters as used in the experiment on metastable CO, to be described later. Given a particular equilibrium phase, all molecules positioned in the phase-space diagram inside the corresponding curve will undergo stable phase oscillation. All other molecules will diverge in velocity and phase. The phase stability diagrams showing the longitudinal acceptance of the Stark decelerator are very similar to those used to describe charged particle accelerators (see, for instance, Fig. 13.8 of Ref. [16]). There is an important difference, however. In a charged particle accelerator energy is added to the particles at a certain position, while the amount of energy that is added depends on the time they arrive at this position. In the Stark decelerator energy is added to the molecules at a certain time, while the amount of ![Phase stability diagrams for various values of $\phi_0$, obtained via numerical integration of Eq. (1) with parameters as used in the experiment.](image-url) energy that is added depends on their position at that time. Therefore, while in charged particle accelerators energy and time are conjugate variables, in the Stark decelerator this role is played by velocity (energy divided by velocity) and position (time multiplied by velocity). As a consequence, while the energy spread in the laboratory frame remains constant in a charged particle accelerator, the velocity spread in the laboratory frame remains constant in the Stark decelerator. The latter is crucial for the promise that the Stark decelerator holds to transfer the high phase-space densities of molecules in the moving frame of the molecular beam to the laboratory frame. In order to demonstrate the performance of the Stark decelerator, experiments have been carried out on CO molecules in the $a^3\Pi$ state. The main reason to use metastable CO molecules for these experiments is that (i) they can be prepared at a well-defined position and time, and (ii) their velocity distribution can be readily recorded. A pulsed beam of CO is produced by expanding a 5% CO in Xe mixture, using a modified solenoid valve, into vacuum. Cooling the valve housing to 180 K (just above the boiling point of Xe) brings the mean velocity of the CO molecules in the beam down to 280 m/s, corresponding to an initial kinetic energy of $E_{\text{kin}} = 92$ cm$^{-1}$. The velocity spread is approximately 12%, corresponding to a temperature of 0.48 cm$^{-1}$ or $\sim 0.7$ K in the moving frame. The CO molecules pass through a 1.0 mm diameter skimmer into a second, differentially pumped, vacuum chamber. Preparation of a pulsed beam of metastable CO molecules in single quantum levels is performed by direct laser excitation of the ground state molecules on the spin-forbidden $a^3\Pi (v' = 0) \leftarrow X^1\Sigma^+ (v'' = 0)$ transition, using pulsed 206 nm (6.0 eV) radiation. In our experimental setup, the molecules need to be prepared in states that experience a positive Stark effect which are the upper components of the A doublets in the $a^3\Pi$ state [18]. In the experiments reported here, laser preparation of the $J' = 1$ $a^3\Pi_1$ level via the $Q_2(1)$ transition is used. Laser preparation is performed in a 0.3 mm diameter spot, 7 mm in front of the 35 cm long Stark decelerator consisting of an array of 63 equidistant ($L = 5.5$ mm) electric field stages. The two opposing rods ($r = 1.5$ mm, $d = 2.0$ mm) are simultaneously switched by two independent high voltage switches to maximum voltages of +10 kV and −10 kV. Under these conditions the trap depth is 0.8 cm$^{-1}$ or 1.15 K. As there is an electric field minimum on the molecular beam axis, there is a net force driving the molecules in the low-field seeking states towards this axis. The pairs of rods of adjacent electric field stages are alternately positioned horizontally and vertically to get focusing of the low-field seeking states in either direction. The actual number of electric field stages that is used can be varied by adjusting the computer controlled sequence by which the switches are triggered. The time-of-flight (TOF) distributions over the 54 cm distance from laser preparation to detection is recorded by measuring the number of electrons emitted from a flat gold surface when the metastable CO molecules impinge on it. In the left part of Fig. 3 the measured TOF distributions are plotted for an increasing number of electric field stages used, as indicated in the figure. The experimental curves, which are given an offset for clarity, are normalized to have the same integrated intensity; the actual intensity increases by more than a factor of 5 with an increasing number of stages used due to transversal focusing effects. The electric fields are switched at equal time intervals of $\Delta T = 20$ μs, such that the traveling potential is moving at 275 m/s, close to the mean velocity of the molecular beam. By varying the number of electrodes used, the time that the trapping potential is on is varied. Therefore, the observed TOF distributions are snapshots of the motion of the metastable CO molecules in the traveling potential well. The width of the TOF distributions is a convolution of the spatial and velocity distribution of the trapped molecules. However, as the velocity spread of these molecules can be as large as 12% while the spatial extent of the bunch of molecules is always below 2% of the flight path, the TOF distribution mainly reflects the velocity distribution. The oscillation of the width of the TOF distributions with increasing number of stages, therefore, directly reflects the oscillation in the velocity spread of the trapped molecules. The dashed curve above the TOF distribution recorded with 47 stages results from a Monte Carlo simulation using Eq. (1). ![FIG. 3. Observed TOF distributions using an increasing number of electrodes for $\phi_0 = 0^\circ$. On the right, the results from Monte Carlo calculations are plotted in phase-space diagrams, when 0, 15, 31, and 47 stages are used.](image-url) The results from the simulation for 0, 15, 31, and 47 electric field stages, are plotted in phase-space diagrams, together with several (including the outermost) orbits of the phase stability diagram for $\phi_0 = 0^\circ$. The position of a molecule in phase space is represented by a dot in these diagrams. The projections of the distributions of molecules in phase space onto the velocity axis, as shown on the left axes, give the true velocity distributions of the trapped molecules. Since the metastable molecules are prepared in a 0.3 mm diameter laser focus, only a small region in phase space is occupied at the entrance of the Stark decelerator. This enables the direct observation of the oscillatory motion of the molecules in velocity and position. The molecules are seen to describe closed orbits in the position-velocity plane. Because of the anharmonicity of the traveling potential well the outer orbits have longer periods than the inner ones, resulting in spiral structures. The tails of these spirals are seen as sharp edges in the upper TOF distribution and are shown in more detail in the inset. The narrowest velocity distribution results when the distribution of the molecules in the phase-space diagrams is “horizontal.” The ultimate width of the velocity distribution is determined by the initial spatial extent of the bunch of molecules at the entrance of the Stark decelerator. When 15 stages are used, the relative velocity spread is 0.7%, corresponding to a temperature in the moving frame of $T = 4$ mK. The molecules trapped in the potential well can be decelerated by gradually increasing $\Delta T$, at the cost of a decrease of the depth of the potential. In Fig. 4 the experimentally observed fraction of the beam that is confined in the traveling potential well (right) is shown together with the kinetic energy loss of the metastable CO molecules over 47 stages (left) as a function of $\phi_0$. The solid curves show the result using the analytical model with $2a_1 = 0.76$ cm$^{-1}$. Including the next term in the Fourier expansion with $2a_3 = -0.040$ cm$^{-1}$ yields the dashed curves. The results presented in this Letter clearly demonstrate the potential of the Stark decelerator for transferring the high initial phase-space densities from the moving molecular frame to the laboratory frame. The record-low molecular beam temperatures with their variable velocities achieved in this study hold great promise for a variety of molecular beam experiments. This work is part of the research program of the “Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM),” which is financially supported by the “Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO).” We acknowledge the expert technical assistance of Ch. Timmer. [1] S. Chu, Rev. Mod. Phys. 70, 685 (1998); C.N. Cohen-Tannoudji, ibid. 70, 707 (1998); W.D. Phillips, ibid. 70, 721 (1998). [2] J.M. Doyle and B. Friedrich, Nature (London) 401, 749 (1999). [3] J.D. Weinstein, R. deCarvalho, T. Guillet, B. Friedrich, and J.M. Doyle, Nature (London) 395, 148 (1998). [4] B. Friedrich, R. deCarvalho, J. Kim, D. Patterson, J.D. Weinstein, and J.M. Doyle, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 94, 1783 (1998). [5] J.T. Bahns, P.L. Gould, and W.C. Stwalley, Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 42, 171 (2000). [6] H.L. Bethlem, G. Berden, and G. Meijer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1558 (1999). [7] J.A. Maddi, T.P. Dinneen, and H. Gould, Phys. Rev. A 60, 3882 (1999). [8] M. Gupta and D. Herschbach, J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 10670 (1999). [9] B. Friedrich, Phys. Rev. A 61, 025403 (2000). [10] J.G. King, in Proceedings of the 13th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control, Asbury Park, 1959 (U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Monmouth, 1959), p. 603. [11] R. Wolfgang, Sci. Am. 219, No. 4, 44 (1968). [12] E. Maréchal, S. Guibal, J.-L. Bossenec, R. Barbé, J.-C. Keller, and O. Gorceix, Phys. Rev. A 59, 4636 (1999). [13] L. Niel and H. Rauch, Z. Phys. B 74, 133 (1989). [14] V.I. Veksler, J. Phys. (Moscow) 9, 153 (1945) [15] E.M. McMillan, Phys. Rev. 68, 143 (1945). [16] S. Humphries, Jr., in Principles of Charged Particle Accelerators (Wiley, New York, 1986). [17] More elaborate Monte Carlo calculations, using the true force acting on the molecules upon passage through the Stark decelerator, indicate that breakdown of this approximation when $v_0$ becomes small leads only to minor deviations from the here presented model. [18] R.T. Jongma, G. von Helden, G. Berden, and G. Meijer, Chem. Phys. Lett. 270, 304 (1997).
MY PENTECOST DR. HENRY CLAY MORRISON SEEDBED SHORTS Kingdom Treasure for Your Reading Pleasure Copyright 2015 by Seedbed Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without prior written permission, except for brief quotations in critical reviews or articles. Cover illustration © xochicalco/istock/thinkstock Cover design by Andrew Dragos Page design by Andrew Dragos PDF ISBN: 978-1-62824-215-7 SEEDBED PUBLISHING Sowing for a Great Awakening 204 N. Lexington Avenue Wilmore, Kentucky 40390 Resourcing individuals, communities, and movements to love the whole world with the whole gospel. - DAILY BLOG ARTICLES - FREE EBOOKS - BIBLE STUDY CURRICULUM - AUDIO PODCASTS - DAILY DEVOTIONALS - SMARTPHONE APP - VIDEO TEACHING FIND MORE @seedbedorg facebook.com/seedbed.org instagram.com/seedbedorg youtube.com/user/seedbedorg pinterest.com/seedbedorg podcasts.seedbed.org I had a very bright Christian experience, for several years after my conversion, and had I met with sanctified people, or heard the doctrine of perfect love preached, I am confident I would have sought the experience without hesitation. I deeply regret that I did not at this period in my Christian life hear some such men as Dr. Godbey, Dr. Carradine, or Bro. Robinson preach this blessed truth. As time passed my zeal somewhat abated, and I frequently fell into sin, but repented so soon as I became conscious of my wrong-doings, and would not cease to pray until restored to the favor of the Lord. The community in which I spent my boyhood was made up of God-fearing people, and my most intimate associates were Christians. I was regular in attendance at Sabbath school and preaching, read the Scriptures with delight, and was often in secret prayer. Immediately after my conversion I took an active part in revival work, going in to the audience to seek souls, instructing penitents at the altar, and praying often in public. I also erected an altar of prayer in the home of my grandfather, where I lived and conducted worship night and morning. Notwithstanding all this I had a quick temper and often became angry. I also frequently indulged in levity to such excess that I suffered sorrow and shame in my heart, weeping and praying for forgiveness and grace to control both my evil temper and my disposition to levity, but made poor headway. All this time I felt clearly impressed that I must preach the gospel, and about six years after my conversion was licensed to preach, and commenced at once, when opportunity offered, to proclaim the word of life. The Lord set his seal to my ministry from the first, and I soon saw souls converted. About the time I was licensed to preach Rev. George O. Barnes came to Kentucky and attracted much attention preaching the “Higher Life.” He was one of the most interesting speakers I ever heard—a man of superior education and refinement, wide travel, and varied experiences. He was graceful in manner and saintly in appearance. His face seemed to have the light of heaven in it, and his voice was mellow and musical with a love that won the multitudes to admire and love him. His doctrines were a strange mixture of free grace, predestination, final perseverance, the higher life, and Universalism. “God is love and nothing else” was his motto. Thousands of people in the church and out of it, made a profession of faith in Christ under his ministry. There seemed to be no conviction for sin, no repentance, no reformation, no regeneration, no baptisms, no joining of the churches, nothing but a passionate love for “Bro. Barnes and a profession of faith in Christ.” Mixed up with his other teachings was the doctrine of the “Higher Life,” or sanctification. Many people got deeply interested in this phase of his teachings, and I heard much of a life without sinning, of abiding peace and rest with perfect resignation and constant joy. Having been soundly converted and very well established in the first principles of Methodist doctrine, I rejected Bro. Barnes, and all of his teachings together. Widespread apostasy followed his revivals. It seemed that his seed fell upon stony ground, sprung up at once, but perished for want of root. All of this strongly prejudiced me against the doctrine of sanctification. Looking back, I believe that Bro. Barnes was a pure man, enjoying the experience of perfect love, and I have no doubt quite a number of persons in Kentucky were led out into the experience of full salvation under his ministry, and are abiding in this experience to this day. But at the time I was prejudiced against the doctrine, by whatever name called, and while I frequently met with those in the experience, and delighted to hear them sing, or pray, or speak, yet I somehow got into my head the notion that they claimed that they had reached a place in the religious life where they could not be tempted, could not commit sin, and had reached a point of such absolute perfection that it was impossible for them to grow in grace. I had gotten the idea of purity and maturity badly mixed in my mind, and had false and exaggerated notions of maturity. I thought that those who professed sanctification, professed maturity, a maturity beyond which there could be no advancement, and from which there could be no fall. I think Mr. Barnes almost taught this; at least at the time I thought this was his teaching, and rejected it, not without indignation. The war had closed. The excitement and strife of readjustment was over. The real estate craze in which many cities had been built on paper, had swept over the South, leaving many old fields laid off in lots, and foundries, and factories half built, to rust and fall into decay, and at last after a quarter of a century of excitement and unrest, there came a lull, and the people had time to read, and think, and pray. Wesley’s sermons were brought down from garrets. Here and there a copy of “Hester Ann Rogers,” or the “Plain Account,” was brought out from some old box or shelf, and read with wonder and delight. The revival fires and the modern holiness movement were being kindled in Georgia, Kentucky, and other states in the South. One would frequently hear mentioned the connection with the subject of entire sanctification, the names of Dr. Lovick Pierce, Rev. W. B. Godbey, Rev. B. A. Cundiff, and Rev. W. A. Dodge. Rev. W. S. Grinstead, of the Kentucky Conference, and Rev. J. S. Keen, of the Louisville Conference, professed entire sanctification, received instantaneously by faith. I loved and revered these good men, but I felt there was a mistake somewhere. The whole matter of the remains of sin, or the carnal mind and its crucifixion, seemed strange and intangible to me. I could not understand or get a hold of it. I had just come home from Vanderbilt University, where I had spent one school year. I loved Christ and longed for souls, and had the revival spirit. The brethren called me in every direction. The Lord gave us revivals everywhere. I was stationed in the Eleventh Street M. E. Church, South, and Covington, Kentucky. The church prospered, and I went out to help the brethren in meetings. Great revivals followed in quick succession in Lexington, Winchester, and Paris. No church could hold the congregations. Hundreds of dollars were thrust into my hands, a handsome gold watch was presented to me by young converts, and it seemed to me that I was in no need of a “second blessing.” All I seemed to need was a church large enough to hold my congregations and altar room for the scores of penitents who everywhere hastened to the altars for prayer. Although I was a happy man, on looking back I now see that there was a shallowness in my spiritual life, and much in my thoughts and desires, which was very inconsistent, and would have cut me off from the Lord altogether. but for his amazing mercy and long suffering. There are always flatterers for every public speaker. Some speak indiscreetly out of real love and admiration. Others will praise you to your face and criticize you at your back. I had my share of both of these varieties and was hurt in my spiritual life by them. I believed myself to be perfectly sincere. If I had ambition, and I had, it was not for office in the church, or rulership over men. I loved men, and desired to save them, and have their friendship and love; but I had no desire to rule them. My ambition soared far above such offices as that of Presiding Elder or Bishop. These things looked small to me. To be a mighty preacher of the Word was my desire. There was far more selfishness in these desires of mine than I knew of at the time, and I was startled and surprised when all the depth of my heart was laid open to me. About this time I was much in company with Rev. Horace Cockrill. He was a thoughtful, serious, honest man. He would ofttime rebuke me for my disposition to levity, and I loved him for it. He was seeking after perfect love, had much to say of John Wesley, the “Plain Account of Christian Perfection,” and frequently warned and exhorted me. I would say, “Cockrill, I had a powerful conversion; I live a happy life, and God gives me souls all the time. I am not all that I ought to be, and must be, but I am growing in grace, and will come to the perfect man in due time.” And truly I did love the Lord Jesus. I loved the poor and outcast. I could work and pray for the salvation for the most unworthy and sinful. I had no feeling of hatred, envy, or jealousy toward anyone. I believed myself to be one of the happiest men walking the earth. But at that very time there were secret thoughts and imaginations hidden away in my heart, which I should have blushed with shame to have my intimate friend know. And although I think I went for many months, possibly years, without bitter anger, I had lurking in me a volcano of evil temper, which would leap into a consuming flame in a moment, if I thought anyone proposed to trample upon what I thought were sacred personal rights. I cannot say that I was free from occasional actual sin. Often I had occasion to repent, and weep, and pray, for the restoration of the peace of justification. Not that I was guilty of any gross sins, but there were lapses, and inconsistencies. When I would do good, evil was present with me. I delighted in the law of God after the inward man (the new man, the regenerated man); but I found another law in my members warring against the law of my mind. My heart was in my work but there was uncleanness in my heart. While the regenerating grace of God enabled me to hold under and restrain the evil that lurked within; the seeds of it were there, and could only be kept from springing into rank and ruinous growth by watchfulness and prayer. Human nature shrinks from admitting that the pen-picture of man’s moral pollution, drawn by an inspired hand in Galatians 5:19–21, is a true representation of the inner life, but in these searching words the Holy Ghost makes no mistake. To be sure the things described in the Scriptures referred to, do not reign in the regenerate, but the seed of them do remain. Bro. Cockrill wrote me that he had received entire sanctification, that it was just as distinct as his regeneration, and that it had brought him an abiding peace and joy that he had never known before. This deeply interested, and I must say, troubled me. I had no doubt Cockrill had been blessed. I reasoned that up to this time he had been merely a church member, that he had reformed his outward life and had been a seeker, and now he had been converted, or that he had unconsciously lost the Spirit and drifted away from God, and he had now been reclaimed, and thought he had received something new, when really it was the restoration of a lost salvation, or the clear witness of his acceptance. Meanwhile Bro. Cockrill and myself were corresponding, and I was coming to believe that he had received something I did not possess, and there was coming into my heart the feeling and resolution, "If Cockrill has it, it is for me, and I must have it too." Long my heart had hungered and thirsted after righteousness, and many times I had wrestled with the Lord in prayer for something, I knew not what. Now my desires and prayers were beginning to take definite shape. I was at this time stationed in The Highlands, just across the river from Cincinnati, back of Newport. Rev. J. H. Young was assisting me in a meeting in my church. My heart was greatly drawn out in prayer, both for my people and for myself. At the church, in my room, in the orchard, and on the river cliffs, I was pouring out my heart to God for a blessing on my soul, and a revival in my church. I had a sweet sense of acceptance and peace in my heart. One day during the meeting Dr. Young and myself went to Bro. William Southgate’s to dinner. Bro. Southgate came in from Newport just before dinner and handed me a letter. It was from Bro. Cockrill. I supposed he was writing on his favorite theme, one in which I was becoming deeply interested. I excused myself, and going out in to the hall read the letter. As I read it the scales fell from my eyes. My mind grasped the doctrine of instantaneous sanctification. I saw it was for me, and wept for joy. It seemed that a conversation, like the following, went on in my breast: “I know I am God’s child, but I am not a holy child, but he wants me to be holy, and I cannot make myself so, but he can make me holy, and he will.” The whole matter seemed clear to me as a sunburst. I longed to hasten to the place where I was boarding, and prostrate myself at the feet of Jesus and say to him, Sanctify me wholly. I had no doubt of his doing it. After dinner I excused myself, and leaving Dr. Young and Bro. Southgate, started for home. I stopped at five different houses along the avenue and had prayer with the inmates, and at each place we had a melting time. When I reached home my heart was in a gracious state, and I hurried to my room expecting to be sanctified. I had no thought of doubt about the matter. “It is God’s will; it is his work; now is the time, and my whole heart desires it; it will now be done.” This was my thought as I ran up the steps to my room. When I opened the door Dr. Young was sitting in my room; he had passed down the avenue while I was praying with some family, and had come in ahead of me. I was disappointed on seeing him, for it was my desire to be alone with Jesus. I sat down upon a divan, and Dr. Young said: “Morrison, I think I had as well go home; we are not going to have a revival here.” “No, no,” I said, “you must not think of it. I have visited and prayed with five families since dinner, and they were in tears. The Lord is at work graciously, and the meeting must go on. Dr. Young, the power of God is all over this hill,” and throwing up my hands I said, “Doctor, I feel the power of God here in this room right now.” At that instant the Holy Ghost fell upon me. I fell over on the divan utterly helpless. It seemed as if a great hand had taken hold upon my heart, and was pulling it out of my body. Dr. Young ran across the room and caught me in his arms, and called aloud, but I could not answer. Several moments must have passed, when it seemed to me as if a ball of fire fell on my face, the sensation at my heart ceased, and I cried out, “Glory to God!” Dr. Young dropped me, and I walked the floor feeling as light as a feather. The Doctor said, “Morrison, what do you mean? You frightened me fearfully. I thought you were dying.” “It was the Lord working with me,” I answered. I had received my Pentecost. It was without doubt the Baptism with the Holy Ghost, and I felt my heart was cleansed from all sin. I had a strong impression to tell Dr. Young and Bro. Taliaferro’s family, where I was boarding, what had occurred, but something suggested that “you should not profess but live holiness.” “Say nothing about it, but live such a consistent devout life that you will impress people that you are filled with the Spirit.” I was untaught with regard to the experience, having read but little on the subject, had only heard one sermon on the subject, and did not understand that one. I determined to go forward, living devout and true, but saying nothing of what had occurred. It was the mistake of my life. It was ignorance on my part, but I paid dearly for it. Within three months the new power which had come into my life had all gradually leaked out, and I became painfully conscious of a great loss. After some seeking and neglecting I finally set myself to recover what I had lost or to die in the attempt. I ate but little for fifteen days and nights, but fasted and called on the Lord. I shall not undertake to detail to the reader here what I passed through, of darkness, doubt, and discouragement. The Lord tried me, and found the evil way in me. Satan tempted me sorely, and I was tossed about between many hopes and fears. In my struggle I fainted three times one day (a thing which never occurred to me before or since) and the friends had a doctor with me. No one knew aught of the conflict which was passing in my breast. I was at the time pastor of the M. E. Church South, in Danville, Kentucky. I was willing to surrender all, to suffer anything, but I felt that to profess entire sanctification was improper and a great mistake. I had no teaching. The doctor pronounced my trouble nervous prostration and prescribed this and that. I kept my secret and struggled on. The Spirit gave me a view of the corruption of the human heart, and a conception of the wickedness of sin I had never had before. He gave me a view of all my past life, and a glimpse into the future which made my soul to shudder, and God forbid I should forget. One morning, while on my knees reading the letter to the Laodicean Church, just as I came to these words: “As many as I love I rebuke and chasten.” The Spirit came back in sanctifying power. I leaped and shouted aloud for joy, and picked up my hat and hastened to tell a friend of my victory, but made up my mind on the way that I must not profess sanctification. I went out and talk to my friend, told him “I had received a great blessing.” While we talked the joy subsided. I was at a great loss to know the cause. I now understand perfectly why it was. I should have professed the experience clearly and boldly, and let the Lord take care of the consequences. But in my ignorance I thought it would greatly offend the people, destroy my influence, and hurt the work of the church. It was not fear that hindered me, but want of knowledge. I have wished a thousand times since that I had had a teacher to tell me what to do. My experience and observation is that those who do not testify soon loose the experience of full salvation. I soon realized that I had suffered loss, that my experience was not satisfactory. I lived a much higher life in every regard than prior to this time, read the Scriptures, prayed much, and preached with greater earnestness. The Lord gave me fruit, and at times I was in a state of peace and joy, but my experience was vacillating. Meanwhile the holiness movement was making headway, and I attended several conventions, fully believed the doctrine, and went to the altar many times, and was in this way a seeker for about three years. I passed through some great trials, and some sore temptations. There was a demand for my services. I was stationed at the state capital; associated with the other pastors of the city as Chaplain in the Legislature and Senate, came in touch with lawyers, statesmen, and great preachers, so-called at least. Camp meetings and city churches called for my help in revival work, and much was said to me about the pastorate of some of the largest churches of my denomination. A large and wealthy church of another conference selected me for their pastor, and sent a young lawyer, with whom I had been intimate when a student at Vanderbilt, to ask me to come and take charge. The Bishop consented to appoint me to the work, and thus my mind was diverted with many things. Ambition clothed itself in the deceitful robe of promises of great usefulness, and so I was tossed about. "I can see far down the valley Where I wandered many years. Often hindered in my journey By the ghosts of doubts and fears." I entered the evangelistic work, and commenced the publishing of a holiness paper, with my mind fully made up to devote my life to the spread of the doctrine of full salvation. I was a seeker, and urged others to seek for instantaneous sanctification. Some were wholly sanctified in almost every meeting I held. I rejoiced with them and pressed on. At times it seemed as if I could reach out and grasp "perfect love," and again it seemed far away. Something more than three years had passed since the loss of my experience at Danville because of a failure to testify. I was now fully awake to the importance of testimony and willing to speak, if only my heart could again feel the full assurance of perfect love. I was conducting a meeting in a large city church. A number of souls were entering into Canaan. There was great peace in my own heart. A delighted calm settled upon my spiritual being. I searched for sin and found none. All appeared white within. There was no ecstasy, but a sense of purity. With this feeling I arose one morning and said, “I want to testify that the blood of Christ sanctifies my heart from all sin.” Immediately, even before all of these words were out of my mouth, my cup ran over, and I rejoiced and praised God that the abiding comforts had returned. From that day to this I have not failed to give my testimony to full salvation. My heart has warmed today as I have written these lines, and I take fresh courage to press forward in the highway of holiness. Outside of the all-atoning blood of Christ I have no hope, but through its precious merit I claim for myself, and preach to others, full salvation. Something more than a decade of years have passed away since I was enabled to proclaim the great transaction done, and by his grace I feel that I am rooted and grounded in this precious truth. There is much more for my soul, a greater depth of love and joy, much land yet to be explored and possessed. Looking backward I see many mistakes and shortcomings, but the past is under the blood. I shall always deeply regret that I did not testify fully when I first received the cleansing. Had good John Bunyan never passed through a deep soul struggle, he could not have written “The Pilgrim’s Progress.” My conflict was a long and bitter one, but I came forth with some lessons I could not have learned in any other school. These lessons have been invaluable to me in teaching others the importance of a clear testimony to entire sanctification. My only boast is in Jesus Christ. I have found him mighty to save to the uttermost, and to keep in perfect peace. The desire of my heart is more of his love, the one central thought, and purpose of my life is to proclaim salvation full and free, for all men, from all sin, by simple faith in the blood of Jesus Christ. Amen. Resourcing individuals, communities, and movements to love the whole world with the whole gospel. - DAILY BLOG ARTICLES - FREE EBOOKS - BIBLE STUDY CURRICULUM - AUDIO PODCASTS - DAILY DEVOTIONALS - SMARTPHONE APP - VIDEO TEACHING FIND MORE @seedbedorg facebook.com/seedbed.org instagram.com/seedbedorg youtube.com/user/seedbedorg pinterest.com/seedbedorg podcasts.seedbed.org
REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL Newton County Recreation Commission Food and Beverage Concession Services January 14, 2019 NEWTON COUNTY RECREATION COMMISSION 6185 TURNER LAKE ROAD COVINGTON, GA 30014 770-786-4373 EXT 1054 ADVERTISEMENT FOR REQUEST OF PROPOSAL Food and Beverage Concession Services RFP #19-NCRC1 Separate sealed proposals for food and beverage concession services for Newton County Recreation Commission (hereinafter referred to as the “the Commission”) will be received by the Commission at the Newton County Recreation Administration Building located at 6185 Turner Lake Road, Covington, GA 30014 until 11:00AM, local time, Tuesday, February 5, 2019. The PROPOSAL DOCUMENTS may be examined at the following location: Newton County Recreation Department, 6185 Turner Lake Road, Covington, GA 30014. INSURANCE: The contractor shall maintain in full force and effect throughout the lease term liability and property damage (casualty) policies. The policy of liability insurance shall cover all of the contractor’s operations on the leased premises, including bodily injury and property damage; shall provide a per-occurrence limit of at least $1,000,000 and at least double that amount in general aggregate; and shall name the Commission as an additional insured. The property damage policy shall cover the replacement value of the structures and equipment the contractor installs on site. The Commission will consider proposals offering reasonable exceptions to the requirements stated above. All polices shall be issued by an insurer of substantial size and financial stability. Upon request, contractor shall deliver to the Commission a certificate or policy of insurance evidencing contractor’s compliance with this paragraph. Contractor shall abide by all terms and conditions of the insurance and shall do nothing to impair or invalidate the coverage. Each proposal will be considered by the Commission, taking into consideration specific evaluation factors, as set forth in the Request for Proposal. The Commission reserves the right to reject any or all Proposals, including without limitation, the right to reject any Proposal that the Commission believes would not be in the best interest of the Project. Digital copies of the PROPOSAL DOCUMENTS may be obtained at no charge by contacting Dwayne Mask at 770-786-4373 ext 1054 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Hard copies of the PROPOSAL DOCUMENTS may be obtained upon a non-refundable payment of $25.00 for each set. The Commission is not obligated to consider the contractor’s proposal if they are not on record with the issuing office as having received complete Proposal Documents. January 14, 2019 Newton County Recreation commission INTRODUCTION Newton County Recreation Commission (the Commission) is requesting sealed proposals for food and beverage concession services. Instructions for preparation and submission of a proposal are contained in this packet. Proposals must be typed or printed in ink. The Commission provides equal opportunity for all businesses and does not discriminate against any person or business because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, handicap or veteran’s status. PURCHASING CONTACT FOR THIS REQUEST: All questions concerning this invitation and all questions arising subsequent to award are to be addressed to the Commission at the following address: Newton County Recreation Commission, Attn: Dewayne Mask, 6185 Turner Lake Road Covington, GA 30014 Phone: 770-786-4373 ext 1054 E-mail: email@example.com To maintain a “level playing field”, and to assure that all proposers receive the same information, proposers are requested NOT to contact anyone other than the contact above until after the award of the contract. Doing so could result in disqualification of the proposer. DUE DATE Sealed proposals will be received at the Newton County Recreation Commission, 6185 Turner Lake Road, Covington, GA 30014 no later than 11:00AM, local time, Tuesday, February 5, 2019. Proposals received after this time will not be accepted. PROPOSAL COPIES FOR EVALUATION: Four (4) copies, one (1) original and (1) digital copy on USB drive will be required for review purposes. ADDENDA Answers to questions submitted that materially change the conditions and specifications of this RFP will be distributed to all addressees as an addendum. Any discussions or documents will be considered nonbinding unless incorporated and distributed in an addendum. Answers to all questions shall be provided a minimum of 72 hours prior to the time the Proposal is due. Proposers should check with the Commission frequently during the bidding process to verify that they have received all issued addendums. While every attempt is made to make sure that registered proposers receive notice of addendums, proposers have the responsibility of making sure that they have received all issued addendums. Addenda are required to be signed and returned with the proposal submittal. PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Careful consideration should be given before submitting confidential information to the Commission. The Georgia Open Records Act permits public scrutiny of most materials collected as part of this process. Please clearly mark any information that is considered a trade secret, as defined by the Georgia Trade Secrets Act of 1990, O.C.G.A. §10-1-760 et seq., as trade secrets are exempt from disclosure under the Open Records Act. The Commission does not guarantee the confidentiality of any information not clearly marked as a trade secret. SELECTION PROCESS The Newton County Recreation Commission Director and Assistant Director along with the Evaluation Committee makes a recommendation for award. The Newton County Recreation Commission will make the actual award of the contract and has the authority to award the contract to a company different than the company recommended by Evaluation Committee. This is an experience/qualifications/price trade-off selection in which competing offerors’ experience, qualifications, and price proposals will all be considered. Award will be made to the offeror whose proposal represents the best fit for the Commission after evaluation in accordance with the factors listed below. The Commission may reject any or all proposals and to waive any technicalities or informalities if such action is in the county’s interest. The offeror’s initial proposal should contain the offeror’s best terms from a price and technical standpoint. The Commission reserves the right to conduct discussions if the Commission later determines them to be necessary. Proposers will be evaluated based on the following criteria and may be called in for an interview. The Commission intends to award the contract to the responsible and responsive contractor whose proposal is determined in writing to be the most advantageous to the Commission taking into consideration all of the evaluation criteria. EVALUATION CRITERIA Evaluation criteria to be used in determining the selected firm in order of importance are: 1. Concession Experience 40% 2. References 30% 3. Menu and Pricing 20% 4. Staff Qualifications 10% INSURANCE With its proposal, each proposer shall indicate whether it meets the insurance requirements stated above, or if not, the coverage types and amounts in its insurance program. AWARD OF CONTRACT The Newton County Recreation Commission Director and Assistant Director along with the Evaluation Committee makes a recommendation for award. The Newton County Recreation Commission will make the actual award of the contract and has the authority to award the contract to a company different than the company recommended by the Evaluation Committee. CONTRACT TERM The term of the contract is two (2) years with a possible two (2) year extension pending Recreation Commission approval. CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION The contact for any contract(s) or purchase order(s) arising as a result of this RFP shall be Dewayne Mask, 770-786-4373 ext 1054. GENERAL INFORMATION No proposals received after said time or at any place other than the time and place as stated in the notice shall be considered. No responsibility shall attach to Newton County Recreation Commission for the premature opening of a proposal not properly addressed and identified. TENTATIVE BID SCHEDULE Advertisement January 13, 2019 Deadline to Submit Questions January 28, 2019 10:00 AM Answer to Questions January 31, 2019 10:00 AM RFP 19-NCRC1 Due Date February 5, 2019 11:00 AM WITHDRAWAL OF PROPOSAL A proposer may withdraw his proposal before the proposal due date, without prejudice to the proposer, by submitting a written request of withdrawal to the Newton County Recreation Commission. REJECTION OF PROPOSAL Newton County Recreation Commission may reject any and all proposals and must reject a proposal of any party who has been delinquent or unfaithful in any formal contract with Newton County Recreation Commission. Also, the right is reserved to waive any irregularities or informalities in any proposal in the proposing procedure. The Commission shall be the sole judge as to which proposal is best, and in ascertaining this, will take into consideration the business integrity, financial resources, facilities for performing the work, and experience in similar operations of the various proposers. STATEMENT OF EXPERIENCE AND QUALIFICATIONS The proposer may be required, upon request, to prove to the satisfaction of the Commission that he/she has the skill, experience, necessary facilities and ample financial resources to perform the contract(s) in a satisfactory manner and within the required time. If the available evidence of competency of any proposer is not satisfactory, the proposal of such proposer may be rejected. The successful proposer is required to comply with and abide by all applicable federal and state laws in effect at the time the contract is awarded. NON-COLLUSION AFFIDAVIT By submitting a proposal, the proposer represents and warrants that such proposal is genuine and not sham or collusive or made in the interest or in behalf of any person not therein named, that the proposer has not directly or indirectly induced or solicited any other proposer to put in a sham proposal, or any other person, firm or corporation to refrain from proposing and that the proposer has not in any manner sought by collusion to secure to that proposer any advantage over any other proposer. NO CONFLICT OF INTEREST By submitting a proposal, the proposer represents and warrants that a Board Member, Administrator, employee, nor any other person employed by Newton County Recreation Commission has, in any manner, an interest, directly or indirectly, in the proposal or in the contract which may be made under it, or in any expected profits to arise therefrom. DOCUMENTS DEEMED PART OF THE CONTRACT The notice, invitation to proposers, general conditions, and instructions for proposers, special conditions, specifications, proposal, and addenda, if any, will be deemed part of the contract. STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS 1. The instructions contained herein shall be construed as a part of any proposal invitation and/or specifications issued by Newton County Recreation Commission and must be followed by each proposer. 2. The written specifications contained in this proposal shall not be changed or superseded except by written addendum from Newton County Recreation Commission. Failure to comply with the written specifications for this proposal may result in disqualification by Newton County Recreation Commission. 3. Reserved 4. The following number, RFP 19-NCRC1 Food and Beverage Concession Services must be written clearly on the outside of each proposal envelope in order to avoid prior opening in error. 5. All proposals must be sealed, received and in-hand at proposal due date and time. Each proposer assumes the responsibility for having his/her proposal received at the designated time and place of proposal due date. Proposals received after the stated time and date may be subject to rejection without consideration, regardless of postmark. Newton County Recreation Commission accepts no responsibility for mail delivery. 6. Unless otherwise stated, all proposals submitted shall be valid and may not be withdrawn for a period of 90 days from the due date. 7. Each proposal form submitted must include the name of the business, mailing address, the name, title and signature of the person submitting the proposal. When submitting a proposal to Newton County Recreation Commission the first page of your proposal package should be the proposal form listing the price, delivery date, etc., unless the proposal form is requested to be in a separate envelope. 8. Newton County Recreation Commission reserves the right to accept a proposal that is not the lowest price if, in the Commission’s judgment, such proposal is in the best interest of the Recreation Commission and the public. The Commission reserves the right to reject any and all proposals. 9. Telephone, Telegraphic or Facsimile proposals will not be accepted. 10. Reserved. 11. If applicable, completed questionnaires must be signed manually. Newton County Recreation Commission reserves the right to accept or reject any proposal on the basis of incomplete or inaccurate answers to the questionnaire. 14. Reserved. 15. Reserved. 16. Proposers shall identify any subcontractors, and include an explanation of the service or product that they may provide. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS Any Proposer submitting a Proposal in response to the aforesaid Request for Proposal shall comply with the following specific instructions: (1) Reserved. (2) The submission of a Proposal constitutes a representation by the Contractor that it has studied and examined the Proposal Documents, including the scope of work and attached to this RFP. (3) Any Proposal may include such documentation and information as the contractor deems appropriate to establish that it is a responsible and responsive Contractor and that its Proposal is the most advantageous to the Owner, taking into consideration the specific evaluation factors, as set forth in the aforesaid Request for Proposals. (4) Any changes, additions, interpretations, or corrections, to or concerning the Proposal Documents prior to the date for submission of Proposals will be issued as an Addendum by the Owner. Only such written changes, additions, interpretations, or corrections by Addendum shall be binding. Any changes, additions, interpretations, corrections given by any other method shall not be valid and the Contractor shall not rely upon in any manner whatsoever any verbal statements, instructions, interpretations, corrections, or other information provided by the Owner. Addendum will be sent by email to all the contact and other entities that are registered with the Newton County Recreation Commission as having received Contract Documents for the Project. (5) All Proposals must be signed by a duly authorized officer, member, or general partner (as appropriate) and dated. All blanks on the completed Proposal Form shall be filled in where so requested. The completed Proposal shall be without interlineations, alterations or erasures. (6) Upon submission, all Proposals shall become and remain the property of the Commission. The Commission shall have no liability arising out of the disclosure, dissemination, or publication of any Proposal or any information contained therein. (7) Any Proposal submitted to the Commission shall remain open for acceptance by the Commission, and same shall be honored by the contractor, for a period of ninety (90) days of the date set forth hereinabove for the receipt of Proposals; (8) The Commission reserves the right to amend these Instructions, or clarify same by Addendum, within the time provided by Georgia Law. If such revisions or amendments are of such magnitude as to warrant, in the sole discretion of the Commission, the postponement for the date of the submission and receipt of Proposals, written notification shall be issued to any contractor who has notified the Commission in writing of its intent to submit a Proposal pursuant to the Commission’s Request for Proposals. (9) A Summary Checklist of the items in be included in each proposal is shown below: Exhibit A: Proposal Certification Exhibit B: Non Collusion Affidavit Exhibit C: Price Proposal Form (sealed separately from proposal) Exhibit D: Any addenda received from Commission Exhibit E: Technical Proposal Exhibit A I certify that this proposal is made without prior understanding, agreement, or connection with any corporation, contractor or person submitting a proposal for the same, and is in all respects fair and without collusion or fraud. I understand that collusive bidding is a violation of state and federal law and can result in fines, prison sentences, and civil damage awards. I agree to abide by all conditions of this Request for Proposal #19-NCRC1 and certify that I am authorized to sign this proposal for the company. This _________________ day of __________________ 20__. Company Name (Please Type or Print) Name: ___________________________ Street: ___________________________ City: ___________________________ State: _________ Zip: _________ Email: ___________________________ Person Authorized to Sign: Name: ___________________________ Title: ___________________________ Telephone Number: ( ) ____________ Signature: ___________________________ Exhibit B Non-Collusion Affidavit of Prime Bidder/Subcontractor State of Georgia Newton County, Georgia ______________________________, being the first duly sworn, deposes and says that: 1. He/she is ____________________________ of ________________________________ (Owner, partner, etc.) (Company) the Bidder that has submitted the attached Bid; 2. He/she is fully informed respecting the preparation and contents of the attached Bid and of all pertinent circumstances respecting such Bid; 3. Such Bid is genuine and is not a collusive or sham Bid; 4. Neither the said Bidder nor any of its officers, partners, owners, subcontractors, agents, representatives, employees or parties in interest including this affiant, has in any way colluded, conspired, connived or agreed, directly or indirectly, with any other Bidder, firm or person to submit a sham Bid in connection with the Contract for which the attached Bid has been submitted or to refrain from bidding in connection with such Contract, or has in any manner, directly or indirectly sought by agreement or collusion or communication or conference with any other Bidder, firm or person to fix price or prices in the attached Bid or of any other Bidder, or to fix overhead, profit or cost element of the bid price or the bid price of any other bidder, or to secure through any collusion, conspiracy, connivance or unlawful agreement and advantage against Newton County Recreation Commission or any person interested in the proposed contract; 5. The price or prices quoted in the attached Bid are fair and proper and are not tainted by any collusion, conspiracy, connivance or unlawful agreement on the part of the Bidder or any of its agents, representatives, owners, employees or parties in interest including this affiant; Signature: ___________________________ Date: _______________ Name & Title: _________________________ Notary: _________________________ My Commission Expires ___________________ Proposal Received From: Company ____________________________________________ Address _____________________________________________ Phone _______________________________________________ Contact # _____________________________________________ Authorized Representative (Print or Type) ______________________ Authorized Representative (Signature) ________________________ Exhibit D ANY ADDENDA ISSUED BY NEWTON COUNTY RECREATION COMMISSION FOR THIS PROJECT Insert technical proposal. The proposal should contain information about: 1. The proposing company’s qualifications/experience 2. The proposed references. Please provide three (3) 3. The proposed menu and pricing. Give a proposed menu listing the prices and options as it would be presented to the public. 4. The proposed staff qualifications. 5. The Proposing Company’s business license. 6. All employees of the company working at any of the locations listed above must sign a consent form for release of criminal record information and be cleared by the Newton County Sheriff’s Office before performing under this contract. Consent form must be completed by all applicable employees and submitted within your proposal submittal. Scope of Work The purpose of this RFP is to establish a contract with a qualified organization or company to provide concession services to the NCRC. The Commission allows Parks and Recreation to authorize the sale of food, beverages, goods and other articles within the County parks. The intent of this RFP is to establish a concession company “Concessionaire” to provide, operate and manage concession services in six (6) lots of County-managed Parks and Recreation locations. The Concessionaire shall pay Newton County Recreation commission $1000 a month. The $1000 a month shall be paid on the first Monday of the month by 12:00 PM (noon). The selected proposer will be required to satisfactorily service the following concession lots: Please note that concessionaire should be ready to open 30 minutes prior to first game. The below times and days are subject to change. Lot 1: City Pond Complex, Concession Operations 13501 City Pond Rd, Covington, GA 30014 Monday thru Friday 5:30 PM till 9:30 PM Saturday 8:30 AM till 6:00 PM Lot 2: Stone Road Complex, Concession Operations 50 Stone Rd, Oxford, GA 30054 Monday thru Thursday 6:30 PM till 9:30 PM Friday 6:30 PM till Midnight (if 1 pitch tournament) Saturday 7:30 AM till Midnight (if tournament) Lot 3: Turner Lake Recreation Center, Concession Operations 6185 Turner Lake Rd, Covington, GA 30014 Basketball: December thru February with a few spring tournaments Monday thru Friday 5:30 PM till 10:30 PM Saturday 8:30 AM till 4:00 PM Lot 4: Turner Lake Softball Complex, Concession Operations 6185 Turner Lake Rd, Covington, GA 30014 Monday thru Thursday 5:30 PM till 9:30 PM Saturday 7:30 AM till Midnight (Fast pitch tournaments) Sunday If Tournaments Lot 5: Wolverine Field, Concession Operations 8134 Geiger Street, Covington, GA 30014 Football September thru October Monday thru Thursday 5:30 PM till 9:30 PM Saturday 8:30 AM till 4:00 PM (depends on number of teams) Lot 6: Miracle League Baseball Complex, Concession Operations 14126 City Pond Rd, Covington, GA 30014 Saturday only 8:30 AM till 2:00 PM Sample Lease See attachment
Analytical studies of torque motor tape active element Antonina Dolgih\textsuperscript{1,a}, Vladimir Martemyanov\textsuperscript{1} and Ivan Samodurov\textsuperscript{1} \textsuperscript{1}National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia Abstract. The paper presents analytical studies of the torque motor tape active element. The tape active element is a novel type of a motor's stator organization, where the conventional winding is replaced by a tape winding. Given the operation principle of proposed active element; its torque characteristics are then computationally found with using the finite element method (FEM). The results show the possibility of the optimal value of the relative electrode width, when the torque will be maximal. The analytical studies of the motor's torque over the number of tape winding coils allowed to receive the recommendations on choosing the number of coils. 1 Introduction Recently, the significant attention is given to the development of the brushless torque motors novel types. The execution variant of the novel type torque motor is proposed in [1, 2]. In the active element of this motor the conventional winding is replaced by a tape winding. The tape winding represents a spirally wound tape on a tubular base. The tubular base is a part of the motor case. The tape is made of electroconductive material and coated with a layer of insulation material. At both side edges of the tape there are narrow transverse cuts. The distance between cuts centers is equal to the pole division of the rotor magnetic system. If the ends of the wound tape connect to the DC source, the character of current flowing is determined by the transverse cuts. In the Figure 1 [1] it is shown that the current $J$ has two components: the longitudinal one $J_l$ directed along the tape and the transversal one $J_t$ directed across the tape towards coinciding with the rotation axis of the torque motor rotor. The poles of the rotor magnet are displayed by rectangles N and S. The interaction of current transversal components $J_t$ with the magnetic field causes forces $F$, acting on the magnet. The total action of these forces causes the torque that tends to turn the magnetic system relative of the stationary tape winding. The longitudinal current components $J_l$ cause the forces $P$, acting from the side of magnet to the rotor suspension supports. The benefits of the proposed active element include: - Novel design and technological approach to the engine stator manufacture - Great linear load due to the high current flowing through the tape winding and a good heat removal to the motor case - Possibility of formation the required functional dependence of the motor’s torque over the angular movement characteristic \textsuperscript{a} Corresponding author : firstname.lastname@example.org This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The operating principle of the proposed active elements is described in [2] by the example of the diagonally placed thin current-carrying conductor and magnetic field interaction. It is known that the diagonal character of the current flowing is also implemented in the windings of the coreless motors. Such windings are known as honeycomb, winding with skew-wound coils, zig-zag windings, Faulhaber winding [3-5]. The coils of the honeycomb winding are placed close or alternate to each other at an angle to the rotor element of cylinder. From design point of view the proposed variant of the active element is close to the approach implemented in the honeycomb winding. The main benefits of honeycomb windings include [5]: - No cogging torque resulting in smooth positioning and speed control and higher overall efficiency than other DC motor types - Extremely high torque and power in relation to motor size and weight - Absolute linear relationship between load to speed, current to torque, and voltage to speed - Very low rotor inertia which results in superior dynamic characteristics for starting and stopping - Extremely low torque ripple and EMI Torque motor with the tape active element has the dependence of motor’s torque over the angular movement shown in the Figure 2, curve 1. This dependence is obtained by calculation method [6] with using a numerical simulation of the current distribution through the tape winding in COMSOL Multiphysics. COMSOL Multiphysics software is a universal computer aid engineering software based on finite element analysis, which has a large set of functions for analyses and solution. For calculation of the dependence, the tape winding consists of 100 coils with 4 plates in each coil. Plate's length is 100 mm, plate's width is 50 mm and plate's thickness is 0.1 mm. Current is 50 A, flux density in the air gap is 0.5 T. Curve 2 in the Figure 2 represents the dependence of the motor’s torque over the limited angular movement with the additional side cuts in the tape [6]. The additional side cuts allows to obtain the steady torque over the angular movement. ![Figure 2. Calculation result of the motor's torque over angular movement.](image) The purpose of this work is to carry out the analytical studies of the tape active element single plate geometry influence and the number of tape winding coils on the motor's torque by the numerical simulation in Comsol Multiphysics. 2 Results and discussion As depicted in the Figure 1, the distributed direct current $J$ flows through the side electrodes of the single plate in the diagonal direction. Motor's magnetic system provides the uniform magnetic field with the constant flux density for some area of plate. The magnet center situated at some fixed point $x_0$ relative to the plate. Taking into account that the transverse current density component $j_y$ has the same value for the points with the same coordinates $(x, y)$, situated in all plate layers. The plate thickness $\Delta$ is constant. Suppose that the plate temperature, the applied voltage and the conductivity of the plate material are constant in time. In practice it is possible with the short time current flow, for example at the impulse mode. In [6] it is shown that force generated by the interaction between the current-carrying plate and the permanent flux density has the following form $$F_x = B \cdot \Delta \cdot \int_{(x-\frac{c}{2})}^{(x+\frac{c}{2})} \int_{0}^{b} j_y(x, y) \cdot dx \cdot dy,$$ where $B$ is a flux density in the air gap, $c$ is a magnet width, $b$ is a plate width. The double integral in (1) represents the sum of the transverse current density components, flowing through the plate. Introduce the notation: $$D(x, y) = \int_{(x-\frac{c}{2})}^{(x+\frac{c}{2})} \int_{0}^{b} j_y(x, y) \cdot dx \cdot dy.$$ If the value of $D(x, y)$ with some initial current $J = J_0$ is known, the double integral is denoted as $D(x, y, J_0)$. With current $J \neq J_0$ we have $$D(x, y, J) = \frac{J}{J_0} D(x, y, J_0).$$ In this case, (1) can be written in the form $$F_x = \frac{B \cdot \Delta}{J_0} \cdot J \cdot D(x, y, J_0).$$ The motor's torque is determined by the combined action of the tape winding single plates. 2.1 The active element geometry influence to the motor's torque Consider the tape active element single plate geometry influence on the motor's torque. Firstly assess the force behavior over the changing of the voltage application electrode relative width $\sigma = \frac{b_e}{b}$, where $b_e$ is the electrode width (Figure 3). The operating current value $J$ at a constant voltage $U$, applied to the plate between the electrodes 1 and 2 depends on the relative electrode width $\sigma$. This occurs because the changing of the electrode cross-section area causes the change of the plate resistance and operating current. The numerical experiment under specific values of $\sigma, c, x_0, J_0$ was carried out. In the Figure 4 the graph $J(\sigma)$ is represented. There is $\sigma$ varies from 0.1 to 0.5 with the constant voltage, in particular $U = 0.01V$. Note that the value $D(x, y, J_0)$ depends on the current streamlines steepness. The Figure 5 shows that increasing of $\sigma$ decreases the steepness. Define the value of $D(x, y, J_0, \sigma)$ with $\sigma$ from 0.1 to 0.5 (Figure 6). For providing the constant current $J_0$, flowing through the plate, in particular 1 A, the applied voltage should be changed each time. The curve 1 shows the magnet location at the edge of the plate, curve 2 - at the center of the plate. Figure 6. The double integral over the relative electrode width with the constant current $J_0$. Thus the increasing of the $\sigma$ causes the increase in the current $J$ (Figure 4) and the decrease of the $D(x, y, J_0)$. Consequently, the simultaneous action of two opposite trends, affecting on the force value is observed. According that, (4) can be written as $$F_x(x_0) = \frac{B \cdot \Delta}{J_0} \cdot J(\sigma) \cdot D(x, y, J_0, \sigma). \quad (5)$$ The resulting force is the product of the above functions and has the form shown in Figure 7. Due to the fact that the both functions have a non-linear character, the expression for the force has an extremum at a certain value of the relative electrode width. Figure 7. The resulting force over the relative electrode width. 2.2 The motor's torque over the number of tape winding coils Consider how the motor's torque depends on the number of tape winding coils $N$. In this case, (4) takes the form $$F = B(\delta) \cdot \frac{\Delta}{J_0} \cdot \frac{U}{R \cdot N \cdot 2p} \cdot D(x, y, J_0)_{x_c}, \quad (6)$$ where $ B(\delta) $ is a flux density in the air gap; $ \frac{U}{R \cdot N \cdot 2p} $ is the tape winding operating current; $ U = const $ – the voltage, applied to the tape; $ R $ is the resistance of the single plate; $ 2p $ is the number of plates in one coil; $ D(x, y, J_0)_{x_0} $ is the double integral defined with the current $ J_0 $, and with the magnet center in the point $ x_0 $. The force, created by the pack from $ N $ one pole plates has the form \[ F_N = B(\delta) \cdot \frac{\Delta}{J_0} \cdot \frac{U}{R \cdot N \cdot 2p} \cdot N \cdot D(x, y, J_0)_{x_0}. \] (7) The force, created by the all $ 2p $ poles \[ F_{N2p} = B(\delta) \cdot \frac{\Delta}{J_0} \cdot \frac{U}{R \cdot N \cdot 2p} \cdot N \cdot 2p \cdot D(x, y, J_0)_{x_0} = B(\delta) \cdot \frac{\Delta}{J_0} \cdot \frac{U}{R} \cdot D(x, y, J_0)_{x_0}. \] (8) Then the motor’s torque can be defined by the following way \[ M = F_{N2p} \cdot r_{av} = B(\delta) \cdot \left[ \frac{r_{av}}{J_0} \cdot \frac{\Delta}{R} \cdot \frac{U}{R} \cdot D(x, y, J_0)_{x_0} \right], \] (9) where $ r_{av} $ is the average radius of the tape winding. From (9) follows that the torque value depends only on flux density, and consequently from the value of the air gap. On the one hand the increased number of coils should increase the torque, but at the same time the current is reduced. Moreover, the larger number of coils will increase the air gap and decrease accordingly the flux density. Therefore, the number of coils must be minimal and defines by a permitted current. The permitted current $ J_{per} $ must not damage the power supply and the tape winding \[ \frac{U}{R \cdot N \cdot 2p} \leq J_{per}, \quad N \geq \frac{U}{2p \cdot R \cdot J_{per}}. \] (10) Provided that the magnetizing force of the permanent magnets is constant, we have \[ B(\delta) = a \cdot \delta^2 + b \cdot \delta + c = a \cdot \left( \delta^2 + \frac{b}{a} \cdot \delta + \frac{c}{a} \right). \] (11) Assume the air gap value in the form of \[ \delta = N \cdot \Delta + \Delta_m, \] (12) where $ \Delta_m $ is the mechanical gap, including the thickness of the tubular base. Substituting (11) and (12) into (9), we obtain \[ M = k \cdot \Delta^2 \cdot \left[ N^2 + B \cdot N + C \right] \] (13) where $ k = a \cdot \left[ r_{av} \cdot \Delta \over J_0 \cdot U \right] \cdot D(x, y, J_0)_{x_0} $, $ B = \frac{1}{\Delta} \left( 2 \cdot \Delta_m + \frac{b}{a} \right) $, $ C = \frac{1}{\Delta^2} \cdot \left( \Delta_m^2 + \frac{b}{a} \cdot \Delta_m + \frac{c}{a} \right) $. Based on the possible application areas of the torque motors, among the basic requirements, applied to all the torque motors [7], it should be emphasized that the ratio of torque to the volume, weight, power consumption, management power should be higher to provide the quality of the motor. The power consumption defines by the following way \[ P = J \cdot U = \frac{U^2}{2p \cdot N \cdot R}. \] (14) Define the torque-power ratio \[ \frac{M}{P} = \frac{k \cdot \Delta^2 \left[ N^2 + B \cdot N + C \right]}{U^2} \cdot 2p \cdot N \cdot R. \] (15) Substitute the coefficient $ k $ into (8) \[ \frac{M}{P} = \frac{a \cdot \Delta^3 \cdot r_{av} \cdot 2p}{J_0 \cdot U} \cdot D(x, y, J_0)_{x_0} \cdot N \cdot \left[ N^2 + B \cdot N + C \right] = K \cdot N \cdot \left[ N^2 + B \cdot N + C \right] \] (16) After the simultaneous analysis of two expressions (13) and (16), taking into account (10), the number of coils $ N $, which provide the characteristics of the motor defined by the customer determines. ### 3 Conclusion The analytical studies of the tape active element single plate geometry influence on the motor’s torque showed the possibility of the optimal value of the relative electrode width, when the torque will be maximal. The analytical studies of the motor’s torque over the number of tape winding coils allowed to receive the recommendations on choosing the number of coils. A certain number of coils $ N $ will provide the motor characteristics defined by the customer. ### References 1. V. Martemjanov, A. Dolgih (Ivanova), RF2441310 (2012) 2. V. Martemjanov, A. Dolgih (Ivanova), I. Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCON), 1 (2013) 3. R. D. Sedgewick, US4331896 A (1982) 4. J. F. Gieras, Permanent Magnet Motor Technology: Design and Applications (2010) 5. Dr. Fritz Faulhaber GmbH & Co. KG, Technical information (2016) 6. A. Dolgih (Ivanova), V. Martemjanov, I. Plotnikova, Instruments and Systems: Monitoring, Control, and Diagnostics 4, 22 (2013) 7. L. Stolov, A. Afanasyev, Momentnye dvigateli postojannogo toka (1989)
NOISE IN RADIO/OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS M. Vidmar\textsuperscript{†}, University of Ljubljana, FE, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Abstract Noise is a random signal that affects the performance of all electronic and/or optical devices. Although the sources of different kinds of noise have their backgrounds in physics, engineers dealing with noise use different methods and units to specify noise. The intention of this tutorial is to describe the main effects of noise in electronics up to optical frequencies while providing links between the physics and engineering worlds. In particular, noise is considered harmful while degrading the signal-to-noise ratio or broadening the spectrum of signal sources. On the other hand, noise can be itself a useful signal. Finally, artificially generated signals that exhibit many properties of random natural noise are sometimes required. NATURAL NOISE Noise is a broadband signal. Therefore it makes sense to describe its intensity by the noise spectral density $N_0$ or amount of noise power per unit bandwidth (see Fig. 1). In electronics the most important type of noise is thermal noise. Thermal noise adds to any signal. In optics the most important type of noise is shot noise. Shot noise is a property of any signal made from a discrete number of photons. Since the photon energy increases proportional with frequency, the higher the frequency the larger the shot noise spectral density. Such a noise is also called blue noise. Shot noise is unimportant in the radio-frequency range at room temperatures. Shot noise can only be observed at the highest end of the radio-frequency range at cryogenic temperatures. Thermal noise is caused by thermal radiation. The Planck law (see Fig. 2) describes the spectral brightness $B_f$ or radiated power per unit bandwidth, unit area and unit solid angle of a black body. A black body with zero reflectivity $\Gamma=0$ is the most efficient thermal radiator while a perfect mirror $\Gamma=1$ does not radiate at all. In the radio-frequency range it makes sense to use the Rayleigh-Jeans approximation of the Planck law to calculate the noise power collected by a lossless antenna. An antenna with an electrical connector (see Fig. 3) only collects half of the incident noise power on its effective area $A_{eff}$, the remaining half being orthogonally polarized. In the radio-frequency range the noise spectral density is frequency independent. Thermal noise therefore behaves as white noise. Thermal noise spectral density is simply described by the black-body temperature $T_A$ as observed by the radiation pattern $F(\Theta,\Phi)$ of a lossless antenna ($\eta=1$). Above a certain frequency the thermal noise power begins decreasing when the complete Planck law applies. However, the sum of both noise spectral densities, thermal noise and shot noise, remains a monotonic function of... BEAM COMMISSIONING OF SuperKEKB RINGS AT PHASE-2 M. Tobiyama, M. Arinaga, J. W. Flanagan, H. Fukuma, H. Ikeda, S. Iwabuchi, H. Ishii, G. Mistuka, K. Mori, E. Mulyani and M. Tejima, KEK Accelerator Laboratory, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan and also SOKENDAI, Japan G.S. Varner, U. Hawaii, Dept. Physics and Astronomy, 2505 Correa Rd., Honolulu HI 96822, USA G. Bonvicini, Wayne State U., 135 Physics Bldg., Detroit MI 4820, USA. Abstract The Phase 2 commissioning of SuperKEKB rings with Belle II detector began in Feb. 2018. Staring the commissioning of positron damping ring (DR), the injection and storage of the main rings (HER and LER) smoothly continued in Apr. 2018. The first collision has been achieved on 26th Apr. with the detuned optics (200 mm x 8 mm). Performance of beam instrumentation systems and the difficulties encountered during commissioning time will be shown. INTRODUCTION The KEKB collider has been upgraded to the SuperKEKB collider with a final target of 40 times higher luminosity than that of KEKB. It consists of a 7 GeV high energy ring (HER, electrons) and a 4 GeV low energy ring (LER, positrons). About 2500 bunches per ring will be stored at total beam currents of 2.6 A (HER) and 3.6 A (LER) in the final design goal. After the first stage of commissioning (Phase 1) without the Belle-II detector, which started in Feb. 2016 and continued until the end of June [1, 2], we have installed the superconducting final quadrupoles (QCS) and the Belle-II detector, without innermost detectors vertex detectors such as Pixel detectors nor Silicon Vertex Detectors (VXD). The primary target of the Phase-2 operation in accelerator side was to verify the large crossing angle, nano-beam collision scheme by squeezing the $\beta y^$ smaller than the bunch length and to achieve high luminosity consistent to $\beta y^$. There also required to achieve the following conditions to proceed to the phase-3 operation by the Belle II group: - Achieve a machine luminosity of $O(10^{34}/\text{cm}^2/\text{s})$ and see a clear path to further improvement. - Examine the VXD background to verify that we can install the VXD at the start of phase 3 and then operate it for the initial first few years of phase 3. The Phase-2 operation has started in Feb. 2018 with the commissioning of the positron damping ring (DR). The commissioning of HER and LER has started in late Mar. with detuned (non-collision) optics. After establishing the beam storage, we have jumped to the collision optics on 11th. Apr. The first collision has been observed on 26th. Apr with the IP parameter of ($\beta x^, \beta y^* = 200 \text{ mm}, 8 \text{ mm}$) [3, 4]. The beam instrumentation has played a very important role at each step of commissioning, such as establishing the circulating orbit, finding the beam-beam kick, accumulating large beam currents, and so on. In this paper we describe the results of the beam commissioning of phase 2 operation of SuperKEKB rings with the obtained performance of the beam instrumentations. The main parameters of the phase 2 operation of SuperKEKB HER/LER/DR and the types and number of main beam instrumentations are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Main Parameters of SuperKEKB HER/LER/DR in Phase 2 Operation \| Parameter \| HER \| LER \| DR \| \|----------------------------------\|-------\|-------\|-------\| \| Energy (GeV) \| 7 \| 4 \| 1.1 \| \| Circumference(m) \| 3016 \| 135 \| \| \| Max. current (mA) \| 800 \| 860 \| 12 \| \| Bunch length (mm) \| 5 \| 6 \| 6.6 \| \| RF frequency (MHz) \| 508.887 \| \| \| \| Harmonic number (h) \| 5120 \| 230 \| \| \| Betatron tune(H/V) \| 44.54/46.56 \| 45.54/43.56 \| 8.24/7.17 \| \| Synchrotron tune \| 0.02 \| 0.018 \| 0.025 \| \| T. rad. damp time (ms) \| 58 \| 43 \| 12 \| \| x-y coupling (%) \| 0.27 \| 0.28 \| 10 \| \| Emittance (nm) \| 3.2 \| 4.6 \| 29 \| \| Peak luminosity \| $5.5 \times 10^{33}/\text{cm}^2/\text{s}$ \| \| \| \| Beam position monitor \| 486 \| 444 \| 83 \| \| Turn by turn monitor \| 69 \| 70 \| 83 \| \| Trans. FB system \| 2 \| 2 \| 1 \| \| Visible SR monitor \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| X-ray size monitor \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| \| Beta. tune monitor \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| DCCT \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Bunch current mon. \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Beam loss monitor \| 105(IC)/101(PIN) \| 34 \| \| UPGRADE AND STATUS OF STANDARD DIAGNOSTIC-SYSTEMS AT FLASH AND FLASHFORWARD N. Baboi, H.-T. Duhme, O. Hensler, G. Kube, T. Lensch, D. Lipka, B. Lorbeer, R. Neumann, P. Smirnov, T. Wamsat, M. Werner, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany Abstract Electron beam diagnostics plays a crucial role in the precise and reliable generation of ultra-short high brilliance XUV and soft X-ray beams at the Free Electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH). Most diagnostic systems monitor each of up to typically 600 bunches per beam, with a frequency of up to 1 MHz, a typical charge between 0.1 and 1 nC and an energy of 350 to 1250 MeV. The diagnostic monitors have recently undergone a major upgrade. This process started several years ago with the development of monitors fulfilling the requirements of the European XFEL and of the FLASH2 undulator beamline and it continued with their installation and commissioning. Later they have been further improved and an upgrade was made in the old part of the linac. Also the FLASHForward plasma-wakefield acceleration experiment has been installed in the third beamline. This paper will give an overview of the upgrade of the BPM, Toroid and BLM systems, pointing out to their improved performance. Other systems underwent a partial upgrade, mainly by having their VME-based ADCs replaced with MTCA type. The overall status of the diagnostic will be reviewed. INTRODUCTION FLASH [1] is self-amplified spontaneous-emission free electron laser (SASE-FEL) user facility. It generates high brilliance ultra-short XUV and soft X-ray pulses. It is also a test facility for various studies. Figure 1 shows a schematic drawing of the facility. Seven TESLA accelerating modules accelerate the beam to an energy of 350 to 1250 MeV. Within each bunch train with a length of typically 400-600 μs different lasers generate the sub-trains destined to the various beamlines. These can have different bunch frequency, up to 1 MHz, and bunch charge, typically between 0.1 and 1 nC. The train repetition rate is 10 Hz. During machine setup or special bunches may have a reduced rate of 1 Hz. While the first 2 beamlines, FLASH1 and FLASH2, generate intense photon pulses for users, a plasma experiment, FLASHForward, was recently installed in the third beamline [2]. The FEL requires a precise control of the beam. The diagnostics system is essential for this, and therefore has to follow the increasing requirements over time. Figure 1: Schematic view of the FLASH facility [1]. This paper describes the recent upgrades that the various diagnostics systems underwent. After an overview of the diagnostics, the monitor types which underwent main upgrades are described, followed by the smaller work. The paper ends with a summary. Standard Diagnostics at FLASH Many different kinds of diagnostics have been installed along the years in FLASH: toroids to monitor the individual bunch charge, beam position monitors (BPM) of various kinds, beam loss monitors (BLM), beam size moni- email@example.com. UPGRADE OF THE MACHINE PROTECTION SYSTEM TOWARD 1.3 MW OPERATION OF THE J-PARC NEUTRINO BEAMLINE K. Sakashita, M. Friend, K. Nakayoshi, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan S. Yamasu, Y. Koshio, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan Abstract The machine protection system (MPS) is one of the essential components to realize safe operation of the J-PARC neutrino beamline, where a high intensity neutrino beam for the T2K long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment is generated by striking 30 GeV protons on a graphite target. The proton beam is extracted from the J-PARC main ring proton synchrotron (MR) into the primary beamline. The beamline is currently operated with 485 kW MR beam power. The MR beam power is planned to be upgraded to 1.3 MW. The neutrino production target could be damaged if the high intensity beam hits off-centered on the target, due to non-uniform thermal stress. Therefore, in order to protect the target, it is important to immediately stop the beam when the beam orbit is shifted. A new FPGA-based interlock module, with which the beam profile is calculated in real time, was recently developed and commissioned. This module reads out signals from a titanium-strip-based secondary emission profile monitor (SSEM) which is placed in the primary beamline. An overview of the upgrade plan of the MPS system and the results of an initial evaluation test of the new interlock module will be discussed. INTRODUCTION T2K (Tokai-to-Kamioka) is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. One of the main physics motivations is a search for CP (Charge-Parity symmetry) violation in neutrino oscillation. If CP is not conserved in neutrino oscillations, it may indicate a significant hint for the origin of our matter dominate universe. T2K can measure the CP asymmetry by comparing the oscillation probabilities between $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ and $\bar{\nu}_\mu \rightarrow \bar{\nu}_e$. Since those probabilities are small, a high intensity neutrino beam is essential to measure the CP asymmetry. A high intensity muon neutrino beam is produced at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) at Tokai village, Ibaraki, Japan. The muon neutrino (anti-neutrino) beam is then directed to the Super-Kamiokande detector located 295 km away from J-PARC. Recently, T2K operated stably with 485 kW of MR beam power. Figure 1 shows the accumulated protons on target (POT) and the beam power since 2010. T2K collected $3.16 \times 10^{21}$ POT up to the end of May 2018. Based on the data collected until December 2017, T2K made a preliminary report that the CP conserving phase values $(0, \pm \pi)$ are outside of $2\sigma$ region [1]. This result indicates a hint of neutrino CP violation, although the significance is still low. In order to confirm the measurement of CP violation, T2K plans to collect more data up to $2 \times 10^{22}$ POT by 2026 (T2K extension proposal, J-PARC E65 [2]). The expected sensitivity to CP violation with the exposure of $2 \times 10^{22}$ POT is $3\sigma$ assuming certain values of the oscillation parameters. In the T2K extension proposal, three upgrades are planned; (1) upgrade of the J-PARC MR beam power up to 1.3 MW, (2) increase of signal statistics by both hardware and analysis improvements, and (3) improvement of systematic uncertainties by upgrade of the T2K near detector. The MR beam power will be upgraded up to 1.3 MW by both shortening the repetition time from 2.48 s to 1.16 s, and increasing the number of protons per pulse up to $3.2 \times 10^{14}$ [3]. Table 1 shows the achieved and target values. For the shortened repetition time, the MR main magnet power supplies will be upgraded. Intensive development work on the new power supply design has been performed. Installation of these new power supplies will be completed by 2021. For the increase of the number of protons per pulse, intensive MR beam studies are in progress. So far, 520 kW with $2.7 \times 10^{14}$ protons per pulse and 2.48 s repetition has been successfully performed. The total beam loss in the MR was estimated to be $\sim 1$ kW. Although further beam loss reduction is necessary, this demonstrates that the MR has the capability of achieving $\sim 1$ MW beam operation with 1.3 s of the repetition time. Table 1: MR Operation Parameters for the Achieved and Target Beam Power. $N_p$ represents the number of protons per pulse. \| Parameter \| Achieved \| Target \| \|----------------------------\|----------\|--------\| \| Beam Power [MW] \| 0.49 \| 1.3 \| \| $N_p$ \| $2.5 \times 10^{14}$ \| $3.2 \times 10^{14}$ \| \| Repetition Time [s] \| 2.48 \| 1.16 \| 3. Beam loss monitors and machine protection THE REMOVAL OF INTERFERENCE NOISE OF ICT USING PCA METHOD J. Chen\textsuperscript{1}, Y.B. Leng\textsuperscript{†}, N. Zhang, L.Y. Yu Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 201204 Shanghai, China \textsuperscript{1}also at University of the Chinese Academy of Science, 100049 Beijing, China Abstract The measurement of beam charge is a fundamental requirement to all particle accelerators facility. Shanghai soft X-ray free-electron laser (SXFEL) started construction in 2015 and is now in the commission phase. Although integrated current transformer (ICT) were installed in the entire FEL for the measurement of the absolute beam charge, the accurate measurement becomes difficult in the injector and the main accelerator section due to the noise interference from external factors such as klystron modulator. The evaluation of the source of noise signals and the procession of noise reduction using the principal component analysis (PCA) are proposed in this paper. Experiment results show that PCA method combing with polynomial fitting method can effectively remove the interference noise from the klystron modulator and it can also improve the resolution of the ICT system. Detailed experiment results and data analysis will be mentioned as well. INTRODUCTION Beam charge is a fundamental parameter for the particle accelerator facility; therefore, the beam current detector is a very important diagnostic means. Beam charge measurement methods including intercepting measurements such as Faraday cup which often used for LINAC, transfer line and storage ring. Another brunch is the Non-intercepting measurements, DCCT often be used to measure the DC current and the beam lifetime in the booster and storage ring. But for the ultra-fast short pulse charge, since ICT has a time response of the order of ps to ns, it is widely used in LINAC and transfer line for the measurement of bunch charge. For the ICT, typical usage is the use of Bergoz's ICT probe and BCM-IHR-E processor which can be seen in Fig. 1. ![Figure 1: ICT and BCM processor.](image) The secondary coil of the transformer coupling electron pulse signal and then be widened through the shaping network, and the integral area of the output pulse is proportional to the amount of charge. The diagram of Bergoz ICT is shown in Fig. 2. ![Figure 2: Diagram of Bergoz ICT.](image) If the input impedance of the external signal processing circuit is also 50 ohms, the Eq.(1) and Eq.(2) are satisfied between the beam charge $Q$, the bunch current $i$, and the voltage signal $u_0$ detected by the signal processing circuit: $$u_0 = \frac{i}{5} * \frac{1}{2} * 50\Omega.$$ (1) $$Q = \int idt = \int \frac{52u}{50\Omega} dt$$ (2) Therefore, it is only necessary to measure the integral value of the output voltage pulse signal, the original beam charge can be calculated by combining the probe calibration coefficient. Typical signal processing method like BCM-IHR is to use an analog pulse integrator integrates the output pulse signal of ICT and a level signal which proportional to the integral value can be sampled and quantified by a slow ADC to calculate the beam charge. ![Figure 3: Timing of the BCM-IHR.](image) Figure 3 show the timing of the BCM-IHR processor. The signal processing is initiated by the external positive-going trigger pulse, then the timer creates three successive time windows: a trigger delay window and two integraSTATUS OVERVIEW OF THE HESR BEAM INSTRUMENTATION C. Böhme, A. Halama, V. Kamerdzhiev, F. Klehr, B. Klimczok, M. Maubach, S. Merzliakov, D. Prasuhn, R. Tölle, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany Abstract The High Energy Storage Ring (HESR), within the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), will provide proton and anti-proton beams for PANDA (Proton Antiproton Annihilation at Darmstadt) and heavy ion beams for SPARC (Stored Particles Atomic Physics Research Collaboration. With the beam instrumentation devices envisaged in larger quantities, e.g. BPM and BLM being in production, other BI instruments like Viewer, Scraper, or Ionization Beam Profile Monitor are in the mechanical design phase. An overview of the status is presented. INTRODUCTION The HESR, part of the FAIR project in Darmstadt, Germany, is dedicated to the field of antiproton and heavy ion physics. The envisaged momentum range is 1.5 GeV/c to 15 GeV/c. The ring will be 574 m long in a racetrack shape. The planned beam instrumentation within the modularized start version is: - 76 Diagonally Cut Beam Position Monitors (BPM) - 118 Beam Loss Monitors (BLM) - 2 Beam Current Transformers (BCT) - 2 Ionization Beam Profile Monitor (IPM) - 1 Wall Current Monitor (WCM) - 1 Schottky Pick-up - 1 Dynamical Tune-meter - 1 Transverse Feedback System - 5 Viewer - 2 Scraper - 73 Ion Clearing Chambers BPM SYSTEM The pick-up design is based upon the COSY BPMs [1]. The length and diameter is shrunk by a common factor in order to keep the length to diameter ratio. Each BPM units consist of two diagonally cut pick-ups rotated by 90° around the beam axis in respect to each other. The setup is shown in Figure 1. The inner diameter of the pick-ups is 89 mm and the length 78 mm with a gap of 3 mm between the electrodes using an angle of 55.5°. The expected signal levels are depending on the capacitance of the pick-ups, the ion charge, the amount of ions, and the bunch length and can be calculated. The capacitance was calculated by means of COMSOL Multiphysics 5 simulations. This calculation resulted in a capacity to ground of 19 pF after optimization. For the lowest case, the first injection of antiprotons with $10^8$ particles in the ring, the signal level was calculated to 0.5 mV. For the highest intensity case, with $10^{11}$ antiprotons stored, the signal level is 390 mV. Figure 1: Schematic view on the BPM pick-up. Some parts of the assembly are not shown for better view on the pick-up. Signal Amplification Fixed Gain Head Amplifiers Due to low amplitudes the HESR BPM signals require additional boosting prior to transmission over cables in order to achieve a better signal to noise ratio active head amplifiers with a high impedance low noise input were developed. At HESR the expected radiations levels are at a level an active solution could be taken into consideration. The amplifier itself is shown in Figure 2. The specification of this amplifier is: - Amplification: 20 dB - Noise: 6 µV at 50 pF input capacitance and 10 MHz bandwidth - Bandwidth: 10 MHz default, configurable up to 70 MHz - Input Impedance: 500 kΩ - Power supply: +8 V and -8 V - Output range: ± 1.5 V at 50 Ω Hadron Pre-Amplifier (HPA) Within the FAIR project the decision was made early that a common amplifier solution should be found for all machines. Therefore the HPA was developed [2] in cooperation of the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) and Instrumentation Technologies, Slovenia. The HPA amplifier has a gain range of +60 dB do -60 dB and is equipped with an overload protection which has been seen necessary especially for the SIS100. The HPA is equipped with a 50 Ω input. For the above listed arguments the HESR deviated from this concept by introducing active head amplifiers instead of the passive impedance transformer. Still the HPA remains part of the signal chain, as the head amplifier will have a fixed BEAM DIAGNOSTICS FOR SuperKEKB DAMPING RING IN PHASE-II OPERATION H. Ikeda, A), B), M. Arinaga A), H. Ishii A), S. Iwabuchi A), M. Tejima A), M. Tobiyama A), B), H. Fukuma A), J. W. Flanagan A), B), G. Mitsuka A), K. Mori A), A) High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan B) The Graduate University for Advanced Science (SOKENDAI) Abstract The SuperKEKB damping ring (DR) commissioning started in February 2018, before main ring (MR) Phase-II operation. We constructed the DR in order to deliver a low-emittance positron beam. The design luminosity of SuperKEKB is 40 times larger than that of KEKB with high current and low emittance. A turn-by-turn beam position monitor (BPM), transverse feedback system, synchrotron radiation monitor (SRM), DCCT, loss monitor (LM) using ion chambers, bunch current monitor and tune meter have been installed for beam diagnostics at the DR. An overview of the instrumentation and its status will be presented. INTRODUCTION SuperKEKB [1] is an electron-positron collider and started construction towards 40 times luminosity as large as KEKB in 2011. The beam energies are 4GeV and 7GeV for positron rings (LER) and electronic ring (HER). Phase-I was the test operation of the main ring (MR) for confirmation that there was no problem in accelerator from February 2016 through June [2]. We installed the Belle-II detector and remodeled injection region of an accelerator for Phase-II operation. The beam commissioning was from March 2018 to July [3,4]. It is necessary to squeeze the vertical beam size to nm level at the collision point to achieve design luminosity. We build the damping ring (DR) in order to achieve a low-emittance positron beam [5,6]. The present parameters of DR are shown in Table 1. DR tuning was started prior to MR commissioning at the beginning of February 2018. We performed the tuning of injection from the injection line (LTR) to DR and DR to extraction line (RTL) in approximately one month [7]. The DR monitor system adjustment including timing system and feedback system was smoothly advanced. The monitor system of DR follows a system of the MR as shown in Table 2 [8]. Two button electrodes of BPM are attached to the top and down of the ante-chamber of 24mm height in 83 quadrupole magnets. The visible light from a bending magnet downstream of the extraction line is used for a synchrotron radiation monitor. The ion chambers are attached on the wall to cover all the tunnels to monitor beam loss. We installed a monitor chamber and a kicker chamber for bunch feedback, and a DCCT chamber for beam current monitors just upstream of the injection point of DR. Table 1: Damping Ring Parameters \| Parameter \| unit \| \|----------------------------\|--------\| \| Energy \| 1.1 GeV\| \| No. of bunch trains/bunches per train \| 2/2 \| \| Circumference \| 135.5 m \| \| Maximum stored current \| 12 mA \| \| Damping time (h/v/z) \| 11.5/11.7/5.8 ms \| \| Emittance(h/v) \| 29.2/1.5 nm \| \| Energy spread \| 0.055 % \| \| Bunch length \| 6.6 mm \| \| Mom. compaction factor \| 0.01 \| \| Cavity voltage \| 1.0 MV \| \| RF frequency \| 509 MHz \| Table 2: Beam Monitors in DR \| System \| Quantity \| \|---------------------------------\|----------\| \| Beam position monitor \| 83 \| \| Synchrotron radiation monitor \| 1 \| \| Beam loss monitor \| 34 \| \| Transverse bunch by bunch feedback \| 1 \| \| DCCT \| 1 \| \| Bunch current monitor \| 1 \| BEAM POSITION MONITOR A button electrode with a diameter of 6 mm has been developed for the beam position monitor (BPM). Two button electrodes are attached in one flange due to narrow space for their installation as shown in Fig. 1. The detection circuit is VME 18K11 L/R which incorporates a logarithm amplifier. The signals of BPM are sent to four control racks which accommodate VME racks near cable holes on the ground to reduce a cable loss. 20 or 21 signals are sent to one rack and the converted signals are sent to the central control room through network. email address: firstname.lastname@example.org THE BEAM INSTRUMENTS FOR HIMM@IMP T. C. Zhao, R. S. Mao, X. C. Kang, M. Li, Y. C. Feng, Y. C. Chen, J. M. Dong, Z. L. Zhao, Z. G. Xu, K. Song, Y. Yan, W. N. Ma, Y. M. Wang, H. H. Song, W. L. Li, S. P. Li, K. Wei Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China Abstract The beam diagnostics (BD) devices for HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) are designed and produced by IMP BD department. An overview of the integrated devices is presented, and the common beam parameters in the different parts of the accelerator facility are reviewed including intensity measurement, beam profile, emittance, energy, beam loss and so on with the related detectors such as the View Screen, Faraday Cup, Radial Detector, Multi-wires, Phase Probe, Wire Scanner, DCCT, ICT, BPM, Schottky, Slit, Beam Stopper, Beam Halo Monitor, Multi-channel Ionization Chamber. Additionally, the RF-KO for beam extraction, the strip foil with automatic control system as well as the detectors for terminal therapy are described. INTRODUCTION HIMM is a synchrotron based accelerator for cancer therapy in Wuwei city, China. It is composed of 2 ion sources, LEBT, cyclotron, MEBT, a synchrotron, HEBT and therapy terminals. The commissioning of HIMM is completed. The layout of the machine is shown in Fig. 1. At present, electrical safety, electromagnetic compatibility and performance testing of medical devices have been passed, and now enters the clinical tests phase. Figure 1: Layout of HIMM. RADIAL PROBE HIMM selects a cyclotron as its primary accelerator. Two radial probes have been installed to measure the beam intensity in the central area of the cyclotron. The target includes integrating and differential figures shown in Fig. 2 and the beam turn measurement is displayed in Fig. 3. What’s more, in order to obtain the intensity distribution of different radius, it is necessary to synchronize motion control and data acquisition. Figure 2: Target of radial probe. Figure 3: Intensity distribution of different radius. VIEW SCREENS View Screen (VS) is a commonly used profile detector, especially in the early stage of the commissioning. 13 VS are installed in the MEBT, Synchrotron and MEBT. In order to measure the beam profile at different tracks, the servo motor is used, and the repeatability of positioning accuracy is better than 0.1mm comparing its mechanical installation precision which is less than 0.5mm. The signals from CCD are read in two ways, one is the release video transmitted on the internet after video compression, and the other is to use video capture card. After digitalization, the FWHM and the centre position of the beam are obtained through software analysis. The captured photos and its analysed profile information is displayed in Fig. 4. Figure 4: Beam profile and digital results. RECENT ADVANCES IN BEAM MONITORING DURING SEE TESTING ON ISDE&JINR HEAVY ION FACILITIES V. S. Anashin\textsuperscript{†}, P. A. Chubunov, Branch of JSC United Rocket and Space Corporation - Institute of Space Device Engineering, Moscow, Russia S.V. Mitrofanov, A. T. Isatov, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia Abstract SEE testing of candidate electronic components for space applications is essential part of a spacecraft radiation hardness assurance process in terms of its operability in the harsh space radiation environment. The unique in Russia SEE test facilities have been created to provide SEE testing [1]. The existing facilities, including ion beam monitoring system have been presented at IBIC 2017[2]. However, this system has a number of shortcomings related to the lack of reliable online ion fluence measurement on the DUT, and inability to measure energies of the high-energy (15-60 MeV/nucleon) long-range (10-2000 μm) ions on the DUT. The paper presents the latest developments and their test results of the ISDE and JINR collaboration in the field of real-time flux monitoring (including, on the DUT) during tests using scintillation detectors, and ion energy measurement by total absorption method. The modernization of the standard beam monitoring procedure during testing is proposed. WIDE-ANGLE COMPLETE-OVERLAP ION BEAM PROFILE MONITORING SYSTEM This system is designed to monitor the stability and non-uniformity of the ion beams during heavy-ion testing on the low-energy test facilities. The system is based on an array of scintillation detectors consisting of 64 (8x8) sensors and designed for measuring such ion beam parameters as flux and integral fluence in real-time during heavy-ion testing, as well as non-uniformity. An important advantage of the system is the ability to obtain data without stopping the irradiation, i.e. in real time during testing, through the use of vacuum actuator installed in close proximity to the DUT. Table 1 shows the technical features of the system, and Figures 1 and 2 show the appearance of the system after assembly and already mounted at the test facility. \| Feature \| Value \| Unit \| \|----------------------------------------------\|----------------\|--------\| \| Ion species \| Ne to Bi \| \| \| Energy range \| 3-6 \| MeV/nucleon \| \| Fluxes \| $1 \times 10^5$ \| cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ \| \| Area \| 200x200 \| mm \| \| Number of detectors \| 8x8 \| \| \| Visualization system \| Yes \| \| \| Input/output to/from the beam \| In real-time \| \| \| Measurement and data output time \| 1 \| min \| \| Ion flux determination error \| Less than 10 \| % \| \| Non-uniformity indication \| Yes \| \| Figure 1: Wide-angle complete-overlap ion beam profile monitoring system (ready-assembled, before installation). BEAM DIAGNOSTICS AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR PROTON IRRADIATION FACILITY AT INR RAS LINAC S. Gavrilov\textsuperscript{†1,2}, A. Melnikov\textsuperscript{1,2}, A. Titov\textsuperscript{1,2} \textsuperscript{1}Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia \textsuperscript{2}Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow, Russia Abstract A new proton irradiation facility to study radiation effects in electronics and other materials has been built in INR RAS linac. The range of the specified current from $10^7$ to $10^{12}$ protons per beam pulse is covered with three beam diagnostic instruments: current transformer, phosphor screen and multianode gas counter. Peculiarities of the joint use of the three instruments are described. Experimental results of beam parameters observations and adjustments are presented. INTRODUCTION A proton irradiation facility (PIF) at INR RAS linac is intended to research on proton irradiation induced effects in different electronics, devices and materials. PIF is installed at the outlet of the linac, where bending magnet is used to deflect a beam for in air irradiation of targets. Beam energy at the PIF is adjusted in 20÷210 MeV range. Beam flux is defined by a combination of three parameters: pulse duration, pulse repetition rate and pulse current, which can be controlled in the range of $10^7÷10^{12}$ p/pulse by two collimators at the linac injection channel. A general PIF layout is shown in Fig. 1. The main parts are: bending magnet with vacuum beam pipe, beam dump, target positioning system with energy degrader and beam diagnostic instrumentation. MULTIANODE GAS COUNTER A multianode gas counter (MGC) was proposed initially as the main detector for low intensity diagnostics at the PIF. MGC is a combination of ionization and proportional air chambers, formed by an array of five plates (Fig. 2), which are fabricated as a standard 5 accuracy class printed-circuit boards made of FR4 with 0.5 mm width. Electrodes consist of 18 µm nickel, plated with 0.5 µm immersive gold. Figure 2: MGC photo and layout. Central region operates as an ionization chamber to count particles in a beam pulse. A quasi-uniform electrostatic field is formed by two electrodes under negative potential and anode electrode under virtual ground of read-out electronics. All three electrodes have a duplex geometry, straddling the FR4 plate. Ionization electrons move to the current electrode from both sides, forming a relative beam intensity signal. Lateral regions are proportional chambers for beam position and profile measurements. Each chamber is formed by the potential electrode and a multichannel structure, which consists of 25 anode stripes with 100 µm width, 100 mm length and 4 mm spacing. Strong non-uniform field around stripes (Fig. 3) leads to electron avalanches, increasing the desired signal. Figure 3: Photo of 100 µm stripes at the FR4 plate and distribution of electric field near a stripe at -4 kV potential. OVERVIEW OF BEAM INSTRUMENTATION AND COMMISSIONING RESULTS FROM THE COHERENT ELECTRON COOLING EXPERIMENT AT BNL* T. A. Miller†, J. C. Brutus, W. Dawson, D. M. Gassner, R. Hulsart, P. Inacker, J. Jamilkowski, D. Kayran, V. N. Litvinenko¹, C. Liu, R. Michnoff, M. Minty, P. Oddo, M. Paniccia, I. Pinayev, Z. Sorrel, J. Tuozzolo, C-AD, BNL, 11973 Upton, NY, USA ¹ also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, SBU, 11794, Stony Brook, NY, USA Abstract The Coherent Electron Cooling (CeC) Proof-of-Principle experiment [1], installed in the RHIC tunnel at BNL, has completed its third run. In this experiment, an FEL is used to amplify patterns imprinted on the cooling electron beam by the RHIC ion bunches and then the imprinted pattern is fed back to the ions to achieve cooling of the ion beam. Diagnostics for the CeC experiment have been fully commissioned during this year’s run. An overview of the beam instrumentation is presented. This includes devices for measurements of beam current, position, profile, bunch charge, emittance, as well as gun photocathode imaging and FEL infra-red-light emission diagnostics. Design details are discussed and beam measurement results are presented. INTRODUCTION During CeC’s operation this year [2], its complete array of instrumentation proved useful in measuring the parameters of the 1.5 MeV electron beam, with bunch charges of $50 \text{ pC} - 5 \text{ nC}$, $10 - 500 \text{ ps long}$, produced by the CsSb 112 MHz SRF Photoinjector and transported through the 704 MHz SRF 5-cell Linac [3]. The 15 MeV accelerated beam passes into the RHIC common section through the modulation drift section, undulator (or wiggler) amplification section, and kicker drift section before being diverted down the extraction line into the high-power aluminium beam dump, as shown in the layout in Fig. 1. Pulsed beam operation ran at a 1 Hz rate with trains of pulses spaced at 78 kHz (the RHIC revolution frequency). The transport is equipped with differential current transformers and beam position monitors with positions alarms that provide the two primary machine protection measures. Plunging YAG:Ce profile monitors measure beam profile with a multi-slit mask in the injection section to measure emittance. The high power and low power beam dumps are isolated to measure beam charge. The gun is equipped with cathode imaging optics in conjunction with the laser delivery system. Infrared (IR) emission from the undulators is characterized by an IR optics instrument array [4] beneath a diamond viewport in the RHIC beamline downstream of the CeC experiment. BEAM CURRENT AND CHARGE In order to display and log the charge in the electron bunch, beam current can be collected in one of two beam dumps and is measured in two integrating current transformers (ICT). Faraday Cups The two beam dumps in the beamline are electrically isolated to function as Faraday Cups (FC) to collect and measure the beam charge. These are the high-power beam dump at the end of the CeC transport and the low power dump at the end of the injection straight section. They are connected by $\frac{1}{4"}$-Heliax cable to integrating charge amplifiers located outside the tunnel to measure the collected charge and display in pC with an update rate of 1Hz. The FC’s are terminated in the tunnel each with a 10 MΩ resistor and a 1nF capacitor. The signals are brought to a multiplexer for monitoring the signal on an oscilloscope or to be digitized. The majority of operations were made with the signals going to the oscilloscope. Temperature The thermal mass of the high-power beam dump is fitted with two rad-hard thermocouples. The low power beam dump is fitted with an RTD-type probe. These probes are monitored by analog type 4-20 mA thermocouple transmitters mounted near the beam dumps. The thermocouple, made by Okazaki [5], is an AEROPAK... THE DESIGN AND USE OF FARADAY CAGE IN LINAC TEMPORARY LINE OF CSNS Ming Meng†, Taoguang Xu, Jilei Sun, Anxin Wang, Fang Li, Peng Li, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China and Dongguan Neutron Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China Abstract In the end of linac temporary line in CSNS, we need a faraday cage to absorb the beam. In the experiment it will be mounted and used twice. According to the beam energy and current of CSNS, we choose water-cooled pipe structure with tilted panel after simulation with Ansys. The main principle of the faraday cage is to simplify the structure and reduce the radiation activation of it, to do this, we also do the simulation of radiation. To make sure the faraday cage is safe in beam experiment, we also plug in a Pt100 Platinum resistance to monitor the temperature. After faraday cage is built and mounted on the line, it works well and sustains the beam bombardment. INTRODUCTION China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is the first spallation neutron source in developing countries. In linac, there are a 50 keV H- iron source, a 3 MeV Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), and a 80 MeV Drift Tube Linac (DTL). In the first stage of beam experiment, when the H- come to the end of Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) with 3 MeV energy and the end of DTL1 with energy 26.7 MeV, we need a temporary line with some beam measuring equipment like BPM, wire scanner to check the parameter of beam is right. And at the end of temporary line, we need to design a faraday cage to absorb the beam safely. MACHINE DESIGN OF FARADAY CAGE Plan Selection In the 973 foundation project, we use “V” type beam stop as in Fig. 1, it is built with Oxygen free copper covered with aluminum using water cooling, and contain vacuum structure, the angle between the center line and surface is 8°. This beam stop is designed for 3.5 MeV proton, 20 mA beam current and 15% duty cycle, inside it, we use quadrate tunnel structure to improve cooling efficiency. Figure 1: External shape and quadrate tunnel. In the CSNS temporary line, because the “V” type cooling system is too complex that the welds leaks sometime, to simplify the design and machining, we decide to use just one tilted board and set the welds of water cooling pipe out of the vacuum structure. The faraday cage should be able to absorb beam as in Table 1. Table 1: Parameter of Beam in Temporary Line \| Energy \| 26.7 MeV \| 3 MeV \| \|--------------\|----------\|-------\| \| Peak current \| 15 mA \| 15 mA \| \| Beam frequency \| 5 Hz \| 5 Hz \| \| Width \| 500 μs \| 500 μs\| Physical Design To start the simulation, first we should get the peak heat flux from Eq. (1), in it we set up the beam sigma size to 2.5 mm temporarily, \[ A \cdot \int_0^{0.025} \int_0^{0.025} e^{-\frac{x^2 + y^2}{2 \times 0.0025^2}} dx \cdot dy = 400 kW \] then we should get the heat exchange coefficient $ h $ as in Eq. (2), which is the thermal conductivity of cooling water, $ d $ is the equivalent diameter of cooling pipe, 4 times of cross-sectional area divide by perimeter, $ Nu $ is the Nusselt number as in Eq. (3), \[ h = \frac{\lambda \cdot Nu}{d}. \] For forced convection heat transfer of turbulent flow in the tube, the Dietus-Belt formula is widely used to get Nusselt number, for cooling water $ n=0.3 $, $ Pr $ is Prandtl number, and $ Re $ Critical Reynolds number. \[ Nu = 0.023 Re^{0.8} Pr^n. \] After all this is done, we build model and set the cooling water pipe to different sizes, while the interval between pipes is fixed to 4 mm as in Fig. 2, and in the calculation before we find that if the faraday cage is vertical to beam we can’t get temperature under melting point, so we set up a slope between faraday cage and central axis to 10°, and the beam size $ \sigma $ to 2.5 mm, with the slope of faraday board, the actual area of beam will become bigger to make the heat flux less. FAST LUMINOSITY MONITORING FOR THE SuperKEKB COLLIDER (LumiBelle2 PROJECT) C. G. Pang, P. Bambade, S. Di Carlo, D. Jehanno, V. Kubytskyi, Y. Peinaud, C. Rimbault LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France Y. Funakoshi, S. Uehara, KEK, 305-0801 Tsukuba, Japan Abstract LumiBelle2* is a fast luminosity monitoring system prepared for SuperKEKB. It uses sCVD diamond detectors placed in both the electron and positron rings to measure the Bhabha scattering process at vanishing photon scattering angle. Two types of online luminosity signals are provided, Train-Integrated-Luminosity signals at 1 kHz as input to the dithering feedback system used to maintain optimum overlap between the colliding beams in horizontal plane, and Bunch-Integrated-Luminosity signals at about 1 Hz to check for variations along the bunch trains. Vertical beam sizes and offsets can also be determined from collision scanning. This paper will describe the design of LumiBelle2 and report on its performance during the Phase-2 commissioning of SuperKEKB. INTRODUCTION SuperKEKB uses the so-called nano-beam scheme to reach a very high instantaneous luminosity of $8 \times 10^{35} \text{ cm}^{-2} \text{ s}^{-1}$ [1]. It consists of using a large crossing angle at the interaction point (IP) to enable colliding 2500 ultra-low emittance bunches with very small beam sizes (design value $\sigma_y \sim 50 \text{ nm}$). The luminosity is very sensitive to beam-beam offsets, e.g., caused by vibration of mechanical supports induced by ground motion. In order to maintain the optimum beam collision condition, orbit feedback systems are essential at the IP [2]. At SuperKEKB, the beam-beam deflection method is used for orbit feedback for the vertical plane, while for the horizontal plane, a dithering orbit feedback system using the luminosity as input, similar to that operated in the past at PEP-II, has been adopted [3, 4]. For this purpose, a fast luminosity monitor based on sCVD diamond detectors, named LumiBelle2, was developed and tested during the Phase-2 commissioning of SuperKEKB. By measuring the rate of Bhabha events on each side of the IP at vanishing photon scattering angle, LumiBelle2 can provide both Train-Integrated-Luminosity (TIL) signals and Bunch-Integrated-luminosity (BIL) signals simultaneously, over a large range of luminosities. TIL signals are needed by the dithering orbit feedback system at 1 kHz, with relative precisions better than 1% [5]. BIL signals are important to probe potential luminosity differences between the numerous bunches along the trains. Another luminosity monitoring system named Zero Degree Luminosity Monitor (ZDLM) is also installed in the immediate vicinity. It uses Cherenkov and scintillator detectors [6], providing important complementary measurements. In addition, the Electromagnetic Calorimeter Luminosity On-line Measurement (ECL-LOM) is operated in the backward and forward end-caps of the Belle II detector, measuring the coincidence rates of back-to-back Bhabha events in the opposite sectors, with the ability to provide absolute values of the luminosity after proper internal calibration [7]. In this paper, we describe the design of LumiBelle2, including results of detector tests with a Sr-90 electron isotope source, the experimental set-up and the DAQ based on an FPGA, and the report on obtained luminosity monitoring performances, based on simulation and measurements pursued during the Phase-2 commissioning period, both with colliding beams, and with single beams, for background evaluations. DESIGN AND LAYOUT The placement of the LumiBelle2 detectors was carefully studied with respect to signal rates and background contamination, resulting in choosing locations 10 and 29 m downstream of the IP in the Low Energy Ring (LER) and High Energy Ring (HER), to measure, respectively, Bhabha scattered positrons and photons [8]. To increase the rate of extracted positrons, a custom made beam pipe section with a depression of 15 mm and 45° inclined windows is used in the LER, see Figure 1. A Tungsten radiator with an effective thickness of 4 Radiation Lengths (1RL=3.5 mm) was added to enhance the electromagnetic showers and boost the detection efficiency [9]. ![Figure 1: Designed window shape beam pipe.](image) The RF of SuperKEKB is about 500 MHz, with bunches stored nominally almost every other bucket (so called quasi 2-bucket fill pattern), which implies collisions every 4 ns. For BIL monitoring at high counting rate, signals from neighbouring bunches must be separated. A new diamond detector with a thickness of 140 µm, coupled with a broadband 2 GHz 40 dB current amplifier from CIVIDEC [10] at the front-end, are used for this purpose. Low attenuation half-inch HELIAX coaxial cables are used to avoid signal broadening. ELECTRON SPECTROMETER FOR A LOW CHARGE INTERMEDIATE ENERGY LWFA ELECTRON BEAM MEASUREMENT K.V. Gubin, ILP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia, A.V. Ottmar, Yu.I. Maltseva, T.V. Rybitskaya, BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia ABSTRACT The Laser-driven Compton light source is under development in ILP SB RAS in collaboration with BINP SB RAS. Electron spectrometer with energy range 10-150 MeV for using in this project is presented. Spectrometer based on permanent magnet and phosphor screen with CCD registrar and this geometry was optimized for best measurements resolution in compromise with size limitations. Preliminary collimation of electron beam allows achieving energy resolution up to 5-10 % of top limit. System has been tested at the VEPP-5 linear electron accelerator and obtained results corresponds to design objectives. Sensitivity of beam transverse charge density was experimentally fixed at 0.03 pC/mm², that is practically sufficient for our LWFA experiments. INTRODUCTION At the present time, the impressive progress in laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) of charged particles gives grounds to consider LWFA as a perspective method of electron beam production in the GeV energy range. The project of laser-driven Compton light source started in ILP SB RAS in collaboration with BINP SB RAS [1]. The first stage of the project is creation and studying laser based accelerated electron beam from the supersonic gas jet. At the next stage, it is planned to obtain a high-energy gamma-ray beam by means of Compton backscattering of a probe light beam on LWFA-accelerated electrons. General parameters of the first stage LWFA stand are: - laser system: repetition rate is 10 Hz, pulse energy is 100÷300 mJ, pulse duration is ~20 fs, central wavelength is 810 nm; - acceleration area: diameter is ~ 10÷15 μm, length is ~ 0.5 mm; - supersonic He jet: diameter is ~1.2 mm, gas density is $10^{18÷19}$ cm$^{-3}$, Mach number is 3.5÷4, gas backpressure is 5÷10 atm; - expected parameters of the electron beam are: up to 100-150 MeV of energy, 1-10 pC of charge, 1-10 mrad of angular divergence, ≤ 0.1 ps of beam duration. SPECTROMETER PURPOSE AND REQUIREMENTS Beam energy measurement is a necessary constituent of any accelerator facility. We choose the wide-used in LWFA experiments layout of spectrometer with magnetic dipole, phosphor screen and CCD camera as a signal register. The spectrometer development is constrained by the following general demands: - Compact size (full dimensions 20-25 cm) because of device must be placed inside limited volume of experimental vacuum chamber (Fig. 1) with diameter 70 cm and height 50 cm. It determines length and value of analyzing magnetic field: 0.7-1.2 T and 30-50 mm. It follows the use of permanent magnets. - Materials must be nonactivated and vacuum usable. It determines the use permanent magnets for dipole. - The use of special electron beam collimator to improve energy resolution (see below). - Taking into account a very small beam charge (several pC per pulse), registration system (phosphor screen + CCD camera) must have high quantum efficiency and sensitivity. Also we should take into account that CCD camera will be placed maximally near to screen but, from other hand, outside the vacuum volume. It means the distance between camera and screen will consist 35-40 cm, and the objective should be an appropriate angle of view to project the screen (about 10cm) on the CCD (11 mm). Figure 1: Experimental vacuum chamber. (1) Laser beams, (2) supersonic gas jet, (3) electronic beam, (4) collimator, (5) screens, (6) magnet dipole, (7) faraday cap, (8) CCD. DESIGN OF A COMPACT PERMANENT MAGNET SPECTROMETER FOR CILEX/APOLLON M. Khojoyan, A. Cauchois, J. Prudent, A. Specka LLR (Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet), CNRS and Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau UMR7638, France Abstract Laser Wakefield acceleration experiments make extensive use of small permanent magnets or magnet assemblies for analyzing and focusing electron beams produced in plasma accelerators. This choice is motivated by the ease of operation inside vacuum chambers, absence of power-supplies and feedthroughs, and potentially lower cost. Indeed, in these experiments space is at premium, and compactness is frequently required. At the same time, these magnets require a large angular acceptance for the divergent laser and electron beams which imposes constraint of the gap size. We will present the optimized design and characterization of a 100 mm long, 2.1 Tesla permanent magnet dipole. Furthermore, we will present the implementation of this magnet in a spectrometer that will measure the energy spectrum of electrons of $\sim [60-2000]$ MeV with a few percent resolution in the CILEX/APOLLO 10PW laser facility in France. INTRODUCTION CILEX (Centre Interdisciplinaire de la Lumiere Extrême / Interdisciplinary Center for Extreme Light) is a research center which aims at using the Apollon-10P laser for exploring laser-matter interaction at extremely high laser intensities ($\sim 10^{22} W/cm^2$). The long focal length area of CILEX will be used to investigate plasma acceleration and radiation generation. It will be equipped with two interaction chambers able to accommodate laser focal lengths ranging from 3 m to 30 m. The spectrometer magnet presented here is designed to be compatible with the mentioned laser parameters. A sketch of the laser-plasma interaction chamber is shown in Fig. 1. The total volume of interaction chamber is about $3m^3$ and it is practical to use permanent magnets for characterization of electron beam. Permanent magnets as compared to electromagnets, do not need power supplies (and consequently cooling system) and can be more compact due to smaller apertures. In our case, the apertures of the magnets will be limited by the laser envelope size, which according to our requirements, should pass through the magnets unobstructed. The paper is organized as follows. First, the design considerations of a permanent magnetic dipole are introduced together with analytical and computational field estimations. Next, construction of a permanent dipole magnet and magnetic field measurements are presented. Finally, beam dynamics simulation results are obtained by applying the magnet as a spectrometer inside the interaction chamber of the CILEX facility. Let us consider a simple C shaped dipole (Fig. 2). The field in the gap of height $h_g$ is driven by a permanent magnet of the same height $h_{pm} = h_g$ and of width $w_{pm}$. Assuming constant field in the gap (no horizontal field component) it is straightforward to calculate the magnetic flux density using Ampere’s and flux conservation laws: $$B_g = - \frac{B_r w_{pm}}{\mu_r h_g w_{pm}} \left( \frac{w_g}{h_{pm}} \right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) with $B$ and $\mu_r$ being the remnant field and relative permeability of the permanent magnet. From Eq. 1 it follows that the maximum achievable field in the gap cannot exceed the remnant induction field of the magnet independent of how small the gap width ($w_g$) and how large the magnet width ($w_{pm}$) are. It becomes clear that for a permanent magnet (PM) dipole, to reach fields higher than remnant field of an individual magnet, a special arrangement of magnetic sub-materials is necessary. Common structures are Halbach [1] and Stelter [2] configurations. In [3] a cylindrical structure was originally proposed by Halbach and... MOMENTUM COMPACTION MEASUREMENT USING SYNCHROTRON RADIATION L. Torino, N. Carmignani, A. Franchi, ESRF, 38000 Grenoble, France Abstract The momentum compaction factor of a storage ring can be obtained by measuring how the beam energy changes with the RF frequency. Direct measurement of the beam energy can be difficult, long or even not possible with acceptable accuracy and precision in some machines such as ESRF. Since the energy spectrum of the Synchrotron Radiation (SR) depends on the beam energy, it is indeed possible to relate the variation of the beam energy with a variation of the produced SR flux. In this proceeding, we will present how we obtain a measurement of the momentum compaction using this dependence. INTRODUCTION The variation of path length ($L$) with momentum ($p$) is determined by the momentum compaction factor ($\alpha_c$) defined by: $$\frac{\Delta L}{L} = \alpha_c \frac{\Delta p}{p},$$ with $\frac{\Delta p}{p} \ll 1$ [1]. Assuming that particles are ultra-relativistic ($v \simeq c$, where $c$ is the speed of light), $\Delta L$ is directly related with RF frequency variation, $\Delta f_{RF}$: $$\frac{\Delta L}{L} = -\frac{\Delta f_{RF}}{f_{RF}},$$ while the measurement of the momentum variation leads to some difficulties. Using the same assumption, the momentum $p$ can be approximated to the beam energy $E$ and: $$\frac{\Delta p}{p} \simeq \frac{\Delta E}{E}.$$ Substituting Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) in Eq. (1) one obtains: $$\frac{\Delta E}{E} = -\alpha_c \frac{\Delta f_{RF}}{f_{RF}}.$$ In high-energy accelerators, and in particular in synchrotron light sources, the most accurate way to measure the energy is via the “spin depolarization” [2–4]. Unfortunately this technique cannot be used in all the machines depending on the complexity of the lattice [5]. Moreover the whole measuring process is time consuming. On the other hand the momentum compaction factor measurement can be obtained by measuring the relative energy variation $\frac{\Delta E}{E}$. A method to obtain this quantity has been proposed based on the observation of the shift of the spectral peaks produced by an undulator [6, 7]. The observation is also quite complex and time consuming since it involves the access to a full beamline to measure the full SR spectrum. The new technique to obtain $\alpha_c$, proposed in this proceeding, is based on the measure of $\frac{\Delta E}{E}$ by using the relation between the produced SR flux and the beam energy. MOMENTUM COMPACTION AND SYNCHROTRON RADIATION The total SR power emitted by a charged particle with unit charge in a bending magnet is given by: $$P_0 = \frac{8}{3} \pi \varepsilon_0 r_0^2 c^3 \frac{E^2 B^2}{(mc^2)^2},$$ where $\varepsilon_0$ is the vacuum permittivity, $r_0$ is the classical electron radius, $m$ is the rest mass of the particle, and $B$ is the magnetic field [8]. From Eq. (5), it is clear that $P_0$ depends on the beam energy $E$, however a direct measurement of the total SR power is not possible. A good observable is instead the intensity of the hard portion of the SR, which depends on $P_0$. The flux produced by an electron beam with an energy of 6.04 GeV, and one produced by increasing the beam energy of 5% are presented in Fig. 1: the fluxes start to be consistently different for photon energies larger than 100 keV. ![Figure 1](image) Figure 1: Photon flux produced by a beam of 6.04 GeV (blue) and the one produced by increasing the beam energy of 5% (orange). High-energy photons can be selected by filtering the SR using an absorber, and detected by using, for example, a scintillator and a CCD camera. The total intensity of the signal hence depends on the beam energy and although it is not possible to relate it with... ARIES-ADA: AN R&D NETWORK FOR ADVANCED DIAGNOSTICS AT ACCELERATORS P. Forck†, M. Sapinski, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany U. Iriso, F. Perez, ALBA Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain R. Jones, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Ch. Gerth, K. Wittenburg, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany R. Ischebeck, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland Abstract Accelerator Research and Innovation for European Science and Society, ARIES, is an initiative funded by the European Union. The activity comprises three major categories: Joint Research Activities; Transnational Access; Network Activities. One of 17 activities is a network related to Advanced Diagnostics at Accelerators, ADA with the task of strengthening collaborations between international laboratories and for coordinated R&D in beam diagnostics. This is performed by organizing Topical Workshops on actual developments and supporting interchange of experts between different labs. Since the start of the project in May 2017 four Topical Workshops were organized, each with 30-45 participants. Future workshops will address actual topics. THE INITIATIVE ARIES Accelerator Research and Innovation for European Science and Society, ARIES [1], is an Integrating Activity which aims to develop European particle accelerator infrastructures, co-funded under the European Commission's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme. Within a four year funding period, the key aim of the initiative ARIES is related to the development of novel concepts and further improve existing accelerator technology. This is realized by improving the performance, availability, and sustainability of particle accelerators, transferring the benefits and applications of accelerator technology to both science and society, and enlarging and integrating the European accelerator community. Moreover, it aims to support innovative technologies with market potential by advancing concepts and designs for medical, industrial and environmental applications of accelerators for the benefits of European society as a whole. The consortium consists of 41 institutions form academia, accelerator laboratories and industry of 18 European countries. The initiative is organized in 17 scientific work-packages of three different categories: - Within the 5 so called 'Joint Research Activities' several intuitions are working together on key technologies for accelerators like for super-conducting rf-cavities or very high gradient accelerators. - As a second branch 5 so called 'Transnational Access' provides infrastructure for equipment testing like fully equipped test benches for rf-cavities, access to electron and hadron accelerators with a wide range of beam parameters. - The third branch comprises of 7 'Network Activities' which aims for strengthening the collaborations concerning the worldwide accelerator research and development. These activities are related to e.g. the design of novel accelerators, efficient energy management, design of ultra-low emittance light sources, industrial applications, beam diagnostics and novel methods for student education. THE NETWORK ARIES-ADA One of the Network Activities is related to 'Advanced Diagnostics at Accelerators', ADA [2]. To meet the demands of new accelerator facilities, novel beam instrumentation and diagnostics methods are required. Knowledge exchange between experts from worldwide research institutes is an efficient way of developing such systems efficiently. Topical Workshops with about 20 to 40 international participants ranging from novices to world-leading experts is an excellent way of summarizing state of the art developments in the field and transferring this knowledge to the young generation. A workshop duration of typically two days seems to be adequate to summarize the current status of a dedicated subject, provide the possibility to discuss novel ideas and trigger the collaboration between the participants. The collection of contributions acts as a comprehensive summary of the current R&D status. The subject of the workshops is oriented on actual topics; four of such dedicated workshops were organized in the first 14 month of the funding period (i.e. between May 2017 and June 2018). The funding form the European Union for ARIES-ADA is administrated by the four beneficiary institutions ALBA, CERN, DESY and GSI. The budget covers mainly the general workshop costs as well as possible additional costs to enable the participations of the worldwide experts. The workshops are announced to the general audience from the ARIES website [1, 2]; key-speakers are invited directly by the workshop organizers. In addition to the workshops, the exchange of experts for a typical duration of 2 weeks for common discussions and to carry out experiments were organised in the frame of ARIES-ADA to further strengthen the collaboration between the accelerator institutions. Within the first year of ARIES-ADA four of such visits were financed. HIGH-ENERGY SCRAPER SYSTEM FOR THE S-DALINAC EXTRACTION BEAM LINE – COMMISSIONING RUN* L. Jürgensen#, M. Arnold, T. Bahlo, R. Grewe, J. Pforr, N. Pietralla, A. Rost, S. Weih, J. Wissmann, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany F. Hug, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany C. Burandt, T. Kürzeder, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Germany Abstract The S-DALINAC is a thrice recirculating, superconducting linear electron accelerator at TU Darmstadt. It delivers electron beams in cw-mode with energies up to 130 MeV. The high-energy scraper system has been installed in its extraction beam line to reduce the energy spread and improve the energy stability of the beam for the experiments operated downstream. It comprises three scraper slits within a dispersion-conserving chicane consisting of four dipole magnets and eight quadrupole magnets. The primary scraper, located in a dispersive section, allows to improve and stabilize the energy spread. In addition energy fluctuations can be detected. Scraping of x- and y-halo is implemented in two positions enclosing the position of the primary scraper. We will present technical details and results of the first commissioning run of the recently installed system at the S-DALINAC. Besides improving on the energy spread, it proved to be a valuable device to observe energy spread and energy fluctuations as well as to reduce background count rates next to the experimental areas. INTRODUCTION Since 1987 the S-DALINAC serves nuclear- and astrophysical experiments at the Technical University of Darmstadt [1]. It is fed by either a thermionic or a photoemission gun which delivers a spin-polarized beam [2]. After pre-acceleration by the injector module the electron beam can either be used for experiments at the NRF-setup [3] or it is guided through a $180^\circ$-arc to enter the main linac. By passing the linac up to four times the maximum energy of about 130 MeV can be reached. The beam current can be adjusted from several pA up to 20 $\mu$A. The layout of the S-DALINAC is given in Fig. 1. The high-energy beam of the S-DALINAC is used for nuclear physics experiments with a need for high energy resolution and low noise next to the experimental area. The recently installed scraper system [4] is placed between the accelerator hall and the experimental hall and provides beam-cleaning and -monitoring features. The energy spread can be reduced by sending the dispersive beam through a narrow slit which determines the energy and the energy range that continues towards the experimental areas. Blocked parts of that beam deposit their charge onto the high- and the low-energy side of that slit which allows for an online monitoring of energy fluctuations during long beam times. If not optimized, $\gamma$-ray background from bremsstrahlung processes can prevent sensitive detection of photons from searched-for nuclear reactions. The background is produced by beam losses resulting from collisions of beam halo with beam line components. In order to remove beam halo the installed scraper system also contains halo scrapers that work in horizontal as well as in vertical direction. CONSTRUCTION The presented high energy scraper system resembles a chicane which consists of four dipole magnets, eight quadrupole magnets, four vertical steerers and the three scraper chambers themselves. The system is depicted in Fig. 2. Beam scraping will be done in three different positions. This is necessary because beam dynamics have to be adjusted individually for halo scraping and for the energy defining scraper (see section Beam Dynamics). The system consists of three spherical vacuum chambers, each measuring 9” in diameter. The two chambers for halo scraping contain guided, water cooled copper blocks which are positioned using a stepping motor outside the vacuum. In this set-up a positioning accuracy better than 0.01 mm is possible. Downstream of the halo scrapers, BeO-screens can be inserted to check for beam position and shape. The amount of beam current, which is stopped during halo-scraping, is in the order of 1% of the total beam intensity. The energy defining scraper is however outlaid to deal with the full beam power. Additionally to the extensive cooling water system, both scraper brackets are mounted electrically isolated from the beam pipe. By measuring the current, one gains information about the amount of beam current which is stopped on each bracket. This helps to find the optimal position of the slit and in addition identify energy fluctuations of the beam. Monitoring this quantity will also help to detect and cure irregularities of the rf-system to further decrease the potential of failure. Funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under grant No. GRK 2128 #email@example.com PROGRESS IN THE STRIPLINE KICKER FOR ELBE C. Schneider†, A. Arnold, J. Hauser, P. Michel, HZDR, Dresden, Germany Abstract The linac based cw electron accelerator ELBE operates different secondary beamlines one at a time. For the future different end stations should be served simultaneously, hence specific bunch patterns have to be kicked into different beam-lines. The variability of the bunch pattern and the frequency resp. switching time are one of the main arguments for a stripline-kicker. A design with two tapered active electrodes and two ground fenders was optimized in time and frequency domain with the software package CST. From that a design has been transferred into a construction and was manufactured. The presentation summarises the recent results and the status of the project. INTRODUCTION The electron beam with max. 40 MeV is mainly used for conversion into secondary radiation at different end stations; infrared, terahertz, gamma, positron, neutron und electron laser interaction (Figure 1). For every beam line dedicated energies and optimized settings have to be adjusted, but not every experiment demands the full 13 MHz cw capability of ELBE. A magnetic septum is installed to align the beam either to the neutron or laser interaction beamline (see Figure 2). The separation for the magnetic septum is about 10 mm beam displacement. The distance between kicker and septum will be around 7 m. Hence a kick angle of around 1.5 mrad must be realized. In the simulation with the CST software package a voltage of 427 V per strip-line and an electrode distance of 30 mm was used. This results in a mean kicking angle of the phase space distribution of 1.5 mrad. DESIGN AND OPTIMISATION The ELBE strip-line kicker design uses the common approach [1, 2, 3] with two tapered active electrodes and two ground fenders. The slightly difference is the placing of the two ground fenders in the outer area of the electrodes. ![Figure 3: Sectional drawing of the ELBE kicker in the area of the connection ports.](image) The distance between the electrodes was chosen to 30 mm having a balance of lower HV supply and still feeding the electron beam in a homogenous field area through the kicker (Figure 3). The design was optimized with the CST package to fit best to 50 Ω impedances, for optimal S-parameters in the frequency domain as well as having best field flatness (Figure 4) in the significant area between the electrodes. ![Figure 4: Sectional plot of the electric field in the medium section of the kicker structure.](image) KICKER SETUP AT ELBE The kicker will be installed in the radiation shielded cave 111b (see Figure 5). The HV-device to power the kicker... DAΦNE LUMINOSITY MONITOR A. De Santis, C. Bisegni, O. R. Blanco-García, O. Coiro, A. Michelotti, C. Milardi, A. Stecchi INFN - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati 00044 (Roma), Italy. Abstract The DAΦNE collider instantaneous luminosity has been measured identifying Bhabha scattering events at low polar angle ($\sim 10^\circ$) around the beam axis by using two small crystal calorimeters shared with the KLOE-2 experiment. Independent DAQ setup based on !CHAOS, a novel Control System architecture, has been designed and realized in order to implement a fast luminosity monitor, also in view of the DAΦNE future physics runs. The realized setup allows for measurement of Bunch-by-Bunch (BBB) luminosity that allows to investigate the beam-beam interaction for the Crab-Waist collisions at DAΦNE and luminosity dependence on the bunch train structure. INTRODUCTION The luminosity of DAΦNE during KLOE-2 Physics run [1] has been measured by the experiment selecting on-line a special class of Bhabha scattering events directly at the trigger level while taking data [2, 3]. KLOE-2 dedicated DAQ process was used to provide a instantaneous luminosity measurement every 15 seconds with 3-5% relative uncertainty typically. Furthermore two independent gamma monitors were installed to measure single bremsstrahlung [4] from both electron and positron beams. This diagnostic is well suited for collisions fast fine tuning because of the high rates of the observed process. The usage of gamma monitors for absolute luminosity measurement however is not possible because the acceptance of the detectors has a strong dependence on the machine setup and a large background hitting the diagnostic is observed. The realization of a further luminometer based on the observation of the Bhabha scattering events emitted at low angle aims at combining accuracy and high repetition rate in the same diagnostic. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The experimental apparatus is based on the small angle Crystal CALOrimeters with Time measurement (CCALT) [5] of the KLOE-2 detector that measures the Bhabha scattering events, the dominant process in that angular region. Detector Layout The CCALT is constituted by two identical crystal calorimeters installed in front of the permanent defocusing quadrupole QD0 of the DAΦNE low-$\beta$ doublet providing the proper focusing of the beams at the Interaction Point (IP). The detector covers the polar angle between $8^\circ$ and $18^\circ$. Each calorimeter is segmented in 48 small LYSO$^1$ crystal. Each segment is readout with Silicon Photo-Multiplier (SiPM). Signals from group of four crystal are analogically summed in CCALT sectors, acquired independently with respect the KLOE-2 data, to measure the luminosity. Each sectors covers an azimuthal angle of $30^\circ$. The detector assembly and final installation are shown in Fig. 1. ![Figure 1: Left: CCALT detector macro-sector before the SiPM installation. The four crystal per sector are clearly visible. Each side of the detector is made of four macro-sectors. This segmentation is needed in order to leave space for the Beam position Monitor feed-trough. Right: Detector fully assembled and installed in front of the QD0 magnets. The spherical beam pipe around the IP is also shown. Only one side of the detector is visible.] DAQ and Control System The DAQ scheme is sketched in Fig. 2. CCALT sectors signals are split and compared with a constant fraction discriminator$^2$ in order to measure arrival time and integrated charge. Discriminated signals are used to feed the trigger logic: same side pulses are logically merged to reduce multiplicity, then time coincidence between the two side of the detector are used to form trigger pulses when single side signals overlap for at least 4 ns. When trigger pulse is received by the TDC$^3$ signals arrival time are determined. The luminometer dedicated DAQ is completed with a programmable FPGA$^4$ that allows monitoring of DAQ rates and the acquisition dead-time. The most relevant source of dead-time is the injection trigger veto that must be used in order to reduce the trigger rate observed during the first 50 ms after the injection pulse. The veto length caused at least a detector efficiency loss of 10% (50 ms veto every 500 ms corresponding to the single shot of the injection cycle) that has to be taken into account for online measurement of the luminosity. --- 1 Cerium-doped Lutetium Yttrium Orthosilicate. 2 CAEN N843 3 CAEN V775N. 4 CAEN V1495 BEAM PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS FOR THE J-PARC HIGH-INTENSITY NEUTRINO EXTRACTION BEAMLINE M. Friend, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan for the J-PARC Neutrino Beam Group Abstract Proton beam monitoring is absolutely essential for the J-PARC neutrino extraction beamline, where neutrinos are produced by the collision of 30 GeV protons from the J-PARC MR accelerator with a long carbon target. Continuous beam monitoring is crucial for the stable and safe operation of the extraction line high intensity proton beam, since even a single misfired beam spill can cause serious damage to beamline equipment at $2.5 \times 10^{14}$ and higher protons-per-pulse. A precise understanding of the proton beam intensity and profile on the neutrino production target is also necessary for predicting the neutrino beam flux with high precision. Details of the suite of monitors used to continuously and precisely monitor the J-PARC neutrino extraction line proton beam are shown, including recent running experiences, challenges, and future upgrade plans. OVERVIEW OF J-PARC AND THE NEUTRINO PRIMARY BEAMLINE The J-PARC proton beam is accelerated to 30 GeV by a 400 MeV Linac, a 3 GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron, and a 30 GeV Main Ring (MR) synchrotron. Protons are then extracted using a fast-extraction scheme into the neutrino primary beamline, which consists of three sections containing a series of normal- and super-conducting magnets used to bend the proton beam towards a neutrino production target. Generated neutrinos travel 295 km towards the Super-Kamiokande detector for the Tokai-to-Kamioka Long-Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment (T2K) [1], which started operation in 2009. Table 1: J-PARC Proton Beam Specifications \| \| Protons/Bunch \| Spill Rate \| \|------------------------\|---------------\|------------\| \| Current (2018) \| $3.13 \times 10^{13}$ \| 2.48 s \| \| Upgraded (2021~) \| $2.75 \rightarrow 4.00 \times 10^{13}$ \| $1.32 \rightarrow 1.16$ s \| The J-PARC 30 GeV proton beam has an 8-bunch beam structure with 80 ns ($3\sigma$) bunch width and 581 ns bucket length. J-PARC currently runs at 485 kW with the plan to upgrade to 750+ kW in 2020 and 1.3+ MW by 2026. This will be achieved by increasing the beam spill repetition rate from the current one spill per 2.48 s, to 1.32 s and finally 1.16 s, along with increasing the number of protons per bunch from $\sim 3 \times 10^{13}$ to $4 \times 10^{13}$, as shown in Table 1. The 30 GeV proton beam is extracted into the neutrino beamline preparation section. In the preparation section, the position and width of the extracted beam are tuned by normal-conducting magnets in order to match the beam optics in the following arc section, where the beam is bent by 80.7° using super-conducting combined function magnets. Finally, in the final focusing section, normal-conducting magnets are used to direct the beam downward by 3.647° and tune the beam position and size to focus the beam onto the center of the neutrino production target. Beam monitoring is essential for protecting beamline equipment from possible mis-steered beam as part of a machine interlock system, where even a single mis-steered beam shot can do serious damage at high intensities. Information from proton beam monitors is also used and as an input into the T2K physics analysis, and imprecisions on proton beam measurements can have a direct effect on the precision of the final T2K physics results. MONITORS IN THE J-PARC NEUTRINO PRIMARY BEAMLINE The proton beam conditions are continuously monitored by a suite of proton beam monitors along the neutrino primary beamline, as shown in Fig. 1. Five Current Transformers (CTs) are used to continuously monitor the proton beam intensity. Fifty Beam Loss Monitors (BLMs) continuously measure the spill-by-spill beam loss and are used to fire an abort interlock signal in the case of a high-loss beam spill. Twenty-one Electro-Static Monitors (ESMs) are used as Beam Position Monitors to continuously monitor the beam position and angle. The proton beam profile (beam position and width) is monitored bunch-by-bunch during beam tuning by a suite of 19 Segmented Secondary Emission Monitors (SSEM) distributed along the primary beamline, where only the most downstream SSEM (SSEM19) is used continuously. An EVALUATION OF THE TRANSVERSE IMPEDANCE OF PF IN-VACUUM UNDULATOR USING LOCAL ORBIT BUMP METHOD O. A. Tanaka†, N. Nakamura, T. Obina, K. Harada, Y. Tanimoto, N. Yamamoto, K. Tsuchiya, R. Takai, R. Kato, M. Adachi, High Energy Accelerator Research organization (KEK), 305-0801 Tsukuba, Japan Abstract When a beam passes through insertion devices (IDs) with narrow gap or beam ducts with small aperture, it receives a transverse kick from the impedances of those devices. This transverse kick depends on the beam transverse position and beam parameters such as the bunch length and the total bunch charge. In the orbit bump method, the transverse kick factor of an ID is estimated through the closed orbit distortion (COD) measurement at many BPMs for various beam currents [1]. In the present study, we created an orbit bump of 1 mm using four steering magnets, and then measured the COD for two cases: when the gap is opened (the gap size is 42 mm) and when the gap is closed (the gap size is 3.83 mm). The ID’s kick factors obtain by these measurements are compared with those obtain by simulations and analytical evaluations. INTRODUCTION At KEK Photon Factory (PF) light source, we have four newly installed in-vacuum undulators (IVUs). They are located in short straight sections as shown in Fig. 1. The vacuum chambers of those IVUs have complex geometry: narrow gaps inside the undulators (the minimum gap is 3.83 mm) and tapers at the ends of undulators. Those gaps are much smaller than the typical aperture of the PF normal vacuum ducts. First, the kick factors of the four IVUs were estimated analytically and by CST Studio simulations [2]. The total vertical kick factor due to 1 IVU including dipolar and quadrupolar kicks of the taper and resistive-wall kick of the undulator copper plates is summarized in Fig. 2. To confirm the accuracy of the calculated transverse kick factors, we have measured the transverse tune shift with a single bunch based on the RF-KO (RF Knock Out) method [3]. The additional tune shift corresponds to a difference of the vertical tune shifts for ID open (the gap size is 42 mm) and ID closed (the gap size is 3.83 mm) cases. The result of the tune shift measurement is shown at Fig. 3. All the three evaluations demonstrated very good agreements. Thus, theory gives the tune shift value per unit of bunch current of $\Delta \nu / I_b = -10.60 \times 10^{-6}$ mA$^{-1}$. The CST Studio simulation gives those of $\Delta \nu / I_b = -10.06 \times 10^{-6}$ mA$^{-1}$. And the tune shift measurement yields the value of $\Delta \nu / I_b = -10.96 \times 10^{-6} \pm 1.86 \times 10^{-6}$ mA$^{-1}$ including the fitting error. Figure 2: Total vertical kick factor due to 1 IVU (gap dependence, width fixed to 100 mm) by theory (red line), and by simulations (green triangle). Figure 3: One of the measurement results of the additional tune shift due to the four IVU at PF. COMPARISON AMONG DIFFERENT TUNE MEASUREMENT SCHEMES AT HLS-II STORAGE RING L. T. Huang, T. Y. Zhou, Y. L. Yang, J. G. Wang, P. Lu, X. Y. Liu, J. H. Wei, M. X. Qian, F. F. Wu†, B. G. Sun‡ National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029 HeFei, China Abstract Tune measurement is one of the most significant beam diagnostics at HLS-II storage ring. When measuring tune, higher tune spectral component and lower other components are expected, so that the tune measurement will be more accurate. To this end, a set of BBQ (Base Band Tune) front-end based on 3D (Direct Diode Detection) technique has previously developed to improve the effective signal content and suppress other components. Employing the BBQ front-end, four different tune measurement schemes are designed and related experiments performed on the HLS-II storage ring. Experimental results and analysis will be presented later. INTRODUCTION The electron storage ring is the major part of HLS-II, and some of its main parameters are shown in Table 1 [1]. Table 1: Main HLS-II Storage Ring Main Parameters \| Parameter \| Value \| \|----------------------------\|----------------\| \| Energy \| 800MeV \| \| Beam current \| 300mA \| \| RF frequency \| 204MHz \| \| Revolution frequency \| 4.534MHz \| \| Emittance \| 40nmrad \| \| Tune(fractional part) \| 0.45/0.35 \| The fractional part of the tune for a storage ring can be measured by observing the betatron sidebands on either side of the revolution harmonics [2]. The past tune measuring method is usually to put the signals from the beam position pick-up directly into the spectrum analyzer after some addition, subtraction, filtering and amplification processing, and then analyze the spectral data to obtain the fractional part of the tune. In general, beam pulse signals from the position pick-up is very narrow in the time domain, resulting in energy dispersion in a wide spectrum. This way only uses one betatron sideband, which causes most of the betatron energy to be wasted. This means that substantial beam excitation is necessary in this method, which can lead to significant emittance degradation, so the system cannot be used during normal operation [3]. To solve this problem, 3D technique was initially developed at CERN for LHC to meet the requirements for measuring the tune of beam betatron oscillations with amplitudes below a micrometer [4]. The core of 3D technique is simple peak diode detector that can time-stretch the narrow beam pulses from the pick-up into slowly changing signals, meaning it’s capable of moving most of the betatron energy to the baseband and improving the used betatron sideband intensity [5]. Using the BBQ front-end based on 3D technique, four different tune measurement schemes are designed for comparative experiments. 3D AND BBQ FRONT-END 3D technique uses two simple envelope detectors (also known as peak diode detector) connected to opposing electrodes of a pick-up. Followed by two DC blocking capacitors and a high impedance differential amplifier, a simplified BBQ front-end is completed, as shown in Fig. 1. ![Figure 1: A simplified BBQ front-end schematic block diagram.](image) Based on the schematic block diagram above, a BBQ front-end was developed previously for HLS-II storage ring (see Fig. 2). The left two green parts are two peak diode detectors. The right box contains the rest: two capacitors and one differential amplifier. A STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF BUNCH LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION ON THE CAVITY BUNCH LENGTH MEASUREMENT Q. Wang, Q. Luo\textsuperscript{†}, B. G. Sun\textsuperscript{‡}, F. F. Wu NSRL, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029 Hefei, China Abstract Cavity bunch length measurement is used to obtain the bunch length depending on the eigenmodes exciting inside the cavity. For today’s FELs, the longitudinal distribution of particles in electron bunch (bunch shape) may be non-Gaussian, sometimes very novel. In this paper, the influence of bunch shape on the cavity bunch length measurement is analyzed, and some examples are given to verify the theoretical results. The analysis shows that the longitudinal distribution of particles in electron bunch has little influence on the cavity bunch length measurement when the bunch length is less than 1 ps and the eigenmodes used in measurement are below 10GHz. INTRODUCTION Bunch length is one of the important characteristics of charged particle beam in accelerators. Compared with the traditional methods, bunch length monitor based on resonant cavities has great potential especially for high quality beam sources, for it has superiority, such as simple structure, wide application rage, and high signal to noise ratio [1]. What’s more, the eigenmodes of cavities are used in combined measurement of bunch length, beam intensity, position and quadrupole moment. For example, the monopole modes can be used to measure the bunch length and the beam intensity [2]. At the same time, the dipole modes are always utilized to obtain the beam position offset [3]. What’s more, we could decide the quadrupole moment by analyzing the TM220 modes of the square resonators [4]. Therefore, the measurement device shows the characteristic of terseness and compaction. The present FELs show characteristic of very short bunch. For example, the bunch length of Shanghai soft X-ray free Electron laser (SXFEL) is several hundred femtoseconds. At the same time, the longitudinal distribution of particles in electron bunch (bunch shape) may be non-Gaussian, sometimes very novel. While analyzing the beam-cavity interaction, we assume the longitudinal distribution of particles in electron bunch is Gaussian in a general way. Then what is the impact of the non-Gaussian bunch on the cavity bunch length monitor? In this paper, the influences of the different bunch shapes on the cavity bunch length measurement are analyzed under different circumstances, and the results provide theoretical support for the future FEL bunch length measurements using resonant cavities. MEASUREMENT OF GAUSSIAN BUNCH While passing through a cavity, an electron whose charge is q can excite a series of eigenmodes. The voltage amplitude of an eigenmode can be expressed as \[ V_q = 2k_n q \] (1) Where $ k_n $ is the loss factor which is related to R/Q of the eigenmode [5]. It can be seen that the voltage is related to the charge q. As for a bunch whose total charge is $ Q_b $, the voltage amplitude of an eigenmode excited inside the cavity is the superposition of the electrons in the bunch which arrive at the cavity at different times. The moments when the electrons arrive at the cavity depend on the longitudinal distribution of particles in electron bunch. Assume an electron bunch whose longitudinal normalized distribution function of electrons is f(t). The moment when the center of the bunch arrives at the center of the cavity is defined as zero time. So the voltage amplitude of an eigenmode when the charge arriving at the cavity at time t can be expressed as \[ dV = 2k_n dq \] (2) Considering the voltage phases excited by electrons in different places is disparate, the voltage amplitude of an eigenmode can be written as \[ V_b = \int_{-t_m}^{t_m} e^{i\omega_n t} dV \] \[ = 2k_n \int_{-t_m}^{t_m} e^{i\omega_n t} dq \] \[ = 2k_n \int_{-t_m}^{t_m} I(t) \times e^{i\omega_n t} dt \] \[ = 2k_n Q_b \int_{-t_m}^{t_m} f(t) \times e^{i\omega_n t} dt \] (3) Where $ \omega_n $ is the frequency of the eigenmode, $ t_m $ is the range of the bunch longitudinal distribution, and I(t) represents beam current. In a general way, the longitudinal distribution of the bunch is regarded as Gaussian distribution, so \[ f(t) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma} \exp\left(-\frac{t^2}{2\sigma^2}\right) \] (4) ACTIVE MAGNETIC FIELD COMPENSATION SYSTEM FOR SRF CAVITIES L. Ding, Laboratory GREYC, Caen, France Jian Liang, Hanxiang Liu, Zaipeng Xie†, Hohai University, Nanjing, China Abstract Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities are becoming popular in modern particle accelerators. When the SRF cavity is transitioning from the non-conducting to the Superconducting state at the critical temperature (Tc), the ambient magnetic field can be trapped. This trapped flux may lead to an increase in the surface resistance of the cavity wall, which can reduce the Q-factor and efficiency of the cavity. In order to increase the Q-factor, it is important to lower the surface resistance by reducing the amount of magnetic flux trapped in the cavity wall to sub 10- G range during the Tc transition. In this paper, we present a 3-axis automatic active magnetic field compensation system that is capable of reducing the earth magnetic field and any local disturbance field. Design techniques are described to enhance the system stability while utilizing the flexibility of embedded electronics. This paper describes the system implementation and concludes with initial results of tests. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed magnetic field compensation system can reduce the earth magnetic field to sub 1 mG even without shielding. Introduction An important limiting factor in the performance of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities in medium and high field gradients is the intrinsic quality factor and, thus, the surface resistance of the cavity [1]. The exact dependence of the surface resistance on the magnitude of the RF field is not well understood [2]. Lower Q factors may come from several sources, one of which is the presence of a trapped magnetic field inside the cavity walls at cool down [3], known as remanent magnetization, Remanent magnetisation is often a function of the grain boundaries of the niobium material [4] used to construct the cavities. It is affected by the ambient field during the cooling cycle that necessary to superconductivity, and below 3 Gauss, 100% of the field is trapped [5]. A number of studies have been carried out on cool-down speed, and one report concludes that fast cool-down will be more uniform and can be expected to result in less trapped magnetic flux because perturbations to the phase boundary will be larger on average during slow cool-down [6] while others advocate a fast cool-down [7]. Therefore, if the magnetic field can be reduced during the cooling cycle this will reduce the remanent magnetisation in the SRF cavity. Current state of the art is to place the SRF cavity in a tubular magnetic shield [8]. This tube and the SRF cavity must then be located in an east-west orientation [8] [9]. In addition coils are then placed around the tube to provide further compensation. There is effectively no safety margin with this arrangement [8]. During the cool down phase fluxgate magnetometers monitor the magnetic field. The typical remanent magnetic field requirement is less than 3-4 mG [10]. The earth’s magnetic field is circa 500 mG so approximately 45dB attenuation of the earth field is required. This paper proposes that the SRF cavity is placed inside a three axis Helmholtz coil system (Figure 1). Fluxgate magnetometers positioned as close to the cavity as possible, are used as feedback sensors for the cancellation system. With this active compensation in place, it is possible to achieve < 1 mG of trapped field in the cavity, thereby improving its RF performance. Prior to the cooling cycle the compensation system is energized so the field in the SRF cavity is minimized. The monitoring and field adjustment continues during the cooling cycle. Figure 1: Coil setup with magnetometers in red. SYSTEM DESIGN The system consists of a three axis Helmholtz coil around the SRF cavity, 3 axis fluxgate sensor mounted to the cavity, optional additional single axis sensors around the circumference of the cavity, and the control electronics. The sensors monitor the field seen by the SRF cavity to the control electronics. This signal is in analog form, so is digitized to provide a real-time update. The control electronics compares the signals from the sensors and immediately adjusts the current in the Helmholtz coils, thereby maintaining a very low level of magnetic field. SSRF BEAM OPERATION STABILITY EVALUATION USING BUNCH BY BUNCH BEAM POSITION METHOD Ning Zhang †, Yimei Zhou, Yongbin Leng, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, CAS, Shanghai 201808, China Abstract In order to improve the efficiency and quality of light in Top-up mode at SSRF, disturbance caused by leakage fields mismatch during injection should be minimized and stable. This could be evaluated by analysis of bunch by bunch residual betatron oscillation data, using this method, instability of tune distribution and damping repeatability could also be calculated. So we could evaluate the beam operation stability by the data analysis and discuss in the paper. INTRODUCTION In Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), the accelerator injection mode has been upgraded from Decay mode to Top-up mode since late 2012[1], aiming to achieve uniform filling. This method results in more frequent beam injections (about 2 minutes per one injection period). Since the injection process involves a variety of equipment, Parameter imperfections can lead to a closed orbit distortion, which will leave a residual betatron oscillation during injection. For beam light users, this disturbance should be as little as possible. Usually, parameter mismatches during injection mainly refers to: (1) Kicker excitation current mismatch (current waveform amplitude and timing). (2) Energy or phase mismatch, between the injected bunch from the booster and the stored bunches in the storage ring. (3). Mechanical error in the kickers. Injection performance evaluation and analysis have been done by SSRF BI group [2][3]. In the experiment, bunch by bunch position measurement system was employed. A complete residual oscillation distribution was obtained by combining several groups of injection, which could be used for evaluate issue(1), and by harmonic analysis. The spectrum of the injected bunch position signal can be obtained for issue(2). Turn by turn SA data from Libera was used to observe the effect of issue (3). For SSRF beam operation, the closed orbit distortion caused by kicker leakage field mismatch as well as tune and damping time should be as stable as possible, which would be good for further optimization. So operation stability should be evaluated by long-term measurement and evaluating the variation of parameters from different period. MESUREMENT SYSTEM Raw position signals of beam in storage ring are excited by BUTTON BPMs installed in vacuum pipe. For building a bunch-by-bunch position measuring system to obtain the disturbance details of each bunch, the bandwidth of the system should be larger than 250 MHz, the data rates should be equal to or greater than 499.654 MHz (storage ring RF frequency), and the data buffer should be greater than 10 Mb.(determined by the loop damping time 5-6 ms). The latest bunch by bunch position measurement method in SSRF is synchronous peak sampling at RF frequency[4]. The sampled pulse peak data with same phase from 4 input channels were calculated to obtain position and sum value for each bunch. For this purpose, ADQ14 data acquisition board developed by SP-devices Company was employed as Data Processing Board, used for raw BPM signals sampling and bunch position calculation in realtime. The board and chassis component were shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Data acquisition board and PXIe chassis for BTB position on-line measurement. PC-based controller (Data I/O Unit) as well as Data Processing Board, was inserted into NI chassis, which controlled Data Processing Board using PXIe interface. We have designed an EPICS IOC running in Linux OS of the controller to implement DAQ control and data output. Data Processing Board and Data I/O Unit consists the basic framework of bunch by bunch data acquisition system. By applying different front-end and IOC algorithm, the system could achieve transverse and longitudinal parameters [5] measurement. For bunch by bunch position, the front-end was designed for Phrase adjustment, Delay adjustment, Signal attenuation and Generating RF frequency doubling phrase-lock signal for external clock. The system structure is shown in Figure 2. CONTINUOUS BEAM ENERGY MEASUREMENTS IN DIAMOND LIGHT SOURCE N. Vitoratou, P. Karataev John Adams Institute at Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK G. Rehm, Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire, UK Abstract Resonant Spin Depolarization (RSD) is a high precision technique that has been employed by Diamond Light Source (DLS) for beam energy measurements. In this project, we study a new approach to make RSD compatible with user beam operation and provide a continuously updated online measurement. An array of four custom-made scintillation detectors has been installed around the beam pipe, downstream of collimators to capture the highest fraction of lost particles and maximize the count rate. The excitation is gated to half of the stored bunches and the acquisition system counts losses in both halves independently. Using the count in the un-excited part for normalisation suppresses external factors that modify the loss rate. Different parameters of the measurement, like excitation kick strength and duration have been explored to optimise depolarisation and to increase the reliability of the measurement. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION The technique of RSD takes advantage of the natural spin polarisation due to synchrotron radiation emission and provides a high precision energy measurement with a relative uncertainty of typically $10^{-6}$ [1]. A continuous beam energy measurement employing this technique could reveal any correlations with the photon energy fluctuations and give information about the stability of the bending magnets power supply. Thus, in Diamond Light Source, a method is being developed to make these measurements compatible with the user operation, where the main challenges are not to disturb the stored beam and counteract external factors that could influence the measurement. BEAM POLARISATION The spin of the electron beam will develop a polarisation, due to the emission of the spin-flip radiation, according to Sokolov-Ternov effect, which is antiparallel with the magnetic field of the main bending magnets. In an ideal ring, in the absence of depolarizing effects, the maximum expected beam polarization is 92% [2]. The amount of polarisation will be a combination of the polarising and depolarising effects that is given by [3]: $$P(t) = P_{ST} \frac{\tau_d}{\tau_d + \tau_{ST}} \left[ 1 - \exp \left( -\frac{t}{\tau_{ST}} \left( \frac{\tau_d + \tau_{ST}}{\tau_d} \right) \right) \right]$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) where $P_{ST}$ and $\tau_{ST}$ are the Sokolov-Ternov values for the equilibrium polarisation level and time constant respectively, and $\tau_d$ the depolarisation time constant. Depolarising effects can occur by horizontal magnetic fields due to closed orbit distortions or quadrupoles misalignments. However, excellent alignment, orbit correction schemes and small vertical emittance in DLS weakens these effects and allow the beam to have an equilibrium polarisation level of 82%. Another limit in the polarisation level is introduced by wigglers. The wigglers increase the energy spread which is related with the asymptotic polarisation level given by Sokolov-Ternov effect [4]. This effect will reduce the polarisation level to 60% for the case of DLS, as it is shown in Fig. 1. ![Figure 1: Polarisation build-up of stored beam with wigglers on and off, one hour after injection. The polarisation level is expressed as the relative increase of the lifetime. The lifetime is calculated by the inverse of the recorded beam losses normalised by the beam current [5]. The applied fit is based on Eq. (1).](image) BEAM DEPOLARISATION The spin precession frequency of an ultra-relativistic electron in a magnetic field follows the Thomas–BMT equation which for a light source storage ring where there are no significant solenoid magnetic fields, nor transverse electric fields, can be simplified to the below form [6]: $$\Omega_z = \omega_0 (1 + \alpha \gamma)$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) where $\omega_0$ is the revolution frequency, $\alpha$ the gyromagnetic anomaly and $\gamma$ the relativistic factor. The product $\alpha \gamma$ is the number of revolutions the spin vector makes about the vertical axis in one revolution of the storage ring defined as the spin tune. The equation above shows the relation between the energy of the beam and the spin precession frequency and by determining the unknown frequency, the energy can be calculated. USING A TE011 CAVITY AS A MAGNETIC MOMENTUM MONITOR* J. Guo#, J. Henry, M. Poelker, R. A. Rimmer, R. Suleiman, H. Wang, JLAB, Newport News, VA 23606, USA Abstract The Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider (JLEIC) design relies on cooling of the ion beam with bunched electron beam. The bunched beam cooler complex consists of a high current magnetized electron source, an energy recovery linac, a circulating ring, and a pair of long solenoids where the cooling takes place. A non-invasive real time monitoring system is highly desired to quantify electron beam magnetization. The authors propose to use a passive copper RF cavity in TE011 mode as such a monitor. If such a cavity is powered actively, it is also possible to be used as a beam magnetizer. INTRODUCTION Figure 1: JLEIC Circulating Cooler Ring (CCR). The proposed JLEIC is a high luminosity electron ion collider. The key to achieve JLEIC’s luminosity goal is to maintain low ion emittance through bunched beam electron cooling in solenoid channels during the collision, as shown in Fig. 1. To avoid rotation of the electron beam in the cooling channel, the JLEIC cooling electron beam needs to be magnetized before entering the cooling channel [1]. Magnetized DC electron cooling is also necessary during the JLEIC ion beam formation. Non-invasive measurement of the magnetic moment of a charged particle beam has long been on the wish-list of beam physicists. The previous efforts were mainly focused on measuring the beam polarization [2, 3, 4], which is in the order of $h/2$ per electron or proton. Even after enhanced by the Stern-Gerlach polarimetry, the RF signal in the cavity generated by the beam is still extremely hard to measure. The magnetic moment per particle of the magnetized beam is typically a few orders of magnitude higher. As a demonstration of the source for the JLEIC e-cooler, the magnetized beam generated at JLab GTS [5] can have a magnetic moment $M=200$ neV-s or $3.0 \times 10^8 \ h$. The JLab GTS beam also has a typical energy of 300 keV and a low $\gamma$. These parameters make the magnetic moment more likely to be detected with an RF cavity. One potential concern of the resonance type magnetic moment monitor is the signal excited by the non-magnetized current, usually due to the longitudinal component of electric field along the beam path. TE011 mode in a cylindrical symmetric cavity will only have azimuthal E-field, making it an ideal candidate for magnetic moment measurement. INTERACTION BETWEEN PILLBOX TE011 MODE AND MAGNETIZED BEAM Figure 2: Left: Transverse motion of a longitudinally magnetized beam; Right: Transverse electric field in TE011 mode of a pillbox cavity. The angular momentum and magnetic momentum of a charged particle is determined by its motion in azimuthal direction, as shown in Fig. 2, left. $$L = \gamma m \rho^2 \dot{\phi}$$ $$M = L \frac{e}{2mc}$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) For a cylindrical symmetric RF cavity, the electric field of TE011 mode has only azimuthal component, and will be zero in other directions (radial or longitudinal), as shown in Fig. 2, right. In the vicinity of the cavity axle, the TE011 mode azimuthal E-field’s amplitude can be approximated as $$E_\phi(z,t,\rho) = E_\phi(z,t)\rho$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) Assuming that the beam-cavity interaction has negligible perturbation on beam trajectory, $\rho^2 \dot{\phi}$ is almost constant during the beam’s path through the cavity. By integrating E-field tangential to the particle trajectory, the acceleration voltage when a particle travels through the cavity can be calculated as $$V_\perp = \int E_\phi(z,t,\rho)\rho d\phi$$ $$= \frac{\rho^2 \dot{\phi}}{\beta c} \int E_\phi \left( z, t = \frac{z-z_0}{\beta c} \right) dz$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) IDENTIFICATION OF FAULTY BEAM POSITION MONITOR BASED CLUSTERING BY FAST SEARCH AND FIND OF DENSITY PEAKS * R. T. Jiang†, Y. B. Leng‡, F.Z. Chen, Z.C. Chen Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China Abstract The accuracy and stability of beam position monitors (BPMs) are important for all kinds of measurement systems and feedback systems in particle accelerator field. A proper method detecting faulty beam position monitor or monitoring their stability could optimize accelerator operating conditions. With development in machine learning methods, a series of powerful analysis approaches make it possible for detecting beam position monitor’s stability. Here, this paper proposed a clustering analysis approach to detect the defective BPMs. The method is based on the idea that cluster centres are characterized by a higher density than their neighbours and by a relatively large distance from points with higher densities. The results showed that clustering by fast search and find of density peaks could classify beam data into different clusters on the basis of their similarity. And that, aberrant data points could be detected by decision graph. So the algorithm is appropriate for BPM detecting and it could be a significant supplement for data analysis in accelerator physics. INTRODUCTION The storage ring in SSRF is equipped with 140 BPMs located at 20 cells of the storage ring to monitor the beam dynamics [1]. The BPMs at the beam lines after the insertion devices (ID) or the bending magnets are of great importance, because they also serve as the orbit feedback system to ensure stability of the electron Beams [2]. Meanwhile, the BPM confidence levels included in the feedback system can be used to estimate stability of the beam dynamics. Some BPMs can be also used to do measurements other than the beam position, such as the (relative) beam current or life time. Therefore, an abnormal BPM should be found and treated and a beam position monitor (BPM) system is an essential diagnostic tool in storage ring of a light source. A typical BPM system consists of the probe (button-type or stripline-type), electronics (Libra Electronics/Brilliance in SSRF) and transferring component (cables and such). Ever since the SSRF commissioning in 2009, the BPM have occurred all kinds of malfunction. They were permanently damage of individual probe or corresponding cable, misaligned (position/angle) probes, high-frequency vibrations, electronics noise, and others. These faults mean totally useless of the signals from the BPM, which should be ignored until its replacement or repair. Hence, it is essential to find an effective method to detect the faulty BPM for operation of the storage ring. With development in machine learning methods, a series of powerful analysis approaches make it possible for detecting beam position monitor’s stability. Cluster analysis is one of machine learning methods. It is aimed at classifying elements into categories on the basis of their similarity [3]. Its applications range from astronomy to bioinformatics, bibliometric, and pattern recognition. Clustering by fast search and find of density peaks is an approach based on the idea that cluster centres are characterized by a higher density than their neighbours and by a relatively large distance from points with higher densities [4]. This idea forms the basis of a clustering procedure in which the number of clusters arises intuitively, outliers are automatically spotted and excluded from the analysis, and clusters are recognized regardless of their shape and of the dimensionality of the space in which they are embedded. In addition to, it is able to detect nonspherical clusters and to automatically find the correct number of clusters. Based on the advantage of clustering by fast search and find of density peaks, this study researches the stability of beam position monitors to locate the BPM malfunctions at SSRF. EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND ANALYSIS METHOD In this study, the experimental data were collected from the transverse oscillation of X direction. In general, the fluctuation of transverse oscillation of X direction means the stability of beam position monitors and the malfunctions could be judged by the abnormal fluctuations. It also has an important problem that is to detect the performance differences of different BPMs. Therefore, this study research the accuracy and stability of beam position monitors based on the data of transverse oscillation of X direction. Theoretically, the BPM could be considered as malfunction when its fluctuation ranges beyond the range of horizontal $\beta$-function which is reference value. On the other hand, the performance differences of different BPMs were be expect to distinguish by different cluster centres based on cluster analysis. The clustering by fast search and find of density peaks has its basis in the assumptions that cluster centres are surrounded by neighbours with lower local density and that they are at a relatively large distance from any points with a higher local density. For each data point $i$, we compute two quantities: its local density $\pi_i$ and its distance $\phi_i$ from points of higher density. Both these quantities depend only... PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF SMALL CURRENTS AT THE MLS Y. Petenev†, J. Feikes, J. Li, A. N. Matveenko, Y. Tamashevich, HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany R. Klein, J. Lubeck, R. Thornagel, PTB, 10587 Berlin, Germany Abstract The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), the National Metrology Institute of Germany, utilizes an electron storage ring – the Metrology Light Source (MLS), located in Berlin, as a radiation source standard in the VIS, UV and VUV spectral range. In order to be able to calculate the absolute intensity of the radiation, the electron beam current has to be measured with low uncertainty. In this paper we focus on the measurement of the beam current in a range of several nA to 1 pA (one electron) by means of Si photodiodes, detecting synchrotron radiation from the beam. Electrons are gradually scraped out of the ring and the diode signal is analyzed afterwards. The exact number of stored electrons then can be derived from the signal. The measurement is carried out automatically with an in-house developed software. INTRODUCTION The Metrology Light Source (the MLS) is the electron storage ring owned by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt located in Berlin and dedicated to metrology and technological developments in the spectral ranges from far IR to extreme UV [1]. The main parameters of the MLS are presented in Tab. 1. Table 1: Main Parameters of the MLS \| Parameter \| Value \| \|----------------------------\|----------------\| \| Circumference \| 48 m \| \| Injection energy \| 105 MeV \| \| Operation Energy \| 50 to 629 MeV \| \| Revolution frequency \| 6.25 MHz \| \| Beam Current \| 1 pA (1 electron) to 200 mA \| The MLS is utilized as a primary source standard and, therefore, PTB has installed and is operating all the equipment required for the measurement of the storage ring parameters required for calculation of the spectral photon flux with high accuracy [2]. The spectral intensity of the synchrotron radiation can be calculated by means of the Schwinger equation [3]. One of the contributors into the spectral power accuracy is the value of the electron beam current, therefore it has to be measured and controlled with a lowest possible uncertainty. At the MLS the beam current can be varied in the range from 200 mA to 1 pA (a current of a single electron). The current is controlled over the whole range with a good accuracy (typical relative uncertainty $< 10^{-2}$ to $10^{-4}$). In this paper the main point of interest is the lower range of the electron beam current (a few nA and less). In this range the accuracy of the current measurement can be significantly improved by counting the exact number of the electrons circulating in the storage ring. Since the revolution frequency of the ring can be measured with high precision (better than $10^{-8}$), the electron beam current is also known to this accuracy. MEASUREMENT OF THE ELECTRON BEAM CURRENT In the upper range (from 1 mA and more), the current is measured by two commercially available DC parametric current transformers (PCTs, made by Bergoz Instrumentation, France) [4]. The PCTs have a relative uncertainty of about $10^{-4}$ in this current range. In the lower ranges the beam current is measured by 4 sets of Si photodiodes (AXUV100 and SXUV100 diodes with 10 mm x 10 mm area, made by Opto Diode Corp.). In each set there are 3 diodes (see Fig. 1) with a different attenuation of synchrotron radiation. The attenuation is made using two different Aluminum filters (3 diodes (D1) with a thick filter (8 μm) cover the range of 20 mA and less, and 3 diodes (D2) with a thin filter (0.8 μm) are used for the range below 0.01 mA. The third type is the unfiltered diode (D3 and D4) which covers the range of low currents (10 nA and less). Figure 1: Photodiodes set-up at the MLS. When the synchrotron light is hitting the diode, it produces a photocurrent which can be amplified, transferred into a voltage and then measured via a volt meter. All filtered diodes and two unfiltered diodes (1 on each set D3 and D4) are connected to Keithley 617 electrometers [5]. The rest of the diodes – 4 unfiltered diodes – are connected to the FEMTO current-voltage converters (I/U) [6] (FEMTO diode) followed by Agilent 34401A [7] a digital voltmeter (DVM), which have better signal to noise ratio than the Keithleys. The diodes connection scheme is presented in Fig. 2. BEAM CHARGE MEASUREMENT AND SYSTEM CALIBRATION IN CSNS * W. L. Huang†, F. Li, L. Ma, S. Wang, T. G. Xu Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Dongguan Neutron Source Center, Dongguan 523803, China Abstract In China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), the beam charge monitors along the ring to the target beam transport line (RTBT) and the ring to the dump beam transport line (RDBT), are consisted of an ICT and three FCTs manufactured by Bergoz. The electronics includes a set of NI PXIe-5160 oscilloscope digitizer, and a Beam Charge Monitor (BCM) from Bergoz as supplementary. The beam charge monitors provide the following information: a) the quantity of protons bombarding the tungsten target; b) the efficiency of particle transportation; c) a T0 signal to the detectors and spectrometers of the white neutron source. With the calibration with an octopus 50Ω terminator in lab and an onboard 16-turn calibrating coils at the local control room, corrections for the introducing the 16-turn calibrating coils and the long cable were made. An accuracy of ±2% for the beam charge measurement during the machine operation has been achieved with the ICT/FCTs and a PXIe-5160 oscilloscope digitizer. INTRODUCTION The accelerator and target layout of CSNS and beam instrumentations distributed on the linac, the RCS ring and beam transport lines are presented in Figure 1. After the 50keV H⁻ source, the 4-tank 324MHz drift tube linac (DTL) is designed to accelerate the H⁻ beam from 3MeV to 81MeV, and the H⁻ ions are injected into the RCS ring. During the injection, H⁻ stripping by a carbon primary stripper foil (100μg/cm²) and a secondary stripper foil (200μg/cm²) is adopted for this high intensity proton synchrotron [1], then protons are accelerated to 1.6GeV in 20ms by 8 ferrite-loaded RF cavities before extraction [2]. There is an ICT sensor installed at the beginning of RTBT and RDBT beam line, one FCT sensor just in front of the R-dump, one FCT sensor in the mid of bending magnets RTB1 and RTB2 and the third FCT sensor in front of the tungsten target. Before the installation, two sets of charge measurement methods were utilized for the sensor calibration. During the machine commissioning, the beam charge measurement was calibrated with the extracted particle numbers derived by the beam current measured by DCCT on the RCS ring and the RF frequency (round about 2.44MHz). Then we made a statistics analysis of the beam charge measurement during machine operation. It is showed that a sensitivity of $1.0 \times 10^{10}$ protons/pulse and an accuracy of less than ±2% could be achieved in the beam charge measurement. Figure 1: Accelerator and target layout and beam instrumentations of CSNS. Work supported by Special fund for public welfare research and capacity building in Guangdong province, 2016A010102001 † firstname.lastname@example.org COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERISATION OF THREE CRYOGENIC CURRENT COMPARATORS BASED ON LOW-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS V. Tympel†, Th. Stochlker1,2, Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany M. Fernandes3,4, J. Tan, CERN, 1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland C.P. Welsch3,4 3also at Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, WA4 4AD, Daresbury, Warrington, UK 4Department of Physics, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK H. De Gersem, N. Marsic, W. Müller, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, TU Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany D. Haider, F. Kurian, M. Schwickert, T. Sieber, 1at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany J. Golm, R. Neubert5, F. Schmidt, P. Seidel, Institute of Solid State Physics, 07743 Jena, Germany M. Schmelz, R. Stolz, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany V. Zakosarenko, Supracon AG, 07751 Jena, Germany 2also at Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, 07743 Jena, Germany 5also at Thuringia Observatory Tautenburg, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany Abstract A Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) is a non-destructive, metrological-traceable charged particle beam intensity measurement system for the nano-ampere range. Using superconducting shielding and coils, low temperature Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) and highly permeable flux-concentrators, the CCC can operate in the frequency range from DC to several kHz or hundreds of kHz depending on the requirement of the application. Also, the white noise level can be optimized down to 2 pA/sqrt(Hz) at 2.16 K. This work compares three different Pb- and Nb-based CCC-sensors developed at the Institute of Solid State Physics and Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology at Jena, Germany: CERN-Nb-CCC, optimized for application at CERN Antiproton Decelerator (AD) in 2015 with a free inner diameter of 185 mm; GSI-Pb-CCC, designed for GSI-Darmstadt with a free inner diameter of 145 mm, 1996 completed, 2014 upgraded; GSI-Nb-CCC-XD, designed for the GSI/FAIR-project with a free inner diameter of 250 mm, 2017 completed. The results of noise, small-signal, slew-rate, and drift measurements done 2015 and 2018 in the Cryo-Detector Lab at the University of Jena are presented here. THE SYSTEM After 25 years of development the Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) has been established as a useful tool for non-destructive and metrological-traceable beam intensity measurement in the nano-ampere range [1]. The principle behind the CCC is to pick up the azimuthal magnetic field of the moving charged particles. Figure 1 shows a superconducting meander structure which shields the non-azimuthal magnetic field components. The following pickup coil, enclosing a highly permeable flux-concentrating core, and the particle beam build up a current-transformer. The very low pickup coil current can be measured, via matching electronics, by a Low-Temperature Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID). The measured raw voltage of the SQUID electronics can be linked to a corresponding CCC input current using a calibration factor defined with a metrological-traceable calibration current. Figure 1: Components and operating principle of the CCC-sensor shown on a niobium-based system before it is assembled. Measurement Setups Three CCC sensors (see Table 1) with different dimensions, varying meanders, and core materials were characterized by a setup consisting of a Dynamic Signal Analyzer HP35670A, a Vector Signal Analyzer HP89410A, an Agilent Function / Arbitrary Waveform Generator 33210A and a DAkkS (Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle)-certified Keithley 2002 Multimeter. The lab measurements are done in a shielded chamber (see Fig. 2, left). 2. Beam charge and current monitors BEAM INTENSITY MONITORING WITH NANOAMPERE RESOLUTION – THE CRYOGENIC CURRENT COMPARATOR (CCC)* D. M. Haider†, P. Forck, F. Kurian, M. Schwickert, T. Sieber GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany M. Fernandes, J. Tan, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland J. Golm¹, F. Schmidl, P. Seidel, FSU Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany T. Stöehlker²,³, V. Tympel, Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany M. Schmelz, R. Stolz, V. Zakosarenko⁴, IPHT, 07751 Jena, Germany H. De Gersem, N. Marsic, TEMF, TU Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany ¹also at Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany ²also at GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany ³also at Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, 07743 Jena, Germany ⁴also at Supracon AG, 07751 Jena, Germany Abstract The storage of low current beams as well as the long extraction times from the synchrotrons at FAIR require non-destructive beam intensity monitoring with a current resolution of nanoampere. To fulfill this requirement, the concept of the Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) based on the low temperature SQUID is used to obtain an extremely sensitive beam current transformer. During the last years CCCs have been installed to do measurements of the spill structure in the extraction line of GSI SIS18 and for current monitoring in the CERN Antiproton Decelerator ring. From these experiences lessons can be learned to facilitate further development. The goal of the ongoing research is to improve the robustness of the CCC towards external influences, such as vibrations, stray fields and He-pressure variations, as well as to develop a cost-efficient concept for the superconducting shield and the cryostat. INTRODUCTION In modern accelerator facilities there are many applications, from rare isotopes and antiprotons in storage rings to slow extracted beams for nuclear physics experiments, which require absolute and non-destructive monitoring of ion beams with intensities down to nanoamperes. This need cannot be addressed by standard current diagnostics. Typical AC and DC current transformers are limited to intensities above microamperes. More sensitive devices like Faraday cups or secondary electron monitors (SEM) are at least partially destructive, which limits their application in storage rings, and – in case of the SEM – require elaborate calibration to compensate for aging effects. Although Schottky monitors can provide some current information, they are often not able to reach the desired accuracy at low currents and special care must be taken to calibrate them correctly, especially for their use across large frequency ranges [1]. With the high magnetic sensitivity of a SQUID sensor (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) the cryogenic current comparator (CCC) expands the detection threshold of the traditional current transformers and can provide absolute, non-destructive current measurements independent of particle species. In the most recent installation at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) at CERN the CCC has shown a current resolution of 5.8 nA [1] and is actively used as part of the accelerator control system during the commissioning and routine operation. In a clean lab environment, currents down to 1.3 nA with a current noise lower than 3 – 30 pA/√Hz (7 Hz – 100 kHz) can be measured [2]. Furthermore, bandwidths of up to 200 kHz with a slew rate of 0.16 μA/μs are possible [2]. With our work, we aim to further increase the current resolution by improving the stability against electromagnetic and mechanical perturbations. A custom beamline cryostat is designed to minimize interferences as well as to expand the usability by adding a self-sufficient liquid helium cooling cycle. Ultimately, we plan to install a CCC in the storage rings (CRYRING and Collector Ring) and transfer lines of FAIR in order to supply low intensity current data to both the machine experts and users, and thus have a tool to better understand the processes during slow extraction from synchrotrons as well as the physics of low intensity experiments. In this contribution, we look at the history of the CCC to show possible applications and the problems that we encountered, followed by the latest research to address these challenges. This includes studies toward alternative (coreless) shielding geometries and superconducting materials, as well as the analysis of mechanical resonances of the housing cryostat. HISTORIC DEVELOPMENTS The CCC was developed in national standards laboratories to compare extremely small electric currents. One of the first who used the emerging SQUID sensors for current measurements was I.K. Harvey in 1972 [3]: see UPGRADE AND IMPROVEMENT OF CT BASED ON TMR Ying Zhao, Yaoyao Du, Ling Wang, Institute of High Energy Physics. CAS, Beijing, China Abstract The CT based on TMR sensor has been developed in the lab. For improving the accuracy and linearity, reducing the influence of sensor position, a series simulation and calculation have been done which conduct an upgrade both in the mechanical structure and electronics design. Lab test shows good results and test on beam will be carried on soon. INTRODUCTION The CT based on TMR sensor’s principle is like hall ammeter. Beam pass through a magnetic ring with a gap, a TMR sensor is put in a gap of the ring. The output of the sensor changes with the beam current [1]. The principle diagram and the whole profile are shown in Figure 1. First test indicate that the resolution and linearity error could not meet the demand, improvement of the magnetic core and electronics design has been done, most details are present in this paper. Figure 1: Principle and profile of TMR CT. STUDY AND IMPROVEMENT OF CORE DESIGN One of the key parameters that involves the resolution are the core with a cutoff section. The soft alloy which has been processed is used as the magnetic core. The initial permeability is changed, so does other characteristics. The cutoff section is an air gap, for a toroid core with air gap and ignore the edge flux, the equivalent permeability $\mu_e$ can be calculated as below. $$I_{beam} = \frac{B_{core}}{\mu_0 \mu_r} l_{core} + \frac{B_{gap}}{\mu_0} l_{gap} = \frac{B_{core} l_{core}}{\mu_0 \mu_r} (1 + \frac{\mu_r l_{gap}}{l_{core}})$$ $$\mu_e = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{\mu_r} + \frac{l_{gap}}{l_{core}}}$$ $l_{core}$ is average core circumference $2\pi r_{core}$ ($r_{core} = (r_{out} - r_{in})/2$, $r_{out}$ and $r_{in}$ are outer and inner radius of the core), $l_{gap}$ is length of the air gap. When $\mu_r$ is large enough, the $\mu_e$ is related to the $l_{gap}$ and $l_{core}$. It means the core magnetic permeability is decreased and linearized. Figure 2: Magnetization curve test result of the core with air gap. The magnetization curve of the core with air gap is tested in the lab as shown in Figure 2. The magnetization curve with air gap can be seen as the synthesis of magnetization characteristic of the core and air gap. The air gap reduces the remanence and the core saturation. It also means most of the loss is gathered in the gap instead of the core. High frequency signal brings hysteresis loss. If the magnetic core cross-section area is $A_{core}$, the exciting signal is $u(t)$ and $i(t)$. As indicated in Figure 3, the area $A_1$ of $-B_r -> S -> B_m -> -B_r$, means the exciting signal varies from zero to the maximum, in the half period $T/2$, the total energy can be calculated as follows: $$\int_{0}^{\alpha/2} u(t)i(t)dt = \int_{-B_r}^{B_r} A_{core} \frac{dB}{dt} Hl_{core} dt$$ The area $A_2$ from $S$ to $B_m$ is the part of recoverable energy. The energy of the core loss is proportional to the area around the hysteresis loop, related to the area of $A_1-A_2$. With air gap, the $A_1-A_2$ is small enough to be ignored. [2] $$A_{core} l_c (\int_{-B_r}^{B_r} HdB - \int_{B_r}^{B_s} HdB) = A_{core} l_c (A_1 - A_2)$$ Figure 3: Magnetization curve without (left) and with (right) air gap. Primary design and test results show that output resolution is influenced by sensor’s position and angle in the gap. Focusing on how to uniform the magnetic field distribution doesn’t show effective improvement. As the sensing area is 2mm much smaller than the gap section area 20mm x 20mm, gathering the magnetic field is a feasible option. A perpendicular cutoff is made to reduce the cross-section as shown in the Figure 4. The gap section area is 10mm x 20mm after this improvement. 2. Beam charge and current monitors DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR BEAM INSTRUMENTATION OF SXFEL AND DCLS* Y.B. Yan†, Y.B. Leng, L.W. Lai, L.Y. Yu, W.M. Zhou, J. Chen, H. Zhao, C.L. Yu Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) Shanghai soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser facility (SXFEL) Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204, P.R. China Abstract The high-gain free electron lasers have given scientists hopes for new scientific discoveries in many frontier research areas. The Shanghai X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (SXFEL) test facility is commissioning at the SSRF campus. The Dalian Coherent Light Source (DCLS) has successfully commissioned in the northeast of China, which is the brightest vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser facility. The data acquisition system for beam instrumentation is based on the EPICS platform. The field programmable gate array (FPGA) and embedded controller are adopted for the signal processing and device control. The high-level applications are developed using Python. The details of the data acquisition system will be reported in this paper. OVERVIEW The Shanghai soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser facility (SXFEL) is being developed in two steps, the SXFEL test facility (SXFEL-TF) and the SXFEL user facility (SXFEL-UF). The SXFEL-TF is a critical development step towards the construction of a soft X-ray FEL user facility in China, and is under commissioning at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) campus. The test facility is going to generate 8.8 nm FEL radiation using an 840 MeV electron Linac passing through the two-stage cascaded HGHG-HGHG or EEHG-HGHG (echo-enabled harmonic generation, high-gain harmonic generation) scheme, as shown in Figure 1. The construction of the SXFEL-TF started at the end of 2014. Its accelerator tunnel and klystron gallery were ready for equipment installation in April 2016. The installation of the SXFEL-TF Linac and radiator undulators were completed by the end of 2016. In the meantime, the SXFEL-UF, with a designated wavelength in the water window region, began construction in November 2016. It was based on upgrading the Linac energy to 1.5 GeV, and the building of a second undulator line and five experimental end-stations. It is scheduled to be open to users in 2019[1]. Figure 1: Schematic layout of the SXFEL-TF. The Dalian coherent Light Source (DCLS) is a FEL user facility, which can deliver world’s brightest FEL light in the energy range from 8 to 24 eV, making it unique of the same kind that only operates in the Vacuum Ultra Violet (VUV) region. It uses a 300 MeV Linac to produce fully coherent photon pulses in the wavelength range between 50-150 nm by HGHG scheme. This project was launched at the beginning of 2012, and has successfully commissioned by the end of 2016. It was a close collaboration between the scientists and engineers from Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics and Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, two institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The data acquisition system for beam instrumentation is a part of the SXFEL and DCLS control system, which is based on the EPICS (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System) platform. The system architecture is shown in Figure 2. The FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and embedded controller (such as Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone Black) are adopted for the signal processing and device control. The high-level applications are developed using Python. Figure 2: Data acquisition system architecture for beam instrumentation. * Work supported by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) † email@example.com THE RADIAL DETECTOR IN THE CYCLOTRON OF HIMM Min Li$^1$, Shenpeng Li$^2$, Xincai Kang$^{1,3}$, Weilong Li$^{1,4}$, Ruishi Mao$^1$, Haihong Song$^1$, Tiecheng Zhao$^1$, Yucong Chen$^1$, Yonggan Nie$^1$, Yongchun Feng$^{1,3}$, Yan Yin$^1$, Yanmou Wang$^1$, Weinian Ma$^1$. $^1$Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China; $^2$Lanzhou Kejintaiji Corporation, LTD. Lanzhou 730000, China $^3$Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China $^4$University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Abstract The cyclotron is designed as the injector of the Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM) in Wuwei city, China. It provides 10 uA carbon beams to fulfill the requirement of the accumulation in the following synchrotron. The Radial detector is used to measure the beam current and beam turn motion in this Cyclotron. The beam current signal gathered by radial detector is acquired by four picoammeters, meanwhile the beam time structure is measured with FPGA and real time operating system. This paper introduces the design of radial detector, the motion control and data acquisition system for it of the cyclotron. Finally, the beam current and turn pattern measurement results at HIMM are presented in this paper. INTRODUCTION The first Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM) has passed the registration tests and now enters the clinical trials phase which was constructed at the Institute of Modern Physics, China [1]. A compact cyclotron is designed as the injector of a synchrotron which forms the HIMM, and it accelerates the $^{12}\text{C}^{5+}$ from ion source to 7.0 MeV/u, meanwhile the extracted beam current is more than 10 uA [2]. As its compact structure of the cyclotron, there are 2 radial probes installed on the hill and in the valley respectively of Cyclotron. The one installed in the valley is used to monitor the beam current during the injection period, and the other one installed between the extraction deflector and extraction dipole is used to monitor the extraction beam current. Furthermore, the beam centre measurement can be done with the two targets during the acceleration period. The radial probe installed on the hill is shown in Fig.1. And for each radial probe, it is driven with a servo motor. The moving distance of the radial probe is 795 mm. Figure 1: Radial probe installed on the Cyclotron. DESIGN OF RADIAL PROBE Mechanical Design The radial probe target tip, making up by one integral block and 3 differential fingers which are distributed concurrently in the horizontal direction, measure the beam distribution on axial and radial directions by blocking the beam [3]. The 3 differential fingers are distributed uniformly in the vertical direction with the gap of 5 mm. The sizes of the integral and differential target tips are listed in table 1. The radial probe target tips are made by copper. The top view of the radial probe is displayed in Fig.2 and the target probe structure is shown in Fig.3. Table 1: The Size of Four Fingers \| Finger Name \| Size(mm) \| \|----------------------\|----------\| \| Integral Finger \| 40 \| \| Differential Top \| 10 \| \| Differential Middle \| 10 \| \| Differential Bottom \| 10 \| THE DESIGN OF DOSE PARAMETER ACQUISITION AND CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A PENCIL BEAM SCANNING SYSTEM IN HUST-PTF* Y.Y. Hu, P. Tan†, Y.J. Lin, X.Y. Li, Y.C. Yu, H. Lei, H.D. Guo State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China Abstract Pencil beam scanning (PBS) technology is a flexible and accurate dose delivery technology in proton therapy, which can deliver beams adapting to irregularly shaped tumors, while it requires precise diagnostic and real-time control of the beam dose and position. In this paper, a dose parameter acquisition and control system for the pencil beam scanning system based on the EPICS and LabVIEW is designed for HUST-PTF. The EPICS environment is built to realize the data exchange function between the front-end devices and control system. A channel access server (CAS) is designed to convert treatment parameters into the process variables (PVs) and expose them to the network for data sharing. Under current experimental conditions, the simulated beam current is generated according to the dose parameters in the treatment plan file. The current are processed by a digital electrometer and transmitted to the EPICS database in real time. Then the control system user interface based on LabVIEW is realized for displaying and parameter analysis. INTRODUCTION The pencil beam scanning nozzle is located at the end of the proton therapy machine in Huazhong University of Science and Technology Proton Therapy Facility (HUST-PTF). It is composed of scanning magnets, ionization chambers and other beam diagnostic equipment as well as related electronic devices and controllers. It is the last guarantee to accurately deliver the proton beam to the designated location of the tumor with accurate dose. This paper mainly focuses on the technology of controlling dose safety, and the dose parameter acquisition and control system has been designed by using software and hardware redundancy analysis. Firstly, the dose monitoring system of the nozzle needs to obtain the treatment plan accurately from the Treatment Control System (TCS), extract the scan dose parameter, convert it into the actual machine parameters correctly, and confirm and display these data. Then, the control software needs to transmit data with the front-end devices efficiently. It sends the corresponding instrument parameters to the hardware devices in the nozzle accurately and gets feedback data, so as to control and monitor the beam dose accurately in real time. At the same time, fast interlocking protection can be carried out under exceptional conditions. As the main equipment for dose monitoring, two separate working ionization chambers are designed as redundant measures to ensure that the ionization chamber operates normally all the time. And the alarm threshold of the second ionization chamber is set to be 5% larger than that of the first device to ensure that when the first ionization chamber fails, the other device can still work normally, and the fault signal can be transmitted to the superior system. In order to make the operation of the control system more intuitive and convenient, the graphical user interface (GUI) of the system is built with the LabVIEW development platform. The interface displays treatment plan parameters, actual treatment data, treatment progress, the working status of front-end devices and so on. Finally, the treatment results are uploaded to the TCS when the treatment is finished. Also, if treatment is interrupted, the dose already applied must be uploaded in order to allow correct continuation after interruption. The corresponding framework of the control system is shown in Fig.1. LOGICAL DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM Before the start of treatment, the first step is to accurately analyse the treatment plan file and obtain the ideal dose parameters. In order to ensure the safety of the transmission and correct interpretation of the treatment plan file, the DICOM standard data format is uniformly used for data interaction throughout the whole treatment process. The essence of the DICOM file is the binary file. Each data element contains four parts: Tag (Data element Identification)、VR (Value Representation)、VL (Value Length)、VF (Value Field) [1]. By identifying the Tag of the dose parameter, the data element of planned dose parameter can be extracted out. Dose parameters are stored in VF part in hexadecimal form. Then we convert them to... THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL BPM SIGNAL PROCESSOR ON SSRF * L.W. Lai, Y.B. Leng†, Y.B. Yan, W.M. Zhou, F.Z. Chen, N. Zhang SSRF, SINAP, Shanghai, China Abstract The development of Digital BPM Signal Processors (DBPM) for SSRF started from 2008. The first prototype for SSRF storage ring was completed in 2012, with turn-by-turn resolution better than 1μm. From 2016 to 2017, SSRF successively constructed two FEL facilities in China, DCLS and SXFEL test facilities. The second version DBPM was developed and used in large scale during this period to meet the requirements of signal processing for stripline BPMs and cavity BPMs. After that, we turned to the development of DBPM for SSRF storage ring based on the second version hardware, including FPGA firmware, EPICS IOC, EDM control panel. The development was completed and tests were carried out in early 2018. Test results showed that the position data is accurate and can monitor beam movement correctly, and online turn-by-turn position data resolution reaches 0.46μm. This paper will introduce the design of DBPM for the SSRF storage ring and the tests carried out to verify the data accuracy and evaluate the system performance. INTRODUCTION SSRF is the first 3rd-generation synchrotron light source built in China, which came into service in 2009. The circumference of the storage ring is 432 meters, and the ring contains 20 cells that can serve up to 40 beamlines. The 499.654 MHz RF system produces 720 buckets of which typically 500 contain charge distributed in 4 bunch trains to minimize ion accumulation. There are 7 BPM electronics in each cell totaling more than 140 sets Libera BPM electronics around the ring measuring the beam orbit for beam control and feedback. SSRF started the development of Digital BPM Processor (DBPM) in 2008. A first version prototype was developed in 2012 for the SSRF storage ring [1]. Later a second version DBPM hardware was developed in 2016 [2,3], which was more compact and more versatile. The new DBPM was first used on two FEL facilities, DCLS and SXFEL, in large scale. The development of new SSRF DBPM based on the new version hardware was taken from that design. Table 1 lists the DBPM requirements based on considering accelerator performance and current technical level. After years of on and off development and improvement, a second version DBPM was developed and tested on SSRF this year. \| Requirements \| Value \| \|--------------------\|--------------------------------------------\| \| ADC \| 4 channels, 16bits \| \| Central Frequency \| 499.654MHz \| \| Sampling clock \| External/internal \| \| Sampling rate \| 117.2799MHz \| \| Turn-by-turn rate \| 693.964kHz \| \| Trigger \| External/internal/period \| \| Signal processing \| FPGA \| \| Data \| ADC/TBT/FA/SA \| \| Resolution \| ~1μm@TBT \| \| OS \| ArmLinux \| \| Control \| EPICS \| FIRMWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN The DBPM was designed to provide position data at five different rates, including raw ADC data, turn-by-turn data, 50kHz fast acquisition (FA) data, 10kHz FA data, 10Hz slow acquisition (SA) data. Figure 1 shows the DBPM signal processing diagram, with the processing including four steps, and data rate reduced after each step. Position data is read out in small scale streaming mode or large scale capture mode. Figure 1: DBPM signal processing diagram. Supported by The National Science Foundation of China (Grant No.11375255, 11575282); The National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0401990, 2016YFA0401903). † firstname.lastname@example.org ON-LINE CROSSTALK MEASUREMENT AND COMPENSATION ALGORITHM STUDY OF SXFEL DIGITAL BPM SYSTEM F. Z. Chen†‡, Y. B. Leng‡, J. Chen‡, L. Y. Yu, L. W. Lai, R. X. Yuan, T. Wu‡ Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China ‡also at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China Abstract Shanghai soft X-ray Free Electron Laser (SXFEL) has acquired the custom designed Digital BPM processor used for signal processing of cavity BPMs and stripline BPMs. In order to realize monitor the beam position accurately, it has high demand for DBPM system performance. Considering the crosstalk may introduce distortion and influence beam position resolution, it is important to analyze and compensate the crosstalk to improve the resolution. We choose the CBPM signal to study the crosstalk for its narrowband and sensitive for phase position. The main experiment concept is successive accessing four channels to form a signal transfer matrix, which including amplitude frequency response and phase response information. And the compensation algorithm is acquire four channel readouts, then using the signal transfer matrix to reverse the true signal to ensure the accurate beam position measurement. This concept has already been tested at SXFEL and hopeful to compensate the crosstalk sufficiently. BACKGROUND SXFEL SXFEL is one of the high-gain FELs constructed in China. Key technologies have been tested through prototype developments. Based on the research and development prototype of hard X-ray FEL. The construction of the user facility in soft XFEL has already finished. The SXFEL facility consists of an electron injector with a thermionic cathode, main accelerate section including C-band high-gradient accelerators along with S-band accelerators, and in-vacuum undulators. Figure 1 is SXFEL undulator layout [1, 2]. SXFEL is designed to generate a coherent x-ray beam using a self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) process. Cavity BPM CBPM is a key beam instrumentation component for SXFEL beam diagnostics. As the requirement of undulator should reach sub-micron level position resolution. The high Q cavity BPM. As the key beam diagnostics tool, BPM systems are widely equipped in all kinds of accelerators. Cavity Beam Position Monitors are main beam diagnostic instruments in SXFEL. There are more than 20 CBPM conducted in SXFEL used for the measurement and adjustment of beam orbit. Moreover, the sum of four SBPM electrodes signal can also apply in relative beam charge measurement. RF cable extract beam signal from CBPM pickup, RF front-end module modulated signal to proper amplitude, then led the signal to digital BPM processor. Figure 1: Partial layout of SXFEL undulator. Figure 2: Cavity BPM installation spot picture. DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE HIGH INTENSITY NEUTRINO BEAM FACILITY AT J-PARC K. Nakayoshi, K. Sakashita, Y. Fujii, T. Nakadaira, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan Abstract A high intensity neutrino beam is utilized by a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment, T2K at J-PARC. To generate a high intensity neutrino beam, a high intensity proton beam is extracted from a 30GeV Main Ring Synchrotron (MR) to the neutrino primary beamline. In the beamline, one mistaken shot can potentially do serious damage on the beamline equipment. To avoid such a consequence, many beamline equipment interlocks to stop the beam operation are implemented. Once an interlock is activated, prompt and proper error handling is necessary. We are developing a beamline expert system for prompt and efficient understanding of the status to quickly resume the beam operation. The beamline expert system consists of three components such as a data collection component, inference engines and a result presenting component. The data collection component continuously collects the beamline information and the inference engines infer beamline status from the beamline monitor data. Finally the result presenting component presents the inferred results. The inference engines are a key component in the expert system. We are developing a Machine-Learning(ML) based inference engine for our expert system. ML is one of the most active research fields in computing, we adopt the technology from it. We report the progress of development of the expert system, especially the prototype of ML based inference engine. INTRODUCTION The T2K (Tokai-to-Kamioka) experiment [1] is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment at J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex). A high intensity neutrino/anti-neutrino beam is produced and propagates 295 km from J-PARC to Super-Kamiokande. In August 2017, T2K excluded CP-conservation at 95% confidence level using the data until April 2017. In order to keep generating interesting physics, steady operation of the facility is very important. Figure 1 shows a layout of the neutrino experimental facility (neutrino facility). The neutrino facility is composed of the primary/secondary beamline and a near detector (ND280). In the primary beamline, the high intensity proton beam is extracted from the Main Ring synchrotron (MR) and guided through super/normal conducting magnets to the target station. In the secondary beamline, the proton beam hits a graphite target and produces pions. These pions decay into muons and muon neutrinos in a decay volume. The high intensity proton beam reached 485 kW in 2018. The MR plans to upgrade the beam power up to 1.3MW. MOTIVATION We handle a high intensity proton beam at the neutrino facility. In the beamline, one mistaken shot can potentially do serious damage to the beamline equipment. To avoid such a consequence, a lot of beamline equipment interlocks, called MPS (Machine Protection System) to stop the beam operation are implemented. We have more than 800 interlock sources. Multiple sources can cause an interlock at the same time. For example, many BLM (Beam Loss Monitors) sometimes issue an interlock simultaneously. In that case, it is difficult for the beamline operators to understand quickly what happened in the beamline and these can lead to a time loss of the beamline operation. When an essential beamline equipment fails, it may take a long time to restore the beam operation. For example, a helium compressor in the helium circulation system at the target station was broken in January 2017. We lost about two weeks of the beam time due to this trouble. To improve these situations, we plan to introduce a beamline expert system to the neutrino facility. BEAMLINE EXPERT SYSTEM Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the beamline expert system. The beamline expert system consists of three components such as a data collection component, inference engines and a result presenting component. The data collection component continuously collects beamline information and the inference engines infer the beamline status from... VIRTUAL SIGNAL SPECTRUM ANALYZER DEVELOPMENT BASED ON REDPITAYA AND EPICS FOR TUNE MEASUREMENT IN BEPC-II Y.H Lu†, J. He, BEPCII, IHEP, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China Abstract An independent tune measurement system was developed in BEPCII using Direct Diode Detect (3D) technique. The system includes two diagonal electrode signals of a set of BPMs, a self-designed board based on Direct Diode Detect (3D) technique, and a commercial spectrum analyzer. For replacement of the commercial spectrum analyzer and integrated to the central EPICS system, an EPICS device driver is developed based on the EPICS base and ASYN module support, using an open source digital electronics Red Pitaya and its software “Spectrum”. According to the application requirements of tune measurement in BEPCII, the device driver finds the frequency point and power value corresponding to the X&Y tune between 631 to 874 kHz. The spectral resolution is 119 Hz. An EPICS IOC is built and run on Red Pitaya for accessing the device driver. A CSS-based user interface shows the signal’s power spectra and the tune frequency directly. INTRODUCTION The betatron tune is one of the most important parameters of the storage ring, especially for colliders. It plays a crucial role in brightness optimization. At present, the tune measurement system in BEPCII [1] can only be monitored when the beam betatron oscillation amplitude is large enough due to its sensitivity problem. In order to solve the defect, a high-sensitivity tune measurement system based on a diode peak hold circuit is under development and being tested, which is referred to as Direct Diode Detection (3D) tune measurement system. An original 3D tune measurement system was developed by Marek Gasior originally in CERN according to the work of predecessors [2, 3]. The 3D tune measurement system requires a spectrum analyzer to perform spectrum observation. And its results are expected to be integrated to the central control system EPICS and database system of BEPCII. The commercial spectrum analyzers are usually expensive, and the integration with the central control system cannot be achieved easily for non-open-source. This paper presents development of a virtual spectrum analyzer for the 3D tune measurement system in BEPCII. It is based on a digital electronics platform named Red Pitaya [4] with an embedded Linux operating system on it. An API for BEPCII 3D tune measurement is developed firstly based on the open source code “Spectrum” of Red Pitaya, allowing users to survey frequencies corresponding to the X&Y tunes of the collider. Then, an EPICS driver support for spectrum analyzer is written, based on ASYN [5], redpitaya-epics [6] and the API source code. An EPICS IOC for 3D tune measurement system is built and tested with a CSS-BOY interface. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE The hardware architecture of 3D tune measurement system is demonstrated in Fig. 1. Signals from the two BPM diagonal pickups, with main frequency range 499.8±1.262MHz, are processed by the 3D tune measurement electronics, and then transferred to an EPICS virtual spectrum analyzer running on the Red Pitaya board. The graphical user interface was developed using CSS (Control System Studio) which executes on a remote PC, which located in the same LAN (Local Area Network) with the Red Pitaya board. Red Pitaya is built around a Xilinx Zynq-7010 SoC processor combined with an FPGA. The board has two 14 bits ADCs with sampling rates up to 125MHz and a SD-Card slot for holding a Linux operating system. Spectrum Analyzer turns Red Pitaya into a 2-channel DFT Analyzer, with frequency span from DC up to 62.5MHz. Figure 1: The hardware architecture of the 3D tune measurement system for BEPCII. SPECTRUM ANALYZE API FOR BEPCII 3D TUNE MEASUREMENT All Red Pitaya applications are web-based and do not require any software configurations on the remote PC. Users can access APIs via a web browser (such as Firefox). Red Pitaya is known for its open source, but the spectrum analyzer API that is currently in use is spectrumPro. The original open source code of spectrum analyzer API we use is outdated and written in the C language and is independent of the present header files like rp.h which are responsible for data interaction with the DDR3 memory. To solve “Application Not Loaded” problem when accessing the spectrum Analyzer API, lots of debug statements are added to the C source code. Then according to error or warning messages in the debug.log file, the API can be accessed remotely via a web browser after many “nginx [7]: worker process: symbol lookup error” errors are excluded. Data sampled and initially processed by Red Pitaya is located in the internal storage area of Zynq, and its storage depth is limited to $16 \times 1024 \times 14$ bits. However, considering the problems of network traffic and data refresh rates on the web browser, the spectrum analyzer extracts... THE DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM AT THE EUROPEAN XFEL: COMMISSIONING AND FIRST USER OPERATION D. Nölle†, DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany on behalf the European XFEL Diagnostic Team Abstract The European XFEL is now commissioned and user operation has started. Long bunch trains up to 500 bunches are established. The role of and experience with the electron beam diagnostic will be reported. Highlights, problems and their solutions will be discussed. INTRODUCTION The European XFEL (Fig. 1) is an X-ray free-electron-laser based light source with soft and hard X-ray beamlines that will finally provide intense radiation from about 0.25 to 25 keV at TW level with pulse durations of a few 10 fs [1]. The length of the facility is about 3.5 km and the accelerator tunnel is crossing below inhabited areas in the city of Hamburg. It offers 5 photon tunnels ending in a big experimental hall. In the current configuration two hard X-ray FELs and one soft X-Ray FEL are in operation. The FELs are driven by a superconducting accelerator based on TESLA technology [2] with up to 17.5 GeV electron beam energy. The long RF pulse of 650 µs allows to accelerate up to 2700 bunches per RF pulse. With a repetition rate of 10 Hz this corresponds to up to 27000 X-ray pulses per second that can be distributed between the different undulator lines to allow for simultaneous operation of experiments. Only 9 months after the cool down of the superconducting accelerator and initial beam commissioning first user experiments started. The total operation time in 2017 was about 7000 h. Currently the facility is mainly operated at 14 GeV with 1 – 60 bunches per RF pulse and photon energies around 9.3 keV, based on the users demands. Up to now two photon beamlines served by the hard X-ray FEL device SASE1 are in operation and have started their user program. The soft X-ray FEL SASE3 driven by the spend electron beam of SASE1 is lasing routinely at photon energies around 900 eV and the commissioning of the photon beamline is in an advanced state. The user program of this beamline will start in fall 2018. The second hard X-ray FEL SASE2 is also lasing. Even lasing with all 3 devices in parallel was already demonstrated. During special tests a photon energy range of 7.2 to 19.3 keV was easily achieved by tuning the gaps of the variable gap undulators. In test runs an average power of the X-ray beam of up to 6 W, running a bunch train of 500 bunches per RF pulse, as well as the design energy of 17.5 GeV have already been demonstrated. LAYOUT OF THE FACILITY The accelerator has an injector located in a separate vault. It consists of the normal conducting gun, one accelerating module of the TESLA type and a 3.9 GHz module [3] for phase space linearization, a laser heater system [4], followed by a diagnostic section. This installation was completed and commissioned one year before the main LINAC, so that most essential parts of almost all systems could be commissioned during this time [5, 6]. From the injector the beam is fed to the main accelerator tunnel. The accelerator is laid out with a 3 stage bunch compression and bunch compressors B0 at 130 MeV, B1 at 700 MeV and the final stage B2 at 2.4 GeV. The stages are separated by the LINAC systems L1 and L2, consisting of 4 and 12 accelerator modules, respectively. At 700 MeV and 2.4 GeV the compressors include diagnostic sections; the high energy one is equipped with a transverse deflecting system (TDS) for longitudinal phase space diagnostics [7]. After bunch compression to a few 10 fs, the beam is accelerated in the main LINAC build out of 80 accelerator modules. The RF system is designed such, that one RF station serves four modules. Figure 1: Block Diagram of the EXFEL. * Work supported by the respective funding agencies of the contributing institutes; for details please see http://www.xfel.eu † email@example.com APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING TO BEAM DIAGNOSTICS E. Fol†, J. Coello de Portugal, R. Tomas, CERN, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland †also at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Abstract Machine learning (ML) techniques are widely used in science and industry as a powerful tool for data analysis and automation. Currently, in accelerator physics ML is represented as a young research field, demonstrating mixed results in the latest attempts. The presented work is devoted to exploration of appropriate ML methods for beam diagnostics. The target is to provide an overview of ML techniques which can be applied to improve beam diagnostics and general accelerator performance. Besides the results of ML tools currently used in modern accelerators and evaluation of these tools, we also demonstrate possible concepts with the potential for further investigation and give recommendations on efficient use of ML techniques in accelerators. HISTORICAL MOTIVATION Traditional Optimization Techniques Various optimization problems arise in modeling and operation of accelerators. Multi-parameter optimization can be performed using well established methods such as simplex, as it was shown at KEKB [1] applied on minimization of vertical emittance in injector linac. Another examples for the application of simplex as optimization technique for accelerators can be found in [2], where the method was applied on tuning of beam delivery system in CLIC simulations. Linear optics corrections using optimization algorithms to find a minimum beam size with multi-parameter knobs as input were performed already in 1993 [3]. Luminosity maximization and beam lifetime are typical multivariate optimization tasks also in circular colliders [4,5]. For light sources, such methods as random-walk optimization are being used to reduce the vertical beam size [6]. Also online optimization using various measures of accelerator performance as objective functions is being successfully applied in operation [7]. An illustrating example towards applying ML is the development of machine based optimization using genetic algorithms, which have been used as well in accelerator design [8–10]. Limitations of Traditional Methods The described examples demonstrate successful performance of traditional optimization tools in applications on linear optics corrections and problems with limited amount of optimization targets. Bigger challenges emerge when diagnostics of complex non-linear behavior is required and several variables have to be taken into account as final objective. The amount of time and computational power required by traditional methods might become unacceptable for future accelerators such HE-LHC and FCC. The main limitation of traditional optimization methods is that the objective function or specific rules and thresholds have to be known. In opposite, Machine learning (ML) methods can learn from given examples without requiring explicit rules. RELEVANT MACHINE LEARNING CONCEPTS ML techniques aim to build computer programs and algorithms that automatically improve with experience by learning from examples with respect to some class of task and performance measure, without being explicitly programmed [11]. Depending on problem and existence of learning examples, different approaches are preferred. If pairs of input and desired output are available, an algorithm can generalize the problem from the given examples and produce prediction for unknown input. ML algorithms that learn from input/output pairs are called supervised learning algorithms. Opposite to supervised learning, unsupervised learning algorithms solve the tasks where only input data is known. Unsupervised learning is suitable for the problems such anomaly detection, signal denoising, pattern recognition, dimensionality reduction and feature extraction. In the following a brief overview on significant machine learning concepts that can be used as supervised as well as unsupervised approaches is presented. Artificial Neural Network Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are well suited for learning tasks, where data is represented by noisy, complex sensor signals and the target output function may consist of several parameters. A basic ANN consists of a single processing unit (neuron), that takes the weighted inputs and an additional activation function to introduce the nonlinearity in the output. For more complex practical problems, ANNs are composed of several interconnected hidden layers with multiple neurons stacked. ANNS can be used for both regression and classification problems. In case of classification the output can be either a class label or a probability of an item belonging to a class. The learning of ANN is performed using backpropagation algorithm [12] on a set of examples. For each example the training algorithm computes the derivatives of the output function of the network. The obtained gradients with respect to all weights are then used to adjust the weights in order to achieve a better fit to the target output. In backpropagation stochastic gradient descent or one of its improved extensions Adam [13] and AdaGrad [14] is applied as optimization method in order to minimize the loss between the network output values and the target values for these outputs by updating the connection weights. OPTICS MEASUREMENTS IN STORAGE RINGS: SIMULTANEOUS 3-DIMENSIONAL BEAM EXCITATION AND NOVEL HARMONIC ANALYSIS L. Malina\textsuperscript{1}, J. Coello de Portugal, J. Dilly, P. K. Skowroński and R. Tomás, CERN, Geneva 23, Switzerland \textsuperscript{1} also at University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway Abstract Optics measurements in storage rings employ turn-by-turn data of transversely excited beams. Chromatic parameters need measurements to be repeated at different beam energies, which is time-consuming. We present an optics measurement method based on adiabatic simultaneous 3-dimensional beam excitation, where no repetition at different energies is needed. In the LHC, the method has been successfully demonstrated utilising AC-dipoles combined with RF frequency modulation. It allows measuring the linear optics parameters and chromatic properties at the same time without resolution deterioration. We also present a new accurate harmonic analysis algorithm that exploits the noise cleaning based on singular value decomposition to compress the input data. In the LHC, this sped up harmonic analysis by a factor up to 300. These methods are becoming a "push the button" operational tool to measure the optics. INTRODUCTION One of the ways to perform optics measurements in a storage ring is to excite the beam and acquire turn-by-turn (TbT) beam position monitor (BPM) data showing the coherent betatron motion [1]. The beam is excited using either kickers or AC-dipoles [2]. AC-dipoles can ramp up and down the oscillation adiabatically [3], i.e. without any measurable emittance growth. Typical optics measurements consist of several excitations at different beam energies, in order to measure the linear optics as well as the chromatic properties. Based on the experience with optics measurements in the LHC, there are two main time-consuming tasks during the measurements. First, the human intervention to change beam energy by adjusting the RF-frequency and check other beam parameters, which usually takes up to 15 minutes. Second, the AC-dipole needs about 70 seconds to cool down after every single excitation. Addition of longitudinal excitation [4] can be used to speed up the measurement when performed adiabatically. In the analysis process, TbT BPM data is first cleaned of noise using methods [5–7] based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The SVD of a matrix $\mathbf{A}$ is given by: $$\mathbf{A} = \mathbf{U}\mathbf{S}\mathbf{V}^T.$$ Cleaning keeps only the modes corresponding to the largest singular values, in this way it improves precision and accuracy. It also reduces the amount of information without changing the size of the data, typically about a factor 40 larger than the reduced $\mathbf{U}$, $\mathbf{S}$ and $\mathbf{V}^T$ matrices. Later the harmonic analysis is performed on cleaned TbT data BPM by BPM (further referred to as "bpm" method). The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is obtained performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The refined frequency of the strongest signal obtained from FFT is found using Jacobsen frequency interpolation with bias correction [8] based on 3 DFT peaks. The refined complex amplitude of the signal is obtained as an inner product of a unit signal corresponding to the refined frequency with the TbT data. This signal is subtracted from the TbT data and the whole procedure starting with FFT is repeated [9], typically 300 times in the LHC. As a result the TbT data is approximated by the sum of the 300 strongest harmonics. The framework presented here implements new methods to also increase the speed of harmonic analysis by its combination with precedent data cleaning. ADIABATIC BEAM EXCITATION In the LHC, the beam is excited using AC-dipoles in both transverse directions simultaneously. This gives the BPM reading as shown in Figure 1, for one of the planes. Once the beam energy is changed the measurement is repeated. This time-consuming process can be avoided by fast modulation of RF-frequency. RF-frequency change is normally used to adjust the beam energy, or it is modulated in order to measure the chromaticity. However, the frequency of the modulation for the chromaticity measurement is typically about 0.1 Hz, such that the Base-Band Tune (BBQ) system [10] can measure the tune. We employ the RF-modulation at its maximal frequency of 5 Hz, which is still far from the natural synchrotron frequency of about 20 Hz. The RF-frequency modulation is ramped up before the actual AC-dipole excitation starts. Three periods of adiabatic energy variation (forced synchrotron oscillation) fit within acquired 6600 turns (with LHC’s revolution frequency of 11.3 kHz). A sample of TbT reading at a dispersive BPM is shown in Figure 2. The adiabaticity of this mode of excitation has been experimentally demonstrated in the LHC, as it can be seen from the beam size measurement from Beam Synchrotron Radiation Telescope (BSRT) during the 3-dimensional (3D) excitations shown in Figure 3. DEMONSTRATION OF A NEWLY DEVELOPED PULSE-BY-PULSE X-RAY BEAM POSITION MONITOR IN SPring-8* Hideki Aoyagi†, Yukito Furukawa, Sunao Takahashi, Atsuo Watanabe Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Hyogo, Japan Abstract A newly designed pulse-by-pulse X-ray beam position monitor (XBPM), which is photoemission type, has been demonstrated successfully in the SPring-8 synchrotron radiation beamline. Conventional XBPMs work in the direct current (DC) mode, because it is difficult to measure a beam position in the pulse mode under the severe heat load condition. The key point of the design is aiming at improving heat-resistance property without degradation of high frequency property. This monitor is equipped with microstripline structure for signal transmission line to achieve pulse-by-pulse beam position signal. A photocathode is titanium electrode that is sputtered on a diamond heat sink to achieve high heat resistance. We have manufactured the prototype, and demonstrated feasibility at the SPring-8 bending magnet beamline. As a result, we observed a unipolar single pulse with the pulse length of less than 1 ns FWHM and confirmed that it has pulse-by-pulses position sensitivity. Furthermore, this monitor can be also used in the DC mode with good stability and good resolution. The operational experience will be also presented. INTRODUCTION Development of a pulse-by-pulse X-ray beam position monitor (XBPM) aiming at measuring every isolated pulses for insertion devise (ID) beamline of the synchrotron radiation facility SPring-8 is being advanced. Conventional XBPMs used widely are photoemission type, and blade-shaped tungsten is usually employed as a detector head to raise heat-resistance [1]. However, it is impossible to measure the beam position of every isolated pulses with the conventional XBPMs, because of long time constant of the current signal and ringing due to stray capacitance and impedance mismatch. Therefore, we tried to settle this problem by adopting polycrystalline diamond as a heat sink to improve the heat resistance, and downsized detector heads to reduce the stray capacitance [2]. In addition, the microstripline structure [3-6] is adopted in the vacuum chamber of the monitor to prevent attenuation and reflection of the unipolar single pulse. DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE The pulse-by-pulse XBPM that we have been developing is photoemission type in the same way as the conventional XBPMs, and having four blade-shaped diamond heat sinks with titanium plated electrodes (detector heads) in top/bottom and right/left near the beam axes to measure the beam position in horizontal and vertical directions. The detector heads are inclined by 1/20 against the beam axis to be irradiated mainly on the unilateral side of the blade. As a result, photoemission can be controlled efficiently with the applied voltage of the charge collecting electrodes (collectors). Figure 1 (a) shows a photograph of diamond heatsinks mounted on the water-cooling base. According to the thermal finite element analysis [7, 8], the thermal contact conductance between the heat sink and the cooling holder needs to be $>10^4$ W/(m$^2$·K). Therefore, indium foils of the 50μm thickness are inserted between them to improve the thermal contact conductance. Figure 1 (b) shows a photograph of a signal transmission line with microstripline structure, which is mounted on an ICF70 flange. According to the high frequency properties test, the time domain reflectometry using the pilot model of the detector head has been performed in advance. It was confirmed that the unipolar single pulse of sub-nanosecond can be obtained [7, 8]. Figure 2 shows a 3D image of the combination of the detector head (Fig. 1 (a)) and the microstripline structure (Fig. 1 (b)). The structure of the pulse-by-pulse XBPM is shown in Fig. 3. The shading mask is mounted directly on the upstream side of the 6-way cross-chamber to prevent the cooling base from irradiation. By arranging a pair of collectors on both sides of left and right of the detector heads, photoelectron emitted from the detector heads can be attracted or retarded according to the polarity of the collector. In the direct current (DC) mode operation, in the same way as the conventional XBPM, current signal can be stabilized by applying the voltage, which is usually +100 V. In the pulse-mode operation, the negative voltage is applied to retard the emission of low energy photoelectron that distort the pulse waveform. ![Figure 1: (a) Photograph of diamond heatsinks (20 mm × 8 mm × 0.3 mm), (b) Photograph of signal transmission lines with microstripline structure.](image) This work was partly supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (c), No. 20416374 and No. 18K11943. † aoyagi @spring8.or.jp A VERTICAL PHASE SPACE BEAM POSITION AND EMITTANCE MONITOR FOR SYNCHROTRON RADIATION N. Samadi, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5 Saskatoon, Canada L. Dallin, Canadian Light Source, S7N 2V3 Saskatoon, Canada D. Chapman†, Canadian Light Source, S7N 2V3 Saskatoon, Canada †also at University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5 Saskatoon, Canada Abstract We report on a system (ps-BPM) that can measure the electron source position and angular motion at a single location in a synchrotron bend magnet beamline using a combination of a monochromator and an absorber with a K-edge to which the monochromator was tuned in energy. The vertical distribution of the beam was visualized with an imaging detector where horizontally one part of the beam was with the absorber and the other part with no absorber. The small range of angles from the source onto the monochromator crystals creates an energy range that allows part of the beam to be below the K-edge and the other part above. Measurement of the beam vertical location without the absorber and edge vertical location with the absorber gives the source position and angle. Measurements were made to investigate the possibility of using the ps-BPM to correct experimental imaging data. We have introduced periodic electron beam motion using a correction coil in the storage ring lattice. The measured and predicted motions compared well for two different frequencies. We then show that measurement of the beam width and edge width gives information about the vertical electron source size and angular distribution. INTRODUCTION The stability of the photon beam which is dependent on the stability of the electron source in a synchrotron is critical and essential to the performance of the machine and the beamlines. It is becoming a more important issue as fourth generation storage rings are planned and coming alive and as many other facilities are upgrading their existing rings. The fourth-generation light sources are pushing to very low emittance, so the stability of the electron beam becomes increasingly important as it has a direct effect on the emittance of the machine. The vertical position of the photon beam at some distance from the source is determined by the vertical position and angle of the electron beam. We have developed a method to measure the vertical position and angle of the synchrotron electron beam at a single location in a bend magnet beamline at the Canadian Light Source (CLS). The discovery of this system came during an imaging experiment at the Biomedical Imaging and Therapy (BMIT) beamline [3-5] at CLS [1]. Normally to measure the beam angle, two measurements of the beam position at two separated distances from the source are required. This is a difficult task in a beamline due to both lack of space and presence of many beamline optics and components that will interfere with the location and operation of beam position monitors. The system we have developed relies on measurements of the photon beam profile with and without an absorption edge filter and at the same location in the beamline. In the initial experiments a Bragg type (reflection geometry) Double Crystal Monochromator (DCM)[2] was used to prepare the photon beam at an energy of the filter’s absorption edge. In this paper we present the implementation and results of a system using (1) a single Laue monochromator setup which is compact and is less susceptible to beam power loading and thus energy drift. We have used this system to assess the ability to (2) measure periodic beam motion with the future intent of (3) using these measurements both to show some of the temporal features of the system and to use the beam position and angle measurements to correct experimental imaging data. Figure 1:: Beam and edge data (a) plus schematic representation of the data analysis steps (b,c,d). Synchrotron The vertical photon distribution of a bend magnet or wiggler synchrotron beam can be well fitted with a Gaussian function for photon energies what are well above the critical energy of the device (see Fig. 1c where the Gaussian center and width are shown). In our case, the critical energy of the CLS bend is 7.57keV and the absorption edge of the iodine filter is 33.17keV. Figure INTEGRATION OF A PILOT-TONE BASED BPM SYSTEM WITHIN THE GLOBAL ORBIT FEEDBACK ENVIRONMENT OF ELETTRA G. Brajnik, S. Bassanese, G. Cautero, S. Cleva, R. De Monte, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy Abstract In this contribution, we describe the advantages of the pilot tone compensation technique that we implemented in a new BPM prototype for Elettra 2.0. Injecting a fixed reference tone upstream of cables allows for a continuous calibration of the system, compensating the different behaviour of every channel due to thermal drifts, variations of cable properties, mismatches and tolerances of components. The system ran successfully as a drop-in substitute for a Libera Electron not only during various machine shifts, but also during a user dedicated beamtime shift for more than 10 hours, behaving in a transparent way for all the control systems and users. The equivalent RMS noise (at 10 kHz data rate) for the pilot tone position was less than 200 nm on a 19 mm vacuum chamber radius, with a long-term stability better than 1 µm in a 12-hour window. Two main steps led to this important result: firstly, the development of a novel RF front end that adds the pilot tone to the signals originated by the beam, secondly, the realisation of an FPGA-based double digital receiver that demodulates both beam and pilot amplitudes, calculating the compensated X and Y positions. INTRODUCTION Like many other lightsources, also Elettra (the Italian synchrotron) is planning its upgrade to Elettra 2.0, a low emittance machine. To obtain the promised figures of merit (high stability, reduced emittance, etc. [1, 2]), these new generation machines need several beam diagnostics improvements. In particular, for what concerns electron beam position monitors (eBPMs), the following features are mandatory: nanometer-scale accuracy, long-term stability, reduced current dependence, compensation of different channel behaviours. Previous experiences in developing analog front end have shown that eBPMs based on pilot tone compensation can fulfil most of these requirements [3, 4]. So, we decided to go one step further to demonstrate its usefulness in a real environment, firstly with the realisation of an FPGA-based double digital receiver that demodulates both beam and pilot amplitudes and calculates the compensated beam positions, secondly with the integration of this system in the Elettra Global Orbit Feedback (GOF), replacing a Libera Electron during the normal machine operation. ELECTRON BPM PROTOTYPE In order to have maximum flexibility and to compensate the different channel behaviours, including the cables, a modular approach that allows to place the front end in service area is essential. The modules are essentially two, the RF analog front end and the FPGA-based Digital Receiver. Improved Analog Front End The front end is similar to the one presented at IBIC 2016 [4], but enhanced and re-engineered in a more compact solution. In the present version the low-noise PLL has been integrated in the box (Fig. 1), together with diagnostic functionalities (voltage and temperature sensors) and complete Ethernet control. Figure 2 illustrates the block diagram of the front end, with the following elements: 1. low-pass filter; 2. high reverse-isolation combiner for the pilot tone; 3. band-pass filter; 4. variable attenuator; 5. low-noise amplifier; 6. splitter; 7. low-noise PLL for the pilot tone generation. Figure 1: Elettra eBPM analog front end. FPGA-based Digital Receiver In the previous publications [4, 5] we described an in-house assembled digitiser (based on Linear Technology LTC2209 ADCs and Altera Stratix III FPGA) developed for first tests of the system, catching only the raw ADC data and transmitted via an Ethernet link thanks to an FPGA. The major limitation of that approach was the off-line processing with the FFT technique. To overcome this issue, the FPGA code has been completely rewritten, implementing a parallel double digital receiver. COMMISSIONING OF THE OPEN SOURCE SIRIUS BPM ELECTRONICS D. O. Tavares, G. B. M. Bruno, S. R. Marques, L. M. Russo, H. A. Silva, LNLS, Campinas, Brazil Abstract Sirius is a 3 GeV 4th generation circular light source designed to achieve an emittance of 0.25 nm·rad [1]. During the early stages of the machine design, the BPM electronics was selected as one of the projects to be developed by the LNLS team. This paper will report on the manufacturing and deployment processes of the referred electronics as well as the achieved reliability and performance. INTRODUCTION All units of the Sirius BPM Electronics have been manufactured and are currently being prepared for deployment in the machine. In total, 21 BPM racks will be deployed along the accelerator, of which 20 racks are dedicated to booster’s and storage ring’s electron BPMs, white photon beam BPMs and fast orbit feedback, and 1 rack is dedicated to transfer lines BPMs. A 22nd BPM rack will be kept in the Beam Diagnostics laboratory as a homologation rack for repairs and new developments. Not included in this list are the Linac BPM electronics, which were supplied by SINAP as part of a turnkey Linac contract. They will not be covered in this paper. SIRIUS BPM ELECTRONICS As shown in Fig. 1 the assembly of a BPM rack is composed of the following parts: (i) one 12-slot MicroTCA.4 crate; (ii) several RF Front-End (RFFE) modules, one per BPM; (iii) one 24-port Ethernet switch; (iv) one isolated AC/DC linear power supply serving the RFFE modules; (v) RF coaxial cables between RFFE modules and digitizer boards; (vi) Ethernet cables for RFFEs and crate. The MicroTCA.4 crate is populated with modular FPGA carrier boards following PICMG AMC [2] and VITA FMC [3] standards, each of them playing the role of either a timing receiver, a 4-channel RF signals digitizer or a 4-channel digital picocommeter, depending on the I/O mezzanine modules attached to it. In the future, an additional crate slot will be used as fast orbit feedback (FOFB) processor and fast orbit correctors’ power supply, for which multi-gigabit optical I/O mezzanines and an open hardware 10 kHz bandwidth linear power supply rear-transition module (RTM) will be employed. The RFFE is an Ethernet-controlled analog front-end module providing the following core functions to the BPM system: (i) low-pass filtering of high accelerator RF frequency harmonics; (ii) 2x2 switching of diagonally opposed BPM antenna signals, with optional RF switches temperature stabilization; (iii) narrow band-pass filtering to avoid aliasing of revolution harmonics to the baseband; (iv) RF signals amplification with digitally controlled gain. Following ESRF’s and Soleil’s approach [4], the signals from the BPM pick-ups will be brought to the electronics by delay-matched cable assembly (160 ps peak-to-peak error), composed of four LMR195 coaxial cables extruded within a common encapsulation, aiming at minimizing the position drifts caused by unequal thermal variations of cables’ characteristics. This is a critical part of the system, since such drifts could not be calibrated by the RFFE’s switching scheme. Cables lengths vary from 25 m to 70 m. Another bundle of cables connect the 4 RFFE RF outputs and switching clock signal input to the digitizer’s 4 ADC RF inputs and trigger output of one BPM, respectively. The 4 RF cables are also delay-matched with peak-to-peak error below 20 ps. They are double-shielded 2 m long RG316 coaxial cables providing more than 100 dB isolation. The digitizer sampling clock is generated in each FMC ADC module and is synchronized with the accelerator’s master oscillator by means of a timing receiver in the crate [5]. A reference clock is delivered by the timing receiver and sent to all BPM digitizers through one of the MicroTCA.4 backplane’s low jitter clock line. Each RFFE is controlled via Ethernet (TCP/IP) by the crate CPU. They are physically connected to the rack’s Ethernet switch but logically isolated from the accelerator’s control network by means of Virtual LANs. Only the crate CPU has access to the RFFE IP addresses of the corresponding rack. The AMC FPGA boards are in turn accessed via PCI Express. The BPM EPICS IOC of each BPM run in the crate CPU and publish the BPM PVs to the control network. The BPM project followed an open source design philosophy aiming at facilitating collaboration with other institutes [6]. The RFFEs, RF digitizers, FPGA carrier and DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM POSITION MONITOR FOR THE SPring-8 UPGRADE H. Maesaka\textsuperscript{†}, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 679-5148 Sayo, Hyogo, Japan H. Dewa, T. Fujita, M. Masaki, S. Takano\textsuperscript{1}, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 679-5198 Sayo, Hyogo, Japan \textsuperscript{1}also at RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 679-5148 Sayo, Hyogo, Japan Abstract A precise and stable beam position monitor (BPM) system has been developed for the low-emittance upgrade of SPring-8. The requirements for the BPM system are: (1) a single-pass resolution of 100 µm rms for a 100 pC single-bunch and an electric center accuracy of 100 µm rms for the initial beam commissioning to achieve the first turn, (2) a closed-orbit distortion (COD) resolution better than 0.1 µm rms for a 100 mA stored beam and a position stability of less than 5 µm to maintain a photon beam axis. We designed a button electrode and a BPM block and produced some prototypes for performance evaluation. The development of readout electronics based on the MicroTCA.4 standard and the evaluation of a commercial electronics have also been conducted. The prototype BPM system was installed to the present SPring-8 storage ring to confirm the performance with an actual electron beam. We obtained sufficient signal intensity, electric center accuracy, position resolution, position stability, etc. by the beam test. Thus, the new BPM system is almost ready for the SPring-8 upgrade. INTRODUCTION SPring-8 has a low-emittance upgrade plan of the storage ring, SPring-8-II, to provide much more brilliant X-rays to users [1]. The beam energy is lowered to 6 GeV from the current 8 GeV and the lattice is changed to 5-bend achromat (5BA). As a result, the emittance is ~140 pm rad without radiation damping of insertion devices (IDs) and further reduced to ~100 pm rad by radiation damping of IDs, while the emittance of the present storage ring is 2.4 nm rad. The X-ray brilliance below 60 keV is expected to be more than 20 times higher than the present SPring-8 ring. In order to utilize brilliant X-rays, it is quite important to maintain the optical axis well within its intrinsic divergence by stabilizing the electron beam orbit. In addition, the beam orbit must be aligned to the magnetic center of each quadrupole or sextupole magnet at the commissioning stage to achieve the first beam storage, since the dynamic aperture of the new ring is narrower than the amplitude of closed orbit distortion caused by alignment error of magnets. Therefore, the resolution and the accuracy of the single-pass BPM measurement is crucial. For the stability of the optical axis, the tolerances of the source point and the direction of X-rays are approximately 1 µm and 1 µrad, respectively, since the electron beam size is 28 (H) x 6 (V) µm\textsuperscript{2} std. and since the divergence of X-rays is 5 (H) x 17 (V) µrad\textsuperscript{2} std. for 10 keV photon energy. Thus, we set the closed-orbit distortion (COD) mode BPM stability to 5 µm peak-to-peak for 1 month. In this case, the angular stability of 1 µrad can be expected, because the distance between the two BPMs at the both ends of a straight section for an insertion device is 5 m. For beam commissioning, the beam must be steered within a narrow dynamic aperture of approximately 10 (H) x 2 (V) mm\textsuperscript{2}. The required single-pass (SP) position resolution is 100 µm std. for a 100 pC single-bunch. Furthermore, the electric center of each BPM must be aligned within 100 µm std. (+200 µm max.) with respect to the magnetic center of an adjacent quadrupole magnet. In order to satisfy these requirements, we designed a button BPM electrode, BPM block and readout electronics. Some prototypes of BPM components were produced and some of them have been tested with an actual electron beam at the present SPring-8 storage ring. In this article, we describe design of the BPM system, evaluation of prototypes, result of beam test, etc. DESIGN AND BASIC PERFORMANCE OF THE BPM SYSTEM BPM Electrode and Block We took the following things into account for the design of a BPM electrode and block. - Sufficient signal intensity for the SP-mode. - Small heat generation by trapped modes etc. - Nonmagnetic materials not to distort the field of adjacent magnets. - Same cross-section as the vacuum chamber to be connected. As a result, we designed a BPM electrode and block, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Button electrodes are arranged on 20 mm-wide flat surfaces on the top and bottom of the vacuum chamber with a vertical aperture of 16 mm. The button diameter was set to 7 mm and the horizontal span of the electrodes was to 12 mm in order to obtain a signal as large as possible and to fit the electrodes to the flat top. Each electrode is inserted into the hole with 8 mm diameter, and hence the gap between the hole and the electrode is 0.5 mm. A cooling water channel is equipped with the block so as to suppress the temperature rise due to an electron beam. We selected molybdenum for the material of the electrode. Since molybdenum has a good electric and thermal conductivity, the heat generation due to trapped modes can be reduced and the temperature rise can be supPIN DIODE IN A MEDICAL ACCELERATOR – A PROOF OF PRINCIPLE AND PRELIMINARY MEASUREMENTS A. Pozenel\textsuperscript{1}, M. Eichinger, S. Enke, M. Furtinger, C. Kurfurst, M. Repovz EBG MedAustron, 2700 Wr. Neustadt, Austria Abstract The MedAustron Ion Therapy Center located south of Vienna, Austria, is a cancer treatment facility utilizing a particle therapy accelerator optimized for protons and carbon ions. The beam is injected into the synchrotron, accelerated to the desired speed and extracted to be guided into one of four irradiation rooms. During extraction a certain amount of particles is lost which is measured with a PIN diode. In this paper the measurement method of this system is presented, as well as some measurement attempts documented. INTRODUCTION MedAustron is a therapy center capable of both offering cancer treatment with proton and carbon beams up to 250 MeV and 400 MeV/n, respectively. In addition to that higher energy beams up to 800 MeV will be available soon for non-clinical research purposes. The particle beam is circulated in a synchrotron until it has reached a given energy and is then extracted to reach one of three irradiation rooms. Naturally one wants to extract in an efficient way and avoid particle losses on physical components of the accelerator. As such, thorough commissioning of the extraction process and components is needed, which heavily relies on beam diagnostic devices. One of these devices at MedAustron is the PIN system described in this paper [1]. A description of the measurement principle will be given, followed by the theoretical implementation at MedAustron and concluded by the development process, challenges and lessons learned. Finally, an outlook on further plans at MedAustron regarding the PIN system and extraction efficiency investigation will be given. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION A PIN diode is a diode with a wide intrinsic region, compared to a standard diode which has a much narrower P and N junction. The idea is to operate the diode in reverse bias mode so it does not conduct in normal conditions, except for a small dark current. When a charged particle impacts on the intrinsic region it creates electron-hole pairs. The carriers are immediately swept out of the region by the reverse bias field which creates a measurable current. The depletion region extends almost over the complete intrinsic region of the diode, and naturally the bigger the intrinsic region is, the more area there is where impacting particles can be detected. By adjusting the reverse bias voltage across the diode anode and cathode the size of the depletion region can be influenced. Naturally, a higher voltage results in a wider region. However, a higher voltage also results in a higher dark current, which can be a problem for small signals. IMPLEMENTATION AT MEDAUSTRON In MedAustron’s case (see Figure 1) the diode is made from hydrogenated\textsuperscript{2} amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) with chromium-gold metallization on both surfaces. The active detector area is 15 mm by 40 mm and has a thickness of 0.3-0.5 mm. ![Figure 1: Mechanical structure of PIN.](image) The PIN diode used at MedAustron is suited for voltages from -10 V to +1 V. However, these reverse bias levels only apply for vacuum and should be applied gradually (e.g. over 30 s). Depending on the voltage level it can take up to one hour until a stable dark current is reached [2]. Connections to the electrodes are established using two clamps made from copper beryllium that can be adjusted with screws, with cables leading to two SMA connectors. The PIN is mounted on a flange that is fixed to the beamline and located in the extraction magnetic septum in a way that the active detector area covers most of the wall area (see Figure 2). This way, close to all particles that are lost on this surface during extraction should be detected. ![Figure 2: PIN as seen by beam.](image) \textsuperscript{1} firstname.lastname@example.org \textsuperscript{2} Hydrogenation is necessary to improve photoconductivity in amorphous silicon A MICROMEGAS BASED NEUTRON DETECTOR FOR THE ESS BEAM LOSS MONITORING L. Segui, H. Alves, S. Aune, T. Bey, J. Beltramelli, Q. Bertrand, M. Combet, D. Desforge, F. Gougnaud, T. Joannem, M. Keibiri, C. Lahonde-Hamdoun, P. Le Bourlout, P. Legou, O. Maillard, Y. Mariette, J. Marroncle, V. Nadot, T. Papaevangelou, G. Tsiledakis, IRFU-CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France I. Dolenc Kittelmann, T. J. Shea, European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden Abstract Beam loss monitors are of high importance in high-intensity hadron facilities where any energy loss can produce damage or/and activation of materials. A new type of neutron BLM has been developed aiming to cover the low energy part. In this region typical BLMs based on charged particle detection are not appropriate because the expected particle fields will be dominated by neutrons and photons. Moreover, the photon background due to the RF cavities can produce false beam loss signals. The BLM proposed is based on gaseous Micromegas detectors, designed to be sensitive to fast neutrons and insensitive to photons (X-rays and gamma). In addition, the detectors will be insensitive to thermal neutrons, since part of them will not be directly correlated to beam loss location. The appropriate configuration of the Micromegas operating conditions will allow excellent timing, intrinsic photon background suppression and individual neutron counting, extending thus the dynamic range to very low particle fluxes. The concept of the detectors and the first results from tests in several facilities will be presented. Moreover, their use in the ESS nBLM system will be also discussed. INTRODUCTION In the new high-intensity hadron linear accelerators, a small loss of the beam is capable of damaging or activating materials in the machine. Thus Beam Loss Monitors (BLM) detectors with a sensitivity to very small fraction of beam losses are required. This limit approaches the 0.01 W/m loss value, which, in the case of the ESS, means a 0.001 % of the total 5 MW power lost over 600 m. Moreover, an important background of photon fluxes is induced by the RF cavities due to the acceleration of electrons emitted from the cavity surfaces. The electrons will generate bremsstrahlung photons when interacting with some material of the accelerator. The spectrum of the produced photons ranges from X-rays to gammas of few MeV. If the BLM is photon-sensitive this implies an irreducible background that can mislead to a false beam loss or hide a real one [1]. This is of particular relevance in the low energy part of the accelerators where only photons and neutrons are produced in a beam loss situation. For this reason, a detector insensitive to photons is proposed. Another requirement of a BLM is to obtain information about the loss location. In the low energy part, only neutrons and photons are emitted, as indicated above. With thermal neutrons their location information is lost, while fast neutrons can still provide such information. In this paper the concept and first experimental results of a new neutron Beam Loss Monitor sensitive to fast neutrons and insensitive to X-rays and gammas are presented. It is based on the Micromegas detector technology. This new neutron BLM (nBLM) was already discussed in IBIC2016 [2] presenting results from MonteCarlo simulations that had proof the concept. In this paper experimental results will be discussed. The use of these detectors is planned for the ESS nBLM system. NEUTRON BEAM LOSS MONITOR CONCEPT Micromegas detectors (MICRO-MEsh GAseous Structures) [3] are a type of Multi-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD). As other MPGD detectors, Micromegas have a high gain, fast signals, and a very good spatial and energy resolution. They are largely in use in nuclear and particle physics experiments since their invention in 1996. In addition, among the Micromegas family, the bulk Micromegas technology [4] appears as a very robust detector, with a simplified manufacturing process that reduces its cost and allows its industrialization. Micromegas detector is a two-stage avalanche chamber with three electrodes: the cathode or drift, a micromesh and an anode. The micromesh separates the two regions. First region between the cathode and the micromesh is the conversion region. The second region is defined by the micromesh and the anode and is a very narrow amplification region of the order of $\sim 128 \mu m$. When a charged particle enters in the conversion region it ionizes the gas producing primary electrons that are drifted towards the amplification gap by a constant electric field. In the amplification region an avalanche of electrons takes place due to the higher electric field applied in this region ($\sim 10^5$ V/cm). The Micromegas detector itself consists of the anode and the micromesh, usually constructed as a unity. The planarity between both is obtained by insulator pillars established by lithographic process. To detect neutrons (neutral particles) a neutron-to-charge converter is placed at the entrance of the drift. The neutron BLM is conceived to be tunable to specific experimental conditions. It can be adapted to a wide range of neutron measurements with appropriate neutron-to-charge converters and neutron absorber and moderators [5]. MoreTEST OF NEW BEAM LOSS MONITORS FOR SOLEIL N. Hubert†, M. El Ajjouri, D. Pédeau, Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Saint-Aubin, France Abstract SOLEIL is currently testing new beam loss monitors to replace its pin-diode based system. The new detectors are made of plastic scintillators associated with photomultiplier and connected to Libera BLM dedicated electronics. This new detector should provide both fast (turn by turn) and slow loss measurement, post mortem capabilities and should be less sensitive to the beam directivity compared to the pin-diodes. Different methods for a relative calibration of the modules are under investigation, either using a photodiode or a cesium radioactive source. Calibration results and first measurements in SOLEIL storage ring are presented. INTRODUCTION In the storage ring, the electron beam is subjected to Touschek effects and to interactions with the residual gas, causing particle losses and impacting the lifetime. These losses may be regular or irregular, fast or slow, localized or distributed. In order to monitor these losses, 36 loss monitors have been installed along the storage ring since the commissioning of SOLEIL in 2006. These monitors consist of two PIN diodes in coincidence [1] used in counting mode (Fig 1). This system has been in operation during 12 years but with some limitations. Only slow losses are detected and the high directivity of the sensor makes the comparison between two detectors quite difficult. The count rate is indeed very sensitive to the orientation of the detector with respect to the loss source. Figure 1: PIN diode loss monitor in its lead housing installed upstream of the HU640 undulator in the SOLEIL storage ring. In order to prepare the upgrade of the system, we have decided to test new Beam Loss Monitors (BLMs) based on a scintillator and a photomultiplier. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The new BLM system has to fit the following requirements: - Allow a relative calibration in between the detectors to enable a comparison of the losses amplitudes around the machine. - Provide slow and fast losses measurement. Based on the work conducted by ESRF [2], we have tested BLM modules made of a scintillator (or a quartz Cerenkov radiator) and a photomultiplier. The plastic scintillator is a rod EJ-200 [3] wrapped into high reflectivity aluminum foil to improve photon flux on photosensor input. The photomultiplier is a photosensor module from Hamamatsu (series H10721, models 110, 113 and 210 [4]). Those two elements are embedded in a compact aluminum housing (Fig.2). Figure 2: New BLM components and their Al housing. The acquisition is performed by the Libera BLM electronic module which provides four 14 bits-125 MS/s ADCs together with a power supply and again control for the photosensor modules [5]. SYSTEM CALIBRATION Having a relative calibration between the modules in order to be able to compare the losses amplitude measured by different detectors was one of the motivations for the upgrade of the system. We ideally targeted a relative calibration between all detectors better than 10%. Two different calibration methods have been investigated: using a LED or using a cesium source. Diode A dedicated housing has been realized to install a diode emitting at 455 nm, i.e. close to the maximum of the photosensor spectral response (250nm to 650 nm). The flux of the diode can be adjusted with a dedicated power-supply, whereas the photosensor is connected to the Libera BLM for acquisition and gain control (Fig. 3). ANALYSIS OF INTERLOCKED EVENTS BASED ON BEAM INSTRUMENTATION DATA AT J-PARC LINAC AND RCS N. Hayashi, S. Hatakeyama, A. Miura, M. Yoshimoto, JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan K. Futatsukawa, T. Miyao, KEK/J-PARC, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Abstract J-PARC is a multi-purpose facility. Accelerator stability is one of important issues for users of this facility. To realize stable operation, we must collect data on interlocked events and analyze these data to determine the reasons for the occurrence of such events. In J-PARC Linac, data of interlocked events have been recorded using several beam loss monitors and current monitors, and these data have been analyzed and classified. In J-PARC RCS, new instrumentation is being introduced to obtain beam position. We discuss the present status and future plans related to this subject. INTRODUCTION The Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) is a complex research facility consisting of three accelerators [1] and three experimental facilities. The first accelerator, Linac, was upgraded in 2014 by adding the Annular-ring Coupled Structure (ACS) after the separated drift-tube-linac (SDTL) and by replacing front-end system, a RF-driven ion source and a 50-mA Radio-frequency Quadrupole (RFQ). The injection system of the second accelerator, a 3-GeV Rapid-Cycling Synchrotron (RCS), was upgraded as well to accept 400 MeV H⁻ beams. Nominal RCS beam power of the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) was recovered to 500 kW in 2018. Because of the two neutron target failures in 2015, the beam power recovery program was executed with a very conservative schedule. The design beam power for 1-MW operation was demonstrated for 1 h recently. Some fraction of the RCS beam is delivered to either the Neutrino Experimental Facility (NU) or the Hadron Experimental Facility (HD) through the Main Ring (MR) at intervals of 2.48 or 5.2 s, respectively. The beam power supplied to these two facilities was increased gradually to about 490 kW and 50 kW, respectively [2]. Availability of the facilities is as important as high beam power. To this end, the numbers of un-scheduled beam stoppage events, also called interlocked events, should be reduced. At least, it is necessary to understand the causes underlying accelerator interruption. Hence, we record and analyze interlocked events in detail. One of the J-PARC interlock subsystems is called Machine Protection System (MPS). There are several sources of MPS, for instance, malfunction of an apparatus, vacuum problem, or beam loss signal from the proportional-type Beam Loss Monitor (BLMP). Individual BLM MPS events lead to short down-times, but the number of Linac BLMP MPS events is large and comparable to the number of RFQ MPS events. The total down-time of such events is non-negligible [2]. BLMP MPS events are classified into three categories: events associated with other machine MPS, multiple BLMP MPS events without other MPS and finally single BLMP MPS events [3]. Especially, for the Linac, most of events are single BLMP triggered MPS. Neighboring BLMPs show no specific sign of being affected. In such an event, it may not be necessary to stop operation because the beam loss signal of single BLMP event continues only for one intermediate pulse length, which is less than 1 μs. However, in the case of RF-interlock-associated BLMP signal, the beam loss signal extends over multiple intermediate pulses. We believe that the single BLMP MPS does not represent significant beam loss. Hence, we are of the opinion that such events can be eliminated. INSTRUMENTATION Beam Loss Monitor Most BLMs are proportional chambers [4]. The BLM detectors used in the Linac and the RCS are the same, but their operational conditions are different. In the Linac, the high voltage of the BLM detector is -2 kV, and its pre-amp input impedance is 50 Ω for better time response. Raw output signals from the signal amplifier are used for MPS in the Linac. By contrast, integral signals from BLMP are used to trigger MPS in the RCS. Different HV is applied to each BLMP because of individual optimization. High pre-amp input impedance is selected. The present setting is excessively sensitive for the Linac, as discussed later. Therefore, we investigate a new parameter setting to reduce the number of single BLMP events. To this end, we decrease HV from -2 kV to -1.5 kV and select high impedance (10 kΩ). Pre-amp gain is maintained at ×100. The new settings are applied gradually because the pre-amp or the other filter module sets off an alarm if HV is lower than a certain value. Some pre-amps have a pre-set value higher than -1.5 kV. Recent MPS statistics are presented in later. BLMP detectors are located all over the accelerator bodies (93 in Linac and 90 in RCS). Particularly, one of the most important detectors is at the beam transport line from Linac to the 3-GeV RCS (L3BT). It is called L3BT-BLMP21, and it is located just before the first bending magnet BM01 of the 90-degree arc section. SCT12, a Slow Current Transformer for detecting beam current, is located between the last accelerating cavity ACS21 and BM01. COLLIMATOR FOR BEAM POSITION MEASUREMENT AND BEAM COLLIMATION FOR CYCLOTRON Lexing Hu\textsuperscript{1}, Yuntao Song\textsuperscript{}, Kaizhong Ding, Junjun Li, Qingxi Yang, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China Kai Yao, Yucheng Wu, Yonghua Chen, Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China \textsuperscript{1}also at University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China Abstract In order to restrict the beam dispersion and diffusion at the extraction area of the cyclotron and to detect abnormal beam loss, a beam collimator system has been designed to collimate the beam and to measure its transverse positions. The collimator system is composed of a vacuum cavity, two pairs of beam targets, a set of driving and supporting mechanism, and a measurement and control unit. The beam target with the size determined by the diameter of the beam pipe, the particle energy and beam intensity, will generate current signal during particle deposition. Each pair of beam targets has bilateral blocks which forms a slit in either horizontal or vertical direction. Servo motor and screw rod are used so that the target can reciprocate with the repeatability of less than 0.1mm. The measurement and control system based on LabVIEW can realize the motion control and current measurement of the targets and then calculate the beam transverse positions. INTRODUCTION The project of superconducting cyclotron for proton therapy SC200 is under development at ASIPP (Hefei, China) and JINR, which will be able to accelerate protons to the energy 200 MeV with the maximum beam current of 400 nA [1-3]. The collimator has been developed to reduce beam diffusion at the extraction area of the cyclotron and to detect abnormal beam loss, and then to measure the beam positions in horizontal and vertical directions. The beam collimation system works in high-radiation areas and requires high heat dissipation, radiation resistance, positioning accuracy, stability and high vacuum performance, while considering the remote operation and maintenance functions of the collimator [4]. STRUCTURAL DESIGN Mechanical Design The collimator system is composed of a support gantry, servo drive unit, a vacuum chamber, bellows, and tungsten targets. The vacuum chamber of the collimator is connected to the beam line through the flange before and after, and the overall leak rate is less than $1.0 \times 10^{-11}$ Pa·m$^3$/s. Four tungsten targets are installed respectively in the upper, lower, left and right directions of the vacuum chamber to collimate the beam and to measure its transverse positions. The tungsten target is connected to the slide table of the lead screw through a transmission rod. A bellows is used to ensure the vacuum of the vacuum chamber. The lead screw is driven by a servo motor. The entire collimator is mounted on the support structure, and four bolts are used to achieve height adjustment and level adjustment of the collimator. Figure 1: Layout of the collimator. Work supported in part by grants 1604b0602005 and 1503062029. † email address: email@example.com ARC DISCHARGE DETECTORS FOR THE CiADS SUPERCONDUCTING RF CAVITIES* Zaipeng Xie†, Jian Liang, Yukai Ding, Hanxiang Liu Hohai University, Nanjing, China Yuan He, Yongming Li, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China Abstract Arc discharge due to the electron emission is one of the key issues in the CW superconducting RF(SRF) for the CiADS particle accelerator. Arc discharges can deteriorate the SRF cavities and damage the facility. Monitoring arc discharges is important for the purpose of machine protection. In this paper, an arc discharge detector has been designed to provide fast response upon events of arc discharge using open-source hardware and LabVIEW software. Electronic design techniques are described to enhance the system stability while utilizing the flexibility of embedded electronics. The proposed detector system gives about 700 ns of response time and it employs a LabVIEW based graphic user interface. The system has the capability of detecting the instantaneous arc discharge events in real time. Timestamps of the event will be recorded to assist beam diagnostics. This paper describes the hardware/software implementation and concludes with initial results of tests at CiADS. INTRODUCTION The superconducting proton LINAC has been built for the China initiative accelerator driven subcritical(CiADS) facility. In the LINAC [1], a 1.5 GeV, 10 mA proton beam is produced using the CW superconducting RF(SRF) cavities that requires a high availability for the beam diagnostics. In the CiADS SRF cavity, field emission can start at the emitters located on the cavity surface and result in electron emission. Secondary electrons can be produced from multipacting by ions, radicals, or photons. Electron emissions from cavity surfaces by thermionic and field emissions can occur in a small area of the surface and lead to a voltage breakdown that yields a gas discharge such as an arc or a glow discharge [2]. The onset of the discharge is usually accompanied by local temperature rises that can melt a small region of the emitter and produce starburst craters on the cavity surface. This process can deteriorate the cavity performance by eroding the electrode and lead to catastrophic failure in the insulator, which can eventually damage the SRF facility. Methods [3], such as the high-pressure water rinsing (HPR) and the high pulse power processing (HPP) technique, have been explored to mitigate the electron emission and arc discharge at CiADS. However, since the sources of electron emitters are caused by random material defects and contaminants introduced during assembling, arc discharge can still occur occasionally. Arcs can be suppressed by shutting the RF power down and it requires a minimal response time on detecting an SRF arc event. Hence, fast response detectors are desired that can detect the arc discharge and abort the machine to prevent further damages. There are only a few commercial products available for the application and they require an increased expense. Recent advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has made low cost and open access scientific tools accessible to researchers in vast industrial applications. For example, Hughes et al. [4] developed a hyperion particle-γ detector array that employs an Arduino based open source hardware to control its cryogenic fill system. Tavares et al. [5] implemented an open-source hardware platform for the BPM and orbit feedback system at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory. Open source hardware for instrumentation and measurement [6] has been adopted in several scientific applications [7] at CERN. This paper explores an open-source hardware solution for the arc discharge detector that can provide modularity and economic viability. One of the main consideration of this paper is to provide a fast development and deployment open-source solution with a reasonable system reliability. This paper presents the basic building elements for delivering an open-hardware based infrastructure of the arc discharge detector that brings flexibility and manageability. SYSTEM OVERVIEW The arc discharge detector for the CiADS superconducting RF cavities is designed as a machine protection instrument that requires a maximum 10 μs response time on detecting an arc event. The system is triggered by the incident light near its installation site. A optical sensor is employed in the system that is connected with a fast circuit for the signal processing. Since the arc has to be in the line-of-sight, the detector is installed to the monitoring of specific elements such as the T-junction and the vacuum feed-through. The detector system requires a high level of reliability and dust deposition or irradiation of the optical fibers are also major issues that require attention. The system efficiency is determined by the maximum false alarm rate of the detector. Maintenance and testing operations are also factors that need to be taken into consideration. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the system. The arc discharge detector is composed of a hardware and a software platform. The hardware employs an optical sensor, a cus- * Work supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.11505255, No.91026001) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Chinese Central Universities(2015B29714) † firstname.lastname@example.org THE MONTE CARLO SIMULATION FOR THE RADIATION PROTECTION IN A NOZZLE of HUST-PTF* Y.C. Yu, P. Tan†, H.D. Guo, L.G. Zhang, Y.J. Lin, X.Y. Li, Y.Y.Hu State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China Abstract Nozzle is the core component in proton therapy machine, which is closest to the patient and is necessary to consider the radiation impacts on patients and machine. The ionization chamber and the range shifter in active scanning nozzle are the main devices in the beam path that affect the proton beam and produce secondary particles during the collision, causing damage to the patients and machine. In this paper, the spatial distribution of energy deposited in all regions, the distribution of the secondary particles of 70-250MeV proton beam in the nozzle in Huazhong University of Science and Technology Proton Therapy Facility(HUST-PTF) are studied with Monte Carlo software FLUKA in order to provide reference for radiation shielding design. Six types of materials commonly used today as range shifters are analyzed in terms of the influence on radiation, so that the most suitable material will be selected. INTRODUCTION In order to ensure the safety of the patients, as well as the machine, the effect of radiation should be considered when designing the nozzle. Due to the application of the active scanning nozzle in HUST-PTF, the collimator and scatter are not required on the beam path, so the scattering and secondary particle radiation will be significantly reduced[1]. However, it is still necessary to analyze the radiation distribution in the nozzle and develop a corresponding radiation shielding scheme. At the end of nozzle, a range shifter is placed very close to the patient in order to decrease the proton beam energy so that the shallow tumors can be treated. Selecting a suitable material for the range shifter will significantly reduce its radiation impacts on patients. The scanning nozzle is mainly composed of a vacuum window, a pixel ionization chamber, a helium pipe, an ion chamber, and a series of mechanical support structures in Huazhong University of Science and Technology Proton Therapy Facility(HUST-PTF). The vacuum window, made of 30μm kapton, is installed at the end of the beamline as a boundary between the beamline transmission system and the nozzle system. The pixel ionization chamber is used to monitor the initial beam states which is located 100mm away from the vacuum window. The helium pipe, passing through two scanning magnets, is placed behind the pixel ionization chamber to reduce energy loss and transverse scattering. The plate ion chamber is placed 800 mm from the isocenter plane and is used to monitor the position and the dose of the proton beam, so that the accuracy of the dose and position can be ensured. The structure of pixel ionization chamber and plate ion chamber in HUST-PTF is shown in Fig.1. In order to simulate the human body composition, a water phantom is placed after the isocenter plane. The structure of nozzle in HUST-PTF is shown in Fig. 2. ![a. The structure of pixel ionization chamber](image) ![b. The structure of plate ion chamber](image) Figure 1: The structure of pixel ionization chamber and plate ion chamber. In this paper, the model of the nozzle in HUST-PTF is constructed in three dimensions by using the Monte Carlo software FLUKA[2]. The energy loss when the proton beam passes through the nozzle, the secondary particle yield, the spatial distribution of neutrons and photons are calculated by using FLUKA. At the same time, the BEAM LOSS MONITORING IN THE ISIS SYNCHROTRON MAIN DIPOLE MAGNETS D. M. Harryman, S. A. Fisher†, W. A. Frank, B. Jones, A. Pertica, D. W. Posthuma de Boer, C. C. Wilcox, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK Abstract Beam loss monitoring at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source is primarily carried out with gas ionisation chambers filled with argon. Thirty-nine ionisation chambers are distributed evenly around the inner radius of the synchrotron, with additional devices for the linac and beam transport lines. To improve loss control, a programme has been implemented to install six scintillator Beam Loss Monitors (BLMs), each 300 mm long, inside each of the ten main dipole magnets of the synchrotron. Using these scintillator BLMs the accelerator can be fine-tuned to reduce areas of beam loss that were previously unseen or hard to characterise. Installation of the system is now complete and this paper reviews: the installation of the scintillator BLMs, the electronic hardware and software used to control them, and the initial measurements that have been taken using them. INTRODUCTION ISIS Beam Loss Monitoring ISIS has two systems for beam loss detection: a main “global” system using thirty-nine argon filled ionisation chambers [1]; and a finer system, using BC-408 plastic scintillators, that provides additional monitoring in selected areas [2]. The gas ionisation chambers in the synchrotron are 3 m long and distributed evenly around the inner radius, about 2 m from the beam axis. As beam losses inside the synchrotron’s main dipole magnets are shielded by the magnet yokes, they can be undetectable using the existing ionisation chambers. Therefore, to supplement these monitors, scintillator BLMs were initially installed inside the main dipole magnet downstream of the collimation straight, Dipole 2, as this had occasionally suffered beam related damage. This initial set of scintillators detected beam losses which were not measured on the ionisation chambers, and as such the decision was taken to install scintillators inside all ten of the main dipole magnets around the synchrotron. Each of the main dipole magnets is 4.4 m long, and for the initial set-up of Dipole 2, twelve BC-408 detectors were installed between the vacuum vessel and magnet yoke. Based on experience from Dipole 2, a configuration of six detectors has been installed in each of the main ring dipoles, which provided an optimal balance of cost, complexity and resolution. A key benefit of the scintillator detector design, with their entirely non-metallic construction, is that they avoid potentially serious problems with Eddy currents in the fast cycling ISIS magnets. email@example.com † firstname.lastname@example.org System Overview Figure 1 shows an outline of a scintillator system for one dipole, including main hardware, subsystems, locations, and connections. ![Diagram](image) Figure 1: Overview of system hardware used for a single dipole. As with the initial installation in Dipole 2, all detectors are installed within the main dipole magnets, between the magnet yoke and the vacuum vessel. All of the detector assemblies are installed on the inside radius of each dipole. Approximately 5 m from each dipole is a Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) chassis holding six PMTs, one for each detector. The PMTs convert the light generated by the detectors into electrical “beam loss” signals. Each PMT is connected to a high voltage power supply and front end amplifiers, which are both located in the inner synchrotron area. This area is shielded by several metres of concrete, meaning radiation levels there are relatively low during accelerator operations. The CAEN power supply provides high bias voltages for each PMT. The front end amplifiers buffer the PMT outputs into a voltage which can be read by the PXIe data acquisition system. Although the inner synchrotron area is shielded, some sensitive equipment, like the PXIe controller, can suffer from radiation-induced failure. Therefore, while the data acquisition cards for the system are located in the inner synchrotron area, the controller is located 100 m away, where radiation levels are negligible and access is unrestricted. The long distance connections between the two PXIe sub-systems is achieved with a custom optical fibre link, as detailed below. DETECTORS Detector Design The detectors are based on the same design as those described in [2], based on BC-408 plastic scintillators. When high-energy particles interact with BC-408, light is generated [3]. The detector is covered in a light proof cover to eliminate background light, and connected to a PMT via optical fibres (see Fig. 2). As each detector has slightly different characteristics and responses, each detector and PMT pair is calibrated with a known radiation source in the... ADAPTIVE COLLIMATOR DESIGN FOR FUTURE PARTICLE ACCELERATORS* T. Furness\textsuperscript{1}\textsuperscript{†}, S. Fletcher\textsuperscript{1}, J. Williamson\textsuperscript{1}, A. Bertarelli\textsuperscript{2}, F. Carra\textsuperscript{2}, L. Gentini\textsuperscript{2}, M. Pasquali\textsuperscript{2}, S. Redaelli\textsuperscript{2} \textsuperscript{1}The University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK \textsuperscript{2}The European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN), Genève, CH Abstract The function of collimators in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is to control and safely dispose of the halo particles that are produced by unavoidable beam losses from the circulating beam. Even tiny proportions of the 7TeV beam have the stored energy to quench the superconducting magnets or damage parts of the accelerator if left unchecked. Particle absorbing Low-Z material makes up the active area of the collimator (jaws). Various beam impact scenarios can induce significant temperature gradients that cause deformation of the jaws. This can lead to a reduction in beam cleaning efficiency, which can have a detrimental effect on beam dynamics. This has led to research into a new Adaptive Collimation System (ACS). The ACS is a re-design of a current collimator already in use at CERN, for use in the HL-LHC. The ACS will incorporate a novel fibre-optic-based measurement system and piezoceramic actuators mounted within the body of the collimator to maintain jaw straightness below the 100µm specification. These two systems working in tandem can monitor, and correct for, the jaw structural deformation for all impact events. This paper details the concept and technical solutions of the ACS as well as preliminary validation calculations. INTRODUCTION AND COLLIMATOR DESIGN The current energy stored in nominal LHC beams is two times 362MJ [1]. For the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade (HL-LHC), this is expected to be higher than 700MJ [2]. As little as 1ml/cm$^3$ at 7TeV of deposited energy can quench the super-conductive magnets or cause more major damage to other sensitive areas of the accelerator complex [3]. In efforts to counter this, the LHC collimation system is designed to intercept and safely dispose of the halo particles that are produced from the unavoidable beam losses generated from the circulating beam core. Broadly speaking, the collimation system comprises of primary, secondary and tertiary collimators presented in a variety of geometrical configurations, working in union to clean the circulating beam. Each collimator consists of three main areas: the jaw assemblies, the actuation system, and the vacuum tank, shown in figure 1. The main component of the jaw assembly is the active absorption area. In primary and secondary collimators, this is made up of several blocks of low-Z material, such as a graphite composite or carbon reinforced carbon, to ensure low electrical induced impedance whilst maintaining mechanical robustness. These blocks are then clamped to a dispersion strengthened copper (Glidcop® housing. The blocks are clamped to the housing rather than being rigidly fixed as this is not easily achieved. This is also to ensure a certain amount of slippage as the thermal expansion of Glidcop® is far greater than the thermal expansion of the low-Z blocks. Within the Glidcop® housing is also the jaw cooling system. The cooling system is designed to be able to evacuate the high heat loads generated by loss absorption (up to 47kW for HL-LHC cases) in an effort to minimise thermal deformations, which may be induced [4]. The cooling pipes are sandwiched between the block-housing stiffener on the front and an intermediate stiffener on the back then vacuum brazed together to ensure a good thermal conductivity, as shown in figure 2. Figure 1: Section view of a typical horizontal secondary collimator. Figure 2: Cross section of current HL-LHC jaw assembly. SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR BEAM LOSS MONITOR SYSTEM AT JEFFERSON LAB J. Yan, T. Allison, S. Bruhwel, W. Lu, Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA 23606, U.S.A. Abstract Ion Chambers and Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT) are both used for beam loss monitoring in the Machine Protection System (MPS) at Jefferson Lab. These detectors require different signal processing, so two VME-based signal processing boards, Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) board and Ion-Chamber board, were developed. The BLM board has fast response (<1 μs) and 5 decades of dynamic range from 10 nA to 1 mA, while the Ion-Chamber board has a slower response but 8 decades of dynamic range from 100 pA to 10 mA. Both boards feature machine protection and beam diagnostics, in addition to a fast shutdown (FSD) interface, beam sync interface, built-in-self-test, remotely controlled bias signals, and on-board memory buffer. INTRODUCTION The Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) system is an important part of the Jefferson Lab Machine Protection Systems (MPS) [1]. It detects bremsstrahlung radiation from low level beam loss during tune-up and beam operations and provides a machine protection trip well before the beam can damage accelerator components. Two types of radiation detectors, 931B PMT [2] and CERN Ion Chamber [3], are installed for the beam loss monitor system of the CEBAF at Jefferson Lab. An 8-channel VME based BLM board, which has replaced the original 4-channel CAMAC based board, are developed as the current acquisition electronics for PMT detectors, with negative current between -5 nA to -1 mA and a fast response time. Meanwhile, a newly designed 5-channel Ion Chamber (IC) VME board provides the current acquisition for CERN Ion Chamber, which has a slow time response and a large dynamic range. NEW BLM BOARD DESIGN The new 8-channel BLM signal processing board has a functional block diagram that consists of analog signal processing and digital processing. The analog processing includes linear signal tuning, operational amplifier (op-amp) integrating signal processing, Howland voltage-to-current converter circuits, and logarithmic current signal processing. The digital processing includes FSD signal logic, analog-to-digital (ADC) data acquisition, and FPGA digital control. The linear tuning is an op-amp circuit with a gain of 5490. It converts negative current from PMT to voltage, referred to as the pre-amplified voltage. The pre-amplifier voltage signal then serves as the input for both integrating and log circuits. Figure 1 shows the diagram of the analog signal processing for each channel. The integrating processing circuit is op-amp based and performs the mathematical operation of integration to cause the output voltage to respond to changes of the input voltage over time. The integrated output voltage is connected both to the ADC for data sampling and to a fast voltage comparator for FSD detection. The equation of the ideal voltage of the op-amp integrator is \[ V_{\text{int}} = -\int_0^t \frac{V_{\text{in}}}{R_{\text{in}} \cdot C} dt . \] Figure 1: Diagram of the analog signal processing. STATUS OF THE BNL LEReC MACHINE PROTECTION SYSTEM* S. Seletskiy†, Z. Altinbas, D. Bruno, M. Costanzo, A. Drees, A. Fedotov, D. M. Gassner, X. Gu, L. Hammons, J. Hock, R. Hulsart, P. Inacker, J. Jamilkowski, D. Kayran, J. Kewishc, C. Liu, K. Mernick, T. Miller, M. Minty, M. Paniccia, W. Pekrul, I. Pinayev, V. Ptitsyn, V. Schoefer, L. Smart, K. Smith, R. Than, P. Thieberger, J. Tuozzolo, W. Xu, Z. Zhao BNL, Upton, USA Figure 1: LEReC layout. Abstract The low energy RHIC Electron Cooler (LEReC) will be operating with 1.6-2.6 MeV electron beams having up to 140 kW power. It was determined that under the worst case scenario the missteered electron beam can damage the vacuum chamber and in-vacuum components within 40 us. Hence, the LEReC requires a dedicated fast machine protection system (MPS). The LEReC MPS has been designed and built and currently is under commissioning. In this paper we describe the most recent developments with the LEReC MPS. LEReC LAYOUT AND PARAMETERS The LEReC accelerator [1] consists of the 400 kV DC photo-gun followed by the 1.2-2.2 MV SRF Booster, the transport line and the merger that brings the beam to the two cooling sections (CS1 and CS2) followed by the 140 kW dump. The LEReC also includes two dedicated diagnostic beamlines: the low-power beamline capable of accepting 15 kW beam (DC Gun Test Line) and the RF diagnostic beamline. The LEReC layout is schematically shown in Fig. 1. The LEReC beam train consists of 9 MHz macro-bunches. Each macro-bunch (MB) consists of $N_b=30$ bunches repeated with 704 MHz frequency. The length of each bunch at the cathode is 40 ps. The charge per bunch ($Q_b$) can be as high as 200 pC. The LEReC can work with macro-bunch trains of various length ($\Delta t$), various number of macro-bunches per train ($N_{mb}$), and various time delay ($T$) between the trains. The nominal LEReC beam parameters pertinent to the MPS design are summarized in Table 1. Table 1: LEReC Beam Parameters. \| Kinetic Energy, MeV \| 1.6 \| 2 \| 2.6 \| \|---------------------\|-----\|-----\|-----\| \| Electron bunch (704 MHz) charge, pC \| 130 \| 170 \| 200 \| \| Bunches per macro-bunch (9 MHz) \| 30 \| 30 \| 24-30 \| \| Charge per macro-bunch, nC \| 4 \| 5 \| 5-6 \| \| Average current, mA \| 35 \| 46 \| 44-55 \| \| Average power, kW \| 56 \| 93 \| 114-142 \| In addition to the baseline operational modes listed in Table 1 the LEReC might also be operated with CW 704 MHz beam of 85 mA (at 1.6 MeV) and 68 mA (at 2 MeV). There are also several additional beam modes required for accelerator commissioning, study and transition to operational conditions. All these modes of operation comprise the MPS beam modes. The relation between the MPS beam mode and allowed destinations of the beam will be discussed in the following sections. The LEReC MPS beam modes and their use are summarized in Table 2. * Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Dept. of Energy. † email@example.com THE INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING OF THE AWAKE STRIPLINE BPM* Shengli Liu†, Victor Alexandrovich Verzilov, Paul Eric Dirksen, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada Franck Guillot-Vignot, Lars Soby, David Medina Godoy, Spencer Jake Gessner, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland ABSTRACT AWAKE (The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN) stripline BPMs are required to measure the position of the single electron bunch to a position resolution of less than 10 μm rms for electron charge of 100 pC to 1 nC. This paper describes the design, installation and commissioning of a such BPM system developed by TRIUMF (Canada). Total 12 BPMs and electronics had been installed on AWAKE beam lines and started commissioning since Fall of 2017. The calibration and measurement performance are also reviewed. SYSTEM OVERVIEW AWAKE facility is a proof-of-principle R&D experiment at CERN and the world’s first proton driven plasma Wakefield acceleration experiment [1]. Its construction has been completed and the commissioning has been started since Fall of 2017, which includes the stripline BPMs for tuning the electron beam. Refer to Fig. 1 for the layout of the AWAKE electron beamline and the common beamline, the electron BPMs locations and other diagnostic devices. A total 12 BPMs have been installed on the AWAKE, with 6 on the electron beamline, and 6 on the common beamline. Those on the electron beamline are 40 mm aperture, while those on the common beamline are 60 mm aperture. They both have coverage angle of 38 degree, and with longitudinal length of 120 mm and 124 mm. Because of these parameters, their sensitivities are supposed to be slightly different. The processing electronics, i.e. BPM DSP (Digital Signal Processor), is in the hall way which has about 30 ~ 60 meters to the BPMs. The radiation dose rate level there is low enough that the electronics is not designed to be radiation hard. Refer to Fig. 2 for the system diagram, which describes the electronics, network and data acquisition computer. All the BPM DSPs are powered through the power bars that support Ethernet interface, which allows the DSP boxes to be power cycled in the situation that the communication becomes dead. Such situation happened several times during the commissioning, this remote reset scheme prevented human access to the site which is difficult or impossible during SPS operation. Besides the FEC (Front End Computer) which runs the DAQ software FESA server (FESA: What also is shown in the diagram is the triggers which signal the presence of the electron or proton beam bunches. Figure 1: AWAKE beam lines and BPM locations. * TRIUMF contribution was supported by NSERC and CNRC † firstname.lastname@example.org 4. Beam position monitors COMPLETE TEST RESULTS OF NEW BPM ELECTRONICS FOR THE ESRF NEW LE-RING B.K. Scheidt, ESRF, Grenoble, France Abstract Among the 320 BPMs in the ESRF new low-emittance ring, a set of 128 units will be equipped with new electronics, while the other set (192) will be served by the existing Libera-Brilliance electronics. These new electronics are an upgraded version of the low-cost Spark electronics originally developed 3 years ago for the ESRF’s injector complex. All these 128 units have been installed in the first half of 2018 on existing BPM signals (through duplication with RF-splitters) and subsequently been tested thoroughly for performance characteristics like stability, resolution and reliability. It shows that while these Sparks have a very straightforward and simple concept, i.e. completely omitting calibration schemes like RF-cross-bar switching, pilot-tone introduction or active temperature control, they are fully compatible with all the beam position measurement requirements of this new ring. OVERVIEW OF THE BPM SYSTEM The BPM system in this new storage ring will be a hybrid type with both two types of BPM-block geometries, and two types of BPM electronics. The lattice parameters of the new ring are given in Fig. 1 that represents one complete cell out of the total of 32, with the 10 BPMs indicated in triangles. The Fig. 2 shows some numeric details of that lattice, the distribution in a cell of the large and the small geometry, and the distribution of the 2 types of electronics. For the latter we will use a) 192 Liberatas that were bought nearly 10 years ago and b) 128 newly developed and procured Sparks. [1] The old storage ring with 224 BPMs is served with an equal number of Libera-Brilliance units with satisfactory performance and reliability over these 10 years and therefore the logical choice would have been to procure more of them to make-up for the new total number of 320 BPMs. [2] However, these units had become obsolete. In looking for a satisfactory alternative, we have turned towards a different device that was developed, 3 years earlier, for new Booster BPMs. These relatively simple, straight-forward and of moderate cost Spark electronics offered enough scope for upgrading in order to make them comply with our overall BPM needs and requirements of this new storage ring. [3, 4] By re-using 192 Libera units out of the 224 presently active units we have increased our cover for spares. These two different electronics provide data-streams, and buffers with identically synchronised sampling-rates. However, the Fast-Orbit-Correction will only use the 10 kHz stream provided by the 192 Liberatas. [5] RESULTS OF SPIRAL2 BEAM POSITION MONITORS ON THE TEST BENCH OF THE RFQ M.B. Abdillah †, P. Ausset, Institut de Physique Nucléaire, IPN, Orsay, France R.Ferdinand, Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds, GANIL, Caen, France Abstract SPIRAL2 project is based on a multi-beam superconducting LINAC designed to accelerate 5 mA deuteron beams up to 40 MeV, proton beams up to 33 MeV and 1 mA light and heavy ions (Q/A = 1/3) up to 14.5 MeV/u. The accurate tuning of the LINAC is essential for the operation of SPIRAL2 and requires measurement of the beam transverse position, the phase of the beam with respect to the radiofrequency voltage, the ellipticity of the beam and the beam energy with the help of Beam Position Monitor (BPM) system. The commissioning of the RFQ gave us the opportunity to install two BPM sensors, associated with their electronics, mounted on a test bench. The test bench is a D-plate fully equipped with a complete set of beam diagnostic equipment in order to characterize as completely as possible the beam delivered by the RFQ and to gain experience with the behaviour of these diagnostics under beam operation. This paper addresses the measurements carried with the two BPMs on the D-plate: energy, transverse position and ellipticity under 750 keV proton beam operation. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SPIRAL2 SPIRAL2 facility is being installed in Caen, France. It includes a multi-beam driver accelerator (5mA/40MeV deuterons, 5mA/14.5MeV/A heavy ions). The injector is constituted by an ECR ion source (Q/A= 1/3), an ECR deuteron/proton source, a low energy beam line (LEBT) followed by a room temperature RFQ which accelerates beam up to an energy of 0.75MeV/u. A medium energy line (MEBT) transfers the beam to the superconducting Linac. The Linac is composed of 19 cryomodules: 12 contain one $\beta= 0.07$ cavity and 7 contain two $\beta= 0.12$ cavities. The cavities operate at $F_{acc} = 88.0525$MHz. Main beams accelerated by the superconducting Linac are mentioned in table 1. \| Particle \| Current(mA) \| Energy(MeV/u) \| \|----------\|-------------\|---------------\| \| Proton \| 0.15-5 \| 2 -33 \| \| Deuteron \| 0.15-5 \| 2 -20 \| \| Q/A = 1/3\| 0.15-1 \| 2 -14.5 \| \| Q/A = 1/6\| 0.15-1 \| 2 -8 \| SPIRAL2 nominal mode of operation is planned to be C.W. mode. The considerations on commissioning and tuning periods of the LINAC lead to a pulsed mode operation in order to minimize the mean power of the beam. The shortest duration of a macro-pulse will be 100 $\mu$s. The repetition period varies from 1ms to 1s. The intermediate configurations have to be taken in account in order to reach the C.W. operation. The step to increase or decrease either the macro pulse duration or the repetition rate will be 1$\mu$s. SPIRAL2 BEAM POSITION MONITORS A doublet of magnetic quadrupoles is placed between the cryomodules for the horizontal and vertical transverse focusing of the beam. Beam Position Monitors (BPMs), of the electrostatic type, is inserted in the vacuum pipe located inside the quadrupoles of the LINAC. 20 BPMs are installed along the SPIRAL2 linac. They enable the measurement of Beam transverse position, phase and transverse beam ellipticity as defined in [1]. The combination of the measured phases of two adjacent BPMs enables the measurement of Beam energy. SPIRAL2 BPM [1] is composed of 4 capacitive sensors. Each BPM was characterized on a dedicated test bench based on a coaxial transmission line. The characterization delivers BPM electrical centre coordinates, position and ellipticity sensitivities and offsets at $\beta=1$ [2]. Each BPM sensor feeds an electronic module through 23 meters long coaxial cables. The 20 BPM electronics modules are located in four VME 64x crates. Each module contains an analog and a digital board. The design of the analog module of the card is based on the scheme of auto-gain equalization using offset tone having frequency slightly offset from the RF reference [3]. The electronic module works either at $F=88.0525$ MHz or at $2F=176.1050$ MHz to deliver the required information. Two prototypes of the BPM readout electronics module were qualified in IPN leading to several upgrades in order to meet specifications. Series of 22 electronic modules is presently under qualification at IPN. THE SPIRAL2 INTERMEDIATE TEST BENCH (SP2-ITB) An “Intermediate Tests Bench” (ITB) has been assembled as part of the injector commissioning plan [4]. The ITB is positioned after the focusing quadrupole following the first re-buncher of the M.E.B.T. Two other focusing quadrupoles are placed between the re-buncher, and the RFQ. A beam stopper able to withstand nearly the full power of the beam terminates the ITB which includes 18 beam diagnostics identical to the SPIRAL2 driver ones. The aim of the ITB is to fully characterize the properties of the beam accelerated by the RFQ and also to study the behaviour of these diagnostics. Figure 1 shows the ITB. † email@example.com DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW BUTTON BEAM-POSITION MONITOR FOR BESSY VSR J.-G. Hwang †, G. Schiwietz, A. Schälicke, M. Ries, V. Dürr, D. Wolk Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Berlin, Germany Abstract An extreme operation mode such as the BESSY-VSR conditions stimulates the development of a high accuracy bunch-by-bunch beam-position monitor (BPM) system which is compatible with the bunch-selective operation for the orbit feedback system. Such a system will also greatly benefit to accelerator R&D such as transverse resonance island buckets (TRIBs). Compensation of the long-range ringing signal produced by the combined effect of impedance mismatching inside the button and trapped TE-modes in the aluminum-oxide insulator (Al$_2$O$_3$) material is required essentially to improve the resolution. This is important since the ringing causes a misreading of the beam position and current of following bunches. We show the design study of a new button-type BPM to mitigate the influence of the ringing signal as well as to reduce wake losses by improving the impedance matching in the button and by replacing the insulator material. INTRODUCTION Since 2017, the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin launches the BESSY variable-pulse-length storage ring (BESSY VSR) project which is an upgrade project of the existing storage ring of BESSY II to fulfill the future increasing demands to study sub-picosecond, picosecond and longer dynamics in complex systems. This is feasible by installing additional superconducting cavities with harmonic frequencies of 1.5 GHz and 1.75 GHz [1]. The cavities will be installed in a straight section of BESSY II to create long and short photon pulses simultaneously for all beam lines. This also provides a high degree of flexibility in a bunch filling pattern. Potentially, it will lead to more complex filling patterns, such as shown in Fig. 1 [2]. The filling pattern, however, has the disparity in the beam current of long and short bunches since the long bunch buckets have relatively high bunch charge to preserve the present average brilliance of BESSY II. The short bunches are added to relax beam lifetime and to supply THz power as well as high repetition rate short X-ray pulses. Figure 1: Section of a possible filling pattern with short bunches (blue) and long bunches (red). Trains of short bunches are added to supply THz power as well as high repetition rate short x-ray pulses. PRESENT BESSY II BUTTON BPM From the measurement of the present button-type beam position monitor (BPM) signal with 1 mA single bunch with 1.25 MHz revolution frequency in the BESSY storage ring, we observed long-range and strong trapped modes inside the BPM. The trapped modes are also not fully damped within 2 ns, which corresponds to the bunch spacing in the ring, and it causes a signal superposition for neighboring bunches. Especially, the future filling pattern which has a large disparity in the beam charge between the short and long bunches such as BESSY VSR can cause a misreading of the beam position of the short (low-intensity) bunches. The measured BPM signal during single-bunch operation is shown in Fig. 2. In the spectrum of the measured BPM signal, two strong trapped modes are present at the frequencies of 5.2 GHz and 5.5 GHz. Since the desirable transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode is allowed to propagate at all frequencies, but at frequencies above the cutoff frequency ($f_{\text{cut}}$), the first higher-order mode (TE$_{11}$) is also allowed to propagate. The low-frequency cutoff for the undesired TE$_{m1}$-mode in a coaxial waveguide can be defined as [3] $$f_{\text{cut}}^{\text{TE}_{m1}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_r}} \frac{c}{\pi} \frac{m}{r_i + r_o},$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) where $r_i$ and $r_o$ are the radii of the inner and outer conductors, respectively, $m = 1, 2, 3, \ldots$, which indicates the field variation in azimuthal direction, and $\varepsilon_r$ is dielectric constant. Since the $f_{\text{cut}}$ in a coaxial waveguide is inversely proportional to the square root of a dielectric constant of the insulator, the button has minimum $f_{\text{cut}}$ value at the insulator. In the BESSY II, the present button BPM has a diameter of 10.8 mm and gap of 0.3 mm. The thickness of button electrode is 2.6 mm and an aluminium oxide (Al$_2$O$_3$) insulator with the diameter of 11.4 mm and thickness of 3 mm was used for a vacuum seal. Therefore, the cutoff frequency at the insulator is 5 GHz. The source of the trapped mode is... DESIGN OF A CAVITY BEAM POSITION MONITOR FOR THE ARES ACCELERATOR AT DESY D. Lipka, M. Dohlus, M. Marx, S. Vilcins, M. Werner, DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract The SINBAD facility (Short and INnovative Bunches and Accelerators at DESY) is foreseen to host various experiments in the field of production of ultra-short electron bunches and novel high gradient acceleration techniques. The SINBAD linac, also called ARES (Accelerator Research Experiment at SINBAD), will be a conventional S-band linear RF accelerator allowing the production of low charge (within a range between 0.5 pC and 1000 pC) electron bunches. To detect the position of low charge bunches, a cavity beam position monitor is being designed based on the experience from the European XFEL. It will consist of a stainless steel body with a quality factor of 70, a resonance frequency of 3.3 GHz and a relative wide gap of 15 mm to reach a high position sensitivity of 4.25 V/(nC mm) of the dipole resonator. The design considerations and simulation results of the dipole and reference resonator will be presented. INTRODUCTION SINBAD is a dedicated accelerator R&D facility currently under construction at DESY, Hamburg, and will host the ARES linac (Accelerator Research Experiment at SINBAD). It will consist of a normal conducting photo-injector and a 100 MeV S-band linear accelerator with beam repetition rates between 10 and 50 Hz for the production of low charge beams (0.5–30 pC) with (sub-) fs duration and excellent arrival time stability [1–3]. For dedicated user experiments bunch charges up to 1000 pC are foreseen. To observe the beam transverse position with highest precision the requirements include a resolution of 5 µm for a beam charge between 5 and 100 pC. To achieve this requirement a cavity beam position monitor (CBPM) is developed. DESIGN For the general design the resonance frequency and quality factor have to be chosen for the dipole and reference resonator of the CBPM. Both parameters should be similar for the dipole and reference resonator to simplify the signal processing. Since the inner tube diameter is 34 mm with a cut-off frequency of 6.75 GHz the resonance frequency should be smaller. To receive a reliable resonance field with this tube diameter a resonance frequency of $f = 3.3$ GHz is defined. The relative low beam repetition rate would allow to use a long ringing signal to analyze the waveform. Therefore a relative high quality factor with a long decay time could be applied. But the voltage amplitude and following the sensitivity would be small therefore a low loaded quality factor of $Q_L = 70$ is chosen which results in a bandwidth of 47 MHz. This allows a monitor production in stainless steel. The basic design is depicted from the SACLA facility [4] which was modified for the European XFEL [5]. The quality factor and resonance frequency of the new design are similar to the European XFEL CBPMs for synergy but with other tube diameter and resonator thickness of the dipole resonator. Dipole Resonator The TM$_{11}$ mode of the dipole resonator provides a signal proportional to beam offset and charge. The amplitude sensitivity $S = \pi f \sqrt{\frac{Z}{Q_{\text{ext}}}} \left( \frac{R}{Q} \right)^1$ [6], with the line impedance $Z = 50 \Omega$ and the normalized shunt impedance $\left( \frac{R}{Q} \right)$, is increased by a relative small external quality factor $Q_{\text{ext}}$. The antenna position defines the value of the external quality factor; a low value dominates the loaded quality factor because $\frac{1}{Q_L} = \frac{1}{Q_{\text{ext}}} + \frac{1}{Q_0}$ with $Q_0$ the internal quality factor (which is still relative large compared to $Q_{\text{ext}}$ for stainless steel). To obtain a larger sensitivity the normalized shunt impedance can be increased by using a large resonator thickness $l$ because $\left( \frac{R}{Q} \right) \propto l$ [7], in this design $l = 15$ mm is applied. The Eigenmode solver of the simulation tool CST [8] is used to design and investigate the resonator properties. The resulting geometry is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Figure 1: 3-dimensional simulation view of the vacuum part of the dipole resonator. The resonator has a kink to decrease the resonator diameter which bends the dipole field. This is an advantage for a smaller overall monitor transverse size. The dipole field is propagating into the four slots where the dominating --- firstname.lastname@example.org 4. Beam position monitors STABILITY STUDY OF BEAM POSITION MEASUREMENT BASED ON HIGHER ORDER MODE SIGNALS AT FLASH J. H. Wei†, NSRL, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, P. R. China and Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany L. Shi, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland N. Baboi, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany Abstract FLASH is a free-electron laser driven by a superconducting linac at DESY in Hamburg. It generates high-brilliance XUV and soft X-ray pulses by SASE (Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission). Many accelerating cavities are equipped with HOMBPMs (Higher Order Mode based Beam Position Monitors) to align the beam and monitor the transverse beam position. However, these lose their position prediction ability over time. In this paper, we applied an efficient measurement and signal analysis with various data process methods including PLS (Partial Least Square) and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) to determine the transverse beam position. By fitting the HOM signals with a genetic algorithm, we implemented a new HOMBPM calibration procedure and obtained reliable beam prediction positions over a long time. A stable RMS error of about 0.2 mm by using the spectra of signals and 0.15 mm by using the new method over two months has been observed. INTRODUCTION FLASH [1] was originally a test facility for various physics studies of the superconducting technologies. It serves nowadays as a Free Electron Laser (FEL) user facility as well as a test facility for advanced Linac facilities such as the European XFEL and ILC. Figure 1 shows the schematic layout of FLASH with three beam lines. FLASH1, FLASH2 are used for generation of high brilliance ultra-short ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray pulses. They are able to provide a beam for two experiments simultaneously. The third beamline accommodates FLASH-Forward, a beam-driven plasma-wakefield experiment. There are seven accelerating cryo-modules along the linac. Each module contains eight TESLA superconducting cavities with 1.3 GHz working frequency. There is also one module with four 3.9 GHz cavities to linearize the energy chirp induced by the first accelerating module in the longitudinal phase space. When an electron beam passes through the cavities, it excites wakefields, which can deteriorate the beam quality and may result in a beam-break-up instability in the worst case [2]. Therefore two couplers installed at both sides of the TESLA cavity are specially designed to extract them (see Fig. 2). The wakefields can be expanded as a multipole series of so-called modes. The modes with higher frequency than the accelerating mode are named Higher Order Modes (HOMs). Among these, dipole modes can be utilised to determine the beam position since their amplitude has linear dependence on the beam offset. Based on this, a HOMBPM system was built. A 4 μm resolution rms was observed in one cavity [3]. However, the beam position readout calibration is unstable over time [4]. In order to solve this problem, we use a method based on genetic algorithm (GA) to fit the beam excited signals. After that, several methods are applied to predict the beam position. Figure 2: Drawing of the TESLA cavity with nine cells, one power input coupler, one probe antenna and two HOM couplers. Next section introduces the measurement principle of the dipole mode signal and the GA fitting procedure. The following section presents the results of the HOMBPMs in several cavities with different calibration methods. The paper ends with conclusions. DIPOLE MODE SIGNAL The dipole mode signal from the HOM ports excited by a traversing bunch can be affected by four beam parameters: the bunch charge, the trajectory offset, the trajectory tilt and the bunch tilt [5]. For short bunches, as is the case at FLASH, the bunch tilt signals are vanishingly small compared with beam offset signals. A 5 mrad trajectory tilt will excite the signal with the same amplitude as 1 mm bunch offset for 1.3 GHz cavities [6]. In our measurement, the... THE EVALUATION OF BEAM INCLINATION ANGLE ON THE CAVITY BPM POSITION MEASUREMENT* J. Chen\textsuperscript{1}, Y. B. Leng\textsuperscript{}, L. Y. Yu, L. W. Lai, R. X. Yuan Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 201204 Shanghai, China \textsuperscript{1}also at University of the Chinese Academy of Science, 100049 Beijing, China Abstract Cavity beam position monitor (CBPM) is widely used to measure the transverse position in free-electron laser (FEL) and international linear collider (ILC) facilities due to the characteristic of high sensitive. In order to study the limiting factors of the position resolution of cavity BPM, the influence of beam inclination angle on the measurement of CBPM position and the direction of beam deflection was analyzed. The simulation results show that the beam inclination angle is an important factor limiting the superiority of CBPM with extremely high position resolution. The relative beam experiments to change the relative inclination angle between the cavity and the electron beam based on the kicker were performed in Shanghai Soft X-ray FEL (SXFEL) facility, the experiment results will also be mentioned as well. INTRODUCTION The free electron laser (FEL) is a fourth-generation light source based on the interaction between electromagnetic fields and ultra-relativistic electron bunches which travel along the axis of a vacuum beam-pipe. In order to achieve high efficiency operation of FEL, the electron beam and the generated photo beam need to be overlapped strictly and that both can pass through the entire undulator section. Therefore, requirements on the BPM system for the FEL are very stringent, especially on position stability. Cavity BPM systems [1] adopt a resonant cavity structure and through the use of anti-symmetric characteristic mode, coupled from the cavity, to measure the beam position which can meet that requirements, so it is widely used in FEL facilities. In order to maximize the advantages of cavity BPM with extremely high-resolution, a detailed analysis of the limiting factors affecting CBPM performances is needed, especially the effect of beam inclination angle on CBPM performance. Based on this purpose, the influence of beam trajectory angle on the amplitude of position signal and the direction judgement of beam position was simulated in this paper. Shanghai soft X-ray FEL facility is a user experiment facility with an expected capacity to generate 9-nm X-ray laser by adopting an FEL frequency doubling of ultraviolet band seeded laser of 265 nm. A total of 20 CBPM systems are installed in the undulator section for the beam position measurement. Therefore, SXFEL is also an excellent test platform for experiment verification of beam trajectory angle simulation which mentioned above. Detailed calculation principles, simulation results and online beam verification results will be given in the following sections. CALCULATION PRINCIPLE In order to calculate the signal intensity generated when the beam trajectory has an angle through the cavity, a method of dividing a large cavity into a plurality of small cavities is adopted. As shown in Fig. 1. The position of the bunch in each small cavity can be considered to be parallel to the Z axis. Then, all the small cavities can be integrated to obtain the signal intensity when the beam has an angle and pass through the entire cavity. ![Figure 1: Model of cavity segmentation.](image) When the beam is parallel to the Z axis and the distance from the electrical center is x, the cavity excitation signal can be expressed by Eq.(1): $$V_p = \frac{\omega q}{2} \sqrt{\frac{Z}{Q_{ext}}} \left[ \frac{R}{Q} \right]_0 e^{-\frac{\omega^2 \sigma^2}{c^2}} * \frac{x}{x_0} * e^{-\frac{t}{2\tau}} * \sin(\omega t)$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) Assume that the length of the bunch is constant during this process, the cavity parameters are also fixed, and the constant term can be separated, it can expressed by Eq. (2) briefly: $$V_p = Ax * e^{-\frac{t}{2\tau}} * \sin(\omega t)$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) When the beam passes through the center of the cavity but with an inclination angle $\theta$, the excitation voltage of the small cavity whose cavity length is dz can be written by Eq. (3): $$dv = A * z * \tan(\theta) * e^{-\frac{t}{2\tau}} * \sin(\omega t) * \frac{dz}{L}$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) So the signal intensity when the beam has an angle $\theta$ and pass through the entire cavity can be calculated by DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF STRIPLINE BPM FOR HUST PROTON THERAPY FACILITY J.Q. Li, K.J. Fan†, Q.S Chen, K. Tang, P. Tian State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China Abstract Proton beams used in Huazhong University of Science and Technology Proton Therapy Facility (HUST-PTF) have extreme low currents of the order of nanoampere, which is a great challenge to beam diagnostics due to low signal level. Conventional destructive beam diagnostic devices will affect the quality of the beam and cannot work online during the patient treatment, so a non-destructive stripline beam position monitor (BPM) is designed. This study will introduce some analysis and simulation results of the stripline BPM, such as the coupling between the electrodes, impedance matching, signal response, etc. We also discussed how to increase the output signal by geometry optimization. INTRODUCTION Huazhong University of Science and Technology Proton Therapy Facility (HUST-PTF) is a dedicated proton therapy facility [1]. As shown in Fig. 1, it is made up of a 250 MeV superconducting cyclotron, an energy selection system, two rotating gantries, the beam line and a fixed treatment room. The beam current becomes ultra low after the proton beam passes through a degrader, which is a great challenge to measure the beam position. The beam main parameters after the degrader are described in Tab.1. Conventional measurements, such as using an ionization chamber, will introduce some degradation of the beam energy dispersion. From experience of iThemba LABS [2], we plan to design a stripline BPM for HUST-PTF. Table 1: Beam Parameters After a Degrader \| Parameters \| Value \| \|---------------------\|-------------\| \| Bunch length \| ~200mm \| \| Bunch frequency \| 73MHz \| \| Bunch radius \| 2-10mm \| \| Beam energy \| 70-230Mev \| \| Average current \| 0.4-4nA \| The stripline BPMs can be regarded as transmission-line circuits in microwave engineering. The schematic of stripline BPM is shown in Fig. 2. It is suited for short bunch measurement because the signal propagation is considered. When a Gaussian bunch passes through the BPM, the voltage signal of the upstream port is: \[ V_U(t) = \frac{\phi Z}{4\pi} (\exp(-\frac{(t+l/c)^2}{2\sigma^2}) - \exp(\frac{-(t-l/c)^2}{2\sigma^2})) I_b(t) \] Where $ \sigma $ represents bunch length. $ l $ represents electrode length. $ \phi $ represents electrode radius. The frequency domain expression of the output signal can be written as: \[ V_U(\omega) = \frac{\phi Z}{\sqrt{2\pi}} I_b(\omega) \sin\left(\frac{\omega l}{c}\right) \] $ V_U(\omega) $ is made up of a series of maximum for $ f = \frac{(2n-1)c}{4l} $. For a given electronic device the first voltage maxima is located at $ l = \frac{c}{4f} $. Because of Libera Single Pass [3] we plan to work at 500 MHz ± 5 MHz in frequency domain, the electrode length is 150 mm to get the voltage maxima at 500 MHz. Figure 2: Schematic of stripline electrodes. IMPEDANCE MATCHING From Fig. 3 it is clear that the stripline BPM has four electrodes, which support four independent TEM modes, namely a sum mode, two dipole modes (horizontal dipole and vertical dipole), and a quadrupole mode. As shown in Figs. 4 and 5, the electrodes and vacuum pipe can be... MACHINE STUDIES WITH LIBERA INSTRUMENTS AT THE SLAC SPEAR3 ACCELERATORS* S. Condamoor, D. Martin, S. Wallters, J. Corbett †, SLAC, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA Q. Lin, Donghua University, Shanghai, China L. Lai, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai, China P. Leban, M.Cargnelutti, Instrumentation Technologies, Solkan, Slovenia Abstract Turn-by-turn BPM readout electronics were tested on the SPEAR3 booster synchrotron and storage ring to identify possible improvements in data acquisition. For this purpose, Libera Spark [1] and Libera Brilliance+ [2] instruments were customized for the booster (358.4 MHz) and SPEAR3 storage ring (476.3 MHz) radio-frequencies, and tested during machine studies. Even at low single-bunch booster beam current, the dynamic range of the Libera Spark provided excellent transverse position resolution during the linac-to-booster beam capture process, the energy ramp phase and during beam extraction. Booster injection efficiency was analyzed as a function of linac S-band bunch train arrival time. In SPEAR3, turn-by-turn Libera Brilliance+ measurement capability was evaluated for single and multi-bunch fill patterns as a function of beam current. The single-turn measurement resolution was found to be better than 15 microns for a single 1.5 mA bunch. The horizontal single-bunch damping time was then observed with the 238 MHz bunch-by-bunch feedback system ON and OFF, and the multibunch fill pattern stability evaluated as a function of total beam current. INTRODUCTION SPEAR3 is a 3rd generation, 3 GeV synchrotron light source with 234 m circumference. The storage ring nominally operates with 500 mA circulating beam current and approximately 1.8 mA/bunch (1.4nC). Topup occurs every 5 minutes using about 50 pulses of single-bunch charge at a 10 Hz rate. The booster synchrotron features a 10 Hz resonant-driven White circuit with a 100 MeV to 3 GeV energy ramp in ~37 ms. Of significance, injection into the booster consists of about 7 S-band bunches selected from a 1 µs S-band bunch train produced in a thermionic RF electron gun. The S-band bunches are not phase-locked to the booster and the arrival time can vary due to thermal and electronic drift over time. Libera BPM processor electronics were installed in the booster ring and in the SPEAR3 storage ring to study measurement performance under different beam conditions. The Libera Spark was configured for highest sensitivity and was able to accurately measure single bunch position during the 37 ms booster ramp phase. Analog signals from four booster BPM striplines were connected to the Libera Spark front end processor equipped with 352 MHz bandpass filters. The filters stretch the response which is then sampled by PLL-controlled ADCs clocked at 109.8 MHz. The baseband signals were sampled 49 times each revolution (1 turn=466 ns). For SPEAR3 a Libera Brilliance+ module was installed to monitor beam position from a set of four button-style BPM electrodes. In this case the sampling clock was 112.7 MHz and the baseband signal was sampled 88 times during the 781 ns revolution period. At this sampling rate the Brilliance+ module can resolve two diametrically opposite bunches separated by 390 ns in SPEAR3. BOOSTER BPM MEASUREMENTS The SPEAR3 charge transfer sequence starts in a 100 MeV linac followed by a 3 GeV booster and finally injected into SPEAR3 at a 10 Hz repetition rate every 5-minute topup cycle. At each 10 Hz injection event, the single-bunch booster beam is accelerated and extracted in about 37 ms. The original 1990's-era booster BPM system consists of a commercial multiplexor that switches individual BPM button signals through an electronic peak detector followed by a sample-hold-digitization circuit chain. As a result, the measurement resolution for the electron beam position is sub-optimal and can only read the beam orbit every 1.5 ms during the energy ramp. By introducing the Libera Spark module, it is now possible to measure the single bunch beam position turn-by-turn and with much higher resolution throughout the ramp. Figure 1 for example shows raw turn-by-turn data over three turns from one booster ring BPM pickup. ![Figure 1: Three-turn single bunch measurement in the SPEAR3 booster ring.](image) Figure 2 shows the beam position and charge (SUM) throughout the full booster acceleration cycle. The turn-by-turn data was clocked using the injection timing trigger and processed in the time domain. STABILITY TESTS WITH PILOT-TONE BASED ELETTRA BPM RF FRONT END AND LIBERA ELECTRONICS M. Cargnelutti, P. Leban, M. Žnidarčič, Instrumentation Technologies, Solkan, Slovenia S. Bassanese, G. Brajnik, S. Cleva, R. De Monte, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy Abstract Long-term stability is one of the most important properties of the BPM readout system. Recent developments on pilot tone capable front end have been tested with an established BPM readout electronics. The goal was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the pilot tone compensation to varying external conditions. Simulated cable attenuation change and temperature variation of the readout electronics were confirmed to have no major effect to position data readout. The output signals from Elettra front end (carrier frequency and pilot tone frequency) were processed by a Libera Spark with the integrated standard front end which contains several filtering, attenuation and amplification stages. Tests were repeated with a modified instrument (optimized for pilot tone) to compare the long-term stability results. Findings show the pilot tone front end enables great features like self-diagnostics and cable-fault compensation as well as small improvement in the long-term stability. Measurement resolution is in range of 10 nanometers RMS in 5 Hz bandwidth. INTRODUCTION The recent developments about eBPMs analog front ends capable of pilot tone compensation [1,2] have shown a growing interest towards this topic. In order to verify the usefulness of this approach and its benefits with an existing BPM readout electronics, the eBPM analog front end developed at Elettra has been coupled with an Instrumentation Technologies’ Libera Spark. ELETTRA EBPM RF FRONT END The front end is similar to the one presented at IBIC 2016 [2], but enhanced and re-engineered in a more compact solution. In the present version the low-noise PLL has been integrated in the box, together with diagnostic functionalities (voltage and temperature sensors) and complete Ethernet control. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the system: a low-phase-noise PLL (7) generates the pilot tone (whose frequency and amplitude are programmable), which is split into four paths by a high-reverse-isolation splitter (6) that guarantees more than 52 dB of separation between the outputs. A coupler (2) sums the tone with the signal from the pick-ups, adding further 25 dB of isolation to prevent inter-channel crosstalk from the path of the pilot tone. At this point, all the signals pass through a bandpass filter (3), centered at 500 MHz with a bandwidth of 15 MHz, and two variable-gain stages, composed of low-noise, high-linearity amplifiers (5) (G=22 dB, F=0.5 dB, OIP3=+37 dBm, P1dB=+22 dBm) and digitally controlled attenuators (4) (7 bits, up to 31.75 dB of attenuation, steps of 0.25 dB). In order to achieve the expected results, the splitter must be temperature-insensitive, as well as the four couplers. Indeed, this architecture allows us to compensate the part of the system after the couplers, i.e. filters, attenuators, amplifiers. It has to be noted that being the front end a separate unit, it can be placed as near as possible to the pick-ups (tunnel area), with two main advantages: better signal-to-noise ratio and the possibility to compensate the cables (which are usually long). The frequency response of the front end is shown in Fig. 2. LIBERA ELECTRONICS Libera Spark was used to process the A, B, C and D signals from the Elettra eBPM analog front end. Libera Spark is... NEW BEAM POSITION MONITORS FOR THE CERN LINAC3 TO LEIR ION BEAM TRANSFER LINE G. Baud, M. Bozzolan, R. Scrivens, L. Søby CERN, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract The ion injection line into the CERN Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) has recently been equipped with nine, new, electrostatic Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) in order to measure and optimize the trajectory of the low intensity ion beams coming from Linac3. In this paper, we describe the design of the BPM, the low noise charge amplifier mounted directly on the BPM, and the digital acquisition system. There is special emphasis on the first commissioning results where the measured beam positions were perturbed by EMI and charging of the BPM electrodes by secondary particles. The effect of mitigation measures, including repelling voltages on the electrodes and external magnetic fields, are also discussed. INTRODUCTION The CERN Linac3 provides heavy ions, mainly Pb$^{54+}$ at an energy of 4.2MeV/u, to the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR). Here the ions (pulses of up to 30µA, 200µs) are accelerated to 72MeV/u, extracted to the PS and further to the SPS where the fully stripped ions are either extracted for fixed target physics, or transferred to the LHC for ion collisions. In order to optimize the injection efficiency into LEIR, the transfer line between Linac3 and LEIR has recently been equipped with nine highly sensitive electrostatic BPMs (Figure 1). ![Figure 1: Linac3 to LEIR transfer line BPM layout.](image) The BPMs are of a dual plane electrostatic type with an aperture of 196mm and a length of 200mm. The azimuthal width of the electrodes is 75° and the distance to ground is 21.5mm. The ~20pF electrodes are connected to high impedance charge amplifiers mounted directly onto the BPM body, via 75Ω cables, see Figure 2. The transfer impedance is about 30Ω yielding an electrode signal of ~0.1mV for a centred beam. All parts are of 316 LN stainless steel. The two BPMs nearest the LEIR ring have a non-evaporable getter (NEG) coating on the chamber walls to lower the overall vacuum level in this region. ![Figure 2: 3D model of the BPM.](image) ACQUISITION SYSTEM Electronics The input stage of the front-end electronics mounted directly on the BPMs is a charge amplifier. Gain calibration is performed by injecting a known charge into each input through a low capacitance calibration capacitor (1pF). After charge amplification, further amplifier stages generate the sum ($3 \times 10^{12}$ V/C gain) and difference ($6 \times 10^{12}$ V/C gain) signals. The -3dB bandwidth is 60Hz to 2MHz. A more detailed description of the head amplifier can be found in [1]. Coaxial cables transmit the signals to the control room where commercial, 8 channel, 12 bit Analogue to Digital Converters (ADCs) sample the signals. Front-End Software: FESA The Front-End Software Architecture (FESA) is a C++ framework used at CERN to design, develop, test and deploy real-time control software. It is used to provide software control and monitoring of the acquisition triggers, data read-out, processing and calibration. It also allows the data to be easily integrated with standard tools such as the beam steering Graphical User Interface (GUI) or long-term logging database. AUSTRALIAN SYNCHROTRON BPM ELECTRONICS UPGRADE Y.-R. E. Tan, R. Hogan, Australian Synchrotron - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia Abstract The storage ring at the Australian Synchrotron (AS) had been originally equipped with 98 Libera Electrons. In late 2017 the all 98 of the BPM electronics has been upgraded to Libera Brilliance+. This report will outline plans that were put in place for the transition and the results from commissioning the new system. INTRODUCTION The Australian Synchrotron (AS) is a 3rd generation light source that was commissioned in 2006. The storage ring is a Chassman-Green lattice with 14 sectors each equipped with 7 Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) connected to Instrumentation Technology’s Libera Electrons (98 Electrons) [1–3]. The booster ring is a FODO lattice with 4 sectors each equipped with 8 BPMs connected to Bergoz MX processors that is then digitized by NI DAQ cards [4]. Since an upgrade to the booster BPM system in 2010 increasing hardware problems has resulted in a continuous decline in the number of usable BPMs. Simultaneously, between 2013 and 2016 the Libera Electrons in the storage ring began to display an increasing number of hardware problems. In 2016 the decision was made to replace the storage ring Libera Electrons with Brilliance+ electronics [5] and to re-purpose the Libera Electrons in the booster ring. Additional improvements to the system has also been the integration of the Brilliance+ directly into the MicroResearch Timing Event system with the EVR module and the option to increase the fast acquisition (FA) data rate from 10 kHz to 30 kHz. The increase in the FA data rate was added to push the performance of our Fast Orbit Feedback System (FOFB) [6] by reducing the group delay of the FA data. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS To get the Libera Brilliance+ units ready for installation and to confirm that the performance met the requirements a initial configuration script and acceptance testing script were used. The configuration script configured the Linux subsystem to use some of the standards at the AS. The acceptance test script confirmed that the basic functionality was working such as locking to the machine clock and the unit was correctly reading the event data stream. The script would sweep the input power to each of the BPM cards in the Brilliance+ unit from −2 dB to −63 dB (Instrumentation Technology RF clock generator and power splitter) and log the position data at Turn-by-Turn (TbT; 1.389 MHz) and FA data rates (10 kHz) at different power levels. The average and spread of $\sigma_{x,y}$ across 110 cards is shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: The average and spread of $\sigma_{x,y}$ across 110 BPM modules measured at TbT (1.389 MHz) and FA (10 kHz) data rates. The spread of the FA data rate is higher than expected where there was not enough time allowed for the digital signal conditioning learning cycle to complete before taking measurements. The corresponding input power graphs shows that below 30 mA the position resolution starts to increase. The beam current/input power dependence was measured at the FA data rate and shown to be less than 1 µm from −60 dBm to −5 dBm which covers the range from 5 mA up to 200 mA in the storage ring. The temperature dependence was measured by restricting the air flow to the crate, causing a 10 degree change in temperature. Using the internal airflow temperature sensors the temperature dependence was found to be an average of 0.8 µm/°C (switching enabled) and 0.4 µm/°C (switching... BEAM QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE HADES EXPERIMENT AT GSI USING CVD DIAMOND MATERIAL A. Rost\textsuperscript{1}\textsuperscript{†}, J. Adamczewski-Musch\textsuperscript{2}, T. Galatyuk\textsuperscript{1,2}, S. Linev\textsuperscript{2}, J. Pietraszko\textsuperscript{2}, M. Traxler\textsuperscript{2} \textsuperscript{1}Institut für Kernphysik, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany \textsuperscript{2}GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany Abstract In this contribution a beam monitoring system which consists of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond sensor, a fast readout electronics and a monitoring and visualization software used at GSI will be introduced. The sensor has been designed to measure the reaction time (T0) in the HADES Spectrometer, but also possesses beam quality monitoring capabilities which is of great importance to ensure high efficiency data recording. In the following, the diamond based sensor, its read-out chain and the online analysis and visualization software are described. Special emphasis will be put on an online visualization of important beam parameters namely the beam intensity, its position during extraction and the beam particle time structure. INTRODUCTION For experiments with the HADES [1] detector at GSI in Darmstadt and for the future CBM [2] experiment at the FAIR facility, radiation hard and fast beam detectors are required. The detectors should feature high rate capability, low interaction probability and perform precise T0 measurements ($\sigma_{T0} < 50$ ps). In addition, the sensors should offer beam monitoring capabilities. These tasks can be fulfilled by utilizing single-crystal Chemical Vapor Deposition (scCVD) diamond based detectors. This material is well known for its radiation hardness and high drift velocity of both electrons and holes, making it ideal not only as Time-of-Flight (ToF) detectors placed in the beam but also as luminosity monitors. With the help of striped read-out electrodes position information can be obtained for beam monitoring purposes. The main detector system used for this purpose in the HADES experiment consists of two diamond based sensors made of pcCVD and scCVD materials. Both sensors are equipped with a double-sided strip segmented metallization (300 $\mu$m width) which allows a precise position determination of the beam position. Those sensors are able to deliver a time precision $<100$ ps RMS and can handle rate capabilities up to $10^7$ particles/channel. Having the precise time measurement and precise position information of the incoming beam ions one can monitor important beam parameters namely the beam intensity, its position during extraction and the beam particle time structure. The read-out of the sensors is based on the NINO [3] chip in combination with the already well established TRB3 (Trigger Readout Board - Version 3) platform [4], developed by the TRB Collaboration [5]. On this platform high precision multi-hit TDCs (up to 264 channels, time precision $<10$ ps RMS) are implemented inside FPGAs. The TRB3 system serves as a fast and flexible Data Acquisition System (DAQ) with integrated scaler capability. The analysis and online visualization is performed using the Data Acquisition Backbone Core (DABC) [6] framework. CVD DIAMOND BASED BEAM DETECTOR The detector, which is used in HADES in order to construct the reaction time determination (T0) and beam quality monitoring, is made of single crystal chemical vapor deposition (scCVD) diamond material with an active area of 4.7 mm $\times$ 4.7 mm. The sample thickness of 70 $\mu$m is chosen in order to reduce the nuclear interaction probability of the beam ions in the detector material. For example for an Au beam at 1.25 AGeV the interaction probability is about 0.36 %. The sensor is metallized with a 50 nm Cr layer, annealed at 500 °C for 10 min, deposited on the sc-CVD diamond and covered by a 150 nm Au layer. A similar detector [7] was used as T0 sensor in HADES for a $^{197}$Au$^{69+}$ beam, with a kinetic energy of 1.25 AGeV and currents between $10^6$–$10^7$ ions/s delivered from the SIS 18 accelerator. The metallization is arranged in 16 strips (each 300 $\mu$m wide) on each side which allows a beam profile measurements in $x$ and $y$ directions. A close-up picture of the multi-strip segmentation of the diamond based sensor is shown on in Fig. 1. The diamond sensor is glued to a Printed Circuit Board (PCB), which serves as a holder and provides electrical con- Figure 1: Close-up photography of the scCVD diamond based sensor. The metallization is arranged in 16 strips (each 300 $\mu$m wide) on each side which allows beam profile measurements. BPM SYSTEM UPGRADE AT COSY I. Bekman, C. Böhme, V. Kamerdzhiev, B. Lorentz, S. Merzliakov, P. Niedermayer, K. Reimers, M. Simon, M. Thelen FZJ, Jülich, Germany Abstract The beam position monitoring system of the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) has been upgraded in 2017. The upgrade was driven by the requirement of the JEDI collaboration to significantly improve the orbit control and by the electronics approaching end-of-life. The entire signal processing chain has been replaced. The new low noise amplifiers, mounted directly on the BPM vacuum feedthroughs, were developed in-house and include adjustable gain in 80 dB range and in-situ test and calibration capabilities. The signals are digitized and processed by means of commercial BPM signal processing units featuring embedded EPICS IOC. The decision path, technical details of the upgrade and performance of the new system are presented. INTRODUCTION The necessity of upgrading the COSY Beam Position Monitor (BPM) system arose from the requirement of the JEDI collaboration to significantly improve the beam orbit control and by the electronics approaching end-of-life. The upgrade affected all electronics sub-systems: amplifiers and their control, data collection and processing, networks, and the way measurement results are stored and presented. New sub-systems were added, for example, the calibration sub-system utilizing in-situ test signal generation and fine control of amplifier gain and as the main part - the Hadron Beam Position Processor Libera. Below the block-diagram (Fig. 1) and a brief description of the main components of BPM system are presented. 31 capacitive BPM are installed in the COSY ring. This number includes two BPM of the 2 MeV electron cooler which are also capable of measuring proton orbit. These are not affected by the upgrade presented here. Each COSY BPM utilizes 4 electrically isolated electrodes that make beam position measurements in both X and Y planes possible. The electrodes are connected via N-type vacuum feedthroughs to the amplifiers. Close to the amplifiers high precision ($4 \cdot 10^{-4}$) four-way splitters are placed to feed test signals from generators of the calibration sub-system into the amplifiers. The 116 amplified signals are transmitted from the tunnel via coaxial cables to eight Libera beam position processors [1] installed at 6 location in the accelerator hall (Fig. 2). The 19-inch racks house also the crates of the trigger system as well as additional crates accommodating the amplifier power supply and calibration sub-system. Newly developed graphical user interfaces based on Control System Studio allow for display of measured beam orbit and turn-by-turn data, amplifier gain control and calibration as well as provide additional software tools for display and control of Libera parameters, ADC data etc. Figure 2: Operational BPM hardware around the COSY ring. BPM AMPLIFIERS The BPM amplifiers are housed in a 100-50-25 mm die-cast aluminum case and are installed directly on the vacuum feedthroughs. They are connected to the Libera beam position processors and the calibration sub-system. For analog signals RG214 coaxial cables are used. CAT 6 Ethernet cables are used to power the amplifiers and for gain control. Figure 3 shows the block diagram of a BPM amplifier. Each unit consists of two stages: input stage and amplification stage. Table 1 summarizes the properties and performance of the input stage. The amplification stage is based on the variable gain amplifier chip AD8330 and features variable gain up to 80 dB. Control of the amplifier gain is done by means of commercial EtherCAT DACs. INFLUENCE OF SAMPLING RATE AND PASSBAND ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STRIPLINE BPM T. Wu\textsuperscript{1}, Y. B. Leng, L. W. Lai, S. S. Cao, J. Chen, F. Z. Chen, Y. M. Zhou, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China \textsuperscript{1}also at University of the Chinese Academy of Science, 100049 Beijing, China Abstract It is obviously that the property of strip-line BPM is influenced by data acquisition system, but how the procedure of data acquisition and processing takes effect is still room for enquiring into it. This paper will present some data simulation and experiment results to discuss the function between resolution and passband, sampling rate or other influence factor. We hope that this paper would give some advice for building up data acquisition system of SBPM. INTRODUCTION Thanks to its compact design and high precision, SBPM is widely used for bunch position measurement just as what was in SXFEL [1]. As part of the modularization and generalization of the system, the digital BPM parameter settings used in SBPM measurements are the same as that in other part of beam diagnostics system. As a result, the analog signal measured by SBPM passes through a filter with a passband of 495 MHz-505 MHz, and then is undersampled by a sampling rate of 119 MHz and converted into a digital signal for subsequent processing. The final measurement accuracy meets the need for beam position measurement of beam diagnostics system in SXFEL. However, With the improvement of machine performance requirements, the optimization of SBPM performance has gradually become more realistic and urgent. Under the premise that it is difficult to greatly optimize the performance of probes, it is a good choice to optimize the filter passband and sampling rate in electronics front-end design. NUMERICAL SIMULATION The corresponding signal and spectrum of strip-line BPM are showed below in Figure 1. We assume that the photon in the beam bunch Gaussian distribution, so as the signal waveform [2]. Figure 1: SBPM output signal(left) and the spectrum under the ideal conditions [3]. According to the spectrum, when center of the passband is nearing 500 MHz, the resolution would be optimal. That is the reason why passband is 490 MHz-510 MHz. But when put SBPM in a data measurement system, the conclusion may be different. In SXFEL, the analog signal of SBPM will be transferred into digital signal before data processing [4]. Considering the influence of ADC, the spectrum of SBPM is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: SBPM output spectrum influenced by ADC. Sampling rate are 2.5 GHz (top) or 10 GHz (bottom). The result of numerical simulation reflects in one aspect how the sampling rate affects SBPM performance. 500 MHz is no longer the peak of the signal frequency after analog to digital conversion. Instead, a lower frequency takes its place. This phenomenon becomes more pronounced as the sampling rate of the ADC decreases. Considering undersampling, the spectral characteristics changes brought by ADC will be more complicated and need to be calculated according to the specific scheme [5]. The above is discussing the effect of the sampling rate on the peak of signal in frequency domain. On the other hand, the bandwidth of passband would also effect the resolution of SBPM. However, how it matters is more complicated. It depends on the noise composition. When the signal noise from SBPM probe is the main part of the FIRST RESULTS OF BUTTON BPMs AT FRIB* S. Cogan†, S. Lidia, J. Crisp, T. Ford, Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, East Lansing, MI, USA Abstract Commissioning and tuning the linac driver for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) requires a large network of warm and cryogenic beam position monitors (BPMs), with apertures of 40 - 150 mm, sensitivity to beam currents of 100 nA to 1 mA, and accurate for beams with velocities as low as 0.03c. We present initial results of the BPM system, analog and digital signal processing, and energy measurements for low energy beams. COMMISSIONING AND TUNING The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is a new scientific user facility for low energy nuclear science. Under construction on campus and operated by Michigan State University, FRIB will provide the highest intensity beams of rare isotopes available anywhere [1]. The accelerator is being commissioned and tuned in sections. The Front End, RFQ, and first three superconducting RF cavities have been commissioned with beam [2]. BPMs are the primary tool used to determine beam position and beam energy. Beam of $^{40}$Ar$^{9+}$ was accelerated up to 2.3 MeV/u and BPM position and phase proved accurate down to currents as low as 100 nA. Figure 1 shows a portion of the linac and placement of 15 BPMs. BPM Characterization and Correction At FRIB, we primarily utilize two types of 4-button BPMs, with aperture diameters of 41.3 and 47.6 mm. Buttons are circular with 20 mm diameter. With a 4-button BPM, the simple formula (1) for position utilizes the ratio of difference over sum for two of the buttons signals (R, L or T, B) along with a scale factor incorporating the BPM aperture (D) $$H = \frac{D}{\pi} \left( \frac{R-L}{R+L} \right), \quad V = \frac{D}{\pi} \left( \frac{T-B}{T+B} \right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) Formula (1) approximates beam position well, but distortion increases further away from center. A polynomial correction (2) was determined for each BPM type to correct for non-linear distortions. Each BPM was characterized using a translation stage to raster scan wire positions within the BPM aperture. Fiducials on the BPM housing, shown in Fig. 2, allow accurate position survey and correlation with pre-installation wire measurements to within 100 µm. Consistent BPM manufacturing allows the use of the same correction for all BPM assemblies of the same type. $$H_{\text{new}} = p_{00} + p_{10}H + p_{30}H^3 + p_{50}H^5 + p_{12}HV^2 + p_{14}HV^4 + p_{32}H^3V^2$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) There is an additional position distortion present with very low-beta ($\nu/c << 1$) beams, resulting from the non-relativistic electric fields and asymmetrical pickup of the higher order beam harmonics when the beam is off-center [3]. This effect is most significant when beta < 0.10, and can be ignored when beta > 0.15. Formula (3) corrects for low-beta distortion, where $a$ and $b$ are factors dependent on beta, frequency, and geometry [3]. $$H_{\text{new}} = aH + bH^5 \quad V_{\text{new}} = aV + bV^5$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) Figure 2: FRIB BPM assembly. DAQ ELECTRONICS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING The BPM data acquisition electronics were designed to be MicroTCA [4] based, where up to 10 BPM electronics boards communicate (using PCIe) to a single CPU which serves data to the control system network. The electronics consist of a rear-transition module (RTM) which includes +35 dB amplification, analog filter (either lowpass or bandpass), and ADC digitization. This RTM digitizes two 4-button BPMs plus a reference (REF) clock. An FPGA digital processing board performs digital down-conversion. Figure 1: A portion of the FRIB linac, including medium energy beam transport (MEBT), first 3x cryo-modules with 12x accelerating SRF cavities, and diagnostics station as temporary beam stop. 15 BPMs locations were studied, 6 of which were “cold” BPMs inside cryo-modules. * This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661, the State of Michigan and Michigan State University. † email@example.com INITIAL RESULTS FROM THE LHC MULTI-BAND INSTABILITY MONITOR T.E. Levens, T. Lefevre, D. Valuch, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract Intra-bunch transverse instabilities are routinely measured in the LHC using a “Head-Tail Monitor” based on sampling a wide-band BPM with a high-speed digitiser. However, these measurements are limited by the dynamic range and short record length possible with typical commercial oscilloscopes. This paper will present the initial results from the LHC Multi-Band Instability Monitor, a new technique developed to provide information on the beam stability with a high dynamic range using frequency domain analysis of the transverse beam spectrum. INTRODUCTION Transverse beam instabilities are regularly observed during routine operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). As many of the sources of instabilities scale with the bunch intensity and emittance, their mitigation remains an important consideration for delivering the maximum luminosity to the LHC’s experiments. Regular studies into the causes of these instabilities are performed during dedicated “machine development” sessions [1] in order to find adequate mitigation techniques [2]. In addition to these studies, it is important to have instrumentation available that can diagnose any instabilities that may occur during regular operation. A fundamental tool for the measurement of transverse instabilities is the LHC “Head-Tail Monitor” [3] which can resolve the intra-bunch beam position by sampling a wide-band beam position monitor (BPM) with a fast oscilloscope. Similar techniques have been used since the first direct observation of transverse instabilities in CERN’s PS and Booster in the 1970s [4]. However, the short bunch length in the LHC ($4\sigma \approx 1.1$ns) requires sampling at a much higher rate than has been previously necessary, up to 10 GSPS in the case of the LHC. While the Head-Tail Monitor provides a direct measurement of the intra-bunch motion, and is an important tool for instability studies, it poses a number of challenges for use during regular operation. The original oscilloscopes used in the LHC could provide a maximum of 11 turns of data every 15 seconds. Furthermore, due to the limited dynamic range of their 8-bit high-speed digitisers, only larger oscillation amplitudes were visible. These limitations lead to the development of an online trigger system to precisely trigger the acquisition during an instability [5]. For the 2018 LHC run, new 10-bit oscilloscopes have been installed which offer a higher dynamic range and longer acquisition lengths of up to 450 turns. While easing the demands for precise triggering, the increase in data size of up to 3 GB per acquisition makes data processing and storage challenging. As an alternative to “brute-force” time domain sampling, the Multi-Band Instability Monitor (MIM) uses a frequency domain approach to measure intra-bunch motion. Similar techniques are often used on very short electrons bunches where the spectrum extends to frequencies that cannot be easily measured directly by temporal detection schemes [6]. As shown in Fig. 1, it is expected that for an unstable bunch there will be a shift in the spectral power to higher frequencies as the instability mode increases. In order to measure this shift, the signal from a wideband BPM is split into a number of frequency bands using a bank of radio frequency (RF) band-pass filters. Each band can then be mixed down to base-band and digitised in parallel. As the signal from each band has limited bandwidth, it can be digitised at a much higher resolution than would be possible for the wideband BPM signal. While full time domain reconstruction would require amplitude and phase information from each band, with only the amplitude it is still possible to determine the mode from the relative power in the bands. This simplification permits the use of highly sensitive diode detectors, as are used in the LHC’s base-band tune (BBQ) system [7]. After the MIM concept was first demonstrated in the SPS and LHC [8], it has also been tested for short electron bunches using an “optical BPM” at the Australian Synchrotron, measuring synchrotron radiation in three frequency bands up to 12 GHz [9]. In this paper we present the first results from the fully implement MIM system in the LHC. Figure 1: Simulated comparison of time domain (a) and frequency domain (b) analysis for a typical LHC bunch with head-tail instability modes 0 to 4. THE DESIGN OF SCANNING CONTROL SYSTEM FOR PROTON THERAPY AT CIAE L. Cao†, T. Ge, F.P. Guan, S.G. Hou, L.P. Wen, X.T. Lu, Y. Wang, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China Abstract A novel proton therapy facility is designed and constructed at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) in Beijing, which includes a superconducting cyclotron CYCIAE-230 to provide 230 MeV proton beams for cancer therapy. As a part of therapy control system, the scanning control is designed to scan the beam for the access of required tumour volume field. Two set of dipole magnet is driven for changing the beam path. Meanwhile, interfaces between scanning system and other systems will be built for beam control and safe considering. In order to acquire high precise feedback control, the beam position and dose monitor ionization chambers will be constructed in the nozzle. Detailed description will be presented in this paper. INTRODUCTION Proton therapy has proven to be an effective cancer treatment with minimal side effects. Due to the progress of superconducting devices, very compact cyclotrons, suitable for hospital installations, can be manufactured with lower cost. In order to promote the development of proton therapy in China, CIAE (China Institute of Atomic Energy) has designed a superconducting cyclotron, which would produce a 230 MeV, 300 nA proton beam [1]. As the essential Part of Proton therapy, CYCIAE230 are in commissioning phase, including the cryogenic system and RF system as shown in Fig. 1. Meanwhile, the beamline and gantry are in construction. The specification of cyclotron is shown in Table 1. The treatment control system is needed for whole treatment. Scanning control system belongs to the treatment control system and is the core part to do the main process. So, a dedicated scanning control system is designed for the proton therapy facility. Detailed system design will be presented below. Table 1: Cyclotron Specifications \| Parameter \| Value \| \|----------------------------\|----------------\| \| Extraction energy \| >230MeV \| \| Extraction current \| >500nA \| \| Injection/Extraction field \| 2.35 T / 2.95 T\| \| RF frequency \| ~71.3 MHz \| \| RF voltage \| 70 kV/110 kV \| SCANNING CONTROL SYSTEM In the whole control system of proton therapy, scanning control take a important role. Whatever any scanning mode was used. Also there are complex interfaces with other subsystems. Scanning control system require the therapy data table to direct the scanning to target volume and the field feedback data to verify the scan process. Figure 2 shows the position of scanning control system in the whole control system, which is essential for proton therapy system. The device layer is mainly comprised of needed hardware for conventional process, which accept the control of relatively target front end. The lower layer is a safe related function that protects the patient against over-dose radiation. The central interlock system will act as a protector for treatment. The last layer is control layer. In this layer, scanning control system is the coordinator to arrange other subsystem to work together smoothly under the defined process. The interface to cyclotron is through the data exchange to cyclotron control system. Functionalities Fast dynamic scanning functional specification is as follows: Interface with accelerator control system to adjust the vertical deflector to stabilize the beam current. The repetition rate is about 1kHz, and the beam off time is lower than 50usec, intensity stability is lower than 5%. Scanning mode: step & shoot, continue scanning ‘TV’ or contours scanning, the two sweeper magnets should control the beam position up to 2cm/Ms. Scanning delivery function comes out that scanning control system dynamically operate the actuators according to the feedback data which involves the position and beam intensity. DESIGN OF AN ULTRAFAST STRIPLINE KICKER FOR BUNCH-BY-BUNCH FEEDBACK Jianxin Wang\textsuperscript{1,2}\# Longgang Yan\textsuperscript{1,2}, Peng Li, Dai Wu, Dexin Xiao \textsuperscript{1}Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China \textsuperscript{2}Graduate school of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, 100088, P. R. China Abstract The CAEP THz Free Electron Laser (CTFEL) will have a fast transverse bunch-by-bunch feedback system on its test beamline, which is used to correct the beam position differences of individual bunches with interval of about 2 ns. In this paper, we are proposing an ultrafast wideband stripline kicker, which is able to provide a kick to the bunch in a 2 ns time window. The structure design and simulation results of this kicker are also discussed. INTRODUCTION China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) has developed a terahertz free electron laser (CTFEL) facility with Peking University and Tsinghua University, which is the first high average power FEL user facility in China [1]. CTFEL is a kind of oscillator type FEL and mainly consists of a GaAs photocathode high-voltage DC gun, a 1.3 GHz 2x4-cell superconducting RF linac, a planar undulator and a quasi-concentric optical resonator. The first saturated lasing of CTFEL was obtained in 2017 [2]. Since then, CTFEL has realized stable operation and some user experiments have been done. The repetition rate of THz beams is 54.17 MHz and the THz frequency can be adjusted from 1.87 THz to 3.8 THz continuously. The average output power in macro pulse is more than 10 W and the peak power is beyond 0.5 MW [3]. Now, fast machine protection system is under developed and CW operation will be realized soon. Moreover, CTFEL is expected to upgrade to cover the THz band from 1 THz to 10 THz and greatly promote the development of THz science as well as many other cutting-edge fields in the future. The CTFEL will have a test beam line behind the 90 degree analysis magnet, a fast transverse intra-bunch train feedback system to stabilize the beam position will be developed. The time interval of the micro-pulse will set to be about 2ns. Several beam elements and diagnostics device will be installed in the test beam line. Figure 1 shows the location of the CTFEL diagnostics device. This paper gives an overview of the design and analysis of the strip-line kicker. A stripline kicker consists of two parallel electrodes housed in a conducting vacuum pipe: each of the electrodes is driven by an equal but opposite polarity pulse. The most technology challenges are the following: first, good power transmission by achieving good impedance matching to the electrical circuit; second, the excellent field homogeneity was need in the center region of the vacuum pipe. The stripline design has been carried out by using CST MICROWAVE STUDIO and CST EM STUDIO[4]. Figure 1: Location of CTFEL diagnostics device. \#firstname.lastname@example.org BEAM TRANSVERSE QUADRUPOLE OSCILLATION MEASUREMENT IN THE INJECTION STAGE FOR THE HLS-II STORAGE RING* F.F. Wu, B.G. Sun†, T.Y. Zhou‡, F.L. Gao, J.G. Wang, P. Lu, L.T. Huang, X. Y. Liu, J. H. Wei National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China Abstract Beam transverse quadrupole oscillation can be excited in the injection stage if injected beam parameters (twiss parameters or dispersion) are not matched with the parameters in the injection point of the storage ring. In order to measure the beam transverse quadrupole oscillation in the injection stage for the HLS-II storage ring, some axially symmetric stripline BPMs were designed. Transverse quadrupole component for these BPMs was simulated and off-line calibrated. Beam transverse quadrupole oscillation has been measured when beam was injected into the HLS-II electron storage ring. The spectrum of the transverse quadrupole component showed that beam transverse quadrupole oscillation is very obvious in the injection stage and this oscillation isn’t the second harmonic of beam betatron oscillation. The relationship between transverse quadrupole oscillation and beam current was also analyzed and the result shows that the relationship is not linear. INTRODUCTION When twiss parameters and dispersion of injected beam are not matched with injected point of storage ring, some oscillations can be excited [1, 2]. The most obvious oscillation is beam betatron (transverse dipole) oscillation, which can be used to measure betatron tune. In some machines, beam transverse quadrupole oscillation can also be excited in the injected stage. In the HLS-II electron storage ring, beam transverse quadrupole oscillation can be measured based stripline BPM in the injected stage. TRANSVERSE QUADRUPOLE OSCILLATION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM INTRODUCTION Axially symmetric stripline BPM was used to measure beam transverse quadrupole oscillation in the HLS-II electron storage ring. The cross-section of this stripline BPM is shown in Fig. 1. The stripline BPM should be offline calibrated before experiment. Simulation of beam positon and transverse quadrupole component can be as shown in reference 3. Offline calibration of beam position and transverse quadrupole component can be as shown in reference 4. Beam transverse quadrupole component can be obtained and is shown as follows: \[ \sigma_x^2 - \sigma_y^2 = \frac{1}{0.0011} \left( Q_{\Delta \Sigma} + 0.7870 - 0.0011x_0^2 + 0.0011y_0^2 - 0.0006x_0 - 0.0004y_0 \right) \] (1) $Q_{\Delta \Sigma}$ is the beam transverse quadrupole signal acquired by the difference/sum method and can be expressed as: \[ Q_{\Delta \Sigma} = \frac{V_R + V_L - V_T - V_B}{V_R + V_L + V_T + V_B} \] (2) $V_R, V_T, V_L, V_B$ are induced voltages on the right, top, left, bottom electrode. $Q_{\Delta \Sigma}$ can be obtained by BPM processor (Libera Brillianceplus). Beam position $(x, y)$ can be obtained based the equation (4) of the reference 4. So Beam transverse quadrupole component $(\sigma_x^2 - \sigma_y^2)$ can be finally obtained. The measurement system block diagram is shown in Fig. 2. In the injected stage, the stripline BPM electrode signals are processed by Libera Brillianceplus and the turn-by-turn data is obtained by Labview code (or Matlab code) of PC, then, the relationship between beam transverse quadrupole component $(\sigma_x^2 - \sigma_y^2)$ and injected turn number $n$ can be obtained. ![Figure 1: The cross-section of the stripline BPM.](image1) ![Figure 2: Measurement system block diagram for beam transverse quadrupole oscillation in the injected stage.](image2) EXPERIMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS The turn-by-turn data of beam position $(x, y)$ can be used to measure fractional part of machine tune $(\Delta \nu_x, \Delta \nu_y)$. When... EARLY COMMISSIONING OF THE LUMINOSITY DITHER SYSTEM FOR SuperKEKB* M. Masuzawa†, Y. Funakoshi, T. Kawamoto, S. Nakamura, T. Oki, M. Tobiyama, S. Uehara, R. Ueki, KEK. 305-0801 Tsukuba, Japan A. S. Fisher, M.K. Sullivan, D. Brown, SLAC, 94025 Menlo Park, CA, USA U. Wienands, ANL 60439 Argonne, IL, USA P. Bambade, S. Di Carlo, D. Jehanno, C. Pang, LAL, 91898, Orsay, France D.El Khechen, CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Abstract SuperKEKB is an electron–positron double ring collider that aims to achieve a peak luminosity of $8 \times 10^{35} \text{ cm}^{-2}\text{s}^{-1}$ by using what is known as the “nano-beam” scheme. A luminosity dither system is employed for collision orbit feedback in the horizontal plane. This paper reports the dither hardware and algorithm tests during the SuperKEKB Phase II luminosity run. INTRODUCTION The SuperKEKB collider [1] employs a luminosity dither system that is based on the collision feedback system previously used at SLAC for PEP-II [2, 3] for finding the horizontal offset at the interaction point (IP) that maximizes luminosity. The dithering feedback is different from that used for KEKB collision orbital feedback, where beam–beam deflection was used in both the vertical and horizontal planes. With the “nano-beam” scheme, the horizontal beam–beam parameters are much smaller than those at KEKB, and the detecting luminosity maximum orbit using beam–beam deflection is not as effective as KEKB. Therefore, a dithering method was introduced for SuperKEKB. A good collision condition is sought for by dithering the positron beam (LER), and once a good collision condition is found, it is maintained by an active orbital feedback, which moves the electron beam (HER) relative to the LER by creating a local bump at the IP. The dither system was tested with colliding beams for SuperKEKB Phase II commissioning. DITHERING SYSTEM Principle When an LER beam is dithered sinusoidally in the horizontal plane, where the relative offset of the LER and HER are $x_0$, the variation in luminosity $L$ is described as a function of the relative offset of the two beams $x$, as follows: $$L(x) = L_0 \exp\left(-\frac{x^2}{2\Sigma_x^2}\right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) where $$x = x_0 + \tilde{x} \cos \omega_x t$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) and $$\Sigma_x^2 = \sigma_{x+}^{* \text{eff}} + \sigma_{x-}^{* \text{eff}}$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) The parameters $\tilde{x}, \omega_x, \sigma_{x+}^{* \text{eff}},$ and $\sigma_{x-}^{* \text{eff}}$ represent the dithering amplitude, dithering frequency, effective horizontal LER, and HER beam size at the IP, respectively. The effective horizontal beam size is denoted as follows: $$\sigma_{x\pm}^{* \text{eff}} = \sigma_z \sin \phi_c$$ \hspace{1cm} (4) where $\phi_c$ and $\sigma_z$ are the half crossing angles of the two beams at the IP and bunch length, respectively. Figure 1 shows a conceptual drawing of the colliding beams at SuperKEKB. Expanding Eq. (1) for small offset $x_0$ and dither amplitude $\tilde{x}$, $L$ can be rewritten as follows: $$L(x) = L_0 \left(1 - \frac{x_0 \tilde{x}}{\Sigma_x^2} \cos \omega_x t - \frac{\tilde{x}^2}{2\Sigma_x^2} \cos^2 \omega_x t\right) \exp\left(-\frac{x_0^2}{2\Sigma_x^2}\right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (5) ![Figure 1: SuperKEKB colliding beams.](image) When the beam is dithered around the “center,” where luminosity peaks, luminosity drops on either side of the peak, giving a modulation at $2\omega$. When dithered off center, there is additional modulation at the fundamental, as indicated in Fig. 2. ![Figure 2: Luminosity dependence on the orbital offset between LER and HER at the IP.](image) OPTICAL INVESTIGATION TO MINIMIZE THE ELECTRON BUNCH ARRIVAL-TIME JITTER BETWEEN FEMTOSECOND LASER PULSES AND ELECTRON BUNCHES FOR LASER-DRIVEN PLASMA WAKEFIELD ACCELERATORS* S. Mattiello†, Andreas Penirschke, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Friedberg, Germany Holger Schlarb, DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract In a laser driven plasma based particle accelerators a stable synchronization of the electron bunch and of the plasma wakefield in the range of less than 2 fs is necessary in order to optimize the acceleration. For this purpose we are developing a new shot to shot feedback system with a time resolution of less than 1 fs. As a first step, stable THz pulses are generated by optical rectification of a fraction of the plasma generating high energy laser pulses in a nonlinear lithium niobate crystal. It is planned that the generated THz pulses will energy modulate the electron bunches shot to shot before the plasma to achieve the time resolution of 1 fs. In this contribution we systematically investigate the influence of the optical properties as well as the theoretical description of the THz generation on the conversion efficiency of the generation of short THz pulses, in undepleted approximation. We compare different approximations for the modeling of the generation dynamics and of the dielectric function in order to investigate the importance of a detailed description of the optical properties. First results by considering intensity decreasing of the laser pump will be presented. INTRODUCTION Particle accelerators are important tools for fundamental research as well for the industry and human life. In fact, they allow to achieve crucial new discoveries, e.g. the Higgs boson, to test and develop the standard model and to deeply understand the strong interaction and in particular the properties of the quark gluon plasma. On the other side, accelerators have several applications in material science, biology, medicine, industry and for security purposes and point-to-point communications. As examples we mention the systematic investigation of basic materials using ions beams in order to achieve new technologies, the repair of complex DNA lesions as well as cancer treatment, where the high-energy particle beams can be targeted to destroy tumors [1, 2]. The technology of standard accelerators is coming to its limit given by the physical-chemical properties of the material used for the construction as well as by the huge size of new accelerators and by the financial costs. Because of their extremely large accelerating electric fields, plasma-based particle accelerators driven by either lasers or particle beams allow to overcome these problems. In this method, known as plasma wakefield acceleration (PWA), the accelerating gradients in plasmas can be 3–4 orders of magnitude higher than in conventional accelerators [3]. The period of these fields is in the range of 10 fs to 100 fs so that for an optimization of the acceleration a stable synchronization of the electron bunch and of the plasma wakefield in the range of few femtoseconds is necessary. Consequently, the minimizing the electron bunch arrival-time jitter becomes a central point for the realization of these accelerators. We are planning a new shot to shot feedback system, which should be able to synchronize the electron bunch with the plasma exciting laser pulse with a time resolution of less than 1 fs. In a first step, stable Terahertz (THz) pulses should be performed by optical rectification (OR) of high energy laser pulses in a nonlinear crystal. These pulses allow an energy modulation in the modulator placed in a chicane of the electron bunch in order to achieve the required resolution. This paper focuses on the first step of the feedback system, i.e. the generation of THz pulses. For our purpose an efficient and stable generation of THz pulses is a challenging task. Consequently, the main focus is to maximize the conversion efficiency of the THz generation defined in term of the THz frequency component of the electric field as [4], \[ \eta = \frac{\pi \varepsilon_0 c \int_0^\infty d\Omega n(\Omega)\|E(\Omega, z)\|^2}{F_p}, \] (1) where $F_p$ and $\varepsilon_0$ indicate the pump fluence and the vacuum dielectric constant respectively. For optical rectification the selection of the nonlinear material is fundamental aspect. Because of its high nonlinear optic coefficient, lithium niobate (LiNbO₃, LN) is a suitable material for THz generation. The optical properties of the material and in particular the details of the adsorption of the THz radiation and material dispersion effects are important for the optimization of the efficiency. In this contribution we investigate the influence of the optical properties, where we focus on a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal (PPLN) [4]. The paper is organized as follows. First, we derive the general equations for the description of the THz generation and then we present the calculation of the optical properties of the material and the different approximations for the solution of the THz generation. Therefore we investigate in... FIRST ELECTRO-OPTICAL BUNCH LENGTH MEASUREMENTS AT THE EUROPEAN XFEL B. Steffen, M.K. Czwalina, Ch. Gerth, P. Peier†, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract Three electro-optical bunch length detection systems based on spectral decoding have been installed and are being commissioned at the European XFEL. The systems are capable of recording individual longitudinal bunch profiles with sub-picosecond resolution at a bunch repetition rate 1.13 MHz. Bunch lengths and arrival times of entire bunch trains with single-bunch resolution have been measured as well as jitter and drifts for consecutive bunch trains. In this paper, we present first measurement results for the electro-optical detection system located after the second bunch compressor. A preliminary comparison with data from the bunch arrival-time monitor shows good agreement. INTRODUCTION The accelerator for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (E-XFEL) delivers femtosecond electron bunches at an energy of up to 17 GeV at a repetition rate of up to 4.5 MHz in bursts of up to 2700 bunches every 100 ms. The electron bunches can be distributed between three undulator beamlines, and the generated femtosecond X-ray laser pulses at wavelengths between 0.05 nm and 6 nm can serve up to three user experiments in parallel [1]. Short electron bunches with a high peak current are needed to drive the SASE process in the magnetic undulators. To reach these short bunches, the initially long electron bunches created at the photocathode gun are compressed in three magnetic bunch compressor chicanes BC0, BC1 and BC2 downstream of the respective accelerating sections I0, L1 and L2 (see Table 1). Table 1: Design electron bunch lengths (rms) for different operation modes [2]. \| \| 130 MeV \| 700 MeV \| 2.4 GeV \| 17.5 GeV \| \|----------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\|----------\| \| 20 pC \| 4.5 ps \| 1.5 ps \| 190 fs \| 5 fs \| \| 100 pC \| 4.8 ps \| 1.6 ps \| 200 fs \| 12 fs \| \| 250 pC \| 5.3 ps \| 1.7 ps \| 220 fs \| 25 fs \| \| 500 pC \| 6.0 ps \| 2.0 ps \| 260 fs \| 43 fs \| \| 1 nC \| 6.8 ps \| 2.2 ps \| 300 fs \| 84 fs \| Various diagnostic devices have been installed along the accelerator to measure the longitudinal properties of the electron bunches. Transverse deflecting structures (TDS) have been installed in the injector [3] and downstream of BC2 at final bunch compression for the measurement of slice emittance, longitudinal phase space and longitudinal bunch profile. These properties can be measured for single electron bunches with high accuracy, since the electron bunches are streaked and imaged onto a screen. However, as a consequence, the bunch properties are degraded and these bunches are not delivered to the undulators but deflected by fast kicker magnets out of the bunch train into a dump upstream of the undulators. Electro-optical bunch length detection (EOD) [4] offers the possibility of measuring the longitudinal bunch profile and arrival time in a non-destructive manner with single bunch resolution for every bunch in the bunch train. Three EOD systems have been installed: One downstream of the injector linac I0 at 130 MeV, one downstream of BC0 (and L1) and one downstream of BC1 at a beam energy of 700 MeV. An EOD system was not foreseen downstream of BC2 due to the limited time resolution. Bunch arrival time monitors (BAM) [5] have been installed downstream of the injector linac and after each of the bunch compressors BC0, BC1 and BC2. The BAMs measure the arrival time of individual electron bunches with femtosecond precision relative to an optical reference system and can be used for a feedback on the RF of the accelerating modules to stabilize the arrival time which is critical in pump-probe user experiments. ELECTRO-OPTICAL BUNCH LENGTH DETECTION Electro-optically active crystals like gallium phosphide (GaP) become birefringent in the presence of an electric field. The electro-optical detection techniques use this effect to transfer the temporal profile of fast changing electric fields by sampling the change in birefringence with laser pulses. Afterwards, the modulated temporal profile of the laser pulse can be analyzed with classical laser techniques. Several different electro-optical detection techniques have been established for single-shot bunch length measurements at different electron accelerators in the past decade, among them: 5. Longitudinal diagnostic and synchronization THE APPLICATION OF BEAM ARRIVAL TIME MEASUREMENT AT SXFEL S. S. Cao1,2, R. X. Yuan1, J. Chen1,2, Y. B. Leng1 1 Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, CAS, Jiading campus, Shanghai 201808, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China Abstract The Shanghai soft X-ray free electron laser (SXFEL) is able to generate high brightness and ultra-short light pulses. The generation of the light sources relies on the synchronization between seed laser and electron bunch. Beam arrival time plays an important role to keep the synchronization. For the SXFEL, a beam arrival time resolution under 100 fs is required. In this paper, the application of beam arrival time measurement scheme at SXFEL has been presented. Especially, a two-cavities mixing scheme to measure the beam flight time or pseudo beam arrival time has been proposed and compared with the typical RF phase detection scheme. The experiment results of the two schemes based on the dual-cavities BAM have also been discussed. INTRODUCTION The Shanghai Soft X-ray Free-Electron laser facility (SXFEL) is under commissioning now [1]. Figure 1 shows the layout of the SXFEL-TF. The main parameters of SXFEL-TF is shown in Table 1. Table 1: Main Parameters of SXFEL-TF \| Parameter \| Value \| Unit \| \|--------------------\|---------\|------\| \| Beam energy \| 0.84 \| GeV \| \| Beam charge \| 0.5 \| nC \| \| Bunch length \| ~0.5 \| ps \| \| Pulse repetition rate \| 10 \| Hz \| \| Peak current \| ~ 0.5 \| A \| For the FEL facility, its operation relies on the precise synchronization between the electron bunches and the seed laser pulses in three-dimensional space. Its longitudinal position can be measured by a beam arrival time monitor. The measured beam arrival time can be applied for feedback to adjust the timing of seed laser and also to reduce the timing jitter of accelerator. And the beam arrival time can be used to correct for timing drifts from the accelerator to the experiments [2]. Currently, there are typically two schemes to measure the beam arrival time, electron-optical detection scheme and RF cavity detection scheme. Although the electron-optics detection scheme can acquire better performance, its biggest limitation is its great complexity and quite expensive. In contrast, the RF cavity based detection scheme is simple and inexpensive. In addition, its best resolution can be better than 13 fs. This paper will focus on the discussion of the RF-phase detection scheme. In detail, the scheme selection, dual-cavities design, fabrication, installation, and beam arrival time experiment as well as beam flight time experiment have been presented. BEAM ARRIVAL TIME MEASUREMENT SCHEME The typical RF cavity phase detection scheme is quite mature. Several FEL facility have conducted the research of beam arrival time with this scheme, such as LCLS [3], SACLA [4], PAL-XFEL [5]. Figure 2 gives the diagram of a typical RF cavity based phase detection scheme. Figure 2: Diagram of a typical RF cavity based phase detection. The typical BAM system consists of a narrow-band beam arrival time monitor, a reference signal, an RF front-end electronics, a signal acquisition system, and a phase processing/correction system. When an electron bunch passing through the BAM, a variety of electro-magnetic field modes will be excited. Typically, the strongest mode is TM010, a centro-symmetrical mode, whose signal strength is generally proportional to the bunch charge while independent of bunch offset within a paraxial approximation. However, single arrival time phase is meaningless, only when it is relative to a reference time. The two signals, a cavity signal and a reference signal, then be mixed to an intermediate frequency (IF). The beam arrival time can finally be evaluated via a signal acquisition system and phase processing system. However, its limitation is requiring a reference signal with high phase stability. Normally, the reference signal needs to be transmitted over a long disNEW BEAM LOSS DETECTOR SYSTEM FOR EBS-ESRF L. Torino, K.B. Scheidt, ESRF, 38000 Grenoble, France Abstract In view of the construction and the commissioning of the new Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS) ring, a new Beam Loss Detector (BLDs) system has been developed, installed and tested in the present European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) storage ring. The new BLD system is composed of 128 compact PMT-scintillator based BLDs, distributed evenly and symmetrically at 4 BLDs per cell, controlled and read out by 32 Libera Beam Loss Monitors (BLMs). The detectors fast response and the versatility of the read-out electronics allow to measure fast losses with an almost bunch-by-bunch resolution, as well as integrated losses useful during the machine operation. In this paper the different acquisition modes will be explained and results obtained during injection and normal operation will be presented. INTRODUCTION Beam Loss Detectors (BLDs) are an important part of the accelerators diagnostics. They are used during normal operation to identify and locate partial beam losses that may be caused by the malfunctioning of various devices, vacuum leaks, unexpected obstacles, misalignment, and so on. BLDs may be even more relevant during machine commissioning where this kind of problems are recurrent [1]. The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) is a 6 GeV light source, operating in Grenoble for more than 20 years. The facility will undergo through a major update, leading to the new Extreme Brilliant Source (EBS), in which a lower emittance will guarantee a brighter and more coherent x-ray beam [2,3]. The ESRF dismantling phase will start at the very end of 2018, and the commissioning is expected to take place between the end of 2019 and mid 2020. Since the ESRF storage ring will still be operational until December 2018, several sub-systems which will be later used in EBS, such as the BLD system, are already under test. The opportunity of having and testing the BLD system on the current machine will not only be a great help for the EBS commissioning, but will also allow to compare levels and loss distributions of the two machines. NEEDS FOR THE NEW BLD SYSTEM In order to fulfill the requirement for EBS, the new BLD system has to be able to detect both “slow” and “fast” losses [1]. This capability depends on the system dynamic range and bandwidth. Slow losses are unavoidable and are the one that determine the beam lifetime. They are usually confined in some hotspots and are due to the presence of collimators, scraper, septa, or other aperture limits. They also depend on the beam size and the population of the buckets, which lead to a deterioration of the Touschek lifetime. The typical time scale for slow losses is in the order of the second. Fast losses are instead related with accidental effect, or some traumatic events such as perturbation due to injection. These losses can be distributed all around the machine, and can be visible on the single bunch or the single turn time scale. Another constrain for the new BLD system is the limited amount of space in the EBS machine. For this reason new detectors have to be compact. These requirements lead to the choice of PMT-scintillator based detectors, read out by a commercial Libera Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) unit [4]. BEAM LOSS DETECTOR SYSTEM Detector A scintillator-PMT based detector has been chosen for the new BLD system [5]. The BLD has to detect losses generated by the 6 GeV electron beam. When a high-energy electron is lost, it crashes on the vacuum chamber and creates an electromagnetic shower composed by electrons, positrons, and γ-rays. In order to detect showers, a suitable plastic scintillator can be used to convert the energy deposited by particles into visible light, which can then be detected by a commercial PMT. The scintillator chosen is a EJ-200 rod (100 mm length, 22 mm diameter), wrapped in reflective foil to minimize the light losses. The maximum emission wavelength is 425 nm [6]. The selected PMT is a Hamamatsu H10721-110, with a cathode sensitivity centered in the scintillator emission wavelength, and a 8 mm diameter active area. The PMT requires to be powered by 5 V, and has a 0-1 V control gain [7]. The PMT-scintillator system is enclosed in a metallic casing, and an electronic card has been designed to optimize PMT power supply, gain, and signal connections. The metallic casing is also sealed to provide a first ambient-light isolation. Figure 1 presents a model of the detector. Figure 1: Model of the PMT-scintillator system without and with the metallic casing. RadFET DOSE MONITOR SYSTEM FOR SOLEIL N. Hubert†, F. Dohou, D. Pédeau, Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Saint-Aubin, France Abstract SOLEIL is currently testing new dose measurement monitors based on RadFET transistors. This new monitor at SOLEIL will provide a measurement of the dose received by equipment that are damaged by the radiations in the storage ring, in order to anticipate their replacement. This monitor should be very compact to be placed in tiny areas, sensitive to all kind of radiation and low cost to install many of them around the ring. A readout electronic module is being developed in-house, and a first prototype has been built and installed on the machine. Description of the system and first results recorded on the machine are presented here. INTRODUCTION After more than ten years of operation, SOLEIL pieces of equipment in the storage ring are damaged by radiations. The damage level is strongly dependent on the tunnel localization [1]. In order to have a better knowledge of the deposited dose, and to anticipate the replacement of the equipment, a dose monitor system has to be deployed around the storage ring. This system must: - Have a compact sensor that can be installed as close as possible to the equipment, and sometimes in tiny areas. - Be sensitive to all kind of radiation, including X-rays since we know that in some particular locations X-rays are responsible of damages. - Be low cost to be able to deploy a large number of sensors around the ring. RadFET sensors, which have already been used with success by the accelerator community [2, 3], fit those specifications. SOLEIL has tested one kind of RadFET during the last months. A dedicated multiplexed electronics has been designed to periodically and automatically read the dose measurements. RADFET SENSORS Description RadFET are Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET), optimized for radiation sensitivity. When ionizing radiations go through the gate oxide layer, they generate pairs of electron-hole, leading to a permanent modification of the layer with trapped positive charges (Fig. 1). As a consequence, the threshold voltage of the transistor is modified. The voltage shift depends on the amount of radiation that hits the device. By measuring the threshold voltage shift (forcing a fixed DC current in the device), the dose received by the RadFET can then be deduced. RadFETs are sensitive to all kinds of radiations (X-rays, gamma, electrons...). They give a measure of the total integrated dose received. ![Figure 1: RadFET schematics (source Tyndall).](image) RadFETs used at SOLEIL are provided by Tyndall Works and manufactured by Tyndall National Institute in Ireland [4]. The TY1004 chip embeds two identical RadFETs with a gate oxide thickness of 400 nm. The active area (gate oxide surface) is very small: 300 µm by 50 µm. Calibration RadFETs TY1004 are given for a measurement range from 1 rd to 100 krd (1 cGy to 1 kGy). Since their response is non-linear with the deposited dose, calibration curves are provided by the manufacturer to retrieve the dose value from the measured voltage shift ΔV according to the following formula: \[ \Delta V = A Dose^B \] The A and B coefficients are obtained exposing one RADFET to discrete dose values using a Co60 source (see Fig. 2). It is then assumed that all RADFETs of a same batch follow the same calibration curve. ![Figure 2: Calibration curve for dose range 0 – 100 krd / 1 kGy (Source: Tyndall).](image) A and B coefficients are not constant over the full measurement range. This is why a set of coefficients is given depending on the dose range (Table 1). † email@example.com THE EUROPEAN XFEL BEAM LOSS MONITOR SYSTEM T. Wamsat, T. Lensch Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract The European XFEL MTCA based Beam Loss Monitor System (BLM) is composed of about 470 monitors, which are part of the Machine Protection System (MPS). The BLMs detect losses of the electron beam, in order to protect accelerator components from damage and excessive activation, in particular the undulators, since they are made of permanent magnets. Also each cold accelerating module is equipped with a BLM to measure the sudden onset of field emission (dark current) in cavities. In addition some BLMs are used as detectors for wire-scanners. Experience from the already running BLM system in FLASH2 which is developed for XFEL and tested here, led to a fast implementation of the system in the XFEL. Further firmware and server developments related to alarm generation and handling are ongoing. The BLM systems structure, the current status and the different possibilities to trigger alarms which stop the electron beam will be presented. INTRODUCTION The Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) system at the European XFEL is the main system to detect losses of the electron beam, thus to protect the machine hardware from radiation damage in particular the permanent magnets of the undulators. As part of the Machine Protection System (MPS) [1] the BLM system delivers a signal which stops the electron beam as fast as possible in case the losses get too high. In addition, there are Beam Halo Monitors (BHM) [2] in front of the beam dumps using the same digital backend as the BLM electronics. Figure 1: Section overview of the European XFEL accelerator [3]. About 470 BLMs are installed along the XFEL Linac which schematically is shown in Fig. 1. The BLMs are positioned at locations near the beamline, where losses can be expected or where sensitive components are installed, thus most of the BLMs are installed in the undulator area (see Table 1). Since even a big number of BLMs cannot provide a complete survey of losses, there is also a toroid based Beam Current Monitor system [4] installed, which provides transmission interlock system to stop the beam if too much charge gets lost along the machine. Also each superconducting accelerating module is equipped with one BLM at the end to detect the field emission produced by cavities (Correlation work still ongoing, no paper available yet). Table 1: BLM Distribution \| Section \| # \| \|------------------\|-----\| \| I1, BC0 \| 24 \| \| BC1 \| 18 \| \| BC2 \| 23 \| \| L1, L2, L3 (field emission) \| 98 \| \| CL, TL \| 71 \| \| S1, T4 \| 80 \| \| S3 \| 48 \| \| T4D \| 10 \| \| S2, T3 \| 80 \| \| U1, T5, U2, T5D \| 20 \| Some selected BLMs are also used as additional detectors for wire scans [5]. SYSTEM OVERVIEW The hardware consists of the BLM devices, a dedicated Rear Transition Module (RTM) in combination with the DESY Advanced Mezzanine Card DAMC2. Furthermore a MPS card is required for alarm output collection. Figure 2: BLM system scheme. The BLM includes either an EJ-200 plastic scintillator or a SQ1 quartz glass rod. The latter are used mainly in the undulator intersection. In contrast to scintillators, that are also sensitive to hard x-rays, the Quartz rods work with Cherenkov effect, that is sensitive to particle loss only. The high voltage for the photomultiplier (PMT) is generated within the BLM, so no high voltage cables are needed (see Fig. 2), just a CAT 7 cable with RJ-45 connectors is used. A LED can be switched on within the REVIEW OF RECENT STATUS OF CODED APERTURE X-RAY MONITORS FOR BEAM SIZE MEASUREMENT J.W. Flanagan\textsuperscript{1}, High Energy Accelerator Research Org., KEK, 305-0801 Tsukuba, Japan \textsuperscript{1}also at the Graduate University for Advanced Science, SOKENDAI, 305-0801 Tsukuba, Japan Abstract X-ray beam profile monitors based on coded aperture imaging use an array of pinholes or slits to achieve large open apertures, which provide improved photon collection efficiency over single pinholes or slits. The resulting improvement in photon statistics makes possible single-bunch, single-turn measurements at lower bunch currents than are possible with a single pinhole or slit. In addition, the coded aperture pattern provides extra information for beam profile reconstruction, which makes possible somewhat improved resolution, as compared to a single slit. The reconstruction algorithm for coded aperture imaging is more complicated and computing-intensive than that for a single slit, though with certain classes of coded apertures a faster reconstruction method is possible. This paper will provide a survey of efforts to use coded aperture imaging for beam profile diagnostics at accelerators to date, covering principles and practical experiences with the technique, as well as prospects for the future at SuperKEKB, where it forms the primary means of measuring vertical beam sizes. INTRODUCTION Coded aperture imaging is a form of wide-aperture imaging with roots in x-ray astronomy. This paper will start with reviews of wide-aperture imaging in x-ray astronomy, including coded aperture telescopes. This will be followed by a review of the principles of coded aperture imaging. Finally, there will be a discussion of experiences at Diamond Light Source, CesarTA, ATF2 and SuperKEKB, and a summary. WIDE-APERTURE IMAGING IN X-RAY ASTRONOMY The existence of x-rays coming from outside the solar system was first discovered in 1962, using non-imaging detectors [1]. This gave birth to the field of x-ray astronomy, for which Riccardo Giacconi later received the Nobel Prize. Due to the attenuation of x-rays in the atmosphere, x-ray telescopes need to be placed on rockets, high-altitude balloons, or satellites. The first fully imaging x-ray satellite dedicated to extra-solar astronomy was the HEAO-B (Einstein) satellite, which operated from 1978 to 1982 [2]. Imaging was accomplished via grazing-incidence mirrors. To increase the light collection efficiency (open aperture), a set of 4 nested mirrors was used. This worked for x-rays up to 8 keV. This basic approach has evolved over the years, with ever-increasing numbers of nested mirrors employed. For example, the NuSTAR satellite [3] employs 133 nested mirrors. In addition, it employs multi-layers on the surface of the mirrors, made up of alternating layers of high- and low-index of refraction materials. The multi-layers enhance reflectivity through constructive interference at higher x-ray energies, giving the satellite a usable spectral range of 3-79 keV, limited by the optics. Another approach used for x-ray and gamma-ray astronomy is coded aperture (CA) imaging, which will be discussed in the next section. An example of a CA-based x-ray telescope is the balloon-borne protoMIRAX experiment [4], which used a rectangular mask pattern of apertures to modulate the incoming x-rays. Advantages of CAs over reflective optics include wider angular and spectral acceptances (spectral acceptance being determined primarily by detector efficiency rather than optics), and a shorter required distance between optics and detector -- the NuSTAR satellite for example, requires 10 m separation between optics and detectors to focus at 79 keV (due to the required shallowness of the grazing incidence angle), while protoMIRAX reaches up to 200 keV in a much more compact package. PRINCIPLES OF CODED APERTURE IMAGING CA imaging is a technique developed by x-ray astronomers, gamma-ray astronomers and others using a mask made up of multiple apertures to modulate incoming light. The resulting image must be deconvolved through the mask response to reconstruct the object. The primary advantage of a CA mask over a single pinhole is increased light-collection efficiency, with typical CA masks in use having open apertures of around 50%. X-ray astronomer R.H. Dicke proposed to use multiple pinholes to increase photon-collection efficiency [5]. He proposed a randomly-spaced arrangement of pinholes. Such an arrangement produces a complicated detector image, that can be recovered by deconvolution by cross-correlation with the original mask image. In principle, however, any set of multiple apertures can be considered a “coded aperture.” Prior to Dicke (and prior to the advent of x-ray astronomy), the use of Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) had been proposed [6]. If an FZP is detuned so as not to act like a lens, then it provides a uniformly spaced set of aperture widths and spacings, for uniform spatial resolution over a range of sizes. A notable class of coded aperture is Uniformly Redundant Arrays (URAs) [7, 8]. URAs are made up of a pseudo-random arrangement of apertures, designed to have the A SIMPLE MODEL TO DESCRIBE SMOKE RING SHAPED BEAM PROFILE MEASUREMENTS WITH SCINTILLATING SCREENS AT THE EUROPEAN XFEL G. Kube, S. Liu, A. Novokshonov, M. Scholz, DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract Standard beam profile measurements of high-brightness electron beams based on optical transition radiation (OTR) may be hampered by coherence effects induced by the microbunching instability which render a direct beam imaging impossible. For the European XFEL it was therefore decided to measure transverse beam profiles based on scintillating screen monitors using LYSO:Ce as scintillator material. While it is possible to resolve beam sizes down to a few micrometers with this kind of scintillator, the experience during the commissioning of the XFEL showed that the measured emittance values were significantly larger than the expected ones. In addition, beam profiles measured at bunch charges of a few hundreds of pico-Coulomb show a ‘smoke ring’ shaped structure. While coherent OTR emission and beam dynamical influence can be excluded to explain this observation, it is assumed that the beam profile distortions are caused by effects from the scintillator material. A simple model is presented which takes into account quenching effects of excitonic carriers inside a scintillator in a heuristic way. Based on this model, the observed beam profiles can be understood qualitatively. Together with the model description, first comparisons with experimental results are presented. INTRODUCTION Transverse beam profile diagnostics in electron linacs is widely based on optical transition radiation (OTR) as standard technique which is observed in backward direction when a charged particle beam crosses the boundary between two media with different dielectric properties. Unfortunately, microbunching instabilities in high–brightness electron beams of modern linac–driven free–electron lasers (FELs) can lead to coherence effects in the emission of OTR, thus rendering it impossible to obtain a direct image of the particle beam and compromising the use of OTR monitors as reliable diagnostics for transverse beam profiles. The observation of coherent OTR (COTR) has been reported by several facilities (see e.g. Ref. [1]), and in the meantime the effect of the microbunching instability is well understood [2]. For the European XFEL it was therefore decided to use scintillation screen monitors because the light emission in a scintillator is a multistage stochastic process from many atoms which is completely insensitive to the longitudinal bunch structure. In a series of test measurements performed in the past few years, the applicability of inorganic scintillators for high resolution electron beam profile measurements was investigated [3, 4]. Most notably, the dependency of the resolution on the scintillator material and on the observation geometry was studied with respect to resolve beam profiles in the order of several tens of micrometers, and it was concluded that LYSO (Lu$_{2(1-x)}$Y$_{2x}$SiO$_5$:Ce) is a suitable material because it gives the best spatial resolution. Based on these measurements, screen monitor stations were designed for the European XFEL using 200 µm thick LYSO screens [5]. In a high resolution beam profile measurement using an XFEL–type screen it was demonstrated that it is possible to resolve a vertical beam size of $\sigma_y = 1.44 \mu m$ [6]. However, the experience during the commissioning of the XFEL showed that the measured emittance values were significantly larger than the expected ones [7, 8]. In addition, beam profiles measured at bunch charges of a few hundreds of pico-Coulomb show a ‘smoke ring’ shaped structure, see e.g. Fig. 1. While the contribution of COTR emission from the scintillator surface, beam dynamical influence, and camera effects could be excluded to explain this observation, it is assumed that the beam profile distortions are caused by effects from the scintillator material. In the following a simple model is described which takes into account quenching effects of excitonic carriers inside a scintillator in a heuristic way. Based on this model, the observed beam profiles can be understood qualitatively. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS Degradation effects in scintillator based beam profile measurements are reported in a number of publications, see e.g. Refs. [9–13]. The scintillator influence is mainly interpreted as saturation of the measured profiles, caused e.g. by full excitation of the luminescent centers in some regions inside the scintillator. While inspecting Fig. 1 it is obvious that the XFEL observations cannot simply be described by a saturation effect which would result in a flattening of the measured beam profiles. It rather leads to the conclusion Figure 1: (a) Typical smoke ring shaped beam profile as measured with an XFEL screen monitor based on a 200 µm thick LYSO screen. (b) Various horizontal cuts through the 2D–profile demonstrate the intensity drop in the central part of the beam spot. SPACE CHARGE EFFECTS STUDIES FOR THE ESS COLD LINAC BEAM PROFILER F. Belloni†, F. Benedetti, J. Marroncle, P. Abbon, G. Coulloux, F. Gougnaud, C. Lahonde-Hamdoun, P. Le Bourlout, Y. Mariette, J. P. Mols, V. Nadot, L. Scola, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France C. Thomas, ESS, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Abstract Five Ionisation Profile Monitors are being built by CEA in the framework of the in-kind contribution agreement signed with ESS. The IPMs will be installed in the Cold Linac where the proton energy range they need to cover extends from 90 MeV to 2 GeV. The ESS fields intensity of $1.1 \times 10^9$ protons/bunch delivered at a frequency of 352 or 704 MHz, with a duty cycle of 4%, may strongly affect the trajectories of the ionised molecules and electrons created by the passage of the beam through the residual gas. In order to quantify and to develop a correction algorithm for these space charge effects, a code was initiated at ESS and completed at CEA Saclay with the possibility to include real case electric fields calculated with Comsol Multiphysics. A general overview of the code and its preliminary results are presented here. INTRODUCTION The first proton beam at the European Spallation Source (ESS), in construction at Lund (Sweden) is expected by 2019. A perfect beam alignment and focusing are necessary to prevent beam losses and the resulting activation of the accelerator and pipes. Transversal beam profile monitors are therefore among the diagnostics needed by the accelerator. ESS proton fields are too intense for interceptive monitors, causing material vaporization and radiation damage. Non invasive monitors are the only option for monitoring the ESS transversal beam profile. NPMs (Non-Interceptive Profile Monitors) can rely on ionisation (IPMs) or on fluorescence emission (FPMs). The two processes have different cross sections at different energies, the latter being less likely at high proton energies than the former. The Cold Linac, where the pressure is expected to be below $10^{-9}$ mbar, will be therefore equipped with 5 NPMs of IPM type: one in the Spoke section (protons in the 90 MeV – 216 MeV energy range), 3 in the Medium $\beta$ section (216 MeV – 571 MeV) and one in the High $\beta$ section (571 MeV – 2 GeV). Every NPM will be installed in a chamber in-between the cryomodules and is composed of two IPMs set at 90° with respect to each other, and each one measuring one transversal beam profile. Physically, an ESS-IPM is a cube missing two opposite walls. Out of the four remaining walls, two opposite ones are metallized to be used as electrodes for imposing an electric field in the cage and the other two are in insulating material but equipped with resistors to make the field as more uniform as possible. The proton beam enters the cage through one missing wall and exits from the other missing one. SPACE CHARGE EFFECTS The effects of space charge are twofold: they affect the charged particle beam itself and any other charge in its proximity. Our focus is on this second aspect. A charge generated at rest between two parallel plates kept at different voltages drifts towards the electrodes travelling parallel to the electric field lines. In an ideal case of perfectly uniform electric field, the point where the charge meets the plate will simply be the projection of its initial position on the electrode. In IPMs, charges are created via gas ionisation and the beam profile is reconstructed this way. But the presence of a charged particle beam, necessary to create ionisation charges, induces an electromagnetic field which modifies the trajectories of the electrons and of the ionised gas molecules and thus introduces a shift between the point where they should have ideally meet the electrode and the point where they really reach it. The measured beam profile therefore will differ from the real one by an amount which depends on the beam intensity, the beam size, the beam energy and the strength of the electric field applied between the electrodes. CODE TO QUANTIFY THE SPACE CHARGE EFFECTS ESS Core The core of the code was written in MATLAB at ESS [1] and translated in C++ at CEA Saclay. Its mathematics is based on [2]. Briefly, let’s consider the reference frames K and K, with cartesian axis respectively x,y,z and x,y and z. K is the laboratory system where a Gaussian bunch with total charge $Q_b$ is moving with speed $v_b$ along the z axis, while K is the reference frame co-moving with the bunch. The charge density of the bunch in the co-moving frame is given in Eq. (1) $$\rho(\bar{x}, \bar{y}, \bar{z}) = \frac{Q_b}{(2\pi)^{3/2} \sigma_x \sigma_y \sigma_z} \exp\left(-\frac{\bar{x}^2}{2\sigma_x^2}\right) \exp\left(-\frac{\bar{y}^2}{2\sigma_y^2}\right) \exp\left(-\frac{\bar{z}^2}{2\sigma_z^2}\right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) A MicroTCA.4 TIMING RECEIVER FOR THE SIRIUS TIMING SYSTEM J. L. N. Brito, S. R. Marques, D. O. Tavares, L. M. Russo, G. B. M. Bruno, LNLS, Campinas, Brazil Abstract The AMC FMC carrier (AFC) is a MicroTCA.4 AMC board which has a very flexible clock circuit that enables any clock source to be connected to any clock input, including telecom clock, FMC clocks, programmable VCXO oscillator and FPGA. This paper presents the use of the AFC board as an event receiver connected to the Sirius timing system to provide low jitter synchronized clocks and triggers for Sirius BPM electronics and other devices. INTRODUCTION Sirius is a 4th generation synchrotron light source based on a 5BA magnetic lattice, currently under construction in Brazil by LNLS [1]. The machine, designed to achieve a beam emittance of 0.25 nm·rad and scheduled for commissioning at the end of 2018 [2], consists of a 150 MeV Linac, a 150 MeV to 3 GeV booster and a 3 GeV storage ring with 518 meters circumference and 20 straight sections. Both booster and storage ring RF frequency is 499.658 MHz and the Linac will inject in single or multi-bunch mode at 2 Hz. Sirius timing system [3] is a star topology optical fiber network where an event generator (EVG) broadcasts event frames to the event receivers. An event frame decoded by an event receiver can generate clock and trigger signals synchronized to the Sirius RF frequency for the beam injection process and other subsystems such as electron BPMs. The system is composed of Ethernet-configured standalone modules developed by SINAP through a collaboration with LNLS and remotely controlled by an EPICS soft IOC designed by LNLS [4]. The Sirius BPM and orbit feedback systems were developed as an open-source hardware platform [5] based on MicroTCA.4 crates, AMC and FMC modules, 1 Gigabit Ethernet and PCI Express connectivity. The digital back-end of these systems is the AMC FMC carrier (AFC) [6], a MicroTCA.4 AMC board partially based on Simple PCIe FMC carrier (SPEC) [7] design. Thanks to the flexible clock circuits, the trigger and clock distribution options and the digital interfaces available in the AFC board, the same hardware platform was used to develop a timing receiver board to provide triggers and synchronized clocks for Sirius BPM electronics and other devices, upgrading the MicroTCA clock distribution board developed 3 years ago [3]. From now on, the timing receiver board shall be referred to as AFC timing. HARDWARE This section presents the AFC board focused on timing applications and the interface boards FMC 5 POF and MicroTCA RTM 8 SFP+. AFC The AFC board was specified by LNLS and designed by WUT (Warsaw University of Technology) as a double-width AMC card with 2 fully populated high-pin count FMC mezzanine slots, 8 multigigabit links routed to the MicroTCA Rear Transition Module (uRTM) connector, 8 M-LVDS trigger and 2 clock lines available through the AMC backplane connector, connectivity to PCIe at Fat Pipe 1 (x4 link), redundant 1 Gb Ethernet ports, full hardware support for the White Rabbit [8] timing system and provision for standalone operation. It has a Xilinx Artix-7 200T FFG1156 FPGA and the available clocking resources are: (I) a clock switch (Analog Devices ADN4604) allowing routing of MicroTCA.4 low-jitter clocks to any of the FMC slots or the AMC connector, (II) a 10-280 MHz LC programmable VCXO oscillator (Silicon Labs Si571, 571BJC000121G), (III) a 25 MHz VCTCXO (Mercury VM53S3-25.000) connected to a frequency synthesizer (Texas Instruments CDCM61004) configured to 125 MHz, (IV) a 20 MHz VCXO (IQD VCX0026156) and (V) 3 DACs (Analog Devices AD5662) for oscillators control. Once inside a MicroTCA crate, an AFC timing board outputs triggers and a low-jitter synchronized clock to the other AFC boards running in the same crate through the MicroTCA crate backplane. This clock will be used as a reference clock to the BPM electronics ADCs. Figure 1: AFC board with two FMC 5 POF mounted. FMC 5 POF The FMC 5 POF board [9] has 5 plastic optical fiber (POF) transceivers mapping the same number of trigger lines from the FPGA through a FMC connector on the AFC board. As the input and output transceivers are different components with the same footprint, the board can be manufactured with up to 5 POF inputs or outputs. In Sirius timing system, it will output synchronized triggers for varied devices. RECENT PROGRESS OF BUNCH RESOLVED BEAM DIAGNOSTICS FOR BESSY VSR J.-G. Hwang †, G. Schiwietz ‡, M. Koopmans, T. Atkinson, A. Schälicke, P. Goslawski, T. Mertens, M. Ries, A. Jankowiak Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Berlin, Germany Abstract BESSY VSR is an upgrade project of the existing storage ring BESSY II to create long and short photon pulses simultaneously for all beam lines by installing additional superconducting cavities with harmonic frequencies of 1.5 GHz and 1.75 GHz. The storage-ring operation will be influenced by a transient beam-loading effect of all cavities and by the complex filling pattern due to the disparity in the current of long and short bunches. This, in turn, could introduce a variation of beam trajectory, transverse profile, and length for the different bunches. This stimulates the development of bunch-resolved monitors for bunch length, beam size, filling pattern and beam trajectory displacement. In this paper, we show new developments of crucial beam diagnostics including measurements of the bunch-resolved temporal profile with a resolution of less than 1 ps FWHM and bunch-resolved profile with a resolution of less than 10 μm rms. The upgrade of the booster beam-diagnostics will be discussed as well. INTRODUCTION The BESSY Variable-pulse-length Storage Ring (BESSY VSR) project was launched at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin to provide the capability of user accessible picosecond pulses at a high repetition rate, up to 250 MHz [1, 2]. The installation of additional harmonic-frequency superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities generates a beating of the voltages of two SRF systems, thereby creating alternating buckets for long and short bunches [3]. BESSY VSR preserves the present average brilliance of BESSY II by filling more beam current in the long bunch buckets since the short bunch buckets have relatively low bunch charge to avoid the longitudinal microwave instability that occurs above a certain threshold current. This results in the disparity in 6-D phase space particle distribution such as spatial distribution, angular spread, and energy spread. The implementation of the 1.5 GHz and 1.75 GHz SRF cavities for BESSY VSR enhances a relative phase shift along multi-bunch train due to combined effects of a transient beam-loading in the cavities and complex filling pattern. The relative phase shift can cause a variation of beam trajectory, transverse profile, and length for the different bunches. This stimulates the development of bunch-resolved monitors for transverse and longitudinal electron distribution, relative arrival phase, filling pattern and central beam trajectory. We are in the process of carefully evaluating and define all feasible monitors for BESSY VSR [4]. BEAM DIAGNOSTICS PLATFORM REFURBISHMENT Due to confined space of our present beam diagnostics platform and the installation of a new cryogenic system for BESSY VSR cryomodule near the platform in section 3 of BESSY II, we need to move diagnostics to a new platform in the section 12 of the ring. Several modifications are requested for the new platform, as shown in Fig. 1. The main modifications are the installation of the dedicated hutch for keeping a clean environment and constant temperature, and preparation of the second optical beam line for separating the ports of the profile monitor and bunch length monitor, respectively. The third beam line for THz-based diagnostics will be also prepared inside the accelerator bunker. During summer machine shutdown, the extension of the stage and preparation of new optical beam line such as drilling a hole into the accelerator bunker was conducted. The installation of the hutch is scheduled for next year for a smooth transition will allow time for commissioning of all devices at the new platform. Figure 1: Schematic layout of new optical beam diagnostics platform for BESSY VSR with two beam lines and three separated optical tables. In addition, we are putting in a great deal of effort into the evaluation and optimization of the optical transport system for timing experiments, which consists of a elliptical mirror with a hexapod 6-axis stage and toroidal mirror with a degree of freedom in angles. Based on a ray-tracing simulation and experimental results, we hope to improve the light output and the position sensitivity with less timing distortion. We are also preparing the isolation of optical tables from ambient vibration sources such as cryogenic compressors, vacuum THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF DELAY MEASUREMENT OF THE NEW PHASE STABLE OPTICAL FIBER Jiaji Liu†, Xinpeng Ma, Guoxi Pei, Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Abstract The Thermal Coefficient of Delay (TCD) is an essential parameter of optical fiber which determines a fiber’s phase transfer stability due to temperature variation. The TCD of a new phase stable single mode optical fiber (YPSOC) from Yangtze Optical Fibre and Cable Company (YOFC) is measured. The radio frequency (RF) signal is modulated to optical wave by a laser module which is transmitted through the 400-meter long YPSOC to be measured. The returned optical wave is demodulated to RF signal by the photodetector. A phase detector and a data acquisition module (DAQ) are used to acquire the phase difference between the forward and returned signals. Two temperature-stabilized cabinets are designed to maintain and control the ambient temperature of the measurement system. The TCD of less than 10 ps/km/K at room temperature is obtained. YPSOC and the measurement platform can be applied on signal transmission or measurement system that need to compensate the temperature drift. INTRODUCTION In the long-distance optical wave transmission system, the optical path length will change due to the different temperatures on the transmission path, which will introduce phase drift to the RF/digital transmission system. The TCD range of most standard single mode fibers (SMFs) is from 33.4 to 42.7 ps/km/K. But, The TCD of phase stable optical fiber (PSOF) by Furukawa is below 5 ps/km/K [1]. And the strong tether fiber optic cable (STFOC) from Linden Photonics is nearly as good as PSOF, its TCD is below 7 ps/km/K [2]. Using this kind of phase stable optical fiber instead of a conventional one will reduce the delay change of the stable RF transmission system. TESTED CABLE The phase stable optical fiber is generally composed of standard optical fiber and negative expansion coefficient materials, therefore it has a good temperature performance and tensile strength. YPSOC is coated with liquid crystal polymer (LCP). A purpose of LCP coating is to make the temperature dependence of transmission delay time small [1]. YPSOC has a 250 μm tight buffered cable core, followed by a tight buffered LCP coating and a soft outer jacket (Fig. 1) [3]. Figure 1: Cross sectional view of YPSOC. MEASURE CONCEPT There has several methods to measure the TCD of a fiber. For example, the TCD of a fiber which is coupled with jacket can be calculated by a formula. But it is complex and difficult to calculate TCD by using this formula [4]. On the other hand, an electronic and optical system can be used to measure the TCD by changing the ambient temperature of the fiber and detecting the time shift. This method is simple and operational. So, the TCD of a fiber can be calculated by the following formula. \[ TCD = \frac{\text{Delay shift}}{\text{Temperature change} \times \text{Fiber Path}} \] (1) A TCD measurement system based on the second method is designed. The layout of the fiber measurement system is shown in Fig. 2. The black lines are RF signal path and the green lines are optical wave path. The RF signal is sent to the power splitter from an analog signal generator, and transmitted to the laser module and the phase detector. The optical wave (1552 nm) from the laser module is propagated to the receiver through the optical circulator and the 400-meter long YPSOC, then retroreflected by a Faraday rotation mirror (FRM) at the end of the fiber. The round trip optical wave goes through the same fiber. The retroreflected optical wave is converted to RF signal by the photodetector, and transmitted to the phase detector through the amplifier, then compared with the local RF signal. Since the delay through fiber and other RF components is temperature dependent, RF and optical components are temperature stabilized to ±0.01 °C. BEAM PHASE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IN CSNS LINAC Peng Li\textsuperscript{1#}, Wei Peng\textsuperscript{2}, Fang Li\textsuperscript{1}, Jun Peng\textsuperscript{1}, Ming Meng\textsuperscript{1}, Taoguang Xu\textsuperscript{1} \textsuperscript{1} Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 523803, Dongguan, China \textsuperscript{2} 38th Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC-38), 230088, Hefei, China Abstract We developed beam phase measurement system ourselves in CSNS (China Spallation Neutron Source). The resolution of the system is less than $0.1^\circ$ and the accuracy is less than $1^\circ$. It played a key role in CSNS Linac commissioning especially in RFQ and DTL commissioning. Further we measured the beam energy by TOF (Time of Flight) method base on this system. The energy accuracy is less than 0.1 MeV. INTRODUCTION The CSNS accelerator consists of an 80MeV H- Linac, a 1.6 GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) and related beam transport line. There are three beam transport line in Linac: Low Energy Beam Transport line (LEBT) after the 50 keV H- Ion Source, Medium Energy Beam Transport line (MEBT) after the 3MeV Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), Lianc to Ring Beam Transport line (LRBT) after Drift Tube Linac (DTL). Beam is transported to Target after it be accelerated to 1.6GeV in RCS [1]. The layout of the CSNS Linac is shown in Fig. 1. ![Figure 1. Layout of CSNS Linac.](image) The repeat period of H- beam macro-pulse is 40ms and pulse width is about 500μs. The radio frequency of beam is 324 MHz and the beam micro-pulse duty ratio is about 30%. BEAM PHASE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FCT sensors are used as beam phase detectors [2] which were produced by Bergoz company. FCT sensor has a rapid signal rise time, which is shorter than 200 ps so it’s good for 324 MHz signal’s measurement. And the output of FCT sensor signal also has the 324 MHz time structure [3]. The electronics are researched and developed by IHEP and CETC-38 together in China. There are two sets beam phase measurement systems in CSNS Linac and each set has 8 channels for FCT output signals. Sub-sampling technology has been adopted to realize the electronics. The ADC sample clock is just 100 MHz shown in Fig. 2. Each channel’s phase output is the difference between FCT output signal phase and a reference signal phase. The reference signal is a 324 MHz sine wave signal which from the same RF frequency source with beam. Non-coherent digital IQ demodulation technology and CORDIC algorithm are used for phase calculation in FPGA. The schematic is shown in Fig. 3. ![Figure 2. Principle of phase measurement.](image) The electronics phase resolution is less than $0.1^\circ$ and the phase non-uniformity between channels limited in $\pm 0.2^\circ$. The amplitude accuracy is better than 1% and the phase accuracy is better than 0.3°. We had test the whole system for more than 7 days online with a precise signal generator and find its accuracy is better than $1^\circ$. ![Figure 3. Schematic in FPGA.](image) The beam phase measurement system played a key role in CSNS Linac commissioning especially in RFQ and DTL commissioning. The RFQ and DTL cavity power phase varied after several days’ shutdown or other accident problems. The beam phase measurement system would be running in such a situation. BEAM ENERGY MEASUREMENT Beam energy could be calculated by TOF method meanwhile [4]. The distance between FCT sensors are known after they were installed easily. The beam flight time between FCT sensors is computed by phase difference indirectly. Then the beam velocity and energy could be calculated. There are 5 FCT sensors and 1 set electronics could be used to compute beam energy after beam pass through RFQ, Buncher-1, Buncher-2 in CSNS Linac MEBT. See Fig 4. 5. Longitudinal diagnostic and synchronization LONG TERM BEAM PHASE MONITORING BASED ON HOM SIGNALS IN SC CAVITIES AT FLASH J. H. Wei†, NSRL, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, P. R. China and Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany L. Shi, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland N. Baboi, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany Abstract The accelerating RF fields in superconducting cavities must be controlled precisely in FEL (Free Electron Laser) facilities to avoid beam energy spread and arrival time jitter. Otherwise the beam quality is degraded. The LLRF (Low Level Radio Frequency) system controls the RF field and provides a highly stable RF reference. A new type of beam phase determination technique based on beam-excited HOMs (Higher Order Modes) in cavities has been implemented. The two special couplers installed at both ends of each cavity, pick up the signals containing both the leakage of the accelerating field and the HOM signals. Therefore the signals can be used to calculate the beam phase directly with respect to the RF phase. We analysed the factors which may affect the result of the beam phase on a long-term based on an experimental platform at FLASH. Some phase drifts between the HOM-BPhM (Beam Phase Monitor) and the LLRF system phase measurement were observed and the reason will be further studied. INTRODUCTION Superconducting linac based FELs (Free Electron Lasers) require control of the main RF phase relative to beam arrival time at a very precise level. At FLASH [1] and the E-XFEL (European X-ray FEL) [2], the LLRF (Low Level Radio Frequency) system is responsible for regulation of the RF fields [3]. A “vector-sum” method is applied to control the beam phase. The field vector of each single cavity is measured and then the field vector-sum of up to 32 cavities is calculated. A klystron feeds up to 4 modules with high power 1.3 GHz fields. Each module contains eight superconducting nine cell cavities. Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the LLRF control system [4]. The vector-sum has to be stabilized in amplitude and phase to a given set point. [5]. The stability of the RF amplitude and phase is required to be below 0.01% and 0.01° RMS respectively for both FLASH and the E-XFEL. The control system acts onto the vector-sum and keeps it constant, while each single cavity field within the vector-sum can fluctuate. A new method based on HOM (Higher Order Modes) to determine the beam phase was developed [6]. When an electron bunch transverses a superconducting cavity, HOMs are excited, which carry the beam phase information. Two couplers located at each side of the TESLA cavity were specially designed to damp and extract the HOM signals. The power leakage of the accelerating field is also picked up by the HOM couplers. These fields can be used to determine the beam phase with respect to the accelerating RF fields. The monopole modes are most suited for beam phase measurement since they are not affected by beam offset. In this paper, we choose the 2nd monopole mode in TM011 band and built a scope based setup. This HOM-BPhM system is an on-line direct beam phase measurement with respect to the RF. Figure 1: Schematic view of the current LLRF control system consists of analogue and digital sections [4]. In this paper, we first introduce the principle of the HOM-BPhM and then present the result of the long term measurements. PRINCIPLE OF HOMBPHM Beam Phase Concept The electric field of each single cavity picked up with probe antennas give the vector-sum [7]. It is assumed that all cavities have the same physical behaviour, which means that the transient field induced by the beam has the same absolute value in each cavity [8]. The calibration is based on measuring this transient in amplitude and phase of each cavity and then calculating the ratio of the single cavity field to the vector-sum. For maximum acceleration, the RF field should reach its maximum when the beam passes through the centre of the cavity. We define the beam phase according to the time difference between two instants: when the beam passes the cavity AND when the accelerating gradient in the cavity is maximum. The point of maximal accelerating voltage is called “on-crest”, see Fig. 2 [8]. In ACC1 (the first accelerating module in FLASH), and similarly at the E-XFEL, the beam is accelerated “off-crest” to induce a bunch... DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR BEAM BUNCH TEMPORAL RECONSTRUCTION* D. Wu, D. X. Xiao, J. X. Wang† Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China Abstract Coherent radiation, such as coherent transition radiation, coherent diffraction radiation, coherent synchrotron radiation, etc., can be used to measure the longitudinal distribution of the electron beam bunch of any length, as long as the coherent radiation spectrum can be measured. In many cases, the Kramers-Krönig relationship is used to reconstruct the temporal distribution of the beam from the coherent radiation spectrum. However, the extrapolation of the low frequency will introduce the uncertainty of the reconstruction. In this paper, an algorithm of differential evolution (DE) for temporal reconstruction is discussed. The DE reconstruction works well for the complex and ultrashort distribution. It will be an effective tool to accurately measure the femtosecond bunch temporal structure. INTRODUCTION During the past decades, many methods were developed to measure ultrashort electron beam bunch length, such as streak camera [1], RF zero-phasing [2], deflecting cavity [3], electro-optic sampling [4] and coherent radiation [5–7]. Coherent radiation, such as coherent transition radiation, coherent diffraction radiation, coherent synchrotron radiation, etc., can be used to measure the longitudinal distribution of the electron beam bunch of any length, as long as the coherent radiation spectrum can be measured. When the electron bunch length become as short as a few femtosecond nowadays, the coherent radiation method becomes the best length-measurement tool. However, the coherent radiation measurement is to record the spectrum of the radiation, which looses the phase information. To reconstruct the longitudinal distribution, the phase information must be reconstructed first. For a long time, Kramers-Krönig (KK) relation was invited to retrieve the phase information. Unfortunately, there are at least three disadvantages of the KK relation. Firstly, extrapolation in the low frequency band will bring uncertainty to reconstruction. Secondly, KK relation is less accurate when time domain distribution is complicated. Thirdly, KK relation costs longer calculation time. GrEedy Sparse PhAse Retrieval (GESPAR) method was presented by Y. Shechtman and Y. C. Eldar in 2014 [8, 9]. And then it has rapidly gained great applications in coherent imaging, signal processing, macromolecular imaging, and 5G communication[10–12]. GESPAR treats phase reconstruction as a nonlinear least squares problem, and assumes that the time domain signal is composed of a finite number of specific distributions. In this paper, we invite the Differential evolution (DE) genetic algorithm to solve the nonlinear least squares problem. And the reconstruction with or with out the GESPAR assumption is presented, respectively. At last, a temporal reconstruction with DE algorithm is shown from the signal measured on the Chengdu THz FEL (CTFEL) [13] facility. RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM Phase Retrieval with Nonlinear Least Squares Assuming $\rho(t)$ is the original time signal, whose frequency signal is $\widehat{\rho}(\nu) = F(\rho(t)) = \|\widehat{g}(\nu)\|e^{-i\phi(\nu)}$, where $F$ represents the Fourier transform, $\|\widehat{g}(\nu)\|$ is the amplitude and $\phi(\nu)$ is the phase. Four the nonlinear least squares consideration, the objective is to minimize the function $f = \|\|\widehat{\rho}_G^2 - \|\widehat{g}\|^2\|\|$, where $\widehat{\rho}_G$ is the $G$-th alternative signal. The flow-chart is shown in Fig. 1. According to the Fourier transform relationship, we can normalize any segment of the time domain signal to the signal in the (0,1) time period. If the setting unit is 1 s, the corresponding frequency domain unit interval is 1 Hz, for example. And similarly, 1 ps in time domain corresponds 1 THz in frequency domain. This is the reasons why the coherent radiation can measure any shor bunch length as long as the frequency signal can be recorded correctly. Figure 1: Phase retrieval flow chart with nonlinear least squares. ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATOR BASED BEAM ARRIVAL TIME MONITOR FOR SXFEL* X.Q. Liu†, Y.B. Leng, R.X. Yuan, L.W. Lai, L.F. Hua, N. Zhang, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Abstract Beam arrival time monitor (BAM) is an important tool to investigate the temporal characteristic of electron bunch in free electron laser (FEL) like Shanghai soft X-ray Free Electron Laser (SXFEL). Since the timing jitter of electron bunch will affect the FEL’s stability and the resolution of time-resolved experiment at FELs, it is necessary to precisely measure the electron bunch arrival time so as to reduce the timing jitter of the electron bunch with beam based feedback. The beam arrival time monitor based on electro-optic modulator (EOM) is already planned and will be developed and tested at SXFEL in the next three years. Here the design and preliminary results of the EOM based beam arrival time monitor will be introduced in this paper. INTRODUCTION As China’s first X-ray free electron laser (FEL) facility, SXFEL has finished the infrastructure and installation, right now is under commissioning. The main parameters of SXFEL are listed in table 1. Table 1: Main Parameters of SXFEL \| parameter \| value \| \|----------------------------\|----------------\| \| Wavelength \| 3-9 nm \| \| length \| ~300m \| \| FEL principle \| HGHG, EEHG \| \| Beam energy \| 840 MeV \| \| Peak current \| 500A \| \| Normalized emittance \| 1.5mm.rad \| \| Bunch length(FWHM) \| 500 fs \| The SXFEL is a test facility for various external seeding modes, such as HGHG and EEHG. External seeding lasers are required for the generation of fully coherent radiation pulse. For seeded FEL, large timing jitter and drift of the electron bunch will affect the synchronization between the electron bunch and seed laser, then consequently reduce the stability of the output radiation. To reduce the timing jitter of the electron bunch with beam based feedback, it is necessary to precisely measure the electron bunch arrival time at different locations through the entire FEL facility. The Beam arrival time monitor (BAM) based on phase cavity and RF phase detecting technology has already been tested at SXFEL and obtained the 67.7 fs arrival time resolution [1], while efforts are ongoing to improve the resolution. Meanwhile, to achieve better bunch arrival time resolution, the electro-optic modulator (EOM) based beam arrival time monitor scheme originated from DESY [2-3] is also planned for SXFEL and will be developed and tested at SXFEL in the next three years. In this paper, we present the design of the EOM based beam arrival time monitor for SXFEL, as well some recent progress. DESIGN OF THE BEAM ARRIVAL TIME MONITOR Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the BAM for SXFEL. The BAM consists of three parts, the beam pick-up, the BAM frond-end and back-end. The beam pick-up is located in tunnel to extract the transient RF signal generated by the driving electron bunch. The BAM frond-end also placed in tunnel is used to transform the shifting of RF signal’s first zero-crossing, which stands for the arrival time of the electron bunch, into intensity variation of a reference optical pulse. The BAM back-end placed outside the tunnel is used to detect the amplitude of the optical pulse and derive the electron bunch arrival time information. Operation Principle As shown in Fig.1, the optical master oscillator (OMO) is a mode-locked fibre laser with 1550 nm wavelength and 238 MHz repetition rate. The ultra-stable femtosecond optical pulse emitted from OMO transmits over the stabilized fibre link to the remote BAM station and serves as the optical reference signal for BAM. The reference optical pulse enters the BAM front-end and a faraday rotator mirror (FRM) reflects part of it back to help stabilize the phase of the reference optical pulse. The rest optical pulse passes... DEVELOPMENT OF BAM ELECTRONICS IN PAL-XFEL D.C. Shin, C.-K. Min, G.J. Kim, C.B. Kim, H.-S. Kang, J. Hong†, PAL, Pohang, Korea Abstract We describe the electronics for electron bunch arrival time monitor (BAM) with a less than 10 femtosecond resolution, which was developed in 2017 and is currently in use at PAL-XFEL. When electron bunches go through an S-band monopole cavity, about 1 us long RF signal can be obtained to compare with a low phase noise RF reference. The differential phase jitter corresponds to the arrival time jitter of electron bunches. RF front-end (F/E) which converts the S-band pickup signal to intermediate frequency (IF) signal, is the essential part of a good time resolution. The digitizer and the signal processor of the BAM electronics are installed in an MTCA platform. This paper presents the design scheme, test results of the BAM electronics and future improvement plans. INTRODUCTION In the tunnel of PAL-XFEL, 10 BAM pickups are installed. The pickup is made of S-band monopole cavity type. The resonance frequency is 2826 MHz, which have the offset of $\approx 30$ MHz from our reference, 2856 MHz to remove a dark contribution. More details on the BAM pickup are described in Ref: [1]. BAM electronics consists of RF F/E unit for the frequency conversion of the pickup signal to an IF signal and main IOC for digitizing and processing the signal. RF F/E was designed as non-platform type (e.g. pizza-box type) and main IOC was implemented on the MTCA.4 platform. The prototype of the BAM electronics, which is developed in 2017, has been tested at both the injector and the main-dump sites. Table 1 shows the main specifications of the BAM electronics. \| Parameter \| Value \| Unit \| \|----------------------------------\|---------\|------\| \| Phase Measurement Resolution \| $\leq 10$ \| fs \| \| Repetition Rate for Operation \| $\geq 60$ \| Hz \| \| Input RF Frequency \| 2826 \| MHz \| \| REF Frequency \| 2856 \| MHz \| \| Sampling Frequency \| 238 \| MHz \| \| Platform \| \| MTCA.4 \| ELECTRONICS The block diagram of the BAM electronics is shown in Fig. 1. The signals induced from the pickup are transmitted to the RF F/E via cables with good phase stability for temperature. The BAM pickup signals are converted to IF signals of about 30 MHz using a mixer. Figure 1: BAM electronics block diagram. Figure 2 shows the RF F/E block diagram. A digital controlled attenuator is installed at the input, and is followed by a switch bank. In a high charge mode, the switch is bypassed and in a low charge mode, the signal is passed through the amplifier for power matching. The frequency down-converted signal using the reference in the mixer go through the IF amplifier and the low pass filter [2]. For the digitizer, a synchronized 238 MHz sampling clock, the $12^{th}$ sub-harmonic of the reference, is generated in the RF F/E. The jitter of the sampling signal has to be small because it affects the signal noise ratio (SNR) of the system. We used HMC905LP3E and HMC794LP3E prescaler chips from Analog Device Inc. The total jitter of the 238 MHz sampling clock measured using a signalMICROBUNCHING INSTABILITY MONITOR FOR X-RAY FREE ELECTRON LASER C. Kim, J.H. Ko, G. Kim, H.-S. Kang, and I.S. Ko Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 790-834, Korea Abstract A direct method was developed to measure the microbunching instability in the X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL). The microbunching instability comes from the interaction between the electron beam and the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR), and the FEL intensity can be affected significantly by the microbunching instability. Until now, however, no effective method had been introduced to monitor the microbunching instability, and we tried to install a CCD camera to monitor the microbunching instability after the bunch compressor. The measurement result showed that the microbunching instability can be monitored by the CCD camera, and more interesting features of the microbunching instability were revealed from it. INTRODUCTION When an electron beam passes through an undulator, the spontaneous synchrotron radiation is generated and it can interact back with the electron beam again. The interaction makes the beam energy modulation on the scale of the resonant wavelength from the energy exchange between the radiation electric field and the oscillating motion of the electron beam to the transverse direction [1]. The undulator is a dispersive device and the energy modulation is changed into a longitudinal density modulation which is called a microbunching. The microbunching enhances the coherence of the radiation and increases the radiation intensity to develop a collective instability [2, 3]. The scale of the microbunching is much shorter than that of the bunch length and the microbunching instability grows up until the maximum bunching is achieved if the undulator length is long enough. In short, the microbunching instability is the working principle of Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) [4–6]. In the Free Electron Linac (FEL), bunch compressors are used to enhance the performance of the FEL by reducing the bunch length for high current and high brightness. A relativistic electron bunch can have an energy chirp while passing through the off crest of the linac RF phase before the bunch compressor, and lower energy electrons move to the front of the electron bunch and higher energy ones go back. Inside the bunch compressor, the electron beam passes through a strong dispersive section, and higher energy electrons follow a shorter trajectory and lower energy ones travel a longer trajectory. Because of the path length difference, the high energy electrons at the back of the electron bunch catch up with the lower energy ones in the front, and the bunch length decreases. In this process, it is important not to increase the energy spread or the transverse emittance beyond tolerances during the bunch compression. Like an undulator, the bunch compressor is a dispersive device and synchrotron radiation can be generated from bending magnets. This means that the microbunching can be generated in the linac bunch compressor. Especially, Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR) can be a source of the beam density modulation at wavelengths small compared to the bunch length. The effect of microbunching from CSR has been observed in computer simulations of the bunch compressor designed for the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) [7], and in the bunch compressor simulation of the TESLA Test Facility [8]. Analytical studies of the CSR effects in bunch compressors also have been published in literature [9]. In this paper, we introduce a direct method to monitor the microbunching instability. A visible CCD camera is installed to measure the intensity of the coherent radiation after the bunch compressor. The measurement result shows that strong visible radiation is observed after the bunch compressor and the CCD camera can be used as a microbunching monitor without any beam interruption. COHERENT RADIATION MONITOR X-ray Free Electron Laser of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL-XFEL) is a hard X-ray FEL to produce 0.1 nm wavelength photon [10]. From a photo-cathode RF gun, an electron beam is generated with 5 MeV energy and 150 pC charge by using an Ultra-Violet (UV) laser pulse of 3 ps pulse width. The electron beam is accelerated to 10 GeV energy by using S-band (2856 MHz) RF structures in the... DEVELOPMENT, FABRICATION AND LABORATORY TESTS OF BUNCH SHAPE MONITORS FOR ESS LINAC S. Gavrilov\textsuperscript{†1,2}, A. Feschenko\textsuperscript{1}, D. Chermoshentsev\textsuperscript{1,2} \textsuperscript{1}Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia \textsuperscript{2}Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia Abstract Two Bunch Shape Monitors have been developed and fabricated in INR RAS for European Spallation Source linac. To fulfil the requirements of a 4 ps phase resolution the symmetric $\lambda$-type RF-deflector based on a parallel wire line with capacitive plates has been selected. Additional steering magnet to correct incline of the focused electron beam is also used. Limitations due to a space charge of the analysed beam and due to external magnetic fields are discussed. Laboratory tests of the monitors are described. INTRODUCTION Bunch Shape Monitors (BSMs) are intended for the measurements of a longitudinal distribution of particles in bunches of the accelerated proton beam in ESS: the first BSM will be installed in MEBT at 3.6 MeV, and the second one – between the normal conducting and the superconducting parts of the linac at 90 MeV. The operation principle of BSM, developed in INR RAS, is based on the technique of a coherent transformation of a temporal bunch structure into a spatial charge distribution of low energy secondary electrons through a transverse RF-scanning [1] and is clear from Fig. 1. ![Figure 1: BSM scheme](image) Figure 1: BSM scheme: 1 – tungsten wire target, 2 – inlet collimator, 3 – RF-deflector combined with electrostatic lens, 4 – correcting magnet, 5 – outlet collimator, 6 – secondary electron multiplier. The series of the analysed beam bunches crosses the wire target 1 which is at a high negative potential about -10 kV. Interaction of the beam with the target results in emission of low energy secondary electrons, which characteristics of importance for bunch shape measurements are practically independent of beam energy, so the monitors are fabricated in practically the same design (Fig. 2), except for the beam aperture size. ![Figure 2: ESS BSM design](image) Figure 2: ESS BSM design: 1 – target actuator, 2 – tuner, 3 – RF-deflector, 4 – BSM box, 5 – quadrupole + dipole correcting magnet, 6 – viewport for optical control of e-beam, 7 – SEM-detector, 8 – support with 3D-adjustment. The electrons are accelerated by electrostatic field and move almost radially away from the target. A fraction of the electrons passes through the inlet collimator 2 and enters the RF-deflector 3, where electric field is a superposition of electrostatic focusing and steering fields and RF-deflecting field with a frequency equal to the RF-field frequency in the linac: 352.2 MHz. Passed electrons are scanned by the RF-field and an intensity of electrons passed through the outlet collimator 5 represents a fixed point of the longitudinal phase distribution of the primary beam. Other points can be obtained by changing the phase of the deflecting field with respect to the RF-reference. If the phase of the deflecting field is adjusted in a wide range, then the bunch can be observed twice per the period of the deflecting field. By adjusting the steering voltage, one can change the measured phase position of the observed bunches and obtain the periodicity of bunches to be exactly equal to $\pi$. If the bunch duration is larger than $\pi$, the intensities corresponding the phase points differed by $\pi$ are superimposes and the results of bunch shape measurements become wrong. 5. Longitudinal diagnostic and synchronization DEVELOPMENT OF LONGITUDINAL BEAM PROFILE DIAGNOSTICS FOR BEAM-BEAM EFFECTS STUDY AT VEPP-2000 M. Timoshenko, V. Borin, V. Dorokhov, O. Meshkov, Yu. Rogovsky, D. Shwartz, Yu. Zharinov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Abstract The comprehensive development of beam longitudinal profile measurement systems based on stroboscopic optical dissector has started at VEPP-2000 electron-positron collider complex. The dissector was setted and commissioned at booster ring BEP that was deeply upgraded (2013-2015) to achieve top energy of 1 GeV. Bunch lengthening with current was studied at BEP with its new RF-cavity. In addition the method of synchrotron frequency measurement by dissector was applied. After dissector checkouts at BEP the similar studies were carried out with a single beam at VEPP-2000 storage ring in parallel with streak-camera measurements. Good agreement of results was observed. Series of single-turn longitudinal and vertical bunch profiles snapshots was made by streak-camera with respect to delay after counter beam injection. The unexpected longitudinal beam dynamics was observed for intensities above the beam-beam threshold. These studies together with beam-beam coherent oscillations spectra seen by pickups are of a great interest for understanding of flip-flop phenomenon which establish a fundamental luminosity limit at VEPP-2000 operating with round beams. INTRODUCTION The VEPP-2000 is a collider complex which mean parts are electron-positron booster BEP and collider VEPP-2000 with two detectors CMD-3 and SND [1]. After modernization BEP energy range began to be from 200 MeV to 1 GeV. It and BEP parameters are described in [2]. The experiments at the collider VEPP-2000 has become possible in this energy range without acceleration. To achieve luminosity project value $10^{32} \text{ cm}^{-1} \text{ s}^{-1}$ the comprehensive beam monitoring system is required. There was no longitudinal beam distribution monitoring system. Its observation gave more full understanding of colliding beams nature. MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AT BEP Electron and positron booster BEP are needed for portioned storing of particles supplied by Injection complex VEPP-5 [3] at 395 MeV energy. After storing enough intensity of beams following accelerating (changing beam energy) and injection at collider VEPP-2000 occur. At the accelerating regime BEP work at the energy range from 200 MeV to 1 Gev. Operating with different sort of particle is possible due to polarity reverse of magnet systems. BEP synchrotron radiation spectrum contains optical range and its spectrum power maximum is around 30 nm. Beam motion is strictly periodical. These factors allow to use synchrotron radiation in optical diagnostic system. BEP have several outputs of synchrotron radiation but all are used. For these reason one of it was upgraded. The system of longitudinal charge distribution of beam (dissector) was set and tested at BEP at first. Optical Table Modernization The task of modernization conclude in to save current beam transverse position monitor (CCD-camera) functional. For realization it and duplicating light of synchrotron radiation semitransparent mirror was settled in optical table tract. Yellow part of table and mirrors at the Fig. 1 is added in the modernization. ![Figure 1: Concept of modernization. Optical table before modernization a), and b) — after modernization.](image) 1— bending magnet, 2— sync. rad. output, 3— cubes with moving mirrors, 4— calibration light source, 5— light filters, 6— dissector, 7— CCD-camera. Alignment of Optical Table After production necessary details and realization of optical table concept it was aligned outside BEP room with using portable CCD-cameras. The task was to pointing and focusing precisely simulation of synchrotron radiation light on the places where the real devices (CCD-camera and dissector) should be settled. After preliminary alignment the optical table with both devices was installed to BEP synchrotron radiation output Fig. 2 and the final tuning was completed with very low intensity beam (around 100 $\mu$A) in the BEP. DISSECTOR Dissector is a optical stroboscopic device. One of the way of applying it is registration longitudinal distribution of beam charge in a circular accelerators where the beam motion is strictly periodical. The synchrotron radiation light... RESULTS FROM THE CERN LINAC4 LONGITUDINAL BUNCH SHAPE MONITOR J. Tan†, G. Bellodi, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A. Feschenko, S. Gavrilov, Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia Abstract The CERN Linac4 has been successfully commissioned to its nominal energy and will provide 160 MeV H⁻ ions for charge-exchange injection into the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) from 2020. A complete set of beam diagnostic devices has been installed along the accelerating structures and the transfer line for safe and efficient operation. This includes two longitudinal Bunch Shape Monitors (BSM) developed by the Institute for Nuclear Research (INR, Moscow). Setting-up the RF cavities of Linac4 involves beam loading observations, time-of-flight measurements and reconstruction of the longitudinal emittance from phase profile measurements. In this paper the BSM is presented along with some results obtained during accelerator commissioning, including a comparison with phase measurements performed using the Beam Position Monitor (BPM) system. INTRODUCTION The Linac4 [1] is an 80 m-long, normal-conducting, pulsed, linear accelerator, providing a 160 MeV H⁻ ion beam every 1.2 s. A block diagram of the machine is shown in Figure 1. It will replace the ageing 50 MeV proton Linac2 as the injector of the PSB in 2020. The motivation for this upgrade is twofold: firstly to overcome the present space charge limitation at PSB injection, doubling the intensity within the same transverse emittance; secondly to minimise beam loss at PSB injection. The latter requirement is achieved with a charge exchange injection, an adequate chopping scheme and longitudinal phase space painting for high intensity beams. Figure 1: Linac4 schematic layout. The beam instrumentation specifications [2, 3] along the accelerator and its transfer line must cover the challenging operational parameters summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Linac4 Parameters and Achievements To Date \| Parameters \| Design target \| Achieved \| \|-----------------------------------\|---------------\|------------\| \| Peak current in the linac \| 40 mA \| 24 mA \| \| Routine current in the linac \| 40 mA \| 20 mA \| \| Transv. Emittance at 160 MeV \| 0.4 π.mm.mrad \| 0.3π.mm.mrad \| \| Energy at PSB injection \| 160 MeV \| 160 MeV \| \| Pulse length / rep. rate \| 400 μs / 1 Hz \| up to 600μs/1Hz \| The achieved performance during the Linac4 commissioning stages from 45 keV to 160 MeV are presented in [4, 5, 6, 7]. Here we present results of longitudinal beam profile measurements performed with the BSMs located in the transfer line, including a comparison with phase measurements performed using the BPM system. BEAM PHASE PROFILE DIAGNOSTICS Bunch Shape Monitor The BSM principle of operation is explained with Figure 2 and is described in detail elsewhere (see for example [8]). In brief, its operation is based on transforming the longitudinal structure of the beam under study into a transverse distribution of low energy secondary electrons. ![BSM principle](image) Figure 2: BSM principle: 1-wire target, 2-input collimator, 3- rf deflector combined with electrostatic lens, 4-corrector magnet, 5 and 7- collimators, 6-bending magnet, 8-electron multiplier. This is achieved by placing a wire target in the beam, which emits secondary electrons in proportion to the instantaneous H⁻ intensity. These electrons are accelerated with a HV applied to the target and converted to a transverse distribution using an RF deflection, from which a specific slice is selected for detection using a collimator. The RF deflector operates at the accelerator frequency $f_{RF}$ of 352.2 MHz. For a fixed setting of the RF deflecting phase with respect to the accelerator reference, the intensity of the secondary electrons passing the collimator and detected with the electron multiplier corresponds to the H⁻ intensity at a specific point of the longitudinal charge distribution of the beam under study. The whole distribution is obtained by scanning the phase of the RF deflecting field through a complete half period. The bending magnet is tuned to select only electrons with an energy corresponding to acceleration from the target potential, and is used to remove any influence from electrons detached from H⁻ ions. FIRST RESULTS FROM THE BUNCH ARRIVAL-TIME MONITORS AT SwissFEL V. Arsov\textsuperscript{†}, P. Chevtsov, M. Dach, S. Hunziker, M. Kaiser, D. Llorente, A. Romann, V. Schlott, M. Stadler, D. M. Treyer, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland Abstract Two Bunch Arrival-Time Monitors (BAMs) based on fiber optical Mach-Zehnder intensity modulators have been commissioned at SwissFEL. Both operate simultaneously up to 100 Hz with a resolution <5 fs at 200 pC. We have developed concepts and tested hardware, which enhance the BAM commissioning and user operation. INTRODUCTION Two Bunch Arrival-Time Monitors (BAMs) based on fiber optical Mach-Zehnder intensity modulators [1], operating simultaneously up to 100 Hz with a resolution <5 fs at 200 pC, have been commissioned at SwissFEL. They derive their high stability from a pulsed optical reference distribution system in which the length of the single-mode optical fibers is stabilized for drift and jitter. For commissioning, instead of using a balanced optical cross-correlator as a phase detector we use a technically less demanding approach based on low drift and jitter laser-to-RF direct conversion, which delivers few tens of fs stability [2, 3]. In order that all BAMs measure simultaneously, it is necessary that a reference laser (OMO) pulse overlaps with the bunch at the given location. In addition, an integer number of pulses should fit in the link. To meet the above two requirements during commissioning multiple timing scans of the OMO pulses should be made. A complete scan may require a time-shift over an entire pulse train period, i.e., 7 ns. To speed up commissioning and allow adding of further BAM stations we have developed a concept for fast OMO pulse timing scan. BAM REFERENCE DISTRIBUTION AND READOUT BAM Optical Master Oscillator (OMO2) The core of the SwissFEL reference distribution is a mode-locked laser oscillator (Origami 15, NKT Photonics) with pulse repetition rate of 142.8 MHz, phase-locked to a stable microwave reference at 2998.8 MHz (SMA100A, Rohde & Schwarz), which is locked to a 10 MHz Rb standard (FS725, SRS) [4]. All machine relevant frequencies are derived via harmonic extraction and delivered to the remote locations by single-mode fiber optical links, stabilized according to the client’s specific requirements. Among others, BAM has the most stringent stability requirements for sub-10 fs drift, which is achieved via balanced optical cross-correlation [1]. In the general case the fiber optical link length is arbitrary and does not necessarily provide an overlap of a reference OMO pulse with the electron bunch. To secure a timing overlap, it is necessary to phase shift the OMO pulses over a pulse train period. Since at SwissFEL the OMO is the source of the entire reference distribution, such shifting will not effectively result in an overlap with the bunch, because the effect is a common mode. The alternative is either to have an optical delay line for each individual pulsed link, or to use a second OMO dedicated only for BAM commissioning (OMO2). We chose the second approach (Fig. 1). As in the case of the machine OMO, the one for BAM is locked to the same stable microwave reference. In addition, there is a bucket synchronization at 1.9833 MHz (super period). The advantage is, that any machine component with corresponding bucket synchronization, e.g., the gun and the experimental lasers, have also a common timing origin. The bucket synchronization is obtained by phase locking of one of the 3 GHz slopes to the slope of the super period at the zero crossing. The overlap is achieved with an IQ modulator (aka. vector modulator, shortly VM), which has a 12 bit DAC. BAM Pulsed Optical Front End The pulsed link synchronization used for BAM commissioning is based on low drift stabilized phase detector [2, 3]. The set-up is all-fiber and the phase detection principle doesn’t require a dispersion compensation. The good drift stability (~10 fs pk-pk) is achieved by temperature stabilization of the basic components within the package, proper choice of the working point of the two photo diodes (2651E, Emcore), as well as careful balance of the forward and backward branches and the corresponding optical pulse powers. Dispersion compensation to reduce the pulse width to ~250 fs is nevertheless made to preserve the BAM resolution. A combination of a piezo-stretcher (PZ2, Optiphase) and a delay stage (MDL-02, General Photonics) is used to compensate for jitter and drift (Fig. 1). The naked fibers are housed in a hermetic package to minimize the environmental influence. The system is located in the temperature and humidity regulated synchronization (T&S) room. BAM Readout Electronics The BAM photoreceiver, the 7-slot VME crate with the pulse-forming front-end and readout cards are located in a separate 19" rack in the technical gallery (Fig. 1). Photoreceiver. The device is an in-house development with three channels - "fine" BAM, "coarse" BAM and ADC clock. The photodiodes (2651E, Emcore) have 3 GHz bandwidth. The optical pulses for the two BAMPHOTON BEAM IMAGER AT SOLEIL M. Labat, J. Da Silva, N. Hubert, F. Lepage, Synchrotron SOLEIL - L’Orme des Merisiers, [91 191] Gif-sur-Yvette, France Abstract In one of the long straight sections of SOLEIL is installed a pair of canted in-vacuum undulators for the ANATOMIX and NANOSCOPIUM beamlines. Since the upstream undulator radiation can potentially damage the downstream undulator magnets, an accurate survey of the respective alignment of the two devices is mandatory. An XBPM has been initially installed for this purpose in the beamline frontend. For redundancy and further analysis, an X-ray imager was then designed and added just downstream the XBPM. It is made of a diamond plate that can be inserted into the upstream beamline frontend at low current. We present the commissioning of this new device together with its first results in operation. INTRODUCTION The SOLEIL synchrotron light source is now in operation since 2006 [1]. The storage ring consists of 16 cells, with 24 straight sections of variable lengths, for undulator insertion. In one of the long straight sections, the so-called SDL13, have been installed two horizontal canted undulators [2]. Both undulators are in-vacuum undulators with periods of 20 mm initially, and 18 mm since 2018. The upstream undulator delivers hard X-rays to the NANOSCOPIUM beamline, for nanoscale imaging experiments. The downstream undulator delivers hard X-rays too, to the ANATOMIX beamline dedicated to tomography experiments. The two beamlines are designed to be operated simultaneously. Figure 1: SDL13 (Long Straight Section in cell 13) layout. 0: middle of the straight section. ATX: ANATOMIX and NANO: NANOSCOPIUM undulators. Distances given in mm. The horizontal canting angle in between the undulators is 6.5 mrad while both insertion devices are separated by about 7 m. Therefore, as illustrated in Fig. 1, the upstream undulator radiation passes through the downstream undulator before reaching the beamline. In nominal operation, both upstream and downstream undulator gaps are set at 5.5 mm, which is found of the order of the vertical aperture of the upstream undulator radiation inside the downstream undulator. In this initial layout, the upstream undulator can seriously damage the downstream undulator magnets. This is the reason why an absorber has been installed in 2016 in order to shadow the NANOSCOPIUM undulator magnets from the ANATOMIX undulator radiation. The schematic of this absorber, with respect to the electron and ANATOMIX photon beams is presented in Fig. 2. It is a piece of copper with an asymmetric 90 degrees U-shape. Its vertical aperture is 2.8 mm and its geometry was studied in detail in order not to jeopardize the performance of the storage ring in terms of collective effect induced instabilities, beam losses, injection efficiency and beam life time. It can be retracted when needed, thanks to a remote controlled pneumatic translation. Figure 2: Schematic of the absorber installed in the middle of the SDL13. If the upstream undulator, the absorber and the downstream undulator are properly aligned, the safety of all equipments is guaranteed. But any drift from the nominal setting (slab distortion, large temperature variations, human intervention, undulator offset adjustment, storage ring girders re-alignment, misteering of the beam, etc…) can have dramatic consequences. This is why a careful survey of the relative alignment of those three critical equipments is required. At the first stage of this two canted-undulators project, a double XBPM was installed in the double beamline front end [3]. It enables the simultaneous measurement of the NANOSCOPIUM and ANATOMIX photon beam positions at the exit of the straight section. A couple of years later, it has been decided to give a redundancy to this diagnostic, using an X-ray imager. This paper presents the design, commissioning and operation of this imager. IMAGER DESIGN Specifications The imager specifications were the following: (i) Image the ANATOMIX X-ray photon beam in the beamline frontend, (ii) Image the shadow created by the absorber on the ANATOMIX radiation pattern, (iii) Image the shadow (or its absence) created by the NANOSCOPIUM undulator on the DEVELOPMENT OF A YAG/OTR MONITOR FOR BEAM HALO DIAGNOSTICS* R. Yang†, P. Bambade, S. Wallon, LAL, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France T. Naito, A. Aryshev, N. Terunuma, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan M. Bergamaschi, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract To investigate the mechanisms of beam halo formation and its dynamics, a YAG/OTR monitor has been developed and tested at the KEK-ATF. The monitor has four ceramic Ce:YAG screens for the visualization of the beam core and beam halo and an OTR target to provide complementary beam core measurements. A high dynamic range ($>10^5$) and a high resolution (<10 µm) have been demonstrated experimentally. Measurements of beam halo using this monitor are consistent with previous results and theoretical modeling, and have allowed further progress in the characterization of the driving mechanisms. INTRODUCTION Beam halo is one of the critical issues limiting the performance and causing component damage and activation for the future linear or circular accelerator. Understanding halo formation and distribution is not only a crucial topic of accelerator physics but also of great importance for the mitigation of the unwanted background induced by halo particles, e.g., through an efficient collimation system. To uncover the physical origins of beam halo and how to suppress it, powerful diagnostics with extremely high dynamic range and sensitivity are required. Direct measurements of halo are considered for most accelerators, requiring a dynamic range of at least $10^5$ and a capability to simultaneously measure core and halo, in order to appropriately probe theoretical predictions of beam halo [1–3]. As a successful test facility for the R&D of ILC, the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) at KEK has provided an excellent opportunity to investigate the mechanisms of halo formation and demonstrate the necessary diagnostics [4, 5]. Its nominal beam energy and beam intensity are 1.3 GeV and $0.1 \times 10^{10} - 1 \times 10^{10}$ e/pulse, respectively. To achieve a sufficient dynamic range for halo measurements, a set of diamond sensor (DS) detectors have been developed and installed at ATF2 [6, 7], which is an extraction line built to address the feasibility of focusing electron beams to nanometer (nm) scale vertical size, and provide a beam orbit stability at the nm level at the virtual interaction point. After a reconstruction of measured profiles, the effective dynamic range of the DS detector has been found to be around $10^5$. Furthermore, the transverse beam profile and its vacuum dependence observed using these DS detectors clearly indicate the correlation between vertical beam halo and beam-gas scattering (BGS) [8]. However, the saturation of charge collection inside the DS bulk and the deformations of DS waveforms have severely limited the performances and applications of the DS detectors [9]. To obtain a simultaneous diagnostics and confirm the observations given by the DS detector, a new YAG/OTR monitor has been developed and installed. In this paper, the design of the YAG/OTR monitor toward the desired dynamic range and resolution are described, followed by performance tests with beam. Comparisons of beam halo measured by the DS detector and the YAG/OTR monitors are presented, which are in good agreement. Further foreseen applications and improvements of the YAG/OTR monitor are also discussed. DEVICE CONFIGURATION The favorable scintillating properties, mechanical rigidity and radiation hardness have made the scintillator material an excellent candidate for direct two-dimensional (2D) imaging devices, widely used for diagnostics of energetic particles and photons. Previous investigations have indicated that the Ce:YAG has a high photon yield (around $2 \times 10^4$ photons/MeV) and a fast decay time (<1 µs), which are suitable for halo diagnostics [10, 11]. Meanwhile, beam profile measurements using the OTR are saturation-free and can provide complementary diagnostics for dense beam core. Considering the practical beam parameters at ATF2, a YAG/OTR system has to satisfy two requirements: a dynamic range of more than $1 \times 10^5$ and a spatial resolution of less than 10 µm. Figure 1: Schematic of the YAG/OTR monitor. The YAG/OTR monitor mainly consists of four ceramic 0.5 mol% Ce:YAG screens and an OTR target on the same holder, a microscope lens (TS-93006/TS-93022 Sugito Co.), a 16-bit scientific Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (sCMOS) camera (PCO.EDGE 4.2L) with a low noise... FIRST PROTOTYPE OF A CORONAGRAPH-BASED HALO MONITOR FOR bERLinPro* Ji-Gwang Hwang † and Jens Kuszynski, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Berlin, Germany Abstract Since particle losses by beam halo induced by space charge force and scattering of trapped ions are critical issues for superconducting-linac based high power machines such as bERLinPro, a halo monitor is demanded to monitor and control particle distribution at the level of $10^{-4} \sim 10^{-5}$ of the core intensity. A coronagraph-based halo monitor was adopted and the first prototype has been designed as a demonstrator system aimed at resolving a halo-core contrast in the $10^{-3}$ to $10^{-4}$ range. This monitor was tested at BESSY II with various operation modes such as Transverse Resonance Island Buckets (TRIBs) and Pulse-Picking by Resonant Excitation (PPRE). We show our design parameters, experimental criterion, and experimental results. INTRODUCTION The Berlin Energy Recovery Linac Prototype (bERLinPro) project was launched at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) to demonstrate and establish technologies for energy recovery linac (ERL) based accelerators for a future light source [1, 2]. The bERLinPro will provide electron beams up to 50 MeV in the recirculation loop with several operation modes such as a single pulse mode with various repetition rates, bursting mode, and 50 MHz and 1.3 GHz continuous waves (CW) modes [3]. The bERLinPro injector, consisting of a photocathode 1.4-cell superconducting radio frequency (SRF) gun, followed by three 2-cell booster SRF cavities, generates high-quality electron beams with an energy of 6.5 MeV. The beam is transported to the main linac module and accelerated by three 7-cell SRF cavities up to 50 MeV energy [4]. The design layout is shown in Fig. 1. The construction of a building and basic infrastructure was completed in 2017 so that the installation of accelerator components has begun. As the first stage, the installation of the vacuum system of a “Banana” section, which includes the entire low energy beam path from the gun to the high power beam dump. The 5 mA SRF gun (Gun1) and the cryomodule of the booster cavities as well as a diagnostics line, is ongoing [6]. HALO MONITOR TEST SETUP A total of five synchrotron light based electron beam diagnostics for measuring a beam halo distribution, and temporal and spatial distribution will be installed in the recirculator of the bERLinPro. Due to the heat capacity of a cryogenics, it is not allowed to provide an additional power load of more than 50 W on the cryomodule for main SRF cavities by small beam losses from halo particles, which corresponds to $10^{-5}$ level of maximum beam power. Since a halo monitor is a crucial diagnostic for minimizing uncontrolled beam losses by halo particles by adjusting the optics at the upstream of the first arc section, it stimulates the development of the beam halo monitor with the contrast ratio of $10^{-5}$. For the observation of the halo distribution with the contrast of $10^{-5}$ to the beam core, various monitors such as a wire-scanner monitor, diamond detector, the optical monitor based on a digital micromirror device (DMD), and coronagraph-based halo monitor were compared and analyzed. Finally, the coronagraph-based halo monitor is preferred since this technique can observe the full 2-D halo distribution without any disturbance to the beam and it has already been demonstrated at the KEK Photon Factory to achieve a $6 \times 10^{-7}$ ratio for the background to peak intensity [7, 8]. The design study of the coronagraph-based halo monitor with a Lyot-stop technique, which produces the image of a entrance pupil using re-diffraction optics to remove the majority of diffraction fringes, is performed using a Fourier-optics interpretation which is equivalent to the classical optics approach using Fourier transforms, in which the waveform is regarded as made up of a superposition of plane waves [9]. The beam-halo monitor will be installed on the first dipole of the first arc section because this dipole has a relatively small dispersion, which does not disturb the horizontal beam distribution. Since the full energy operation of the bERLinPro is scheduled for 2020, a preliminary test is performed at a diagnostics beam line of BESSY II. The diagnostics beam line of BESSY II provides multi-platform for research and development of various synchrotron light based monitors [10, 11]. The beam line has a distance of $15.5 \pm 0.5$ m * Work supported by German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Land Berlin and grants of Helmholtz Association. † firstname.lastname@example.org COMPARISON OF YAG SCREENS AND LYSO SCREENS AT PITZ R. Niemczyk, P. Boonpornprasert, Y. Chen, J. Good, M. Gross, H. Huck, I. Isaev, D. Kalantaryan, C. Koschitzki, M. Krasilnikov, X. Li, O. Lishilin, G. Loisich, D. Melkumyan, A. Oppelt, H. Qian, Y. Renier, F. Stephan, Q. Zhao†, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany W. Hillert, University Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany Abstract The Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) is dedicated to the development of high-brightness electron sources for free-electron lasers. At PITZ, to measure the emittance of space-charge-dominated beams, the slit scan technique is used. For slice emittance measurements a transverse deflecting structure (TDS) is employed. The electron beam distribution is measured by means of scintillator screens. Both the TDS and the slit mask reduce the signal strength, giving stringent requirements on the sensitivity of the screens. At PITZ, high-sensitivity Ce:LYSO screens have been installed at the same screen stations as the standard Ce:YAG screens to solve low-intensity issues. A comparison of both screens is presented. INTRODUCTION Scintillator screens are used to measure the beam distribution and position in particle accelerators. At the Photo-Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) cerium-doped ytterbium aluminium garnet (Ce:YAG) powder is used as standard screen material [1]. However, advanced electron beam diagnostics require precise measurements of the electron distribution with rather low charge density and, therefore, with low signal intensity from the detector. Measurement of properties like the slice emittance, the longitudinal phase space [2] or the projected emittance of low-charged beams need a significant increase of the signal strength, especially during time-resolved measurements with the transverse deflecting structure (TDS). The TDS, developed by the Institute for Nuclear Research (INR RAS, Moscow, Russia) in collaboration with DESY, only allows to streak up to three consecutive electron bunches [3]. For a correct reconstruction of the beam distribution the screen and imaging system have to have a high homogeneity, a good signal linearity, a high spatial resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio. In order to perform a cross-check with the existing system, several high-sensitivity cerium-doped lutetium yttrium orthosilicate (Ce:LYSO) screens were installed at the same screen station as Ce:YAG screens. The same TV read-out system was used for the image analysis. In this paper, both the screen homogeneity and linearity in terms of light production are measured for both Ce:LYSO and Ce:YAG screens. Additionally, the beam size measurement uncertainty caused by screen non-uniformity is simulated. At PITZ, the electron beam comes in bunch trains with a repetition rate of 10 Hz [4]. The number of electron pulses per train can be increased to up to 600 pulses at 1 µs bunch spacing [5]. For each measurement, ten beam images, i.e. images from ten consecutive bunch trains, and ten background images were taken. The images from the bunch trains were averaged in the postprocessing, after the averaged background was subtracted. LARGE-SCALE SCREEN HOMOGENEITY To estimate the screen homogeneity, the electron beam has been steered to nine different positions on the screen. At each beam position, the Ce:YAG and Ce:LYSO screen image was taken. At the screen station the two different screen types were inserted into the beam path and the screen image was taken by one single camera for both screens, i.e. camera gain and imaging from screen to camera was the same. Camera gain and exposure time were kept the same for both screen images. The sum of pixels$^1$ inside a squared frame with an edge length of 123 pixels around the beam centroid is calculated as measure for the beam intensity. The observation camera has $1024 \times 1360$ pixels [6]. ![Intensity and rms intensity jitter for Ce:LYSO (blue) and Ce:YAG (orange) screens. The area of interest is square, with an edge length of 123 pixel (of the $512 \times 680$-wide images) for both screen materials. The AOI is centred around the beam centroid position, i.e. the AOI has a different position at each beam position.](image) Figure 1: Intensity and rms intensity jitter for Ce:LYSO (blue) and Ce:YAG (orange) screens. The area of interest is square, with an edge length of 123 pixel (of the $512 \times 680$-wide images) for both screen materials. The AOI is centred around the beam centroid position, i.e. the AOI has a different position at each beam position. $^1$ Sum of pixel fillings inside the area of interest TIME-SYNCHRONOUS MEASUREMENTS OF TRANSIENT BEAM DYNAMICS AT SPEAR3 Q. Lin† and Z. Sun, Donghua University, Shanghai, China J. Corbett, D. Martin and K. Tian, SLAC, Menlo Park, CA Abstract Multi-bunch beam instabilities can often be controlled with high-speed digital bunch-by-bunch feedback systems. The detected motion is based on charge centroid measurements that, for short bunches, cannot resolve intrabunch charge dynamics. To compliment the BxB data, we installed a fast-gated camera with a rotating mirror to sweep visible-light synchrotron radiation across the camera CCD. The SR measurements present a complimentary view of the motion. For this work we generated transient beam events in SPEAR3 using the BxB feedback system and synchronously observed the motion on the camera. Results are presented for a high-order multibunch beam instability and for single bunch drive-damp experiments. INTRODUCTION SPEAR3 routinely uses a transverse bunch-by-bunch (BxB) feedback system [1] for high current User operations and to study storage ring beam dynamics [2]. The BxB system detects the dipole moment $q \cdot \Delta x$ for each bunch on each turn where $q$ is the bunch charge and $\Delta x$ is the displacement of the bunch centroid. The data is digitally processed with sufficient bandwidth to control the motion of each bunch independently. To date, the SPEAR3 BxB feedback system has been used to control multibunch instabilities, study beam dynamics during resonant drive events and for bunch cleaning. Although BxB feedback systems measure every bunch on every turn, for short bunches the measurement system cannot resolve coherent intrabunch motion or charge decoherence. To compliment the BxB feedback system we synchronized a fast-gated camera equipped with a rotating mirror to sweep an image of the visible light synchrotron radiation (SR) across the camera CCD. The original idea to “streak” the optical SR beam using a deflecting mirror was developed at KEK [3], applied at PEP-II to measure fast-beam dump dynamics [4], and then used at both SPEAR3 [5] and ANKA [6] to diagnose the bunch bursting in low-alpha mode. For the applications reported here, we time-synchronized the optical SR measurements with the BxB acquisition system to provide complimentary diagnostics during transient beam motion. At SPEAR3, a high-order multibunch instability can develop in the vertical plane due to resonances in an in-vacuum insertion chamber (IVUN) chamber [7]. The instability occurs at discrete gap settings where electromagnetic “pillbox” modes in the vacuum chamber couple to transverse beam modes. On a shot-to-shot basis, the motion of individual bunches evolves differently in time, often with complex profiles. Using the rotating mirror to streak the optical SR beam image, an integrated time profile containing the motion of all bunches can be captured. Similarly, to diagnose single bunch motion, the BxB system or a standard turn-by-turn BPM processor can record driven betatron oscillations for dynamic aperture studies, bunch cleaning or resonant excitation tests for short-pulse x-ray production. Since the bunch charge can decohere in phase space it is important to measure the transverse beam profile using visible-light synchrotron radiation to identify (a) the onset of charge decoherence, and (b) the impact of decoherence on the physical process under investigation. EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION For normal User operations SPEAR3 stores 500 mA beam current with charge distributed in 4 discrete bunch trains plus an isolated timing bunch for pump/probe experiments. Top-up injection occurs every 5 minutes with charge deposited at a 10 Hz rate into single, targeted bunches. A 10 Hz TTL pulse train triggers the injection kickers and provides a convenient signal to use for synchronized diagnostics. In order to study transient beam dynamics, the timing system was configured to select solitary injection pulses from the 10 Hz pulse train to initiate grow/damp or drive/damp events. The same pulse is used to trigger multiple, synchronous diagnostics. The synchronized diagnostic systems include BxB data acquisition, turn-by-turn BPM processors and visible SR diagnostics. Figure 1: Schematic of the synchronous diagnostic timing system. A Raspberry Pi under EPICS control selects a single, time-isolated trigger. WIRE SCANNER MEASUREMENTS AT THE PAL-XFEL* G.J. Kim†, B. Oh, D.C. Shin, C.B. Kim, H.-S. Kang Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea Abstract The PAL-XFEL, an X-ray Free electron laser user facility based on a 10 GeV normal conducting linear accelerator, has been operational at Pohang, South Korea. The wire scanners are installed for transverse beam profile measurement at the Linac and the Hard X-ray undulator section. The wire scanner is a useful device for emittance measurements in the Hard X-ray undulator section. In this paper, we describe the details of the wire scanner and the results of the measurements. INTRODUCTION In order to operate an accelerator more stably and efficiently, it is necessary to adjust the operation conditions of the apparatus to the designed conditions. In order to perform this operation, it is important to obtain the accurate emittance of the electron beam by the transverse beam size measurement. At the PAL-XFEL are installed 54 screen monitors and 13 wire scanners for beam profile measurement. As shown in Fig. 1 the wire scanner is mainly located at the end of the linear accelerator and the undulator section. This is used to measure the emittance to optimize the FEL generation condition for the undulator section. The wire material is a 34 µm thick carbon wire suitable for the undulator line because it generates lower radiation when it is hit by electron beam [1]. This paper describes device configuration and beam commissioning results using wire scanner. Figure 1: The layout of the PAL-XFEL. The arrows shows the location of the wire scanner. And the red arrow indicates the location of the device where the 34 µm carbon wire is installed. HARDWARE FEATURES The wire scanner measurement system consists of a motion stage and a radiation measuring device. The motion device is used to adjust the position of the wire causing the interference with the electron beam. The radiation measuring device measure the amount of energy loss caused by the interference of the electron beam with the wire. Motion Stage The wire scanner assembly is mounted on its 45° motion stage with linear motor. As shown in Fig. 2(a), the wire card is equipped with three wires (x, y, u) and an RF shielding tube. It has been reported that the position of the electron beam changes due to the changing of the magnetic field from the linear motor [1]. The linear motor is equipped with an ironless linear motor which is designed not to have attractive force. The wire material is based on the tungsten and carbon wire was selected to minimize the radiation damage to the undulator magnet. The wire scanner with carbon 34 µm wire is installed between after the dogleg section and the last undulator. Figure 2: The wire scanner mounted on its motion stage. (a) The 3D modeling of the wire card and motion stage, (b) Installation of the wire scanner. Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) The Beam loss detectors are based on the idea of using optical fibers as a Cherenkov light radiator. The optical fiber used as the radiator is a plastic scintillating fiber of BCF-20 with 250 µm diameter which has 492 nm peak emission wavelength and 2.7 ns decay time [2]. The fiber is shielded from external light and connected directly to the PMT. It was installed by direct winding to the chamber as shown in Fig. 3(a) to measure the generated signal. The photomultiplier tubes (PMT) module uses the Hamamatsu H10722-110 as show in Fig. 3(b). It has 230 –700 nm spectral response range with voltage output. As shown in the figure, a certain space is required for installation of optical fiber-based BLM. Because of the limited installation space of the undulator section, the wire scanner was measured using the BLM for Undulators [3]. GRATING SCANNER FOR MEASUREMENT OF MICRON-SIZE BEAM PROFILES* L. G. Sukhikh†, A. P. Potylitsyn, S. A. Strokov, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia G. Kube, K. Wittenburg, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany Abstract Wire scanners are widely used for transverse beam size diagnostics. The minimum detectable beam size is affected by the diameter of a single wire that is of about 4 microns. Sub-micron beam sizes have to be resolved due to development of modern electron accelerators and future linear electron-positron colliders. In this report we propose to use a set of gold stripes with varying period (gap) on a Si substrate. By moving this scanner across the beam one could measure the Bremsstrahlung yield vs. the coordinate, resulting in an oscillating dependence. The visibility of the resulting image allows defining the beam sizes in the range of 0.5–1.5 µm for the proposed scanner parameters. INTRODUCTION Wire scanners are widely used for diagnostics of transverse beam size in the modern electron accelerators. The wire crosses the beam resulting in the bremsstrahlung generation and loss electrons generation. Measuring dependence of high energy photon or loss electron yield on wire coordinate one could obtain transverse beam profile projection. The minimal detectable beam size is affected by the diameter of a single wire. The smallest carbon or tungsten wires used so far have diameters of about 4 µm. If the beam size measured is comparable with the wire diameter is significantly affects the measured profile and should be taken into account. In case of smaller beam sizes one could meet the situation that measured “beam” profile contains only wire diameter. With the development of modern electron accelerators and the demands from future linear electron-positron colliders, micron and sub-micron beam sizes have to be resolved with sub-micron or better resolution. For this purpose a new generation of wire scanners should be developed and tested. One of the possible methods to increase the resolution of the wire scanners is to decrease its size. The minimal diameter of single free-hanging wire (≈ 4 µm) is limited by the mechanical stress. However, one could consider wires with smaller size (units of microns or even sub-microns) on a substrate. In Ref. [1] authors proposed to use thin gold stripes of rectangular shape (1 µm or 2 µm width and 3 µm height) on Si$_3$N$_4$ membrane used as a substrate. In this case authors of Ref. [1] expect to increase beam size measurement resolution and to be able to resolve sub-micron beams. However, one of the paybacks while using small size wires is the limited dynamic range of the measurable beam sizes. In this report we propose another arrangement of gold stripes on Si substrate. We propose to form a grating scanner from a set of gold stripes with variable distance between them. In this report we present the preliminary Geant4 simulations of such a grating scanner with varying gaps that show the possibility to measure beam sizes in the range of 0.5–1.5 µm. GRATING SCANNER WITH VARYING GAPS The scheme of the grating scanner with varying gap is shown in Fig. 1. The scanner considered in this report consists of eleven rectangular gold stripes on Si substrate of 50 µm thickness. The height of the gold stripes was equal to 10 µm. During the simulation we considered two stripe widths, namely $a = 1 \mu m$ or $a = 3 \mu m$. The distance between stripes is non-equal and varies in the range of 0.25–3 µm. ![Figure 1: Schematic view of grating scanner with varying gaps.](image) The basic idea of beam size measurement using proposed scanner is the following. The electron beam interacts with the scanner while moving the scanner across the beam. Amount of the generated photons (or loss electrons) depends on which part of the scanner directly interacted with the beam. If the beam size is small comparing with the gap size the beam interacts either with a gold stripe and the substrate resulting in the maximal bremsstrahlung yield or with the substrate only resulting in the minimal (background) photon yield. In this case the dependence of the photon yield on the grating coordinate is oscillatory. When beam size is much larger than the gap size, the beam interacts with several stripes resulting in monotonic dependence of the photon yield on grating coordinate. The schematic view of beam interacting with the scanner is shown in Fig. 2. The wire scanner with varying gaps was simulated using Geant4 [2]. The simulation scheme is shown in Fig. 3. The electron beam with electron energy $E_e = 1.25 \text{ GeV}$ and... SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMPROVEMENT OF OTR MONITORS BY OFF-AXIS LIGHT COLLECTION A. Potylitsyn\textsuperscript{1,}, L. Sukhikh\textsuperscript{1}, G. Kube\textsuperscript{2}, A. Novokshonov\textsuperscript{1,2} \textsuperscript{1}Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin St., Tomsk, 634050, Russia \textsuperscript{2}Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany Abstract The spatial resolution of an OTR monitor, widely used for electron beam profile diagnostics, is determined by the resolution of the optical system and by the Point Spread Function (PSF) representing the single electron image. In the image plane, the PSF has a typical lobe-shape distribution with an inter-peak distance depending on wavelength and lens aperture ratio [1]. For a beam with a transverse rms size smaller than the distance, the reconstruction of the beam profile has several difficulties [2, 3]. We propose to reduce the PSF contribution and to improve the spatial resolution of an OTR monitor simply by rotating the lens optical axis with respect to the specular reflection direction. If the difference between the rotational angle and the lens aperture is much larger than the inverse Lorentz factor, the PSF has a Gaussian-like distribution which matches practically with the Airy distribution. Thus the resolution depends on wavelength and lens aperture. In principle, for lens apertures in the order of 0.1 rad such an approach should allow to measure beam sizes comparable to the wavelength of observation, using a simple deconvolution procedure for the measured image and the PSF. INTRODUCTION Transverse beam size measurements based on optical transition radiation (OTR) are a widely used technique and OTR monitor stations are operated at most modern electron linacs [4, 5]. For electron energies higher than 50 MeV the OTR intensity collected by a conventional optics system with numerical aperture of $\theta_m \sim 0.1$ rad achieves $N_{ph} \sim 10^{-3}$ photons per electron in the bandwidth $\Delta \lambda / \lambda \sim 0.05$. The spatial resolution of a transverse beam size monitor based on OTR is determined by the so-called Point Spread Function (PSF) or, in other words, by the response of the monitor optical system to a point charge crossing the target. With knowledge of the PSF, in principle it is possible to reconstruct beam size and beam shape from an electron bunch passing through the target applying a deconvolution algorithm to the measured OTR image. The PSF has a double-lobe structure which is defined by the radiation wavelength $\lambda$, the acceptance angle or numerical aperture of the optical system $\theta_m$, and the alignment accuracy. For the condition of ideal imaging the OTR monitor resolution determined by so-called diffraction limit can be expressed as $$R = 1.12 \frac{\lambda M}{\theta_m}. \quad (1)$$ Here $M$ denotes the magnification factor of the optical system. For beams with micrometer/submicrometer sizes such an optical system provides PSF dominated regime and one should apply a spectral treatment of the data in order to extract a real beam size [6]. We propose optical schemes for OTR monitors with off-axis light collection in order to avoid a two-lobe structure of the PSF and improve its spatial resolution. CALCULATIONS OF OTR PSF DISTRIBUTIONS Under ultra-relativistic approximation the particle Coulomb field can be sufficiently described by its transverse components and it is possible to write down the OTR field in the lens plane in analogy with wave scattering at a finite size conducting screen: $$E^L_{x,y}(X_L,Y_L) = \text{const} \int_{S_T} dX_T dY_T \left\{ \cos \varphi_T \atop \sin \varphi_T \right\} K_1 \left( \frac{k}{\beta \gamma} R_T \right) \times \exp \left[ i \frac{k}{2a} \left( X_T^2 + Y_T^2 \right) \right] \exp \left[ -i \frac{k}{a} \left( X_L X_T + Y_L Y_T \right) \right]. \quad (2)$$ Here $R_T = \sqrt{X_T^2 + Y_T^2}$, $(X_T, Y_T)$ and $(X_L, Y_L)$ are the coordinates of target surface and lens plane, $a$ is the distance between target and lens, $S_T$ is the target surface area, $$\left\{ \cos \varphi_T \atop \sin \varphi_T \right\} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{X_T^2 + Y_T^2}} \left\{ X_T \atop Y_T \right\}, \quad K_1(x) \text{ is the MacDonald function of the first order, } k = 2\pi/\lambda.$$ The OTR fields in the image plane using thin lens approximation can be written in the following way after integration over the lens aperture $S_L$: $$E^D_{x,y}(X_D,Y_D) = \text{const} \int_{S_L} dX_L dY_L E^L_{x,y}(X_L,Y_L) \times \exp \left[ -i \frac{k}{b} \left( X_L X_D + Y_L Y_D \right) \right]. \quad (3)$$ $b$ is the distance between lens and detector. Inserting Eq. (2) in the last expression and performing 4-fold DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NON-INVASIVE PROFILE MONITORS FOR THE ESS LEBT C.A. Thomas, T. Grandsaert, H. Kocevar, O. Midtun, N. Milas, R. Miyamoto, T. Shea, European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden Abstract Non-invasive Profile Monitors are designed and distributed along the ESS Linac. In the Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), a specific one has been designed to be primarily a beam position monitor. Its main requirement is to measure the beam position with 100 µm accuracy, and in addition it provides the beam profile and size. This performance have been shown to be possible and remains to be demonstrated experimentally. The instrument is also potentially capable of measuring the angle of the beam and its divergence. In this paper we will study the accuracy of such a measurement as function of the instrument image quality. INTRODUCTION Non-invasive Profile Monitors [1–3] (NPMs) have been designed at European Spallation Source for the measurement of the beam profile at high power [4]. They are distributed from the LEBT to the last section before the target. We call NPM a transverse profile monitor based on the interaction of the residual gas with the beam of charged particles. There are two principle which the NPMs are based on. One is performing an image of the beam induced gas fluorescence [1], and the other is performing a profile of the beam induced gas ionisation [3]. However, in the LEBT, the main role of the NPM is to measure the position of the beam with respect to the reference beam axis [5]. The required position accuracy is shown to be better than 50 µm, and it is assured by the alignment of the optical axis of the NPM in the general coordinate system in which the whole accelerator is defined. The measurement principle the NPM for the LEBT is based on imaging the gas fluorescence excited by the proton beam. The interaction of the beam with the vacuum residual gas has a same probability along the particle trajectory. Therefore, the fluorescence emission is uniform along the particle path. When projected on the image plane by an optic assembly, the image represents the trajectory of the particle, projected along the optical axis. As a result, the image from the NPM represents the beam profile along the beam trajectory, and projected along one of the transverse axis. Thus, it contains information on the beam position and angle, the size and divergence. Measurement on the image may retrieve this information, and it could be used for beam tuning applications. In the following we will show how we model an NPM image, using beam parameters, and how the retrieval of these parameters from image processing and analysis can be affected by the image quality. BEAM PROPERTIES FROM NPM IMAGE A typical NPM image can be modeled taking into account the beam parameters, the optics parameters and the noise of the camera. Such an image can be seen in Fig. 1. ![Figure 1: Model of an NPM image with ESS LEBT beam parameters. The white lines represents the beam size along the trajectory, and the red line the centre of mass, as retrieved by a Gaussian fitting algorithm. SNR = 20.](image) To produce this image, we have used the beam transport model of the LEBT. The transport equations are given: \[ \beta_z = \beta_0 - 2\alpha_0 z + \gamma_0 z^2 \\ \alpha_z = \alpha_0 - \gamma_0 z \\ \gamma_z = (1 + \alpha_z^2)/\beta_z \\ \sigma_x = \sqrt{\beta_z \varepsilon} \\ \sigma'_x = \sqrt{\varepsilon \gamma_z} \\ c_x = a_1 z + a_0 \] in which $z$ is the beam longitudinal propagation coordinate; $\varepsilon = 16.8 \cdot 10^{-6}$ m.rad, the beam geometrical emittance; $\beta_z$, $\alpha_z$, $\gamma_z$, the beam Twiss parameters at the coordinate $z$; $\beta_0 = 0.11$ m, $\alpha_0 = 1.02$, $\gamma_0 = 18.54$ m$^{-1}$, the Twiss parameter at the beamwaist at the exit of the LEBT; $\sigma_x$ the beam size, and $\sigma'_x$ the beam divergence; $c_x$ is the beam centroid; $a_i$ are the coefficient for the first order polynomial describing the kick angle of the beam. Using Eqs. 5 and 6, one can compute the beam profile along the propagation axis, assuming for instance a Gaussian distribution. BEAM-GAS IMAGING MEASUREMENTS AT LHCb G. Coombs, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom M. Ferro-Luzzi, R. Matev, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland on behalf of the LHCb Collaboration Abstract The LHCb detector is one of the four large particle physics experiments situated around the LHC ring. The excellent spatial resolution of the experiment’s vertex locator (VELO) and tracking system allows the accurate reconstruction of interactions between the LHC beam and either residual or injected gas molecules. These reconstructed beam-gas interactions gives LHCb the ability, unique among experiments, to measure the shape and the longitudinal distribution of the beams. Analysis methods were originally developed for the purpose of absolute luminosity calibration, achieving an unprecedented precision of 1.2% in Run I. They have since been extended and applied for online beam-profile monitoring that is continuously published to the LHC, for dedicated cross-calibration with other LHC beam profile monitors and for studies of the dynamic vacuum effects due to the proximity of the VELO subdetector to the beam. In this paper, we give an overview of the LHCb experience with beam-gas imaging techniques, we present recent results on the outlined topics and we summarise the developments that are being pursued for the ultimate understanding of the Run II measurements. INTRODUCTION The Beam-Gas Imaging technique in use at LHCb is unique among particle physics experiments in allowing the independent measurement of charged particle beam profiles of colliding beams. Its principal application is to provide measurements for the precise luminosity calibrations necessary for absolute cross-section determination [1] but it also permits a variety of additional beam diagnostic measurements. This technique was first developed and put to use during Run I of the LHC (from 2009–2013) when a record precision for the luminosity measurement at a bunched beam hadron collider was achieved [2]. This paper presents the technique’s current use at LHCb and a set of additional applications developed during Run II. THE LHCb DETECTOR LHCb is a flavour physics experiment designed to observe the decays of $b$ and $c$ quarks produced in the high energy hadronic collisions taking place at the LHC [3]. The relatively long lifetimes of the decay products produced by these interactions necessitate a precise measurement of both primary and secondary decay vertices. This is achievable due to the excellent spatial resolution of the detector’s tracking system, most notably the VELO subdetector. A schematic diagram of the full detector layout, including the various subdetectors, can be seen in Fig. 1. ![Figure 1: A side view of the LHCb detector showing the various subdetectors that make up the full experiment. The VELO is shown on the far left and the downstream tracking system is made up of the Trigger Tracker (TT), located before the magnet, and the tracking stations T1–T3, located after the magnet [3].](image) BEAM-GAS IMAGING The VELO subdetector can also be used for the precise reconstruction of inelastic interactions between the high-energy proton beam and gas molecules within the LHCb interaction region. These reconstructed beam-gas vertices can then be used to measure the properties of the colliding beams such as their profiles, sizes or crossing angle. Reconstruction The reconstruction of these vertices uses hits in the VELO’s 21 silicon strip $r-\phi$ sensor modules to form tracks which are then combined to find vertices using LHCb’s pattern-matching algorithms [4]. A selection based on the vertex track multiplicity and spatial coordinates is applied in order to enhance the sample of beam-gas vertices. Vertices are required to have at least five constituent tracks and to fall within the longitudinal range of the VELO acceptance ($\pm 1500 \text{ mm}$). There is an additional radial cut of 4 mm to exclude any secondary interactions with the detector material. The directionality of the constituent tracks is then used to assign vertices to a given beam with a requirement that vertices assigned to beam 1(2) have all tracks in the forward(backward) direction. Forward tracks are defined as those tracks moving from the interaction point towards the LHCb magnet, i.e. from left to right in Fig. 1. RECENT RESULTS ON NON-INVASIVE BEAM SIZE MEASUREMENT METHODS BASED ON POLARIZATION RADIATION L. Bobb, Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire, UK M. Bergamaschi, R. Jones, R. Kieffer, T. Lefevre, S. Mazzoni†, F. Roncarolo, CERN, Geneva, CH M. Billing, J. Conway, M. Forster, Y. Padilla Fuentes, J. Shanks, S. Wang, L. Ying, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA P. Karataev, K. Lekomtsev, JAI at Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK A. Aryshev, N. Terunuma, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan V.V. Bleko, A. S. Konkov, A. P. Potylitsyn, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia Abstract We present recent results on non-invasive beam profile measurement techniques based on Diffraction Radiation (DR) and Cherenkov Diffraction Radiation (ChDR). Both methods exploit the analysis of broadband electromagnetic radiation resulting from polarization currents produced in, or at the boundary of, a medium in close proximity of a charged particle beam. To increase the resolution of DR, measurements were performed in the UV range at a wavelength of 250 nm. With such configurations, sensitivity to the beam size of a 1.2 GeV electron beam below 10 μm was observed at the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) at KEK, Japan. In the case of the ChDR, a proof of principle study was carried out at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) where beam profiles were measured in 2017 on a 5.3 GeV positron beam. At the time of writing an experiment to measure the resolution limit of ChDR has been launched at ATF where smaller beam sizes are available. We will present experimental results and discuss the application of such techniques for future accelerators. INTRODUCTION Non-invasive beam profile measurement techniques offer the advantage of providing beam size information without inserting an object in the beam path, as is required in more traditional methods such as profile measurement using wire scanners, Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) or scintillation screens. There are two main reasons for choosing such methods: being capable of measuring high intensity beams that would destroy any interceptive devices and avoiding any blow-up in emittance due to the interaction of the particles with material. Non interceptive methods can therefore allow a continuous monitoring of the transverse beam size during machine operation. This is the case of the proposed Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), where charge densities up to $10^8$ nC/cm² can be reached in the main beam [1], a value that is approximately 100 times higher than the damage limit of the best thermal resistant materials such as Be or SiC. We report here on the status of two projects that aim at studying Diffraction radiation (DR) and Cherenkov Diffraction Radiation (ChDR) as candidates for non-invasive beam profile measurement techniques. In DR, beam size information is obtained through the analysis of the far-field angular distribution of light produced when the beam passes through a narrow slit in a metallic screen [2]. In ChDR, light is produced at the boundary of a dielectric material (e.g. fused silica) close to the beam path. Notwithstanding the differences in terms of geometry and properties of the emitted radiation, DR and ChDR are based on a similar physical mechanism, that of emission by polarisation currents induced at the surface of a medium [3] by the electromagnetic field of a relativistic particle. This electromagnetic field can be considered as quasi-transverse one, with an effective field radius given by $$l = \gamma \lambda / 2\pi$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) where $\gamma$ is the Lorentz factor and $\lambda$ the wavelength of observation. As a consequence, measurement methods based on DR / ChDR work when the impact parameter $h$ of the target (the half aperture of a slit in the case of DR, the distance between beam path and crystal edge for ChDR) satisfies the condition $h \leq l$. If we consider the visible spectrum (e.g. $\lambda = 500$ nm) and relativistic electrons at 1 GeV ($\gamma \approx 2000$), we will obtain an appreciable DR/ChDR emission for $h \leq 160$ μm, a condition that can be attained and controlled experimentally. While DR is a more established technique, the first proposal using it for beam diagnostics dating back to 1998 [4], ChDR can still be considered to be at a proof of concept stage. We will therefore report on these two separately throughout this paper. STATUS OF DR EXPERIMENT AT ATF2 A DR setup was installed in 2016 in the extraction line of the Accelerator Test Facility 2 (ATF2) in KEK. A description of the instrument and target can be found in [5]. In the course of 2017, the instrument has been upgraded to its final configuration (see Fig. 1). 6. Transverse profiles and emittance monitors A MULTIPURPOSE SCINTILLATING FIBRE BEAM MONITOR FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF SECONDARY BEAMS AT CERN I. Ortega Ruiz, L. Fosse, J. Franchi, A. Frassier, J. Fullerton, J. Kral, J. Lauener, T. Schneider, J. Spanggaard, G. Tranquille, CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Abstract A scintillating fibre beam monitor has been developed at CERN for the measurement of low energy and low intensity secondary beams. This monitor can track the passage of individual particles up to intensities of $10^7$ particles per second per mm$^2$, over an active area of $\sim 20\text{ cm} \times 20\text{ cm}$, and with a spatial resolution of 1 mm. Thanks to an external trigger system, the achieved detection efficiency is $\sim 95\%$ and the noise level is kept below $10^{-4}$ events/second. The simple design of this monitor avoids the common production difficulties of scintillating fibre detectors and makes its maintenance easier, when compared to other tracking detectors, due to the absence of gas or cooling. Using special electronics, a version of the monitor can also be used for time-of-flight measurements, achieving a time resolution of 900 ps. Thanks to its versatility, the monitor will perform several functions when measuring the secondary beams of the CERN Neutrino Platform: beam profile measurement, magnetic momentum spectrometry, particle identification through time-of-flight, and trigger generation for the experiments. INTRODUCTION The Experimental Areas at CERN deliver beams of secondary particles that are used by many experiments related to high-energy physics research and R&D in particle detectors and accelerator technology. These beams are composed of hadrons and leptons that are delivered over a wide range of energies (1 GeV/c to 450 GeV/c), and intensities ($10^2$ to $10^7$ particles per second per mm$^2$). The profile and position of these beams have been measured for decades with Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers and Delay Wire Chambers. However, these detectors are ageing, which compromises their performance, and they cannot fulfil the requirements of a new experimental area, the Neutrino Platform, since it requires large area monitors capable of detecting individual particles [1, 2]. For these reasons, the Beam Instrumentation group at CERN has investigated a new scintillating fibre beam monitor, whose first prototype was successfully tested with beam as reported in [3, 4]. This article describes the second prototype, which has the code name XBPF (eXperimental Beam Profile Fibre monitor), and the beam tests that have validated its production for the Neutrino Platform. Twelve monitors will be commissioned in this facility at the end of August 2018, at the same time as the new beam lines. XBPF AND XBTF The XBPF for the Neutrino Platform is composed of 192 scintillating fibres Kuraray SCSF-78 of 1 mm thickness and square cross section. The fibres are packed together along one plane, forming the active area of the detector that stands in front of the beam (Fig. 1). The light from every fibre is read-out on one end by an individual Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) from Hamamatsu (model S13360-1350) that allows one to know which fibre has been activated and subsequently to reconstruct the track of the particle from multiple monitors. A mirror glued on the non read-out end of the fibre reflects back the light travelling in that direction along the fibre, thus increasing the total light signal reaching the photomultiplier. Figure 1: XBPF on the left, and front-end board with the 192 SiPMs on the right. There exists a second version of the monitor, the XBTF (eXperimental Beam Trigger Fibre monitor), that is used to produce a fast trigger for the XBPF and for the neutrino experiments. In this monitor the fibres are grouped together into two bundles to be read-out by two Photo Multiplier Tubes (PMT) H11934-200 from Hamamatsu. These PMT have a very low dark count rate, at the level of a few Hz, and also have a low transit time spread (300 ps), which makes them suitable for Time-of-Flight applications. Both the XBPF and XBTF have been designed to be vacuum compatible, which removes the need for vacuum windows, so helping to reduce the material budget of the beam line. The photo detectors are located outside vacuum, with the fibres exiting via a feed-through based on an innovative gluing technique that guarantees the necessary leak tightness. The vacuum tank of the new detectors has a modular design that allows it to host any desired combination of XBPF and XBTF, chosen to optimise the functionality of the beam line (Fig. 2). 6. Transverse profiles and emittance monitors DEVELOPMENT OF A BEAM-GAS CURTAIN PROFILE MONITOR FOR THE HIGH LUMINOSITY UPGRADE OF THE LHC R. Veness, M. Ady, N. S. Chritin, J. Glutting, T. Marriott-Dodington, O. R. Jones, R. Kersevan, S. Mazzoni, A. Rossi, G. Schneider, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland P. Forck, S. Udrea, GSI, Darmstadt, Germany A. Salehilashkajani, C. P. Welsch, H. D. Zhang, Cockcroft Institute and University of Liverpool, Warrington, UK P. Smakulski, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland Abstract High luminosity upgrades to the LHC at CERN and future high-energy frontier machines will require a new generation of minimally invasive profile measurement instruments. Production of a dense, focussed gas target allows beam-gas fluorescence to be exploited as an observable, giving an instrument suitable for installation even in regions of high magnetic field. This paper describes the development of a device based on these principles that would be suitable for operation in the LHC. It focusses on mechanisms for the production of a homogeneous gas curtain, the selection of an appropriate working gas and the optical fluorescence detection system. INTRODUCTION High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is under construction as an upgrade to the LHC at CERN [1], planned for commissioning from 2026. The upgrade to the LHC and its injectors will lead to a significant increase in beam intensity. Even the small amount expected to appear as a beam halo will contain significant energy, which must be constantly cleaned to avoid unacceptable losses on the collimation system. The principal technical solution under study for this purpose is a ‘hollow electron lens’ (HEL) [2] which uses a hollow cylindrical electron beam, constrained by a superconducting solenoid which is passed concentrically around the circulating proton beam over some 3 m of beamline. Monitoring the concentricity of these two beams during operation will require simultaneous, minimally-invasive, transverse profile measurement of both proton and hollow electron beams. In addition, this measurement must be in close proximity to the solenoid field constraining the electron beam, preventing the collection of charged particles as an observable. An instrument is being developed to image fluorescence generated by the interaction between these beams and a thin, supersonic, gas curtain [3,4,5]. By tilting this ‘Beam Gas Curtain’ (BGC) with respect to the beam axis, a 2-D image of both beams can be obtained in much the same way as for a traditional solid screen beam observation system. The instrument consists of the following main components: - a gas generation stage consisting of a supersonic gas nozzle followed by three skimmers which select and shape the gas jet. - an interaction chamber where the 0.45-7 TeV proton beam and 10 keV electron beam interact with the gas jet. - an optical system for image generation - an exhaust chamber which pumps the residual gas jet and contains gas jet diagnostics. There are a number of key developments required for this instrument. It is important to select a working gas that is compatible with the NEG-coated, LHC ultra-high vacuum system, whilst still producing an adequate fluorescence signal from the interaction of both keV electrons and TeV protons, preferably from the spectral line of a neutral atom or molecule to avoid image distortion from electric and magnetic fields. It is also necessary to study the production of a dense supersonic gas curtain whilst minimising the background gas load to the vacuum system, and to develop a radiation-hard imaging system that is efficient for both the electron and proton excited fluorescence signals. WORKING GASES As working gases, Nitrogen (N₂) and Neon (Ne) were initially considered [3,6], with estimations made on their cross-sections for relevant transitions at the energies of interest (see Table 2). However, recent considerations regarding vacuum compatibility at CERN lead to the conclusion that N₂ is less desirable than Neon and that a further alternative is Argon (Ar). A literature study was therefore conducted on the fluorescence of Ar and Ar⁺ due to excitation by electrons and protons. Whilst a large amount of data is available for fluorescence cross-sections for relatively low-energy (Eₖ ≤ 1 keV) electrons impinging on Ar, there is no relevant data for high-energy electrons or protons. According to measurements by [7] for excitation by ≤ 250 eV electrons, the most prominent lines are at 750.4 nm for Ar and 476.5 nm for Ar⁺. However, high intensity lines at 751.5 nm (Ar) and 454.5 nm (Ar⁺) can also be considered. For extrapolating to higher electron energies the model presented for Ne in [6] has been used for Ar, while for Ar⁺ a... PERFORMANCE OF A REFLECTIVE MICROSCOPE OBJECTIVE IN AN X-RAY PINHOLE CAMERA L. Bobb , G. Rehm, Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire, U.K. Abstract X-ray pinhole cameras are used to measure the transverse beam profile of the electron beam in the storage ring from which the emittance is calculated. As improvements to the accelerator lattice reduce the beam emittance, e.g. with upgrades to fourth generation synchrotron light sources, likewise the beam size will be reduced such that micron and sub-micron scale resolution is required for beam size measurement. Therefore the spatial resolution of the pinhole camera imaging system must be improved accordingly. Here, the performance of a reflective microscope objective is compared to the high quality refractive lens which is currently in use to image the scintillator screen to the camera. The modulation transfer functions for each system have been assessed and will be discussed. INTRODUCTION There are three pinhole cameras in operation at Diamond Light Source: two of these systems continuously monitor the beam size [1] for vertical emittance feedback [2], whilst the third pinhole camera is installed on the Diagnostics X-ray beamline for research and development. All of the pinhole cameras share a common layout in the storage ring as shown in Fig. 1. For each pinhole camera, synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet passes from vacuum to air through a 1 mm thick aluminium window. The spectrum has a photon energy range from 15 keV to approximately 60 keV and a peak at 25 keV. The X-rays then pass through the $\approx 24 \mu m$ pinhole aperture which is formed using a stacked arrangement of tungsten blades separated by chemically etched shims [3, 4]. The pinhole assembly is kept under nitrogen to prevent oxidation. The first image plane is located at the scintillator screen which converts X-rays to visible photons. This image is relayed from the scintillator screen to the camera via a lens. The total path length is approximately 15 m. The source-to-screen magnification is approximately 2.5. The horizontal beam size of the electron beam $\sigma_x$ is $\approx 50 \mu m$, therefore the horizontal beam size imaged at the scintillator screen is $\approx 125 \mu m$. The electron beam profile which is approximated by a Gaussian extends much further than $\pm 1\sigma_x$, thus the field of view of the relay lens should be roughly an order of magnitude greater that the imaged beam size, in this case preferably 1 mm. Rather than direct X-ray detection using an expensive detector, scintillator screens are incorporated to convert X-rays to visible photons which can be detected using machine vision CCD or CMOS cameras. In order to have a reasonable exposure time ($< 100 \text{ ms}$), a sufficient intensity per pixel (i.e. light yield) to form an image above noise is required. This dictates the lower bound on the scintillator thickness for a given optical setup. The upper bound is determined by the spatial resolution that is required for imaging the electron beam. In some cases direct X-ray detection is necessary [5]. For pinhole cameras at third generation synchrotron light sources, the scintillator thickness is in the 100 to 500 $\mu m$ range [1, 6]. Due to the limited information provided in the technical specifications from manufacturers, a series of experiments to compare and characterise different scintillator materials have been conducted largely by G. Kube et al. [7, 8]. These results have shown that although there is some variation of the spatial resolution for different materials, reducing the thickness of the scintillator provides the greatest improvement in spatial resolution [9]. The Point Spread Function (PSF) describes the spatial resolution of an imaging system. For pinhole cameras each optical element contributes to the overall PSF of the imaging system [3]. Using a Gaussian approximation the overall PSF may be represented as $$\sigma_{\text{PSF}}^2 = \sigma_{\text{pinhole}}^2 + \sigma_{\text{camera}}^2 \quad (1)$$ with $$\sigma_{\text{pinhole}}^2 = \sigma_{\text{diffraction}}^2 + \sigma_{\text{aperture}}^2 \quad (2)$$ and $$\sigma_{\text{camera}}^2 = \sigma_{\text{screen}}^2 + \sigma_{\text{lens}}^2 + \sigma_{\text{sensor}}^2 \quad (3)$$ where the subscripts denote the sources of the PSF contributions [4]. The PSF contribution associated with imaging the scintillator screen denoted $\sigma_{\text{camera}}$ may be measured using a knife-edge and uniform illumination. The PSF contribution from the pinhole denoted $\sigma_{\text{pinhole}}$ may be calculated provided the aperture size is known [1]. The overall PSF is dominated by the contribution due to pinhole aperture size $\sigma_{\text{pinhole}}$ and the contribution from the scintillator screen $\sigma_{\text{screen}}$. Investigations are under way to minimise $\sigma_{\text{pinhole}}$ by improving the control of the pinhole aperture size using alternative fabrication methods such that the optimal size is used given the X-ray spectrum [4, 10]. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF APODIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR BEAM DIAGNOSTICS PERFORMED AT ELBE B. Freeman, J. Gubeli, and K. Jordan, Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA, USA P. Evtushenko, HZDR, Dresden, Germany Abstract The ELBE (Electron Linac for beams with high Brilliance and low Emittance) facility in Dresden, Germany is a multipurpose user facility, which is also used for accelerator R&D purposes. The beam line was setup for transverse beam profile measurements, where the imaging system includes a series of three apodizers and five circular apertures. Both of which could be changed remotely during beam operation, through automated LabVIEW routines. The bunch structure and charge were varied to collect a series of images that were acquired automatically, and then stored for later analysis. Over 12,000 images were captured and then analyzed using software written at Jefferson Lab that runs ImageJ as its main image processing library. INTRODUCTION Large Dynamic Range (LDR) diagnostics are becoming increasingly important for high current and high beam power accelerators. Machines where a transverse and longitudinal match must be computed to control the beam optics, a lower average beam current is typically used. When setup is believed to be complete the beam current and duty cycle are usually increased. It has been the experience at the JLab machines, both CEBAF and the FEL [1], in its operation, that the best of setups are just not good enough initially to transport the beam at the requested beam power, without beam losses. The setup, either in the transverse or longitudinal plane must be revisited to sustain the beam power requested by the users. The reason for this, is the inability of the available diagnostics to detect beam tails and beam halo ahead of the machine protection system [1]. The operational impact of this can be significant and has caused some to investigate ways of improving the ability to setup, and to investigate diagnostics that could see the tails and halo during setup. The smallest point that can be resolved in an optical system is defined by its point spread function (PSF). It is a function of the angular acceptance of the aperture. In the Fourier optics, it is the Fourier transform of the pupil function. When light is collected through the aperture, diffraction effects limit the smallest resolvable spot. To improve the dynamic range of the system, which is defined by $ \frac{\text{Peak}}{\text{Noise}} $, apodizers have been suggested to decrease diffraction in the image plane and drive the noise level down even farther. Apodizers have been used in astronomy, when observing stars which are tiny point sources of light. An apodizer is a Gaussian spatial filter, which limits the amount of light that can enter the image plane by decreasing the transmission of light radial out from the center of the filter. The transmission profile of the filter is defined by \[ T(r, \sigma) = T_0 e^{-\left(\frac{r}{\sigma \sqrt{2}}\right)^2} \] (1) where $ T_0 = 97\% \pm 1\% $ [2]. Three apodizers were ordered, all were made on a fused silica substrate. Two of the apodizers were made using a half tone dot method. Which means they were constructed with 10 $ \mu m $ pixels that have an increasing density radially by the relation Equation 1. The pixel density changes the amount of light that is transmitted through the filter. The two half tone gaussian profiles were made such that $ \sigma = 6 \text{ mm} \pm 0.3 \text{ mm} $, and $ \sigma = 12 \text{ mm} \pm 0.3 \text{ mm} $. The third apodizer was constructed using a reflective coating with increasing density radially outward from $ r = 0 $ at the center of the filter, with $ \sigma = 12 \text{ mm} \pm 0.3 \text{ mm} $ [2]. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The ELBE (Electron Linac for beams with high Brilliance and low Emittance) facility in Dresden, Germany was chosen because of the many configurations possible. The facility is a multipurpose user facility which can also be used for R&D applications. The electron beam at ELBE was setup to allow for several different bunch charges, at different micro-pulse frequencies. The overall purpose of the experiment was to put the Gaussian apodizers to the test, with a large range of various light intensities. The experimental setup was set up to automate the process of varying the apodizers, a series of 5 circular apertures, exposure times, and camera gains. Mechanical Setup A Large Dynamic Range Diagnostic Station (LDRDS) was used in this experiment to profile the electron beam. The LDRDS consists of a six inch cross with two beam intercepting devices and two six-inch conflat flange viewports. One device is a stepper motor driven linear shaft with a two wire fork (wire scanner). The fork is orientated at 45 degrees to the beam along two axes with the wires set horizontally and vertically along the beamline. This fork angle is set to allow any optical transition radiation from the wires, as they pass through the electron beam, to be directed out one of the viewports. This fork is electrically isolated from the chamber and connected to an SMA feedthrough. The leadscrew, gear box and stepper motor combination has a linear resolution of 127 nm ($ \frac{1}{2} $ step) and a maximum linear speed of 1.27 mm/second. The second device is a two-stage pneumatically driven linear stage. The center shaft is rigidly attached to a slide on two linear ball bushing bearings to produce a very repeatable insertion position. A ball bearing is used as a coupling... TRANSVERSE BEAM EMITTANCE MEASUREMENTS WITH MULTI-SLIT AND MOVING-SLIT DEVICES FOR LEREC C. Liu#, A. Fedotov, D. Gassner, X. Gu, D. Kayran, J. Kewisch, T. Miller, M. Minty, V. Ptitsyn, S. Seletskiy, A. Sukhanov, D. Weiss, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, U.S.A. A. Fuchs, Ward Melville High School, Setauket- East Setauket, U.S.A. Abstract Low Energy RHIC electron cooling (LEReC) is the first bunched electron cooler, designed to cool low energy ion beams at RHIC. The beam quality, including the transverse beam emittance, is critical for the success of cooling. The transverse electron beam emittance was characterized with a multi-slit and moving-slit device at various locations in the beamline. The beam emittance measurement and analysis are presented in this report. INTRODUCTION LEReC [1], a linear electron accelerator (Figure 1), is designed to cool RHC ion beams and therefore improve luminosities at beam energies below 10 GeV/n [2]. Electron bunches are generated by a 400 kV DC electron photocathode gun; these bunches then go through a chain of cavities, which includes a 1.2/1.6 MeV 704 MHz superconducting booster cavity, a 2.1 GHz normal-conducting copper cavity to linearize beam energy chirp, a 704 MHz normal-conducting cavity to reduce energy spread of individual bunches and a 9 MHz normal-conducting cavity to reduce energy droop along bunch train due to beam loading. Each electron macro-bunch, consisting of 30 micro-bunches of 40 ps length at 704 MHz repetition frequency, will overlap with a RHIC ion bunch at 9 MHz frequency. The electron beam first propagates with the ion beam in one of the RHIC rings (Yellow) collinearly with the same speed, then turns around and propagates with the ion beam in the other RHIC ring (Blue). With extremely small energy spread (5E-4), the electron beam reduces the ion beam energy spread when interacting with it by coulomb friction force. The design electron beam current is 30-55 mA for beam energy 1.6-2.6 MeV, with bunch charge of 130-200 pC and normalized emittance <2.5 μm [1]. Matching the electron beam transverse emittance to that of the ion beam is crucial for cooling. With low energy and high bunch charge, the electron beam emittance is dominated by space charge effect. Therefore, emittance measurement devices made of slit/slits [3] were chosen in the LEReC accelerator to measure beam emittance along the beamline. The multi-slit and moving-slit sample several transverse slices of the beam which then project to downstream profile monitors. The space charge effect is substantially reduced due to reduction of charge density by the sampling of the slit/slits. MATERIAL AND METHOD FOR BEAM EMITTANCE MEASUREMENT A multi-slit device (Figure 2) [4], installed after the Booster cavity with a YAG profile monitor 2 m downstream, measures beam emittance in the DC gun test line. There are 10 horizontal and 10 vertical slits on the same mask, respectively for vertical and horizontal beam emittance measurement. The slit width is 150 μm, with slit spacing 1.346 mm. The mask was made of Tungsten plate of 1.5 mm thickness. The multi-slit mask is thick enough to stop most of the electrons at 1.6 MeV beam energy. This is designed to avoid background on the downstream profile monitor due to scattered electrons. Figure 2: Drawing of multi-slit device at retracted position, with vertical slits at the bottom and horizontal slits at the top part of the mask. Figure 3: Schematics of moving-slit device. The image on top shows the assembly and the orientation, with a view along the beam path. The lower image illustrates the sampling process, first horizontal and then vertical with the mask driven in by a stepper motor. 6. Transverse profiles and emittance monitors SYNCHROTRON EMITTANCE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE AT MedAustron L. Adler¹,², A. De Franco¹, F. Farinon¹, N. Gambino¹, G. Guidoboni¹, C. Kurfürst¹, S. Myalski¹, M. Pivi¹, C. Schmitzer¹, I. Strasik¹, A. Wastl¹ ¹ EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria ² Atominstitut TU Wien, Vienna, Austria Abstract MedAustron is a synchrotron based medical accelerator facility for particle therapy providing protons and carbon ions with clinical energies from 60 MeV to 250 MeV and 120 MeV/n to 400 MeV/n respectively. The facility features four irradiation rooms, three of which are dedicated to clinical operation and a fourth one to non-clinical research. Commissioning of all fixed lines has been completed for protons, while the commissioning for carbon ions and a proton gantry is ongoing. For the commissioning of carbon ions, precise measurements of the transverse beam emittance in the synchrotron are of importance, to minimize beam losses and to correct for possible emittance variations due to the different clinically relevant beam intensities defined by a degrader at the end of the Linac. The transverse beam emittance in the MedAustron synchrotron is measured via scraping at non-dispersive regions of the ring. The analysis procedure as well as emittance reconstruction accuracy for simulated data will be described in this paper, together with measurement results from the carbon commissioning. INTRODUCTION MedAustron is a synchrotron based ion therapy and research center located in Wr. Neustadt, Austria. Its design is based on PIMMS [1] and CNAO [2]. It features three ECR ion sources, a 400 keV/n RFQ and a 7 MeV/n IH Drift tube LINAC feeding the beam into a synchrotron with 77 m circumference. At the moment patient treatment with proton beams in the energy range of 62.4 MeV up to 252.7 MeV is taking place in two irradiation rooms featuring two fixed horizontal and a fixed vertical beamline [3]. During acceleration the beam is kept off-momentum and then extracted, using a betatron core slowly accelerating the beam onto a 3rd order resonance in the horizontal plane, which is generated using lattice quadrupoles and a dedicated sextupole magnet in a dispersion free region of the ring [4]. This allows a smooth extraction with spill-lengths between 0.1 s and 10 s. The off-momentum operation and the slow third order resonance extraction process require an accurate knowledge and precise measurements of the transverse emittance in the synchrotron. The MedAustron accelerator features a so called degrader* at the end of the Linac which is used to limit the number of particles being injected into the ring. It is a pepper pot like device allowing to reduce the intensity to 10, 20 or 50 % of the nominal intensity. The current transformer in the synchrotron shows a Gaussian white noise, which is independent of the signal amplitude. This results in the signal to noise ratio being approximately 10 times worse for degrader 10 % compared to nominal intensity. Parallel to patient treatment, commissioning of the first fixed horizontal beamline with carbon ion beam is ongoing. To facilitate the carbon commissioning, the transverse synchrotron emittance analysis procedure has been refined to obtain more accurate results, higher robustness of the analysis algorithms and allow for a completely automated measurement data analysis. DESIGN EMITTANCES In the following the design diluted ring emittances will be listed, since those values were chosen as simulation input to determine the stability and accuracy of the analysis procedure. The numerical values of the design emittances can be seen in Table 1, they are the same for both planes. \| \| Protons 60 MeV/n \| Protons 250 MeV/n \| \|----------------\|------------------\|-------------------\| \| RMS norm. emittance \| 0.519 \| 0.519 \| \| RMS geom. emittance \| 1.4286 \| 0.6679 \| \| \| Carbon ions 120 MeV/n \| Carbon ions 400 MeV/n \| \|----------------\|-----------------------\|-----------------------\| \| RMS norm. emittance \| 0.7482 \| 0.7482 \| \| RMS geom. emittance \| 1.4286 \| 0.7324 \| EMITTANCE ANALYSIS IN THE MEDAUSTRON FRAMEWORK The automatic analysis program for the transverse synchrotron emittance has been coded in Python 3.4 [5] as a Level 3 tool in the MedAustron Measurement Data Analysis Framework PACMAN [6]. The measurements are taken via a so called Operational Application, a dedicated software tool in the MedAustron OpApp framework [7], which takes care of the provision of measurement configuration data to the accelerator and autonomously performs the resulting beam measurements. SETUP FOR BEAM PROFILE MEASUREMENTS USING OPTICAL TRANSITION RADIATION* J. Pforr†, M. Arnold, T. Bahlo, L. Jürgensen, N. Pietralla, A. Rost, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany F. Hug, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany Abstract The S-DALINAC is a thrice-recirculating, superconducting linear electron accelerator at TU Darmstadt. It can provide beams of electrons with energies of up to 130 MeV and currents of up to 20 μA. The accelerator performance was improved by an extension of the beam diagnostics, as this increases the reproducibility of the machine settings. In addition, the installation of several beam profile measurement stations is planned, which should be operational down to a beam current of 100 nA, as this current is used for beam tuning. Combining these devices with a quadrupole scan also allows for emittance measurements. The beam profile measurements shall be done based on optical transition radiation (OTR), resulting from the penetration of relativistic electrons from vacuum into a metal target. The radiation can be detected using standard cameras that provide information on the two-dimensional particle distribution. This contribution will address the layout of the measurement stations and a first test measurement will be presented. NEW DIAGNOSTIC STATIONS AT THE S-DALINAC The current layout of the S-DALINAC is shown in Fig. 1. The electron beam coming from one of the two sources can be accelerated in the superconducting injector to up to 10 MeV beam energy [1]. After the injector the beam can be used at the DHIPS (Darmstadt High Intensity Photon Setup) experimental area [2] or be bent into the main linac. The electrons can pass the main linac up to four times due to the three existing recirculations [3] and are afterwards extracted to the experimental hall with a maximum energy of 130 MeV. Figure 1: Layout of the S-DALINAC with three recirculation beam lines. The red boxes denote the positions of the planned diagnostic stations. In order to enable an emittance measurement after each acceleration, there are several diagnostic stations necessary. One is located behind the superconducting injector and further diagnostic stations are planned in the straight sections of each recirculation beam line. The positions were chosen such that quadrupoles are available for an emittance measurement based on a quadrupole scan. In addition, the diagnostic stations consist of an OTR target and CMOS cameras (FLIR BFLY-PGE-31S4M-C) which detect the radiation. This type of camera was chosen for various reasons as a high resolution and framerate. Of special importance is the possibility to adjust many camera parameters, e.g. the exposure time and gain, remotely, which results in a high flexibility. As these cameras have to be protected from radiation damage, the target is supposed to be observed via a mirror in order to allow for better shielding. OPTICAL TRANSITION RADIATION Transition radiation is emitted when a relativistic charged particle crosses the boundary between two media with different permittivity, as the electric field has to rearrange at the boundary. This radiation was predicted in 1947 by Ginzburg and Frank [4], and after pioneering work by Wartski [5] it has been established as a tool for electron beam diagnostics. The emission of OTR is directed in two cones with opening angle of $1/\gamma$, as depicted in Fig. 2, where the metal target is inclined with 45° with respect to the electron beam. The radiated power for an electron with Lorentz factor $\gamma >> 1$ can be described by [6] $$W_1(\theta) = \frac{e^2}{4\pi^3\epsilon_0c} \frac{\beta^2 \sin^2\theta}{(1 - \beta^2 \cos^2\theta)^2}$$ Figure 2: The directional dependence of the intensity of OTR light that is emitted by a metal foil with 45° angle to the electron beam [7]. 6. Transverse profiles and emittance monitors THE EUROPEAN XFEL WIRE SCANNER SYSTEM T. Lensch, S. Liu, M. Scholz, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract The European-XFEL (E-XFEL) is an X-ray Free Electron Laser facility located in Hamburg (Germany). The superconducting accelerator for up to 17.5 GeV electrons will provide photons simultaneously to several user stations. Currently 12 Wire Scanner units are used to image transverse beam profiles in the high energy sections. These scanners provide a slow scan mode which is currently used to measure beam emittance and beam halo distributions. When operating with long bunch trains (>100 bunches) also fast scans are planned to measure beam sizes in an almost nondestructive manner. Scattered electrons can be detected with regular Beam Loss Monitors (BLM) as well as dedicated wire scanner detectors. Latter are installed in different variants at certain positions in the machine. Further developments are ongoing to optimize the sensitivity of the detectors to be able to measure both, beam halo and beam cores within the same measurement with the same detector. This paper describes the current status of the system and examples of different slow scan measurements. INTRODUCTION At the E-XFEL there are about 60 screen stations installed. Twelve of these screen stations are additionally equipped with wire scanner motion units. These wire scanner units are placed in groups of three upstream of the collimation section and upstream of the three SASE undulator systems. Each wire scanner unit consists of two motorized forks (horizontal and vertical plane). Each fork is driven by a separate linear motor [1]. This $90^\circ$ configuration of motors helps to avoid vibration influences. The wire position is measured with a linear ruler (Heidenhain) which has a resolution of 0.5 µm. The motion unit is integrated by a custom front end electronic into the MTCA.4 [2] environment. A set of three $90^\circ$ tungsten wires (50, 30 and 20 µm) and two crossed $60^\circ$ wires (10 µm) are mounted on each titanium fork (see Fig. 1). Figure 2 shows a wire scanner motion unit installed upstream of the collimation section. Different detector setups as well as regular Beam Loss Monitors (BLM) downstream of the wire scanner motion units are used for detection of scattered particles. Figure 3 shows a simplified overview of installed wire scanner stations and detectors. DETECTORS Dedicated Wire Scanner Detectors Several dedicated wire scanner detectors (WSD) for scattered electrons have been developed and installed downstream of each set of motion units. They are based on photomultipliers (PMTs) of type Philips XP2243B. These fast, red sensitive 6-stage tubes are well known from FLASH and HERA wire scanners for years. Currently two types of setups are installed. Plastic scintillating fibers (length: 4 m, diameter: 2 mm) optically coupled to the PMTs are wrapped around the beam pipe to be close to the beam showers. In order to gain more signal, paddles (made of NE110) with larger size compared to fiber detectors have been optically adapted to PMTs of the same type (Philips XP2243B). Measurements show that these paddle based detectors are much more sensitive and can be used better for measurements with low losses (i.e. study of beam halo distribution). Regular BLMs About 470 Beam Loss Monitors (BLM) are installed at the E-XFEL. They are used for machine protection and dark current measurement [3]. For detection of scattered electrons each of these BLMs can be used for the wire scanner analysis, too. Due to the non-linearity of these BLMs they cannot be used at a time for both beam halo and beam core... THE NEW DIAGNOSTIC SUITE FOR THE ECHO ENABLED HARMONIC GENERATION EXPERIMENT AT FERMI. M. Veronese, A. Abrami, E. Allaria, M. Bossi, I. Cudin, M. Danailov, R. De Monte, F. Giacuzzo, S. Grulja, G. Kurdi, P. Rebernik Ribic, R. Sauro, G. Strangolino and M. Ferianis, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy Abstract The Echo Enabled Harmonic Generation (EEHG) experiment has been implemented on the FEL2 line of the FERMI FEL at Elettra (Italy). The main purpose is to validate the expected performance improvements at short wavelengths before a dedicated major upgrade is deployed. This paper describes the new diagnostics and the operational experience with them during the EEHG experiment. By means of a multi position vacuum vertical manipulator, different optical components are positioned on the electron and seed laser path. Both transverse and longitudinal measurements are performed. A YAG:Ce screen (e beam) and a terbium doped UV scintillator (laser) are imaged on a dedicated CMOS camera. For the temporal alignment, an OTR screen and a scattering surface are used to steer radiation from the e-beam and laser, onto a fast photodetector. Also coherent OTR radiation, due to micro-bunching, is acquired by means of a PbSe photodetector. Finally, for the normal EEHG operation, the laser beam is injected on the electron beam axis by means of a UV reflecting mirror. The results of the installed diagnostics commissioning are here presented. INTRODUCTION One of the most recent advances in Free Electron laser design is the so called Echo Enabled Harmonic Generation [1]. In this scheme the electron beam is modulated by two external lasers, compared to High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG) [2] where one seed laser is used and to Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) [3] which has no external seeding and is based on amplification of shot noise microbunching. Recently microbunching at the 75th harmonic has been observed using a seed laser at 2400 nm [4]. In HGHG the external seed laser couples to electron beam in the modulator undulator to produce a bunched current distribution, then the electron beam pass through the radiator undulators and lasing occurs. The HGHG emission has a quicker built up compared to SASE. HGHG pulses have a high spectral purity and stability and can be fully coherent and transform limited [5]. The main limitation of HGHG at short wavelengths is its sensitivity to quality of the electron beam in terms of phase distortions [6]. EEHG can potentially decrease the sensitivity of the FEL to the electron beam quality and thus ease the operation of the FEL at short wavelengths. Moreover since in EEHG there is no FEL first stage, the beam does not undergo properties degradation due to first stage and so there is no need to use the fresh bunch technique [7] typical of HGHG multiple cascade FELs. This means that potentially the compression can be increased allowing for higher peak current. An EEHG experiment has been proposed [8] and installed in the FERMI FEL2, to validate the expected improvements. The experiment is aiming at comparing FEL operations in EEHG mode and in standard two stage HGHG with an electron beam energy ranging from 1.1 GeV to 1.5 GeV for wavelength in the 20 to 4 nm spectral range. Finally a new manipulator and diagnostics have been installed in the delay line and are the subject of this paper. EEHG LAYOUT The experiment has been setup in the FEL2 line of the FERMI FEL. FEL2 is a two stage cascade HGHG FEL usually operated in fresh bunch mode. The upgrade for the experiment involves the installation of a new modulator for the second stage of FEL2, a new laser line delivering up to 50 microJoules pulses at 260 nm with duration around 150 fs. The magnetic delay line magnet will be repositioned and a new power supply capable of 750 Amp has been installed allowing to reach R56 above 2 mm. The EEHG modulator undulator has variable gap, linear polarization and a period of 11 cm to fit the laser wavelength of 260nm. Figure 1 shows a pictorial layout of the EEHG experiment. The seed laser of the first stage is called ‘seed1’ and the first stage radiators are not depicted since they are not needed for EEHG and have been set at gaps fully open during the measurements. MOD1 is the first stage modulator and DS1 is the first dispersive section. The magnetic delay line is depicted as a series and green rectangles and is used as the main big R56 needed for EEHG. In the middle of it the new vacuum manipulator has been installed. On the lower part a gray rectangle depicts the optical table that houses all the laser setup that controls the steering, the compression and the third harmonic conversion to generate the ‘seed2’ UV laser. On the same table we also installed all the motorized actuators and detectors that compose the new diagnostics. Downstream this area we can see in Fig. 1 the YAG:Ce screens are depicted as red rectangles. OPTICAL SYSTEM OF BEAM INDUCED FLUORESCENCE MONITOR TOWARD MW BEAM POWER AT THE J-PARC NEUTRINO BEAMLINE S. Cao, M. Friend, K. Sakashita, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan M. Hartz\textsuperscript{1}, Kavli IPMU (WPI), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan \textsuperscript{1}also at TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada A. Nakamura, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan Abstract A Beam Induced Fluorescence (BIF) monitor is being developed as an essential part of the monitor update toward MW beam power operation at the J-PARC neutrino beamline. By measuring the fluorescence light from proton-gas interactions, the BIF monitor will be used as a continuous and non-destructive diagnostic tool for monitoring the proton beam profile spill-by-spill, with position and width precision on the order of 200 µm. The main challenge lies in collecting a sufficient amount of fluorescence light for the beam profile reconstruction while controlling the beam-induced noise with the current beamline configuration. A study is presented with a particular focus on the optical system under development, which allows us to transport fluorescence light away from the high radiation environment near the proton beamline and detect the optical signal with a Multi-Pixel Photon-Counter-based fast readout. J-PARC NEUTRINO BEAMLINE: TOWARD MW BEAM The J-PARC complex [1] is serving as a producer of the most intense neutrino beam in the world to one of the world-leading neutrino oscillation experiment, Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K) [2]. A J-PARC neutrino beamline is designed to guide protons extracted from Main Ring (MR), bend 80.7° toward the T2K far detector, Super-Kamiokande, before bombarding onto a graphite target in order to producing charged pions and kaons which are then decayed into $\nu_\mu$ (or $\bar{\nu}_\mu$) in flight. Recent results from T2K experiment shows that the CP conserving values of CP violation phase, which is presented in the leptonic mixing matrix, fall outside of $2\sigma$ of confidence and credible intervals of measured range [3]. To further study CP violation in the leptonic sector, increasing the neutrino beam power is essential and play a role as the main driver for the neutrino intensity frontier. Since the start of user operation in 2010, the MR beam power has been increased steady and operated stably in 485 kW with an intensity of $2.5 \times 10^{14}$ protons-per-pulse (ppp) at a repetition cycle of 2.48 s in 2018. Toward MW beam power, J-PARC aims to reduce the repetition cycle to 1.3 s and increase the beam intensity up to $3.2 \times 10^{14}$ ppp by 2026. To realize MW beam, beam loss handling and continuous monitoring the beam profile with high precision are crucial. Description of the beam loss and beam profile monitors in J-PARC neutrino beamline can be found elsewhere [2]. Among these monitors, Segmented Secondary Emission Monitors (SSEM), which are used to monitor the beam profile including the beam center and beam width, are considered critically requiring an upgrade toward MW beam due to limitations discussed in the next section. CURRENT BEAM PROFILE MONITOR AND THEIR LIMIT In general, to measure the proton beam profile, material is inserted into the beamline. In J-PARC neutrino beamline, there is a suite of nineteen SSEMs, each of monitor consists of two 5-µm-thick Titanium (Ti) foils stripped vertically and horizontally along with a Ti foil of same thickness between thme. The strip width is about from 2 cm to 5 cm, depending on the beam size at the installed position. Precision of the SSEM measurement on the beam width can be achieved up to 200 µm. However this method leads to 0.005% beam loss per SSEM. Due to this large amount of loss, only the most downstream SSEM is used continuously during normal operation, while others are inserted occasionally into the beamline for operation only during beam tuning periods. A Wire Secondary Emission Monitor (WSEM) has been developed with the same principle as the SSEM but using wires instead of strips to mitigate the beam loss. With WSEM, the beam loss can be reduced by factor of ten. However, continuous monitoring by a WSEM is still questionable, since even 0.0005% beam loss can cause serious problems, specifically the irradiation and damage of beamline components and a residual dose increase which makes maintenance become difficult. Thus, it is crucial to develop a non-destructive (or minimally destructive) beam profile monitor for the future operation of J-PARC at MW beam power. Figure 1: A BIF schematics has been built in the J-PARC neutrino beamline. BIF MONITOR: PRINCIPLE AND A WORKABLE CONCEPT In general, a BIF monitor makes uses of the fluorescence induced by proton beam interactions with gas in the beamline. DESIGN AND TEST RESULTS OF A DOUBLE-SLIT EMITTANCE METER AT XiPAF M. W. Wang\textsuperscript{1}, Q. Z. Xing, S. X. Zheng\textsuperscript{†}, X. L. Guan, W. H. Huang, X. W. Wang Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory for Advanced Radiation Sources and Application, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Z. M. Wang, D. Wang, C. Y. Wei, M. T. Qiu,\textsuperscript{1} also at State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect (Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology), Xi’an 710024, China Abstract Xi’an 200 MeV Proton Application Facility (XiPAF) is composed of a linac injector, a 200-MeV synchrotron and a high energy transport line. To study the beam dynamics along the beam line, a double-slit emittance meter is used to measure the beam phase space in the linac. To have knowledge of the phase space upstream of the emittance meter, an inverse transport method is proposed in the presence of space charge. The design and preliminary test results of the emittance meter are presented in this paper. INTRODUCTION XiPAF (Xi’an 200 MeV Proton Application Facility), a proton radiation facility, consists of a linac injector, a medium energy transport line (MEBT), a synchrotron ring, a high energy transport line (HEBT) and a target [1]. The linac is composed of a low energy beam transport line (LEBT), a four-vane type RFQ and an alvarez-type DTL. During commissioning, knowledge of beam phase spaces at the LEBT output, RFQ output and DTL output are critical for beam matching. Especially at XiPAF, there is no matching section between RFQ and DTL [2]. The beam parameters of the linac are shown in Table 1. Due to the large energy range, the conventional electric scanner is not applicable. A double-slit type emittance meter is used to measure beam transverse phase spaces. Due to the small beam size and large divergence, it’s usually hard to measure the beam phase spaces at the exit of the RFQ and DTL directly. Therefore, it’s essential to deduce the beam phase spaces at the exits from the measured beam phase space downstream. The transportation is commonly achieved by transport matrix with assumption of linear particle motion. Whereas, the method is ineffective when the space charge effect is significant. A method, using the PIC code rather than transport matrix to simulate the particle motion, is proposed to transport the beam phase space from downstream to upstream with space charge effects. With this method, the knowledge of beam phase space distribution along the beam line can be obtained from the measured phase space at the position of the emittance meter. This paper shows the design and test results of the emittance meter. Table 1: Main Beam Parameters of XiPAF Linac \| Parameter \| Value \| Unit \| \|--------------------\|---------\|------\| \| Species \| H$^-$ \| \ \| \| Beam energy \| 0.05~7 \| MeV \| \| Peak current \| 3~10 \| mA \| \| Pulse length \| 10~1000 \| μs \| \| Repetition rate \| 0.5 \| Hz \| DESIGN Figure 1 shows the operation principle of the double-slit emittance meter. The emittance meter contains two slits: the position slit and angle slit. The width of the position slit determines the position resolution. The width of the angle slit and drift distance determine the angle resolution. The smaller the slits, the higher the resolution, but lower signal amplitude. ![Figure 1: Operation principle of the double-slit emittance meter.](image) Due to the space limitation, the maximum drift distance is 247 mm. Figure 2 shows the signal amplitude as a function of slit widths. The widths of the two slits at XiPAF are 0.2 mm and 0.1 mm, respectively. Then the maximum current signal is 31.6 μA, and position and angle measurement resolution are 0.2 mm and 0.4 mrad, respectively. The current signal is measured by a Faraday cup mounted behind the angle slit. ![Figure 2: Signal amplitude as a function of slit widths.](image) MACHINE LEARNING APPLIED TO PREDICT TRANSVERSE OSCILLATION AT SSRF B. Gao, Y.B. Leng †, Y.M. Zhou 1, J. Chen Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China 1 also at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China Abstract A fast beam size diagnostic system has been developed at SSRF storage ring for turn-by-turn and bunch-by-bunch beam transverse oscillation study. This system is based on visible synchrotron radiation direct imaging system. Currently, this system already has good experimental results. However, this system still has some limitations, the resolution is subject to the point spread function; and the speed of the online data processing is limited by the complex Gaussian fitting algorithm. In order to realize the online fast data processing, we present a technique that applied machine learning tools to predict transverse beam size. Using this technique at SSRF storage ring, we report mean squared errors below 4 μm for prediction of the horizontal beam size. INTRODUCTION Research of bunch-by-bunch beam diagnostics at the Beam Instrumentation (BI) group of SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) has been started from the year of 2012 [1]. We also have focusing on the development of a six-dimensional bunch-by-bunch diagnostics system (published on this conference). With the bunch-by-bunch diagnostics tool, further transverse and longitudinal instability information can be observed. Additionally, it is an excellent tool for machine impedance and wake-field investigations. Moreover, every bunch is the basic unit of the beam physics research, and the motion information of every bunch will be largely approximate to its natural properties. The six-dimensional bunch-by-bunch diagnostics system consists of the beam position parameters (two dimensions), beam transverse size (two dimensions), beam longitudinal parameters (two dimensions). With this bunch-by-bunch diagnostics system, it is able to build a fast abnormal intelligent trigger system. The layout of the whole system is shown as Fig. 1: The bunch-by-bunch transverse position was implemented with a resolution of 10 μm and was based on the bunch-by-bunch signal processor and delta over sum algorithm [4,5]. A two-frequency system was employed for the bunch-by-bunch beam length measurement with large dynamic range of 30 pC–6 nC, and a resolution of less than 0.5 ps calibrated by the Streak Camera [6,7]. For the bunch longitudinal phase measurement, we used the rise edge detection method to detect the button BPM signal, which could reach the resolution of approximately 1 ps [8]. The bunch-by-bunch beam size system is based on SR (synchrotron radition) light with a PMT (photomultiplier tubes) detector and Gaussian fitting algorithm [3]. Motivation Previous section shows the whole six-dimension bunch-by-bunch diagnostics system and the fast intelligent trigger system. Fast trigger system relies on the online data processing. In this paper, we will focus on the transverse oscillations. The transverse oscillations and transverse emittance enlargement will lead to machine instabilities. The precise bunch-by-bunch transverse position and size measurement is critical in machine abnormality studies and improvements. A bunch-by-bunch beam size measurement system has been developed at SSRF. This system is capable of measuring bunches within a separation of 2 ns [2,3]. However, this system still has some limitations, the speed of online data processing is limited by its complex algorithm. Fortunately, simple bunch-by-bunch diagnostics such as electron bunch monitors (beam position, beam current) can in principle work at the repetition rate. In order to establish a fast abnormal intelligent trigger system, it is necessary to obtain the bunch-by-bunch data online. Machine learning methods have been widely used in various fields. In this paper, the machine learning technique was applied to observe transverse oscillation. We prefer to use simple bunch-by-bunch diagnostics monitors to predict the result of complex bunch-by-bunch beam size monitors. We have developed a machine learning tool to predict beam transverse size using beam position and charge as input. Using this technique at SSRF storage ring, we report mean squared errors below 4 μm for prediction of the horizontal beam size. CORRELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT PARAMETERS Beam charge, position, and size are the main parameters which can be used to characterise the transverse oscillation of the bunch. All of these parameters are related to the transverse oscillation. In order to realize the technique that using beam position and charge as input to predict beam size, correlation analysis between those parameters is indeed. Correlation analysis between those bunch parameters has been started at SSRF. In steady state of the storage ring, the transverse oscillation of the bunch is not obvious. Fortunately, the injection events can introduce obvious oscillation. Hence, we investigated the relationship between beam intensity and bunch... DESIGN AND RADIATION SIMULATION OF THE SCINTILLATING SCREEN DETECTOR FOR PROTON THERAPY FACILITY P. Tian, Q.S. Chen, K. Tang, J.Q. Li, K.J. Fan† State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China Abstract A proton therapy facility based on a superconducting cyclotron is under construction in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). In order to achieve precise treatment or dose distribution, the beam current would vary from 0.4 nA to 500 nA, in which case conventional non-intercepting instruments would fail due to their low sensitivity. So we propose to use a retractable scintillating screen to measure beam position and beam profile. In this paper, a comprehensive description of our new designed screen monitor is presented, including the choice of material of the screen, optical calibration and simulation of radiation protection. According to the off-line test, the resolution of the screen monitor can reach 0.13 mm/pixel. INTRODUCTION Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) has planned to construct a proton therapy facility based on an isochronous superconducting cyclotron, from which 250 MeV proton beam is extracted. The layout of HUST proton therapy facility (HUST-PTF) is shown in Fig.1, with the basic specifications listed in Table 1. Figure 1: Layout of HUST proton therapy facility. Table 1: Basic Beam Parameters of HUST-PTF \| Phase \| Energy/MeV \| Current/nA \| \|-------\|------------\|------------\| \| A \| 250 \| 60-250 \| \| B \| 70-240 \| 1-15 \| \| C \| 70-240 \| 0.4-5 \| As the beam current is at the level of nanoampere, conventional non-intercepting instruments, such as inductive beam position monitors (BPMs), will fail to obtain effective beam signals without enough signal-to-noise ratio. Ionization chamber (IC) is popular for this kind of application, but it is too expensive to deploy IC all along the beamline. So we propose to use a relatively simple and economical instrument, scintillation screen, to measure beam position and profile. The mechanical structure of the scintillation screen is shown in Fig.2. The CCD camera is located on the opposite side to the actuator, which is an air-driving type for the consideration of radiation damage. Figure 2: Scheme of retractable scintillator screen setup. OPTIMIZATION OF SCREEN Intercepting scintillation screens determine two-dimensional beam images and are frequently used for transverse profile measurements in beam transfer lines. High precision of profile and position measurements is important for controlling the spatial distribution of the beam [1]. For good luminescent screens, there are several key properties, including high efficiency of energy conversion, large dynamic range and good linearity between particles and light output, high radiation hardness and so on. Based on Refs. [2-4], the linearity of three common scintillators, separately YAG, P43, Al$_2$O$_3$:Cr are satisfied here when the current is 0.4nA. As for the photon yield related to energy deposition, P43 can produce higher number of photons. Figure 3 shows the different energy depositions of the three materials with thickness of 1 mm calculated by SRIM [5]. The luminescence intensity of the fluorescent screen with Al$_2$O$_3$:Cr was calculated by Eqs. (1) and (2) below $$Y = \frac{\eta \times \Delta E \times n}{E_0}$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) with $\eta$ the energy conversion efficiency, $\Delta E$ the energy loss of a particle, $n$ the number of particles, $E_0$ the energy of the visible photon 3eV, thus yielding $Y$ the number of the visible photons [6]. For particles of the beam, $n$ is given by: $$i = \frac{ne}{t}$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) with beam current $i$, $e$ the charge of the proton, and $t$ the width of the beam. Supposing the light output efficiency 0.2%, when beam current is 0.4 nA, the number of photon yield is $6.42 \times 10^{11}$/s, which is adequate for the CCD camera, with each pixel absorbing at least 1000-2000 photons [7]. 6. Transverse profiles and emittance monitors X-RAY PINHOLE CAMERA IN THE DIAGNOSTICS BEAMLINE BL7B AT PLS-II J. Ko\textsuperscript{1}\textsuperscript{†}, J. Y. Huang\textsuperscript{1}, M. Yoon\textsuperscript{2}, K. Kim\textsuperscript{1}, B-H. Oh\textsuperscript{1}, D-T. Kim\textsuperscript{1}, D. Lee\textsuperscript{1}, J. Yu\textsuperscript{1}, and S. Shin\textsuperscript{1} \textsuperscript{1}Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37673, KOREA \textsuperscript{2}Department of Physics, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37673, KOREA Abstract The beam diagnostics beamline BL7B using synchrotron radiation with 8.6 keV critical photon energy from bending magnet has been used to measure the electron-beam size and photon-beam profile on real-time basis. After the completion of the PLS-II, the Compound Refractive Lens (CRL) system was implemented in the optical hutch at BL7B to measure the electron-beam size from X-ray imaging. But we could not have a good image due to short available optical path caused by limited space of the optical hutch. To solve this problem a pinhole camera is implemented in the front-end of BL7B in return for the beamline extension. The progresses on the new x-ray imaging system are introduced in this paper. INTRODUCTION After the completion of the PLS-II project [1] to upgrade PLS [2] on March 21, 2012, Pohang Light Source II (PLS-II) is now in full operation. As a result of the upgrade, the PLS beam energy increased from 2.5 GeV to 3.0 GeV, and the stored beam current increased from 200 mA to 400 mA. The emittance is improved from 18.9 nm at 2.5 GeV to 5.8 nm at 3 GeV while the PLS storage ring tunnel structure remains unchanged. In addition, the top-up mode operation is used to stabilize the stored electron beam orbit and the synchrotron radiation flux. Currently, a total of 31 beamlines including 18 insertion device beamlines are in PLS-II operation for user service. Figure 1 shows the beamline overview of PLS-II. Two multipole wiggler beamlines, three elliptically polarizing undulator beamlines, one planar undulator, twelve in-vacuum undulator beamlines and thirteen bending beamlines have been operated for surface science, magnetic spectroscopy, material science, X-ray scattering, XAFS, MX, SAXS, imaging and lithography [3]. In addition to these beamlines, diagnostics beamline BL7B using bending radiation source have been used to measure photon beam stability, electron beam size and real time photon beam profile. Beamline Overview The specifications of bending radiation in PLS-II for beam diagnostics beamline BL7B are introduced in Table 1. Bending radiation source is the combined function dipole magnet with 1800 mm length. The central field is 1.46 T and is superposed with the focusing field gradient of -0.4 T/m [4]. The beam size at source point is 60 μm × 30 μm (H × V) and beam divergence at source point is 120 μrad × 2 μrad (H × V). With 3 GeV and 400 mA stored electron beam, photon flux at the critical energy of 8.7 keV is $1.28 \times 10^{12}$ when measured at 15 m from the source point with 1 mm horizontal acceptance. Unlike typical PLS-II beamline which consists of optical hutch and experimental hutch, beam diagnostics beamline BL7B have only optical hutch and share the optical hutch with the nearby insertion device beamline. Beam diagnostics beamline BL7B do not have the best situation for X-ray imaging due to short optical path length due to limited space, because all optical components are implemented within optical hutch. ![Figure 1: PLS-II beamline map. Here A and C are insertion device beamline, and B and D are bending beamline.](image) Table 1: The Specifications of Bending Radiation in PLS-II for Beam Diagnostics Beamline BL7B \| Parameter \| Value \| Unit \| \|----------------------------\|---------\|------\| \| Electron beam energy \| 3 \| GeV \| \| Electron beam emittance \| 5.8 \| nm \| \| # of bending magnets \| 24 \| \| \| Length of bending magnet \| 1.8 \| M \| \| Field / Gradient \| 1.46/-0.4 \| (T)/(T/m) \| \| Crit. Photon energy \| 8.73 \| keV \| \| Source size (H/V) \| 60/30 \| μm \| \| Source divergence \| 120/2 \| μrad \| Photon Beam Stability In order to measure photon beam stability in beam diagnostics beamline BL7B, the most common PBPM [5], that is a simple structure equipped with two blades, is implemented before beam line optics. Figure 2 shows long term slow photon beam motion during 8 days user operation. SELECTION OF WIRES FOR THE NEW GENERATION OF FAST WIRE SCANNERS AT CERN A. Mariet, R. Veness, CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Abstract A new generation of fast wire scanners is being produced as part of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project at CERN. The LIU beam parameters imply that these wire scanners will need to operate with significantly brighter beams. This requires wire scanner systems with micron level accuracy and wires with a considerably increased tolerance to beam damage. This paper presents the method of selection of such wires in terms of material choice and geometry. It also reports on studies with novel materials with a potential to further extend the reach of wire scanners for high brightness beams. INTRODUCTION Instrument Principle Wire-scanners are devices used to measure the transverse beam density profile by moving a thin wire across the particle beam. The interaction between the beam and the wire creates secondary particle showers with an intensity proportional to the number of particles crossing the wire. These secondary particles are intercepted by a scintillator, positioned downstream of the wire, coupled to a photomultiplier which amplifies the resulting signal. The acquisition of the wire position and the signal intensity are combined to reconstruct the transverse beam density profile. The LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project at CERN [1] is increasing beam brightness across the LHC injector chain (Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB), Proton Synchrotron (PS) and Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS)), to produce smaller, higher intensity beams. Due to this higher brightness, the principal wire failure mode is expected to be due to the fast increase of temperature leading to melting or surface sublimation. The loss of matter weakens the wire until failure occurs [2]. In order to minimise this issue, the new fast beam wire-scanner (BWS) developed at CERN for LIU (see Fig. 1) has increased the linear velocity of the wire to 20 m.s$^{-1}$, such that the wire remains in the beam for much less time [3]. The downside to this, however, is that for very small beams a signal is only produced for a few points along the profile. Wire Research Development Wire-scanners were first used in 1964 in Oxford and Heidelberg [4], as robust and direct profile measurement instruments. They have since evolved along with accelerator technology, and remain one of the fundamental instruments for measuring the beam profile in most particle accelerators. Different wire materials and geometries have been used throughout this time. Among the first were steel, tantalum and beryllium, followed later by carbon, quartz, tungsten and titanium, as well as copper-beryllium alloys and silicon carbide. The advantages and disadvantages of some of these materials will be investigated in this paper. In addition, the geometry of the wire has an important role to play. Existing wires used at CERN have diameters from 7 to 34 µm, and are either single or multi strand (see Table 1). Table 1: Rotational Wire-scanner Configuration \| Ring \| PSB \| PS \| SPS \| \|------\|-----\|----\|-----\| \| Wire configuration \| 12x 7 \| 12x 7 \| 1x 34 \| \| Equivalent diameter [µm] \| 24 \| 24 \| 34 \| \| Wire length [mm] \| 120 \| 153 \| 153 \| \| Forks length [mm] \| 150 \| 183 \| 183 \| The other important parameter in wire scanner design is the scan speed. This parameter defines the time needed by the wire to cross the beam and is directly related to the number of useful data points taken per scan. This combination of material, geometry and scanning speed must satisfy three main criteria: - Maximal measurement resolution - Sufficient interaction to generate a signal - Maximal lifetime of the wire Figure 1: New Fast Beam Wire Scanner for LIU MATERIAL SELECTION FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Wire Pre-Load The pre-tension load is a key factor to determine the maximal wire deflection during movement of the scanner movement and hence the limiting resolution of the measurement. Table 2 compiles parameters, the ultimate tensile strength LOW VS HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING FOR FPGA Jan Marjanovic, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract From their introduction in the eighties, Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have grown in size and performance for several orders of magnitude. As the FPGA capabilities have grown, so have the designs. It seems that current tools and languages (VHDL and (System)Verilog) do not match the complexity required for advanced digital signal processing (DSP) systems usually found in experimental physics applications. In the last couple of years several commercial High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools have emerged, providing a new method to implement FPGA designs, or at least some parts of it. By providing a higher level of abstraction, new tools offer a possibility to express algorithms in a way which is closer to the mathematical description. Such implementation is understood by a broader range of people, and thus minimizes the documentation and communication issues. Several examples of DSP algorithms relevant for beam instrumentation will be presented. Implementations of these algorithms with different HLS tools and traditional implementation in VHDL will be compared. INTRODUCTION According to [1], FPGAs have reached its fourth age. After the "Age of Invention", "Age of Expansion" and "Age of Accumulation" there are devices with enough capacity to include the entire system on a single chip [2]. Although the need to efficiently use the resources provided by the FPGA is still present, the main challenges are managing the complexity of the design and integration of 3rd party IP cores (e.g. DDR3/4 memory controllers, PCIe blocks, DMAs, 1 and 10 Gigabit Ethernet MAC, processors, DSP blocks...). Numerous approaches to provide a higher level of abstraction were and are presented, mostly by academia, but also by the commercial vendors. One tool which successfully made a transition from an academic tool [3] to a tool in FPGA engineer’s toolbox is Xilinx Vivado HLS. Several studies of HLS vs RTL can be found in the literature. Vendors of the tools are compelled to present their tools in the nicest way [4] or with usually simplified examples. Some of the studies are also quite general [5] or the examples are simplified versions of the problems from experimental physics [6]. In some cases comparison is valuable but only partially relevant for experimental physics applications [7–9]. The framework described in [10] provides a method to develop applications in Matlab for certain MicroTCA boards. Vivado HLS is also used in 10G and 40G Ethernet accelerators, described in [11], and for two real-time data acquisition applications (crystal identification and timestamp sorting), described in [12]. Recently, Vivado HLS was used for the development of hls4ml [13], a machine learning framework for particle physics. In the rest of the paper, three examples of modules relevant for experimental physics will be presented. Implementations in VHDL and C++ targeting Vivado HLS are presented side-by-side. Interesting snippets of the code are presented to highlight the differences in the two languages, and to give the reader a possibility to compare the readability of the code for himself or herself. Number of lines of code (reported by cloc[14]), resource usage and minimal clock period (= $1/f_{\text{max}}$) for both implementations are also reported. There are several reasons to base the evaluation on Vivado HLS: - Author has considerable experience both with Xilinx FPGAs in general and with related tools (Vivado, Vivado HLS) - Xilinx FPGAs are heavily used at DESY and on MicroTCA AMC boards - The created IP integrates nicely with the rest of the IPs in Xilinx ecosystem - Vivado HLS is significantly cheaper than other HLS software suites; therefore it is very likely that industrial partners will have access to it The latest version available at the time of the writing, Vivado HLS 2018.2, was used for the examples in this paper. Several other High-Level Synthesis software suites exists, such as Intel HLS Compiler, LabVIEW FPGA, Mathworks HDL Coder, Cadence Status, Mentor Graphics Catapult, and Synopsys Symphony C Compiler. Some open-source tools, such as Panda Bamboo and LegUp are also available. These tools were not considered for this paper. EXAMPLES To better illustrate the differences, the advantages and the shortcomings of both methods, three examples will be compared. The examples are presented in the order of complexity, simplest first. The first example, linearization function, requires high throughput, but it is in its core quite simple - each sample is processed on its own; there are no dependencies between the samples. The scheduler has an easy task pipelining the operations. The second example, two-dimensional mean and standard deviation is slightly more complex; because the samples need to be accumulated together, scheduler needs some help from the designer to be able to pipeline the operations. The third example, IIR filter is a well studied topic in digital signal processing [15]. In the case presented here, HIGH-SPEED DIRECT SAMPLING FMC FOR BEAM DIAGNOSTIC AND ACCELERATOR PROTECTION APPLICATIONS J. Zink, M. K. Czwalinna, M. Fenner, S. Jablonski, J. Marjanovic, H. Schlarb DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract The rapid development in the field of digitizers is leading to Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) with ever higher sampling rates. Nowadays many high-speed digitizers for RF applications and radio communication are available, which can sample broadband signals, without the need of down converters. These ADCs fit perfectly into beam instrumentation and diagnostic applications, e.g. Bunch Arrival time Monitor (BAM), klystron life-time management or continuous wave synchronization. To cover all these high-frequency diagnostic applications, DESY has developed a direct sampling FMC digitizer board based on a high-speed ADC with an analog input bandwidth of 2.4 GHz. A high-speed data acquisition system capable of acquiring 2 channels at 500 MS/s will be presented. As first model application of the versatile digitizer board is the coarse bunch arrival time diagnostics in the free electron laser FLASH at DESY. INTRODUCTION Modern linear accelerators require a very high precision Low-Level-RF (LLRF) control system. In the European X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) and Free-Electron-Laser in Hamburg (FLASH) the LLRF-systems are realized in Micro Telecommunication Computing Architecture (MTCA.4). In addition to the control system the accelerators need very high accuracy diagnostic systems to measure, e.g. the beam position, the bunch arrival time, klystron failures, and other accelerator parameters. To reduce the board space and the number of components in the system, the authors designed a digitizer board based on an ADC with a maximum sampling rate of 1 GS/s. The new digitizer board (see Fig. 1) in ANSI/VITA 57.1 2010 [1] FMC form factor will be used in different diagnostic applications. It is integrated in the existing MTCA infrastructure and installed on a DESY Advanced Mezzanine Card [2] DAMC-FMC25 [3] carrier board. Due to the high input bandwidth of the digitizer, there is no need for a down converter stage in front of the ADC. FMC DIGITIZER DFMC-DS500 The core component of the converter board is a dual channel 12-bit RF sampling ADC from Texas Instruments with a sampling rate of 500 MS/s per channel. In dual edge sampling (DES) mode the two channels are combined together and the ADC is sampling at 1 GS/s. The minimum guaranteed single channel analog bandwidth is 2.4 GHz. In DES mode the bandwidth is decreased down to 1.2 GHz. Since the manufacturer offers a whole family of compatible ADCs, different variants can be fitted onto the FMC [4]. Figure 2 depicts the block diagram of the digitizer board. The inputs of the ADC are driven by fully differential amplifiers (FDA) [5,6] with a large-signal bandwidth of 4.8 GHz. These amplifiers act as active baluns and replace the transformers which are normally converting single ended input signals to differential signals. The ADC has two 12-bit wide low voltage differential signaling (LVDS) data connections to the carrier card to achieve minimal latency. These lines can be driven with well defined voltage levels independent from the level of the adjust voltage ($V_{ADI}$) [1]. Clock Tree Clocking the ADC can be done in different ways. In addition to a direct clock feed via a front panel connector, PROGRESS ON TRANSVERSE BEAM PROFILE MEASUREMENT USING THE HETERODYNE NEAR FIELD SPECKLES METHOD AT ALBA S. Mazzoni, F. Roncarolo, G. Trad, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland B. Paroli, M. Potenza, M. Siano, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy U. Iriso, C. S. Kamma-Lorger, A. A. Nosych, ALBA, Barcelona, Spain Abstract We present the recent developments of a study aimed at measuring the transverse beam profile using the Heterodyne Near Field Speckles (HNFS) method. The HNFS technique works by illuminating a suspension of Brownian nanoparticles with synchrotron radiation and studying the resulting interference pattern. The transverse coherence of the source, and therefore, under the conditions of validity of the Van Cittert and Zernike theorem, the transverse electron beam size is retrieved from the interference between the transmitted beam and the spherical waves scattered by each nanoparticle. We here describe the fundamentals of this technique, as well as the recent experimental results obtained with 12 keV undulator radiation at the NCD beamline at the ALBA synchrotron. The applicability of such a technique for future accelerators (e.g. CLIC or FCC) is also discussed. INTRODUCTION The HNFS method is a powerful, yet conceptually simple and inexpensive method to measure the transverse coherence properties of a light source. It is described mathematically by the Complex Coherence Factor (CCF): \[ \mu(x_1, x_2) = \frac{\langle E(x_1, t)E^(x_2, t) \rangle}{[I_1 I_2]^{1/2}} \] where $E(x_i, t)$ is the electric field at a given point in space and time, $I_i = \langle E(x_i, t)E^(x_i, t) \rangle$ is the intensity of the electric field and $\langle ... \rangle$ denotes time averaging. The ability to measure the CCF of a light source is of interest for beam diagnostics as, under the conditions of validity of the Van Cittert and Zernike (VCZ) theorem [1], the CCF is the Fourier transform of the source intensity distribution. As a consequence, when Synchrotron Radiation (SR) is used as the light source, a measurement of its transverse coherence allows the transverse profile of the beam at the emission plane to be retrieved. The traditional method for measuring the beam size through the CCF is Young’s two slit interferometer [2], where SR impinges on a pair of narrow slits forming an interference pattern. In this case, the CCF is retrieved from the visibility $V$ of the fringes: \[ V \overset{\text{def}}{=} \frac{I_{\text{max}} - I_{\text{min}}}{I_{\text{max}} + I_{\text{min}}} = \frac{2\sqrt{I_1 I_2}}{I_1 + I_2} \|\mu_{12}\| \] where $I_i$ is the time averaged intensity at slit $i$ and $\mu_{12}$ is a short form for the CCF as defined in Eq. 1. The HNFS method is an alternative to Young’s double slit method that offers some potential advantages. HNFS does not require the almost completely blocking of SR radiation as in the Young’s slits configuration, and it does not require the challenging fabrication of narrow slits in a medium that must be opaque to X-rays. While HNFS is known a well-known particle sizing technique, it has never, to our knowledge, been used for beam size monitoring in particle accelerators. We will report of the status of a proof of concept experiment at ALBA to measure beam size using X-ray radiation. THE HNFS TECHNIQUE A typical HNFS setup using X-ray radiation (see Fig. 1) is composed of a suspension of nanoparticles in water positioned at a distance $z_1$ from the source, which can be a dipole or insertion device. The transmitted and scattered fields propagate for a distance $z_2$ where they impinge on a YAG scintillator that produces visible light at 550 nm with the same intensity modulations as the incident X-ray radiation. The visible signal is extracted from the X-ray beam path by means of a mirror at 45°. A highly magnified image of the YAG screen is then produced on a sensor by means of a microscope objective. Figure 1: A typical HNFS setup for X-rays (shown in red). a) target composed of a suspension of nanoparticles in water. b) YAG screen with visible light shown in green. c) microscope objective. d) sensor Heterodyne Near Field Scattering (HNFS) is an interferometric technique where the incident light beam $E_0$ impinging on the target generates a large number of weak spherical waves ($E_s, \|E_s\| \ll \|E_0\|$) that interfere with the transmitted field. The resulting intensity distribution is known as a speckle field and it is recorded onto the scintillator plane at a distance $z_2$ downstream the scattering sample. The coherence properties of the source are determined from analysis of the stochastic interferogram formed at the scintillator plane with the resulting light intensity distribution given by: \[ I = \|E_0 + E_s\|^2 = \|E_0\|^2 + 2Re[E_0^E_s] \] 6. Transverse profiles and emittance monitors INJECTION TRANSIENT STUDY USING 6-DIMENSIONAL BUNCH-BY-BUNCH DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM AT SSRF * Y.M. Zhou †, B. Gao, N. Zhang, Y.B. Leng # SSRF, SINAP, Shanghai, China Abstract Beam instability often occurs in the accelerator and even causes beam loss. The beam injection transient process provides an important window for the study of beam instability. Measurement of the bunch-by-bunch dynamic parameters of the storage ring is useful for accelerator optimization. A 6-dimensional bunch-by-bunch diagnostic system has been successfully implemented at SSRF. The measurements of transverse position and size and longitudinal phase and length are all completed by the system. Button BPM is used to measure beam position, phase and length, and the synchrotron radiation light is used to beam size measurement. Signals are sampled simultaneously by a multi-channel acquisition system with the same clock and trigger. Different data processing methods are used to extract the 6-dimensional information, where delta-over-sum algorithm for beam position extraction, Gaussian fitting algorithm for beam size extraction, zero-crossing detection algorithm for beam phase extraction and the two-frequency method for bunch length extraction. The system set up and performance will be discussed in more detail in this paper. The application of the injection transient study brings a lot of interesting phenomena and results, which will be discussed as well. INTRODUCTION The Shanghai synchrotron radiation facility (SSRF) is the third synchrotron radiation light source facility in Shanghai China, which can produce broad rates of X-rays for primary scientific research and applications in other domains. The SSRF consists of a 150MeV linear accelerator, a 3.5GeV booster synchrotron and a 3.5GeV storage ring. In the user operation mode, about 500 bunches are stored with 2ns spacing in the storage ring. The harmonic number is 720 with the RF frequency of 499.654MHz [1]. In order to take full advantage of the SSRF, phase-II project is under construction since 2011, 16 beam lines would be built and the electron storage ring would be upgraded. More insertion devices (IDs) with small gaps will be added, which will cause beam instability problems. For the construction and operation of the machine, if the distribution of high energy particles in three dimensions and the evolution over time can be measured, almost all other parameters can be derived from the above measurements. Therefore, bunch-by-bunch diagnostics is necessary for the bunching beams. Once the diagnostics is realized, it can be used to online monitor the steady or unsteady beam parameters during the user operation mode, which is of great importance for the operation mode optimization and the capture of transient process. At the same time, it is also a useful tool for further analysis of instability, such as the tremendous change of betatron amplitude and beam size or phase. In the injection system of the SSRF storage ring, there is a set of beam kickers, which is used to change the momentum of a bunch to meet the injected one [2]. Then, it can change back to the original orbit with the injected bunch. However, due to the imperfect mount, align and configure of the kickers, residual betatron oscillations occurred in the injection system. Therefore, bunches would be affected by the kicker field or the wake-fields from preceding bunches. The bunch-by-bunch diagnostics is a machine research tool for wake field and impedance study. In recent years, Beam Instrumentation (BI) group at SSRF has also been focusing on the development of bunch-by-bunch diagnostics since 2012. If the bunching beam is assumed to be Gaussian in the three-dimensional space, six spatial parameters ((x, y) in the transverse position, (σx, σy) in the transverse size, (z, σz) in the longitudinal phase and length) can fully describe an independent bunch with the bunch charge. A 6-dimensional (6D) bunch-by-bunch diagnostic system has been set up to measure the parameters simultaneously at SSRF. PRINCIPLES In the acquisition of beam signals, the synchrotron radiation (SR) light is the most ideal signal because it contains all beam information, whereas the button-type beam position monitor (BPM) cannot get the transverse size information. However, it is easy to condition and capture signal for the button BPM signal, and the SR light signal is limited by the bandwidth of the signal conditioning and data acquisition system. So, to realize the 6-dimensional diagnostic system, we use the SR light to obtain the transverse position and size information and use the button BPM to obtain the longitudinal phase and length information or transverse position as well. Optical Imaging System Figure 1 shows the optical direct imaging system in the bunch-by-bunch size system. The concave lens (Lens 1) and convex lens (Lens 2) are used to focus and magnify the light spot, and to adopt the pixel size to the photoelectric detector. The visible light from the SSRF storage ring was separated into two paths through a reflecting mirror: one path was toward the interferometer system for spread function (PSF) calibration, and the other one was toward the bunch-by-bunch size measurement. A diaphragm was used to correct the deformation of the Be mirror. Since the Be mirror deformation mainly occurred in the vertical direction, the measurement of beam vertical size was destroyed. Therefore, we were more concerned with the measurement of beam horizontal size, and the horizontal size result was... ENERGY LOSS MEASUREMENTS WITH STREAK CAMERA AT ALBA A. A. Nosych, B. Bravo, U. Iriso ALBA-CELLS, Cerdanyola de Vallés, Spain Abstract Analyzing streak camera images of the beam injected into a Storage Ring with no RF voltage allows calculating several parameters, like the energy loss per turn and the energy mismatch between injected and stored beams. These measurements are based on the analysis of the centroid drift path of a bunch as it spirals inwards, changing its rotation period. This drift is clear and measurable in single and multi-bunch modes in several horizontal sweep speeds of the streak. With this technique we also measure the momentum compaction factor and observe its change with respect to the insertion devices’ open/closed states. The obtained values are comparable with theoretical expectations, as well as with values measured by other means. INTRODUCTION Since its commissioning in 2011 the beam diagnostics beamline at ALBA is using the visible part of the synchrotron radiation for dedicated longitudinal studies of the Storage Ring (SR) beam. Among the tools on the optical table is the Optronis SC-10 streak camera (SC), whose details can be checked at Refs. [1, 2]. In short, the SC uses two sweep units to distinguish the bunches spaced by 2 ns: the fast (vertical) unit with the synchroscan frequency of 250 MHz at different amplitudes, allowing deflection speeds of 15, 25 and 50 ps/mm (equivalent to full scales of 215, 360 and 720 ps respectively), and the slow (horizontal) unit at some trigger frequency allowing sweep speeds from 660 ps to 5 ms/mm (equivalent to full scales of 9 ns and 72 ms respectively). For a proper visualization of the beam bunch, the slow sweep unit is synchronized with both the SR revolution frequency and the injection repetition rate of 3 Hz. Measurements to characterize the bunch length and the longitudinal beam dynamics at ALBA are shown in Ref. [2], where a proper injection phase and energy matching is performed between the Booster (Bo) and the SR and how to measure it with the RF system on. In this work we study the dynamics of a bunched beam which is injected into a machine with its RF system off. The beam revolution period changes and it starts to spiral inwards until it is eventually lost. This was described in Ref. [3] for a beam, whose injected energy was exactly the same as the equilibrium energy of the SR. In our case, we consider the possibility to have a small Bo to SR energy offset, and show that it still is possible to calculate the energy loss per turn and the energy mismatch, having the SR RF system off. Furthermore, provided that the energy loss per turn is inferred with other means, we also show how this method can be used to measure the momentum compaction factor. For reference, we list the main parameters of the longitudinal plane of the ALBA SR in Table 1. Table 1: Machine parameters of the ALBA Storage Ring. The energy loss per turn below corresponds to losses only due to synchrotron radiation produced by the dipoles. \| Parameter \| Value \| \|----------------------------------\|----------------\| \| beam energy, GeV \| 2.979 \| \| bunch spacing, ns \| 2 \| \| RF frequency, MHz \| 500 \| \| revolution time, ns \| 896 \| \| energy spread, % \| 0.105 \| \| momentum compaction factor \| $0.88 \cdot 10^{-3}$ \| \| energy loss/turn, keV \| 990 \| \| RF voltage, MV \| [2.1 - 3.1] \| \| bunch length, $\sigma_z$ \| [21 - 17] ps \| INJECTION MATCHING WITH RF ON Studies with the streak camera allow to match the injection process longitudinally. First, we overview the RF phase match between the Bo and the SR, and secondly, the energy match. Figure 1: Injection oscillations as seen by the SC for various RF phase mismatch of the Bo and the SR. RF Phase Matching Despite some phase and energy mismatch between the injected and stored beam, the injected bunch eventually gets damped to the proper synchronous phase and its natural bunch length. The injection RF phase match can be checked by looking at the injection time interval with the SC, which requires a precise work with the timing and SC triggers. Injection into the ALBA SR uses a conventional local injection bump with four dipole kickers [4]. For our studies, the best way to properly visualize this injection process is to delay kicker-1 trigger such that the Bo beam is injected but not accumulated. LONG TERM INVESTIGATION OF THE DEGRADATION OF COAXIAL CABLES M. Kuntzsch*, R. Schurig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany S. Burger, T. Weber, el-spec GmbH, Geretsried, Germany Abstract Coaxial cables are important components for the control and diagnostics of any accelerator facility. Their electrical and mechanical properties have major impact on the quality of the acquired analogue signals and in turn on the performance of the whole machine. Cables installed in immediate vicinity to the beam line are exposed to ionizing radiation that is mainly generated by beam-loss. In this environment cables change their electrical properties which directly affects the signal on the receiver side and in turn the measured beam parameters. For the transport of broadband signals in the multi-GHz range cables using PTFE ("Teflon") as dielectric medium are used most frequently. Optimized products offer low insertion loss, small phase drift and large spectral bandwidth at a moderate price level. At the same time PTFE commonly known to be prone to radiation induced degradation. This statement holds for a qualitative discussion but real measurement data are rarely published. At the ELBE accelerator at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) 40 GHz-bunch arrival time monitors (BAMs) are used to measure the arrival time of the electron bunches with high accuracy [1]. In order to improve the sensitivity of the setup it has been considered to replace the SiO2 cables connecting the beam line pickup and the electro-optical modulator (EOM) by low-loss and low-drift PTFE-based cables. Since these cables are exposed to the activated environment a long-term test has been performed to characterize the degradation of the sample cables under real conditions. A maximum accumulated dose of 93.85 kGy has been applied to the test samples. MEASUREMENT SETUP Preliminary Dose Mapping Setup For the irradiation of cable samples a place had to be found which allowed to accumulate a dose corresponding to multiple years of normal operation within a much shorter time frame. At the same time the distribution of the gamma radiation should be as homogeneous as possible to avoid effects triggered by a local maximum. Since no dedicated beam time could be spend on this investigations it has been decided to mount two cable samples on an aluminum plate that was place behind the beam dump of ELBE’s undulator U100. The dump is used routinely during user operation in the free electron laser (FEL) cave. The beam energy and therefore the emitted spectrum of Bremsstrahlung-photons is defined by the user’s demand for the FEL operation. The characteristic spectrum of Bremsstrahlung is a broadband distribution were the maximum energy is defined by the electrons incident energy. Before the final setup was installed, a coarse field map using five alanine dosimeter [2] has been created. One sensor was put directly on the interpolated beam axis and four with a defined distance from the center. The sensor distribution can be seen in Figure 1 and the acquired data in Table 1. ![Figure 1: Dose mapping setup.](image) Table 1: Preliminary Dose Mapping Behind U100 Beam Dump \| Position \| Name \| Accumulated Dose \| \|--------------\|--------\|------------------\| \| Top-Left \| B1C2 \| 780 Gy \| \| Top-Right \| B2C2 \| 850 Gy \| \| Bottom-Left \| B3C2 \| 2520 Gy \| \| Bottom-right \| B4C2 \| 3330 Gy \| \| Center \| A4C1 \| 19 260 Gy \| Final Measurement Setup For the final setup two types of cable have been installed concentrically around the imaginary beam axis on the base plate. In the following sections the two cable types are always referred as cable under test 1 (CUT1), and cable under test 2 (CUT2). Both samples were connected to a patch panel that was accessible by RF measurement equipment using 5 m patch cables made of the same cable type like CUT2. Before the installation of the base plate at the back of the beam dump, ten alanine dosimeters have been attached to the cable spools in order to give a good spatial resolution of...
UTILIZATION OF LAST GENERATION ENZYMES FOR INDUSTRIAL USE IN ORDER TO OBTAIN BIOETHANOL FROM LOCALLY AVAILABLE AGRICULTURAL RENEWABLE RESOURCES Mihaela Begea\textsuperscript{1}, Mariana Vlădescu\textsuperscript{1}, Gheorghe Bâldea\textsuperscript{1}, Cornelia Cimpeanu\textsuperscript{1} Cristina Stoicescu\textsuperscript{1}, Marius Toboșaru\textsuperscript{2}, Paul Begea\textsuperscript{1} \textsuperscript{1} ICA R&D, Splaiul Independentei 202, Bucharest, District 6, Romania. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org \textsuperscript{2} EDR Ingredients, Conacul Cantacuzino Pașcanu, 617140 Costița, Neamț County. Romania E-mail: marius_toboșaru@enzymes.ro ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of laboratory and pilot studies to produce bioethanol from starchy raw-materials (namely maize) using a very high gravity system (VHG). The aim of the experiments was the testing of the last generation of enzymes for industrial use produced by companies: NOVOZYMES and DANISCO (GENENCOR enzymes) and the establishment of most suitable pilot technology using these enzymes. The evolution of mash parameters during liquefaction, saccharification and fermentation was monitored during pilot experiments and finally the yield in ethanol and specific consumptions were calculated, in order to estimate the process effectiveness. Key words: first generation bioethanol, enzymatic degradation of starch, enzymes for industrial use, maize, agricultural renewable energy sources (RES), very high gravity technology (VHG). INTRODUCTION Biofuels are fuels derived from renewable biomass in order to be used for the combustion engines or for other forms of energy generation. They replace partially or totally the fossil fuels. The main liquid biofuel are bioethanol, produced through the fermentation of sugars and starch derived from selected agricultural resources, and biodiesel, produced through the transesterification of vegetal oils (Flammini, 2008). The production of ethanol from energy crops traditionally cultivated for food is limited by the geographical factors and agriculture. Bioethanol derived from cereals or sugar cane was proved to be feasible at industrial level (Mousdale, 2008). The enzymatic conversion of starch to glucose is performed using mixtures of enzymes acting in different stages of hydrolysis of starch molecule. For liquefaction an alpha amylase is used, in order to break down starch into maltodextrins and rapidly reduce the viscosity of the mash, and for saccharification a glucoamylase is used. Maintaining an optimum glucose concentration during fermentation requires a high-activity glucoamylase with consistent, superior quality (NOVOZYMES). As starch source the cereals are the main resources, especially in the case of Romania (Stroia et al., 2007a,b). Because of the different composition of starch derived from various botanical sources, the liquefaction and saccharification steps have specific pathways for every substrate. In addition, every enzyme obtained from different strains of micro organisms acts differently on these substrates. Up to now, the normal mash concentration in dry matter in ethanol industry was between 14-20%, depending on the ratio ground maize/water. The values for mash concentrations generally recommended by industrial enzymes producers are 16-18% d.m. These values of dry matter content can ensure the minimum ethanol concentration of 8% v/v and thus the profitability of distillation and refinery installations. In the case of modern bioethanol technologies, using last generation industrial enzymes, addressing exclusively bioethanol production, are used and thus the work with concentrated mashes (Very High Gravity system) can be applied. In this case the concentration of maize mashes can be up to 36% d.m. The optimal bioconversion of sugar to ethanol demands a yeast strain able to tolerate high ethanol concentrations, because the ethanol inhibits the multiplication and fermentation processes (Roehr, 2001). Most of starchy raw materials used for bioethanol production provide all nutrients beside carbon, necessary for the bioconversion. The addition of nutrients is necessary in particular cases and based on the experience with VHG system the classical fermentation media are enriched in free amino acids and peptides during the initial growing stage. Another technological alternative is to use some special enzymes – industrial proteases – that can release into the mash amino acids and peptides. This release plays a major role in increasing of cells density and reducing the fermentation duration (The Alcohol Textbook, 2003; Mousdale, 2008). This aspect was neglected till now in Romanian ethanol industry and during the pilot experiments we tested the supply with assimilable nitrogen in cereals (maize) mashes. For the mashes obtained in VHG system the fermentative capacity of yeast is greater in the case of the addition of urea in comparison with simple mashes and the fermentation is improved (Pham et Wright, 2008; Thomas et al., 1993). MATERIAL AND METHODS The pilot experiments using maize as locally available renewable energy resource had the following main goals: - testing of last generation of enzymes for industrial use produced by two renowned companies: NOVOZYMES and DANISCO (GENENCOR enzymes); - establishing the most suitable pilot technology using these industrial enzymes. Maize mashes with high gravity having a concentration in soluble dry matter of ca. 35 g/100 ml mash were obtained using a ration water: ground maize = 2 : 1. There were no troubles related to the viscosity of the mash, due to the specific characteristics of maize. The addition of 1000 ppm urea was performed to provide assimilable nitrogen at fermentation. The pilot installation included fermentation vessels with total volume of 20 liters, 100 liters and 140 liters, endowed with monitoring and control devices of temperature, pH and dosage (raw material, nutritive salt solutions). Dried yeast with a high ethanol tolerance for the production of industrial ethanol from grains such as maize, barley, wheat etc. with a final ethanol concentration of up to 18% (v/v) was used. This strain displays a higher yield in ethanol than standard yeast, even at high temperatures (up to 40°C) and the strain is suitable for VHG processes (up to 36% dry matter) and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) processes. The yeast is produced under the brand Ethanol Red by the company FERMENTIS (France). Two series of experiments, one for every category of enzymes were performed. During the first series of experiments, the maize starch was hydrolyzed using industrial enzymes produced by the Danish company NOVOZYMES. The following enzymes were used: - Liquozyme SC DS for liquefaction of starch. It breaks down starch into maltodextrins and rapidly reduces the viscosity of the mash; - Spirizyme Fuel for saccharification. In the case of maize mashes the addition of calcium ions becomes necessary because the existing phytic acid blocks the calcium uptake during the mashing process. This was the reason for the addition of calcium in form of calcium chloride at starch hydrolysis. The higher is the liquefaction temperature the more intense is the calcium blocking process. In this respect we performed experiments with lower liquefaction temperature (83-86°C), although the classical recommended liquefaction temperature for maize starch is 90°C. This could represent a significant innovation for the bioethanol plants in terms of energy savings and cooling water (mash heating till 90°C, further cooling till the saccharification temperature, respectively the pitching temperature for yeast). The maize used for this series of experiments had the following quality parameters: - dry matter content: 11.64%; - starch content: 65.25% d.m. The optimized technological diagram used for the first series of experiments was the following (Stroia et al., 2007a,b; Begea et al., 2009): - maize milling using a hammer mill with a 1.5 mm sieve; - ratio maize ground : water = 1 : 2 (1 kg ground maize : 2 liters water); - addition of Liquozyme SC DS in dose 0.2 g/kg maize ground; - addition of 2 ppm Ca$^{+2}$ (as calcium chloride); - mashing 10 minutes at 50°C; - raising of temperature of mash till 85°C; - liquefaction rest at 85°C for 90 minutes; - cooling of mash at 70°C; - addition of Spirizyme Fuel in dose 0.5 ml/kg maize; - cooling of mash till the pitching temperature of 32°C; - pitching with Ethanol Red yeast as a 20% dry solids solution in dose of 0.5% w/v to the mash; - alcoholic fermentation at following parameters: - temperature of 32°C; - pH 4.5 – 4.8; - addition of urea in dose of 1000 ppm; Fermentation was performed at pH 4.5 through H$_2$SO$_4$ 1/6 addition and the maintenance at this value during test performance through addition of solution 25% NH$_3$ (Novozymes, 2008; Stroia et al., 2007b). The second series of pilot experiments, the maize starch was hydrolyzed using industrial enzymes provided by DANISCO Company (GENENCOR enzymes). The technology applied in the case of GENENCOR enzymes was different from the NOVOZYMES technology, the main difference being that the liquefaction, saccharification and fermentation were performed simultaneously and for liquefaction and saccharification an enzymes complex containing both enzymes (alpha amylase and glucoamylase) was used. The working parameters were different in comparison with NOVOZYMES technology. During hydrolysis of starch the glucose is continuously released and directly fermented by the yeast. The GENENCOR enzymes used in pilot experiments were Stargen 001 and Fermgen. Stargen 001 is a granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme containing Aspergillus kawachi alpha amylase expressed in Trichoderma reesei and a glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger that work synergistically to hydrolyze granular starch substrate to glucose. Fermgen is an acid proteolytic enzyme characterized by its ability to hydrolyze proteins under low pH conditions. The fungal protease is obtained by controlled fermentation of a genetically modified selected strain of Trichoderma reesei (GENENCOR, 2008). The optimized technological diagram used for the second series of experiments using GENENCOR enzymes was the following (Stroia et al., 2007b): - maize milling using a hammer mill with a 0.6 mm sieve (min. 95% grind-size of 0.59 mm); - ratio maize ground : water = 1 : 2 (1 kg ground maize : 2 liters water); - dosage of ground maize in water and stirring 1 hour at the initiation of process (30°C for charges 1-3 and 35°C for charges 4-6). Further the process was performed under still and continuous stirring, allowing the permanent maintenance of ground maize in suspension; - addition of enzymes and urea after 1 hour in the following manner: - dosage of STARGEN in dose of 1.7 g/kg maize; - dosage of FERMGEN in dose of 0.4 g/kg maize; - dosage of urea in dose of 1000 ppm. - pH adjustment at 4.2 using $H_2SO_4$ 1/6; - pitching with Ethanol Red yeast as a 20% dry solids solution in dose of 0.5% w/v to the mash. The maize used for this series of experiments had the following quality parameters: - dry matter content: 10.21%; - starch content: 64.31% d.m. Six pilot experimental charges, three at process temperature of 30°C (charges 1÷3) and three at process temperature of 35°C (charges 4÷6) were performed. During pilot experiments using maize as raw material the evolution of ethanol content, total residual sugar and glucose content in mash were traced every 2 hours. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The procedure using high concentrated mashes (VHG = Very High Gravity) has the following technological and economical advantages: - the water consumption is appreciably reduced; - the capacity of the factory is increased and the volume of fermentation vessels is more effectively used; - the work productivity is improved; - the incidence of microbiological contamination is reduced; - the energy necessary for the distillation decreases because the fermented mash has a higher content in ethanol (16-23% v/v); - the resulting spent-grains can be used as a valuable by-product. Figure 1 presents the evolution of ethanol content, total residual sugar and glucose content in mashes liquefied and saccharified with Novozymes industrial enzymes using the specific optimized diagram. The results represent the average value for 10 pilot experimental charges. The following observations can be drawn analyzing the figure 1: - the ethanol content increased from 0 to 15.41% v/v; - the glucose content decreased from 8.5% at the beginning of fermentation till 0.23% at the end of fermentation; - the total residual sugar content decreased from 23.92% at the beginning of fermentation till 1.21% at the end of fermentation. Practical yield in ethanol was 93.90% from the theoretical yield, this value representing an excellent yield. The calculated maize specific consumption was 259.57 kg maize/100 liters absolute ethanol. The results registered for the pilot experiments of maize mashes processed in order to obtain bioethanol using GENENCOR industrial enzymes are presented in table 1. ![Graph showing the evolution of ethanol content, total residual sugar and glucose content in mashes liquefied and saccharified with Novozymes industrial enzymes](image) Figure 1. Evolution of ethanol content, total residual sugar and glucose content in mashes liquefied and saccharified with Novozymes industrial enzymes The following observations can be drawn analyzing the table 1: - the results obtained for the pilot experiments performed at 30°C were lower than these performed at 35°C, justified by the ethanol content and mainly by the residual sugar at the end of fermentation; - fermentation process in the case of charges 1÷3 stopped after more than 72 hours, the normal and recommended value for the end of fermentation; - the optimal temperature for the GENENCOR enzymes was 35°C. Table 1. Ethanol content, total residual sugar and glucose content in mashes liquefied and saccharified with GENENCOR industrial enzymes at the end of fermentation process \| Charge \| Ethanol content % v/v \| Residual sugar % \| Glucose % \| Duration of fermentation process hours \| \|--------\|-----------------------\|------------------\|-----------\|----------------------------------------\| \| Charge no. 1 \| 11.57 \| 7.41 \| 2.27 \| 79 \| \| Charge no. 2 \| 13.56 \| 6.13 \| 1.32 \| 77 \| \| Charge no. 3 \| 13.71 \| 6.09 \| 1.25 \| 73 \| \| Charge no. 4 \| 14.89 \| 1.18 \| 0.20 \| 69 \| \| Charge no. 5 \| 15.18 \| 1.21 \| 0.23 \| 70 \| \| Charge no. 6 \| 14.82 \| 1.20 \| 0.21 \| 71 \| Practical yield in ethanol was 90.55% from the theoretical yield, the value representing a very good yield. The calculated maize specific consumption was 267.38 kg maize/100 liters absolute ethanol. CONCLUSIONS All pilot fermentation experiments were performed in the range of 60÷80 hours, the addition of urea leading to a reduction of fermentation duration up to 18%. For a specific volume of fermentation vessel the maize ground weights used in VHG system were higher with up to 31% in comparison with classical fermentation system, using normal mash gravity. The increase in ethanol concentration in fermented mashes was in the range of 35÷56%. Decreasing water content used for mash preparation had a significant contribution to the economy saving for heating and cooling of maize mashes, and also for the distillation in order to obtain bioethanol. In the case of NOVOZYMES products and for the proposed optimized pilot technology, the liquefaction temperature of 85°C was sufficient in order to ensure the process of obtaining bioethanol with very good yields and specific consumption. The evolution of glucose concentration and total sugar in fermented maize mash, that lead to a good yield in ethanol and low residual sugar content at the end of process, is first of all, a result of the performance of the industrial enzymes. This good performance led obtaining a suitable fermentable substrate, that allowed reaching high ethanol concentration and very good ethanol yields. The optimal temperature for the simultaneous process of liquefaction, saccharification and fermentation in the case of GENENCOR industrial enzymes was 35°C. Diagrams proposed to be applied for maize processing into bioethanol, using last generation industrial enzymes specially created for bioethanol, ensure very good yield in ethanol and specific consumption of raw materials. Acknowledgements This paper presents the results of the project IDEI 321/2007 „Researches for establishing processing biotechnologies to use renewable indigenous agricultural resources”, supported by the Romanian National Plan for Research – Development and Innovation of the Ministry for Education and Research. REFERENCES Begea, M., Vlădescu, M., Băldea, G., Cimpeanu, C., Stoicescu, C., Begea, P., 2009. Isolation and selection of high ethanol producing yeast strains. Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies, 15, 1: 107-111. Flammini, A., 2008. Biofuels and the underlying causes of high food prices. FAO, Roma: 1-31. Mousdale, D., 2008. Biofuels: Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Sustainable Development. CRC Press, New York: 96-102. Pham, T.K., Wright, P.C., 2008. The proteomic response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in very high glucose conditions with amino acid supplementation. Journal of Proteome Research, 7, 11: 4764-4774. Roehr, M., 2001. The biotechnology of ethanol: Classical and Future Applications. Edited by M. Roehr, Weinheim, Cambridge University Press, Wiley-VCH, 90. Stroia, I., Begea, M., Begea, P., 2007a. From the agricultural raw materials as energy crops to bioethanol. Proceedings of the 1st International Bioenergy Forum, Sofia, Bulgaria: 67-69. Stroia, I., Begea, M., Begea, P., Vlădescu, M., 2007b. Utilisation of industrial enzymes to produce bioethanol from autochthonous energy crops. Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies, Volume XIII, No.2: 263-270. Thomas, K.C., Hynes, S.H., Jones, A.M., Ingledew, W.H., 1993. Production of fuel alcohol from wheat by F/HG technology. Effect of sugar concentration and fermentation temperature. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 43, 3: 211-226. * 2008, GENENCOR technical prospects, * 2008, NOVOZYMES technical prospects, *** 2003, The Alcohol Textbook, 4th Edition, Nottingham University Press. 113-115.
Online applications are invited from the eligible candidates for the following positions in the University of Jammu: \| S. No. \| Name of the post \| No. of vacant post/s \| Pay Level & matrix as per 7th pay scale \| Campus \| \|--------\|------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------\|-----------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| 1 \| Registrar \| 1 \| Level 14(Rs.1,44,200-2,18,200) \| Main Campus \| \| 2 \| Controller of Examinations \| 1 \| Level 14(Rs.1,44,200-2,18,200) \| Main Campus \| \| 3 \| Director, Colleges Development Council \| 1 \| Level 14(Rs.1,44,200-2,18,200) \| Main Campus \| \| 4 \| Administrator, General Zorawar Singh Auditorium Complex \| 1 \| Level 14(Rs.1,44,200-2,18,200) \| Main Campus \| \| 5 \| Finance Officer \| 1 \| Level 14(Rs.1,44,200-2,18,200) \| Main Campus \| \| 6 \| Director, Directorate of Internal Quality Assurance \| 1 \| Level 14(Rs.1,44,200-2,18,200) \| Main Campus \| \| 7 \| Director, Centre for IT Enabled Services \| 1 \| Level 14(Rs.1,44,200-2,18,200) \| Main Campus \| Posts at serial number 01 to 06 are tenure based positions (05 years), which may be renewed for similar terms. 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Proposal to the Division of Natural Resources Parks & Recreation Section for Architectural & Engineering Services for the Canaan Valley Resort State Park Renovation and Expansion RFQ DNRB11006 August 27, 2010 GROVE & DALL’OLIO ARCHITECTS PLLC # TABLE OF CONTENTS Canaan Valley Resort State Park Team Proposal - Expression of Interest/Project Team ........................................ 1 - Project Approach ................................................................. 2 - Experience with Similar Projects - Comfortable Design - Ability to Complete Work in a Timely Manner .................. 3 - Ability to Meet Project Budget Constraints - Firm Profiles and Resumes .................................................. 4 - References and Exhibits ....................................................... 5 We are pleased to herewith submit design team credentials for consideration for the expansion, renovation and site improvements to the Canaan Valley Resort State Park. The design team assembled includes: Grove and Dall’Olio Architects (GDA), a West Virginia design firm; Comfort Design for Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Engineering; Structural Concepts Inc. for Structural Engineering; Triad Engineering for Civil and Landscape Design; Stevens Engineering for the ski lift/conveyor design; and The Shooting Academy Inc. for the design of the shooting range. GDA has worked with Triad, Comfort Design and Structural Concepts on a multitude of similar projects in the Mid-Atlantic Region. GDA is a woman owned Architecture firm that has received AIA design awards for successful contextual additions onto West Virginia properties. The project team is well versed at working within strict budgets and timelines and has the availability to begin work immediately. Most of the team members have visited Canaan Valley Resort State Park with their families. The vistas, scenic beauty and tranquility in the area are awe inspiring. We feel strongly that the addition and renovation could greatly enhance these experiences by allowing a greater number of guests and by offering more well appointed rooms for savvy travelers. Our team is made up of talented and experienced professionals: Grove & Dall’Olio Architects PLLC Project Staffing: Lisa Dall’Olio, AIA will serve as the Project Manager and the lead contact. Lisa has been working in the field for over 20 years serving both the public and private sector. Lisa’s knowledge and experience leading Renovation Projects makes her the best qualified to serve in this capacity. Lisa will also lead the interior design portion of the project, as she has experience designing interiors for the hospitality industry. Matthew Grove, AIA will be the Project Architect preparing drawings and architectural designs. Matthew has over 24 years of experience working on new and existing buildings. As Project Architect, Matthew will coordinate the engineering and architectural drawings. Samantha Polinik will assist with data collection, product research, computer drafting, modeling and production. Her experience with large scale resort and community planning makes her ideally suited to help with this project. Comfort Design Project Staffing: Roger Catlett PE will be the Senior Mechanical Engineer on this project overseeing all work that his firm generates. Mr. Catlett will bring to this project over 30 years of experience. The scope of this project may call on Mr. Catlett’s abilities to provide high efficiency HVAC equipment. He has successfully designed such systems for over 30 hotels in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Michael Howell PE will provide Electrical Engineering for this project. Mr. Howell has over 30 years of experience as Principal and Senior Electrical Engineer. He will calculate energy usage and develop power and lighting schedules necessary in determining overall power need. Mr. Howell will also coordinate with the local power company on service issues if necessary for this project. Joshua Catlett PE will be the Project Mechanical Engineer on this project and will develop mechanical and plumbing drawings and specifications as well as cost estimates for those portions of the job. Josh will coordinate his work with that of his associate engineers prior to submitting documents to the architect's office. Ken Thomas PE will be the Senior Sprinkler Engineer on this project. Mr. Thomas will develop fire suppression documents in drawing and specification format for the State Fire Marshall review if Structural Concepts Project Staffing: As the Principal of Structural Concepts, Jody Fox PE will oversee all design work issued from their office. Mr. Fox worked with GDA on the Jefferson County Courthouse Annex project, providing key analysis of the existing floor structure for the newly proposed storage system. As Senior Engineer, Mr. Fox will also attend key meetings through the course of the project. Jeff Layman, PE will serve as the Project Engineer throughout the length of the job, providing structural designs, details and specifications. Hans Stamberg, PE will provide additional Structural Engineering expertise. He will coordinate with representatives from Chester Engineers and offer construction administration services. CAS Structural Engineering Inc. Project Staffing: Carol Stevens will provide her expertise and experience from performing the structural analysis of the subject properties. She will help guide the initial schematic design towards a logical long term solution. Triad Engineering Project Staffing: Lee McCoy would lead the Civil Engineering aspects of this project. He has a wealth of experience with complex site development and planning in and around West Virginia. His experience includes design of roads, parking facilities, site construction, water and sewer lines, storm drainage and storm water management facilities. Steven Spradling would bring over 30 years of experience to the project. He will lead the Geotechnical analysis and design. He led the design of the new water dam at Snowshoe Resort. Jack Ramsey will lead all aspects of the project related to water and wastewater supply. He will lead the design of the new increased potable water supply. David Spriggs, LS, PS would bring over 30 years of land surveying experience to the project. William Ernstes, LA would provide landscape design services for the project. in conjunction with GDA’s in house landscape design. We have pulled together a team that can address each and every issue mentioned in the request for expressions of interest. Additional Team Members: The Shooting Academy Project Staffing: Michael Davey of the Shooting Academy can easily provide the required design services for the proposed Wobble Clay shooting range. His specialty is the design and installation of sporting clay courses, but he also designs Indoor and Outdoor Rifle and Pistol Shooting Ranges. His design services often include recommendations for marketing, managing and the selection of managers and staff. His design work at the Nemacolin Resort Shooting Range in Pennsylvania has increased revenue at the resort and generated additional room occupancy with many return bookings. Steven’s Engineering Project Staffing: For the design of the “magic carpet” conveyor lift from the base facility to the lower ski lift area we have selected Stevens Engineering. They have designed many of these lifts throughout the US. They also have experience with the design of lifts that can be converted to slides in the summer. August 30, 2010 Mr. Frank Whittaker Purchasing Division PO Box 50130 Charleston, WV 25305-0130 Re: Canaan Valley Resort State Park Proposal for Architectural Services Dear Mr. Whittaker: Grove and Dall’Olio Architects is pleased to submit this expression of interest for architectural and engineering services to design new guest rooms, rehabilitate existing rooms and demolish other rooms at Canaan Valley Resort State Park. As requested, we have included one original and three convenience copies for your department’s use. Please feel free to contact me directly for any further correspondence regarding this very exciting project. Very truly yours, Lisa M. Dall’Olio, AIA LEED Grove & Dall’Olio Architects PLLC The design team has read the Structural Report for the existing lodges and understands the complexity of the project. These same structural, drainage and mold issues have been encountered on many of our other renovation projects. We understand that we will have to work within a specified budget to provide the State with the best long term design solution. We are adept at renovations, additions and new construction. We have worked with facilities with “in-seasons” and understand that documents must sometimes be broken down into phases to minimize disruption of income generation. The addition and renovation will need to be sympathetic to the original design and feel of Canaan Valley State Park. Any additions or renovations should augment rather than detract from the remaining structures. The design can be carefully crafted to enhance the rustic feel of the Canaan Valley Resort. GDA has worked on many properties where it is more important to create contextual space than leave a design signature on the project. GDA received an AIA design award for the addition and renovation to the Morgan County Library in downtown Berkeley Springs. The design allowed the original historic house, which had been donated to the Library, to remain the prominent feature while adding nearly 10,000 square feet of usable space. GDA also created an AIA award-winning design for the new Caperton Train Station addition to the B&O Hotel in downtown Martinsburg, West Virginia. This project was designed to be sympathetic to the Hotel and 19th century Roundhouse Center Shop Complex across the tracks. The once condemned early 19th century Hotel was renovated into office and retail suites. GDA recently completed schematic designs for the creation of a 5 star Inn and Restaurant in Jefferson County, West Virginia. PROJECT APPROACH The success of this project depends upon the Design Team’s ability to maintain an open and accessible process which encourages participation by key project representatives from the State of West Virginia and the Canaan Valley Resort. Grove & Dall’Olio Architects (GDA) along with their engineering consultants are ready to take on this responsibility. The Design Team, consisting of architects and engineers, will meet with each of the State Representatives to develop programs for the new facilities. The job will require a thorough interview process encompassing the following basic steps: A Client - Design Team Orientation The first step would be a project orientation meeting between the key representatives of the institution and the principal members of the design team. The goals of this initial meeting would include the following: a) introductions b) determine project schedule d) review sources of known project data e) determine chain of contact f) discuss access to site procedures g) identify other project partners B Collection of Existing Data All design team members will read any current reports prepared for or by the State as it pertains to the Resort’s growth and recently defined benchmarks for quality. The design team will compile existing conditions information collecting available drawings, surveying the site and reviewing the recently completed Structural Report. Members of the design team will meet with key staff and administrators which will be critical in establishing the agreed upon program. Members of the design team will meet with key client representatives to establish and determine what, if any, the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) equivalent goals are for this project. C Develop Spatial Planning Program After reviewing the existing data now being collected and identifying the relationships between the various components of the resort facility, the design consultants will present a summary of understanding of the planning program to the client team for review and comment. D Schematic Design With the written program completed and agreed upon, the design team will develop a concept that reflects the project goals and compliments the site’s features. Leading design principals from Grove & Dall’Olio and their consultants will present potential solutions. All of the experience our firms have in working on government and multi-building complexes will be applied to develop a concept that will achieve all of the goals defined in the program. As with any building design process GDA is engaged in, feedback and exchange with the client team is essential. The schematic design will undergo a series of presentations and working meetings with all of the project team (client and consultants) to reach the end goal of an agreed upon schematic design. Written records of these meetings will be kept by GDA and submitted to all attendees. Review of any LEED goals will be assessed as the schematic design evolves if they are to be a part of this process. The final Schematic Design, preliminary cost estimate and phasing plan will be presented in a Final Report. The format will be clear, concise, and attractive, rendering it useful as a planning tool, but also a functional fund raising and public relations tool. E Design Development Phase With the schematic design finalized and the overall drawing phase at about 25% complete, it will be time to review the construction costs. Our cost estimators will take the bones of the design and extrapolate projected labor and material figures to affirm the design is within budget. During this phase of design, more specific decisions are made about material selections. In keeping with LEED sustainable building standards, the design team will be looking at building materials that may be locally produced or materials that are more easily recycled. Cost/benefit analysis of various building materials and systems will be conducted to determine the best solutions for this project. At the end of Design Development, the working drawings should be about 50% complete and all specifications in an outline format. Adjustments will be made to the design as directed by the project team in order to stay on track with established project goals. G Bidding and Construction Phases GDA is well versed in assisting institutional clients with the Bidding and Negotiation Phases as well as maintaining an active roll in oversight of the contractors interpretation of the construction documents during the Construction Phase. Working with contractors and their subs is just as critical as the drawing and design aspects of a project for GDA. F Construction Documents Phase Consistent with industry standards, GDA and their consultants now will work to complete the drawings and specifications. Interim meetings and review of design and cost estimates in progress will be conducted to confirm the schedule is being met and the design is on track with the previously agreed upon written program. PROJECT SCHEDULE The following schedule anticipates the State giving direction to proceed in early October. As with all schedules related to this type of work, there will be review periods by the Owner and the length of this review and comment period may be longer or shorter than expected. The Project Team is ready to begin this exciting project immediately and looks forward to having the opportunity to sit down with representatives from the County to discuss this project in greater detail. \| \| Oct \| Nov \| Dec \| Jan \| Feb \| Mar \| Apr \| May \| Jun \| - \| Dec \| \|----------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\|------\| \| A/E Procurement \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Schematic Design \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Design Development \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Construction Documents \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Bidding/Negotiation \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Construction Phase \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| The design team is excited about the proposed project and would be proud to work on something that is such a big part of our State’s Tourism Industry. We have collectively worked on dozens of hotel projects in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Comfort Design has completed Mechanical and Electrical Designs for over 30 Hotel Projects. They recently completed work on the Washingtonoi Anticipated concepts and approach to the project: Our firm does not solely design hotels or resorts. We are a firm that prides itself in designs which are appropriate in terms of scale, materials and form to the original architecture. The program for the client is strictly followed to provide fully functional space which is ideally suited to the individual client and not pulled from previous similar projects. The materials should blend well with nature and allow the phenomenal views to be captured and framed. The HVAC system should be efficient, invisible to the public and comfortable. GDA meets the insurance requirements of the State of West Virginia and has successfully worked with the Division of Culture and History. Although we have completed many renovation and addition projects, the following projects highlight work specifically tied to hotel structures an multi-unit residential projects. GATEWAY HOTEL, Martinsburg, WV GDA completed schematic design documents for the renovation and updating of this circa 1920 hotel in downtown Martinsburg. The rooms which are too small by today's standards were redesigned to become suites. The plumbing and mechanical chase spaces were maintained for efficiency. This project was put on hold due to the struggling economy. ANTIETAM CONDOMINIUMS, Hagerstown, MD GDA was hired by Demcore Development to design a new high-rise condominium building in the heart of the new arts and entertainment district in downtown. The design features over 90 one and two-bedroom residential condominiums. The goal was to maximize natural light exposure and minimize circulation space. HAWTHORN, Jefferson County, WV GDA was hired to convert a 19th century grand home into a 5 star Inn and Restaurant. The schematic phase was recently completed. The project has been put on hold until the economy rebounds. The guest cottages and site design were completed to create a pedestrian/golf cart resort with four units to a cluster. The main house was redesigned to accommodate 3 guest suites as well. KINGSTON HOTEL, Kingston, NY Matthew Grove was the project architect for the renovation of this early 20th century hotel into a senior living facility. NEMACOLIN RESORT, Pennsylvania GDA was hired by Nemacolin Resort to thoroughly document all of the existing conditions and provide them with up to date drawings of the facility. Many phases of construction had been completed and the facilities management needed a thorough set of existing conditions drawings. This documentation process lended us a better understanding of the options for guest rooms at one of Pennsylvania’s premier resorts. HAGER’S ROW CONDOMINIUMS, Hagerstown, MD GDA was hired to convert a dilapidated 20th century apartment building into a modern code compliant condominium building. Egress stairs had to be added as well as elevators. The design incorporates one and two bedroom condominiums next door to the Maryland Symphony Theatre in downtown. The owner of the Peking Restaurant wanted the restaurant space to be appropriate for a Chinese Restaurant but flexible enough to serve a different restaurant tenant. The design featured bold booth fabrics, concrete counters, halogen lighting table spots and a rich color scheme. The art deco lighting and traditional furnishings helped the new use blend with the period interior. Before and after images of Ground Floor of Hardware store which has now become Duffy’s on Potomac in downtown Hagerstown, Maryland. The proposed project team has completed several projects for the hospitality industry. We have renovated hotels and designed commercial kitchens, restaurants and a nightclub. Duffy’s on Potomac is a new restaurant which was created in an old hardware store in downtown Hagerstown, Maryland. Ava’s is a new martini bar which once was a storage warehouse behind the same hardware store. The Peking Restaurant in Martinsburg, West Virginia was once two storefronts that were combined into one and revitalized for use as a thriving Chinese Restaurant. Each of the restaurant designs has an individual personality suited for that particular type of dining experience. Should the restaurant at the Canaan Valley State Park become part of the renovations, the design team could help to transform it into a dining landmark. Before and after images of AVA’s nightclub in the lower level of the Schindel-Rohrer Building in downtown Hagerstown, Maryland. Like most businesses in the construction field, GDA has experienced a slow down in workload. In recent years, GDA has managed between 6 to 12 projects at a time with construction each with costs ranging from $1 million to $6 million. GDA has recently received a few commissions for projects in the area. We are currently working at only 30% capacity and would be able to devote the time necessary to meet the State’s time frame. GDA has been retained with Chester Engineers by the City of Martinsburg for the redesign of the Town Square. The bid documents are completed and the project should be under construction this Fall. GDA is currently working on a children’s history museum exhibit for the George Washington Heritage Trail using grant monies administered by the City of Martinsburg. The project is an interiors installation in the Martinsburg Train Station. The Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center in Martinsburg awarded a commission to GDA this Spring to renovate the sixth floor of their mid-rise hospital building for the executive offices. The schematic documents have now been completed. Structural Concepts, Inc. current capacity for additional work is also very good. Much of their current work load is smaller projects less than $10,000.00 in engineering fees. Their larger projects with fees greater than $20,000.00 are near completion. Comfort Design currently are operating at about 50% of their capacity and are actively seeking commissions. They are able to start this project immediately. Chester Engineers currently are operating at about 25% of their capacity and are actively seeking commissions. Energy Efficiency and Green Design Experience: Many of the visitors to the State’s Park System are already very environmentally conscious. These guests will undoubtedly be expecting sustainable features that help protect this pristine Canaan Valley environment. The design team has experience with incorporating new sustainable technologies into existing architecture. We are LEED accredited design professionals and have completed several projects utilizing passive solar, geo-thermal systems for heating and cooling, solar hot water systems, and rain water collection and distribution. Our firm also ushered the State’s first Bio-kinetic septic filtrations system through the approval process. GDA recently designed a state-of-the-art swimming pool for a new community called Broomgrass. The pool has automatic salt water chlorine generation, a pebble tec interior, Titanium glazed self-cleaning ceramic splash tiles and a solar hot water heater which should offer several decades of near maintenance free enjoyment. The landscape design for the pool incorporates native plantings which will require little maintenance and water. During the design of the new or renovated lodge rooms, special attention will be paid to colors, materials, textures and design simplicity. The focus at the Canaan Resort can and should be the views of nature. COMFORTABLE DESIGN Canaan Valley Resort State Park GROVE & DALL’OLIO ARCHITECTS PLLC • 218 WEST KING STREET • MARTINSBURG, WV 25401 • 304 267-2120 • GDAaia.com Canaan Valley Resort State Park GROVE & DALL'OLIO ARCHITECTS PLLC • 218 WEST KING STREET • MARTINSBURG, WV 25401 • 304 267-2120 • GDAaia.com The designs will be timeless and sophisticated while also being casual and fun. By incorporating natural materials and pulling from nature’s palette of colors, the visitors’ vacations to the great outdoors will be enhanced. ABILITY TO WORK WITHIN A BUDGET COST ESTIMATING: - GDA offers MEANS° Construction Cost Data Estimates periodically throughout a project. - The scope of work and design development are modified as deemed necessary by the periodic cost estimates. EXAMPLE: Shepherd CTC scope was decreased based upon cost estimate prepared at 60% completion. The documents were then finalized and the project completed within budget and on time. - GDA averages less than 5% change orders on projects (excluding add alternates) OFFERING PHASING OPTIONS WITHOUT RE-BIDDING: - Where project funding may be insufficient at the time of bidding, certain elements are included in the construction bid package as separate add alternates. - Should funding be added later these elements can be incorporated without added expense of creating new docs or re-bidding. The following list represents local projects of a similar nature and scope that were completed within budget: \| PROJECT \| LOCATION \| CONTRACT AMOUNT \| WITHIN BUDGET \| \|----------------------------------------------\|-------------------\|-----------------\|---------------\| \| US District Courtroom Renovation \| Martinsburg, WV \| 750,000 \| ✓ \| \| Essroc Italcementi Corp \| Martinsburg, WV \| \| \| \| • Control Room Building \| \| 2,000,000 \| ✓ \| \| • Warehouse \| \| 800,000 \| ✓ \| \| • Administration Building \| \| 6,000,000 \| ✓ \| \| Old B&O Station Hotel Office Suite Conversion\| Martinsburg, WV \| 1,100,000 \| ✓ \| \| • Interior Renovation \| \| \| \| \| US Multi-purpose Courtroom & US Clerks Offices\| Martinsburg, WV \| 1,200,000 \| ✓ \| \| US Probations Offices \| Martinsburg, WV \| 300,000 \| ✓ \| \| Shepherd College Community Technical College\| Martinsburg, WV \| 440,000 \| ✓ \| \| Morgan County Library \| Berkeley Springs, WV \| 740,000 \| ✓ \| ABILITY TO WORK WITHIN TIME CONSTRAINTS Canaan Valley Resort State Park - Many of GDA’s projects involve historic properties with funding from State and Federal Grant Sources. - These Grant sources often require strict timetables which must be adhered to in order to not lose funding. EXAMPLE: ITC documents and approval process were completed within 120 days of contract signing in order to meet grant demands. - GDA can easily commit to meeting or exceeding the targeted dates for completion outlined in the schedule presented. - GDA has NEVER caused a project delay by an inability to meet projected deadlines for design or construction documents. The following List represents projects with time constraints for the preparation of the drawings and specification that were completed on time: \| PROJECT \| LOCATION \| DRAWING PHASE \| ON TIME \| \|----------------------------------------------\|-------------------\|-----------------\|---------\| \| US District Courtroom Renovation \| Martinsburg, WV \| 8 months \| ✓ \| \| Essroc Italcementi \| Martinsburg, WV \| 3 months \| ✓ \| \| \| \| 1 month \| ✓ \| \| \| \| 6 months \| ✓ \| \| Old B&O Station Hotel Office Suite Conversion\| Martinsburg, WV \| 6 months \| ✓ \| \| Interior Renovation \| \| \| \| \| US Multi-purpose Courtroom & US Clerks Offices\| Martinsburg, WV \| 10 months \| ✓ \| \| US Probations Offices \| Martinsburg, WV \| 4 months \| ✓ \| \| Shepherd College Community Technical College\| Martinsburg, WV \| 4 months \| ✓ \| \| Morgan County Library \| Berkeley Springs, WV\| 6 months \| ✓ \| \| Intermodal Transportation Center (ITC) Train Station \| Martinsburg, WV \| 4 months \| ✓ \| Grove & Dall’Olio Architects PLLC is a full-service, woman owned architectural firm which guides new construction, renovation, restoration, and adaptive reuse projects from inception to completion. The firm began in 1993 and is dedicated to serving the needs of its clients through the development of designs which are appropriate in size, scale and style. The services of the firm include all phases of program analysis, budget preparation, architectural design and drafting, specification writing, contractor bidding negotiation, construction supervision, and public relations. Matthew Grove and Lisa Dall’Olio, partners of Grove & Dall’Olio Architects PLLC, collectively offer more than 36 years of professional architecture experience and are actively involved in the field at the local, state and national levels. Mr. Grove and Ms. Dall’Olio are members of the American Institute of Architects and are licensed to practice in West Virginia, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Both Mr. Grove and Ms. Dall’Olio are LEED Accredited Professionals as well as members for Historic Preservation. The firm’s experience includes the successful completion of a wide range of new construction, preservation and adaptive reuse projects throughout the eastern United States. Since relocating the practice from New York City to Martinsburg, West Virginia in 1994, Mr. Grove and Ms. Dall’Olio have focused their efforts toward a variety of municipal, commercial and residential projects in West Virginia. Grove & Dall’Olio Architects PLLC is experienced in working with government entities and operates in compliance with all applicable state and local contracting requirements. PARTIAL CLIENT LISTING: Jefferson County Commission National Museum of the US Army US General Services Administration WV Division of Culture & History Berkeley County Roundhouse Authority The City of Martinsburg The City of Winchester Morgan County Public Library Martinsburg-B.C. Public Library Essroc - Italcementi Governor Gaston Caperton Tom Seely Furniture Flatwoods Factory Stores Blue Ridge Outlet Center Chatfield-Taylor Corporation Nemacolin-Woodlands Resort Shepherd College Community & Technical College at Shepherd Huntington Bank Jefferson Security Bank Senior Life Services of Morgan County AWARDS: 1997 AIA WV Honor Award for Caperton Station 1997 AIA WV Craftsmanship Award for exterior of Caperton Station 1999 AIA WV Merit Award for new Morgan County Public Library 2009 AIA WV Honor Award for Grove & Dall’Olio Residence A native of Martinsburg, West Virginia, Mr. Grove studied architecture at Carnegie Mellon University, an institution which is nationally renowned for its academic emphasis in engineering. Upon graduation, he relocated to New York City where he was engaged by such prominent firms as Cabrera-Barricklo, Architects, and later, David Smotrich & Associates. During his employment, he served as Project Architect for the AIA award-winning Woodstock Meadows Residential Community in Woodstock, New York, as well as the restoration of the historic Jewish Community Center in Brooklyn, New York. While in New York, Grove had the opportunity to serve in leadership roles for a variety of prestigious architectural projects which included the restoration and renovation of Sailor’s Snug Harbor Cultural Center on Staten Island, New York; the conversion of the Stuyvesant Hotel in Kingston, New York; the renovation of the Residence Halls at State University of New York in Stony Brook; as well as a number of custom residential and commercial interior projects in Manhattan. In 1993, Mr. Grove established his own practice in New York City. Realizing the potential for both new construction projects and preservation efforts in West Virginia, Mr. Grove returned to Martinsburg in 1994 where he was joined by his wife and partner, Lisa Dall’Olio. Since that time, the firm of Grove & Dall’Olio Architects has been involved with project work commissioned by United States District Courts, General Services Administration, Shepherd College, Berkeley County Roundhouse Authority, Blue Ridge Outlet Center, The City of Martinsburg, as well as numerous private sector residential and commercial clients. EDUCATION Bachelor of Architecture, 1986 Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania LEED Accredited Professional, 2009 US Green Building Council PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATIONS Registered Architect in the State of West Virginia, 1993 Registered Architect in the State of New York, 1990 Registered Architect in the State of Maryland, 1994 Registered Architect in the State of Pennsylvania, 2003 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS American Institute of Architects, Member West Virginia Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, Member Preservation Alliance of West Virginia, Member Society of Industrial Archaeologist, Member International Code Council, Member Preservation Maryland, Member Lisa M. Dall’Olio’s expertise as a preservationist and architectural historian have resulted in her participation in a variety of exciting assignments. In 1993, she served as an architectural consultant to the World Monument Fund to participate in an adaptive reuse study of the Esterháza Palace in Fertöd, Hungary. One year later, she supervised a preservation study of the cast-iron Chelsea Pier 54 in New York City, constructed in 1912 to serve the Cunard luxury liners. She was appointed by Governor Cecil Underwood in 1998 to the State Commission on Archives and History. A native of the greater New York City metropolitan area, Ms. Dall’Olio studied at the top-rated, University of Texas, School of Architecture, where she obtained her Bachelor’s degree and pursued graduate work in the field of preservation. Returning to New York City in 1990, she was employed as a preservationist by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. There, her responsibilities included the review and evaluation of hundreds of proposed historic renovation projects. Using United States Department of Interior Preservation Standards, she consulted NYC Landmarks Preservation Commissioners on projects which ranged from facade and interior improvements made to small, historic private residences – to the extensive restoration of many city landmarks. Ms. Dall’Olio obtained practical, commercial design experience while employed by Joseph Pell Lombardi, an internationally-renowned architect/preservationist, who is credited with the Soho cast-iron loft residence conversion movement in the 1970s, as well as Cabrera-Barricklo, Architects, where, in other roles, she served as Job Captain for the multi-million dollar restoration and adaptive reuse of Sailor’s Snug Harbor Cultural Center on Staten Island, New York. Ms. Dall’Olio relocated to Martinsburg, West Virginia, with her husband and partner, Matthew W. Grove, in 1994, to establish Grove & Dall’Olio Architects. Her expertise in the field of preservation and historic architecture ensures authentication of the firm’s restoration assignments and brings timeless, classical architectural qualities to those projects which involve new construction. Recently, Ms. Dall’Olio has led several historic restorations and adaptive reuse projects including the new Community & Technical College of Shepherd and a mixed use master plan study of the old Interwoven property in downtown Martinsburg. EDUCATION Bachelor of Architecture, University of Texas, 1990 LEED Accredited Professional, 2009, US Green Building Council PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATIONS Registered Architect in the State of West Virginia, 1995 Registered Architect in the State of New York, 1994 Registered Architectural Historian in the State of West Virginia, 1994 Registered Architect in the State of Virginia, 2009 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS American Institute of Architects, Member National Trust for Historic Preservation, Member CIVIC APPOINTMENTS Commissioner, West Virginia Archives and History Commission Structural Concepts, Inc. was formed in 1988 to service the needs of Architects, Developers, and Builders of the Northern Virginia, Washington, DC, Maryland, and Northern Shenandoah Valley areas. Our goal is to provide efficient and high quality structural engineering, contract documents, and contract administration services to meet the needs of a rapidly expanding community. SCI is headquartered in Winchester, Virginia. The president of SCI is a graduate of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. Mr. Fox has an encompassing field of structural engineering experience. He has provided structural design on many types and size projects throughout his career. One project of note is the 20 level, Courtland Complex located in Arlington, Virginia. The members of SCI are familiar with structural design and detailing of a wide range of building types. At SCI, we have extensive experience in the structural design of office buildings, multi-family residential structures, elderly housing structures, one and two family residential structures, parking structures, schools, warehouses, government, manufacturing, institutional and industrial facilities. SCI has provided design and consulting structural engineering services on many structural rehabilitation and renovation projects. Our experience in the design of many structural systems includes concrete, flat plate concrete, steel, composite steel, masonry, timber, prestressed concrete, and post tensioned concrete. We have ample experience with the design of precast / prestressed concrete, including architectural precast cladding. We also prepare light gage steel framing structural drawings and prepare shop drawings for the light gage steel industry. SCI has worked as a secondary consultant as well as part of design / build construction teams. The resumes of our key personnel and an example list of projects have been enclosed for your review. We look forward to the opportunity to serve your firm. Mr. Fox has twenty-eight years experience in structural design, engineering management, cost estimating, structural inspections, and evaluation and remedial design of structural deficiencies. Mr. Fox is experienced in the design of many structural systems including concrete, steel, masonry, timber, prestressed concrete and tilt-up concrete construction. Mr. Fox is familiar with working as a secondary consultant as well as part of a design/build construction team. Project Experience: Mr. Fox is experienced in the structural design of many building types including: - Banks and Credit Unions - Commercial Offices and Retail - Educational - Essential Facilities - Government - Industrial - Institutional - Medical Office - Recreational - Religious - Residential, Multi-Unit - Residential, Single Family - Renovation and Rehabilitation Projects - Water Treatment Plants Duties: As President, Mr. Fox is in charge of all daily operations including project initiation, and quality control. Mr. Fox is the primary point of contact for all clients. As chief structural engineer, Mr. Fox is responsible for the structural design of all projects. Mr. Fox coordinates with Architects, Owners, and Contractors to determine the best structural system for the project. Mr. Fox coordinates with the design team the location of structural members and oversees the development of structural documents. Mr. Fox reviews all structural documents before they are issued. Mr. Fox works with the project engineer and staff engineer in the development of structural documents and assists the engineering team with the resolution of requests for information, construction problems or conflicts as they may occur during construction. --- Jody A. Fox, PE President Position: President / Chief Structural Engineer Years Experience: 28 Years at SCI: 21 Education: BS Civil Engineering (Structural Emphasis) Virginia Tech, 1982 Professional Registration: Professional Engineer in Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia Professional Organizations: Member of American Institute of Steel Construction, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Concrete Institute, Cold Formed Steel Engineers Institute Mr. Stamberg is experienced in structural design and drafting utilizing AutoCAD. He is certified as a Professional Engineer. His experience in design of building systems includes the materials steel, concrete, tilt up concrete wall panels, masonry, cold formed light gage steel, and wood. Mr. Stamberg is familiar with working as a secondary consultant as well as part of a design/build construction team. Project Experience: Mr. Stamberg is experienced in the structural design of many building types including: - Banks and Credit Unions - Commercial Offices and Retail - Educational - Industrial - Medical Office - Religious - Residential, Multi-Unit - Residential, Single Family - Renovation and Rehabilitation Projects Duties: Mr. Stamberg’s duties at Structural Concepts consist of building design and quality control. The building design responsibilities begin with schematic design development which then evolves into final contract documents. During the construction phase of the building projects Mr. Stamberg reviews shop drawings and works with the design team and contractors to solve construction problems. The quality control part of his responsibilities is to perform in house reviews of structural documents prior to release. Mr. Layman is experienced in the structural and hydraulic branches of civil engineering. His experience in design of building systems includes the materials steel, concrete, masonry and wood. Mr. Layman’s communication skills include the Spanish language. Mr. Layman is familiar with working as a secondary consultant as well as part of a design/build construction team. Project Experience: Mr. Layman is experienced in the structural design of many building types including: - Banks and Credit Unions - Commercial Offices and Retail - Educational - Government - Essential Facilities - Industrial - Medical Office - Recreational - Religious - Residential, Multi-Unit - Residential, Single Family - Renovation and Rehabilitation Projects Duties: Mr. Layman focuses on project design in his role as Staff Engineer. He calculates loads based on the applicable building code and sizes framing members. He evaluates and details the connections between elements to produce a continuous load path from the roof to the foundation. He considers loads from both wind and earthquakes in each lateral analysis. He creates building plans, sections and details using computer aided drafting software, AutoCAD. He coordinates needs and results with clients during the design process. He reviews shop drawings submitted as elements of large projects and is available throughout construction to answer field questions. Mr. Layman is vigilant for new technical resources for the office. The following list is not exhaustive but intended to give a sample of the large variety of projects completed by SCI. Example Projects: Banks and Credit Unions: - BB&T Operations Center, Frederick County, VA [Featured in Project Profile](#) - Navy Federal Credit Union Call Center, Frederick County, VA [Featured in Project Profile](#) - Valley Farm Credit Building – Winchester, VA [Featured in Project Profile](#) - Middleburg Bank, Middleburg, VA - Bank of Clark County, Winchester, VA - Apple Federal Credit Union, Winchester, VA Commercial Office and Retail: - Prince William Town Center Building 6, Manassas, VA [Featured in Project Profile](#) - 3801 University Drive, Fairfax, VA [Featured in Project Profile](#) - Essroc Italcentemi Group Administration Building #32, Martinsburg, WV - Edwin Miller Boulevard Office Building, Martinsburg, WV - Tackley Mill Center, Building 4, Ranson, WV - The Landing at Park View, Winchester, VA - CMDS Headquarters, Harrisonburg, VA - Commonwealth Center, Sterling, VA - Commonwealth Center, Phase II, Sterling VA - Advince Commons, Charlottesville, VA - Overland Center, Sterling, VA - Steeple Chase 95, Building A4, Prince William County, MD - Mercure Lots 11 & 12, Buildings A & B, Loudoun County, VA - First Park Manassas, Buildings C, D, and K, Prince William County, VA - Markey Business Center, Buildings 2 & 3, Gainesville, VA - Gum Spring Village Center, Buildings 1 & 2, Loudoun County, VA - Gum Spring Auto Wash and Lube Shop, Loudoun County, VA - Wilton Meadows, LLC, Manassas, VA - Strober Supply, Loudoun County, VA - Quality Tire, Martinsburg, WV - Baronwood Showroom and Warehouse, Sterling, VA - Warren Electric, Hagerstown, MD - Ward-Aikens Office Building, Winchester, VA Educational: - John Handley High School Renovation and Expansion, Winchester, VA [Featured in Project Profile] - Clark County High School, Berryville, VA - Jefferson Scholars Foundation and Center for Graduate Fellows, Charlottesville, VA [Featured in Project Profile] - Chatham Hall Renovation and Auditorium Addition, Chatham Hall, VA - Sacred Heart Academy Addition, Winchester, VA - America On Line Childcare Facility, Dulles, VA - Brunswick Middle School, Brunswick, MD - Powhatan School Addition, Boyce, VA - Braddock Street United Methodist Church Education Building Addition, Winchester, VA - Morgan County Public Library, Berkeley Springs, WV Essential Facilities: - Millwood Station Fire and Rescue Company 21, New Station House, Winchester, VA - Millwood Station Fire and Rescue Company 21, Banquet Facility, Winchester, VA - Greenwood Fire Station Addition, Winchester, VA Government: - United States Embassy Renovation and Addition, Vilnius, Lithuania - United States Embassy Renovation, Riga, Latvia - United States Embassy Renovation, Tallinn, Estonia - Quarters 101 Renovation, USMA, West Point, NY - United States Naval Academy Chapel Renovation, Annapolis, MD - Census Bureau, Federal Office Building No. 3 Structural Repairs, Suitland, MD - Martinsburg Intermodal Transportation Center, Martinsburg, WV - Morgan County Observatory, Morgan County, WV Industrial: - Mercury Paper Manufacturing Facility, Strasburg, VA [Featured in Project Profile] - Euro Composites Manufacturing Facility, Culpeper, VA - Pen Tab Manufacturing Facility, Front Royal, VA - EcoLab Manufacturing Facility, Martinsburg, WV [Featured in Project Profile] Example Projects - Bering Truck Manufacturing Plant, Warren County, VA - Kingsdown Manufacturing Plant, Frederick County, VA - Featured in Project Profile - Kingsdown Addition, Frederick County, VA - Featured in Project Profile - Hill Storage Facility, Frederick County, VA - Paxton Van Lines Addition, Manassas, VA - Verizon Addition, Martinsburg, WV - Lease Building Number 3, Winchester, VA - Lease Building Number 3 Addition, Winchester, VA - Jouan, Inc. Scientific Equipment Manufacturing Facility, Frederick County, VA - HP Hood Addition, Frederick County, VA - Special Made Manufacturing Facility, Fredrick County, VA - Blue Ridge Industries Addition, Winchester, VA - Winchester Cold Storage Addition, Winchester, VA - Winchester Star Additions, Winchester, VA - Rubbermaid Development Lab Expansion, Winchester, VA - Free Lance Star Tilt Wall Panels, Fredericksburg, VA - Featured in Project Profile - Thermo Fisher Scientific Stabilization and Addition, Middletown, VA - Walden Fish Production, Frederick County, VA - RdV Vineyards, Delaplane, VA Institutional: - Westminster Canterbury Housing Expansion, Winchester, VA - Featured in Project Profile - Westminster Canterbury Dining Expansion, Winchester, VA - The Southerlands Assisted Living, Front Royal, VA - Oak Springs Retirement Housing, Warrenton, VA - Warren Memorial Lynn Care Physical Therapy Expansion, Front Royal, VA - Frederick County Animal Shelter, Frederick County, VA - Old Mill Kennel Veterinary, Leesburg, VA Medical Office Building: - Our Health, Nicholson Building, Winchester, VA - Our Health, Lineburg Building, Winchester, VA - Our Health, Community Service Building, Winchester, VA - Mount Jackson Family Practice Expansion and Renovation, Mount Jackson, VA - LaRose Medical Office Building, Winchester, VA - LaRose Medical Office Building II, Winchester, VA - Red Cross Building, Winchester, VA Recreational: - Kiln Creek Country Club, Newport News, VA - Kiln Creek Baseball Stadium, Newport News, VA - Westwood Country Club Addition, Vienna, VA - PB Dye Clubhouse and Maintenance Building, Ijamsville, MD - Piedmont Country Club, Haymarket, VA - Washington Golf and Country Club, Arlington, VA - Hygeia Bath House and Spa, Capon Springs, WV - Clark County VFW, Berryville, VA Religious: - Victory Church, Winchester, VA - Fellowship Bible Church Addition, Winchester, VA - Potomac Baptist Church, Sterling, VA - 1st Baptist Church, Inwood, WV - 1st Baptist Church Renovation and Additions, Winchester, VA - Holy Cross Abbey Renovation and Additions, Berryville, VA - Salvation Army Sanctuary Addition, Winchester, VA - Lindale Mennonite Church, Lindale, VA Residential, Multi-Unit: - Marriott Fairfield Inn and Suites, Winchester, VA - Holiday Inn Express, Winchester, VA - Holiday Inn Express, Stephens City, VA - Country Inn and Suites, Kernstown, VA - Capon Spring Main House Addition, Capon Springs, WV - Austin House Renovation and Expansion, Capon Springs, WV Residential, Single Family: - Old Whitewood, Mark Ohrstrom Residence, The Plains, VA - Barris Residence, McLean, VA - Palmerstone, Clark Ohrstrom Residence, The Plains, VA - Pollin Residence, Barnesville, MD - LeBaron Farm, Cummings Residence, Culpepper, VA - Schoch Residence, Middleburg, VA - Barkus Residence, Jefferson County, WV Renovation and Rehabilitation: - Jefferson County Jail, Charles Town, WV - Old Frederick County Courthouse, Winchester, VA - McMuran Hall, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV - The Bredimus Building, Leesburg, VA - The Tally Ho Theatre, Leesburg, VA - Washington Community Fellowship, Washington, DC - Fleetwood Roller Mill, Paris, VA - B&O Hotel, Martinsburg, WV - The Waterford Mill, Waterford, VA - Woolen Mill Renovation, Winchester, VA - The Ashby Inn, Paris, VA - Taylor Building, Berryville, VA - Winchester School Board Office, Winchester, VA - Daniel Morgan Middle School, Winchester, VA - Handley High School Achievement Academy, Winchester, VA Water Treatment Plants: - Middletown Wastewater Treatment Facility Expansion, Middletown, VA - Round Hill Waste Water Treatment Plant Expansion, Round Hill, VA - Tackley Mill Waste Water Treatment Plant, Ranson, WV CAS Structural Engineering, Inc. – CAS Structural Engineering, Inc. is a West Virginia Certified Disadvantaged Business Enterprise structural engineering firm located in the Charleston, West Virginia area. Providing structural engineering design and/or analysis on a variety of projects throughout the state of West Virginia, CAS Structural Engineering has experience in excess of 20 years on the following types of building and parking structures: - Governmental Facilities (including Institutional and Educational Facilities) - Industrial Facilities - Commercial Facilities Projects range from new design and construction, additions, renovation, adaptive reuse and historic preservation (including use of The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation) to evaluation studies/reports and analysis. CAS Structural Engineering utilizes AutoCAD for drawing production and Enercalc and RISA 2D and 3D engineering software programs for design and analysis. Structural systems designed and analyzed have included reinforced concrete, masonry, precast concrete, structural steel, light gauge steel and timber. Carol A. Stevens, PE is the firm President and will be the individual responsible for, as well as reviewing, the structural engineering design work on this project. While CAS Structural Engineering, Inc. has only been in business for nine years, Carol has over 20 years of experience in the building structures field, working both here in West Virginia and in the York, Pennsylvania vicinity. Carol is also certified by the Structural Engineering Certification Board for experience in the field of structural engineering. CAS Structural Engineering, Inc. is covered by a $1 million errors and omissions liability policy. Carol A. Stevens, P.E. Structural Engineer EDUCATION West Virginia University, BSCE, 1984 Chi Epsilon National Civil Engineering Honorary The Pennsylvania State University, ME Eng Sci, 1989 PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION P.E. 1990 Pennsylvania P.E. 1991 West Virginia P.E. 1994 Maryland P.E. 2008 Ohio P.E. 2010 Kentucky BACKGROUND SUMMARY 2001 – Present President, Structural Engineer CAS Structural Engineering, Inc. 1999 – 2001 Structural Engineer Clingenpeel/McBrayer & Assoc, Inc. 1996 – 1999 Transportation Department Manager Structural Engineer Chapman Technical Group, Inc. 1995 – 1996 Structural Engineer Alpha Associates, Inc. 1988 – 1995 Structural Department Manager Structural Engineer NuTec Design Associates, Inc. 1982 – 1988 Engineer AAI Corporation, Inc. PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS American Society of Civil Engineers National Society of Professional Engineers American Concrete Institute American Institute of Steel Construction West Virginia University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Advisory Committee Chair West Virginia University Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering Advisory Committee CIVIC INVOLVEMENT ASCE Christmas in April Project Engineer’s Week Speaker EXPERIENCE West Virginia, Canaan Valley Resort State Park: Structural investigation and recommendations for repairs to the five (5) existing overnight sleeping facilities. West Virginia, Twin Falls Resort State Park Lodge Addition: Structural design for new 28,000 SF addition to existing facility, including new entrance lobby, conference areas, sleeping rooms and indoor pool. West Virginia, Hawks Nest State Park Lodge: Analysis of structural cracks in lodge building. Work included probes to determine condition of existing connections between structural elements. West Virginia, State Capitol Complex, Governor’s Mansion: Structural analysis and design in addition to evaluation report for modifications and renovations to several areas of mansion. Building is on State Historic Register and was constructed in the 1920’s. West Virginia, State Capitol Complex, Holly Grove Mansion: Structural evaluation report for preliminary condition assessment of building structure. Building is on State Historic Register and was constructed in the 1830’s. West Virginia, State Capitol Complex, Main Capitol Building Parapet: Exploratory investigation of limestone/brick parapet/balustrade of Main Capitol Building to determine cause of movement/cracking/leaks. Construction contract for repairs has been completed. Building is on State Historic Register and was constructed in the 1920’s and 1930’s. West Virginia, Twin Falls Resort State Park: Structural evaluation of existing recreation building. West Virginia, Pipestem Resort State Park: Structural evaluation of existing recreation building. West Virginia, Cabwaylingo State Forest: Structural evaluation of existing dormitory buildings constructed in the 1950’s. West Virginia, State Capitol Complex, Main Capitol Building Dome: Exploratory investigation of structural steel components of Lantern Level of dome and development of contract documents for repairs. Building is on State Historic Register and was constructed in the 1930’s. Alum Creek, WV 25003-0469 (304) 756-2564 (voice) (304) 756-2565 (fax) A West Virginia Certified DBE Consultant Certified in the Practice of Structural Engineering West Virginia, Historic Putnam-Houser House (Parkersburg): Designed system for stabilization and upgrades to floor framing of building that was constructed in the 1700’s. West Virginia, Upshur County Courthouse: Developed construction documents for structural repairs to main entrance, dome and monumental sandstone columns of 1899 structure. Work was recently completed and received a WVAIA Honor Award for Design Excellence. Ohio, Mahoning County Courthouse: Completed preliminary structural observation report of exterior façade conditions to recommended phased repairs for terra cotta and granite façade. Building is on State Historic Register and was constructed in the early 1900’s. West Virginia, State Capitol Complex, Building 5: Structural design and analysis for support of new boilers and other mechanical equipment to be placed in mechanical penthouse. West Virginia, State Capitol Complex, Building 7: Investigation and development of Construction Documents for new elevators. West Virginia, State Capitol Complex, Building 3: Structural design and construction administration of repairs to limestone canopy. Building is eligible to be placed on State Historic Register and was constructed in the 1950’s. West Virginia, State of West Virginia Office Building #21, Fairmont, WV: Preliminary structural observation report for condition assessment of building structure. West Virginia, State Capitol Complex, Building 5: Structural design and analysis for support of new boilers and other mechanical equipment to be placed in mechanical penthouse. West Virginia, Hampshire County Courthouse: Structural design for new elevator for existing historic building. West Virginia, Shinnston Park: Structural design of new outdoor pool. PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE West Virginia, State Capitol Building, North Portico Steps: Designed structural system to replace deteriorated reinforced concrete slab at landing on north side of Capitol steps. Building is on State Historic Register and was constructed in the 1930’s. West Virginia, Beech Fork State Park Pool, Bathhouse and Cabins: Designed structure for new bathhouse, swimming pool and cabins. West Virginia, Moncove Lake State Park Pool: Designed structure for new swimming pool. West Virginia, Upshur County Courthouse Annex: Performed structural evaluation and design for repairs to existing multi-story Annex addition. West Virginia, Canaan Valley Resort and Conference Center: Structural feasibility study to upgrade lodging units. West Virginia, West Virginia University Masterplan: Investigated structural floor load capacity of several university buildings as a consultant to a large national architectural firm for masterplan. West Virginia, Morgantown High School Additions: Designed steel framing and foundations for science classroom, cafeteria and gymnasium additions to existing education complex. Pennsylvania, Hampton Inn: Structural design of new 5-story masonry and precast plank hotel building. Pennsylvania, Comfort Inn: Structural design of new 5-story masonry and precast plank hotel building. Pennsylvania, Misericordia University: Structural design of new 4-story masonry and precast plank dormitory building. Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Edison Company, Headquarters: Structural design of new 80,000 SF two-story office addition to existing complex. Pennsylvania, York County Government Center: Structural analysis and design of 1898 former department store converted to county government offices. Interior renovations included adding floor framing at mezzanine level, analyzing and redesigning deficient floor framing, and adding new elevators. Exterior renovations included complete façade rework to recreate original appearance. Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Edison Company, Headquarters: Structural design for new 80,000 SF two-story office addition to existing complex. Pennsylvania, Defense Distribution Region East: Structural engineering and design for a 33,000 SF Hazardous Materials Storage Warehouse. Maryland, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, Administration Building: Structural design of new 10,000 SF masonry building. Comfort Design, Inc. is a local small-business mechanical and electrical engineering design firm specializing in heating, air conditioning, plumbing and electrical for residential, commercial, public and industrial facilities. Comfort Design was incorporated as a completely separate business in 1995, to better serve the mechanical, plumbing and electrical design needs of the local industry. Comfort Design, Inc. has full mechanical and electrical design liability coverage from a local insurance agent. Copies and certification of coverage limits will be provided for any project requirements. Professional Engineer licenses cover Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Florida, Delaware, Arkansas and West Virginia. Comfort Design, Inc. is fully automated to prepare electronic design drawings, which are compatible with AutoCAD Version 2011. Specification documents can be prepared on many of the new word processing programs (Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, Works, etc.). The following is a partial listing of projects and clients which mechanical and/or electrical engineering designs have been provided in the past years: - George Washington Historic Hotel Renovation, Winchester, VA (Design/Construction) - Calcagnini Retreat, Clarke County, Virginia (Design) - Tuscan Ridge at Canaan Lodge, Davis WV (Design/Construction) - Shenandoah Valley Discovery Museum, Winchester, VA, Platinum LEED (Design) - Lucy School, Middletown, MD, LEED certification (Design/Construction) - John S. Mosby Museum Renovation, Warrenton, VA (Design/Construction) - 100 Room, 4 Story, Hampton Inn, Winchester, VA (Design/Construction) - Hampton Inn Renovation, Virginia Beach, VA (Design) - Hampton Inn, Clearfield, PA (Design/Construction) - Hampton Inn, Chesapeake, VA (Design/Construction) - Hampton Inn, Inwood, WV (Design/Construction) - Hampton Inn, Middletown, DE (Design/Construction) - Sleep Inn, Dover, DE (Design/Construction) - Towneplace Suites, Stafford County, VA (Design/Construction) - Days Inn Renovation, Winchester, VA (Design/Construction) - Aloft (Tulane) Hotel, Winchester, VA (Design/Construction) - Candlewood Suites, Winchester, VA (Design/Construction) - CDA Spirituality Retreat Center Renov., Frederick County, VA (Design/Construction) - Comfort Inn & Suites, Leesburg, VA (Design/Construction) - Comfort Suites, Frederick County, VA (Design) - La Quinta Inn, Frederick County, VA (Design) - La Quinta Inn & Comfort Suites Pool & Banquet Facility, Frederick Cty, VA (Design) - Westminister-Canterbury Assisted Living Facility, Winchester, VA (Design/Construction) - Westminister Canterbury Elderly Facilities Renovation, Winc, VA (Design/Construction) - Country Inn & Suites, Hagerstown, MD (Design/Construction) - Fairfield Inn & Suites, Frederick County, VA (Design/Construction) -Holiday Inn, Chesapeake, VA (Design/Construction) -82 Apartment Complex, Ashland, VA (Design/Construction) -Hilton Garden Inn, Suffolk, VA (Design/Construction) -Hilton Garden Inn, Winchester, VA (Design/Construction) -Timber Ridge Gymnasium, Frederick County, VA (Design/Construction) As can be seen above, our projects cover a wide variety of specialized facilities and designs. American Disabilities Act, LEED criteria, energy efficiency, maintenance and life cycle costs are a normal part of our designs. By working many years in the local communities (Davis, Winchester, Martinsburg, Hagerstown, Warrenton, Manassas, Fairfax, and Front Royal), we have an excellent understanding of local codes and ordinances, and work very closely with local code authorities. Enclosed is the resume of the Senior Electrical Engineer, Mr. Michael Howell, P.E., and myself as the Senior Mechanical Engineer for Comfort Design, Inc. The company has two more Professionally Licensed Mechanical Engineers, a part-time mechanical engineering technician and a full-time electrical engineer. We look forward to working with you on forthcoming projects. If you have any questions, please give us a call. Sincerely, Roger L. Catlett, P.E. President, Senior Mechanical Engineer Comfort Design, Inc. 620 Pennsylvania Drive Winchester, VA 22601 Phone: (540) 665-2846 Comfort Design, inc. Mechanical - Electrical Design RESUME Name: Roger L. Catlett, P.E. Address: 365 Mule Skinner Lane Martinsburg, WV 25405 Phone: (540) 665-2846. Company: Comfort Design, Inc., 620 Pennsylvania Ave., Winchester, VA 22601 Experience: I am the President/Senior Mechanical/Plumbing Engineer for Comfort Design, Inc., Winchester, VA. I have provided mechanical/plumbing engineer designs (heating, air conditioning, plumbing, compressed air, high temperature oil systems, low/high pressure steam systems, radiant floor, geothermal heat pump systems, passive solar for architects, owners (fire halls, hotels, retreat centers, churches, offices, residential, stores), manufacturing companies (Mobil, Trex, O-Sullivan, Rubbermaid, Rich Products), school administrations (Winchester-Frederick County Area Schools), contractors and builders in the Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia areas (Howard Shockey & Sons, Minghini’s General Contractors, Ricketts Construction and Lantz Construction). I have worked with historic renovation contractors (e.g. Mark M. Newland & Co.). Over 10 years experience in HVAC and plumbing designs for university and educational facilities. I have been a mechanical engineer for over 36 years. Been involved with 2 Platinum LEED certified projects and multiple geothermal jobs in past 15 years. My current experience includes 18 years with the Army Corps of Engineers with previous assignments as Chief of the Mechanical and Electrical Design Division, Senior Design Manager for large central utility plants/systems (chilled water, potable water, waste treatment, electrical, HVAC, etc.) for military bases and I was senior in-country Mechanical Engineer in Saudi Arabia for 3 years from 9/83 to 8/86, resolving mechanical design problems with residential/industrial/military facilities. From 5/77 to 3/81, I served as the Chief of the Facilities Engineering Branch for the Defense Fuel Supply Center, Alexandria, VA and prepared designs to meet EPA and OSHA regulations for Government fuel storage terminals. Education: -Bachelor of Science Mechanical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, May 1971. -Master of Engineering Industrial Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, May 1973. Active Registration: -Professional Engineer Virginia License 10537; West Virginia License 7546 & Arkansas PE 12311 -Professional Engineer Maryland License 21575, Massachusetts License 43252 & Michigan 6201053472. -Professional Engineer Pennsylvania License PE061360 & New Jersey P.E. License 24GE04397900. -Professional Engineer Florida License 60346, New Hampshire License 11474 & Delaware 13999. -Professional Engineer Connecticut License 25585 -Certified Heat Pump Technician, Refrigeration Service Engineers Society (RSES) Certificate #94110074 -Certified Universal Technician per 40 CFR part 82, subpart F, Proper Refrigerant Services, RSES Certificate #069400027. -Master HVAC-Gas Fitter and Master Plumber Certified Card No. 2710 017036, Dept of Professional & Occupational Regulation, Richmond Virginia. Professional Affiliations: -American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, & Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) -American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) -Pi-Tau-Sigma, National Honorary Mechanical Eng. Fraternity, 10/20/70. -Alpha-Pi-Mu, Industrial Engineering Honor Society, 2/28/73 CLIENT REFERENCES: Contractors: Howard Shockey & Sons, Inc., Focus Construction, Lantz Construction and Ricketts Construction. Architects: Grove & Dall’Olio Architects, Design Concepts, Main Street Architecture, Harne Bowen Architects, Cushwa & Stouffer Architects. Government: Frederick County Department of Public Works, Frederick County Schools (VA) and Jefferson County Schools (WV). 620 Pennsylvania Avenue, P.O. Box 3273 Winchester, Virginia 22604 Voice (540) 665-2846 Fax (540) 665-0038 PERSONAL DATA: Michael F. Howell, P.E. EDUCATION: - Bachelor of Science, Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, 1971 - Master of Science of Administration, George Washington University, 1978 - Master of Public Administration, University of Virginia, 1985 - Numerous U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Technical and Management courses. EXPERIENCE: - April 1995 - Present: Principle and Senior Electrical Engineer, Comfort Design, Inc. Winchester, VA. Prepare electrical power and lighting designs, drawings, and specifications for fire halls, schools, industrial, commercial, institutional, hotels, retreat centers and housing facilities. Projects successfully completed include Winchester Parking Garage, Calcagnini Retreat Campus, Tuscan Ridge Canaan Lodge, World-Wide Automotive, Walden Foods, Quality Tire, Oak Springs Apartments, Hampton Inn, Westminster-Canterbury Kitchen and Dining expansion, Westminster-Canterbury Assisted Living Facility, Middleburg Bank, Blue Ridge Bank of Inwood, Berryville Medical Office Building, Veterinary Hospitals, Powhatan School Classroom Buildings, Winchester Medical Center Business Offices, Winchester Church of God, Historic George Washington Hotel Renovation, Winchester, VA and other LEED projects for schools/museums. - March 1989 - Present: Chief, Electrical Division, Transatlantic Programs Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Responsible for the work of seven electrical engineers and three engineering technicians. Provide design guidance, resolve technical issues, and assure quality of design for large, multi-facility, multi-hundred million dollar international construction programs. Broad range of experience in power distribution and utilization, exterior and interior lighting, security systems, fire alarm systems, telephone systems, data communication systems, etc. - Jun 1985 - March 1989: Senior Electrical Engineer. Prepared original design and reviewed work of other engineers for a wide variety of industrial, institutional, and military facilities. Technical coordinator for the electrical requirements for the Voice of America international modernization program. - July 1971 - Jun 1985: Journeyman electrical engineer for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Graduate student at University of Virginia; Engineering design project manager, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Project Manager for Naval Facilities Engineering Command; Electrical Engineer for construction office at U.S. Naval Academy; Electrical Design Engineer for Naval Facilities Engineering Command. PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION: - Professional Engineer #008875, Commonwealth of Virginia, 1976 to present. CLIENT REFERENCES: Contractors: Howard Shockey & Sons, Inc., Focus Construction, Lantz Construction and Miller & Anderson, Inc. Architects: Grove & Dall’Olio Architects, Design Concepts, Main Street Architecture, Harne Bowe Architects and Cuswha & Stouffer Architects. 620 Pennsylvania Avenue, P.O. Box 3273 Winchester, Virginia 22604 Voice (540) 665-2846 Fax (540) 665-0038 ABOUT US Triad Engineering, Inc. (TRIAD) is an employee owned, full service firm specializing in the areas of civil and geotechnical engineering and design, environmental assessment, construction monitoring, subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, surveying and mining engineering, among other earth science disciplines. TRIAD was founded in Morgantown, West Virginia (WV) in 1975. By providing an array of competent services, using modern equipment, and maintaining a well-trained professional staff, TRIAD has proven that customer satisfaction results in good relationships and repeat business. OUR SERVICES • Engineering: Civil Design and Planning; Geotechnical & Foundations; Mining and Related Facilities; Stormwater Management • Environmental: Phase I & Phase II Environmental Site Assessments; Asbestos, Mold and Lead-Based Inspections; Wetland and Forest Services, including Wetlands Delineation; Regulatory Compliance Assistance; UST Compliance; Permitting; Brownfield and Voluntary Remediation Assessments; Water Quality Sampling & Testing • Drilling & Sampling: All staff are fully trained in OSHA HAZWOPER procedures. Diverse fleet of drilling rigs and support equipment; in-house engineering work as well as contracted services for government and private industry • Construction: Monitoring; Inspection; Quality Assurance and Quality Control; Materials Testing • Laboratory Testing: Soil; concrete; asphalt; aggregate • Surveying & Mapping: Topographic & Planimetric; Design Surveys; Settlement Monitoring; Construction Layout; Subdivision Platting; ALTA / ACSM Surveys; Property Surveys • Landscape Architecture: Master Planning; Land-Use Studies; Presentation Graphics; Streetscape Improvements; Site Selection, Inventory & Analysis; Disturbed Lands Restoration, Trail Studies; Parks and Recreation TRIAD HAS AN OFFICE NEAR YOU West Virginia Northern 219 Hartman Run Road Morgantown, WV 26505 (304) 296-2562 Southern 4980 Teays Valley Road Scott Depot, WV 25560 (304) 755-0721 Virginia Western 200 Aviation Drive Winchester, VA 22602 (540) 667-9300 Northern 21641 Beaumeade Circle, Ste. 300 Ashburn, VA 20147 (703) 729-3456 Maryland 1075-D Sherman Avenue Hagerstown, MD 21740 (301) 797-6400 Pennsylvania 125 Hartman Road, Ste. C Greensburg, PA 15601 (724) 832-9870 L. Lee McCoy, Jr., P.E. Senior Engineer/Project Manager EDUCATION B.S. Civil Engineering West Virginia Institute of Technology, 1996 REGISTRATIONS AND LICENSES Professional Engineer No. 14731 West Virginia No. 25932 Kentucky No. 73186 Ohio DIRECT WORK EXPERIENCE AND PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES Triad Engineering, Inc., Civil Engineering Group Manager/Senior Engineer St. Albans, WV 2006 - Present Buchart Horn, Inc., Senior Engineer Charleston, WV 2003 - 2006 City of Charleston, City Engineer Charleston, WV 2001 - 2003 Benatec Associates, Engineer III Hurricane, WV 1999 - 2001 Chester Engineers, Engineer I Huntington, WV 1996 - 1999 CURRENT POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES Mr. McCoy is currently the Department Manager for our Civil/Transportation Design Section and a Project Manager for the St. Albans office of TRIAD. In this capacity, he is responsible for the oversight of our civil engineering staff as well as the technical and management aspects of civil design and transportation projects within the office. Mr. McCoy has designed and managed projects in numerous disciplines including civil, structural and transportation engineering, site development, planning and surveying. These projects have included streets/highways, bridges, retail/commercial site preparation, airports, parking lots, buildings, retaining walls/foundations, sanitary structures, as well as recreational facilities. Duties included field surveying, drawings and specification preparation, design, design drafting, construction inspection, quality control testing, shop drawing review, project management, contract administration and report preparation. PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS/ASSOCIATIONS American Society of Civil Engineers Society of American Military Engineers PROJECT EXPERIENCE SUMMARY Pendleton County Commission – Franklin, WV Project Manager and lead designer for a park project near Ruddle, WV. This park includes baseball fields, jousting field, parking facilities, exercise trails, and concession building. Mr. McCoy also managed the preparation of construction documents and aided in the bidding of the project. As Project Manager and Lead Engineer, provided technical supervision and oversight to the civil site design for the construction of this $300,000 Recreational/ Sport Park. This project included grading, drainage, roadway design, parking lot design, as well as all aspects of designing a large multi use sports complex. As Project Manger, was also responsible ensuring that the site was able to acquire United States Corps of Engineers Permitting due to sensitive flood plan issues. Devonshire Development, Scott Depot, WV As Project Manager and Lead Engineer, Mr. McCoy, is responsible for the project design and construction administrative services for a large resort style mix use residential development located in Scott Depot, WV. This development consists of apartments, townhouses and condominiums, state-of-the-art 6500 sq ft clubhouse as well as swimming pools, Jacuzzis, sport courts, tot lots, and dog exercise areas. This project includes grading, drainage, permitting, parking lot design, as well as many other aspects. Marshall Foundation – Huntington, WV As Project Manager and Lead Designer, Mr. McCoy prepared construction documents for the construction of a 33,000 square foot alumni center in Huntington, WV. This project includes grading, drainage, roadway expansion, parking lot design, as well as many other aspects. Putnam County Office of Planning and Infrastructure, Putnam County, WV Contracted to Putnam County as Putnam County Engineer. In this position, Mr. McCoy performs site and building reviews and inspections countywide, for West Virginia’s second fastest growing county. West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, Charleston, WV American Church Bridge Replacement, Delbarton, WV Project Manager and lead roadway designer for the replacement of the American Church Bridge in Delbarton and related roadway work in Mingo County, WV. This project included managing structural engineers, geotechnical engineers, surveyors, other roadway engineers, and designers. Design work for this project included drainage, HEC-RAS analysis, roadway design, and right of way design. West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, Charleston, WV Corridor H, U.S. 48 – Scherr, WV Project Manager and lead roadway designer for 2.25 miles of 4 lane divided highway in Grant County, WV. This project included managing structural engineers, geotechnical engineers, surveyors, other roadway engineers, and designers. Worked closely with West Virginia Department of Transportation personnel as well as local residents during the highways design through the environmentally sensitive Greenland Gap area. West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, Charleston, WV U.S. 460 – I77 Interchange, Princeton, WV Project Manager and lead roadway designer for replacement of existing bridge over I-77 in Mercer County, WV. This project included managing structural engineers, geotechnical engineers, surveyors, other roadway engineers, and designers. Worked closely with West Virginia Department of Transportation personnel during the Maintenance of Traffic planning stages to maintain traffic flow during construction at this very busy interchange. Steven R. Spradling, M.S., P.E. Senior Engineer EDUCATION BS, Civil Engineering West Virginia Institute of Technology, 1974 MS, Civil Engineering West Virginia College of Graduate Studies, 1992 REGISTRATIONS AND LICENSES Registered Professional Engineer West Virginia Member Association of State Dam Safety Officials DIRECT WORK EXPERIENCE AND PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES Triad Engineering, Inc., Senior Engineer St. Albans, WV 1995 - Present Triad Engineering, Inc., Project Engineer St. Albans, WV 1991 - 1995 Kimberly Industries, Inc., Project Engineer Charleston, WV 1984 - 1991 Armco Mining Construction, Associate Civil Engineer Dunbar, WV 1979 - 1984 Eagle Mining Industries, Associate Civil Engineer Charleston, WV 1975 - 1979 CURRENT POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES Mr. Spradling is currently a Senior Engineer at the St. Albans branch of TRIAD. In this capacity, Mr. Spradling has formulated and implemented subsurface investigations on numerous projects. These projects have included freshwater dams, landslides, shopping centers, landfills, roadway/bridges, buildings, retaining walls, reinforced slopes, and structures for coal mining facilities. Duties included assignment of laboratory testing, visual inspection of soil/rock specimens, and formulation of geotechnical engineering reports. Mr. Spradling was responsible for the design and preparation of drawings and specifications for a 50 ft. high reinforced concrete principal spillway riser and outlet pipe at a recently completed dam. Mr. Spradling's strong background in the construction industry provides TRIAD with a reliable source in preparing bid documents and evaluating construction bids. Mr. Spradling is very familiar with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection Dam Safety Regulations and has worked closely with this regulatory agency in design and permitting of several water impounding structures. PROJECT EXPERIENCE SUMMARY Snowshoe Mountain Resort, Snowshoe, WV As Senior Engineer, Mr. Spradling designed a new water supply dam and designed a modification for an existing water supply dam for the Snowshoe Mountain Resort. Mr. Spradling was responsible for all facets of the analysis, design, and construction inspection for the earth fill water supply dams, including geotechnical analysis and design, borrow study, seepage analysis, construction dewatering, hydraulic analysis and design. Included in this project was the design of a reinforced concrete intake and outlet structure. These were fast track projects which required meeting extremely accelerated schedules. The projects also included attending pre-construction, periodic inspection, and final inspection meetings. The project also included participating in project administration during construction. West Virginia Department of Transportation As Senior Engineer, Mr. Spradling is responsible for many geotechnical aspects of highway design and construction including new highways and upgrades to existing roads. On these projects the work is generally performed on a subcontract basis for various consulting engineering firms responsible for the highway design. However, much of the work requires working directly with WVDOT personnel. Duties on these highway projects include preparing subsurface investigation plans, assigning laboratory testing for soil and rock materials, performing retaining wall analyses, providing foundation recommendation for bridges, providing cut and fill slope recommendations, performing slope stability analysis, and preparing subsurface investigation reports. The work includes analyzing the behavior of piles and caissons subjected to lateral load and performing pile drivability studies. The work also includes providing geotechnical support services for highway construction. West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection As Senior Engineer, Mr. Spradling was responsible for the remedial design of several abandoned refuse piles known as Pinnacle Refuse Piles located in southern West Virginia. This project included design of drainage structures, slope stability analysis, slope design and civil site design. The project also included leading the pre-bid and pre-construction meetings. Subsurface and Foundation Investigations Mr. Spradling has performed subsurface and foundation investigations for various private business and industrial firms. These projects required working closely with the client to provide the needed engineering services. The projects consisted of performing subsurface investigations and analysis and recommending appropriate foundation types based on the results of the subsurface investigation. The projects also involved estimating potential settlement, delineating potential subsurface problems, and provided related recommendations regarding the geotechnical aspects of the projects. A geotechnical report was prepared and provided to the client for each project. Mr. Spradling has also designed foundation systems for buildings and free standing towers. American Electric Power Mr. Spradling performed design services for several AEP projects. These projects included a drilled pile wall to stabilize a landslide which was threatening an AEP substation in St. Albans, WV. He also designed a 100 ft. high reinforced slope and associated site grading as part of the Kammer Station Expansion project near Moundsville, WV. Another AEP design project consisted of a stream bank stabilization project at the Huff Creek Substation in Logan County, WV. Columbia Gas Transmission Mr. Spradling designed temporary shoring for a Columbia Gas Transmission gas line repair project in Seneca, West Virginia. This repair project required deep excavation very near a major highway and other structures. Mr. Spradling also designed temporary shoring for a Columbia Gas Transmission for a major pipeline relocation project near Richmond, Virginia. William M. Ernsts, ASLA Senior Landscape Architect EDUCATION BS, Landscape Architecture West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 1994 REGISTRATIONS AND LICENSES Registered Landscape Architect West Virginia (#279) Maryland (#3315) Virginia (#812) Pennsylvania (#2809) DIRECT WORK EXPERIENCE AND PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES Triad Engineering, Inc. Morgantown, WV Senior Landscape Architect 2008 - Present Stantec Consulting Morgantown, WV Project Manager / Branch Manager 1994 - 2008 West Virginia University Morgantown, WV Visiting Instructor, Division of Resource Mgmt. 2000 – 2007 PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS / ASSOCIATIONS American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), Member West Virginia American Society of Landscape Architects (WV ASLA), 2008 President, 2009-2010 Treasurer Cheat Neck Planning District Advisory Committee (CNPDAC), Member CURRENT POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES Mr. Ernsts is currently a Senior Landscape Architect within the Civil Engineering & Landscape Architecture department at TRIAD’s Morgantown office, which provides professional services in the areas of site inventory and analysis, planning, landscape architecture, land development, civil engineering, permitting, infrastructure development, utility relocation, storm water management design and best management practices, storm drain design, erosion and sedimentation control, and highway design. In this capacity, his responsibilities include project management, client project coordination, design production, quality control and quality assurance, and proposal and contract development. As Senior Landscape Architect, Mr. Ernsts provides clients with a variety of landscape architectural services and land development services including site inventory and analysis, program production, conceptual design, design development, high quality graphic presentations, project management, construction document preparation, construction administration, feasibility studies, residential and commercial land development applications, rezoning and special exception applications, grading and drainage analysis, and marketing exhibits. PROJECT EXPERIENCE SUMMARY Forty Four Jones Place, Morgantown, WV Responsible for preparation of planning documents for a 257 bed, 157 unit mixed use residential apartment project located in Sunnyside close to West Virginia University. Work involved preparation of Zoning Map Amendment outline plan, written statement and exhibits and representation at planning commission meetings, ward meetings, and work session meetings. Lofts of WVU, Morgantown, WV Project Designer responsible for development of a 22 acre, 196+ unit student housing development located near the West Virginia University Medical campus. Project scope included preparation of layout, grading and utility plans, water and sewer public utility extension coordination with the Morgantown Utility Board, storm drainage and storm water management design, and erosion and sediment control. Falling Water, Morgantown, WV Project Manager responsible for development of a 194-acre, 300+ unit planned residential development adjacent to Cheat Lake. An initial Master Plan was followed by Construction Plans for the first two phases of the development. Project entailed permitting through WVDEP, USACOE, DNR & US fish and wildlife, Public Land Corporation and the WVSHPO. Surveying tasks that have been completed throughout this ongoing project have been Aerial mapping, Record Platting, Construction Stakeout, Asbuilt topography and setting of property corners. Marketing illustratives were later prepared for marketing and publications. Nestled Oak, Morgantown, WV Project Manager responsible for Construction Plans to construct a 23 lot single family residential development. Project scope included preparation of residential layout, grading and utility plans, public utility extension, storm design, adequate outfall analysis, erosion and sediment control. Project scope also included topographic mapping, record plat, and construction stakeout. Landing @ Sunset Beach, Morgantown, WV Project Manager responsible for a Feasibility Study and Marketing Exhibits for a 29 lot mixed use residential development to be constructed in the Sunset Beach area near Cheat Lake. This 3 acre development consisted of 21 single family detached lots and 8 townhome lots. Upon completion of the feasibility study, marketing illustratives were prepared using Adobe Photoshop for publishing in the Homes and Land journal publication. Windwood Village, Morgantown, WV Project Manager responsible for a Feasibility Study for mixed use residential development. This development encompassed over 13 acres consisting of 116 residential units (single family detached and multifamily units) and related community recreation amenities and SWM/BMP planning. Upon completion of the feasibility study, an illustrative was prepared using Adobe Photoshop for client project marketing. Broadlands South, Arcola, VA Project Manager responsible for preliminary subdivision plans for this mixed use planned unit development. Development encompassed 1,465 residential units (single family detached, single family attached, single family patio, and multifamily units) and related commercial, parks and community uses. Adhered to proffered regulations and coordinated with applicable federal, state, and local agencies for approvals. Red Cedar West, Loudoun County, VA Project Manager responsible for Construction Plans & Profiles for a 39 lot hamlet residential subdivision. Project scope included preparation of collector roadway frontage improvements, public utility extension, storm design, adequate outfall analysis, erosion and sediment control, public residential roadway design and residential layout and grading. Project scope also included completion of record plat, associated offsite easement plats including a boundary line adjustment plat, right of way dedication plat and easement plat. Jack E. Ramsey, P.E. Utilities Group Manager EDUCATION B.S. Civil Engineering West Virginia Institute of Technology, 1994 CERTIFICATIONS, REGISTRATIONS AND LICENSES Registered Professional Engineer West Virginia Registered Professional Engineer Ohio Registered Professional Engineer Virginia America’s Registry of Outstanding Professionals 2002 / 2003 Cambridge Who’s Who 2007 / 2008 Cambridge Who’s Who - VIP 2009 / 2010 DIRECT WORK EXPERIENCE AND PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES Triad Engineering, Inc., Utilities Group Manager St. Albans, WV 2006-present QK4 Senior Project Manager Charleston, WV 2003-2006 S&S Engineers, Inc., Project Manager Charleston, WV 1999-2003 Dunn Engineers, Inc., Project Manager Charleston, WV 1995-1999 Dunn Engineers, Inc., Staff Engineer Charleston, WV 1994-1995 PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION/ASSOCIATIONS American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) CURRENT POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES Mr. Ramsey brings 16 years of design and project management experience to Triad Engineering. He has been involved in all aspects of water and wastewater engineering as well as general civil engineering. Mr. Ramsey came to Triad in 2006 to provide technical assistance and project management on complex and sensitive wastewater and potable water projects. In his current capacity Mr. Ramsey works on the planning, coordination, design, and construction of civil engineering projects to meet the expectations and needs of the client. Mr. Ramsey has experience in environmental engineering, civil engineering, wastewater collection, storm water conveyance, and water distribution systems, as well as wastewater and water treatment plants and storm water pollution control. Duties have included line layout, hydraulic analysis, pump and booster station designs, water storage tank design, pressure reducing station design, and plant layout and design. Mr. Ramsey has vast experience in dealing with funding and regulatory agencies. He has been instrumental in helping clients obtain loans and grants for their projects. PROJECT EXPERIENCE SUMMARY Town of Belle Sanitary Board Performed a Sanitary Sewer Evaluation Study (SSES) on the entire wastewater treatment and collection system. Study included system mapping, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) of over 15 miles of collection line, smoke testing, manhole inspections, evaluation of problem areas and corrective measures, cost estimates, and report preparation. WV American Water Prepared a raw water source study on Shaver’s Lake, which feeds the Snowshoe Resort. Study included projections of future demand, existing and future capacities, and potential sources of contamination as well as remediation techniques. Green Valley Glenwood PSD Performed a preliminary engineering study for the water treatment plant upgrade and new raw water intake system, including purchasing of the Dr. Dan Hale reservoir. The water plant upgrade consists of increasing the capacity from 600 gpm to 2,000 gpm by installing a new presedimentation basin, new filters, replacing all pumps, expansion of the underground clearwell and other improvements. Silverton PSD Design of 18 miles of water line, two (2) water storage tanks, two (2) booster stations, and one (1) pressure reducing station to serve 300+ customers throughout the district. Total estimated project cost $4,500,000. South Putnam PSD Wrote the Storm Water Management Plan that encompasses 3/4 of the Putnam County. Report focused on water quality as it relates to NPDES MS4 as well as water quantity. Habitat for Humanity (City of Charleston) Design of the streets, wastewater collection, water distribution, and storm water collection systems for a 50 lot subdivision located within the City of Charleston. International Coal Group (ICG) Site Preparation of construction plans for the ICG Corporate Headquarters (Total $6.4 million). Plans included grading, drainage, utilities, lighting, landscaping, and erosion control in compliance with Putnam County Regulations. Town of Winfield Planning Commission Serves as the Planning Director for the Commission. Responsibilities include subdivision and building permit review to insure compliance with regulations. Buffalo Creek PSD Wrote the preliminary report for a $6.6 million dollar sanitary sewer project. The project included new sanitary sewer lines along WV Route 10 and the Greenville and Taplin areas of Logan County. Also included is an upgrade to the main lift station and conversation of the chlorine contact chamber into ultra-violet disinfection. The new system will serve over 500 customers. City of Glenville Wrote the facilities planning report for a wastewater treatment plant upgrade, which included a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), belt filter press, additional clarification, and headworks as well as the collection system extension to various areas of the City and to the proposed $100 million Federal Prison. Total estimated project cost $7,500,000. David F. Spriggs, L.S., P.S. Surveying Services Manager REGISTRATIONS AND LICENSES Land Surveyor Virginia, License No. 001853, West Virginia, License. No 2086 DIRECT WORK EXPERIENCE AND PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES Triad Engineering, Inc. Winchester, VA Surveying Services Manager 1996 - Present PHR&A Winchester, VA Field Crew Coordinator/Survey Computer 1990 - 1996 PHR&A Fairfax, VA Field Crew Chief/Survey Computer 1978 - 1990 CURRENT POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES Mr. Spriggs is currently the Surveying Services Manager for the Winchester, Virginia office of TRIAD. In this capacity, Mr. Spriggs' responsibilities include complete management of the land surveying division, including client contact and relations, field crew management, office computations and drafting, field surveying, deed research, and preparation of plats. PROJECT EXPERIENCE SUMMARY WVDOT - Corridor "H", Hardy County, WV Surveying for the boundary location of all affected properties for right-of-way acquisition, verification of existing aerial mapping with cross-sections at 100-meter intervals, stake-out of structure and roadway borings, cross sections of stream channels and stake-out of final centerline alignment on approximately 15.3 miles of new roadway. WVDOT - Corridor H, South Branch Potomac Bridge, Hardy County, WV Project included all aspects of related to survey layout services for the placement of 2,139 foot long bridge spanning the South Branch of the Potomac River in Moorefield. This included the layout of seven (7) piers, pier caps, anchor bolts, deck slabs, bridge seats and girder placement. Caldwell-Santmyer, Frederick County Public Schools, Frederick County, VA As Licensed Surveyor, managed all aspects related to the construction of the two new elementary schools. Project included plan review and analysis, office computations for all infrastructure and building construction, and final record drawing preparation. Delta Airport Consultants - Virginia State Route 645, Frederick County, VA Project Licensed Surveyor responsibilities included all aspects related to survey layout services for the relocation of approximately 1.2 miles of State Route 645, Airport Road. Responsibilities included the accurate layout of all sewer, water and storm water management infrastructure. Additional responsibilities include layout and final asbuilts of the centerline, edge of pavement and ditch lines associated with the construction of the new road bed and final paving of relocated Route 645. The Shooting Academy Principal: Michael John Davey English, Born London, September 1948 Education: HND in Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Science and Economics History: 1969 Graduated and employed as Systems Analyst in London 1975 Employed by Digital Equipment Co. as System Software Engineer. 1978 Became Senior System Programmer and Lecturer at DEC Training. 1982 Started own Company “Structured Data Systems” providing Medical Data Base Systems throughout Europe and USA. 1987 Started second Company Cairnsmore Leisure for design and installation of Leisure Facilities and Shooting Ranges. Developed a computer controlled Hunting Simulation game called “Supersport” using live ammunition. This is patented in England. 1988 Engaged in design of major Shooting Facility “Blackcraig Ranch” in Southwest Scotland. Funding provided by Scottish Tourist Board, European Economic Community Funds and myself. During this time I also prepared a prospectus for a Shooting Resort to be built by Costain Builders in South of Spain. 1989 Objections from local authorities and Courts forced the Scottish project into zoning appeal, requiring retainer of Queen’s Council. Court costs became too prohibitive, so I withdrew and the project was cancelled. At this time there was interest in my designs and “Supersport” so I moved to the USA. 1990 Formed a company “The Shooting Academy” and became Laporte’s Importer for Automatic Traps to the US. Established a dealer network for Laporte and commenced shooting range designs. 1992 Opened my own range “Trail Ridge” on leased land in Kansas City, Missouri incorporating Sporting Clays, Trap, Skeet, Rifle and Pistol. Continued to design shooting ranges. Made design changes to Laporte Trap equipment. 1994 Moved to Scottsdale, Arizona and “Trail Ridge” passed back to the leaseholder. Traveled to France every few months to assist in development of equipment and designed Shooting Range for Antibes, South of France and installed equipment in Jebel Ali and AlQuain Shooting Ranges in UAE. 1996 Retained by Laporte Ball Trap, France to write complete set of Instruction and Maintenance manuals for their range of trap equipment (four months during that year). 1999 Having designed and installed over 30 Sporting Clay Ranges (Private and Commercial) and installed over 1800 traps, I won the contract for designing “The World’s Best Sporting Clay Range” for Joe Hardy, owner of 84 Lumber and Nemacolin Woodlands Resort and Spa in Pennsylvania. 2000 Designed major shooting facility for Private Banker in Carmel, California. This should have “topped” Nemacolin incorporating two Sporting Clay Courses, Olympic Trench, Indoor Rifle and Pistol, Outdoor Military Grade Shooting Range, Hogan’s Alley and Projection Simulation. He was also going to build a resort and golf club. Unfortunately, the Banker died on Christmas Day 2001 and his wife cancelled the project. 2001 Designed a private course for Commercial Real Estate Investor in Maryland. This was a complete “Turn-Key” package where I took sole charge of the project supplying all contractors. Completed in four weeks! Won contract to design Corporate Shooting Facility for Riley Creek lumber in Idaho. Work to commence in November 2002. Completed installation of Nemacolin Woodlands Resort Sporting Clay Range in Pennsylvania. 2002 Designing new ATA Double Trap Equipment for Laporte and appraising new Sporting Clay Course in Baltimore, Maryland. Won contract for design of Sporting Clay, Trap & Skeet club in Nebraska, USA. This is a total “Turn-Key” project at a installed price of $282,000. Work to commence March 2003. 2003 Contracted by W Atkins in Abu Dhabi to design the Abu Dhabi International Shooting Club. This facility includes all Shotgun Sports, Rifle and Pistol ranges, Lazar simulation and training facilities for Military specialists, diplomats and private bodyguards. The total project is expected to exceed $100 million. Commenced private shooting range in Idaho for owner of Riley Creek Lumber, incorporating 40 foot tower, Compact Sporting Lodge and 28 automatic traps. 2004 Continued visits back to Abu Dhabi working under the guidelines of Sheik Mohamed Bin Zayed (ruler of Abu Dhabi). Contracted to evaluate and make suggestions for the El Ain discarded military shooting range in Abu Dhabi, with views to re-opening for private / commercial use. Also designed and installed Canoe Creek Sporting Clays in Lexington, Kentucky. Designed new trap control sequencers and logic for automatic traps. 2005 Continued visits back to Abu Dhabi which will become the World’s greatest Shooting Facility designed to hold any major shooting event. With 200 room hotel, equestrian center, Polo field, sports arena, football fields, Go-Kart, Motor-Cross and Health Club, this facility is designed to attract tourists into the Gulf area. Continued new design work for Laporte Traps. Completed Riley Creek facility in Idaho. 2006 Contracted for redesign of Birds’ Landing Shooting Ranges in California. New design for resort range at Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Designed extension to Ambassador Roger’s Shooting Range in Tennessee. Two months in Abu Dhabi. 2007 Design of 3 “private” ranges, Florida, Indiana and California, plus commercial range attached to vacation complex in Wyoming. Continued overseeing of Abu Dhabi project. Evaluation of alternative ammunition (frangible) for use in 300m outdoor ranges to limit ricochet. 2008 Design of commercial range in Dallas for vacation, adventure camp for youths, corporate entertainment and training. Abu Dhabi continues now estimated to exceed $400m... Redesign of private surgeon’s range in Corpus Christie. 2009 Five months spent in Abu Dhabi finalizing project ready for early 2010 opening. Recruiting and interviewing staff for project, defining operation structure, operation rules and procedures. Setting up meeting with major manufacturers and suppliers of weapons and ammunition. Consultation for government ranges in Uganda. Entered into tender for 12 shooting ranges in Saudi Arabia. Design of major sporting clay range in Arkansas – proposed to be largest sporting clay range in US incorporating five, eighteen station courses plus 6 Compak decks and flush fields, due for commencement in March 2010 and completed in early 2011 2010 Design of major Sporting Clay Range in Alabama, re-visit Arkansas range, add additional 36 station woodland sporting clay course and recruit shooting manager from UK. Proposal for shooting range in Damman, Syria. Proposal for project in Virginia (Franklin, Suffolk County) for shotgun, but primarily for rifle / pistol. Install new Compak Sporting Clay course to existing client’s private range in N Idaho – New project for Malayan Special Forces in Kuala Lumpa.................... Services offered. Although my specialty is the design and installation of Sporting Clay Courses, I also design Indoor and Outdoor Rifle & Pistol Shooting Ranges. Part of my service is the evaluation of the proposed facilities and recommendations for marketing, managing and the selection of Manager and Staff. Regards My website: www.shooting-academy.com Mike Davey December 17, 2001 Michael Davey The Shooting Academy 5640 E. Bell Road, #1051 Scottsdale, AZ 85254 Dear Mike: Maggie and I would personally like to thank you for the superb Sporting Clay Course you designed and incorporated into our Resort. We asked you to produce us “The Best Sporting Clay Facility in the World” and you did. Veteran shooters and industry professionals alike have often confirmed this after visiting and shooting the course. The Shooting Academy at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort and Spa has definitely proved an asset to the Resort. Besides a new revenue source, it has also generated additional room occupancy with many return bookings. Feedback from guests, who have shot the course, reveal a high degree of entertainment satisfaction, and your formula for providing a facility whereby resort guests, who have never shot before, can enjoy themselves equally alongside professional shooters, is definitely proving successful. Our fame for the Pete Dye designed Golf Course and the Clodagh designed Spa, can now be added to with our Mike Davey designed Sporting Clay Range. We have no reservations in recommending your services to anyone who would like to call us. Yours truly, Joseph A. Hardy Margaret Hardy-Magerko /cjh September 15, 2002 The Honorable Joe M. Rodgers Suite 101 2000 Glen Echo Road Nashville, Tennessee 37215 Dear Ambassador Rodgers: Thank you for your recent letter and for forwarding Michael Davey’s promotional brochure and video presentation. Please know that Mr. Davey’s information on a shooting range at Camp David has been forwarded to the White House Military Office for their review. Again, thanks for taking the time to write and for your continued good work in Tennessee. Sincerely, Andrew H. Card, Jr. AHC: jm Dear Mike, NEMACOLIN is the most beautiful place I have had the privilege to visit, and I have visited quite a few. You have done a wonderful job in the design and layout of a magnificent and unique course. I think it is needless for me to say how much I enjoyed my stay at the Resort and wish to thank you for the invitation to attend such an important meeting. I have given Charles Guevremont, C.O.O. of Browning North America, personally and in detail, a description of the event. They will certainly be getting in touch with The Shooting Academy. I was especially interested in the ProShop and I hope a mutually advantageous collaboration can be worked out between the Academy and Browning. Thank you again for a wonderful weekend. Yours truly, Benjamin COLAS Chief Executive Officer Browning International Stevens Engineering is recognized throughout North America for responsive planning and engineering design. With nearly 30 years of service to its clients, Stevens Engineering is an accomplished source for passenger ropeway engineering, planning and design of lift and trail systems, snow tubing park design and mountain surveying. Lift relocation engineering and the design of upgrades and modifications to existing lift installations are technical specialties at the core of the firm's capabilities. Stevens Engineering frequently assists lift manufacturers with the design of new installations, major lift upgrades and lift profile surveying. Ski area clients often seek out the technical expertise and the knowledge of governing standards and regulations Stevens Engineering has to offer for assistance in preparing comprehensive and result-oriented bid specifications for future lift purchases and for expert witness representation. Contact: Ross Stevens, P.E. 215 Sargent Road New London, New Hampshire 03257 Ph: 603-526-2493 Fax: 603-526-2003 email: firstname.lastname@example.org www.stevens-engineering.com PROFESSIONAL PROFILE Ross A. Stevens, P.E., President, STEVENS ENGINEERING 215 Sargent Road P.O. Box 1945 New London, NH 03257 SPECIALIZED PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE Passenger Ropeways: Planning, Engineering Design, Analysis, Inspection, Aerial Ropeways Relocation Engineering, Upgrades, Modifications, Surface Lifts Due Diligence Surveys, Dynamic Testing, Conveyors Maintenance Consulting, Accident Investigation, Profile Surveying, Construction Engineering Snow Tubing Parks: Planning & Engineering Design, Terrain Dynamics Evaluation Civil Engineering: Site Planning, Engineering Design, Surveying, Permitting Structural Engineering: Engineering Design, Analysis, Inspection PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND Registered Professional Engineer and Qualified Tramway Engineer in: Maine, Maryland New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Utah, Wisconsin, New Jersey, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Tennessee, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Ontario, New Brunswick Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering University of Massachusetts, Amherst - 1974 Entered Profession in 1974 AFFILIATIONS NATIONAL TRAMWAY STANDARDS BOARD – Member from 2000 – 2006 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE - ASC B77 Accredited Standards Committee - American National Standard for Passenger Tramways, Committee Member OITAF-NACS - International Organization for Transportation by Rope, North American Continental Section, Member NSAA - National Ski Areas Association, Member OSRA - Ontario Ski Resorts Association, TSSA/OSRA Technical Advisory Committee SENH - Structural Engineers of New Hampshire, Member State of New Hampshire, Governor's Office of Emergency Management - ACT-20 Post-Earthquake Building Safety Evaluation Engineer email@example.com www.stevens-engineering.com SELECTED CLIENTS FOR THE MOUNTAIN RESORT INDUSTRY Squaw Valley – CA CNL Lifestyles, LLC -- FLA Arrowhead Ski Area – NH Mount Isenglass Snow Park - NH Attitash - NH Cannon Mtn. - NH Crotched Mountain, Franistown, NH Dartmouth Skiway, NH Gunstock, NH Willis of New Hampshire Kaser North America – Grantham, NH Mount Cranmore - North Conway, NH Mount Sunapee State Park, NH Star Lifts, Sunapee, NH State of NH - Dept. of Parks and Recreation Proctor Academy, NH Rowell Hill - NH Moose Mountain - NH Ragged Mountain - NH Whaleback - Lebanon, NH Bretton Woods - NH Waterville Valley – Waterville Valley, NH King Ridge – New London, NH Snow Hill at Eastman - NH Sno-engineering, Inc. - Littleton, NH Poma of America – West Lebanon, NH Ragged Mountain, NH Tenney Mountain - New Hampshire Mountain Creek – NJ Hidden Valley - NJ Ober Gatlinberg, TN Burke Mtn. - VT Round Top, VT Bolton Valley, VT Stratton Mountain - VT Mount Snow – VT Smugglers Resort - VT Haystack, VT Mount Mansfield Resort - Stowe, VT Round Top, VT Sugarbush Resort - Warren, VT Mad River Glen - Fayston, VT Magic Mountain, VT Jay Peak Resort - Jay, VT Middlebury Snow Bowl - Middlebury, VT Bear Creek - VT Wachusett Mountain - Princeton, MA Otis Ridge - MA Ski Bradford - MA Nashoba Valley - MA Amesbury Sports Park - Amesbury, MA Blue Hills Ski Area - Canton, MA Conservation Tourism, LTD - MA Aon-Reed Stenhouse – ON Searchmont – ON Horseshoe Valley - ON Craigleith Ski Club - ON Cassels Brock & Blackwell - ON Dale Intermediaries Ltd. – Toronto, ON Hidden Valley Highlands Ski Club - ON Hughes, Amys - Toronto, ON Zurich Canada - Toronto, ON Snow Valley - Barrie, ON Berthoud Pass, CO Breckenridge, CO Howelson Hill, CO Jenlynn International, Inc. - Boulder, CO Stadeli USA - Boulder, CO Doppelmayr USA - Golden, CO Poma of America - CO Ski Snowstar - Ill Sun Valley Company - Idaho Mt. Crescent – Iowa Sleepy Hollow Sports Park – Iowa Norway Mountain – MI Ski Brule - MI Mt. Bohemia, MI Porcupine Mountain - MI U.S. Gypsum, MI Whiteface - Olympic Regional Development Authority - Wilmington, NY Catamount - NY Mount Peter, NY Gore Mountain - NY Partek Enterprises, Inc. - Pine Island, NY USMA, West Point - NY Big Tupper – NY Snow Park Niagara – NY Scotch Valley, NY Hunt Hollow, NY Ski Windham – NY Royal Mtn. - NY Belleayre Ski Center - NY Whitetail Ski Company - Mercersberg, PA Laurel Mountain State Park - PA Boyce Park Ski Area - Pittsburg, PA Willowbrook – PA Ski Big Bear - PA firstname.lastname@example.org stevens-engineering.com References for Grove & Dall’Olio Architects: Mr. Mark Baldwin 304 264-2131 City of Martinsburg, City Manager email@example.com 232 North Queen Street / Martinsburg, WV 25401 Mr. Baldwin has been GDA’s client contact on the Old B&O Hotel Conversion, Caperton Station, “For the Kids – by George”, and the Martinsburg Town Square redesign. Derek J. Nicholls 304 260-1826 Essroc, Vice President of Manufacturing firstname.lastname@example.org 1826 South Queen Street/ Martinsburg, WV 25401 Mr. Nicholls has been the key contact for this multi-million dollar expansion of Martinsburg’s Capitol Cement Facility. GDA has designed four administration and industrial buildings for this plant in excess of $10 million. Mr. Robert Mayhew 304 822-3531 Loy Foundation, Chairman email@example.com P. O. Box 876 / Romney, West Virginia 26757 Mr. Mayhew has been the lead contact working with Ms. Dall’Olio on the new Loy Cultural Center in Romney. Mr. Timothy Cooke, Associate Medical Center Director 304 263-0811 x4004 Martinsburg VA Medical Center firstname.lastname@example.org 510 Butler Avenue / Martinsburg / 25405 Mr. Cooke has been GDA’s principal client contact the new executive offices at the Martinsburg facility. Ms. Patsy Nolan 304 728-3284 Commissioner, Jefferson County Commission email@example.com 124 E. Washington Street Charles Town, WV 25414 Ms. Nolan was the Jefferson County Clerk at the time of the “Old Jail” Courthouse Annex renovation project and attended many construction progress meetings with Mr. Grove. September 11, 2008 Matthew W. Grove AIA Grove & Dall'Olio Architects PLLC 218 W. King Street Martinsburg, WV 25401 Re: Jefferson County Jail Restoration Dear Mr. Grove, I want to convey to you my sincere thanks and appreciation for the work you performed and advice that you provided to me before and during the project to restore the former Jefferson County Jail Building. The transformation is truly incredible. I will admit that I was skeptical that the space would prove to be as efficient and useful as it has proven to be. While I always knew that the building had the potential to be a beautiful building, I was not completely sold on the idea that it would be an efficient space from which to conduct county business. I remember years ago, when I was a Magistrate, coming into what was, at that time, the Sheriff’s office and the working jail to conduct arraignments. I was always in awe of the beautiful woodwork and the incredible fireplaces. I am very grateful that the original woodwork, (including the hardwood floors) fireplaces and windows, as well as two of the original light fixtures, were all restored to their original luster. I knew the building had potential, but I also wondered how it would fit in with conducting county business. It had, after all, been built to be a jail. The addition of the atrium and the enclosure of the small room that I use as my criminal division are both charming additions that have proven to be useful, efficient and esthetically pleasing. While I so enjoy seeing old buildings restored to their highest potential, I was not certain that it could be transformed into an efficient office space for county government and courtroom space for the Family Courts. Let me take this opportunity to say, that the finished product has far exceeded my expectations in the functionality aspect of the daily operations of the Office of the Circuit Clerk. You and the crew from Rockwell Construction, including the superintendent, the construction manager and the crew were all great to work with. The construction crew were always professional and courteous in my contact with them. It was very gratifying to see the pride they took in the work they performed daily in the restoration of the building. Thank you again for all you have done to make this mission a huge success. The completed project is one of which we can all be proud. Sincerely Patricia A. Noland Jefferson County Circuit Clerk Cc: Rockwell Construction December 16, 2009 Matthew W. Grove Grove & Dall’Olio Architects 220 West King Street Martinsburg, WV 25401 Re: Letter of Recommendation Essroc-Italcementi New Line Facility Martinsburg, WV Dear Matthew, Now that the Administration Building is complete, I want to take this opportunity to express my appreciation for the work you and your office have put in to making this plant the flagship plant for our North American operations as a result of your firm’s excellent design solution. This project has had a profound effect on management and employees perception of their work environment enhancing the work ethic and ultimately contributing greatly to raise the overall operational standards. For anyone who is considering employing Grove & Dall’Olio Architects, they should know that your office began collaborating with us developing cost estimates for conceptual designs of about ten buildings at our new plant. Our Construction Management team was so impressed with your firm’s abilities, they expanded your role in this project to Architect of Record. GDA recommended combining several buildings in order to reduce construction costs and assisted us in the decision process by providing detailed and timely information. In all, your firm designed the Main Control Building, the Administration Building, the Warehouse, the Electrical Maintenance Building and Main Entrance Security Building for our Martinsburg Plant. Moreover you did it in a manner that maintained a level of continuity throughout. Your ability to collaborate with our diverse team and to maintain an effective level of communication with many and sometimes colliding players has been impressive and key to the successful outcome of the project. Your attention to detail and creative choice of building materials were both thoughtful and meshed well with the new work environment Italcementi has put in place at the Martinsburg Plant. In particular, I enjoyed working with you directly on the interior furnishings and finishes. Throughout the course of the project, your office met every deadline we placed before you and you were always quick to respond to comments and calls from my office. I particularly appreciated your ability to couple "green" solutions with our concerns over costs: we all recognize that it takes ingenuity to propose solutions that afterward appear to be common sense. In meetings with all of the players present, you conducted yourself in a courteous and professional manner and in particular with the general contractor, their subcontractors and their employees. I would strongly recommend your office to anyone seeking architectural and engineering services and that they know that this $10 million project was handled with ease and precision by your firm. Best regards, Matteo Faggin Project Engineer ADDENDUM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I HEREBY ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT OF THE FOLLOWING CHECKED ADDENDUM(S) AND HAVE MADE THE NECESSARY REVISIONS TO MY PROPOSAL, PLANS AND/OR SPECIFICATION, ETC. ADDENDUM NO.'S: NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3 NO. 4 NO. 5 I UNDERSTAND THAT FAILURE TO CONFIRM THE RECEIPT OF THE ADDENDUM(S) MAY BE CAUSE FOR REJECTION OF PROPOSALS. VENDOR MUST CLEARLY UNDERSTAND THAT ANY VERBAL REPRESENTATION MADE OR ASSUMED TO BE MADE DURING ANY ORAL DISCUSSION HELD BETWEEN VENDOR'S REPRESENTATIVES AND ANY STATE PERSONNEL IS NOT BINDING. ONLY THE INFORMATION ISSUED IN WRITING AND ADDED TO THE SPECIFICATIONS BY AN OFFICIAL ADDENDUM IS BINDING. [Signature] SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR TERMS AND CONDITIONS [Signature] 304-267-2120 8/28/2010 WHEN RESPONDING TO RFQ, INSERT NAME AND ADDRESS IN SPACE ABOVE LABELED 'VENDOR' State of West Virginia Department of Administration Purchasing Division 2019 Washington Street East Post Office Box 50130 Charleston, WV 25305-0130 Request for Quotation RFQ NUMBER: DNRB11006 PAGE: 3 ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO: ATTENTION OF FRANK WHITTAKER 304-558-2316 DIVISION OF NATURAL RESOURCES PARKS & RECREATION SECTION 324 4TH AVENUE SOUTH CHARLESTON, WV 25303-1228 304-558-3397 DATE PRINTED: 08/03/2010 TERMS OF SALE: SHIP VIA: FOB: FREIGHT TERMS: OPENING DATE: 08/31/2010 BID OPENING TIME: 01:30PM \| LINE \| QUANTITY \| UOP \| CAT NO. \| ITEM NUMBER \| UNIT PRICE \| AMOUNT \| \|------\|----------\|-----\|---------\|-------------\|------------\|--------\| \| \| \| \| \| GROVE+DALL'OLIO ARCHITECTS \| COMPANY \| 8/28/2010 \| NOTE: THIS ADDENDUM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SHOULD BE SUBMITTED WITH THE PROPOSAL. REV. 09/21/2009 BANKRUPTCY: IN THE EVENT THE VENDOR/CONTRACTOR FILES FOR BANKRUPTCY PROTECTION, THE STATE MAY DEEM THE CONTRACT NULL AND VOID, AND TERMINATE SUCH CONTRACT WITHOUT FURTHER ORDER. A SIGNED EOI MUST BE SUBMITTED TO: DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION PURCHASING DIVISION BUILDING 15 2019 WASHINGTON STREET, EAST CHARLESTON, WV 25305-0130 THE EOI SHOULD CONTAIN THIS INFORMATION ON THE FACE OF THE ENVELOPE OR THE EOI MAY NOT BE CONSIDERED: SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR TERMS AND CONDITIONS SIGNATURE TELEPHONE DATE FEIN ADDRESS CHANGES TO BE NOTED ABOVE WHEN RESPONDING TO RFQ, INSERT NAME AND ADDRESS IN SPACE ABOVE LABELED 'VENDOR' State of West Virginia Department of Administration Purchasing Division 2019 Washington Street East Post Office Box 50130 Charleston, WV 25305-0130 Request for Quotation RFQ COPY TYPE NAME/ADDRESS HERE DIVISION OF NATURAL RESOURCES PARKS & RECREATION SECTION 324 4TH AVENUE SOUTH CHARLESTON, WV 25303-1228 304-558-3397 DATE PRINTED: 08/03/2010 TERMS OF SALE: SHIP VIA: FOB: FREIGHT TERMS: BID OPENING DATE: 08/31/2010 BID OPENING TIME: 01:30PM \| LINE \| QUANTITY \| UOP \| CAT NO. \| ITEM NUMBER \| UNIT PRICE \| AMOUNT \| \|------\|----------\|-----\|---------\|-------------\|------------\|--------\| \| \| \| \| \| 44 \| \| \| BUYER: EOI. NO.: DNRB11006 BID OPENING DATE: 08/31/2010 EOI OPENING TIME: 1:30 PM PLEASE PROVIDE A FAX NUMBER IN CASE IT IS NECESSARY TO CONTACT YOU REGARDING YOUR PROPOSAL: 304-267-2884 CONTACT PERSON (PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY): LISA PALLOIO **** THIS IS THE END OF RFQ DNRB11006 ** TOTAL: SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR TERMS AND CONDITIONS WHEN RESPONDING TO RFQ, INSERT NAME AND ADDRESS IN SPACE ABOVE LABELED 'VENDOR' References for Grove & Dall’Olio Architects: Mr. Mark Baldwin 304 264-2131 City of Martinsburg, City Manager firstname.lastname@example.org 232 North Queen Street / Martinsburg, WV 25401 Mr. Baldwin has been GDA’s client contact on the Old B&O Hotel Conversion, Caperton Station, “For the Kids – by George”, and the Martinsburg Town Square redesign. Derek J. Nicholls 304 260-1826 Essroc, Vice President of Manufacturing email@example.com 1826 South Queen Street/ Martinsburg, WV 25401 Mr. Nicholls has been the key contact for this multi-million dollar expansion of Martinsburg’s Capitol Cement Facility. GDA has designed four administration and industrial buildings for this plant in excess of $10 million. Mr. Robert Mayhew 304 822-3531 Loy Foundation, Chairman firstname.lastname@example.org P. O. Box 876 / Romney, West Virginia 26757 Mr. Mayhew has been the lead contact working with Ms. Dall’Olio on the new Loy Cultural Center in Romney. Mr. Timothy Cooke, Associate Medical Center Director 304 263-0811 x4004 Martinsburg VA Medical Center email@example.com 510 Butler Avenue / Martinsburg / 25405 Mr. Cooke has been GDA’s principal client contact the new executive offices at the Martinsburg facility. Ms. Patsy Nolan 304 728-3284 Commissioner, Jefferson County Commission firstname.lastname@example.org 124 E. Washington Street Charles Town, WV 25414 Ms. Nolan was the Jefferson County Clerk at the time of the “Old Jail” Courthouse Annex renovation project and attended many construction progress meetings with Mr. Grove. September 11, 2008 Matthew W. Grove AIA Grove & Dall'Olio Architects PLLC 218 W. King Street Martinsburg, WV 25401 Re: Jefferson County Jail Restoration Dear Mr. Grove, I want to convey to you my sincere thanks and appreciation for the work you performed and advice that you provided to me before and during the project to restore the former Jefferson County Jail Building. The transformation is truly incredible. I will admit that I was skeptical that the space would prove to be as efficient and useful as it has proven to be. While I always knew that the building had the potential to be a beautiful building, I was not completely sold on the idea that it would be an efficient space from which to conduct county business. I remember years ago, when I was a Magistrate, coming into what was, at that time, the Sheriff's office and the working jail to conduct arraignments. I was always in awe of the beautiful woodwork and the incredible fireplaces. I am very grateful that the original woodwork, (including the hardwood floors) fireplaces and windows, as well as two of the original light fixtures, were all restored to their original luster. I knew the building had potential, but I also wondered how it would fit in with conducting county business. It had, after all, been built to be a jail. The addition of the atrium and the enclosure of the small room that I use as my criminal division are both charming additions that have proven to be useful, efficient and esthetically pleasing. While I so enjoy seeing old buildings restored to their highest potential, I was not certain that it could be transformed into an efficient office space for county government and courtroom space for the Family Courts. Let me take this opportunity to say, that the finished product has far exceeded my expectations in the functionality aspect of the daily operations of the Office of the Circuit Clerk. You and the crew from Rockwell Construction, including the superintendent, the construction manager and the crew were all great to work with. The construction crew were always professional and courteous in my contact with them. It was very gratifying to see the pride they took in the work they performed daily in the restoration of the building. Thank you again for all you have done to make this mission a huge success. The completed project is one of which we can all be proud. Sincerely Patricia A. Noland Jefferson County Circuit Clerk Cc: Rockwell Construction December 16, 2009 Matthew W. Grove Grove & Dall’Olio Architects 220 West King Street Martinsburg, WV 25401 Re: Letter of Recommendation Essroc-Italcementi New Line Facility Martinsburg, WV Dear Matthew, Now that the Administration Building is complete, I want to take this opportunity to express my appreciation for the work you and your office have put in to making this plant the flagship plant for our North American operations as a result of your firm’s excellent design solution. This project has had a profound effect on management and employees perception of their work environment enhancing the work ethic and ultimately contributing greatly to raise the overall operational standards. For anyone who is considering employing Grove & Dall’Olio Architects, they should know that your office began collaborating with us developing cost estimates for conceptual designs of about ten buildings at our new plant. Our Construction Management team was so impressed with your firm’s abilities, they expanded your role in this project to Architect of Record. GDA recommended combining several buildings in order to reduce construction costs and assisted us in the decision process by providing detailed and timely information. In all, your firm designed the Main Control Building, the Administration Building, the Warehouse, the Electrical Maintenance Building and Main Entrance Security Building for our Martinsburg Plant. Moreover you did it in a manner that maintained a level of continuity throughout. Your ability to collaborate with our diverse team and to maintain an effective level of communication with many and sometimes colliding players has been impressive and key to the successful outcome of the project. Your attention to detail and creative choice of building materials were both thoughtful and meshed well with the new work environment Italcementi has put in place at the Martinsburg Plant. In particular, I enjoyed working with you directly on the interior furnishings and finishes. Throughout the course of the project, your office met every deadline we placed before you and you were always quick to respond to comments and calls from my office. I particularly appreciated your ability to couple "green" solutions with our concerns over costs: we all recognize that it takes ingenuity to propose solutions that afterward appear to be common sense. In meetings with all of the players present, you conducted yourself in a courteous and professional manner and in particular with the general contractor, their subcontractors and their employees. I would strongly recommend your office to anyone seeking architectural and engineering services and that they know that this $10 million project was handled with ease and precision by your firm. Best regards, Matteo Faggin Project Engineer ADDENDUM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I HEREBY ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT OF THE FOLLOWING CHECKED ADDENDUM(S) AND HAVE MADE THE NECESSARY REVISIONS TO MY PROPOSAL, PLANS AND/OR SPECIFICATION, ETC. ADDENDUM NO.'S: NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3 NO. 4 NO. 5 I UNDERSTAND THAT FAILURE TO CONFIRM THE RECEIPT OF THE ADDENDUM(S) MAY BE CAUSE FOR REJECTION OF PROPOSALS. VENDOR MUST CLEARLY UNDERSTAND THAT ANY VERBAL REPRESENTATION MADE OR ASSUMED TO BE MADE DURING ANY ORAL DISCUSSION HELD BETWEEN VENDOR'S REPRESENTATIVES AND ANY STATE PERSONNEL IS NOT BINDING. ONLY THE INFORMATION ISSUED IN WRITING AND ADDED TO THE SPECIFICATIONS BY AN OFFICIAL ADDENDUM IS BINDING. [Signature] SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR TERMS AND CONDITIONS. [Signature] TELEPHONE: 304-267-2120 DATE: 8/28/2010 PARTNER: [Signature] FEIN: 55-074-7182 ADDRESS CHANGES TO BE NOTED ABOVE WHEN RESPONDING TO RFQ, INSERT NAME AND ADDRESS IN SPACE ABOVE LABELED 'VENDOR' State of West Virginia Department of Administration Purchasing Division 2019 Washington Street East Post Office Box 50130 Charleston, WV 25305-0130 Request for Quotation RFQ NUMBER: DNRB11006 PAGE: 3 ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO: ATTENTION OF: FRANK WHITTAKER 304-558-2316 DIVISION OF NATURAL RESOURCES PARKS & RECREATION SECTION 324 4TH AVENUE SOUTH CHARLESTON, WV 25303-1228 304-558-3397 DATE PRINTED: 08/03/2010 TERMS OF SALE: SHIP VIA: FOR: FREIGHT TERMS: OPENING DATE: 08/31/2010 BID OPENING TIME: 01:30PM \| LINE \| QUANTITY \| UOP \| CAT NO. \| ITEM NUMBER \| UNIT PRICE \| AMOUNT \| \|------\|----------\|-----\|---------\|-------------\|------------\|--------\| \| \| \| \| \| GROVE+DALL'Olio ARCHITECTS COMPANY \| 8/28/2010 \| NOTE: THIS ADDENDUM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SHOULD BE SUBMITTED WITH THE PROPOSAL. REV. 09/21/2009 BANKRUPTCY: IN THE EVENT THE VENDOR/CONTRACTOR FILES FOR BANKRUPTCY PROTECTION, THE STATE MAY DEEM THE CONTRACT NULL AND VOID, AND TERMINATE SUCH CONTRACT WITHOUT FURTHER ORDER. A SIGNED EOI MUST BE SUBMITTED TO: DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION PURCHASING DIVISION BUILDING 15 2019 WASHINGTON STREET, EAST CHARLESTON, WV 25305-0130 THE EOI SHOULD CONTAIN THIS INFORMATION ON THE FACE OF THE ENVELOPE OR THE EOI MAY NOT BE CONSIDERED: SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR TERMS AND CONDITIONS ATURE FEIN TELEPHONE DATE WHEN RESPONDING TO RFQ, INSERT NAME AND ADDRESS IN SPACE ABOVE LABELED 'VENDOR' State of West Virginia Department of Administration Purchasing Division 2019 Washington Street East Post Office Box 50130 Charleston, WV 25305-0130 Request for Quotation RFQ NUMBER: DNRB11006 PAGE: 4 ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO/ATTENTION OF: FRANK WHITTAKER 304-558-2316 DIVISION OF NATURAL RESOURCES PARKS & RECREATION SECTION 324 4TH AVENUE SOUTH CHARLESTON, WV 25303-1228 304-558-3397 DATE PRINTED: 08/03/2010 TERMS OF SALE: SHIP VIA: F.O.B: FREIGHT TERMS: OPENING DATE: 08/31/2010 BID OPENING TIME: 01:30PM \| LINE \| QUANTITY \| UOP \| CAT NO. \| ITEM NUMBER \| UNIT PRICE \| AMOUNT \| \|------\|----------\|-----\|---------\|-------------\|------------\|--------\| \| \| \| \| \| 44 \| \| \| BUYER: EOI. NO.: DNRB11006 BID OPENING DATE: 08/31/2010 EOI OPENING TIME: 1:30 PM PLEASE PROVIDE A FAX NUMBER IN CASE IT IS NECESSARY TO CONTACT YOU REGARDING YOUR PROPOSAL: 304-267-2884 CONTACT PERSON (PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY): LISA DALLOLIO ** THIS IS THE END OF RFQ DNRB11006 **** TOTAL: SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR TERMS AND CONDITIONS SIGNATURE: FEIN: TELEPHONE: DATE: WHEN RESPONDING TO RFQ, INSERT NAME AND ADDRESS IN SPACE ABOVE LABELED 'VENDOR'
PROVINCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK CONTENTS 1. Foreword by the MEC of Finance ................................................................. 3 2. Background .................................................................................................. 4 2.2. Definitions ............................................................................................... 5 3. The purpose of the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Framework .............. 5 3.1 Benefits of the ERM policy and framework ............................................. 6 3.2 Legal mandate ......................................................................................... 6 3.2.1 Enterprise Risk Management Framework Guidelines .................... 7 4. Risk Management Structures ....................................................................... 7 4.1. Provincial Risk Management Oversight structure .................................. 7 4.2 Departmental Risk Management Structure ............................................. 8 4.3 Public Entities Risk Management Structures ......................................... 8 4.4. Provincial Risk Reporting ..................................................................... 9 5 Roles, responsibilities and governance ........................................................... 9 5.1 Members of the Executive Committee (MECs) ....................................... 9 5.2 MEC Finance ............................................................................................ 10 5.3 Heads of institutions (Accounting Officers / Accounting Authorities) .... 10 5.4 Provincial Risk Management Committee (HODs) .................................. 11 5.5 KwaZulu Natal Provincial Treasury ....................................................... 12 5.6 Audit Committee ..................................................................................... 12 5.7 Focused/Internal Risk Management Committee/ MANCO .................... 13 5.8 Fraud Prevention Committee ................................................................... 13 5.9 Business Unit/Programme Heads .......................................................... 14 5.10 Chief Risk Officer (CRO) ....................................................................... 14 5.11 Internal Audit ......................................................................................... 15 5.12 Provincial Chief Risk Officers’ Forum .................................................. 15 6 Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Approach ............................................. 15 6.1 Risk Profiles ............................................................................................ 16 6.2 Fraud Risk Assessment ........................................................................... 17 6.3 Developing risk profiles ......................................................................... 17 6.3.1 Risk Identification ........................................................................... 17 6.3.2 Risk Categories ............................................................................... 18 6.3.3 Risk Assessment ............................................................................. 20 7 Reporting ...................................................................................................... 26 8 Combined Assurance ..................................................................................... 27 9 Monitoring .................................................................................................... 28 10 Embedding Risk Management ....................................................................... 29 1. Foreword by the MEC of Finance In the past, management of risk in the public service has not received adequate attention. With the introduction of the Public Finance Management Act (PFMA), Act 1 of 1999, the foundation has been laid for a more effective corporate governance framework as well as an accountable financial management system for the public sector. The Act has also established the legal framework for risk management in the public sector. Today, more than ever, those in the public sector should be taking a long, hard look at risk – the threats to success and the possible consequences if they materialize. The importance of looking at risk comes in the wake of a more demanding society, bold initiatives and more challenge when things go wrong. Public sector risk management and control should be firmly on the agenda for everyone involved in the public sector. Effective risk management processes will ultimately help achieve: - Greater organizational clarity of purpose by clearly identifying policy needs and actions required to meet strategic objectives, - More cohesiveness of effort through organizational consistency and clear role definition, better decisions through consideration of issues, - Faster reactions through concentration on key performance trends, and - Accountability by recording decisions in context and allocating responsibility for action. Risk management processes and responsibilities are incorporated in the list of responsibilities allocated to Accounting Officers, Accounting Authorities and Audit Committees. However, these responsibilities are extended to all Managers in terms of the provisions of the PFMA. The PFMA establish responsibility for Risk Management at all levels of management and thus becomes everybody’s responsibility. This should be seen as a medium term vision and to be successful it must assist in organizational and individual behavioural change and be seen to be of benefit to the individual as well as the organization. We endorse the adoption of this risk management framework by institutions as a fundamental step towards an outward looking, accountable and innovative Public Sector. Yours sincerely __________________________ DR Z. L. MKHIZE, MP MEC FOR FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DATE: ____________________ 2. Background Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) forms a critical part of any institution’s strategic management. It is the process whereby an institution both methodically and intuitively addresses the risk attached to their activities with the goal of achieving sustained benefit within each activity and across the portfolio of activities. ERM is therefore recognized as an integral part of sound organizational management and is being promoted internationally and in South Africa as good practice applicable to the public and private sectors. The underlying premise of risk management is that every governmental body exists to provide value for its stakeholders. Such value is based on the quality of service delivery to the citizens. All institutions face uncertainty, and the challenge for management is to determine how much uncertainty the institution is prepared to accept as it strives to grow stakeholder value. Uncertainty presents both risk and opportunity, with the potential to erode or enhance value. The framework provides a basis for management to effectively deal with uncertainty of associated risk and opportunity, thereby enhancing its capacity to build value. Value is maximized when management sets objectives to strike an optimal balance between growth and related risks, and effectively deploys resources in pursuit of the institution’s objectives. It is accordingly accepted by all stakeholders that Kwa Zulu Natal Provincial Government (KZNPG) will manage the risks faced in its various institutions in an appropriate manner. 2.1 Uncertainty Institutions operate in environments where factors such as technology, regulation, restructuring, changing service requirements and political influence create uncertainty. Uncertainty emanates from an inability to precisely determine the likelihood that potential events will occur and the associated outcomes. The Enterprise Risk Management Policy provides a framework within which management can operate to enforce the pro-active ERM process and to inculcate the risk management culture throughout KZNPG and its institutions and to further ensure that the risk management efforts of KZNPG and its institutions are optimised. It describes KZNPG’s and its institutions’ ERM processes and sets out the requirements for management in generating risk management action, together with furthering risk management assurance. This document further sets out KZNPG’s policy on the management of risk at all levels of the organisation. The Enterprise Risk Management Framework specifically addresses the structures, processes and standards implemented to manage risks on an enterprise-wide basis in a consistent manner. The Enterprise Risk Management Standards further address the specific responsibilities and accountabilities for the ERM process and the reporting of risks and incidences at various levels within KZNPG and its institutions. As the field of risk management is dynamic, this framework document is expected to change from time to time. KZNPG and its institutions are obliged to adhere to the Treasury Regulations in terms of the Public Finance and Management Act, 1999 (PFMA). Current trends in good corporate governance have given special prominence to the process of ERM and reputable organisations are required to demonstrate that they comply with expected risk management standards. This means that KZNPG must ensure that the process of risk management receives special attention throughout the organisations and that all levels of management know, understand and comply with framework document. 2.2. Definitions Risk The Institute of Risk Management defines risk as “…the uncertainty of an event occurring that could have an impact on the achievement of objectives.” Risk is measured in terms of consequences of impact and likelihood. This definition applies to each and every level of the enterprise and is KZNPG’s overriding policy and philosophy that the management of risk is the responsibility of management at each and every level in KZNPG and its institutions. The management of risk is no more or less important than the management of organisational resources and opportunities and it simply forms an integral part of the process of managing those resources and opportunities. Enterprise Risk Management ERM deals with risks and opportunities affecting value creation or preservation and is defined as follows with reference to COSO (The Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission): “a continuous, proactive and systematic process, effected by an institution’s executive authority, executive council, accounting authority, accounting officer, management and other personnel, applied in strategic planning and across the institution, designed to identify potential events that may affect the institution, and manage risks to be within its risk tolerance, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of institution objectives.” 3. The purpose of the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Framework The purpose of the ERM framework is to provide a comprehensive approach to better integrate risk management into strategic decision-making; and - Provide guidance for accounting officers, accounting authorities, managers and staff when overseeing or implementing the development of processes, systems and techniques for managing risk, which are appropriate to the context of the department or public entity; - Advance the development and implementation of modern management practices and to support innovation throughout the Public Sector; - Contribute to building a risk-smart workforce and environment that allows for innovation and responsible risk-taking while ensuring legitimate precautions are taken to protect the public interest, maintain public trust, and ensure due diligence; It is anticipated that the implementation of the Enterprise Risk Management Framework will: - Support KZNPG’s governance responsibilities by ensuring that significant risk areas associated with policies, plans, programs and operations are identified and assessed, and that appropriate measures are in place to address unfavourable impacts; - Improve results through more informed decision-making, by ensuring that values, competencies, tools and the supportive environment form the foundation for innovation and responsible risk-taking, and by encouraging learning from experience; - Strengthen accountability by demonstrating that levels of risk associated with policies, plans, programs and operations are explicitly understood and that investment in risk management measures and stakeholder interests are optimally balanced; and - Enhance stewardship and transparency by strengthening public sector capacity to safeguard human resources, property and interests. 3.1 Benefits of the ERM policy and framework The benefits of the Enterprise Risk Management Policy and Framework are as follows: - Aligning risk appetite and strategy – KZNPG’s management considers their risk appetite in evaluating strategic alternatives, setting related objectives, and developing mechanisms to manage related risks. - Pursuing institutional objectives through transparent identification and management of acceptable risk – There is a direct relationship between objectives, which are what an entity strives to achieve and the ERM components, which represent what is needed to achieve the objectives. - Providing an ability to prioritise the risk management activity – Risk quantification techniques assist management in prioritising risks to ensure that resources and capital are focused on high priority risks faced by KZNPG’s. - Enhancing risk response decisions – ERM provides the rigor for management to identify and select among alternative risk responses – risk avoidance, reduction, sharing, and acceptance. - Reducing operational surprises and losses – KZNPG gains enhanced capability to identify potential events and establish responses, reducing surprises and associated costs or losses. - Identifying and managing multiple and cross-enterprise risks – KZNPG faces a myriad of risks affecting different parts of KZNPG and ERM facilitates effective response to the interrelated impacts, and integrated responses to multiple risks. - Seizing opportunities - By considering a full range of potential events, KZNPG management is positioned to identify and proactively realize opportunities. - Improving deployment of capital – Obtaining robust risk information allows KZNPG management to effectively assess overall capital needs and enhance capital allocation. - Ensuring compliance with laws and regulations – ERM helps ensure effective reporting and compliance with laws and regulations, and helps avoid damage to KZNPG’s reputation and associated consequences. - Increasing probability of achieving objectives – ERM assists management in achieving KZNPG’s performance and profitability targets and prevents loss of resources. Controls and risk interventions will be chosen on the basis that they increase the likelihood that KZNPG will fulfill its intentions to stakeholders. 3.2 Legal mandate The Public Finance Management Act, 1999 supplemented by the relevant Treasury Regulations has legislated key governance best practices. Section 38 (a) of the Public Finance Management Act, 1999 requires that: “The accounting officer has and maintains: 1. Effective, efficient and transparent systems of financial and risk management and internal control.” Section 51 (1) (a) (i) of the PFMA requires that: “An Accounting Authority for a public entity” – (a) must ensure that the public entity has and maintains – (i) effective, efficient and transparent systems of financial and risk management and internal control.” The extension of general responsibilities in terms of section 45 and 57 of the Public Finance Management Act, 1999 to all managers within the public sector implies that responsibility for risk management vests at all levels of management and that it is not limited to only the accounting officer and internal audit. The roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the ERM strategy is contained in the Treasury Regulations published in terms of the Public Finance Management Act, 1999. Section 3.2 and 27.2.1 of the regulations addresses risk management summarized as follows: - The accounting officer must ensure that a risk assessment is conducted regularly to identify emerging risks for the institution. - The risk management strategy, which must include a fraud prevention plan, must be used to direct internal audit effort and priority and to determine the skills required of managers and staff to improve controls and to manage these risks. - The risk management strategy must be clearly communicated to all officials to ensure that it is incorporated into the language and culture of the institution and embedded in the behaviour and mindset of its people. ### 3.2.1 Enterprise Risk Management Framework Guidelines The Enterprise Risk Management Framework adopted by KZNPG ensures that key risks are identified, measured and managed. The Enterprise Risk Management Framework provides management with proven risk management tools that support their decision-making responsibilities and processes, together with managing risks (threats and opportunities), which impact on the objectives and key value drivers of KZNPG. KZNPG has determined that ERM is everyone’s responsibility and that it must be embedded into the everyday activities of all the institutions. This implies that ERM must be part of every decision that is made, every objective that is set and every process that is designed. Detailed ERM responsibilities for key risk management role players are listed below. ### 3.3. Applicability of the framework The Provincial Risk Management framework shall be applicable to all provincial departments including provincial parliament and the provincial public entities. Each department and public entity shall have a policy statement which makes reference to this framework. The sample policy statement is attached as Annexure 1 of the framework. ## 4 Risk Management Structures ### 4.1. Provincial Risk Management Oversight structure ![Diagram](image-url) 4.2 Departmental Risk Management Structure - MEC Finance - Provincial Audit Committee - Accounting Officer - Internal Risk Management Committee/MANCO - Chief Risk Officer - Public Entities - Fraud Prevention Committee 4.3 Public Entities Risk Management Structures - MEC - ACCOUNTING AUTHORITY - AUDIT & RISK COMMITTEE - CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS - INTERNAL RISK MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE/MANCO - CHIEF RISK OFFICER - FRAUD PREVENTION COMMITTEE 4.4 Provincial Risk Reporting 5 Roles, responsibilities and governance - The Accounting Officer/Accounting Authority of each institution is ultimately responsible for ERM and should assume overall ownership. - All employees, managers, directors and members of Manco in KZNPG have some responsibility for ERM. - The other managers support the risk management philosophy, promote compliance with the risk appetite and manage risks within their spheres of responsibility consistent with risk tolerances. - Other personnel are responsible for executing ERM in accordance with established directives and protocols. - A number of external parties often provide information useful in effecting ERM, but they are not responsible for the effectiveness of KZNPG’s ERM processes and activities. 5.1 Members of the Executive Committee (MECs) The MECs are collectively accountable to parliament in terms of the achievement of the goals and objectives of the province, and individually accountable for their respective institutions. As risk management is an important tool to support the achievement of this goal, it is important that the MECs should provide leadership to governance and risk management. High level responsibilities of the MECs for their respective institutions for risk management include: - Providing oversight and direction to the institution on the risk management related strategy and policies; - Having knowledge of the extent to which the institution and management has established effective risk management in their respective institutions and assign responsibility and authority; - Awareness of and concurring with the institution’s risk appetite and tolerance levels; - Reviewing the institution’s portfolio view of risks and considering it against the risk tolerance; Influencing how strategy and objectives are established, institutional activities are structured, and risks are identified, assessed and acted upon; Requiring that management should have an established set of values by which every employee should abide by; Insist on the achievement of objectives, effective performance management, accountability and value for money. Consideration of - The design and functioning of control activities, information and communication systems, and monitoring activities; - The quality and frequency of reporting; - The way the institution is managed including the type of risks accepted; - The appropriateness of the reporting lines. 5.2 MEC Finance The MEC Finance is the executive sponsor for the risk management process in the Province. This is an additional responsibility to the role the MEC is expected to take for Provincial Treasury as the institution for which he/she has executive accountability. The key responsibilities are: - Ensuring that a risk management framework has been developed that is accepted by the Provincial Parliament and conforms to the National Treasury risk management framework. - Ensuring that the risk management framework is effectively applied in the province and that Provincial Treasury has the capacity to facilitate its application. - Providing the authority for Provincial Treasury to facilitate the application of the framework throughout the province. - Periodic reporting to Cabinet on the effectiveness of the risk management framework in practice. - Facilitating the annual reporting of the institutional risk profiles to Cabinet. - Coordinating and presenting the Provincial consolidated risk profile to Cabinet and Parliament. - Considering the reports from the Provincial Audit Committee. 5.3 Heads of institutions (Accounting Officers / Accounting Authorities) Each AO/AA is responsible for: - the identification of key risks facing their respective institution; - the total process of risk management, which includes a related system of internal control; - for forming its own opinion on the effectiveness of the process; - providing monitoring, guidance and direction in respect of ERM; - ascertaining the status of ERM within their respective institution, by discussion with senior management and providing oversight with regard to ERM by: - Knowing the extent to which management has established effective ERM; - Being aware of and concurring with the set risk appetite; - Reviewing KZNPG and the institution’s portfolios view of risk and considering it against its respective risk appetite; and - Considering the most significant risks and whether management is responding appropriately - Identifying and fully appreciating the risk issues and key risk indicators affecting the ability of KZNPG and the institution to achieve its strategic purpose and objectives; - ensuring that appropriate systems are implemented to manage the identified risks, by measuring the risks in terms of impact and probability, together with proactively managing the mitigating actions to ensure that KZNPG and the institutions assets and reputation are suitably protected; - ensuring that KZNPG’s and the institutions ERM mechanisms provide it with an assessment of the most significant risks relative to strategy and objectives; considering input from the internal auditors, external auditors, auditor general and subject matter advisors regarding ERM; utilizing resources as needed to conduct special investigations and having open and unrestricted communications with internal auditors, external auditors, the auditor general and legal council; for disclosures in the annual report regarding ERM; Provide stakeholder’s with assurance that key risks are properly identified, assessed, mitigated and monitored through receiving credible and accurate information regarding the risk management processes. The reports must provide an evaluation of the performance of risk management and internal control; 5.4 Provincial Risk Management Committee (HODs) Provincial Risk Management Committee must ensure that all Departments have complied with their risk management responsibilities. In addition they are responsible for ensuring the aggregate response to risk for the province meets the requirements as set out for the Accounting Officers. Provincial Risk Management Committee must ensure that the various processes of Enterprise Risk Management cover the entire spectrum of risks faced by KZNPG. Management is accountable to the Provincial Risk Management Committee (HODs) for designing, implementing and monitoring the process of risk management and integrating it into the day-to-day activities of KZNPG. More specifically management is responsible for: - designing an ERM programme in conjunction with the Chief Risk Officer; - deciding on the manner in which risk mitigation will be embedded into management processes; - inculcating a culture of risk management in the KZNPG; - providing risk registers and risk management reports to the Chief Risk Officer pertaining to risk and control; - identifying positive aspects of risk that could evolve into potential opportunities for KZNPG by viewing risk as an opportunity by applying the risk/reward principle in all decisions impacting upon KZNPG; - assigning a manager to every key risk for appropriate mitigating action and to determining an action date; - utilising available resources to compile, develop and implement plans, procedures and controls within the framework of the KZNPG’s Enterprise Risk Management Policy to effectively manage the risks within KZNPG; - ensuring that adequate and cost effective risk management structures are in place; - identifying, evaluating and measuring risks and where possible quantifying and linking each identified risk to key risk indicators; - developing and implementing risk management plans including: - actions to optimise risk/reward profile, maximise reward with risk contained within the approved risk appetite and tolerance limits; - implementation of cost effective preventative and contingent control measures and - implementation of procedures to ensure adherence to legal and regulatory requirements. - monitoring of the ERM processes on both a detailed and macro basis by evaluating changes, or potential changes to risk profiles; - implementing and maintaining adequate internal controls and monitoring the continued effectiveness thereof; - implementing those measures as recommended by the internal auditors, external auditors and other assurance providers which, in their opinion, will enhance controls at a reasonable cost; - reporting to the Audit Committee on the risk process and resultant risk/reward profiles; - defining the roles, responsibilities and accountabilities at senior management level. 5.5 KwaZulu Natal Provincial Treasury Treasury’s responsibilities include ensuring that all components of ERM are in place at all institutions. Treasury generally fulfils this duty by: - providing leadership and direction to the Accounting Officers. Together with the senior managers, Treasury shapes the values, principles and major operating policies that form the foundation of KZNPG’s ERM processes. Key senior managers in the various institutions set strategic objectives, strategy and related high-level objectives. - setting broad-based policies and developing KZNPG’s ERM philosophy, risk appetite and culture. MANCO takes actions concerning KZNPG’s organisational structure, content and communication of key policies and the type of planning and reporting systems that KZNPG will use. - meeting periodically with senior managers responsible for major organisational units and functional areas to review their responsibilities, including how they manage risk. - gaining knowledge of risks inherent in institution’s operations, risk responses and control improvements required and the status of efforts underway. To discharge this responsibility, Treasury must clearly define the information it requires from the various institutions. - providing technical advice to the accounting officer/accounting authority, senior management on risk management strategies. - reviewing and facilitating risk management training conducted at appropriate levels within the institutions to inculcate a risk management culture; - consolidating the provincial risk profile and escalate critical risks to the Provincial Audit Committee, Provincial Risk Committee and Cabinet. - summarising cross cutting risks for consideration by the Provincial Risk Committee and ensuring that uniform risk mitigation strategies are implemented. - analysing risk reports from various institutions and provide technical advice on the risk mitigation strategies. - communicate transversal risks for inclusion in the assurance providers’ operational plans - reporting of risk with particular emphasis on significant risks or exposures and the appropriateness of the steps management has taken to reduce the risk to an acceptable level - reviewing reports of significant incidents and major frauds (both potential and actual) including the evaluation of the effectiveness of the response in investigating any loss and preventing future occurrences - Assist institutions in facilitating risk assessments and developing risk mitigation strategies Treasury has been appointed to provide direction, guidance, support, build capacity and to monitor institutions in effecting ERM. 5.6 Audit Committee The Audit Committee oversees the roles and responsibilities of the Internal Audit team, specifically relating to providing assurance in respect of ERM. The Audit Committee will be responsible for addressing the governance requirements of ERM and monitoring the KZNPG institution’s performance with ERM activities. The Audit Committee will meet quarterly and has a defined mandate and terms of reference, which covers the following aspects: - constitution; - membership; - authority; - terms of reference; and - meetings. The Audit Committee further: - Reviews written reports furnished by the Provincial Risk Management Committee (HODs)/ detailing the adequacy and overall effectiveness of the institutional Risk Committee’s function and its implementation by management. - Review risk philosophy, strategy, policies and processes recommended by the Provincial Risk Management Committee (HODs) and consider reports by the Provincial Risk Management Committee (HODs) on implementation and communication to ensure incorporation into the culture of the institutions. - Ensure that risk definitions and contributing factors, together with risk policies, are formally reviewed on an annual basis. - Review the acceptability of the risk profile in conjunction with the overall risk appetite of the institutions, taking into account all risk mitigation factors, including, but not limited to, internal controls, business continuity and disaster recovery planning, etc. - Ensure compliance with the Provincial risk policies and framework. - Oversee the Fraud Prevention Committees of the institutions to ensure they are operating effectively and to receive periodic reports (quarterly) on their respective activities. 5.7 Focused/Internal Risk Management Committee/ MANCO The Focused/Internal Risk Management Committees/ MANCO assume the following responsibilities: - Review and assess the integrity of the risk control systems and ensure that the risk policies and strategies are effectively managed. - Set out the nature, role, responsibility and authority of the risk management / risk officer function within the institution and outline the scope of risk management work. - Monitor the management of significant risks to the institution, including emerging and prospective impacts. - Review any legal matters, together with the legal advisor, that could have a significant impact on the institution. - Review management and internal audit reports detailing the adequacy and overall effectiveness of the institution’s risk management function and its implementation by management, and reports on internal control and any recommendations, and confirm that appropriate action has been taken. - Review risk identification and assessment methodologies. - Review and approve the risk tolerance for the institution. - Review and approve any risk disclosures in the Annual Financial Statements. - Monitor the reporting of risk by management with particular emphasis on significant risks or exposures and the appropriateness of the steps management has taken to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. - Monitor progress on action plans developed as part of the risk management process. - Review reports of significant incidents and major frauds (both potential and actual) including the evaluation of the effectiveness of the response in investigating any loss and preventing future occurrences: - Significant incidents are defined as any event which results in, or has the potential to result in serious personal injury (to the public, staff or third parties) or serious physical damage to property, plant, equipment, fixtures or stock. - Significant frauds are defined as any fraud which results in, or has the potential to result in the loss of assets with a value exceeding 10% of the institution’s budget allocation. - Providing feedback to the audit committee and Provincial Treasury on the effectiveness of risk management: 5.8 Fraud Prevention Committee All institutions are obliged to appoint a Fraud Prevention Committee, to consist of members of staff drawn from a variety of levels of the institution. The Fraud Prevention Committee must ensure the implementation of the fraud and misconduct strategy, creating fraud awareness amongst all stakeholders and accepting responsibility for considering any reports of fraud or misconduct and for taking appropriate action in consultation with the Head of institution. The Head of institution establishes the right tone for the prevention and management of fraud and misconduct in the institution. This is achieved through developing and publishing a fraud and misconduct risk management policy. The Fraud Prevention Committee, in fulfilling its role, is responsible for ensuring that the following is achieved. - Monitoring of the application of the policy and ensuring adequate supervision and dynamism of the controls and procedures. - The planned and required activities are undertaken such as the policy inclusion in the letter of appointment for staff, communication and training campaigns. - An appropriate fraud risk assessment is completed. - The reports of fraud and misconduct are effectively handled. - Consistent and appropriate action is taken on known incidents of fraud and misconduct. - Quarterly reports to the Provincial Audit Committee/Audit Committee that summarises the institution’s fraud prevention, detection and action for the period. ### 5.9 Business Unit/Programme Heads Senior managers in charge of institutional business units/programmes have overall responsibility for managing risks related to their unit’s objectives and are responsible for: - identifying, assessing and responding to risk relative to meeting the unit’s objectives; - ensuring that the processes utilised are in compliance with KZNPG’s Enterprise Risk Management policies and that their activities are within the established risk tolerance limits; - reporting on progress and issues to the institutional Chief Risk Officer and to the Internal Risk Management Committee; - complying with Enterprise Risk Management policies and developing techniques tailored to the unit’s activities; - applying ERM techniques and methodologies to ensure risks are appropriately identified, assessed, responded to, reported on and monitored; - ensuring risks are managed on a daily basis; and - providing leadership with complete and accurate reports regarding the nature and extent of risks in the unit’s activities. Institutions may have technical committees in place that deal with specialised areas of risk such as environmental management, quality management and technical compliance matters. These are expected to be continued as deemed appropriate for the risk profile of the institution. ### 5.10 Chief Risk Officer (CRO) The Chief Risk Officer assisted by the institutional Risk Officers: - undertakes a Gap Analysis of the institution’s ERM process at regular intervals; - performs reviews of the risk management process to improve the existing process; - facilitates annual risk management assessments and risk assessments for all major changes and incidents, such as accidents, purchases of capital equipment, restructuring of operational processes etc.; - develops systems to facilitate risk monitoring and risk improvement; - ensures that all risk categories are included in the assessment; - ensures that key risk indicators are included in the risk register; - aligns the risk identification process with KZNPG’s targets and objectives; - agrees on a system of risk quantification; - identifies relevant legal and regulatory compliance requirements; - compiles a consolidated risk register on an annual basis; costs and quantifies actual non-compliance incidences and losses incurred and formally reports thereon; formally reviews the occupational health, safety and environmental policies and practices; consolidates all information pertaining to all risk related functions, processes and activities; reviews the Business Continuity Management Plans; liaises closely with the Internal Audit to develop a risk based audit plan and management assurance plans, benchmarks the performance of the risk management process to the risk management processes adopted by other entities both within South Africa and abroad; assists in compiling risk registers for all functional areas at strategic, tactical and operational levels; communicates the risk strategy to all management levels and to employees; ensures that the necessary risk management documentation is developed in respect of the risk management process; communicates with the Provincial Treasury, Audit Committee and the Risk Committee regarding the status of ERM; regularly visits functional areas and meets with senior managers to promote embedding risk management into the culture and daily activities of KZNPG; works with institutional leaders to ensure institutional plans and budgets include risk identification and management; 5.11 Internal Audit The role of Internal Audit in governance is defined by the South African Institute of Internal Auditors as follows: “To support the Board and Management in identifying and managing risks and thereby enabling them to manage the organisation effectively”. This is achieved by: - enhancing their understanding of risk management and the underlying concepts; - assisting them to implement an effective risk management process, and - providing objective feedback on the quality of organisational controls and performance.” Internal Audit is responsible for: - providing assurance that management processes are adequate to identify and monitor significant risks; - using the outputs of risk assessments to direct internal audit plans; - providing ongoing evaluation of the risk management processes; - providing objective confirmations that the Provincial Risk Management Committee and Audit Committee receive the right quality of assurance and reliable information from management regarding risk; - providing assurance regarding the effectiveness and efficiency of risk responses and related control activities and - further providing assurance as to the completeness and accuracy of ERM reporting. 5.12 Provincial Chief Risk Officers’ Forum The risk Management Forum is responsible for - Promotion of sound enterprise wide risk management practices in the province through knowledge sharing, and development of enterprise wide risk management tools and guidelines. - Identification and development of strategies to deal with risk cutting across the province 6 Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Approach The provincial ERM approach is based on the COSO Risk Management Framework depicted in the diagram below. The implementation of enterprise-wide risk management is guided by the methodology outlined in this document. The methodology allows for a consistent approach to be applied throughout KZNPG and facilitates the interaction, on risk management matters, between the various institutions and functional areas within the institutions. 6.1 Risk Profiles Risk profiles plans shall be developed and reviewed on an annual basis. Three levels of risk profiles need to be developed and maintained at the institutions. These are: - Strategic, - Operational and - Project. The development and maintenance of the profiles should be a continuous process but management should formally assess and agree the profiles annually. This is usually achieved through facilitated workshops where management collectively agrees on the risk identification, assessment and actions. Strategic level - top-down risk assessment at strategic level as part of corporate development and strategy setting; - assess the internal control environment and verify on a risk based approach the compliance with internal policies, procedures and guidelines; - facilitate risk owners in ensuring effectiveness of current management controls and strategies; and - align risk management activities at strategic level within the different units of the institution and day-to-day business. Operational level - assess the internal control environment and verify on a risk based approach the compliance with internal policies, procedures and guidelines; - review the adequacy, effectiveness and adherence to existing policies, procedures and guidelines; - conduct operational risk assessments focusing on identifying key (inherent) risk; - financial risk control, focusing on assessment of key financial reporting controls to identify any gaps and to facilitate and monitor follow up actions; - identify where government institutions could benefit from supporting guidance on policies, procedures and guidelines; and facilitate sharing of the best practices. 6.2 Fraud Risk Assessment A key element of the fraud and misconduct policy is the development of a fraud prevention plan. This plan is underpinned by a fraud risk assessment. The fraud risk assessment is completed according to the same process as the other risk assessments. However, an institution may wish to integrate the fraud risk evaluation together with the other risk profiles or to separately complete a fraud risk assessment. The fraud risk information will need to be extracted in order to develop and maintain the fraud prevention plan. 6.3 Developing risk profiles 6.3.1 Risk Identification Risks emanate from internal or external sources which affects implementation of strategy or achievement of objectives. As part of risk identification, management recognises that uncertainties exist, but does not know when a risk may occur, or its outcome should it occur. Management initially considers a range of potential risks – affected by both internal and external factors – without necessarily focusing on whether the potential impact is positive or negative. Potential risks range from the obvious to the obscure, and the potential effects from the significant to the insignificant. But even potential risks with relatively remote possibility of occurrence should not be ignored at the risk identification stage if the potential impact on achieving an important objective is great. ### External Factors \| Category \| Description \| \|-------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Economic and Business \| Related risks might include emerging or movements in the international, national, provincial markets and globalisations. \| \| Natural environment \| Risks might include such natural disasters as flood, fire or earthquake, and sustainable development. \| \| Political \| Risks might include newly elected government officials, political agendas and new legislation and regulations. The influence of international governments and other governing bodies. \| \| Social \| Risks might include changing demographics, shifting of family structures, work/life priorities, social trends and the level of citizen engagement. \| \| Technological \| Risks might include evolving electronic commerce, expanded availability of data and reductions in infrastructure costs. \| ### Internal Factors \| Category \| Description \| \|-------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Infrastructure \| Risks might include unexpected repair costs, or equipment incapable of supporting production demand. \| \| Human resource \| Risks might include increase in number of on-the-job accidents, increased human error or propensity for fraudulent behaviour. \| \| Process \| Risks might include product quality deficiencies, unexpected downtime, or service delays. \| \| Technology \| Risks might include inability to maintain adequate uptime, handle increased volumes, deliver requisite data integrity, or incorporate needed system modifications. \| \| Governance and accountability frameworks \| Values and ethics, transparency, Policies, procedures and processes \| ### 6.3.2 Risk Categories Potential risks are grouped into categories. By aggregating risks horizontally across an organisation and vertically within operating units, management develops an understanding of the interrelationships between risks, gaining enhanced information as a basis for risk assessment. \| RISK CATEGORIES \| DEFINITION OF RISK CATEGORIES \| \|------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 1. Strategic and service delivery risks \| Risks arising from policy decisions or major decisions affecting provincial and organisational priorities; Risks arising from senior-level decisions on priorities. Strategy and Business Intelligence failures. Risks that have an effect of hindering service delivery due to inefficient, ineffective and uneconomical use of resources \| \| 2. Intergovernmental and Interdepartmental Coordination Risks \| Risks emanating from the relationship between the spheres of government in National, Provincial and Local levels as well as between provincial departmental, and are having the effect of impeding the attaining of objectives \| \| 3. Governance, Compliance/Regulatory and Reputational Risks \| Values and ethics, transparency, policies, procedures and processes as well organisational structures. Compliance with legal requirements such as legislation, regulations, standards, codes of conduct/practice, contractual requirements and internal policies and procedures. This category also extends to compliance with additional ‘rules’ such as policies, procedures or expectations, which may be set by contracts or \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| 4. Political Risks \| Risks relating to newly elected government officials, political agendas and new legislation and regulations or amendments thereof. The influence of international governments and other governing bodies on the institutional strategy. \| \| 5. Economic Risks \| Related risks relating emerging or movements in the international, national, provincial markets and globalisations Factors to consider include: - Inflation; - Foreign exchange fluctuations; and - Interest rates - Pricing \| \| 6. Environmental Risks \| Risks relating to natural disasters as flood, fire or earthquake, and sustainable development. \| \| 7. Social Risks \| Risks relating to poverty alleviation, changing demographics, shifting of family structures, work/life priorities, social trends and the level of citizen engagement. \| \| 8. Infrastructure Risks \| Risks relating to infrastructure e.g. roads, buildings, etc. \| \| 9. Financial Risks \| Risks arising from spending on capital projects Risks from failed resource bids and insufficient resources. Risks encompassing the entire scope of general financial management. Potential factors to consider include: - Cash flow adequacy and management thereof; - Financial losses; - Wasteful expenditure; - Budget allocations; - Financial statement integrity; - Revenue collection; and Increasing operational expenditure. \| \| 10. Health and Safety/Security Risks \| Risks arising from outbreak of diseases and pandemic. Risks that are associated with the safety and security of the communities as well as the execution of institutional mandate Security of networks, systems and information \| \| 11. Shareholder Risks \| Risks associated with shareholding interests that the institution has with its stakeholders. Risks that could have a systemic impact on the sector within the public entity operates and or on the economy and service delivery. \| \| 12. Human Resources \| Risks associated with staff capacity in relation - Integrity and honesty; - Recruitment; - Skills and competence; - Employee wellness; - Employee relations; - Retention; Non-familiarity of staff with the set guidelines and procedures \| \| 13. Technological and System Risks \| Risks associated with evolving electronic commerce, expanded availability of data and reductions in infrastructure costs. Failure of application system to meet user requirements. Absence of in-built control measures in the application system. \| \| 14. Process/operational \| Ineffective and inefficient processes. Inadequate controls in the operational processes. \| \|-------------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| 15. Project risks \| Risks associated with not meeting project scope, costs, duration and deliverables \| \| 16. Fraud and Corruption Risks \| These risks relate to illegal or improper acts by employees resulting in a loss of the institution’s assets or resources. \| \| 17. Cultural \| Risks relating to an institution’s overall culture and control environment. The various factors related to organisational culture include: - Communication channels and the effectiveness; - Cultural integration; - Entrenchment of ethics and values; - Goal alignment; and - Management style. \| \| 18. Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity \| Risks related to an institution’s preparedness or absence thereto to disasters that could impact the normal functioning of the institution e.g. natural disasters, act of terrorism etc. This would lead to the disruption of processes and service delivery and could include the possible disruption of operations at the onset of a crisis to the resumption of critical activities. Factors to consider include: - Disaster management procedures; and - Contingency planning. \| ### 6.3.3 Risk Assessment Identified risks are analyzed in order to form a basis for determining how they should be managed. Risks are associated with related objectives that may be affected. Risks are assessed on both an inherent and a residual basis, and the assessment considers both risk likelihood and impact. A range of possible results may be associated with a potential event, and management needs to consider them together. Risk assessment allows consideration of the extent to which potential events might have an impact on achievement of objectives. It is about analyzing and assigning ratings to the potential likelihood (frequency or probability) of an event occurring, and the potential consequence (impact or magnitude of effect), if the event does occur. The level of risk is determined by considering the combined effect of the likelihood and impact. External and internal factors influence which events may occur and to what extent the events will affect the achievement of objectives. In risk assessment, management considers the mix of potential future events relevant to the organisation and its activities. There are three important principles for assessing risk: - ensure that there is a clearly structured process in place; - record the assessment of risk in a way which facilitates monitoring and the identification of risk priorities; and - be clear about the difference between, inherent and residual risk. Inherent and Residual Risk Inherent risk is the risk in the absence of any actions management might take or has taken to reduce either the risk’s likelihood or impact. Should there be existing controls, these must not be taken into account when estimating the inherent risk value. Inherent risks are rated, assuming that there are no controls in place to mitigate the risk. The existence of controls, depending on how adequate and effective they are, may influence the likelihood or impact of the risk. This means that risk likelihood or impact may be reduced. Residual risk is the risk that remains after taking into account the effect of any existing controls. Example: The risk of theft of a car may be rated high. But having an immobilizer may reduce the likelihood of the risk occurring. The risk of theft may therefore be reduced. In assessing risk, management considers the impact of expected and unexpected potential events. Many events are routine and recurring, and they are already addressed in management programs and operating budgets. Others are unexpected, often having a low likelihood of occurrence but may have a significant potential impact. Unexpected events usually are responded to separately. However, uncertainty exists with respect to both expected and unexpected potential events, and each has the potential to affect strategy implementation and achievement of objectives. Accordingly, management assesses the risk of all potential events that are likely to have a significant impact on the achievement of objectives. Risk assessment is applied first to inherent risks. Once risk controls and responses have been identified and/or developed, the residual risk is then determined. Likelihood and Impact Likelihood represents the probability that a given event or risk will occur while impact represents the effect of the risk should it occur. Control A control could be policies, procedures, laws, regulations or any action that would reduce the likelihood or impact of a risk. For example: have an insurance policy or an alarm system will reduce the likelihood or impact of the risk of theft. Therefore the insurance policy and alarm system are referred to as controls. There are different categories of controls and these are explained later in this document. Step 1: Estimating likelihood and impact Risk assessment is tricky because the process involves subjective thinking. The identification of risks is generally based on an individual's experience and knowledge of the business and operations. Since experience and knowledge are unique to each individual, it is important to get a wide range of individuals on the risk management team. Each identified risk must be rated in terms of likelihood and impact. Some types of risk lend themselves to a numerical diagnosis – particularly financial risk. For other risks - for example reputational risk - a much more subjective view is all that is possible. In this sense risk assessment is more of an art than a science. The assessment should draw as much as possible on unbiased independent evidence; consider the perspectives of the whole range of stakeholders affected by the risk. Likelihood measures the probability that the identified risk / threat will occur within a specified period of time (between 1 and 3 years) on the basis that management have no specific / focused controls in place to address the risk / threat. The likelihood of occurrence must be assessed for every identified risk. Estimates of risk likelihood often are determined using data from past observable events, which may provide a more objective basis than entirely subjective estimates. Internally generated data based on the institution’s own experience may reflect less subjective personal bias and provide better results than data from external sources. There are also more scientific and objective methods of determining the likelihood and impact of a risk. The following rating scales have been established for KZNPG. Measures of likelihood of occurrence Table of likelihood parameters \| Likelihood category \| Category definition \| Factor \| \|---------------------\|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| Certain \| The risk is already occurring, or is likely to occur more than once within the next 12 months \| 100 \| \| Likely \| The risk could easily occur, and is likely to occur at least once within the next 12 months \| 0.80 \| \| Moderate \| There is an above average chance that the risk will occur at least once in the next three years \| 0.60 \| \| Unlikely \| The risk occurs infrequently and is unlikely to occur within the next three years \| 0.40 \| \| Rare \| The risk is conceivable but is only likely to occur in extreme circumstances \| 0.20 \| Measures of Impact The following table is to be used to assist management in quantifying the potential impact that a risk exposure may have on the institution. \| Severity ranking \| Continuity of service delivery \| Safety & Environmental \| Technical complexity \| Financial \| Achievement of objectives \| Factor \| \|------------------\|--------------------------------\|------------------------\|----------------------\|-----------\|--------------------------\|--------\| \| Critical \| Risk event will result in widespread and lengthy reduction in continuity of service delivery to stakeholders of greater than 48 hours \| Major environmental damage, Serious injury (permanent disability) or death of personnel or members of the public, Major negative media coverage \| Use of unproven technology for critical system / project components, High level of technical interdependencies between system / project components \| Significant cost overruns of >20% over budget (higher of income or expenditure budget) \| Negative outcomes or missed opportunities that are of critical importance to the achievement of objectives \| 100 \| \| Major \| Reduction in supply or disruption for a period ranging between 24 & 48 hours over a significant area \| Significant injury of personnel or public, Significant environmental damage, Significant negative media coverage \| Use of new technology not previously utilised by the institution for critical systems / project components \| Major cost overruns of between 10 % & 20 % over budget (higher of income or expenditure budget) \| Negative outcomes or missed opportunities that are likely to have a relatively substantial impact on the ability to meet objectives \| 60 \| \| Moderate \| Reduction in supply or disruption for a period between 8 & 47 hours over a regional area \| Lower level environmental, safety or health impacts, Negative media coverage \| Use of unproven or emerging technology for critical systems / project components \| Moderate impact on budget (higher of income or expenditure budget) \| Negative outcomes or missed opportunities that are likely to have a relatively moderate impact on the ability to meet objectives \| 35 \| \| Minor \| Brief local inconvenience (work around possibly), Loss of an asset with minor impact on operations \| Little environmental, safety or health impacts, Limited negative media coverage \| Use of unproven or emerging technology for systems / project components \| Minor impact on budget (higher of income or expenditure budget) \| Negative outcomes or missed opportunities that are likely to have a relatively low impact on the ability to meet objectives \| 20 \| Step 2: Risk Matrix Inherent risk exposure is the risk to the institution in the absence of any actions management might take to alter either the risk’s impact or likelihood. Inherent risk is the product of the impact of a risk and the probability of that risk occurring before the implementation of any direct controls. The score for inherent risk assists management and internal audit alike to establish relativity between all the risks / threats identified. The ranking of risks in terms of inherent risk provides management with some perspective of priorities. This should assist in the allocation of capital and resources in the operations. Although the scales of quantification will produce an automated ranking of risks, management may choose to raise the profile of certain risks for other reasons. The table below is to be used to assist management in quantifying the inherent risk of a particular risk (i.e. pre controls) \| Inherent risk exposure \| Factor \| \|------------------------\|--------\| \| Critical \| > 60 \| \| Major \| > 35 ≤ 60 \| \| Moderate \| > 20 ≤ 35 \| \| Minor \| > 10 ≤ 20 \| \| Insignificant \| ≤ 10 \| For example: A likelihood of 0.20 and impact of 100 would result in a risk index of 20 and this correlates to a minor risk. In this way each combination of likelihood and impact can be mapped to a risk index. The risk index indicates the severity of the risk. Step 3: Determining the risk acceptance criteria by identifying what risks will not be tolerated Risk appetite Risk appetite is the amount of risk that is accepted in pursuit of achieving objectives. KZNPG has adopted a quantitative approach in determining risk appetite, reflecting and balancing goals for growth, return and risk. Risk appetite is directly related to strategy. It is considered in strategy setting, where the desired return from a strategy should be aligned with the risk appetite. Different strategies will expose different risks. Enterprise risk management, applied in strategy setting, helps management select a strategy consistent with risk appetite. Defining a risk as acceptable does not imply that the risk is insignificant. The assessment should take into account of the degree of control over each risk; the cost impact, benefits and opportunities presented by the risk and the importance of the policy, project, function or activity. Reasons for classifying a risk to be acceptable could include: - the likelihood and impact of the risk could be so low that specific treatment is inappropriate - the risk being such that no treatment is available - the cost of the treatment being so excessive compared to the benefit that acceptance is the only option. Step 4. Considering the Risk Response Management selects an approach or set of actions to align assessed risks with risk appetite, in the context of the strategy and objectives. Personnel identify and evaluate possible responses to risks, including avoiding, accepting, reducing and sharing risk. Risk responses fall within the following categories: - Avoidance - Action is taken to exit the activities giving rise to risk. Risk avoidance may involve exiting a project, avoiding high risk investments, or not accepting a pioneering technical solution. - Reduction – Action is taken to reduce the risk likelihood or impact, or both. This may involve any of a myriad of everyday business decisions. e.g. buying a generator to ensure electricity supply to a hospital. - Sharing – Action is taken to reduce risk likelihood or impact by transferring or otherwise sharing a portion of the risk. Common risk-sharing techniques include purchasing insurance products, pooling risks, engaging in hedging transactions, or outsourcing an activity, public private partnership. e.g. taking out forward cover for foreign currency purchases. - Acceptance – No action is taken to reduce the likelihood or impact of a risk. E.g. not to factor earthquakes greater than 5 on the Richter Scale to bridge construction due to the rare/remote probability of any seismic activity in the geographical area. The avoidance response suggests that either the cost of other responses would exceed the desired benefit, or no response option was identified that would reduce the impact and likelihood to an acceptable level. Reduction and sharing responses reduce residual risk to a level that is line within the risk appetites, while an acceptance response suggests that inherent risk is already in line with risk appetites. For many risks, appropriate response options are obvious and well accepted. For instance, a response option appropriate for the loss of computing availability is the development of a business continuity plan. For other risks, available options may not be readily apparent, requiring more extensive identification activities. For instance, response options relevant to mitigating the effect of global warming may require research on weather patterns and water availability. In determining the appropriate responses, management should consider such things as: - Evaluating the effectiveness of existing measures on reducing the risk to an acceptable level. - Considering if there are other control measures that could be used to mitigate the risk more effectively. This is where benchmarks and leading practices are important. In the public sector there are many opportunities to benchmark and consider leading practices as applied in other government institutions, provincial departments or local authorities. - Assessing the costs versus benefits of potential risk responses. Step 5. Evaluating Effect of Response on Residual and Desired Residual Risk Each risk is rated according to the inherent risk rating criteria. The effectiveness of the existing risk responses is assessed for these risks. This is done by rating the control effectiveness. A decision is then needed to determine if the risk is managed to the desired levels of risk appetite. This is an assessment of the current residual risk. Controls are the management activities / policies / procedures / processes / functions / departments / physical controls that the institution and Management have put in place, and rely upon, to manage the strategic and significant risks. These actions may reduce the likelihood of occurrence of a potential risk, the impact of such a risk, or both. When selecting control activities management needs to consider how control activities are related to one another. Management then needs to assess the control effectiveness based on their understanding of the control environment currently in place. At this stage of the process, the controls are un-audited, and rated according to management’s interpretation of control effectiveness. The table below is to be used to assist management in quantifying the perceived and desired control effectiveness to mitigate or reduce the impact of specific risks. The desired effectiveness of risk responses is determined where the desired risk exposure is not achieved with current risk responses. The desired effectiveness is measured on the same scale as the rating for current control effectiveness. This is the assessment of desired residual risk for each risk – sometimes referred to as risk tolerance. The sum of risk tolerances should measure risk appetite. Residual risk is calculated by multiplying the inherent risk score by the rating scale for control effectiveness. \| Effectiveness category \| Category definition \| % of Risk Controlled \| \|------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|----------------------\| \| Very good \| Risk exposure is effectively controlled and managed \| 71 - 90 \| \| Good \| Majority of risk exposure is effectively controlled and managed \| 46 - 70 \| \| Satisfactory \| There is room for some improvement \| 21 - 45 \| \| Weak \| Some of the risk exposure appears to be controlled, but there are major deficiencies \| 11 - 20 \| \| Unsatisfactory \| Control measures are ineffective \| 0 - 10 \| Some level of residual risk will always exist, not only because resources are limited, but also because of inherent future uncertainty and limitations inherent in all activities. The difference between assessed residual risk and desired residual risk is the residual risk gap. This represents the opportunity to improve risk management and the achievement of objectives. The bigger the residual risk gap, the higher the action priority. The ranking of risks in terms of residual risk gap provides management with some perspective of priorities, and should assist in the allocation of capital and resources in the institution. The table below is to be used to assist management in quantifying the residual risk gap of a particular risk. \| Residual risk exposure \| Risk acceptability \| Proposed actions \| Factor \| Monetary Quantification \| \|------------------------\|-------------------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|--------\|-------------------------\| \| Critical \| Unacceptable \| Take action to reduce risk with highest priority, accounting officer/chief executive officer and executive authority/accounting authority attention. \| ≥ 25 \| ≥ 5% of Budget or Income \| \| High \| Unacceptable \| Take action to reduce risk with highest priority, accounting officer/chief executive officer and executive authority/accounting authority attention. \| ≥ 15 < 25 \| ≥4% <5% of Budget or Income \| \| Medium \| Unacceptable \| Take action to reduce risk, inform senior management. \| ≥ 8 < 15 \| ≥3% <4% of Budget or Income \| \| Low \| Acceptable \| No risk reduction - control, monitor, inform management. \| ≥ 3 < 8 \| ≥ 2.5% <3% of Budget or Income \| \| Insignificant \| Acceptable \| No risk reduction - control, monitor, inform management. \| < 3 \| 2% of budget or income \| The application of the approach has been depicted in the example and diagram below. \| Inherent risk impact \| Inherent risk likelihood \| Inherent risk exposure \| Perceived Residual risk \| Desired Residual risk \| Residual risk gap \| \|----------------------\|--------------------------\|------------------------\|-------------------------\|-----------------------\|-------------------\| \| Ranking with effective mitigation strategies in place (very good perceived effectiveness rating) \| 100 \| 0.80 \| 80 \| 0.30 \| 0.10 \| 16 \| \| Ranking with ineffective mitigation strategies in place (weak perceived effectiveness rating) \| 100 \| 0.80 \| 80 \| 0.80 \| 0.10 \| 56 \| Step 6. Identifying Actions to Mitigate Risk Exposure The residual risk gap identifies possible improvement opportunities. Action steps should be identified for the risks where there are residual risk gaps. The actions should specify the responsibilities and due dates. Management should track to progress and completion of the actions. 7 Reporting Like any other process, the success of risk management depends on the availability of reliable information and effective communication at various levels. Pertinent information should be identified, captured and communicated in a form and time frame that enable people to carry out their responsibilities. Information is needed at all levels to identify, assess and respond to risks. The challenge for management is to process and refine large volumes of data into relevant and actionable information. Risk information is to be maintained on a risk management database. The database will be maintained by the Risk Management Unit within Provincial Treasury and the institution Risk Managers. Line management will be responsible for ensuring that the risk information is complete, accurate and relevant. The database will allow the access to the risk officials and line management to execute the relevant functions. The database structure is based on the Provincial and respective institution risk profiles. The minimum required profiles for each institution and at a Provincial level are: - Strategic - Operational (Including Fraud and Corruption) - Project specific (where there are such projects) Additional assessments can be maintained – for example incident tracking and compliance assessments. For each profile the following minimum information is to be maintained on the database: - Strategic and business objectives - Risk category - Risk name - Risk description - Risk owner - Inherent risk rating - Risk Indicator - Control names for controls that mitigate the risk - Control descriptions (including whether it is a preventative, detective or corrective control) - Control effectiveness rating - Residual risk ratings - Task information where identified – details, due dates and the accountable officials. - Key Performance Indicator The databases will be used to extract the required reports to evidence the status of risk management in the Province and institutions. 8 Combined Assurance Internal Audit is required by the PFMA to plan the audit coverage to address the risks identified through the risk management processes developed and maintained by the Province and institutions. The risks identified cannot all be reviewed by Internal Audit. Some risks, for example reputation, are not able to be reviewed and others, such as technical construction, cannot reasonably be expected to be reviewed by Internal Audit. There are several assurance functions that may exist in the Province and in an institution at any time and include: - Internal Controls Units - The Office of the Auditor General, - Internal Audit, - Consulting engineers, - Ethics’ specialists - Compliance and Legal specialists Culture and climate surveys, Health and safety inspectors, Information security, and Quality Loss Control Units Monitoring and evaluation Units The assurance that they provide is reported to different management structures and this may be outside the Internal Audit governance reporting structures, including the Audit Committees. Internal Audit takes the responsibility to ensure the assurance activities are coordinated, provide optimal coverage of the risk profiles, where possible, and are reported to the appropriate management and governance forum. The Audit Committee approves the overall/combined assurance plan and extent of assurance coverage. They will also review the appropriateness of the recipients of the different assurance activities. Each assurance provider should develop their coverage plan based on the risk profiles of the institution(s). Typically the plan should consider the risk assessment ratings. Where management has assessed that there is a high residual risk gap and has actions to address the gap, the assurance provider should consider reviewing the actions rather than confirming management’s assessment. Conversely where there is a low or negligible gap the controls that have been assessed by management as mitigating the risk should be evaluated. The results of the work performed should be used by the chief risk officer to facilitate, if necessary, a rerating of the risk and incorporating the agreed management actions into the risk management tasks. This will enable a central tracking capability for all such tasks and actions. Where their work is in response to an incident or event, e.g. loss control, the results of the work performed should be used by the chief risk officer to facilitate, if necessary, a rerating of the risk and incorporating the agreed management actions into the risk management tasks. 9 Monitoring If existing controls are weak and exposes the organisation’s activities to risks, the management should come up with the action plans to reduce risk to an acceptable level. The management should decide on the implementation date of the agreed upon action plan and the responsibility for the implementation of action plan should be assigned to capable officials. It is critical that management should develop key performance indicators regarding the performance of agreed upon controls. Key performance indicators will provide the feedback regarding effectiveness of controls against identified risks. Management’s performance with the processes of ERM will be measured and monitored through the following performance management activities: - monitoring of progress made by management with the implementation of the ERM methodology; - monitoring of key risk indicators; - monitoring of loss and incident data; - management’s progress made with risk mitigation action plans; and - an annual quality assurance review of ERM performance. 10 Embedding Risk Management Value is created, preserved or eroded by management decisions ranging from strategic planning to daily operations of the institution. Inherent in decisions is the recognition of risk and opportunity, requiring that management consider information about the internal and external environment deploys precious resources and appropriately adjusts institution activities to changing circumstances. For governmental institutions, value is realized when constituents recognize receipt of valued services at an acceptable cost. Risk management facilitates management’s ability to both create sustainable value and communicate the value created to stakeholders. The following factors require consideration when integrating ERM into institutional decision making structures: - Aligning risk management with objectives at all levels of the institution; - Introducing risk management components into existing strategic planning and operational practices; - Communicating institutional directions on an acceptable level of risk; - Including risk management as part of employees’ performance appraisals and Business Units’ annual operational plans; and - Continuously improving control and accountability systems and processes to take into account risk management and its results.
MINUTES OF MEETING BOYNTON VILLAGE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT A Regular Meeting of the Boynton Village Community Development District’s Board of Supervisors was held on Tuesday, February 10, 2015 at 10:30 a.m., at 2300 Glades Road Blvd., Suite 202E, Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Present and constituting a quorum were: Adam Freedman Chair Jim Gielda Vice Chair Gary Einfalt Assistant Secretary Mike Oliveri (via telephone/in person) Assistant Secretary Also present were: Craig Wrathell District Manager Rick Woodville Wrathell, Hunt and Associates, LLC Jeff Schnars District Engineer Gerry Knight District Counsel William “Bill” Horowitz Landowner/Property Manager John Markey Developer FIRST ORDER OF BUSINESS Call to Order/Roll Call Mr. Wrathell called the meeting to order at 10:37 a.m. - Administration of Oath of Office to Newly Elected Supervisors [Seats 1, 2 & 5] (the following to be provided in a separate package) *This item, previously the Third Order of Business, was presented out of order.* Mr. Wrathell reported that a Landowners’ Meeting was held on November 11, 2014. Mr. Mike Oliveri received 491 votes for Seat 1, Mr. Michael Smith received 492 votes for Seat 2 and Mr. Gary Einfalt received 492 votes for Seat 5. Mr. Smith and Mr. Einfalt will serve four-year terms and Mr. Oliveri will serve a two-year term. Mr. Wrathell indicated that Mr. Smith was not present and Mr. Oliveri was currently attending via telephone but should be present towards the end of the meeting. Mr. Wrathell, a Notary of the State of Florida and duly authorized, administered the Oath of Office to Mr. Einfalt. Mr. Wrathell provided and briefly explained the following items: A. Guide to Sunshine Amendment and Code of Ethics for Public Officers and Employees B. Membership, Obligations and Responsibilities C. Financial Disclosure Forms i. Form 1: Statement of Financial Interests ii. Form 1X: Amendment to Form 1, Statement of Financial Interests iii. Form 1F: Final Statement of Financial Interests D. Form 8B – Memorandum of Voting Conflict Mr. Wrathell indicated that Mr. Einfalt was familiar with all documents and completed Form 1 when he qualified for the election. - Roll Call **This item, previously part of the First Order of Business, was presented out of order. Mr. Wrathell noted, for the record, that Supervisors Freedman, Gielda and Einfalt were present, in person. Supervisor Oliveri was attending via telephone. Supervisor Smith was not present. SECOND ORDER OF BUSINESS Public Comments There being no public comments, the next item followed. THIRD ORDER OF BUSINESS Administration of Oath of Office to Newly Elected Supervisors [Seats 1, 2 & 5] (the following to be provided in a separate package) This item was addressed during the First Order of Business. FOURTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Consideration of Resolution 2015-1, Canvassing and Certifying the Results of the Landowners’ Election Mr. Wrathell presented Resolution 2015-1 for the Board’s consideration. He indicated that the Landowners’ Meeting was held on November 11, 2014. On MOTION by Mr. Freedman and seconded by Mr. Einfalt, with all in favor, Resolution 2015-1, Canvassing and Certifying the Results of the Landowners’ Election, was adopted. FIFTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Mr. Wrathell presented Resolution 2015-2 for the Board’s consideration. He explained that, following an appointment or election, the Board is required to consider its slate of officers. Mr. Wrathell indicated that, currently, Mr. Freedman serves as Chair, Mr. Gielda as Vice Chair, Supervisors Smith, Einfalt and Oliveri as Assistant Secretaries, along with himself as Secretary and Treasurer and Mr. Woodville as Assistant Secretary. Mr. Freedman nominated the existing slate of officers. No other nominations were made. On MOTION by Mr. Freedman and seconded by Mr. Einfalt, with all in favor, Resolution 2015-2, Electing Officers of the District, as nominated, was adopted. SIXTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Mr. Schnars presented an overall plan of the Cortina property and anticipated an approved site plan and completing the final engineering plans. He pointed out that the current plan includes a single-family component of 115 houses on the south end and east side of Renaissance Commons Boulevard, an apartment community on the northeast side and two condo towers on the west. Staff is working on the final plans for all property on the east, plus the road running east/west through the condo parcel; however there are no plans to build the condos. Mr. Schnars reported that the east side construction involves reconfiguration of the existing lake and relocation of the park. The existing lake will be moved slightly west and be smaller and a new lake will be to the south in the middle of the single-family lots. He indicated that the survey of the lake will be corrected because it does not match the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) permit. Mr. Schnars referred to a five acre park on the south end of the east side of the road, which is owned by the city. A conceptual deal was made with the city to relocate a three-acre park to the west side of the new large lake. He believed that this should satisfy the city, because of the improved location and enhancements to the park. This will occur following approval of the site plan. In response to Mr. Knight’s question, Mr. Schnars indicated that the city owns the lake. Mr. Knight asked if the parcels will be expanded to enlarge the lake. Mr. Schnars explained that the property owned by the city, in its current location, will be smaller and there will be a new lake, which will be turned over to the CDD. Mr. Knight questioned whether this is an equal swap, acreage for acreage. Mr. Schnars pointed out that the water surface will be larger but was unsure if the land area would be equal because the existing lake has more bank. Mr. Knight asked whether the CDD paid for the lake from its bond funds. Based on his perusal of the Engineer’s Report, Mr. Schnars believed that the lake was conveyed and pointed out that the roadways were purchased. In response to Mr. Knight’s question, Mr. Schnars indicated that he did not know if the CDD will own more land after the swap but the lake surface area will be larger. Mr. Gielda asked whether the boundary change will be addressed through the replat and if the CDD will be a party to the plat. Mr. Knight felt that a dedication on the plat for the reconfigured lakes and a conveyance were necessary. Mr. Freedman pointed out that the park swap should be considered as the existing park is not part of the CDD boundaries. Mr. Knight asked who owns the land. Mr. Schnars confirmed that BR Cortina Acquisition, LLC owns the land where the new park will be located but the city owns the land where the current park is located, which is not part of the CDD and was “carved out. If the District wants to acquire the land, a petition to expand the District’s boundaries would be necessary. Mr. Knight pointed out that the CDD will not be involved in the swap because it is between the landowner and the city; therefore, the Board can petition to expand the CDD’s boundaries and verify whether the District paid for the land or lakes. Aside from the tracts, Mr. Gielda asked if any easements were dedicated to the CDD that will change with the new reconfiguration for the final buildout. Mr. Schnars believed that no easements were dedicated to the CDD but, if any were, they may have been two drainage easements that drain Spine Road, which will remain in place. Mr. Schnars did not know if the other internal easements on the previous plat for Cortina were dedicated to the CDD because nothing was ever built. Mr. Schnars will research this matter. Mr. Gielda pointed out that, if the plan is to plat the WR-1 access road as a roadway tract and use CDD funds for the improvements, the infrastructure under the roadway will be conveyed; if CDD funds are used for the roadway, it should be conveyed. Mr. Freedman concurred and indicated that this matter should be discussed further. Mr. Knight inquired about remaining construction funds. Mr. Freedman replied that there were no construction funds; the funds must come from the developer. Mr. Knight indicated that the CDD can contract to build the road to benefit from the sales tax exemption. Mr. Schnars compared the financing of the road to the one in Osprey Oaks but pointed out that this could be accomplished by easements and not a separate tract. Mr. Wrathell asked about stormwater reconfigurations, as the Board is concerned about what the District will receive in exchange. He felt that there may be an argument if the developer constructs and conveys the park, even though this is not stormwater related and there is still drainage related to it. Mr. Knight explained that it depends on if the land the CDD owns was acquired with bond funds. Mr. Wrathell will research the requisitions to determine how the large lake was funded; however, he suspected that it was funded by the bonds. Mr. Knight believed that the excavation was funded by bond funds but questioned whether the District purchased the land where the lake was located. Mr. Freedman replied yes, according to the property appraiser. Mr. Schnars pointed out that it could have been conveyed without an exchange of funds. Mr. Wrathell recalled that the District had an appraisal. Mr. Einfalt noted that this is a moot point because a half-acre more of water surface must go into the system because it is undersized; he suspected that will be over the area currently owned. Mr. Knight advised that the District will be fine if it has more land after the swap than before. Mr. Schnars will research the matter. Mr. Gielda concluded that the District has tract, easement and dedication issues and are looking at expansion of the boundaries. Mr. Knight asked if the park will be owned and operated by the city. Mr. Schnars clarified that the park will be owned by the city and further improvements will be operated by the city; the developer will determine who is responsible for maintenance. Mr. Knight advised that if the developer maintains any part of the park, the District may want it to be assigned to the CDD so residents can be assessed because they will benefit from the park. Mr. Gielda asked if the expectation is for the city to maintain it. Mr. Schnars acknowledged that the city is putting the onus on the District; a portion will be a dog park maintained by the District and a larger portion will be sodded and the CDD will maintain the landscaping. Mr. Schnars voiced his understanding that the advantage to conveying the land to the CDD is because of the sales tax benefit; however, the land will end up with the association. Mr. Knight pointed out that it depends on the development order (DO) because it is currently, a technical land dedication of ownership to the city for the existing park tract. Mr. Knight pointed out that there will be an interlocal agreement for maintenance. Mr. Wrathell questioned when the District will annex the property. Mr. Markey indicated that it will be quick but cannot occur before the actual land swap, unless the city signs off as a party to the boundary expansion. If the District wants to include Old Boynton Beach Boulevard, which is owned by the city, the city can execute the petition, as the owner, while the District completes the tract swap. Mr. Knight agreed with obtaining the city’s consent but explained that technically, as defined in the Statute, public property does not have a landowner; for example if the District expanded its boundaries and annexed a roadway, it would not need to obtain the city’s approval to annex the roadway. Mr. Knight pointed out that the District does not want opposition from the city because the city council needs to approve the petition to expand the District’s boundaries. Mr. Gielda asked if the expansion should be completed at the same time that the land swap is approved. Mr. Knight explained that the agreement to swap the properties will be approved with the site plan. Mr. Gielda pointed out that there must be a transfer of title. Mr. Schnars concurred with Mr. Markey that the land transfer should be completed with the plat. Mr. Einfalt stated that a revised site plan and plat must be completed. Mr. Schnars suggested waiting until the recording of the plat and Mr. Knight’s recording of the deeds to do the land swap. Mr. Schnars noted that going before the city commission for the plat and obtaining the petition to expand the boundaries can be accomplished at the same time. Mr. Knight will compile the necessary items to prepare the petition. Mr. Knight explained that the petition and ordinance must be adopted by the city commission. It is not the same as the ordinance that is adopted when a District is established; it requires two readings and one reading of the plat. Discussion ensued regarding the timing and the documents for submittal. Mr. Markey suggested that the first reading occur after the rectified site plan is completed, the parcels are conveyed and the swap occurs and having the second reading after the final plat. It was noted that the association documents, for the single-family homes, should be included with the plat submitted to the city. Mr. Knight advised that the petition, land swap and plat should be submitted together. Concern was expressed about why the CDD parcel was “carved out” and whether the city would have a problem with a CDD boundary over the new park location. Mr. Schnars did not know why the parcel was “carved out”. Mr. Markey indicated that, since they are close to site plan approval and the conveyance is far enough along, the petition will be prepared and, once the conveyance occurs, as the landowner, he can approve the boundary expansion. Mr. Knight advised that the Opinion of Title is submitted with the petition, showing the consent of the owner of the property being annexed. Mr. Markey will coordinate this step with his attorney, Mr. Jeff Margolis. Mr. Knight will prepare the petition and take the position of not getting consent from the city because the District is a public entity, or wait until approval of the ordinance. Mr. Wrathell requested a motion to authorize staff to prepare and submit a petition to the City of Boynton Beach to expand the District. Mr. Knight requested authorization to prepare a resolution and transmit it for execution. Supervisor Oliveri arrived, in person, at approximately 11:07 a.m.** - Administration of Oath of Office to Newly Elected Supervisor Mike Oliveri Mr. Wrathell, a Notary of the State of Florida and duly authorized, administered the Oath of Office to Mr. Oliveri. On MOTION by Mr. Gielda and seconded by Mr. Freedman, with all in favor, authorization for Staff to prepare and submit a petition to the City of Boynton Beach to expand the District, as discussed, and prepare Resolution 2015-3, for execution, was approved. SEVENTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Discussion: Potential Land Dedications to CDD EIGHTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Discussion: Expansion of CDD Boundary to Include the Land Where Current Park Tract is Located This item was discussed during the Sixth Order of Business. In response to Mr. Knight’s question, Mr. Wrathell indicated that the next meeting will be February 24, 2015. Mr. Knight advised that a resolution or motion to approve the land swap for the lakes was necessary. Mr. Wrathell will place an item on the next agenda titled “Lake property and road right-of-way swap”. NINTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Potential Addition of Monument Signage for Future Development to be Located Along Congress Ave ROW Mr. Markey requested monument signage on Congress Avenue for the apartments, which are owned by Morguard Investments Limited (Morguard) and asked about easements. Mr. Freedman indicated that the Board must discuss this matter further. In response to a Board Member’s question regarding whether there is room for signage, Mr. Markey indicated that there is a median, with no signage; there are opportunities for monuments on either side of the main east/west connector. Several locations were discussed, and a suggestion was made to place a monument sign next to the master association sign or rebuild the signs. Mr. Markey asked if it makes sense for the District to acquire the road between Renaissance Commerce Boulevard and the Morguard property line, out to Congress Avenue, so that the CDD can maintain the road. Mr. Freedman noted that it makes sense because the road extends straight to Congress Avenue; however, the District does not want maintenance responsibilities. Mr. Freedman requested a copy of the plan from Mr. Markey. TENTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Approval of Minutes A. September 9, 2014 Public Hearing and Regular Meeting B. November 11, 2014 Landowner’s Meeting Mr. Wrathell presented the September 9, 2014 Public Hearing and Regular Meeting Minutes and the November 11, 2014 Landowner’s Meeting Minutes and asked for any additions, deletions or corrections. On MOTION by Mr. Gielda and seconded by Mr. Freedman, with all in favor, the September 9, 2014 Public Hearing and Regular Meeting Minutes and the November 11, 2014 Landowner’s Meeting Minutes, as presented, were approved. ELEVENTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Other Business There being no other business, the next item followed. TWELFTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Staff Reports A. Attorney There being no report, the next item followed. B. Engineer There being no report, the next item followed. C. Manager i. Approval of Unaudited Financial Statements as of December 31, 2014 Mr. Wrathell presented the Unaudited Financial Statements as of December 31, 2014. He pointed out the “Balance Sheet”, on Page 1, and noted that there was $1,276,857 in the SunTrust account, which was due to when tax collections arrived and the offset to debt service. Mr. Wrathell referred to Page 2 and noted that assessment collections were at 100%, through the end of December. He pointed out that the “Debt Service” fund activity, on Page 3, corresponded to the 100% debt service assessment collections. On Page 4, there was $191 in the “Capital projects” fund. On MOTION by Mr. Freedman and seconded by Mr. Oliveri, with all in favor, the Unaudited Financial Statements as of December 31, 2014, were approved. ii. UPCOMING MEETINGS: A. February 24, 2015 at 10:30 A.M. B. March 10, 2015 at 10:30 A.M. C. March 24, 2015 at 10:30 A.M. The next meetings are scheduled for February 24, March 10 and March 24, 2015 at 10:30 a.m., at this location. THIRTEENTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Supervisors’ Requests There being no Supervisors’ requests, the next item followed. FOURTEENTH ORDER OF BUSINESS Adjournment Mr. Wrathell commented on the new meeting room and congratulated the Board. There being nothing further to discuss, the meeting adjourned. On MOTION by Mr. Einfalt and seconded by Mr. Gielda, with all in favor, the meeting adjourned at 11:19 a.m. [SIGNATURES APPEAR ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE] Secretary/Assistant Secretary Chair/Vice Chair
The Defendant's Dilemma: Valid Charge Or Speedy Trial Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr Part of the Criminal Law Commons Recommended Citation The Defendant's Dilemma: Valid Charge Or Speedy Trial, 27 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 175 (1970). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol27/iss1/15 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington and Lee Law Review at Washington and Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington and Lee Law Review by an authorized editor of Washington and Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org. may be underlying factors in decisions which have held that contract uncertainty or ambiguity is to be most strongly construed against the party who caused the uncertainty to exist.\textsuperscript{58} This is especially true if it is the party who selected the language of the contract\textsuperscript{59} or for whose benefit an uncertain provision was inserted.\textsuperscript{60} It appears that the court in \textit{Sears} did not realize the significance of the contractual issue in the case. It conveniently implied an express risk-allocation provision in the credit agreement to place liability on the cardholder. By resolving the issue in this manner, the court ignored the implications of the bipartite arrangement and basic contract principles. In addition, it overlooked the untenable position in which it placed the cardholder. The immediate impact of the decision was the imposition of a heavy financial burden upon a cardholder who appeared no more at fault than the issuer and was certainly less able to absorb the loss. Of greater significance is the fact that \textit{Sears} has established a precedent which extends a cardholder's liability to situations not expressly contemplated in the terms of a credit agreement. In this respect the decision directly conflicts with that in \textit{Allied} and poses a difficult precedent problem in future bipartite credit card cases. \textsc{David Leach Baird, Jr.} \section{THE DEFENDANT'S DILEMMA: VALID CHARGE OR SPEEDY TRIAL} A majority of American jurisdictions have statutory provisions which implement the speedy trial guarantees of the various state constitutions.\textsuperscript{1} Generally, such statutes provide that if, at the fault of the \textsuperscript{58}\textit{E.g.,} Couture v. Ocean Park Bank, 205 Cal. 338, 270 P. 943 (1928); Andrews v. City of Springfield, 56 Ill. App. 2d 201, 205 N.E.2d 798 (Dist. Ct. App. 1965); Handley v. Mutual Life Ins. Co., 106 Utah 184, 147 P.2d 319 (1944). \textsuperscript{59}W. C. Shepard Co. v. Royal Indem. Co., 192 F.2d 710 (5th Cir. 1951); Couture v. Ocean Park Bank, 205 Cal. 338, 270 P. 943 (1928); Cedar Park Cemetery Ass'n v. Village of Calumet Park, 398 Ill. 324, 75 N.E.2d 874 (1947); Badders v. Peoples Trust Co., 236 Ind. 357, 140 N.E.2d 235 (1957) (applied to bank rules printed in passbook); Green v. Royal Neighbors, 140 Kan. 571, 73 P.2d 1 (1937); Lyman-Richey Sand & Gravel Co. v. State, 123 Neb. 674, 243 N.W. 891 (1932); Ayres v. Harleysville Mut. Co., 172 Va. 383, 2 S.E.2d 303 (1939); Hoffman v. Pfingsten, 260 Wis. 160, 50 N.W.2d 369 (1951) (holding that an interpretation of a contract against the party who prepared the instrument is preferred where different interpretations are possible). \textit{See also} Restatement of Contracts § 236 (1932). \textsuperscript{60}Southern Ry. v. Columbia Compress Co., 280 F. 344 (4th Cir. 1922); Tuten v. Bowden, 173 S.C. 256, 175 S.E. 510 (1934). \textsuperscript{1}People v. Godlewski, 22 Cal. 2d 667, 140 P.2d 381 (1943); Wadley v. Commonwealth, 98 Va. 803, 35 S.E. 452 (1900). ILL. CONST. art. 2, § 9, implemented by ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 38, § 103-5 (Smith-Hurd 1964); VA. CONST. art. I § 8, implestate, the defendant is not brought to trial within a specified period of time after he is formally charged, he shall be discharged from further prosecution under that formal charge.\textsuperscript{2} Where a challenge to the validity of the formal charge results in a delay in the proceedings, the prevailing view is that the delay is caused by the accused and tolls the running of the discharge statute.\textsuperscript{3} The accused is thus forced to decide \textsuperscript{2}In some states, discharge under such a statute is a bar to further prosecution; e.g., VA. CODE ANN. § 19.1-191 (Repl. Vol. 1960). In other states, the same charge may be reinstituted; e.g., IDAHO CODE ANN. § 19-3506 (1948). Discharge statutes exist in different forms in the various states. The time period varies, from “the next term of court in which the indictment is triable,” N.Y. CODE CRIM. PROC. § 668 (McKinney 1958), to one hundred and twenty days. ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 38, § 103-5 (Smith-Hurd 1964). Some states couch the time period in general terms; thus, in Alaska, the trial must be held “within a reasonable period of time.” ALASKA STAT. § 12.20.050 (a)(3) (1962). Another variation is to require the defendant to \textit{demand} a trial before the time period begins to run. The Georgia statute, GA. CODE ANN. § 27-1901.2 (1958), provides, for example: If more than two regular terms of court are convened and adjourned after the term at which the demand is filed and the defendant is not given a trial, then he shall be absolutely discharged and acquitted of the offense charged in the indictment.... The provisions for tolling the running of the discharge statute also vary. Both the Virginia statute, VA. CODE ANN. § 19.1-191 (Repl. Vol. 1960), and the West Virginia statute, W. VA. CODE ANN. § 62-3-21 (1966), are quite explicit as to what circumstances will toll the statute. The New York and California statutes, on the other hand, employ a “good cause” provision. N.Y. CODE CRIM. PROC. § 668 (McKinney 1958); CAL. PENAL CODE § 1382 (West 1956). A third type of provision is exemplified by the statutes of Illinois and Kansas. This provision tolls the statute if the delay is “occasioned by the defendant,” ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 38, § 103-5 (Smith-Hurd 1964); or if “the delay shall happen on the application of the prisoner,” KAN. STAT. ANN. § 62-1431 (1964). \textsuperscript{3}People v. Grace, 88 Cal. App. 222, 269 P. 306 (Dist. Ct. App. 1928); Latson v. State, 51 Del. 377, 146 A.2d 597 (1958); People v. Hamby, 27 Ill. 2d 493, 190 N.E.2d 289, \textit{cert. denied}, 372 U.S. 980 (1963); State v. Barger, 148 Kan. 590, 83 P.2d 648 (1938); State v. Robinson, 271 Ore. 612, 343 P.2d 886 (1959); Commonwhether he wants a speedy trial or a valid formal charge. In the recent case of State ex. rel. Farley v. Kramer, Farley was indicted in September, 1966, on a charge of murder. The case was continued at his request until January, 1967, at which time he successfully moved to have the indictment quashed. Farley was reindicted in May, 1967, and the following month filed a motion to quash that indictment. Trial was set for January, 1968, but was continued by the court because of inclement weather. In March, 1968, the court sustained the June, 1967, motion to quash. On May 21, 1968, he was again indicted. A ten day continuance was granted on motion to allow him to file a "plea and motion." On May 27, Farley filed a motion to be discharged from further prosecution, based on West Virginia's "three term" statute which provides that a defendant shall be discharged from further prosecution if not brought to trial within three terms of court after an indictment is found against him. The motion to be discharged was denied, and the defendant filed a petition for a writ of prohibition in the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. That court, relying on Ex parte Bracey, held that the motions to quash the indictments were proceedings which forced continuances of the case and thus were to be held against the petitioner. --- 4. W. Va. v. Petrisko, 432 Pa. 250, 247 A.2d 581 (1968); Ramsdell v. Langlois, 100 R.I. 468, 217 A.2d 83 (1966); Mealy v. Commonwealth, 193 Va. 216, 68 S.E.2d 597 (1952). Contra, State v. Pruett, 101 Ariz. 65, 415 P.2d 888 (1966); Ex parte Miller, 66 Colo. 261, 180 P. 749 (1919); State v. McCarty, 243 Ind. 361, 185 N.E.2d 732 (1962); Ex parte Bracey, 82 W. Va. 69, 95 S.E. 593 (1918). 5. W. Va. v. Petrisko, 169 S.E.2d 106 (1969), cert. denied, 90 S.Ct. 482 (1969) (mem.). Since a denial of certiorari by memorandum opinion in no way goes to the merits of a case, this comment remains timely. 6. The jury commissioner had systematically excluded women from the grand jury. 7. 169 S.E.2d at 111. 8. W. Va. Code Ann. § 62-3-21* (1966). 9. 82 W. Va. 69, 95 S.E. 593 (1918). The court in Bracey held that a demurrer to an indictment, which was not acted upon by the court for more than six months, was not chargeable to the defendant. The statement in Bracey which was relied on in Farley was dictum: "If [the accused] instigates a proceeding which forces a continuance of the case at a particular term of court, he will not be permitted to take advantage of the delay thus occasioned." 95 S.E., at 596. This statement was taken out of context and was followed by: It will be seen that this...has no application to the facts presented here. Petitioner did not institute, or was not responsible for, any proceeding of any kind, either in the court in which the indictment was pending, or in any other place, which necessitated continuing his case. Id. 10. 169 S.E.2d at 115. President of the Court, Justice Haymond, in an eight page dissent, objected to the majority's decision on the grounds that petitioner had been compelled to surrender his constitutional right to a speedy trial in order to assert his constitutional right of being tried on a valid indictment. Id. at 121. The purpose of discharge statutes is to ensure the accused's right to a trial within a short period of time after he is charged.\textsuperscript{10} Where the defendant deliberately delays trial he is considered to have waived his right to a speedy trial and the statute becomes inoperative.\textsuperscript{11} Several theories have been used by those courts which hold that challenging the validity of an indictment is a delay caused by the accused. One theory is that the motion itself is a delay. Representative of this approach is \textit{People v. Hamby},\textsuperscript{12} where the court reasoned that since the state does not have the means to defend an attack on the validity of an indictment without causing a long delay, the state should not be prejudiced by that delay. This is essentially a "utilitarian" doctrine. A second theory, which is a corollary of the first, is that the defendant should be charged with the delay because he should reasonably foresee that challenging the validity of the formal charge will necessarily cause delay in the proceedings. As early as 1837 it was held in \textit{Ex parte Walton}\textsuperscript{13} that a motion to quash an indictment was equivalent to a postponement of trial with the defendant's consent. It is not necessary that the defendant's purpose be that of delay; it is enough that the action be precipitated by the defendant and that the result was a delay.\textsuperscript{14} A third theory, adopted in \textit{Mealy v. Commonwealth},\textsuperscript{15} per- \textsuperscript{10}See \textit{People v. Godlewski}, 22 Cal. 2d 667, 140 P.2d 381 (1943); \textit{Wadley v. Commonwealth}, 98 Va. 803, 35 S.E. 452 (1900). \textsuperscript{11}E.g., \textit{People v. Jenkins}, 101 Ill. App. 2d 414, 243 N.E.2d 259 (1968); \textit{People v. Walker}, 100 Ill. App. 2d 282, 241 N.E.2d 594 (1968); \textit{People v. Blake}, 31 App. Div. 2d 614, 295 N.Y.S.2d 509 (1968). \textsuperscript{12}27 Ill. 2d 493, 190 N.E.2d 289, \textit{cert. denied}, 372 U.S. 980 (1963). Four months elapsed from the time the defendant filed his motion to quash the first of two indictments and the time that the court denied the petition for discharge. Were discharge to be allowed, because of a motion to test the validity of a formal charge, ...the People would be obliged to either successfully defend all such motions or incur the risk of the accused being discharged under the statute. Such perfection cannot be demanded, even of the People, nor should such a weapon to permit potential abuse be placed in the hands of an accused. \textsuperscript{13}190 N.E.2d at 291. \textsuperscript{14}Whart. 501 (Pa. 1837). \textsuperscript{15}\textit{People v. Grace}, 88 Cal. App. 222, 263 P. 306 (Dist. Ct. App. 1928); \textit{People v. Hamby}, 27 Ill. 2d 493, 190 N.E.2d 289, \textit{cert. denied}, 372 U.S. 980 (1963); \textit{State v. Barger}, 148 Kan. 590, 83 P.2d 648 (1938); \textit{State v. Robinson}, 217 Ore. 612, 343 P.2d 886 (1959); \textit{Commonwealth v. Petrisko}, 432 Pa. 250, 247 A.2d 581 (1968); \textit{Ramsdell v. Langlois}, 100 R.I. 468, 217 A.2d 83 (1966). \textsuperscript{16}193 Va. 216, 68 S.E.2d 507 (1952). The formal charge was determined to be invalid on the defendant's motion. He was reindicted and then sought discharge under Virginia's "three-term" statute, \textit{Va. Code Ann.} § 19-165 (1950), \textit{as amended}, \textit{Va. Code Ann.} §19.1-191 (Repl. Vol. 1960). In refusing to grant discharge, the court noted that since the original indictment had been declared invalid on the defendant's motion, he could not claim that he had been continuously in jeopardy. tains only to charges declared invalid at the instance of the accused. Since the discharge statute becomes operative only when a formal charge is pending, if the charge is declared invalid the accused is outside the protection of the statute. Consequently, the discharge statute does not relate back to the original charge, but only to the charge which is in fact valid. Three states have taken a position contrary to the result in the principal case and have held that a motion challenging the validity of a formal charge does not constitute a delay caused by the defendant.\textsuperscript{16} For example, in \textit{Zehrlaut v. State},\textsuperscript{17} the court granted a motion for discharge, holding that an earlier motion testing the validity of the formal charge was not a dilatory motion, and that the state should have anticipated and prepared for such a challenge when the criminal charge was filed.\textsuperscript{18} The reasoning of the courts which apply such a rule is that a defendant has a right to a valid formal charge and that the state should foresee that a questionable formal charge will be tested.\textsuperscript{19} Hence, a delay caused by the state's or the court's response to the motion should not be charged to the defendant. This, in effect, is a response to the "utilitarian" approach advanced by the court in \textit{Ham- \textsuperscript{16}See \textit{Ex parte Rosenberg}, 23 Cal. App. 2d 265, 72 P.2d 559 (Dist. Ct. App. 1937). The defendant demurred to an indictment, the demurrer was sustained, and the defendant was reindicted. The defendant argued that sustaining the original demurrer did not result in a termination of the proceedings. However, the court held that the original indictment being void, the discharge statute did not commence running until two months later when the defendant was reindicted. The same argument was presented in \textit{Latson v. State}, 51 Del. 377, 146 A.2d 597 (1958) with the same result. \textit{Cf. State v. Rowland}, 172 Kan. 224, 239 P.2d 949 (1952). \textsuperscript{17}\textit{State v. Pruett}, 101 Ariz. 65, 415 P.2d 888 (1966) (by implication); \textit{Ex parte Miller}, 66 Colo. 261, 180 P. 749 (1919); \textit{Zehrlaut v. State}, 230 Ind. 175, 102 N.E.2d 203 (1951). The West Virginia rule, prior to the principal case, was in accord with this position. \textit{Ex parte Bracey}, 82 W. Va. 69, 95 S.E. 593 (1918). \textsuperscript{18}230 Ind. 175, 102 N.E.2d 203 (1951). The defendant was indicted in August, 1948. A month later he moved to quash the indictment. The motion was not acted upon until four months later, when it was overruled. In May, 1949, four months after the motion was overruled, the defendant, not yet having been tried, successfully moved to dismiss the indictment because of delay in prosecution. \textsuperscript{19}102 N.E.2d at 207. \textsuperscript{20}\textit{State v. Pruett}, 101 Ariz. 65, 415 P.2d 888 (1966) (dictum); \textit{Zehrlaut v. State}, 230 Ind. 175, 102 N.E.2d 204 (1951) (by implication). The Supreme Court of Arizona recently expressed such reasoning: There can be little doubt that the defendant should not be penalized for his exercise of a fundamental constitutional right....Defendant's motions to dismiss or quash were pursuant to the criminal procedure rules of this state and were, no doubt, anticipated by the state in this, as well as in most cases. \textsuperscript{415 P.2d at 891}. For a discussion of the defendant's right to be prosecuted only on a valid formal charge see note 53 \textit{infra} and accompanying text. In rejecting the "utilitarian" concept these courts hold that, since the original formal charge is still valid, the time period runs from that formal charge, and if the defendant is not brought to trial within the prescribed time period, he should be discharged.\textsuperscript{20} Where the challenge to the validity of the formal charge is sustained, as in \textit{Farley}, only one jurisdiction has held that the time period continues to run from the original charge.\textsuperscript{21} The Supreme Court of Indiana, relying on \textit{Zehrlnaut}, held that dismissal of an indictment, on the defendant's motion, did not remove the charge itself; rather, it only operated as against that particular indictment.\textsuperscript{22} The court stated that to hold otherwise would force a hardship on the defendant: \begin{quote} The accused would be forced to accept one of two prejudicial courses of action: either file motions to quash which would, even though sustained, toll the three-term statute, or waive the defects by not filing the motions to quash, so as not to toll the three-term statute. No such burden should be placed on the defendant.\textsuperscript{23} \end{quote} Although Indiana is the only state to specifically hold this position, a Maryland court recently echoed a similar opinion.\textsuperscript{24} Though finding that the defendant had not been placed within the discharge statute, that particular court noted that if the actions of the state, in failing to draw up a valid indictment until the third try, had resulted in an unreasonable delay, the defendant might have been denied due process of law.\textsuperscript{25} A person, once arrested should be entitled to both a speedy trial\textsuperscript{26} and a substantively valid formal charge.\textsuperscript{27} The right to a speedy trial, \textsuperscript{20}Text accompanying note 12 \textit{supra}. \textsuperscript{21}\textit{See Ex parte} Miller, 66 Colo. 261, 180 P. 749 (1919); \textit{Ex parte} Bracey, 82 W. Va. 69, 95 S.E. 593 (1918). \textsuperscript{22}\textit{State v. McCarty}, 243 Ind. 361, 185 N.E.2d 732 (1962). \textsuperscript{23}\textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{24}185 N.E.2d at 737. \textsuperscript{25}\textit{Greathouse v. State}, 5 Md. App. 675, 249 A.2d 207 (Ct. Spec. App. 1969). \textsuperscript{26}249 A.2d at 215 (dictum). \textsuperscript{27}Cases cited note 42 \textit{infra} and accompanying text. Various time provisions have been suggested to define a speedy trial. It was suggested, for example, that to ensure a speedy trial, jurisdictions should make it mandatory that a defendant be brought to trial within thirty days after an indictment. 24 \textit{CRIM. L.J.} 1113 (1924). Another suggestion has been that the period from arrest to trial in felony cases should not be more than four months. \textit{REPORT BY THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE, THE CHALLENGE OF CRIME IN A FREE SOCIETY} 155 (1967). The federal courts use a "reasonable time" standard. \textit{See Baker v. United States}, 393 F.2d 604 (9th Cir. 1968). \textsuperscript{28}Text accompanying note 54 \textit{infra}. as set out in the United States Constitution, was recently extended by the Supreme Court to criminal proceedings in all state and local courts. This right had previously been guaranteed by various state constitutional provisions, which were patterned after or directly incorporated the federal constitutional provision. The prevailing view today is that the right to a speedy trial does not arise until the accused has been formally charged. While the Supreme Court has not yet expressly held that the right to a speedy trial arises prior to the formal --- 29 U.S. Const. amend. VI provides, in part: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial...." 30 Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U.S. 213 (1967). The pendency of the indictment may subject him [petitioner] to public scorn and deprive him of employment, and almost certainly will force curtailment of his speech, associations and participation in unpopular causes. By indefinitely prolonging this oppression...the criminal procedure condoned in this case...clearly denies the petitioner the right to a speedy trial which we hold is guaranteed to him by the Sixth Amendment.... Id. at 222. 31 E.g., Conn. Const. art. 1, § 8. 32 E.g., Calif. Const. art. 1, § 13. 33 E.g., Benson v. United States, 402 F.2d 576 (9th Cir. 1968); United States v. McCarthy, 292 F. Supp. 937 (S.D.N.Y. 1968). Cf. State v. Saiz, 103 Ariz. 567, 447 P.2d 541 (1968); State v. Jesters, — Wash. —, 448 P.2d 917 (1968). Recently, however, a different position has been expressed by some courts. In United States v. Provoo, 17 F.R.D. 183 (D. Md.), aff'd. 350 U.S. 857 (1955) (mem.), a federal district court held that where the defendant was imprisoned for seven months without any formal charge being placed against him, then released and subsequently re-indicted over five years later, the delay by the government was a sufficient ground for dismissal. A further modification of the right to a speedy trial is the "demand rule." Apparently, the earliest judicial pronouncement of the demand rule was in Phillips v. United States, 201 F. 259 (8th Cir. 1912), where the court held: "It is his duty, if he wants a speedy trial, to ask for it; and we must presume that he would have been granted an earlier trial if he had so asked." Id. at 262. The effect of this rule was shown in United States v. Lustmann, 258 F.2d 475 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 880 (1958), where it was held that five years from the date of the indictment to the date of trial was not an unreasonable delay, since the defendant had not demanded a trial. The American Bar Association has recommended dropping the "demand rule": "The time for trial should commence running without demand by the defendant...." ABA Standards Relating to Speedy Trial, Rule 2:2 (1969). Some states have statutory provisions for the right to a speedy formal accusation; e.g., Va. Code Ann. § 19.1-163 (Repl. Vol. 1960) provides, in part: A person in jail on a criminal charge shall be discharged from imprisonment if a presentment, indictment or information be not found or filed against him before the end of the second term of the court at which he is held to answer.... charge, one federal court and three state courts have adopted this principle. The District of Columbia Circuit held recently that the constitutional guarantee of a speedy trial should protect against inordinate delays in presenting a formal charge as well as delays between the formal charge and trial. Supplementing this view, the court later held that the prosecutor's duty to ensure a speedy trial should begin as soon as the arrest is made, without regard to when an indictment is returned. The Supreme Court of Illinois in a recent case noted that a substantial number of cases hold that the sixth amendment's speedy trial guarantee has no application until after an indictment or information has been found by the state, and a delay before the formal charge generally is governed by the statute of limitations. However, a long lapse between arrest and indictment may deprive the defendant of his right to a speedy trial. In a recent Idaho case where the accused was not arrested for the purpose of being formally charged until over eleven months after a complaint was filed against him and the prosecutor knew of his whereabouts during these eleven months, the court held: Under the [state] constitutional provisions, no logical conclusion can be reached other than that the time within which an accused is to be secured in his right to a speedy trial must be computed from the time the complaint is filed against him. --- 34 However, the court by way of dictum has implied that such may be the case: "[I]f, contrary to sound judicial administration in our federal system, arrest and incarceration are followed by inordinate delay prior to indictment, a defendant may, under appropriate circumstances, invoke the protection of the Sixth Amendment." Smith v. United States, 360 U.S. 1, 10 (1959). 35 Hanrahan v. United States, 348 F.2d 363 (D.C. Cir. 1965); Nickens v. United States, 323 F.2d 808 (D.C. Cir. 1963), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 905 (1964); Mann v. United States, 304 F.2d 394 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 371 U.S. 896 (1963). 36 Jacobson v. Winter, 91 Idaho 11, 415 P.2d 297 (1966); People v. Hryciuk, 36 Ill. 2d 500, 224 N.E.2d 250 (1967); State v. Johnson, 275 N.C. 264, 167 S.E.2d 274 (1969). 37 Mann v. United States, 304 F.2d 394, 396 n.4 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 371 U.S. 896 (1963). 38 Hanrahan v. United States, 348 F.2d 363, 366 (D.C. Cir. 1965). Apparently the District of Columbia Circuit is the only federal jurisdiction which has adopted this view. 39 People v. Hryciuk, 36 Ill. 2d 500, 224 N.E.2d 250 (1967). The accused was arrested in 1939 on a rape charge. Several days later he confessed to a 1937 murder. He was indicted on the rape charge and convicted. In 1953 he successfully challenged the rape conviction and was released. He was then indicted and convicted on the 1937 murder charge. The appellate court reversed, holding that he had been denied his right to a speedy trial. 40 Jacobson v. Winter, 91 Idaho 11, 415 P.2d 297, 300 (1966). The courts in each of these jurisdictions reasoned that there exists no logical reason to immunize delay before the formal charge from the constitutional requirement of a speedy trial and censure delay afterwards.\textsuperscript{41} The former delay is as equally deleterious and thwarts the protection afforded by speed between indictment and trial; it creates the very dangers now avoided by a timely trial after indictment. It prolongs pretrial judicial control of a party as yet presumed innocent; it increases anxiety and the attendant burdens placed on a party under public accusation; and it impairs the ability of the accused to defend himself, due to a greater probability of lost witnesses and faded memories.\textsuperscript{42} The Supreme Court itself has not expressly held that the right to a speedy trial arises prior to the filing of the formal charge. However, in the \textit{Escobedo}\textsuperscript{43} and \textit{Miranda}\textsuperscript{44} cases the Court did extend to pre-indictment activities in the states one of the constitutional guarantees\textsuperscript{45} formerly thought to arise only after the formal charge had been placed against the accused. In \textit{Escobedo}, the court held that it made no difference that the defendant had not been formally indicted; the constitutional protection attached when he became “the accused.”\textsuperscript{46} This view was expanded two years later in the \textit{Miranda} decision where the court held that the constitutional protection arises when an individual is “... deprived of his freedom by the authorities in any significant way ...”\textsuperscript{47} Although the constitutional protection involved in the \textit{Escobedo} and \textit{Miranda} cases was the privilege against self-incrimination, these cases show a willingness to protect the defendant prior to indictment and demonstrate the application of constitutional rights without regard to the formalities of criminal procedure. This anticipates the increased acceptance of the position taken by courts in Idaho,\textsuperscript{48} Illinois\textsuperscript{49} and the District of Columbia Circuit,\textsuperscript{50} that the constitutional \textsuperscript{41}State v. Johnson, 275 N.C. 264, 167 S.E.2d 274, 279 (1969); cf. Hanrahan v. United States, 348 F.2d 363 (D.C. Cir. 1965); Mann v. United States, 304 F.2d 394 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 371 U.S. 896 (1962); People v. Hryciuk, 36 Ill. 2d 500, 224 N.E.2d 250 (1967); Jacobson v. Winter, 91 Idaho 11, 415 P.2d 297 (1966). \textsuperscript{42}Hanrahan v. United States, 348 F.2d 363, 366 (D.C. Cir. 1965); accord, \textit{Ex parte} Altman, 34 F. Supp. 106 (S.D. Cal. 1940). \textsuperscript{43}Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 (1964). \textsuperscript{44}Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). \textsuperscript{45}U.S. Const. amend. V states, in part: “[N]or shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself...” \textsuperscript{46}378 U.S. at 485. \textsuperscript{47}384 U.S. at 478. \textsuperscript{48}Jacobson v. Winter, 91 Idaho 11, 415 P.2d 297 (1966). \textsuperscript{49}People v. Hryciuk, 36 Ill. 2d 500, 224 N.E.2d 250 (1967). \textsuperscript{50}Cases cited note 35 supra. right to a speedy trial should relate to the time the accused is initially taken into custody. In addition to a speedy trial, the defendant should also be entitled to a substantively valid formal charge. The technical procedure of an indictment by a grand jury in all major criminal cases, as guaranteed by the Constitution,\textsuperscript{51} has not yet expressly been extended by the Supreme Court to persons brought before state courts.\textsuperscript{52} However, the Court has recognized the necessity of a valid formal charge on which to base a prosecution.\textsuperscript{53} In the early case of \textit{Hurtado v. California},\textsuperscript{54} it was held that the fourteenth amendment provision for "due process of law"\textsuperscript{55} does not necessarily require an indictment by a grand jury in a state prosecution, but that a prosecution on the basis of an information is sufficient.\textsuperscript{56} This sentiment has repeatedly been voiced by the Supreme Court\textsuperscript{57} as well as by the courts of the various states.\textsuperscript{58} The necessity of a valid formal charge on which to base a criminal prosecution has long been recognized in Anglo-American law.\textsuperscript{59} The indictment or information informs the accused of precisely the crime \textsuperscript{51}U.S. Const. amend. v states, in part: "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury...." \textsuperscript{52}In O'Callahan v. Parker, 89 S. Ct. 1683 (1969), the Supreme Court emphasized that the right to an indictment by a grand jury should be given the widest possible application. Justice Douglas stated, "If the case does not arise 'in the land or naval forces,' the accused get \textit{first} the benefit of an indictment by a grand jury...before a civilian court as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendent...." \textit{Id.} at 1685. \textsuperscript{53}See Smith v. United States, 360 U.S. 1 (1959); Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516 (1884). \textsuperscript{54}110 U.S. 516 (1884). \textsuperscript{55}U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. \textsuperscript{56}110 U.S. at 538. \textsuperscript{57}See, e.g., Kennedy v. Walker, 337 U.S. 901 (1949) (applying Conn. law); Lem Woon v. Oregon, 229 U.S. 586 (1913). In \textit{Kennedy}, four justices dissented from the \textit{per curiam} affirmation of a Connecticut court's holding that an indictment was not a constitutional requirement in state court cases. See \textit{Kennedy v. Walker}, 135 Conn. 262, 63 A.2d 589 (1948). \textsuperscript{58}Smith v. Warden, 25 Conn. Supp. 509, 209 A.2d 521 (Super. Ct. 1964), cert. denied, 381 U.S. 411 (1965); State v. Linehan, 276 Minn. 349, 150 N.W.2d 203 (1967); State v. Barr, 126 Vt. 112, 223 A.2d 462 (1966); Goyer v. State, 26 Wis. 2d 244, 81 N.W.2d 888 (1965). \textsuperscript{59}L. Orfield, \textit{Criminal Procedure from Arrest to Appeal} 204 (1947): It is a fundamental tenet of Anglo-American law that no person can be subjected to trial until he has been informed formally and in writing what the charge is against which he must be prepared to defend himself. For an excellent history of the development of the indictment and information see Whyte, \textit{Is the Grand Jury Necessary?} 45 Va. L. Rev. 461 (1959). with which he is being charged so that he can prepare a defense.\textsuperscript{60} Thus, it is essential that the formal charge be substantively valid and that it be brought against the defendant in accordance with the law. Were the procedural and substantive validity of a formal charge not required, a public prosecutor could charge without just cause any person whom he suspected of committing a crime. The requirement of validity is further emphasized by the holding in many jurisdictions that a trial under an invalid formal charge is a nullity and the defendant may be retried.\textsuperscript{61} This result has been explained on the grounds that jeopardy attaches only when a valid charge is pending against the accused\textsuperscript{62} and that a valid charge is "jurisdictional" — the court having no jurisdiction over the defendant, the judgment is void.\textsuperscript{63} The defendant should challenge a formal charge suspected of invalidity, to ensure both that his rights are protected and to avoid the possibility of a time consuming retrial. In the principal case, Farley asserted his right to a valid formal charge by challenging three invalid indictments returned against him. By asserting his right to a valid charge, Farley was protecting both himself and the state. Nevertheless the court, following the prevailing view, held that the assertions by Farley of his right to a valid indictment were continuances, or postponements, of the trial and thus tolled the discharge statute. Therefore, by asserting his right to a valid in- \textsuperscript{60}J. Waite, \textit{Criminal Law in Action} 55 (1934): Under the state constitutions, and indeed as an obvious essential to fairness and justice, the defendant has an absolute right to be informed before trial of exactly what wrong doing he is charged with—he may 'demand the nature and cause of his accusation.' Not only must the accusation explicitly inform the accused of what he is alleged to have done, but also the acts so alleged must amount to a crime. Obviously one should not be put to trial on a charge of having done what no law forbids his doing. Therefore, the statements in the accusation must make it evident that if the accused did in fact do what he is charged with having done, he did commit a crime. \textsuperscript{61}\textit{E.g.,} Presley v. State, 6 Md. App. 419, 251 A.2d 622 (Ct. Spec. App. 1969); People v. Cianciuli, 59 Misc. 2d 187, 298 N.Y.S.2d 217 (Dist. Ct. 1969); State v. Simmans, 18 Ohio App. 2d 143, 247 N.E.2d 785 (Ct. App. 1969); Mealy v. Commonwealth, 193 Va. 216, 68 S.E.2d 507 (1952). \textit{Cf.} Benton v. Maryland, 89 S. Ct. 2056 (1969); United States v. Franke, 409 F.2d 958 (7th Cir. 1969). \textsuperscript{62}Mealy v. Commonwealth, 193 Va. 216, 68 S.E.2d 507 (1952). \textsuperscript{63}J. Waite, \textit{Criminal Law in Action} 56 (1934): It does not matter that the accused has actually been tried and found guilty of a specific crime and that the evidence produced leaves no doubt of his guilt. The courts have held, and many still do hold, that a valid indictment is 'jurisdictional' and that trial, however fairly conducted, is a nullity if it eventually appears that the accusation was formally insufficient .... dictment Farley was forced to waive his right to a speedy trial.\textsuperscript{64} The burden of placing a valid charge against a defendant is on the state, and thus the defendant should not be required to obtain such a valid charge only by a waiver of another constitutional right. The assertion by the court, that since the defendant had quashed the original indictment he was not in jeopardy and hence could not invoke the discharge statute, fails to recognize that it is the delay, latent with dangers to the defendant, and not the formal stage of the proceedings, which is crucial. This delay begins the moment a party is deprived of his freedom. Therefore, it is from this point that the right to a speedy trial commences. Nor can the result in \textit{Farley} be justified by the “utilitarian” argument employed in the \textit{Hamby} decision. The fact that a state may not have the resources to make a timely defense to every attack upon the validity of an indictment should not take precedence over the right of the accused to a speedy trial. A dilatory plea filed by an accused should toll the running of the discharge statute. However, a motion testing the validity of a formal charge should not be held against him. The accused should not be forced into the dilemma of determining whether or not to waive his right to a speedy trial in order to assert his right to a proper charge. \textit{John Thomas Province} \textsuperscript{64} 169 S.E.2d at 121.
I. Introduction 1. The United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD), the National Environment Agency of Singapore (NEA-Singapore), and the Ministry of the Environment of the Government of Japan (MoE-Japan), jointly organized the Third Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia from 5 to 7 October 2011 in Singapore. The Forum was supported by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the German International Cooperation (GIZ), the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). It was attended by approximately 150 participants, comprising government representatives from twenty three countries, including ten member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Bangladesh, People’s Republic of China (hereinafter, China), India, Japan, Republic of Korea (hereinafter, Korea), Maldives, Mongolia, Timor-Leste, and five Pacific island countries (Fiji, Kiribati, Palau, Samoa, and Solomon Islands). Subsidiary Expert Group Members of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia, international resource persons, representatives from various UN and international organizations, NGOs, representatives from the private sector, and local observers from Singapore. As a side event of the Forum, the NGO communities from Japan and Singapore shared and discussed various experiences in promoting the 3Rs towards a zero waste society. 2. The Asia-Pacific region is facing immense challenges in coping with the rapidly increasing volume and changing characteristics of urban and industrial wastes. The quantum of waste is increasing significantly due to rising population, and increasing consumption and per capita waste generation. Apart from municipal solid waste (MSW), emerging waste streams such as electronic waste (e-waste), health-care waste, plastic waste, construction and demolition waste, and household hazardous waste have become matters of concern. These wastes, if not managed properly, will have a significant adverse impact on human health, ecosystems, and resources in the region. It is also important that technologies which are chosen can be managed safely. 3. The Regional 3R Forum in Asia was established in November 2009, with the objective of becoming a knowledge networking platform for disseminating and sharing best practices, technologies and tools on various aspects of the 3Rs. The third Regional 3R Forum in Asia, focused on the key theme “Technology Transfer for promoting the 3Rs – Adapting, implementing, and scaling up appropriate technologies,” with an objective to address one of the key priorities highlighted in the Tokyo 3R Statement. More specifically, the Meeting aimed to: (a) address 3R technologies, including technologies that reduce virgin material input as well as those which encourage the use of recycled resources; (b) address and identify policies and institutional frameworks for the promotion of 3Rs technologies, including those that contribute to attracting investment and promoting business to business technology transfer; (c) address and identify opportunities for collaborative actions and partnerships including bilateral, multilateral and regional supporting mechanisms to promote 3R technology transfer. 4. In addition the Meeting discussed the “Recommendations of the Singapore Forum on the 3Rs in Achieving a Resource Efficient Society in Asia,” which is a comprehensive set of recommendations covering a wide range of sectors and issues relevant to the 3Rs and resource efficiency. This is based on the fundamental understanding that the 3Rs is intrinsically linked with resource efficiency in a variety of sectors such as agriculture, industry, urban development and energy, among others, towards transitioning to a resource efficient and green economy. II. Opening Session 5. Extending the sincere appreciation of the Government of Japan to the international community for their cooperation and support in the aftermath of the Great Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster in East Japan, Mr Satoshi Takayama, Parliamentary Secretary of the Environment, Japan, underscoring the 3R principles, he informed meeting participants that disaster waste is being segregated into various categories such as hazardous waste and recyclables as much as possible in order to recycle. Addressing the theme of the Third Meeting, he emphasized that efficient use of resources and reduction of waste generation are crucial to economic growth and sustainable development in an increasingly resource-deficient world. Technologies have great potential to play a major role in this respect. However, if left to the market, environmental and 3R technologies would not be widely used. Emphasizing the need for legal and institutional frameworks for the promotion of the 3Rs technologies, he introduced the Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society in Japan, which has led to a resource productivity increase by 38%, cyclical use rate increase from 10% to 14% and a reduction on the final disposal amount by 60% between the years 2000 and 2008. 6. Ms. Chikako Takase, Acting Director, UNCRD, emphasized the significance of the 3Rs, which offers environmentally friendly alternatives for dealing with the increasing generation of waste. They offer an opportunity to reap a number of potential benefits/co-benefits, such as GHG reduction, waste minimization, energy security, resource conservation and efficiency, protection of land and freshwater resources and public health. Moreover, the Forum offers the opportunity to contribute to the preparation process of Rio+20. One of the two main themes of Rio+20 is “green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”. The 3Rs are inherently important and strategic in this regard. The 3R policies and programs can offer potential solutions and benefits for cities and countries to decouple resource usage and the associated environmental damage from the economic growth, thus contributing towards a green economy. Introducing the International Partnership for Expanding Waste Management Services of Local Authorities (IPLA), which was launched at CSD-19 in May 2011, she encouraged the participating countries to take full advantage of the Regional 3R Forum as well as IPLA for successful international cooperation and partnerships in building required scientific and technological knowledge base in 3Rs in the region. She also underscored the need to build the required capacity of local authorities and municipalities by fostering multi-stakeholder partnerships at the local level to deal with growing waste management issues. 7. In his opening speech, Mr Andrew Tan, CEO of the National Environment Agency, Singapore, conveyed on behalf of all participants their heartfelt wishes to the families affected by the Fukushima Crisis and expressed confidence that the Japanese nation would emerge stronger and more resilient. from the episode. He underscored the growing awareness of the 3Rs among countries in the region, alongside Asia’s phenomenal economic growth in the last few decades. Due to growing affluence, the rise in living standards, and emergence of more mega cities, more waste will arise in the future. At the same time, we live in an era of growing resource scarcity, concerns over the environment, and climate change that requires that we optimize resources used in production, make better use of our waste as resource, develop the right incentives for our businesses and people to practice the 3Rs, and promote 3Rs that make sense. With the First and Second Meetings of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia having raised the level of understanding on achieving a green economy, resource efficiency and a sound material-cycle society, the Third Meeting will build upon the progress made by examining Technology Transfer for Promoting the 3Rs – Adapting, Implementing and Scaling Up Appropriate Technologies, with discussions centred on the promotion of 3R technologies, the use of recycled resources, and the prospects for technology transfer, and with the market demand as a driving force. 8. In his opening speech, H.E. Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for the Environment and Water Resources, Singapore, mentioned that food, water, air, raw materials, minerals and energy will all become rate limiting factors for human development. Therefore we need a paradigm shift in the way we look at waste, treating it as a resource rather than just something to be thrown away, and implementing the concept of the 3Rs. This presents opportunities in environmental engineering, but for this to happen, people must be green conscious, companies must be socially responsible, government must invest in infrastructure, the appropriate technology must be invented and shared, and the economic incentives must be correct. In promoting 3R technologies, suitable policies and strategies to encourage the development and transfer of technologies need to be in place, and appropriate technologies adapted to suit each community’s needs. Countries will also need to build partnerships with industries to develop cost-effective solutions in waste management. As an initiative to further promote dialogue and partnership, Singapore will hold the inaugural CleanEnviro Summit Singapore (CESS) from 1 to 4 July 2012, bringing together thought leaders, policy makers and practitioners to network and exchange knowledge on the challenges, opportunities and innovative solutions for a clean environment. Held alongside CESS is the inaugural WasteMET Asia, Asia’s premier exhibition and conference for waste management and environmental technologies and solutions. 9. Delivering the keynote address, Dr. Luis F. Diaz, Chair, Task Group on Developing Countries, International Waste Working Group, remarked that the 20th century will probably be remembered as the age of: unrestrained consumption of resources and large contamination of our environment. From 1960 to 1970s: Attention to side effects of industrial and economic growth (Silent Spring by Rachel Carson and The Closing Circle by Barry Commoner and in the 1990s: Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development. Since 1987, many areas around the world have adopted the concept of sustainable development (as well as 3Rs): Different interpretations; different stages of implementation. Industrialized countries rely on: reduction at source, reuse, material recovery, energy recovery and sanitary landfilling (mostly 3Rs) while middle income industrializing countries use limited “formal” material and energy recovery and some sanitary landfilling, and low income countries use relatively high informal material recovery and mostly open dumps. In industrialized countries, the solid waste management industry, during the last 60 to 70 years, has evolved from on-site incineration by private individuals and businesses; some scavenging was conducted during collection and disposal. Residues were disposed indiscriminately on land and burned or into bodies of water. First “modern” sanitary landfill opened in Fresno, California in 1937. In 1991, the US EPA promulgates new criteria for sanitary landfills to be put into practice by the States. In 1996, new source performance and emission guidelines requiring that landfill gas be collected were introduced. LFG (landfill gas) to energy plants were built and energy tax credit legislation passed to encourage the development of LFG projects. In the Asia-Pacific Region, the population has been estimated at about 3.75 billion people; the region is experiencing a rapid rate of urbanization; the generation of solid waste has also increased; the majority of countries in the region still depend on the disposal of their solid wastes in land. Global trends include: rapid population growth; high level of resource and energy use in industrialized countries; very large industrialization in large emerging economies (BRIC); increasing affluence, high levels of consumption, and; relative ease of global trade. Due to the global trends, we now have climate change due to combustion of fossil fuels; loss of biodiversity and ecosystems; loss of fertile land and growing quantities of waste generation. Keys to implementing successful solid waste management programs include: political will to solve the problem of waste management; development of realistic plans: appropriate technology (site selection, facility design), availability of resources (financial and human) for sustainable operations; availability of uses/markets (product quality); establishment of sound final disposal sites; and development of comprehensive education programs at all levels. III. The 3R technologies for resource efficient society and economy 10. Decoupling of economic growth from resource consumption is a necessary condition to achieve a resource efficient and sustainable society and economy. Technology transfer and the 3R paradigm is an excellent vector for this purpose. The implementation of 3R technologies must be considered as a continuous improvement process. 11. The contribution of 3R technologies to a resource efficient society and economy goes beyond solid waste management. Originally, the 3R paradigm - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle focused on the product level and a considerable amount of attention was given to recycling. However, in order to move towards a resource efficient society and economy, a shift of focus towards entire product life cycles must take place. Although this shift is already in progress in some areas, some countries have yet to initiate this process. 12. Applied at the industry level, the 3R paradigm can be understood as: (i) reduction of resource inputs (including energy, water and raw material), (ii) use of renewable sources of energy and material, and (iii) re-design of products to lower the amount of material they contain and the energy they use during their lifetime. 13. Government is the driving force behind this paradigm shift in elaborating and implementing adapted measures and strategies. The interest and needs of all stakeholders, including government, private and informal sector and the local community are considered when applying 3R technologies. Sound Material Cycle Society and the Circular Economy are good examples of governmental initiatives promoting 3R technologies. 14. Generally, many 3R technologies have proven to be beneficial from the social, economic and environmental points of view. These benefits include creation of green jobs, higher resource efficiency that generally provide direct financial and climate benefits. Given that the large portion of municipal solid waste in Asian countries is organic, contribution to GHG reduction could be significant if it is treated using appropriate technologies. Replication and scaling-up of these successes are still representing a challenge in some developing countries. 15. The identification of the required 3R technology is based on the local specificities. Robust baseline data based on resource flow analysis is needed to develop sound 3R technology plans. Successful 3R technologies should thus be adapted before being implemented. It applies especially for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) where land and resources are limited. The selected technology must only be implemented if it is economically profitable, beneficial for the environment and adapted to the local social conditions. 16. The involvement of the private sector as well as the ownership by the recipients of the 3R technology transfer is a key factor ensuring the sustainability of an action. 17. Practically, some examples of 3R technologies applicable to various industrial sectors include nanotechnology, organic/green chemistry, biotechnology, information technology and renewable energy. 3R technologies also include low cost solutions such as better housekeeping. 18. On a regional level, Asian countries should eliminate open dump sites and move to sanitary landfills equipped with landfill gas collection systems, thus contributing to the reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. The high content of organic matter in Asian waste should foster the production of compost that can be used as organic fertilizer instead of chemical substances. 19. South to South knowledge sharing is a strategy for small countries to get valuable information applicable to their own circumstances. Adequate technical and human resource capacity development for collection and safe treatment of toxic and hazardous wastes, including household waste, medical waste, and e-waste must be conducted. 20. The development of eco-industrial zones and clusters could give greater emphasis in encouraging circular use of resources, where wastes and by-products of one enterprise becomes a resource for another. In addition, development and transfer of environmentally sound 3R technology represent a great opportunity to create environmental support service companies. Enterprises specialized in environmental related services represent an essential sector of activity that must be promoted and supported in developing countries. 21. Developing countries have the potential to leapfrog over old, outdated technologies and adopt innovative technologies based around the 3Rs. Continued monitoring and dissemination of the best practice technologies to implement the 3Rs approach will help to ensure that the 3Rs will take their rightful place in a resource efficient society and economy. 22. Biomass waste in rural areas represents a huge, largely neglected, opportunity to recover energy and raw materials from waste. Economic, social and environmental benefits can be achieved by utilizing biomass waste (such as reduced GHG emissions, reduced deforestation for firewood, and replacement of extraction of virgin materials, improvement of soil condition). 23. The need for developing and continuous updating of hazardous waste inventories is an important first step towards managing these waste streams. It is important to develop waste generation factors and substitutes to hazardous substances in order to manage the waste problems in developing countries. IV. Policy and institutional framework for promoting transfer of 3R technologies 24. With a major shift in paradigm of solid waste management from waste management into resource efficiency, there is an increasing opportunity in market development for recycling and environmental technologies. Technology plays an important role in promoting 3R practices. Effective policies that support the adaptation, implementation and diffusion of 3Rs technologies would contribute towards the national development goals as well as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), mitigating climate change and improving the overall environment and economy of developing countries, and also contribute to the transition to a green economy in the context of sustainable development and 25. Although there are many successful voluntary initiatives from members of the private sector such as take-back of used products, market economy and voluntary initiatives from the industrial sector alone cannot be a major driving force for successful technological transfer and diffusion both within a country and between countries. Experience of Japan shows that a comprehensive policy framework such as EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility)-based recycling policy covering total environmental costs of life cycle of products is needed to make the business and technologies viable in the market of the 3Rs. Such policies shall ensure low cost, no free riders, and cost recovery to maximize the benefits from the 3R practices. 26. Policies are needed to create conditions that enable the private sector to be active in the 3R technology markets. Similarly, policies are essential to address social concerns such as poor working conditions and serious environmental pollution observed often in small-scale recycling activities in developing Asia. The experience of Kawasaki city shows that a combination of industrial and environmental policy are useful in establishing industrial infrastructure for recycling and the market needed for successful 3R technology introduction. 27. Governments need to select and introduce a set of policy instruments, addressing the specific contexts of the countries, in order to promote 3R technology transfer, adaptation and diffusion. Potential policy interventions may include: taxes and charges (e.g. pollution fees, landfill charges, volume-based waste fees, carbon taxes, environmental taxes, luxury goods taxes, value added tax); subsidies and tariffs (e.g. export and import tariffs on energy-intensive products, removal of fossil fuel subsidies, rebates for green procurement); standards and target setting (e.g., mandatory targets specified in cleaner production or energy efficiency laws, voluntary targets by business associations); information-based policies (independent certification, eco-labelling, product content and production information, independent testing and verification, producer and consumer education, and social marketing); and technology research and development. 28. Successful cases of technology transfer and adaptation on the 3Rs in Asia are often characterised by low-cost, labour-intensive technologies and the transferring agent taking some responsibilities of operation, and through FDI (foreign direct investment), PPP (public-private partnership), and BOT (build, operate and transfer). Appropriate policy framework and legislation will support successful adaptation and operations of 3R technologies and facilities by creating greener jobs, avoiding nuisance, and providing information on proven technologies. 29. Cost-effectiveness of the 3R technologies currently available are mostly based on economies of scale. Thus, small countries such as SIDS face increasing cost due to technological gaps associated with the relatively small quantity of waste and the available treatment technologies. In view of the economies of scale and other local conditions and limitations such as land scarcity, regional or sub-regional cooperation for recycling non-hazardous general waste could be a possible option that can be explored, with specific attention to SIDS. 30. Challenges and barriers associated with technology transfer and adaptation are mainly those related to the lack of proper and reliable information, data, and communication for proper assessment including policy concepts, local conditions, local business risks, waste compositions, size of markets, major stakeholders, estimation of technological capacity and operation, expected environmental impact, and amount of collected recyclables. Thus, 3R policy shall be pursued along with improved information gathering at the national and local levels. Credible and transparent information on successful and failed pilot projects shall be documented and made available regionally. Decentralized information sharing is needed to make it available to support the decisions of local operators and implementers of the 3R activities. 31. In addition to the attention given to recycling technology, further collaborative research as well as strengthened international financial schemes should be geared to address reduce and reuse aspects, and prevention of hazardous waste generation. 32. As priorities of technology development for the next decade, the meeting noted the following: proper treatment and reduction of bio-waste and organic waste, waste-to-energy, sanitary landfill, e-waste management, and ELV (end of life vehicles) management. 33. Government initiatives as well as NGO activities for training and skills development are encouraged to enable individuals engaged in informal 3R activities to be integrated into formal waste management activities and be provided with decent working conditions. Social policies need to be enforced to prevent children’s engagement in recovery activities at disposal sites. 34. At the global level, the Basel Convention is promoting shift in emphasis from waste management to resource management as reflected in the theme of the tenth meeting of the Conference of Parties which is on “Prevention, Minimization, and Recovery of Waste” and the new Strategic Framework, 2012-2021. Implementation strategies would focus on partnership and synergies at the regional and international levels. V. Enabling market conditions to foster business-to-business technology transfer 35. There is a strong need to create and expand markets for environmentally friendly products/ecoproducts produced using 3R technologies, which would give strong signals encouraging wider use of 3R technologies by private sector. The market is the key to growth of 3Rs technologies. Markets will drive technology development, adaptation and adoption. 36. Most economies rely on the free market system to ensure the efficient use of resources. However no market operates perfectly. This creates room for governments to intervene by formulating necessary market-based mechanisms and policies that favour promotion of the 3Rs through fostering business-to-business technology transfer. 37. Technology suppliers could be encouraged to make efforts to make 3R technologies affordable by reducing costs, for instance by investing in research and development for low cost technologies. 38. Four elements to create market and encourage investors: 1) infrastructure development and its accessibility; 2) development of regulatory framework and policy guidelines including financial instruments favouring the 3R market 3) recognition of businesses active in the 3Rs by way of green awards/certificates; and 4) awareness creation among consumers. Thus, governments should drive strong information campaigns to create demand and therefore encourage investment. 39. Companies implementing 3R technologies, green procurement policies, or other 3R initiatives should be acknowledged via a grading system based on their performance. For example, different grades could be assigned to companies attaining different stages or levels of the 3Rs. Consumers are a key driver to generate markets for green products. 40. Provision of one stop shop service should be considered for catering to 3R entrepreneurs such as national 3R focal points/information clearing house and organizing study tours and demonstration projects. The focal points can also help emerging entrepreneurs acquire funding support from international organizations. 41. Healthy competition in waste management services and recycling activities may create favourable market conditions for promoting 3R technology development. Fast tracking of licensing and permits will facilitate the transfer of 3R technologies and business opportunities. 42. Business associations and employers organizations could play key roles to make information on 3R technology more accessible to the SMEs. These organizations could also play a major role in multistakeholder discussions involving government, employers, workers, academics and communities to create green jobs. VI. The 3Rs in a green economy 43. The meeting noted a number of good initiatives in the region at national policy on the promotion of 3Rs and resource efficiency such as: Japan’s comprehensive laws and programs towards establishing Sound Material Cycle Society; Circular Economic Policy in China that aims to integrate economic, environmental, and social strategies to achieve high resource efficiency as a way of sustaining improvement in quality of life within natural and economic constraints; Korea’s green growth initiative and National Resource Recirculation Master Plan (2011-2015); 3R Fund in Singapore; development of national 3R strategies in Viet Nam, Bangladesh and Indonesia; Energy Efficiency Forum in the Philippines; to mention a few. At the regional level, some of the initiatives include creation of the 3R Knowledge Hub, Asia Resource Circulation Research Group which aims to build required information and knowledge base to facilitate sound policy development at local and national level. 44. However, in many Asian countries the prevailing production and consumption patterns represent a major challenge as they are not adequately oriented towards resource efficiency, resulting in growing quantities of wastes that must be managed for final disposal. The meeting also noted that as industrial economies continue to grow, the region will generate more toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes, mostly coming from industrial, agriculture, and manufacturing processes, but current waste management policies and programs are not effectively linked with resource conservation and ecosystem protection. 45. Governments, of both developing and developed countries, could move away from fiscal stimulus packages that directly or indirectly promote unsustainable production and consumption, by earmarking most of the stimulus funding for environmental technologies and infrastructure such as eco-towns, eco-industrial zones, and knowledge centers. It is therefore important that national governments play a catalytic role in fostering technology transfer and diffusion to deal with both existing and new emerging issues such as e-wastes, plastics in marine environment, and oil and lubricants, among others. 46. The 3Rs could provide a useful basis for Asian countries to make a transition to more resource efficient economies. The 3Rs is intrinsically linked with resource efficiency in a wide range of sectors in such as agriculture, industry, transport, energy, forestry, fishery, urban development, among others, towards transitioning to a resource efficient economy, thereby green economy. In this regard, 3Rs need to be mainstreamed in national development agenda, including environmental, social, and economic plans, polices, strategies and programs. 47. 3Rs, with emphasis to resource efficiency measures, could help Asian countries in a number of ways such as: tackling local environmental problems (land, water, air); GHG reduction; national energy security; preserving natural capital and avoiding resource conflicts; improving economic competitiveness of firms and business operations; minimizing waste disposal costs (as end-of-pipe disposal is a sunk cost with no financial return); developing new business opportunities; green jobs (in areas of resource recovery, recycling, WtE schemes, green chemistry, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and renewable energy); and pursuing social benefits, which are essential elements in a green economy. VII. The way forward 48. The countries should work towards realizing a firm commitment and agreement to effective 3R promotion in Asia. Towards this end, the Forum unanimously agreed on the Recommendations of the Singapore Forum on the 3Rs in Achieving a Resource Efficient Society in Asia (see Annex), which is a comprehensive set of recommendations covering a wide range of issues relevant to the 3Rs and resource efficiency, which builds upon the Tokyo 3R Statement and subsequent deliberations during the meetings of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia, and urges Asian countries to transition to a green economy. 49. The International Partnership for Expanding Waste Management Services of Local Authorities (IPLA), a CSD registered partnership, could be a potential vehicle to foster technology transfer, by linking the local authorities and municipalities with engineers and experts, private sector, and the international community to bridge the currently prevailing technology and information gap. IPLA could be strengthened to address the needs of local authorities and municipalities that are the key actors in sustainable waste management. IPLA could take benefit of other existing knowledge networks such as 3RKH. In the meantime, efforts should also be made to enhance effectiveness and outreach of such existing initiatives. 50. A dedicated fund for the promotion of the 3Rs to encourage resource efficiency, resource conservation, waste minimization, and recycling projects is needed. A regional, multi-donor 3R Fund similar to the Climate Investment Funds, should be initiated specifically for preparation and implementation of national 3R action plans. 51. New and emerging waste streams such as electronic waste, plastics in the marine environment, oil and lubricants require special national and international actions aiming at a high rate of recovery region-wide. These waste streams need to be addressed through appropriate programmes and environmentally sound technologies to promote material and energy recovery (WtE). There is a need to strengthen the capacities of existing regional/sub-regional organizations in addressing these issues in Asia and the Pacific countries, in particular in assisting the SIDS. 52. Green procurement policies promote market demand for eco-products and therefore drive the adoption of 3R technologies. It is therefore needed to encourage the adoption of green procurement policies in the public as well as in the private sectors. This requires adequate cooperation among relevant government ministries/agencies (e.g., Ministries of Environment and Ministries of Industry) and the private sector. 53. Relevant ministries, in collaboration with international organizations and aid agencies, should facilitate pilot and demonstration projects in key sectors to generate awareness among the SMEs and other stakeholders on the beneficial aspects of the 3Rs and resource efficient technologies. 54. International cooperation and technology transfer should not only focus on the application of mature technologies, but also support research for the development of new technologies suitable in the local context that are practical, scalable and replicable, in addressing new and emerging waste streams, including R&D on the economic life and recyclability of electronic products. The project formulation should take into account the scale of projects that are attractive enough for businesses to make necessary investments. 55. In order to enhance and streamline the 3R market, countries may consider developing and harmonizing industrial standards for 3R products within the region or sub-region. 56. Countries should put efforts in enforcing occupational health and safety standards for workers engaged in 3R activities, especially those in the informal sector. Provision of training and capacity building to formal and informal sector workers should be considered to enhance their capacity to play an effective role in 3R activities. 57. Countries should consider incorporating 3R concepts at all levels of education. In addition, develop specific 3R curricula for professionals and practitioners who can cater to the private and government sectors. 58. Governments should promote policies and programmes favourable to business to business technology transfer with due consideration to safeguarding intellectual property rights (IPR) and patents. 59. Governments could consider Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) systems in collaboration with the business and manufacturing sectors in order to ensure proper management of end-of-life products and to provide incentives for product redesign, as appropriate. Countries may further explore the potential of EPR at the national and regional level as appropriate. 60. Governments should develop 3R infrastructure and services, such as eco-towns, eco-industrial zones, and knowledge centers, through public-private partnerships (PPP). 61. Regional and international cooperation should be strengthened to address the transboundary movement of used products and waste related to the 3Rs, taking into account the provisions of the Basel, Stockholm and Waigani Conventions. 62. Considering the important contribution that 3R policies, programmes and technologies could make in achieving resource efficiency in all of the essential sectors in a green economy (industry, service, agriculture, transport, energy, construction, tourism, forestry, fisheries, waste management, and water, among others), there is a need to consider a sectoral approach in mainstreaming the 3Rs. 63. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), Rio+20, to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 4 to 6 June 2012, will focus on two themes: (a) green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication; and (b) institutional framework for sustainable development. The Chair’s Summary would be submitted as regional input to Rio+20 for discussions and deliberations to address 3Rs need in a broader context encompassing integrated approach and resource efficiency towards the green economy. 64. Delivering the concluding remarks, Mr. Andrew Tan, CEO of the National Environment Agency, Singapore, emphasized the role of economic incentives, market demand, and policy frameworks in the promotion of the 3Rs. He also articulated the concept of industrial symbiosis, where the recycling of waste from one industry complements the resource needs of another, which stimulates the demand for eco-products and the capacity of eco-industries. He opined that governments can foster this development by encouraging the establishment of standards, codes of practice, and guidelines. Mr Tan also pointed out the importance of sound frameworks and dynamic, coordinated approaches in the response towards new and emerging wastes. To make the next leap towards a more resource-efficient society, a paradigm shift towards design and production processes in the approach to the 3Rs is needed. 65. The meeting welcomed the official announcement of the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment (MONRE) of the Government of Viet Nam for hosting the Fourth Regional 3R Forum in Asia in Hanoi. Resource efficiency aims to minimize: net resource inputs (raw materials, energy, water, etc.) to unit production and services; and pollution and waste at the same time. By improving resource efficiency, countries can tackle local environmental problems, address climate change, ensure energy security, preserve natural capital, improve economic competitiveness, and pursue social benefits. The 3Rs calls for a shift of focus from end-of-pipe solutions and disposal practices, and promotes waste minimization and cyclical use of materials in the economy. The 3Rs and resource efficiency, together would envisage a thriving society that exists within nature’s resource constraints and its ability to assimilate waste – ultimately contributing to the promotion of green economy$^1$. Recommendations of the Singapore Forum on the 3Rs in Achieving a Resource Efficient Society in Asia is a comprehensive set of recommendations, covering a wide range of sectors and issues relevant to the 3Rs and resource efficiency. It is based on the fundamental understanding that the 3Rs is not just about waste management, but is intrinsically linked with resource efficiency in a wide range of sectors such as agriculture, industry, and energy, among others, towards transitioning to a resource efficient and green economy. It is also envisaged that the Recommendations of the Singapore Forum would provide a meaningful basis for advancing the 3Rs principles and technologies towards achieving a resource efficient society in Asia. - Recommendations of the Singapore Forum on the 3Rs in Achieving a Resource Efficient Society in Asia - A. 3Rs in the Urban/Industrial Areas 1) 3Rs in municipal solid waste (MSW) With the rapid growth rate of urban population and with the growing economy, the Asian region will be generating an immense amount of MSW in the coming decades. While the quantity of MSW is increasing, the composition of MSW is getting more diverse and complex due to presence of new $^1$ While there is no unique, internationally agreed definition of the concept of “green economy,” the concept broadly carries the promise of a new economic growth paradigm that is friendly to earth’s ecosystem and can also contribute to poverty alleviation (UN DESA, UNEP and UNCTAD, 2011). Green economy is “an economy that not only improves human well-being and lessens inequality but also reduces environmental risks and ecological scarcities,” i.e., an economy that is “low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive” (UNEP 2011). Third Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia, 5-7 October 2011, Singapore and emerging waste streams such as e-waste, chemical and hazardous waste. Wide scale open dumping of waste without being properly segregated causes a wide range of health and environmental problems adding a critical dimension to the urban management issues, such as water supply, sanitation, wastewater treatment, sewerage system, and drainage. While the primary focus should be laid on waste prevention and minimization in the first place, MSW offers a significant source of material recycling, renewable energy, waste-to-energy and composting with involvement of low cost and affordable technologies and integrated systems. By utilizing waste as resource, MSW could bring various co-benefits (e.g., GHG reduction, waste-to-energy, improvement of the soil condition, employment creation by thriving recycling industry, etc.). Countries could consider the following. - Introduce economic instruments that provide incentives to reduce the waste (e.g., volume-based collection fee systems, landfill taxes, and deposit-refund schemes). - Utilize organic waste as a valuable resource with an objective to reduce landfill requirements; resource efficiency and energy recovery; and reduction of GHG emissions. To reap these co-benefits, promote segregation of MSW at source and minimization of household hazardous waste that will ensure safe handling, biodegradability and more effective use. - Going green can be profitable through the expanding market of environmental goods and services. Government authorities should promote recycling markets which could reduce landfill areas and investment on waste processing plants. - Set up institutional and financing mechanisms and required infrastructure for recycling specific materials, with the involvement of citizens, recycling industry, and end-users of the recycled products. Promote entrepreneurship to stimulate waste recycling as a business. - When introducing recycling systems/technologies, assess economic and technical feasibilities, adaptability, as well as the market demand of a particular recycled material or product to be made from waste. - As a third of the world population is affected by water scarcity, the critical importance of improving water availability and use, which is central to all the other dimensions of sustainable development, should not be ignored. Government authorities should put concerted efforts to develop waste policies linked to issues of freshwater resources. - In harmony with international labour and health standards and required working conditions, develop policies, programmes, and regulatory measures to ensure decent work and livelihood security of workers in the informal sector by mainstreaming them into modernized, safe and environmentally sound waste management systems. - Introduce, implement and enforce quality, occupational and environmental health and safety (EHS) standards for recycling processes and recycled goods to ensure safety and health of the workers as well as consumers/users. This will also help in establishing a market that is under regulation. 2) 3Rs in industrial sector The industrial sector is a major contributor to the Asian economy and its contribution to GDP is growing. The region’s industry sector is characterized with micro, small and medium enterprises, which typically lack required resources, environmentally friendly technologies, and skilled human resources. This results in consumption of large amounts of input raw material, energy and water, together with large amounts of waste and pollution per unit volume of production. In many Asian countries, current industrial policies and regulations do not adequately take into account resource efficiency as a measure to prevent and minimize waste and pollution, including GHG emission in the first place. The countries could consider the following. - Develop policies and provide necessary support and incentives that encourage the private sector to implement resource efficiency measures. Such efforts will be advantageous for the industries, including small and medium enterprises (SMEs), as it will result in cost savings and better international competitiveness. Through the coordinated effort of the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Industry, and other related ministries, mainstream resource efficiency into the national industrial policies and programmes, set specific targets and create legal frameworks. - Governments should promote recycling of waste from one industry as a resource for another (industrial symbiosis), through, for example, supporting the establishment of eco-industrial parks, science parks, and research/university networks. More R&D, knowledge sharing, including technology transfer among various actors is needed to enhance learning and knowledge transfer on 3R related technologies. - Develop local capacity, including capacity of employers’ organizations and trade unions, to implement energy and resource efficient technologies in industry sector, including capacity for conducting technology assessments/evaluations of appropriate technologies as well as the capacity for practicing such technologies. - Specific curricula should be developed for universities and business schools to provide the next generation of practitioners with the necessary technical skills and future business leaders and policymakers, in-depth knowledge to help foster green industry. - Encourage market development for eco-products through various incentives that ultimately promote sustainable production and consumption. - Encourage industries to not only address their own environmental practices but also that of their associated suppliers and vendors to ensure that the environmental standards they have adopted internally are consistently maintained/followed by their suppliers, thus promoting the greening of the supply chain. - Encourage the establishment of industry code of practices that provide broad guidelines to firms for a management approach that addresses issues of resource efficiency, thereby environmental sustainability, as part of core business decision making. Implement awareness campaigns to sensitize industries and private sector on corporate social responsibility (CSR). - Develop proper classification and inventory of hazardous waste as a prerequisite towards sound management of hazardous waste. 3) New and emerging wastes New and emerging waste streams, such as e-waste and plastics in the marine environment require special attention, and must be addressed through appropriate programmes, multi-stakeholder partnerships and environmentally sound technologies to promote material and energy recovery. There is a growing concern on plastic waste, which is not biodegradable, accumulating in coastal and marine environment, causing threats to the marine species and ecosystem. The countries could consider the following. - Consider addressing plastic and hazardous waste issues as part of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), through coordinated efforts among local government and administrative authorities, coastal zone management authorities, and tourism authorities. Large amount of e-waste generated in the world ends up in a few numbers of developing countries for the purpose of reuse, refurbishment, recycling, and recovery of precious materials. E-waste has become an important health and environmental issue, as recycling electronic goods involves exposure to dangerous heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium etc. which can be toxic to human and ecosystems. The countries can consider the following. - Establish proper institutional infrastructures for collection, storage, transportation, recovery, treatment and disposal of e-waste at regional and national levels. Such infrastructure should be integrated into existing waste collection schemes. Develop public-private-community partnerships to encourage the establishment of formal e-waste recycling and disposal enterprises. - Establish appropriate regulatory procedures to control illegal exports of e-waste and to ensure their environmentally sound management. In this regard, proper testing of used or end-of-life electronics and electrical equipment prior to export should be encouraged to declare the presence of hazardous components as well as the functionality of the equipment. - Introduce awareness raising programmes and activities at all levels on issues related to health and safety aspects of e-waste in order to encourage better management practices. - Establish formal standards, certification systems and licensing procedures for recycling and disposal enterprises to ensure safety and environmentally sound processing of e-waste. - Implement ‘extended producer responsibility’ (EPR) mandating producers, importers and retailers with the cost of collecting, recycling and disposal of e-waste. Thorough investigation into the problems and challenges of implementing EPR should be conducted to overcome any obstacles. B. 3Rs in the Rural Areas 4) 3Rs in the agricultural sector Though agriculture is the key economic sector in many Asian countries and utilizes around half of the land area, biomass waste generated in the agriculture sector remains largely underutilized. Given the poverty, food security, and issues like heavy dependence on carbon fuels in many Asian countries, the efficient utilization of agriculture as well as livestock waste can provide a number of opportunities, and socioeconomic and environmental benefits. The countries could consider the following. - Improve infrastructure to reduce losses in the entire food supply chain (production, post harvesting and storage, processing and packaging, distribution), thereby increasing the quantity and improving the quality of products that reach the consumers. - Promote efficient use of biomass and reuse of agriculture biomass waste involving minimal or no processing. For example, rice husks can be applied directly for soil mulching instead of burning, to achieve a number of co-benefits (reduced GHG emission, food security, low labour input and investment). - Promote recycling of agriculture biomass waste and livestock waste. Where appropriate, waste-to-energy technologies, including anaerobic fermentation, should also be explored through partnerships at various scales, which will not only contribute to energy security but also to sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. - Promote, where appropriate and feasible, the production of high-value products from biomass. The use of other organic waste together with biomass could also be promoted in order to produce value-added products, such as animal feed. - Assess economic and technical feasibilities, adaptability, as well as the market demand of a particular product to be made from biomass and livestock waste (e.g., compost). - Promote agricultural policies in harmony with the 3R principles. Through the coordinated effort of the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Energy, and other related ministries, develop national waste management strategies, policies and programmes with effective link to sustainable agriculture (including livestock and fisheries), food security, and rural employment generation. C. Cross-cutting Issues 5) Partnerships for moving towards zero waste Moving towards zero waste is inherently a multi-stakeholder process, which calls for partnerships within and between communities, businesses, industries, and all levels of government. With the diversification of waste streams as well as the growing presence of chemical and hazardous and toxic elements in the general waste stream, the complexity and daunting nature of waste management challenges therefore require a more extensive collaboration and partnerships among those stakeholders. Partnerships combine the advantages of the private sector (dynamism, access to financial resources and latest technologies, managerial efficiency, and entrepreneurial spirit, etc.) with social concerns and responsibility of the public sector (public health and better life, environmental awareness, local knowledge and job creation, etc.). The countries could consider the following. - Promote partnerships as the basis for sustainable waste management and as an alternative in which governments and private companies assume co-responsibility and co-ownership for the delivery of solid waste management services. - Governments should develop appropriate policy frameworks and conducive climate for fostering partnership that provide win-win solutions for public utilities and the private sector. Such partnerships could lead to savings in municipal budgets, while the private sector may use this opportunity to convert waste into environmentally friendly products and energy. - Use international partnerships and mechanisms, such as the International Partnership for Expanding Waste Management Services of Local Authorities (IPLA), effectively, as means to share knowledge, technologies, best practices and models in the area of 3Rs, integrated solid waste management, and resource efficiency. 6) Enhance knowledge base(KB) & research network Governments can play an instrumental role in linking the scientific community and the private sector to encourage collaborative relationships, interactive learning, information exchange, and coordination in the area of the 3Rs and resource efficiency, which will contribute to stimulating innovation and transfer of knowledge and technologies to achieve international competitiveness. By supporting and strengthening such networks, Governments can, in turn, receive suggestions and input from these key stakeholders for developing and improving national policies and programmes in the area of the 3Rs/resource efficiency. Local and national networks can be further strengthened by effectively linking them with existing international networks related to the 3Rs/resource efficiency. The countries could consider the following. - Facilitate an effective and dynamic linkage among government, private sector, and scientific community to enhance national and local knowledge base and research network on the 3Rs, through the provision of, for example, support for joint collaborative research and development, conference and seminars, introduction of policies to encourage mobility of researchers between the public and private sector, etc. - Set up mechanisms whereby government can receive constructive feedback from citizens, private sector, and scientific community for developing and improving policies to support 3R technology development, transfer, adaptation, and implementation. - Support and strengthen local and national networks by effectively linking them with existing international networks and forming regional networks to leverage the wealth of expertise available. 7) Public awareness Sustainable consumption can be a powerful driver to encourage sustainable production by industries. Public awareness is therefore critically important, to improve the citizens’ understanding on the beneficial aspects of the 3Rs leading to their active participation in the 3R activities. On the other hand, consumer behaviours are largely affected by the waste management system. The countries could consider the following. - In collaboration with NGOs and local governments, improve public awareness on the beneficial aspect (health, environment and employment) of 3Rs, and the potential negative impacts of improper waste management on global climate and local environment. - Introduce the concepts of the 3Rs, sustainable production and consumption, and resource efficiency as part of environmental education programmes at all levels, including primary, secondary and higher education. - To support the behavioural change of the citizens, promote 3R actions by, for example, introducing economic instruments that encourage waste minimization, and introducing/improving recycling systems for segregated waste. 8) Institutional arrangement The 3Rs is a concept that goes beyond conventional waste management; it is a holistic approach for resource management and resource efficiency in production, distribution and service. The potential benefits of the 3Rs could be reaped by mainstreaming and integrating the 3Rs into the policies and programmes of relevant ministries and agencies. In most cases, the 3Rs are often being dealt with by one single or focal ministry (e.g., the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Local Government or Ministry of Urban Development). The countries could consider the following. - Integrate the 3R concept in relevant policies and programmes of key ministries and agencies such as the Ministry of Agriculture (including Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Finance, etc., towards transitioning to resource efficient economy. - Strengthen inter-ministerial coordination to avoid inconsistencies among sectoral policies in promoting the 3Rs and resource efficiency. - Promote green procurement across all line ministries, thereby creating and expanding markets for environmentally friendly goods and products. - Work towards a gradual phase out of subsidies that favour unsustainable use of resources and energy, in order to free the funds of the national budget which can in turn be used in support of efforts to improve resource/energy efficiency and in implementing the 3Rs. - Integrate the 3Rs into new economic development models such as circular economy, by promoting indicators of resource efficiency.
IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN SUPREME COURT IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA CLAIM NO. ANUHCV2005/0472 BETWEEN: VIOLINE JOSEPH AND TERESE MORRIS SONNEL SAMUEL Claimant Defendants Before: Master Cheryl Mathurin Appearances: Mr. George Lake for the Claimant Mr. Hollis Francis for the first named Defendant Ms Samantha Marshall for the second named Defendant 2007: October 17th 2008: April 15th 2009: June 22nd ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES [1] MATHURIN, M: On the 22nd November 2003, the Claimant (Mrs. Joseph) was standing at the side of Bolans Main Road when she was struck down by a vehicle which was being driven by the first Defendant (Mr. Terese Morris) who was being taught to drive by his aunt, the second Defendant (Ms Sonnel Samuel). The accident caused serious injuries to Mrs. Joseph. Mr. Morris and Ms Samuel accepted liability for the accident and agreed special damages to be paid and this court is being asked to assess the general damages and costs that Mrs. Joseph is entitled to. At the time of the accident, Mrs. Joseph was 48 years old. She has three children the youngest of whom was at university in America. Her husband suffers from liver disease and is unable to work and as such she was the breadwinner of the family. Medical reports and evidence [2] Mrs. Joseph was forty eight at the time of the accident. She was initially admitted on the 20th November 2003 to the Holberton Hospital where she was treated for a crushing injury of her right leg by Dr Singh who did reconstructive surgery. Ms Joseph was subsequently treated in Florida at the Memorial Regional Hospital where her limb was amputated and she returned to Antigua where she was fitted with an artificial limb. [3] In March 2005, Dr Singh stated that her current prosthesis was worn out and that she would require a new one. He recommended her visiting a consultant in Puerto Rico to have one fitted at a cost of US $6,500.00. Mrs. Joseph’s evidence [4] In her witness statement of 15th June 2007, Mrs. Joseph states that since the accident in November 2003 that her work life has been curtailed. She states that at the time of the accident she was self employed and had a business making masonry accessories which earned her $2,900.00 per month. She describes the work as strenuous and states that as a result her working life has been reduced. Mrs. Joseph does not however elaborate on the extent to which it has been curtailed. The quality of Mrs. Joseph's personal life has also suffered as a result. She states that prior to her injuries she enjoyed physical exercises and recreational sports with her other villagers as well as gardening, shopping for clothes and food and dancing. She states that she is no longer able to do these things. During the period of her recovery and rehabilitation, Mrs. Joseph states that she had to employ persons to assist her around the house and to care for her and her husband as she was incapacitated and unable to perform every day duties for herself including bathing, moving around the house or preparing meals. Mrs. Joseph also states that she is unable to stand for long periods and this has affected her ability to cook, wash clothes, mop or sweep. She says she can not lift heavy objects. She also states she is in constant pain and that the joy and satisfaction of caring for her husband and family have been diminished. Mrs. Joseph states that she will require future assistance for her household chores and yard and gardening works. She states that she now spends $800.00 per month on domestic help and has had to purchase a vehicle which had to be specially adapted to her needs. Counsel sought damages under several headings to which Counsel for the Defendants responded and I will consider them individually. On the question of general damages, the law is settled. The case of Cornilliac v St Louis (1965) 7 WIR 491 is the locus classicus on this point and Wooding CJ set out the considerations to be borne in mind in assessing general damages; (a) The nature and extent of the injuries sustained (b) The nature and gravity of the resulting physical disability (c) The pain and suffering experienced (d) The loss of amenities if any (e) The extent to which pecuniary prospects are affected Further, applying the principles in Heeralall v Hack Bros. (1977) 15 WIR 117, the law expects an award of fair compensation, fair to Mrs. Joseph for what has happened to her through the negligence of Mr. Morris and Ms Samuel and fair for Mr. Morris and Ms Samuel to pay for such negligence. Such damages cannot be perfect compensation, but it will be fair compensation for her injuries and for the social, economic and domestic consequences to her. I must consider therefore, the nature and extent of the injuries that Mrs. Joseph sustained and the effect that this has had on her health. I must also consider her past pain and suffering, any future pain and suffering that she will experience and any curtailment in her living that the injury has produced. Pain and suffering and loss of amenities Counsel for the Claimant states that the Mrs. Joseph was forced to endure both physical and emotional pain as a result of the initial injuries and subsequent amputation. He submits that she had to endure months of painful rehabilitation in order to learn to function using an artificial limb. Counsel submits an award should be at the top of the range for amputated limbs as he states that "it was a traumatic amputation caused in a devastating accident and the claimant remained conscious". Counsel adds that several attempts were made to save the leg but it was amputated several months later. I agree with Counsel for the Defendants' that there is no evidence to support the traumatic amputation to which Counsel for the Claimant refers. I will however acknowledge the pain and suffering which must necessarily accompany an amputation of a person's limb. Counsel for the Parties have supported their submissions with the following authorities. (a) Cornilliac v St Louis (1964) 7 WIR 491 (b) Kodilinye, The Law of Torts in the West Indies (c) Surju v Walker (1973) 21 WIR 86 (d) Heeralall v Hack Bros (1977) 25 WIR 117 (e) Alphonso v Ramnauth Civil Appeal No 1 of 1996 British Virgin Islands (f) Rosetta Mayers v Deep Bay Development Company Limited ANUHCV1993/0241 per Olivetti J at para 60 (g) Fenton Auguste v Francis Neptune Civil Appeal No 6 of 1996 Saint Lucia (h) Gaius Mathurin and Joachim Mathurin v Andrew Paul SLUHCV2002/0867 [13] These are helpful in so far as they restate the general principles on which compensation is made but the injuries in those cases are not what I would consider similar injuries and therefore it is incumbent on the court to make an award that it deems fair and reasonable in all the circumstances. It is regrettable that neither Counsel have provided the Court with any authorities which would assist in guidance in relation to quantum although I am sure the jurisdiction must provide some. [14] In the matter of Bernard Warner v Eustace Coates and Roy Browne ANUHCV1997/0377, Mr. Warner who was 18 at the time of the accident had to have his right leg amputated as a result of an accident caused by the negligence of the Defendants. In considering an appropriate award, Olivetti J. considered the change in the quality of his life including his employment prospects as well as his age. The learned judge also made provision for the replacement of his prosthesis in the future by providing a sum for the value of two. [15] Mrs. Joseph was 48 at the time of this accident in 2003. I accept the evidence that she has had to replace her prosthesis in the future and accordingly make an award in the sum of 2 pairs at U.S. $6,500.00= US$ 13,000.00 which amounts to EC$35,100.00 when calculated at the accepted rate of 2.7. There is no evidence in support of the claim for future medical expenses and as such I decline to make an award under this head. [16] I have considered the evidence in support of payment of domestic aid in the form of a receipt from Ms Celestine James for the sum of $3,000.00 from January to May of 2007 which averages $600.00 per month which given the imponderables and vicissitudes of life, will be adjusted to a multiplier of 8 which amounts to an award of $57,600.00. I will also take into consideration the future expenses for gardening at the rate of $200.00 with a multiplier of 8 amounting to $19,200.00. [17] The insufficiency of evidence in relation to the reduction of earnings does not allow me to make an exact calculation in relation to future loss of earnings but I accept that there would be a decline in the revenue of Mrs. Joseph due to her injury and I accordingly make an award of $2,900.00 with a multiplier of 5 which amounts to $14,500.00. [18] Having considered the general principles, the evidence and submissions I make the following awards:- \| Award \| Amount \| \|--------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| For pain, and suffering \| $85,000.00 \| \| Loss of amenities \| $50,000.00 \| \| Prostheses \| $31,500.00 \| \| Future loss of earnings \| $14,500.00 \| \| Domestic aid \| $57,600.00 \| \| Gardening expenses \| $19,200.00 \| Total $257,800.00 Special Damages agreed as Per consent order filed on 26th February 2009 $625,341.41 TOTAL $883,141.41 [19] Interest is awarded to a claimant in a personal injuries case on the sum awarded for general damages for pain and suffering and loss of amenities prior to Judgment. Interest on this sum is calculated from the date of the service of the claim form to the date of judgment at the rate of a short-term investment. After judgment, the claimant is entitled to the full amount awarded at the statutory rate of 5%. Costs in this claim are to be assessed as prescribed under Part 65.5(1) of the Civil Procedure Rules 2000. The total award is EC$883,141.41. In keeping with Appendix B, costs are calculated in the sum of EC$90,657.57 which is to be reduced to 55% as the claim concluded prior to trial but up to the case management conference and including assessment of damages. This amount is further reduced by 10% by the Court because of the delay occasioned by the Parties in filing the consent order in relation to special damages which assisted the Court in calculating the costs. This amounts to costs in the sum of $40,795.90. Summary of Order In summary, the following is the order on the assessment of damages: 1. The defendants will pay the sum of $257,800.00 as the global award for general damages to the claimant. 2. The defendants will also pay agreed special damages in the sum of $625,341.41. 3. The defendants will pay interest at the rate of 3% on the sum of $257,800.00 from the date of service of the claim (25th July 2006) to date of the hearing of the assessment (15th April 2008). 4. The defendants will pay interest on the total judgment sum of $883,141.41 at the statutory rate of 5% per annum from 19th June 2009 until payment. 5. The defendants will pay 45% of Mrs. Joseph’s prescribed costs in these proceedings in the sum of $40,795.90. CHERYL MATHURIN MASTER
END-TO-END QUANTIZED TRAINING VIA LOG-BARRIER EXTENSIONS Anonymous authors Paper under double-blind review ABSTRACT Quantization of neural network parameters and activations has emerged as a successful approach to reducing model size and inference time on hardware that supports native low-precision arithmetic. Fully quantized training would facilitate further computational speed-ups as well as enable model training on embedded devices, a feature that would alleviate privacy concerns resulting from the transfer of sensitive data and models that is necessitated by off-device training. Existing approaches to quantization-aware training (QAT) perform “fake” quantization in the forward pass in order to learn model parameters that will perform well when quantized, but rely on higher precision variables to avoid overflow in large matrix multiplications, which is unsuitable for training on fully low-precision (e.g. 8-bit) hardware. To enable fully end-to-end quantized training, we propose Log Barrier Tail-bounded Quantization (LogBTQ). LogBTQ introduces a loss term, inspired by the log-barrier for constrained optimization, that enforces soft constraints on the range of values that model parameters can take on. By constraining and sparsifying model parameters, activations and inputs, our approach eliminates overflow in practice, allowing for fully quantized 8-bit training of deep neural network models. We show that models trained using our approach achieve results competitive with state-of-the-art full-precision networks on the MNIST, CIFAR-10 and ImageNet classification benchmarks. 1 INTRODUCTION As state-of-the-art deep learning models for vision, language understanding and speech grow increasingly large and computationally burdensome (He et al., 2017; Devlin et al., 2018; Karita et al., 2019), there is increasing antithetical demand, motivated by latency, security and privacy concerns, to perform training and inference in these models on smaller devices at the edge rather than in server farms in the cloud. Model quantization has emerged as a promising approach to enable deployment of deep learning models on edge devices that reduce energy, latency and storage requirements by performing floating-point computation in low precision (less than 32 bits). There are two primary strategies for quantization: Post-training approaches quantize the parameters of a model trained in full precision post-hoc, and tend to suffer a heavy penalty on accuracy since their inference graph differs substantially from training (Jacob et al., 2018). Quantization-aware training (QAT) (Bhuvalka et al., 2020) combats this discrepancy by simulating quantization during training, so that model parameters are learned that will work well when inference is performed in low precision. In this work, we focus on the latter setting, suitable for fully quantized training on low-precision (e.g. 8-bit) devices. Though QAT results in quantized models that perform largely on par with their non-quantized counterparts, current state-of-the-art QAT methods (Wu et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018; Bhuvalka et al., 2020) are not suitable for training on fully low-precision hardware because they employ fake quantization, meaning each operation is executed using 32- or 16-bit floating point arithmetic, and its output is quantized to lower precision, e.g. int8. This results in two key incompatibilities with fully low-precision training, and consequently deployment on real low-precision hardware. First, existing QAT approaches assume perfect sums in inner product operations, which means that the accumulators used to compute matrix multiplies (the acc row in Table 1) must be higher precision than the values being multiplied (other bit-precision rows in Table 1). This is to avoid losing resolution in low-precision additions, also known as swamping (Wang et al., 2018)$^1$. Second, QAT commonly leverages dynamic quantization ranges per-layer, meaning the mapping between high- and low-precision values varies by layer, carefully tuned as a function of the network architecture, optimization dynamics and data during training. While this practice results in higher quantized inference accuracy, it is also a challenge to low-precision training, since it is unclear how to tune those ranges when training on new data in the absence of high-precision arithmetic. These incompatibilities present a substantial hurdle to quantized training in practice. For example, an automotive electronics manufacturer may want to deploy a machine learning model on its 8-bit door lock or power window controller to adaptively fit the users’ habits. In this scenario, existing approaches for quantized training would fail (Sakr et al., 2019). In response, we propose a new approach for fully quantized training of neural network models, inspired by the barrier method from convex optimization (Boyd & Vandenberghe, 2004). Log Barrier Tail-bounded Quantization (LogBTO) utilizes a log barrier extension loss (Kervadec et al., 2019) to constrain the output of the network, encouraging all model parameters and activations to stay within the same predefined range. The log barrier function itself is a smooth approximation of the indicator function, which is ideal for selecting the weights that are within the range of quantization (see Figure 1, left). By fixing a single quantization range throughout the network at the beginning of training, our approach both obviates the need for dynamic ranges, and the limits of the range are set so as to alleviate overflow$^2$ in matrix multiply accumulations. We combine the log barrier extension loss with an $L^1$ regularization term (Hoffer et al., 2018) to further reduce the total magnitude of parameters and activations in the model. To allow for gradients, which tend form a peaky distribution near extremely small values (Zhou et al., 2016; Jain et al., 2020), to be quantized using the same range as the rest of the network, we also adopt the nonlinear $\mu$-law algorithm from audio applications (Deng & Doroslovacki, 2006) to construct a new MU8 codebook that better deals with “swamping” issues compared to the standard IEEE Float Standard. Experiments show that our approach achieves competitive results compared to state-of-art full-precision models on the MNIST, CIFAR-10 and ImageNet classification benchmarks, despite our models being trained end-to-end using only 8 bits of precision. --- $^1$Swamping: Accumulation of floating-point numbers, where the small magnitude value is ignored (or truncated) when it is added to the large magnitude sum. $^2$Overflowing: for the fixed-point accumulation where the accumulated value wraps around to the small value when it exceeds the largest value representable by the given accumulation precision. \| Quantized Training Scheme \| Training Precision \| Quant. Range \| Train/Test Prec. \| \|--------------------------\|--------------------\|--------------\|------------------\| \| \| W x dW dx acc \| \| FP32 Low \| \| DoReFa-Net (Zhou et al., 2016) \| 1 2 32 6 32 \| Dynamic \| 55.9 46.1 \| \| WAGE (Wu et al., 2018) \| 2 8 8 8 32 \| Dynamic \| — 51.6 \| \| DFP (Das et al., 2018) \| 16 16 16 16 32 \| Dynamic \| 75.70 75.77 \| \| MPT (Micikevicius et al., 2018) \| 16 16 16 16 32 \| Dynamic \| 75.92 76.04 \| \| Wang et al. (2018) \| 8 8 8 8 16 \| Dynamic \| 72.14 71.72 \| \| HFP8 (Sun et al., 2019) \| 8 8 8 8 8/16 \| Dynamic \| 76.44 76.22 \| \| LogBTQ (ours) \| 8 8 8 8 8 \| Fixed \| 73.59 71.11 \| Table 1: Comparison of reduced-precision training for top-1 accuracy (%) using ResNet-50 (ImageNet). For works that did not evaluate on ResNet-50, we include AlexNet results (italicized). Dynamic indicates that quantization ranges vary by layer and must be learned or tuned; Fixed indicates a single quantization range is fixed globally throughout the network. ## 2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK ### 2.1 Post-training Quantization There was been a recent surge of interest in quantization research. In 2020 alone, there were a number of important developments in post-training quantization. Rusci et al. (2020); Jain et al. (2020); Esser et al. (2020); Uhlich et al. (2020) proposed learning-based approaches for determining the quantization ranges of activation and weights at low precision. Stock et al. (2020) advocates preserving the quality of the reconstruction of the network outputs rather than its weights. They all show excellent performance compared to full-precision models after quantization. Sakr & Shanbhag (2019) presented a detailed analysis of reduced precision training for a feedforward network that accounts for both the forward and backward passes, demonstrating that precision can be greatly reduced throughout the network computations while largely preserving training quality. Our work share the same intuition of preferring small predetermined dynamic range (PDR) and small clipping rate$^3$. However, Sakr & Shanbhag (2019)'s approach requires the network first be trained to convergence at full 32 bit precision, which is a significant limitation. In this paper, we focus on training rather than inference on low-precision hardware, therefore, we do not assume access to a full-precision high-performing model as a starting point. ### 2.2 Quantization-aware Training Pioneering works in this domain (Zhou et al., 2016; Courbariaux et al., 2015) looked at quantizing model weights, activations, gradients to lower precision to accelerate neural network training. The terminology quantization aware training (QAT) was first introduced by Jacob et al. (2018). QAT incorporates quantization error as noise during training and as part of the overall loss, which the optimization algorithm tries to minimize. Hence, the model learns parameters that are more robust to quantization, but QAT is not meant to be performed entirely in low precision, it aims to learn parameters that will work well for low-precision inference. More recently, several works further pursued the goal of enabling fully low-precision training (Wu et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018; Das et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2019). As shown in Table 1, most existing work employs fake quantization, resorting to higher precision values to compensate for the swamping issue, especially during gradient accumulation. Mixed-precision quantization (Das et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020a), which quantizes a neural network using multiple bit precisions across layers, still relies on higher-precision gradients to preserve model accuracy. This means it is difficult, if not impossible, to implement these approaches on low-bit (e.g. 8-bit) hardware. Most similar to our work, Sun et al. (2019) claim it is possible to do every step in low precision, but the quantization range for the layers in their work is very carefully chosen empirically, which presents great difficulty if we were to train models from scratch on low-precision hardware. Their method also requires a copy of the quantization error (residual) in FP16(1-6-9) (hence 8/16 in Ta- $^3$see Appendix B of Sakr & Shanbhag (2019) explaining PDR; refer to their Criterion 2 about clipping rate. Table 1). In addition to the 9-bit mantissa, the exponent bit in their floating point format would need to be manually modified to store the residual due to its small value. In this paper, we propose a new quantization scheme: log-barrier tail-bounded quantization (LogBTQ) that can perform fully end-to-end low precision training, suitable for deployment on low-precision hardware. Our major contributions are the following: 1. We apply a log barrier extension loss to soft-threshold the values of network weights and activations to constrain all the values to be small. Our quantization scheme also enables global fixed-range quantization which together significantly alleviates the overflow issue caused by large numbers and dynamic range. 2. We add an $L^1$ loss term to encourage sparsity and further reduce overflow. 3. We propose $\mu$-law quantization (MU8) instead of INT8, FP8(1-4-3) or FP8(1-5-2) to construct a more accurate codebook that better compensates for the peaky concentration of network parameters around small values. ## Log Barrier Tail-Bounded Quantization (LogBTQ) The overall diagram of our quantization scheme is shown in Figure 2 (left). Figure 2 (right) shows the backward pass, where we quantize everything at each layer and all operations including input $x$, weights $w$, activations $a$, errors $e$, and gradients $g$ (including the gradient accumulation step). We denote all these values as the set $Z = \{x, w, a, e, g\}$. In this work, different from previous works (Sakr & Shanbhag, 2019; Zhang et al., 2020b) that used adaptive quantization range, we adopt a globally fixed quantization range for every element $z \in Z$, and set $z \in [-2, 2]$. We do not need to adjust the range and precision during training as in other quantization work that relies on layer-wise dynamic ranges. This would greatly reduce the overhead for implementation on hardware. ### Constrained Formulation Let $\mathcal{D} = \{I^1, ..., I^N\}$ denote the labeled set of $N$ training images, and $f$ denote the neural network model, $\theta$ here denotes all the parameters of the neural network including weights $w$. For task, such as image classification, we are usually solving such an optimization problem: $\min_{\theta} L(f_{\theta}(I))$ where $L$ is the loss function of our neural network training objective. In this work, we use the typical cross-entropy loss, and since we are interested in constraining the quantization threshold, we are effectively performing constrained optimization in such a form: $$ \begin{align} \text{minimize}_{\theta} & \quad L(f_{\theta}(I)) \\ \text{subject to} & \quad \|\theta_n\| \leq u, \ n = 1, \ldots, N. \end{align} $$ (1) With $u$ our desired barrier (perturbation). In practice, we set $u = 0.1$ to ensure we can represent as much information as possible within our quantization range (Figure 1, left). This setting is also explained further in Section 3.3. ### 3.2 Log-BARRIER Extension Function Theoretically, problem (1) should be best solved by the log barrier method which is an interior point method that perfectly handles inequality constraints. (Tibshirani, 2019; Boyd & Vandenberghe, 2004): In phase I, we would perform Lagrangian-dual optimization to find the feasible points: \[ \begin{align} \maximize_{\lambda} \minimize_{\theta} & \quad L(x, \lambda) = L(f_\theta(I)) + \sum_{n=1}^{N} \lambda^n(\|\theta_n\| - u)) \\ \text{subject to} & \quad \lambda \succeq 0, \ n = 1, \ldots, N. \end{align} \] (2) where $\lambda \in \mathbb{R}_{+}^{1 \times N}$ is the Lagrangian multiplier (dual variable). After we find a feasible set of network parameters, we can use the barrier method to solve equation (1) as an unconstrained problem: \[ \minimize_{\theta} \quad L(f_\theta(I)) + \sum_{n=1}^{N} \psi_t(\|\theta_n\| - u) \] (3) solving problem (3) is Phase II, where $\psi_t$ is the standard log-barrier function: $\psi_t = -\frac{1}{t} \log(-z)$. As $t$ approaches infinity, the approximation becomes closer to the indicator function. Also, for any value of $t$, if any of the constraints is violated, the value of the barrier approaches infinity. However, a huge limitation in applicability to practical problems such as ours is that the domain of Eq. (3) must be the set of feasible points. The canonical barrier method above is also prohibitively computationally expensive given there are millions of parameters in the network, and we need to alternate the training between primal and dual and do projected gradient ascent for the dual variable. We are not particularly concerned with the weak duality gap to lower-bound the optimal solution in this work, instead, we are interested in the property of the barrier method to handle inequality constraints. Therefore, inspired by Kervadeec et al. (2019), we formulate quantization as an unconstrained loss to approximate the constrained optimization problem: \[ \minimize_{\theta} \quad L(f_\theta(I)) + \sum_{n=1}^{N} \tilde{\psi}_t(\|\theta_n\| - u) \] (4) where $\tilde{\psi}_t$ is the log-barrier extension, which is convex, continuous, and twice-differentiable: \[ \tilde{\psi}_t(z) = \begin{cases} -\frac{1}{t} \log(-z) & z \leq -\frac{1}{t^2} \\ tz - \frac{1}{t} \log(\frac{1}{t^2}) + \frac{1}{t} & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \] (5) in our case, the input $z$ to the log-barrier extension is the same $z$ we defined in the beginning of Section 3, and $t$ is the scaling parameter. It basically shares the same property with the standard log-barrier function, when $t$ approaches $+\infty$, our log-barrier extension would approach a hard indicator: $H(z) = 0$ if $z \leq 0$ and $+\infty$ otherwise. But its domain is not restricted to the feasible points only. This removes the demanding requirement for explicit Lagrangian optimization. We are doing approximated Lagrangian optimization with implicit dual variables. Our strict positive gradient of $\tilde{\psi}_t$ will get higher when $z$ approaches violation and effectively push back into the feasible value set. Because our penalty does not serve as a strict barrier of the feasible set, there is possibility of overflow. However, our goal is to achieve the practical goal of fully-quantized training on low-bit hardware, as long as the majority of values stay within a high confidence interval, the approach will work in practice, as we show in experimental results (§4). Recall the scenario in Figure 1(left). ### 3.3 Tail Bound of Distribution In this section, we demonstrate that the probability of overflowing the quantization range can be controlled for a standard ResNet model. The ResNet model has $L$ layers, each layer contains a CNN operation and ReLU as an activation. Consider at layer $l$, for each output element $O \in \mathbb{R}$ in the layer, a CNN operation with the kernel size $k$ and channel size $c$ can be viewed as a rectified dot product between the input feature $I \in \mathbb{R}^{ck^2}$ with $w \in \mathbb{R}^{ck^2}$. $$O = \text{ReLU}(\sum_{i=1}^{ck^2} w_i I_i)$$ (6) Suppose $w_i \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma_{(l)}^2)$ and $\sigma_{(l)}^2$ is dependent on the layer $l$ and the parameter $u$ we choose. The second moment of any element $z_{(l+1)} \in \mathbb{R}$ from layer $l + 1$ can be connected with the second moment of element $z_{(l)}$ from layer $l$ as follows: $$\mathbb{E}[z_{(l+1)}^2] = \frac{ck^2}{2} \sigma_{(l)}^2 \mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}^2]$$ (7) In the He initialization, we could set $\sigma_w = \sqrt{\frac{2}{ck^2}}$ to cancel the first two terms. In this work, we want to control $\sigma_{(l)}^2$ in order to reduce the chance of overflow. We choose $\sigma_{(l)}^2$ to depend on $u$ which was defined in optimization problem (1): $\sigma_{(l)} = \sqrt{\frac{2u}{ck^2}}$. Then, we can simplify Eq. (7): $$\mathbb{E}[z_{(l+1)}^2] = u \mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}^2]$$ (8) Suppose the input feature to the first layer has second moments $E_{(1)} = \mathbb{E}[z_1^2]$, then the second moments at layer $l$ can be estimated as: $E_{(l)} = \mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}^2] = u^{l-1} E_{(1)}$. Next, for each element $z_{(l)}$ at layer $l$, its tail distribution outside the quantization region can be bounded by $$P(\|z_{(l)}\| > 2) = P(z_{(l)} > 2) \leq P(\|z_{(l)} - \mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}]\| > \|2 - \mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}]\|) \leq \frac{\text{Var}(z_{(l)})}{(2 - \mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}])^2}$$ (9) where the second inequality is established by Chebyshev’s inequality, here, $z_l$ is guaranteed to be nonnegative since it’s the output of the ReLU layer. We can further estimate the worst upper bound for the right hand side by considering the following optimization problem: $$\sup_{\mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}], \text{Var}(z_{(l)})} \frac{\text{Var}(z_{(l)})}{(2 - \mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}])^2}$$ subject to $(\mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}])^2 + \text{Var}(z_{(l)}) = E_{(l)}$ As $z_{(l)}$ is the rectified value, $\mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}] > 0$. One upper bound can be established as follows: $$\sup_{\mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}], \text{Var}(z_{(l)})} \frac{\text{Var}(z_{(l)})}{(2 - \mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}])^2} < \frac{E_{(l)}}{(2 - \sqrt{E_{(l)}})^2}$$ (10) because $\mathbb{E}[z_{(l)}] < \sqrt{E_{(l)}}$ and $\text{Var}(z_{(l)}) < E_{(l)}$. Notice that the last term can be approximated to $E_{(l)}$ when $E_{(l)}$ is small enough, and we can establish our probability bound of overflowing the quantization range: $$P(\|z_{(l)}\| > 2) < \frac{E_{(l)}}{(2 - \sqrt{E_{(l)}})^2} \simeq \frac{E_{(l)}}{4}$$ (11) Finally, consider the average overflow probability of $z \in \mathbb{R}$ from any layer: $$P(\|z\| > 2) = \frac{1}{L} \sum_{l=1}^{L} P(z_{(l)} > 2) \simeq \frac{1}{4L} \sum_{l=1}^{L} u^{l-1} E_{(1)} \simeq \frac{E_{(1)}}{4L(1-u)}$$ (12) Formula (12) is derived because in deep neural networks, $L$ is usually a large number allowing us to effectively ignore $u^{L-1}$. Therefore, the overflow probability is determined by the input’s second moments $E$, the layer size $L$ and the barrier parameter $u$. In practice, we can adjust both $u$ and $L$ to control the overflowing tails. In this work, $E_{(1)}$ is set around 1.0 because the input features are normalized, and $L$ is around 50 in the ResNet-50. By choosing $u = 0.1$, the number of overflowing parameters can be controlled under 2.3%. 3.4 SPARSITY In order to achieve the goal of practical implementation on 8-bit hardware, we aggressively fix the range of quantization to $z \in [-2, 2]$. This leaves us with the task of mapping millions of parameters to this range. Therefore, we desire a sparse solution, and naturally, as is pointed out by Hoffer et al. (2018), we use $L^1$ penalty $\|\epsilon_n\|$ to encourage sparsity. Our unconstrained loss then becomes: $$\minimize_{\theta} \quad L(f_\theta(I)) + \sum_{n=1}^{N} \tilde{\psi}_t(\|\theta_n\| - u) + \gamma \sum_{n=1}^{N} \|\epsilon_n\|$$ \hspace{1cm} (13) where $\gamma > 0$ and is tuning variable, and $\tilde{\psi}_t$ is the log-barrier extension as proposed. 3.5 $\mu$-LAW QUANTIZATION CODEBOOK (MU8) Even after sparsifying the weight, we still are left will many parameters which are non-linear distributed. Luckily, they should all be small enough by now thanks to our log-barrier constraint. Uniform quantization (e.g. INT8) would cause huge information loss in this case. Inspired by $\mu$-law’s (Deng & Doroslovacki, 2006) application in audio encoding, we construct a non-linear codebook accordingly, which could be implemented on 8-bit hardware directly. As is shown in Figure 1(right), we computed all possible values of FP8(1-4-3) or FP8(1-5-2)\footnote{FP8(1-4-3)’s largest value is [-240, 240], and FP8(1-5-2)’s is [-57344, 57344], they are better at handling long-tails than MU8, but we are not interested in large numbers in the long-tail.} used by Sun et al. (2019), and we can see our MU8 encoding are better at handling very small values e.g. FP8 (1-4-3)’s smallest possible number is $1.9 \times 10^{-3}$, FP8 (1-5-2) is $1.5 \times 10^{-5}$, whereas our MU8 could handle $5 \times 10^{-6}$ with the cost of getting sparser in larger numbers, which we have almost eliminated using log-barrier. Let’s denote our the quantization function as $Q_{\mu8}(X)$ which take $x$ as input and output quantized value $x'$. First, following the range of $\mu$-law encoding, we set the input to Equation 15 $x = z/2$, since $z \in [-2, 2]$ in this paper. $$F(x) = sgn(x) \frac{ln(1 + \mu\|x\|)}{ln(1 + \mu)} \quad -1 \leq x \leq 1$$ \hspace{1cm} (14) where $\mu$ is a tuning variable, the larger $\mu$ is, the more non-linear it becomes, and $sgn(x)$ is the sign function. Then, we get the $y \in [-1, 1]$ as the output of $F(x)$, then we perform Stochastic Rounding step introduced by Gupta et al. (2015). e.g. $y \times (2^7 - 1) \in [15, 16]$, if $y = 15.5/(2^7 - 1)$, then $P(\hat{y} = 16/(2^7 - 1)) = P(\hat{y} = 15/(2^7 - 1)) = 0.5$; if $y = 15.1/(2^7 - 1)$, then $P((\hat{y} = 15/(2^7 - 1)) = 0.9, P(\hat{y} = 16/(2^7 - 1)) = 0.1$, as shown in the following equation. $$\hat{y} \leftarrow \text{Stochastic Rounding}(y, LL, UL) = \begin{cases} LL & \text{w.p. } 1 - (y - LL) \\ UL & \text{w.p. } (y - LL) \end{cases}$$ \hspace{1cm} (15) where $UL$ indicates upper limit and $LL$ indicates lower limit. At last, we get the quantized value $x'$ via the inverse function of encoding function (15): $$x' \leftarrow F^{-1}(y) = sgn(y) \frac{1}{\mu}((1 + \mu)^{\|y\|} - 1)$$ \hspace{1cm} (16) 3.6 OTHER USEFUL TECHNIQUES Straight-through Estimator (STE): We adopt the same STE as Zhou et al. (2016) which is critical to the convergence of our models. The gradient of the quantization steps in the quantization model is based on the straight through estimator. Chunked Updates: We also use the same gradient accumulation strategy as Sakr et al. (2019); Wang et al. (2018). During updates, since we have quantized the gradient and weight parameters using $Q_{\mu8}(X)$, the gradient will be lower bounded by the smallest possible value of the MU8 encoding($10^{-6}$), which is small enough to preserve model accuracy within the 8-bit constraint. However, directly adding this small gradient to a large number (weight) in our MU8 quantization would cause this small gradient to be rounded-off and thus lose information due to the growing Figure 3: Left: LogBTQ ResNet-50 weight distribution with and without log-barrier loss throughout the training process. Right: Example weight distribution in a conv layer of LogBTQ ResNet-50. intervals of MU8 encoding at larger values. Performing chunked gradient updates, updating the weights only after $k$ steps of gradient descent (in this work, we set $k = 20$), helps to accumulate the gradients to be large enough to be rounded up, aiding convergence. 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Table. 2 shows the performance of models trained with LogBTQ from scratch on the MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet datasets. Our performance on CIFAR-10 is even higher than the FP32 baseline, and our results using ResNet-50 trained from scratch on ImageNet are competitive against both of the works in comparison. This is particularly impressive given that LogBTQ uses strictly 8-bits to store gradients whereas previous work resorted to FP16 or hybrid 8/16. Our accuracy loss of ResNet-50 on ImageNet is only 2.48% which for many use cases is worth the benefit of keeping everything in only 8 bits of precision. For practical purposes, 2-5% accuracy loss should be tolerable if calculations can be kept strictly in 8 bits. \| Training Scheme \| MNIST ResNet-18 \| CIFAR-10 ResNet-18 \| ImageNet ResNet-50 \| ImageNet MobileNet \| \|--------------------------\|-----------------\|--------------------\|---------------------\|--------------------\| \| \| FP32 8-bit \| FP32 8-bit \| FP32 8-bit \| FP32 8-bit \| \| Wang et al. (2018) \| — \| — \| 92.77 92.21 \| 72.14 71.72 \| — \| — \| \| HF8 (Sun et al., 2019) \| — \| — \| — \| 76.44 76.22 \| 71.81 71.61 \| \| LogBTQ FP8(1-4-3) \| 99.9 98.1 \| 94.08 92.31 \| 73.59 54.32 \| 71.68 50.19 \| \| LogBTQ FP8(1-5-2) \| 99.9 98.3 \| 94.08 93.21 \| 73.59 58.46 \| 71.68 51.33 \| \| LogBTQ MU8(ours) \| 99.9 99.6 \| 94.08 94.50 \| 73.59 71.11 \| 71.68 68.41 \| Table 2: Results of LogBTQ training compared with the two most relevant low-precision training schemes. Note that the previous work listed here is not directly comparable to ours; as is shown in Table 1. Though these works perform the majority of computation in 8 bits, they still have the advantage of FP16 or Hybrid FP8/16 when accumulating gradients, and dynamic quantization range. First 2 rows are numbers reported by Wang et al. (2018) and Sun et al. (2019). 5 DISCUSSION Hou et al. (2019) also provides a bound for the quantized gradient of QAT models, giving the intuition that quantized gradients would slow down convergence, which we also observe in our training. For each arithmetic operation, we perform our $Q_{\mu8}(X)$ quantization right after each operation to ensure the number still falls into 8 bits. For out of range numbers, we clamp. We verify our assumptions in our experiments: Figure 3 (left) shows a layer’s weight distribution during training, and we can see that they are nicely bounded by our log-barrier to within [-1.5, 1.5]. Figure 3 (right) shows the weight distribution is concentrating to smaller values during training. Since we only have $10^{-6}$ precision to handle the gradients, we are inevitably losing some accuracy compared with higher precision training schemes. FP16 can handle $10^{-8}$ precision and FP32 can handle $10^{-32}$ precision. As we can see in Table 2, LogBTQ can perform almost perfectly on easier tasks such as MNIST and CIFAR-10, but degrades when we are training on the more challenging ImageNet dataset. Our Mu8 encoding performs better than 1-5-2 and 1-4-3 with our LogBTQ quantization scheme, showing $\mu$-law encoding can handle small fixed quantization range better than 1-5-2 or 1-4-3. As is pointed out by Sheng et al. (2018), MobileNet architecture has some layers that are unfriendly for quantization, e.g. An outlier in one channel could cause a huge quantization loss for the entire model due to an enlarged data range. We employed the same techniques proposed by Sheng et al. (2018), though MobileNet benchmark is still not as good as ResNet-50 due to the aggressive reduction of parameters. Overall, it still depends on the use case of the deep learning models to consider the trade-off between accuracy and precision to choose which quantization scheme to adopt. As far as we are aware, LogBTQ is the first full 8-bit quantization scheme with competitive performance on a large-scale dataset such as ImageNet. This opens up the prospect of training fully-quantized models on low-precision hardware. 6 CONCLUSION Motivated by the limitations of fake quantization, we propose Log Barrier Tail-bounded Quantization (LogBTQ) which introduces a log-barrier extension loss term that enforces soft constraints on the range of values that model parameters can take on at every operation. Our approach eliminates overflow in practice, sparsifying the weights and using $\mu$-law non-uniform quantization, allowing for fully quantized 8-bit training of deep neural network models. By constraining the neural network parameters driven by theoretical motivations, this work enables the possibility for the first time fully-quantized training on low-precision hardware. 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Experiencing indoor navigation on mobile devices Original Experiencing indoor navigation on mobile devices / Barberis, Claudia; Bottino, ANDREA GIUSEPPE; Malnati, Giovanni; Montuschi, Paolo. - In: IT PROFESSIONAL. - ISSN 1520-9202. - STAMPA. - 16:1(2014), pp. 50-57. [10.1109/MITP.2013.54] Availability: This version is available at: 11583/2508496 since: Publisher: IEEE Published DOI:10.1109/MITP.2013.54 Terms of use: openAccess This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the corresponding bibliographic description in the repository Publisher copyright (Article begins on next page) Experiencing indoor navigation on mobile devices Claudia Barberis, Andrea Bottino, Giovanni Malnati, and Paolo Montuschi, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Did you ever got lost in a building? We all did, but the solution is (literally) at hand. Introduction Who has never got lost inside a building? Moving inside indoor spaces can be challenging, as hallways are often similar, walls hide the visual cues of salient landmarks, one cannot look at the sky to self-orientate, spaces are labelled according to some unknown plan, and asking and providing directions can be tricky when the path requires more than just a few turnings. Indoor is a completely different problem from outdoor orienting, where the technology nowadays is providing excellent and affordable solutions, mostly based on using GPS on special purpose devices, mobile phones and smartphones. Outdoor navigation apps cannot guide customers inside retail spaces or help travellers inside an airport, mainly because both GPS data are unavailable or highly unreliable inside buildings and accurate and updated indoor cartography is missing or too much expensive to be maintained. The availability of low cost consumer mobile devices has recently changed this paradigm, by opening to new solutions. Nowadays, indoor navigation issues have been tackled by developing dedicated apps for specific buildings, as airports or malls, which can be downloaded by several platforms. These first-step experiences paired with industry’s growing interest and the new technology advances, are going to quickly bring further changes to the scenario. The emerging challenge is to offer apps going well beyond the basic navigation and assisting users in all their activities. For example, in a hospital patients might need to be guided to the rooms where they will receive assistance, while operators might need to be coordinated while managing an emergency ([1]). In a museum visitors can enjoy enhanced cultural experiences, by receiving multimedia content related to the surrounding location or to the artworks they are looking at ([2]). Conference attendees can receive information to organize their timetable and to find their way through complex convention centers ([9]). Students in universities can navigate from classroom to classroom according to their lecture schedules ([13]). Furthermore, indoor navigation offers several economical advantages for the involved stakeholders. Some significant examples are localised advertisements, in-store mobile marketing, personalized coupons and the possibility for vendors to deliver contents at the right time and place. Besides the potential fields of application, which technologies are behind an indoor navigation app and which issues should be considered when developing it? Basics of indoor localization Indoor navigation requires the computation of accurate location and orientation data. Several approaches have been investigated, based on the coverage of the area with various sensor types, exploiting radio signals, perturbations of the earth’s magnetic fields, and modulated infrared lights or ultrasounds ([15]). Though providing a set of valuable solutions, many of these techniques often entail installing (and maintaining) complex and often expensive physical and electronic infrastructures to guarantee the pervasive availability of the sensed signals, or require periodically updating large data sets. Then, they might rely on special purpose devices to sense the localization signals, thus ruling out a significant part of off-the-shelf smartphones. Furthermore, in contrast to outdoor localization, indoor navigation requires a very high precision. Inches vs. yards are necessary to discriminate one corridor from the other and one floor from the next. This is a matter of choosing the type of sensing signals, as some could be inherently inaccurate. For instance, radio waves and ultrasounds are affected by reflections and interactions with walls and ceilings, the earth’s magnetic field is influenced by metal and electronic devices in the environment, and infrared lights require a clean line of sight. Finally, navigation planning requires not only a precise localization but also a correct orientation. Otherwise, navigation in large and complex environments, especially in the case of frequent stops and rotations of the sightline, could become very difficult. Orientation still turns out to be a big unsolved issue depending on the type of sensing signals used by the system. Recently, the increasing computational power in today’s smartphones has helped to address in efficient and satisfactory ways most of the previous points, leading to the design and implementation of vision-based localization systems. These systems can reliably compute both phone position and orientation, thus providing an effective and quite inexpensive solution to the indoor localization problem. In a vision-based approach, the images acquired through the video camera of the device are segmented and the relevant image features are extracted. These features are then matched with those stored in a database and the relative camera pose and orientation are estimated from the best match. Finally, the absolute position of the device can be computed by knowing the feature positions in a reference frame. Vision-based localization systems → SIDEBAR Vision-based localization systems rely either on natural image features ([3]) or on visual markers, also called fiducials. Natural image features are edges, colour regions or local image descriptors, mathematical entities providing a characterization of the image region surrounding a point of interest that is invariant to image transformations such as rotation, scaling and illumination changes. The use of natural features requires solving various problems. First, as a pre-processing stage, it entails building a visual map of the environment, which relates features extracted from images to their exact spatial location. This step is complex and time-consuming, and requires updating the visual map at every change in appearance of the environment. Second, natural feature matching requires a huge computational power and it is, therefore, unfeasible on most off-the-shelf devices. To soften the problem, the feature extraction and matching process can be simplified, with a consequent precision loss. Another possible solution is the processing of the images through a remote server, increasing the time required to obtain the positional data and involving privacy issues related to transmitting and storing images potentially portraying individuals inside the environments. ![Figure 1. Different types of visual markers](image) The second category of approaches is that relying on the identification of visual markers placed in the environment, depicting specifically designed two-dimensional patterns that are known in advance by the recognition system. Examples of fiducials are QR codes, bar codes or tags similar to those used in Augmented Reality applications (Figure 1). The use of visual markers provides several advantages over natural image features. The fiducial detection is simpler and can be easily obtained in real-time. The recognition algorithm is by far more robust and less affected by noise. Visual markers do not require building a priori a visual map of the environment, except for storing their coordinates. Alphanumeric information can be encoded into the marker and used as key to obtain the fiducial position and orientation from a database. Furthermore, their peculiar visual appearance makes them easily identifiable as information hot-spots in complex environments and fiducials can be easily deployed at a minimal cost ([8], [9]). The main limitation of vision-based approaches is that they provide exact localization information only when the smartphone observes a marker and they cannot guarantee continuous tracking, thus requiring some form of cooperation by the user. The availability within new smartphones of inexpensive and ubiquitous inertial sensors like gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers, was initially considered as a possible help towards the solution of the problem. Inertial sensors data can ideally be used to infer a user’s position from its last known location and velocity with a navigation technique known as dead reckoning. However, this process is typically subject to drifting and the computed data become largely unreliable after a few seconds ([14]). Research in this area is very active and is aimed at obtaining robust, precise and flexible localization systems that can be adopted by a large variety of platforms. In the next sections we will present our (low-cost) solution and how we tackled the most relevant problems related to indoor navigation. Our approach to Indoor localization We have designed and implemented a patent pending vision-based system for indoor localization and navigation. It relies on a set of visual markers deployed across the environment and on a downloadable mobile application providing guidance. Localization is obtained with a simple yet effective algorithm, which can be executed in real-time even on devices with reduced computational resources. Besides being computationally light, robust and reliable, this algorithm has two other main advantages with respect to former solutions in the literature: - It does not require the optimization of non-linear objective functions with complex and iterative methods (as in [16][18]), thus making it possible to estimate its execution time; - It does not require to know the intrinsic camera parameters, such as focal length, image format and camera principal point ([16][17][18]), which are cumbersome to obtain for each possible camera and device. The algorithm leverages on the peculiar shape of our markers and on a straightforward simplification of the problem, as described next. The relative position of the camera with respect to the marker is expressed by six variables (three distances and three angles). If we choose the camera reference system $(\hat{u}, \hat{v})$ (having one of its axes parallel to the XY plane of the marker reference system, then the relative camera position can be written as a function of three parameters only (Figure 2): (i) the distance of the camera from the marker, (ii) the camera pitch (i.e., the angle $\varphi$ between the camera optical axis and the ground) and (iii) the camera yaw (i.e., the angle $\theta$ between the projection of the optical axis onto the ground and the direction of the horizontal marker side). According to the pinhole camera model, the position on the projection plane of the three principal vanishing points ($F_x$, $F_y$, $F_z$) can be written as the following functions of the camera focal distance ($f$) and of the camera orientation ($\varphi, \theta$): $$ F_x = \begin{pmatrix} f \frac{\tan \theta}{\cos \varphi} \\ f \tan \varphi \end{pmatrix}, \quad F_y = \begin{pmatrix} -f \frac{\cot \theta}{\cos \varphi} \\ f \tan \varphi \end{pmatrix}, \quad F_z = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ -f \cot \varphi \end{pmatrix} $$ Given the geometry of our marker, $F_x$ and $F_y$ can be simply obtained extending and intersecting the projections of the marker side parallel to the corresponding coordinate axes. To compute $F_z$, we can consider that, in the projection plane, the three vanishing points form a triangle. The orthocentre $O$ of this triangle is the intersection of the optical axis with the camera plane, which can be approximated with the image center. Thus, $(\varphi, \theta)$ can then be computed as follows: $$ \varphi = \tan^{-1} \sqrt{-\frac{F_{x,v}}{F_{z,v}}} \quad \theta = \tan^{-1} \sqrt{-\frac{F_{x,u}}{F_{y,u}}} $$ If we guarantee to deploy the marker having one of its sides parallel to the ground, the orientation of the camera in the world reference system can be computed from the output of the device accelerometer. Finally, the distance between the camera and the marker may be estimated according to the size of the marker image in the camera plane. The overall accuracy can be improved considering that the vanishing points of all the set of parallel directions in the marker plane lies on a line. Since some of these directions can be obtained from our marker, the best line fitting their vanishing points can be used to compute, by regression, a more accurate position of $F_x$ and $F_y$ and, consequently, improved localization data. Experimental results show a root mean square error at most 8.9 cm and 3.5° for, respectively, position and orientation, which is largely adequate for the proposed applications. A video of our prototypal system can be found at http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=cfOSNjyD15A. Examples of applications we have developed include (i) on-the-fly guidance in a peripheral campus of our University, (ii) supporting patients in a medical center to locate where their examinations take place and to receive information concerning the sequence of activities involved in the treatment, and (iii) both guiding people through different exhibits and supporting a distributed mobile game for the younger visitors in a museum. Besides simple tracing a user’s location: some additional problems and open challenges In order to provide actual services in a real scenario, precisely pinpointing a user’s location is the main but not the only problem to be solved. In the following we have summarized, in the form of questions-&-answers, the most relevant and challenging issues, and how our system addresses them. * Which is the best way to inform users about the path to follow? Communicating the route effectively enables users to easily find their way through spaces that sometimes they have never seen before. Navigation information should be clear and intuitive as possible, requiring a minimal cognitive load. Unfortunately, to date, there are no common rules or standards (even de-facto) for indoor map visualization and route communication. This has led to navigation systems using different presentation interfaces, many of which have been implemented in our applications: - A preliminary option is a 2D map, showing users their current position and describing the right path to follow (Figure 3(a)). To help users, the map should have an overview of the whole route plus an estimate of travel distance and expected arrival time. - The displayed map section should constantly adapt to the user’s position and its graphical representation should include all the significant geometric and semantic elements in the surroundings. - Assuming the device is parallel to the floor, an egocentric view, orienting the map to show upward what is in front of the user, is always preferable to an alignment with the geographical north. When the phone is tilted up, a perspective or orthographic view of a 3D map is more intuitive (Figure 3(b)). - In combination or as alternative to maps, navigation information can be displayed in Augmented Reality ([8]) overlaying the camera phone video with signs and arrows showing the current walking direction (Figure 3(c)). - Other useful forms of route communication are textual ([6]) and audio ([7]) instructions. With textual instructions users need to read step-by-step indications on screen. Additional graphics icons (Figure 3(d)), summarizing the actions more intuitively ([8]), can help reducing the cognitive load. Audio communications avoid users to pay attention to the screen and offer as well an important support to people with reading impairments or dyslexia. As we experimented, the integration of some -possibly all- of these features improves the system usability and the effectiveness of navigation information, since map reading appears to be a major problem for most casual users. Figure 3. Communicating the route through: (a) a 2D map, (b) a perspective view of a 3D map, (c) information in augmented reality, and (d) a list of step-by-step instructions. How should navigation routes be identified? From a mathematical-algorithmic point of view, the possible routes in a building are internally represented as a graph approximating the floor plans, where nodes are the turning points and edges are the path segments. The route between two points is computed with a shortest path algorithm. However, from a user-cognitive point of view, this could not be the best option for large open areas, like those typically present in malls. The indication we obtained from our users is that when such spaces are transit area, they simply look for the shortest path between entry and exit “doors”. Hence, we modified our routing algorithms to consider this quite “natural” habit. For users with disabilities, such as blind people and wheelchair users, the identification of the possible routes could also match the characteristics of the environment with their infirmities to produce paths based on the actual way-finding habits of the impaired individuals ([4], [7]). We are planning, as future work, to tackle this issue in our application. How should context-aware navigation systems be developed?* An indoor mobile navigation system needs to exploit context information ([5]), i.e. user’s location, his/her preferences and physical or cognitive capacities, interaction devices, static and dynamic characteristics of environments where users are moving in. Some of the context-related issues that we took into consideration in our applications are the following: - In all our application scenarios, users have personal or collaborative activities to carry out in a building. Therefore, the navigation app aims at being more than a static map of the environment showing the path. It tries to support and simplify users’ tasks, handle their interaction with the environment, and manage their requests for services, possibly integrating with any information system already deployed for that purpose. - The aim of the navigation app is to reduce objective and subjective costs, such as path lengths, travel times in normal conditions, and safety coefficients in emergencies. The app, therefore, informs and receives feedbacks from users on what they could and want to do inside the environment, and only after that give them the directions to reach their final destination. - Our route planning algorithm takes into account overall context information as well. For instance, the identification of the path exploits user preferences for stairs or elevator, availability of segments (e.g. office and doors open only during working hours), and the particular disabilities of the user, thus providing accessible paths of travel for walking-impaired people. Another feature we are planning to include is the ability to handle emergencies. For instance, in case of fires, the system should be able to coordinate the crowd, guiding users through escape routes and, at the same time, directing fire fighters to the most critical areas ([12]). What about security and privacy? Location-aware smartphones can potentially collect, store and disclose a large amount of sensitive data, thus raising potential security and privacy concerns ([10]). Social networks have rapidly changed users’ privacy habits and it is not surprising that a recent survey found that more than 40% of the potential users of mobile navigation apps would be willing to expose their personal data to keep contact with friends and family ([11]). Nevertheless, not all users are likely to be comfortable if their location is tracked over time. Recordings of activities and context-related information can expose personal information such as health status and sexual orientation. If not properly addressed, consumer habits could be profiled against their will, resulting in unwanted and obtrusive advertising. Though not all misuses of location information can be prevented, addressing privacy issues will certainly increase the acceptance of indoor navigation systems. *How do users possibly like indoor navigation apps? To feedback the user appreciation of our indoor navigation app, we surveyed a small sample of visitors of the museum where we installed our system. Far from being a definitive answer, some clues emerge from the results. We asked a panel of 171 volunteers to use the navigation app during their visit and then to fill-in a questionnaire, specifying their level of agreement on a 10-point Likert scale. As main result, the overall appreciation was positive (average score of 7.97) and the app was evaluated as a valuable museum guide (7.91). The navigation was found to be effective (7.39) and the context information related to artworks easily accessible (8.02) and interesting (7.35). As for the younger visitors (under 15), the 83% of them showed a strong involvement into the museum based mobile “activity-game”, which allowed accessing the archive material in a captivating and engaging environment, thus making learning history an entertaining experience. Conclusions Based on our experiences, still in progress, we believe that indoor navigation is an important opportunity and example of how today technology’s pervasiveness can propose solutions for supporting humans. In this paper we shortly summarized some of the issues we had to face while tackling the indoor navigation problem, as well as the solutions aimed at resolving or alleviating them. Many of these solutions came from the feedbacks of our users. In particular, we concur with them that usability and accessibility are key issues for the success of any system, as while half of the game is played on the technological field, the other half is played on the simplicity of usage. Future research should be aimed at designing navigation-&-information applications, seamlessly integrating with any information system already devoted to support business processes inside the building, with the goal to help users to schedule and support at best their own activities. In order to provide this support, the navigation systems should know a lot of information about users and their context: who are they? where are they now? why are they here? what are they going to do? This requires not only to properly address privacy issues but also joint efforts of the organization responsible for the users’ activities, which should re-think their business process to target the opportunities offered by indoor navigation. Despite some technical issues that still require additional work to be done, indoor navigation has an extremely high potential of changing the way we interact with our surroundings, with many advantages for the various stakeholders involved in any indoor business. 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ISMAR 2007. 6th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.3,18, 13-16 Nov. 2007 [18] Schweighofer, G.; Pinz, A., "Robust Pose Estimation from a Planar Target," Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on , vol.28, no.12, pp.2024,2030, Dec. 2006 Authors' biographies: Claudia Barberis is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Control and Computer of the Polytechnic of Turin. Her research interests are in the fields of vehicular network and pervasive computing. She has participated in several research projects and she is an assistant lecturer in system programming and multimedia applications for mobile devices courses at the Polytechnic of Turin. Andrea Bottino is an assistant professor at the Polytechnic of Turin where he teaches computer graphics and virtual reality. He is the author of more than 50 scientific papers published in international books, journals and conference proceedings. His current main research interests include virtual and augmented reality, computer graphics, computer vision and human computer interaction. He has also carried out important research in the field of computational geometry. His most recent works deal with the development of automatic computer tools for planning the outcomes of plastic surgery and with the virtual heritage, which combines ICT technologies and the cultural heritage. Giovanni Malnati is an assistant professor at the Polytechnic of Turin. His current main research interests are in software and network technologies for mobile and pervasive systems, vehicular network applications, indoor positioning systems, and multimedia technologies supporting e-learning environments. He has actively participated in several European and national research projects, as well as in technology transfer activities with private companies. He is the co-author of several patents in the fields of indoor positioning and remote file system access. At the Polytechnic of Turin he teaches system programming, GUI programming, multimedia applications for mobile devices, and Internet applications. Paolo Montuschi is a professor at the Polytechnic of Turin where he teaches computer architectures and computer arithmetic. His research interests are in computer arithmetic, computer graphics, computer architectures, and electronic publications. Currently he is Associate Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Computers, as well as member of the steering committee of the IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing and of the Advisory Board of Computing Now. He is also serving in the Board of Governors of the IEEE Computer Society (2012-2013) and as the 2013 Chair of the Magazine Operations Committee of the Computer Society. Malnati, Bottino and Barberis are co-founders of TonicMinds (http://www.tonicminds.com/), a spin-off of the Politecnico di Torino whose main activities are in the field of pervasive systems, distributed computing in the mobile environment, artificial vision and computer graphics. TonicMinds has developed a patent-pending vision based system for indoor localization and navigation. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tm0WzOMz1pE
Initial Results from the New Lost Alpha Diagnostics on JET D. Darrow, S. Baumel, E. Cecil, B. Ellis, K. Fullard, K. Hill, A. Horton, V. Kiptily, L. Pedrick, M. Reich, A. Werner and JET EFDA contributors “This document is intended for publication in the open literature. It is made available on the understanding that it may not be further circulated and extracts or references may not be published prior to publication of the original when applicable, or without the consent of the Publications Officer, EFDA, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, UK.” “Enquiries about Copyright and reproduction should be addressed to the Publications Officer, EFDA, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, UK.” Initial Results from the New Lost Alpha Diagnostics on JET D. Darrow$^1$, S. Baeumel$^4$, E. Cecil$^2$, B. Ellis$^1$, K. Fullard$^3$, K. Hill$^1$, A. Horton$^3$, V. Kiptily$^3$, L. Pedrick$^3$, M. Reich$^4$, A. Werner$^4$ and JET EFDA contributors* $^1$Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton NJ, USA $^2$Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA $^3$EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK $^4$Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EUROATOM Association, Germany * See annex of J. Pamela et al, “Overview of JET Results”, (Proc. 20th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal (2004). Preprint of Paper to be submitted for publication in Proceedings of the 16th HTPD Topical Conference on High Temperature Plasma Diagnostics, (Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, 7th May - 11th May 2006) ABSTRACT. Two new devices have been installed in the JET vacuum vessel near the plasma boundary to investigate the loss of energetic ions and fusion products in general and alpha particles in particular during the upcoming JET experiments. These devices are (i) a set of multichannel thin foil Faraday collectors and (ii) a well collimated scintillator which is optically connected to a charge coupled device. Initial results, including the radial, energy and poloidal dependence of lost ions from low yield plasmas during the 2005-06 JET restart campaign will be presented. 1. INTRODUCTION Magnetically confined fusion plasmas of the present and future rely on good confinement of energetic ions, e.g. Neutral Beam Injection (NBI), Ion Cyclotron Resonant Frequency (ICRF) heating tail ions or fusion-produced alpha particles, to maintain efficient heating. The Joint European Torus (JET) has substantial NBI and ICRF capability, and may also conduct future experiments with Deuterium-Tritium (DT) plasmas that would generate 3.5MeV alpha particles. Consequently, it is an ideal facility for the study of fast ion losses. In addition, the design and construction of a fast ion loss diagnostic for JET may have application to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Accordingly we have recently installed two new fast ion loss diagnostic devices on JET. These consist of a set of thin Faraday foil collectors and a scintillator probe. Thin Faraday-foil detectors, in which ions that are lost from a fusion plasma are detected as current to ground in a metallic foil near the plasma boundary, have been used to investigate ion losses on NSTX[1], DIII-D[2], and JET[3]. Similarly, scintillation detectors have been widely employed to study ion losses on TFTR[4], NSTX[5], and other machines [6]. The present devices are intended to study lost ions in general and d-t fusion product alpha particles in particular during the upcoming JET campaigns. The design and expected signal levels in these devices have been discussed in previous contributed papers to this conference series. [7,8]. 2. FARADAY FOILS DETECTOR KA-2 The Faraday cup array will detect the current of fast ions at multiple poloidal locations, with a dynamic range of 1 nA/cm$^2$ to 10 mA/cm$^2$ at a temporal resolution of 1ms. The detectable range of $\alpha$-particle energies is about 1-5MeV. The energy resolution for 3.5MeV $\alpha$-particles is estimated to be about 15-50%. The array has been installed in Octant 7 and consists of nine detectors spread over five poloidal locations between $z = 22$ and 80cm below the midplane. A recent photograph of KA2 indicating the five poloidally distributed foils sets is shown in Figure 1. Radially, the detectors are equally spaced on three locations between 25 and 85mm behind the adjacent the poloidal limiter. Each detector consists of at least 4 75mm×25mm Ni foils (2.5µm in eight of the detectors and 1.0µm in the ninth) which are separated by insulating mica foils. Depending on its energy, a particle can pass through a certain number of foils before it is stopped. in one foil, thus causing a current signal. The detection of the temporal evolution of the current signals in all foils in the radially and poloidally distributed detectors will allow a map of particle energies at different locations. 3. SCINTILLATION DETECTOR KA-3 The scintillator probe has been installed in Octant 4, in a lower limiter guide tube (input slit: $z = -280\text{mm}$, $\varphi = 123.75^\circ$, $R = 3.799\text{m}$). A photograph of the probe is shown in Figure 2. The scintillator probe will allow the detection of particles with a pitch angle between $30^\circ$ and $86^\circ$ (5% resolution) and a gyroradius between 20 and 140mm (15% resolution). It is located in the lower limited guide tube of octant 4 about 28cm below the midplane. The underlying principle of scintillator measurements is the emission of light by a scintillating material after a particle strikes this material. Selection criteria for the particles that hit the scintillator are introduced by using a set of collimators within the magnetic field of JET. An optical arrangement within the scintillator probe is used to transfer the light emitted by the scintillator towards a coherent fiber bundle, a CCD camera and a photomultiplier array. 4. INITIAL RESULTS 4.1.A. FARADAY FOIL DETECTORS. KA2 has observed lost ions during ICRH and NBI heating. Examples of results obtained during ICRH are shown in Figures 3 – 6. In Figures 3-5 we look, respectively, at the energy, radial and poloidal dependence of lost ions during a 1.4 MW ICRF pulse (Pulse No: 64556) with $B_T = 2.5\text{T}$ and $I_p = 2.0\text{MA}$. The energy dependence, Fig.3, in which the ions are largely stopped in the first three foils, is consistent with a flux of protons with a maximum energy of about 1.5MeV [9]. The radial dependence, Fig.4, indicates a drop-off of about a factor of ten in flux proceeding from the foil set closest to the plasma to that farthest (a distance of 60mm). The poloidal dependence, Fig.5, shows a predominance of ion losses at pylons 3 and 4 which are at angles of $21^\circ$ and $27^\circ$ below the machine midplane. While we have yet to carry out detailed orbit calculations for energetic protons, we have completed detailed calculations of alpha particle orbits from d-t fusion plasmas as part of the KA2 design process[7]. It is interesting to note that these lost alpha calculations likewise indicate a preferred poloidal angle between $15^\circ$ and $27^\circ$. In addition, it is interesting to compare the currents measured with KA2 to other diagnostic indicators consistent with ion losses. In Fig.6 we compare the current in foil 121 with the intensity of the edge D$_\alpha$ light, the soft x-ray signal and the intensity of neutron production for JET Pulse No: 65558 ($B_T = 2.2\text{T}$, $I_p = 2.0\text{MA}$ and $P_{ICRF} = 2.7\text{MW}$). Not surprisingly, current bursts as picked up in KA2 correspond to spikes in the x-ray and D$_\alpha$ signals and to a drop in the neutron production. Finally we have observed an interesting correlation between neutron production rate versus plasma current and lost ion current versus plasma current during a series of very recent NBI “blip” experiments (JET Pulse No’s: 65971-65977 with blips of 1.2MW NBI power of duration 100ms every ~500ms with the plasma current linearly decreasing with time between 50 and 60 sec into the pulse). A comparison of NBI power, neutron yield and ion current in foil 111 during one of these pulses is shown in Fig.7. These parameters are compared in Fig.8, where there is an increasing correlation between reaction yield and $I_p$ and a roughly decreasing correlation between foil current (lost beam ions) and $I_p$. 4.1.B. SCINTILLATOR DETECTOR. The scintillator detector has recently begun to generate images during JET pulses. One of the first images is shown in Fig.9. In addition to CCD images of the scintillator, KA3 is able to measure the ion current onto the scintillator, using basically the same electronics as used by the foils in KA2. In Figure 10 the current from foil 111 (the front foil of the radially innermost of the three foils sets in the top pylon) in KA2 is compared to the current incident upon the scintillator foil in the companion lost ion diagnostic KA3 which is roughly one third the way around the torus from KA2. The KA3 current signal is correlated both with particle losses showing also on the CCD and with some of the signals picked up by the foils of KA2. These are very promising indications that both diagnostics, while different in design will be aiding to explain the same processes originating in the plasma. They will be complementing each other with good synergy. Finally in Figure 11 there is a comparison of the energy signal as a function of time obtained from the scintillator by integrating over the isoenergetic pixels at successive times with the currents from the front, second and back Faraday foils in the top pylon. This is for JET Pulse No:65857 in which there is a sawtooth crash at about 15.2s. In addition to the strong signals associated with this crash, there is a good correspondence at times of weaker signals such at 18.5 and 19.6 seconds. CONCLUSIONS Both the Faraday foil and scintillation lost alpha diagnostic detectors have been successfully installed in JET and observations during initial commissioning plasmas indicate that both systems are properly working. The assessment of their performance limits is under way and will be extended using synergies that have been demonstrated. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is supported by US Department of Energy contracts DE-AC02-76CH03073 & DE-FG03-95ER54303 and conducted under EFDA. In addition we would like to acknowledge the excellent technical support of Dave Miller, Bob Marsala, Joe Frangipani and Guy Rossi at PPPL. REFERENCES [1]. W.W. Heidbrink, M. Miah, D. Darrow, B. LeBlanc, S.S. Medley, A.L. Roquemore and F.E. Cecil, Nucl. Fusion 43 (2003) 883. [2]. W.P. West, C.J. Lasnier, J. Watkins, J.S. deGrassie, W. Heidbrink, K.H. Burrell, F.E. Cecil. Journal of Nuclear Materials 337-339 (2005) 420. [3]. O.N. Jarvis, P. van Belle, G. Sadler, G.A.H. Whitfield, F.E. Cecil, D. Darrow and B. Esposito, Fusion Technology. 39, (2001) 84. [4]. S.J. Zweben, R.V. Budny, D.S. Darrow, S.S. Medley, R. Nazikian, B.C. Stratton, E.J. Synakowski and G. Taylor for the TFTR Group. Nucl. Fusion 40 No 1 (January 2000) 91-149 [5]. D. Darrow, R. Bell, D.W. Johnson, H. Kugel, J.R. Wilson, F.E. Cecil, R. Maingi, A. Krasilnikov and A. Aleksayev. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 784 (2001) [6]. M. Nishimura, M. Isobe, T. Saida and D.S. Darrow. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 3646 (2004). A. Werner, A. Weller and D.S. Darrow. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 780 (2001). [7]. D. S. Darrow, S. Bäumel, F. E. Cecil, V. Kiptily, R. Ellis, L. Pedrick, and A. Werner. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, (2004) 3566. [8]. S. Baumel, A Werner, R. Semler, S. Mukherjee, D. Darrow, R. Ellis, F.E. Cecil, L. Pedrick, H. Altmann and J. Gafert. V. Kiptily and J. Gafert. "Scintillator probe for lost alpha measurements in JET "; Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 (2004) 3563. [9]. The proton range energy calculations were done with the code SRIM02 which was written by Jim Zeigler. Figure 1. Photograph of the JET Faraday foil lost ion diagnostic KA2 showing the five pylons. Figure 2. Photograph of the JET scintillator lost ion diagnostic KA3. Figure 3. Comparison of currents in four successive foils 111, 112, 113, and 114 for JET Pulse No: 64556 indicating energy discrimination capability of KA2. The energy of the proton flux is roughly 1.5MeV. Figure 4. Comparison of currents in foils 412, 422, and 432 for JET Pulse No: 64556 indicating radial dependence of lost ion flux. Figure 5. Comparison of currents in foils in pylons at poloidal angles $9^\circ$, (top trace), $15^\circ$, $21^\circ$, $27^\circ$, $33^\circ$ (bottom trace) for JET Pulse No: 64556 indicating poloidal dependence of lost ion flux. Figure 6. Comparison of current signal in KA2 (a) with soft x-ray flux at outer divertor (b) and neutron yield as measured in fission chamber (c) and edge $D_\alpha$ light (d) for JET Pulse No: 65558. Figure 7. Comparison of NBI power, neutron flux measured in fission chamber and smoothed current signal from KA2 foil 111 for JET Pulse No: 65971 Figure 8. Comparison of neutron yield and integrated current in foil 111 versus plasma current during JET NBI blip pulses (for JET Pulse No's: 65971, 72, 75, 76 and 77). The foil currents and the neutron signals are integrated over a 200ms time interval starting with the onset of each beam blip of the beam blips. The maximum neutron yield following each blip is about $3 \times 10^{14}$ neutrons/sec. Figure 9. KA3 scintillator probe CCD Image of JET Pulse No: 65857 at 17.0 sec. Figure 10. Comparison of current measured in scintillator probe KA3 (top) and Faraday foil detector KA2 (bottom) for JET Pulse No: 64556. Figure 11. Comparison of energy distribution versus time from scintillator (top) and current in front Faraday foils in top pylon (bottom) in region of sawtooth crash at 17.2sec during JET Pulse No: 65587.
Polio survivors should be aware that some amount of exercise is usually beneficial, but caution should be taken in ensuring that each individual has a program that is tailored to fit their unique needs. Following is an excerpt from our Handbook on the Late Effects of Poliomyelitis for Physicians and Survivors (reprinted 1999) and past articles from Polio Network News (now Post-Polio Health) that address exercise issues and which remains applicable and pertinent today. While the Handbook provides a broad selection of basic information about the late effects of polio, the quarterly Post-Polio Health builds on that foundation. In addition to these publications, Post-Polio Health International publishes an annual Post-Polio Directory that lists clinics, health professionals and support groups with experience in post-polio concerns. *Excerpt from the Handbook on the Late Effects of Poliomyelitis for Physicians and Survivors, Revised Edition* (1999, ISBN-0-931301-04-1 pbk.) ### Exercise Muscle stretching and joint range-of-motion exercises are important whenever there is muscle weakness. Preventing tightness, where muscles are weak, is important to maximize function and is particularly important in the chest wall and abdominal musculature if there is a limitation of breathing capacity. Preventing tightness in the hip and knee is important to maximize walking ability when there is significant weakness of the hip and thigh musculature. General conditioning exercises or aerobic exercises, specifically to maintain or improve cardiovascular endurance, are good for many polio survivors and have been shown to be effective (Owen & Jones, 1985; Kriz et al., 1992). The best endurance exercise is swimming, because it minimizes mechanical stress on tendons and joints, but beneficially stresses the cardiovascular system. Conditioning exercises or any repetitive activity, including walking, which causes pain or a sense of excessive muscle fatigue and increased weakness should be discontinued. The primary focus of any exercise program should be on building endurance, not strength (Agre et al., 1997; Ernstoff et al., 1996). In general, muscles that are significantly weakened by previous polio respond poorly to vigorous strengthening exercise programs. Very gradual strengthening exercises which are guided in intensity and duration by the individual's level of fatigue and/or pain can lead to modest but significant improvements in strength (Agre et al., 1996). Exercise should be focused on functionally important muscles. An appropriate exercise program will help to maintain the strength of previously involved muscles, and also avoid overloading those muscles which previously were not recognized as having been affected. An adequate exercise program will help to minimize loss in strength and endurance associated with the aging process. Professional advice may be needed to design a feasible and effective personalized exercise program. ### References Agre, J., Rodriguez, A., Franke, T., Swiggum, E., Harmon, R. & Curt, J. (1996). Low-intensity, alternate-day exercise improves muscle performance without apparent adverse effect in postpolio patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 75(1), 50-58. Agre, J., Rodriguez, A. & Franke, T. (1997). Strength, endurance, and work capacity after muscle strengthening exercise in postpolio subjects. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 78, 681-685. Ernstoff, B., Wetterqvist, H., Kvist, H. & Grimby, G. (1996). Endurance training effect on individuals with postpoliomyelitis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 77, 843-848. Kriz, J.L., Jones, D.R., Speier, J.L., Canine, J.K., Owen, R.R. & Serfass, R.C. (1992). Cardiorespiratory responses to upper extremity aerobic training by post-polio subjects. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 73, 49-54. Owen, R.R. & Jones, D. (1985). Polio residuals clinic: Conditioning exercise program. Orthopedics, 8(7), 882-883. Advising all polio survivors not to exercise is as irresponsible as advising all polio survivors to exercise. Current evidence suggests that exercises are often beneficial for many polio survivors provided that the exercise program is designed for the individual following a thorough assessment and is supervised initially by knowledgeable health professionals. Polio survivors and their health professionals who are knowledgeable about the complete health status of the individual survivor should make the ultimate decision on the advisability of exercise and the protocol of the exercise program. Clinical research studies support exercise programs that are prescribed and supervised by a professional for many polio survivors, including those with the symptoms of post-polio syndrome.* (See References, pg 3.) Acute paralytic polio can result in permanent muscular weakness when the viral infection leads to death of anterior horn cells (AHCs) in the spinal cord. Recovery from paralysis is thought to be due to the resprouting of nerve endings to orphaned muscle fibers creating enlarged motor units. Recovery is also attributed to exercise that facilitates the enlargement of innervated muscle fibers. For example, some polio survivors regained the use of their arms and have walked for years with crutches. Others regained the ability to walk without the aid of braces, crutches, etc., and have continued to walk for decades. The increased muscle weakness recognized in those with post-polio syndrome is believed to occur from the degeneration of the sprouts of the enlarged motor units. The premature death of some of the AHCs affected by the poliovirus is speculated to also cause new weakness, and some new weakness is caused by disuse, or a decline in activity or exercise. There is agreement that repetitive overuse can cause damage to joints and muscles, but can repeated overuse and excessive physical activity accelerate nerve degeneration or nerve death? This is the crux of the physical activity/exercise debate. Physical activity is movement occurring during daily activities. Exercise is defined as planned, structured and repetitive body movement. Therapeutic exercise is conducted for a health benefit, generally to reduce pain, to increase strength, to increase endurance and/or to increase the capacity for physical activity. Polio survivors who over-exercise their muscles experience excessive fatigue that is best understood as depletion of the supply of muscle energy. But, some polio survivors’ weakness can be explained by the lack of exercise and physical activity that clearly leads to muscle fiber wasting and cardiovascular deconditioning. The research supports the fact that many survivors can enhance their optimal health, their range of motion and their capacity for activity by embarking on a judicious exercise program that is distinct from the typical day-to-day physical activities. These same polio survivors need not fear “killing off” nerve cells, but do need to acknowledge that the deterioration and possible death of some nerve cells may be a part of normal post-polio aging. Exercise programs should be designed and supervised by physicians, physical therapists, and/or other health care professionals who are familiar with the unique pathophysiology of post-polio syndrome and the risks of excessive exercise. Professionals typically create a custom-tailored individualized exercise program that is supervised for two-four months. Criteria for diagnosis of post-polio syndrome - Prior paralytic poliomyelitis with evidence of motor neuron loss, as confirmed by history of the acute paralytic illness, signs of residual weakness and atrophy of muscles on neurologic examination, and signs of denervation on electromyography (EMG). - A period of partial or complete functional recovery after acute paralytic poliomyelitis, followed by an interval (usually 15 years or more) of stable neurologic function. - Gradual or sudden onset of progressive and persistent new muscle weakness or abnormal muscle fatigability (decreased endurance), with or without generalized fatigue, muscle atrophy or muscle and joint pain. (Sudden onset may follow a period of inactivity, or trauma or surgery.) Less commonly, symptoms attributed to post-polio syndrome include new problems with breathing or swallowing. - Symptoms persist for at least a year. - Exclusion of other neurologic, medical and orthopedic problems as causes of symptoms. SOURCE: Post-Polio Syndrome: Identifying Best Practices in Diagnosis & Care. March of Dimes, 2001. During this period, they will monitor an individual’s pain, fatigue and weakness and make adjustments to the protocol, as needed, to determine an exercise program that a polio survivor can follow independent of a professional. When designing a program, these general principles are followed to achieve specific goals and/or maintenance levels. - The intensity of the exercise is low to moderate. - The progression of the exercise is slow, particularly in muscles that have not been exercised for a period of time and/or have obvious chronic weakness from acute poliomyelitis. - Pacing is incorporated into the detailed program. - The plan should include a rotation of exercise types, such as stretching, general (aerobic) conditioning, strengthening, endurance or joint range of motion exercises. Polio survivors who experience marked pain or fatigue following any exercise should hold that exercise until contacting their health professional. Researchers and clinicians cannot make a more definite statement until additional studies on the long-term effects of exercise and the effects of exercise on function and quality of life are undertaken. Medical Advisory Committee* Martin B. Wice, MD, Chair, St. John's Mercy Rehabilitation Center, Saint Louis, Missouri Selma H. Calmes, MD, Anesthesiology, Olive View/UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California Marinos C. Dalakas, MD, National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, Maryland Burk Jubelt, MD, Neurology, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse, New York Julie G. Madorsky, MD, Clinical Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, Western University of Health Services, University of California-Irvine, Encino, California Frederick M. Maynard, MD, U.P. Rehabilitation Medicine Assoc., PC, Marquette, Michigan E.A. (Tony) Oppenheimer, MD, FACP, FCCP, Pulmonary Medicine (retired), Los Angeles, California Oscar Schwartz, MD, FCCP, FAASM, Advantage Pulmonary, Saint Louis, Missouri Mark K. Taylor, MLS, CPO, Director, Clinical and Technical Services, Orthotics and Prosthetics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Daria A. Trojan, MD, Assistant Professor, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada For list of endorsers, visit www.post-polio.org/ipn/pnn19-2A.html. References Agre, J., Grimby, G., Rodriguez, A., Einarsson, G., Swiggum, E. & Franke, T. (1995). A comparison of symptoms between Swedish and American post-polio individuals and assessment of lower-limb strength – a four-year cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 27, 183-192. Agre, J., Rodriguez, A. & Franke, T. (1997). Strength, endurance, and work capacity after muscle strengthening exercise in postpolio subjects. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 78, 681-685. Agre, J., Rodriguez, A. & Franke, T. (1998). Subjective recovery time after exhausting muscular activity in postpolio and control subjects. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 77, 140-144. Agre, J., Rodriguez, A., Franke, T., Swiggum, E., Harmon, R. & Curt, J. (1996). Low-intensity, alternate-day exercise improves muscle performance without apparent adverse affect in postpolio patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 75, 50-58. Agre, J.C. & Rodriguez, A.A. (1997). Muscular function in late polio and the role of exercise in post-polio patients. Neurorehabilitation, 8, 107-118. Ernstoff, B., Wetterqvist, H., Kvist, H. & Grimby, G. (1996). Endurance training effect on individuals with postpoliomyelitis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 77, 843-848. Grimby, G., Stalberg, E., Sandberg, A. & Sunnerhagen, KS. (1998). An 8-year longitudinal study of muscle strength, muscle fiber size and dynamic electromyogram in individuals with late polio. Muscle & Nerve, 21, 1428-1437. Jones, D.R., et al. (1989). Cardiorespiratory responses to aerobic training by patients with post-poliomyelitis sequelae. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261(22), 3255-3258. Kriz, J.L., Jones, D.R., Speier, J.L., Canine, J.K., Owen, R.R. & Serfass, R.C. (1992). Cardiorespiratory responses to upper extremity aerobic training by post-polio subjects. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 73, 49-54. Prins, J.H., Hartung, H., Merritt, D.J., Blancq, R.J. & Goebert, D.A., (1994). Effect of aquatic exercise training in persons with poliomyelitis disability. Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation, 5, 29-39. Spector, S.A., et al. (1996). Strength gains without muscle injury after strength training in patients with postpolio muscular atrophy. Muscle and Nerve, 19, 1282-1290. Yoga Benefits Polio Survivor Alan Fiala, PhD, Falls Church, Virginia (email@example.com) Yoga has provided benefits to me in improving breathing, maintaining flexibility, improving balance and reducing stress. I have post-polio syndrome with loss of muscle strength, and I do not seek to gain strength from yoga. I do have pulmonary problems, and the development of good breathing habits from yoga practice has noticeably improved my performance on pulmonary function tests. A stretching routine works off “morning stiffness” more rapidly and keeps lower back pain and sciatica away. Habits developed from both yoga and Alexander Technique make me much more aware of my body and how it is functioning. Yoga is very popular these days, and it has developed many forms. The yoga I practice is the so-called gentle version of hatha yoga. I discovered it by accident about six years ago (1996). To my great good fortune, my first instructor had studied some anatomy and physiology as part of her yoga training, and she had a great interest in helping those with disabilities to find alternate ways to perform poses made difficult by the disability. (Explore her website at www.yoga4u2.com for more on her style of practice.) As you are taking classes, you should strive to develop your own daily practice at home with advice from the instructor. Some may offer an individual development session for a fee. While the cost of yoga classes (in the Washington, DC, area) typically run $13-17 per session, an individual session can run $50 or more. If you have severe disability, a few private sessions to find adaptations for your particular body may be of more benefit than a group session that tries to help all and hurt none. The typical yoga class lasts 60-90 minutes. Within this time, you may do some warmups, some breathing exercises, some meditation, some eye exercises. You mostly do “poses,” aimed at flexing and stretching all parts of the body. Emphasis is on flexing the spine in all directions – forward, backwards and sideways. Poses are done lying down, sitting on the floor (or a chair), on hands and knees and standing. Balance poses involve standing on one leg at a time. There may also be inverted poses. In a gentle class, inverted poses are limited to lying down and having your legs up on the wall or a chair. The class always ends with 10-15 minutes of complete relaxation. Is it for you? The first requirement for most yoga classes is the ability to get down onto the floor and get up by yourself. Occasionally a class is offered for people who cannot do this, but can sit in a chair. Such classes are perhaps offered in assisted-living homes, hospitals, etc. Otherwise look in recreational centers, adult education programs, YMCAs, yoga studios and, maybe, health clubs. In all instances, if the class is called “gentle yoga,” interview the instructor for certification by a yoga organization, and experience in working with individuals with disabilities. Does the instructor know what each pose is meant to do for your body, and know alternative poses that might be easier for you? An unqualified or inexperienced instructor can lead you to hurt yourself. You might also check with your physician or other health care professional for advice. In my experience, health professionals who do not have firsthand knowledge of yoga may tend to be negative. If so, ask for specifics, as it applies to you, and take that advice with you to class. There are also books and videos on yoga, and even a few aimed at rehabilitation. There may be some on “gentle” yoga, but I have not seen them. I personally doubt that you could develop a practice for yourself this way, without personal instruction, and suspect that you might hurt yourself, if not be outright discouraged. Alan Fiala, PhD, is an astronomer, who retired from the Naval Observatory in June 2000, after 38 years of service, specializing in eclipses and navigational almanacs. Fiala had polio in 1952 and began to experience the late effects of polio in 1984, when he started using the PLV®-100 while sleeping. He is also now using the Pulmonetics LTV800®. Although he has one fused ankle and a partially fused spine, he is ambulatory, but uses a scooter to conserve energy. Myth #1: Some medications are bad for polio survivors and should be avoided at all costs. Many polio survivors have read that some medication classes are bad for them – the most common I am asked about is probably the “statins” (e.g., fluvastatin, simvastatin, etc.) These are medications that end in statin and are used to lower cholesterol levels. The fear is that these drugs will cause muscle pain or weakness (a known side effect) and compound the weakness that a polio survivor is already experiencing. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in men and women as they age. Stroke is a leading cause of further disability. Both conditions are directly linked with high cholesterol levels and “statin” drugs that reduce cholesterol are critical for many people in order to lower their risk of stroke and heart attack. But, why give a drug to a polio survivor that may cause him or her to become weaker? The answer is because it may save a life. It is important to understand what the actual risk may be of developing musculoskeletal problems if you take a particular medication. For example, the drug Zocor (simvastatin) underwent fairly vigorous testing prior to it being approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). More than 2400 people were tested on the medication.$^1$ No one in the study knew if they were actually taking the drug (it was blinded), and the results showed that more people complained of muscular side effects when taking a sugar pill (1.3%) than when taking the actual medication (1.2%). The point here is that even if you do take simvastatin, there is nearly a 99% chance that you won’t develop muscular side effects. So, my advice always goes like this: talk to your doctor – the one who prescribed the medication in the first place. Ask him or her whether it would be okay for you to stop the medication for a period of time to see whether it is indeed causing you to feel weaker or more pain or whatever you are concerned about. A “drug holiday” is a good way to see whether you are actually experiencing side effects from a medication. When you go off the medication, pay attention to whether you feel any different. If you do not, that medication is probably fine for you. Keep in mind that every drug has a huge list of potential side effects. This does not mean that you will experience them – it just means that in studies that were done on the drug, some people had these side effects. At the same time, ask your doctor whether there are other alternatives that you can try – including medications and life-style changes. For example, exercise, smoking cessation, and weight loss have all been associated with reducing cholesterol levels. Although I used the example of the statin class of medications, this advice applies to any medication that concerns you. Myth #2: Polio survivors should rest, rest, rest! This is another myth that has some truth to it, but taken to an extreme is dangerous. All bodies become extremely deconditioned without the constant use of the muscles. Even polio-weakened muscles can become weaker from disuse. Not using muscles results in weakness, and diminished endurance and cardiac fitness. If you are at complete bedrest, your muscles will lose 10-15% of their strength per week.$^2$ If you stay in bed for a month, you will have lost about half your strength. Muscles need to be contracted regularly in order for them to maintain their size and strength. On the other hand, it is important to note that the opposite of disuse – overuse – can also cause further weakness in polio survivors. So, the trick is to balance your daily activities with rest and also do an appropriate exercise program. This sounds easier than it is, and I always recommend that people talk to healthcare professionals who are experienced in prescribing exercise programs for polio survivors. But some simple suggestions are as follows: ♦ Nearly everyone, including polio survivors, should exercise regularly. Exercise is not what you do in your daily activities, but rather is a set program that has a time limit and a certain number of exercises with a particular amount of weight or resistance that is used. Doing the same exercises over and over may lead to further weakness. Instead, exercises should be alternated regularly so all of the muscle groups are used and no one muscle group is overused. The concept of cross-training that is widely accepted in sports medicine is what we promote at our center. Include some strengthening, range-of-motion and aerobic exercises to be sure you maintain optimal fitness. If you experience pain or undue fatigue, check with your doctor. This generally means that what you are doing needs to be modified or even stopped altogether. Myth #3: Swimming is good for you. If you love to swim, do it regularly, and have easy and safe access to a pool, then swimming probably is good for you and you should continue to do it. However, if you do not swim for exercise and you feel guilty about it, then let me relieve you of your guilt – because swimming can be dangerous for your health. Famous polio survivor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, loved the buoyancy of water and the freedom it gave him to move his paralyzed body. The fact that much of his swimming was done in the beautiful Warm Springs, Georgia, only added to the benefits he received from this exercise. But swimming is not for everyone and there are some good reasons why you might not want to swim. First, getting ready to go swimming is a lot of work. For most people swimming involves many or all of the following steps: 1. Locate your bathing suit and towel. 2. Go from your house to your car. 3. Drive to the pool. 4. Go from the parking lot to the locker room. 5. Change into your bathing suit. 6. Go from the locker room to the pool. 7. Swim. 8. Go from the pool to the locker room. 9. Change out of your bathing suit. 10. Go from the locker room to your car. 11. Drive your car home. 12. Go from your car to your house. 13. Hang your bathing suit and towel up to dry. Of the 13 steps I listed, only one of them involves the “exercise” of swimming. But, in order to get that exercise, you must do at least 12 other things that may just serve to wear you out. So, although I am a huge advocate of exercise that promotes cardiovascular fitness for polio survivors (keep in mind that post-polio syndrome is disabling, but cardiovascular disease kills more middle-aged and older people than any other condition), swimming is a lot of work. Second, you may be at risk to fall as you do these 13 steps. In one study, 46% of polio survivors noted that walking outdoors was difficult.$^3$ In another study, 82% of polio survivors reported increasing difficulty with walking.$^4$ Yet another study revealed that 64% of survivors reported falling at least once within the previous year and of this same group, 35% reported they had a history of at least one fracture due to a fall.$^5$ Given these statistics, the number of steps it requires to go swimming (often both literally and figuratively) and the likelihood that there may be some slippery surfaces in the locker room or around the pool, it is easy to see how someone might fall and sustain a serious injury while going swimming. I think it is really important to not discourage anyone from exercising in a safe manner and swimming can be a great exercise for polio survivors. But, it is not a great exercise for ALL polio survivors. If you love to swim and you can do it safely, then definitely continue. But, if you find yourself overly fatigued after swimming, or if you think you are at risk to fall and have a serious injury then consider other exercise options. ■ References 1. Physicians’ Desk Reference. (2002). (pp. 2222-2223). Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc. 2. Rehabilitation Medicine Principles and Practice. (1993). DeLisa, J., & Gans, B. (Eds.) (p. 689). Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Company. 3. Nollet, F., Beelen, A., Prins, M.H., et al. (1999), Disability and functional assessment in former polio patients with and without post-polio syndrome. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 80, 136-143. 4. Halstead, L.S., & Rossi, C.D. (1985). New problems in old polio patients: Result of survey of 539 polio survivors. Orthopedics 8, 845-850. 5. Silver, J.K. & Aiello, D.D. (2000). Abstract: Risk of falls in survivors of poliomyelitis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 81, 1272 General Information Letter for Polio Survivors Why are “old polios” who were stable for years now losing function? What should they do about it? Jacquelin Perry, MD, DSc (Hon), Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, California The basic problem is that polio destroyed some of the nerve cells that activate the muscles. To the extent possible, the neurological system responded by having the remaining nerves adopt the muscle fibers that had lost their original nerve supply. This meant that nerve cells now had a demand much greater than normal. While this was an effective solution initially, the passage of time (30+ years, usually) has taught us that overuse can be destructive. As a result, these secondary nerves are wearing out with resulting muscle loss, i.e., post-polio syndrome. Post-polio muscle strength is commonly over-estimated as the usual test depends on manual resistance by the examiner. In addition, polio survivors mask their disability by clever use of their normal control and normal position sense to substitute for missing musculature. The post-polio muscle graded “normal” (5) averages 25% less than “true” normal (only 50% normal for the quadriceps). Similarly, the muscle graded “good” (4) is only 40% of normal strength. These strengths are adequate for a person to carry on customary activities in a typical manner, but at a demand that is 2-2½ times the usual intensity; hence, the muscle nerves have been experiencing strain for years. The apparent abrupt loss in function relates to two functions. One is the buffer zone present in all of our physiological systems which enables them to accept strain for a considerable time, but once the buffer limits are exceeded, the loss is very prominent. Secondly, activities such as walking or lifting objects present fixed mechanical demands. As long as the person’s muscle strength exceeds that demand, he/she can continue to perform as usual but with earlier fatigue. When the strength goes below the essential limit, suddenly that function is lost. The answer is redesigning your lifestyle to avoid those activities that cause muscle strain, cramping, persistent fatigue and, consequently, weakening. This means to very carefully look at how you are using your arms, legs and back, and to avoid those tasks that cause the symptoms of persistent fatigue, muscle soreness and/or a sense of weakness after use. At times, this requires the employment of special devices to take the load off of the arms. If the changes are made early, strength can be recovered. It will not be sufficient to prepare the muscles for excessive strain again, but it does bring the muscles up to a more useful level. Other ways of reducing strain is by using self-care devices, walking aids, braces and corrective surgery to lessen the stress. Once the strain has been reduced, then cautious exercise may be of value. We have been using short duration (5 repetitions) or moderate intensity (50-70% of one’s maximum capability). Let me caution you not to take on the exercises, however, until you have worked out a lifestyle that avoids the strain. Also, if the exercises cause any pain, persistent fatigue or increased weakness, STOP! This means just the mechanics/activities of daily living (ADL) are sufficient exercise for your muscles. Recent research on the course of muscle strength over time in persons over age 50 years showed a normal average decline of 1% per year, but for post-polio survivors the rate was 2% per year. The rate of change is so subtle that a four-year study was needed for a measurable change. Also, the weaker “polios” experienced greater functional loss. This latter fact appeared to indicate strength training by exercise would deter the process. However, retesting this group of polio survivors at eight years and adding muscle analysis told a different story. The muscle fibers were hypertrophied, twice normal size, not atrophic. The person with the greatest strength loss also had the greatest hypertrophy. MRI recordings showed areas of muscle loss and fatty replacement. The source of the visible muscle atrophy is muscle fiber loss secondary to... nerve fiber overuse failure. These findings confirm the need for a saving program rather than challenging exercise. The advantage of having had polio rather than another disability is that it allowed one to resume a very active and profitable life for many years. Now it is necessary to recognize that excessive strain was being experienced and that lifestyles must be changed to accommodate this situation. Be an “Intelligent Hypochondriac” – Listen to your body and adopt a program that avoids the strain. * “Several histologic studies have shown that the myofibers of polio survivors can be twice the size of those found in other persons. A few studies have provided indirect evidence for a possible transformation of some of the surviving type II (fast-twitch fibers) to type I (slow-twitch fibers). The few studies performed have shown a preponderance of type I muscle fibers in very weak muscles that were constantly being used in daily activities. It has been postulated that a person would have to utilize all motor units in these very weak muscles to perform all daily activities and that, over time, the type II fibers are transformed to type I fibers.” SOURCE: Agre, J.C., Siuwa, J.A. (2000). Neuromuscular rehabilitation and electrodiagnosis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 81(3), Suppl S27-31. Reprinted from Polio Network News (Volume 16, Number 1, Winter 2000) Aspects of Muscle Compensatory Processes and Physical Activity in the Survivors of Polio Gunnar Grimby, MD, PhD, Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden With the increasing understanding of the factors causing new symptoms in polio survivors comes an increasing awareness of the benefits and risks of physical exercise and training. Some training studies have been reported lately in the literature that can be of help in recommending appropriate training regimes. An important aspect is that different muscles in different persons can be very differently affected by polio: some may be atrophied to the point where no exercise or training is possible; some may be moderately weak but in an unstable state showing progressive weakness and a risk for overuse; others may be moderately weak but stable to where some training might be of value; and in some muscles, compensation by reinnervation has resulted in “nearly normal” or “normal” muscle function, but there might be risk for disuse. It is, thus, important to individualize the training advice, not only among individuals but also for different muscle groups of a particular individual. In practice, this is a great challenge to the physiotherapist, and other professionals who design the training programs, and requires a detailed analysis of the muscle function both with clinical testing and laboratory investigation using dynamometer measurements and electromyography. Our experience is that by having detailed information, the polio survivor has a better opportunity to adopt a daily physical activity pattern that provides the appropriate amount and type of exercise but without overuse and fatigue. Does too much daily physical activity and exercise training cause acute and/or persistent damage of polio-affected muscles? To answer this question, detailed knowledge about the compensatory processes in the polio-affected muscles is necessary. Compensation occurs through reinnervation by adjacent nerve fibers to muscle fibers (muscle cells), which have lost their innervation by the death of nerve cells in the acute polio phase as well as later on. The polio-affected muscles otherwise would have atrophied. This compensatory mechanism seems to be very powerful: a nerve cell can reinnervate 4-5 times the normal number of muscle fibers and, in extreme cases, even more than 10 times. The other compensatory mechanism is hypertrophy of the muscle fibers, most likely caused by extreme use of the weak muscle that is still strong enough to be used in daily activities. Even to rise from a chair or walk on a flat surface may give a near maximal load and by that be a stimulus for increase in size of muscle fibers, but not in number, just as in very heavy resistance training. Muscle fibers may then reach a size double or three times the normal size. Thus, whereas physical activity does not seem to be a prerequisite for reinnervation, it is for the increase of muscle fiber size. Is there a danger in having large motor units (that is, too many muscle fibers innervated from the same nerve cell) and too large muscle fibers? Our recent followup studies over eight years (Grimby et al, 1998) indicate that very large motor units, more than 20 times normal, with around 10 times the normal number of muscle fibers, may have problems. Either they may lose some of their muscle fibers and thin out due to defective neuromuscular connections, or they may just die easier. We have no systematic information available whether physical activity and overuse could bring about such a loss of muscle fibers or nerve cells. A defective neuromuscular transmission can be identified in some motor units, but we have not found in our studies an indication that this is a major factor for muscle weakness. Whether it can contribute to muscle fatigue is still under debate. The other compensatory mechanism — hypertrophy (increase in size) of muscle fibers — has a positive effect on the maintenance of strength, but it could be a negative for endurance, as capillarization and the aerobic metabolic system of the muscle cell (mitochondria) do not increase in response to the increase in size. Indeed, such large muscle fibers may be less resistant to overuse. We know, in fact, very little about the risk of overuse causing persistent muscle damage. What we know now is the risk for long-lasting fatigue after too strenuous exercise in polio-affected muscles. They need a longer recovery period than “normal” muscles, which must be taken into account when designing training programs and adjusting daily activities. In training studies, we have the experience that with long enough rest periods, which could be days or weeks after a too strenuous bout of exercise (Agre et al, 1998), full recovery will occur. Thus, there is a risk for overuse but, with proper attention to the fatiguing symptoms, the function will recover after the exertion. The risk occurs when the polio survivor does not rest enough, and his/her muscles remain in a constant condition of overload, with its negative effects on function. Although this is not easy to prove scientifically and experimental studies would be unethical, we must rely on a successive collection of data to understand the balance between the pros and cons of physical activity. My personal view is that an approach of trial and error under professional monitoring will yield in practical terms what is a beneficial level of physical activity and what could be deleterious for a specific individual. The literature now documents a number of training studies. Of prime importance is separating resistance from endurance training programs. A person with weak muscles may use them close to their maximum only for a short period of time, e.g., climbing stairs. Thus, there will be no time for adaptation to endurance. By reducing the intensity, such as walking slower and taking short breaks for other types of activity, both resistance and endurance training at an appropriate level may be achieved. Another way is to choose a medium where the load can be more individualized between muscle groups as in pool training. In a study with a control group at our polio clinic, increased general endurance and less pain in daily life was demonstrated in the group with pool training compared to the group that received advice about their physical activity. There was no deterioration of function after the pool training (Willén et al, 1999). Other training studies indicate the possibility of improving the general endurance of polio persons by using individual training programs, as on a bicycle ergometer, or group training on the floor with combined endurance and submaximal resistance training with music (Ernstoff et al, 1996). In general, it would be of value to encourage endurance types of programs with proper intensity and the possibility of individualizing the load as in pool training, giving proper time for rest between the exercises. The role of resistance training for polio muscles is more controversial. However, short-term resistance training at high or maximal intensity has been demonstrated to give an increase of muscle strength in moderately affected muscles, measuring more than 3 on the manual muscle testing scale (Einarsson, 1991). Such an increase in strength seems to be maintained, probably by adaptation of the physical activity level in daily life, and could be beneficial and allow a broader type of exercises with relatively less effort. Such a program did not result in any negative effects or evidence of muscle damage when properly supervised. Also low intensity strength training can improve muscle performance and reduce the experience of fatigue. There was no change in serum creatine kinase after a 12-week muscle-strengthening program, which would have indicated muscle damage (Agre et al, 1997). To learn the appropriate level of physical activity to avoid unnecessary overload on the one hand and disuse on the other is important for maintaining optimal physical function in polio-affected muscles. As important, is to avoid pain, it being both a limiting factor for physical performance and an indication of overload that could be on muscles as well as joints and other tissue structures. The experience of pain is evidently closely related to physical activity. Individuals who spontaneously chose a walking speed close to their maximum speed were more prone to experience pain in their daily life (Willén et al, 1998). The results of that study indicated also that those who were less affected by muscle weakness experienced more pain than individuals with weaker muscles, and they might, thus, have a pattern of daily activity that was too strenuous. Advice and adaptation of the daily physical activity to avoid pain is an important feature in the post-polio management. References Agre, J.C., Rodriguez, A.A. & Franke, T.M. (1998). Subjective recovery time after exhausting muscular activity in postpolio and control subjects. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 77, 140-144. Agre, J.C., Rodriguez, A.A. & Todd, F.M. (1997). Strength, endurance and work capacity after muscle strengthening exercise in postpolio subjects. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 78, 681-686. Einarsson, G. (1991). Muscle conditioning in late poliomyelitis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 72, 11-14. Ernstoff, B., Wetterqvist, H., Kvist, H. & Grimby, G. (1996). The effects of endurance training on individuals with post-polio myelitis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 77, 843-848. Grimby, G., St. Ålberg, E., Sandberg, A. & Stibrant Sunnerhagen, K. (1998). An 8-year longitudinal study of muscle strength, muscle fiber size and dynamic electromyogram in individuals with late polio. Muscle Nerve, 21, 1428-1437. Willén, C., & Grimby, G. (1998). Pain, physical activity and disability in individuals with late effects of polio. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 79, 915-919. Willén, C., Stibrant Sunnerhagen, K. & Grimby, G. (1999). Dynamic exercise in water in individuals with late polio. Manuscript submitted for publication. --- Reprinted from Polio Network News (Volume 15, Number 2, Spring 1999) The Role of Activity James C. Agre, MD, PhD, Howard Young Medical Center/Northwoods, Woodruff, Wisconsin “To exercise or not to exercise, that is not the question for polio survivors. Rather, the questions are these: what amount of exercise is enough? what amount is too much?” There is no easy answer for all polio survivors, but we can make some general observations about inactivity and exercise. Adverse Effects of Inactivity Limitation in physical activity results in progressive deterioration of cardiovascular performance and efficiency; metabolic disturbances; difficulty in maintaining normal body weight; disturbed sympathetic nervous system activity; reduction in muscular strength and endurance; and possibly emotional disturbances. Beneficial Effects of Regular Exercise In contrast, beneficial physiologic adaptations to regular exercise include reduction in heart rate and blood pressure; morphologic changes in skeletal and cardiac muscle resulting in improved physical work capacity and an enhancement of cardiovascular efficiency in delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues; increased muscular endurance; increased myocardial vascularity; reduced blood coagulability; reduction in adiposity and increased lean body mass; increased cellular sensitivity to insulin; and favorable changes in blood lipids and cholesterol. Beneficial psychological changes from regular exercise include reduction in muscular tension; improved sleep; and possible increased motivation for improving other health habits such as changes in diet (reduction in saturated fat consumption, for example) and cessation of cigarette smoking. Strengthening Exercise – In Feldman and Soskolne’s study of six post-polio patients, the subjects performed non-fatiguing exercise three times per week for 24 weeks or longer. Strength either increased or remained the same in all muscles in all subjects except for one muscle in one subject that became weaker. The authors concluded that the strengthening exercise was, in general, very beneficial. Einarsson and Grimby studied 12 subjects who exercised three times per week for six weeks. The subjects performed intervals of strengthening exercise interspersed with rest breaks. All subjects became significantly stronger in the six-week period. Fillyaw and colleagues studied 17 subjects who exercised every other day for up to two years. The exercise intervals were interspersed with rest breaks. Over this period of time, all subjects gained significant strength. When I was at the University of Wisconsin, we conducted a 12-week study of muscle-strengthening exercise in seven post-polio subjects. Subjects exercised four times per week for 12 weeks at home. Exercise intervals were interspersed with rest breaks. After the 12-week program, the average increase in strength was 36%; also work capacity and endurance increased by 15% or more. Aerobic and General Conditioning Exercise – Four such studies have been performed. Jones and colleagues studied 37 post-polio subjects: 16 volunteered for the exercise program while 21 served as control subjects. The exercise subjects performed stationary bicycle exercise three times per week for 16 weeks. They began with bouts of exercise of 2-5 minutes on the bicycle with 1-minute rest breaks, progressing up to 15-30 minutes of exercise per session. After the program, the exercise subjects were found to have significant improvements in their aerobic power and their capacity to exercise. The control subjects did not change in this same time interval. Kriz and colleagues performed a similar study in 20 post-polio subjects (with 10 exercise and 10 control subjects); however, the exercise was upper-limb cycle ergometry (rather than lower-limb cycle ergometry). In this study, too, exercise subjects significantly increased their aerobic power and exercise capacity. Grimby and Einarsson studied 12 post-polio subjects who performed submaximal endurance and strength training twice weekly for six months. Activity was interspersed with rest breaks. Except for one, all subjects were significantly improved from the training program. The exception reported excessive fatigue with the training program. Grimby and Einarsson concluded that combined endurance training and submaximal strengthening exercise can be generally positive in post-polio individuals, but that overtraining can occur. Prins and colleagues studied 13 post-polio subjects. Nine performed a swimming and aquatic strengthening exercise program and four were controls. Intervals of exercise were interspersed with intervals of rest. The authors reported significant improvements in strength and flexibility in the exercise subjects and no change in the control subjects. Ambulatory Efficiency – Dean and Ross studied 20 post-polio subjects. Thirteen were control subjects and seven performed treadmill walking exercise three times weekly for six weeks. The exercise was low-level, non-fatiguing and not painful. After the six-week program, the exercise subjects walked more efficiently, while the control subjects showed no change. The study concluded that regular exercise could improve movement economy. Exercise studies have shown that judicious exercise can improve muscle strength, range of motion, cardiorespiratory fitness and efficiency of movement in some post-polio individuals. These benefits appear to occur when they keep their activity and exercise within reasonable limits to avoid excessive muscular fatigue or joint or muscle pain. Post-polio individuals should avoid activities that cause increasing muscle or joint pain or excessive fatigue, either during or after their exercise program because the performance of activity at too high a level may lead to overuse/overwork problems. References Feldman, R.M. & Soskoine, C.L. (1987). The use of non-fatiguing strengthening exercise in post-polio syndrome. In L.S. Halstead and D.O. Wiechers (Eds.) Research and clinical aspects of the late effects of poliomyelitis (pp. 335-341). White Plains, NY: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. Einarsson, G. & Grimby, G. (1987). Strengthening exercise program in post-polio patients. In L.S. Halstead and D.O. Wiechers (Eds.) Research and clinical aspects of the late effects of poliomyelitis (pp. 275-283). White Plains, NY: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. Fillyaw, MJ., Badger, G.J., Goodwin, G.D., Bradley, W.G., Fries, T.J. & Shulkia, A. (1991). The effects of long-term non-fatiguing resistance exercise in subjects with post-polio syndrome. Orthopedics, 14, 1253-1256. Agre, J.C., Rodriguez, A.A. & Franke, T.M. (1997). Strength, endurance and work capacity affect muscle strengthening exercise in post-polio subjects. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 78, 681-686. Jones, D.R., Speier, J., Canine, K., Owen, R. & Stull, A. (1989). Cardiorespiratory responses to aerobic training by patients with post-poliomyelitis sequelaes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 3255-3258. Kriz, J.L., Jones, D.R., Speier, J.L., Canine, J.K., Owen, R.R. & Serfass, R.C. (1992). Cardiorespiratory responses to upper extremity aerobic training by post-polio subjects. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 73, 49-54. Grimby, G. & Einarsson, G. (1991). Post-polio management. Critical Reviews in Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, 2, 189-200. Prins, J.H., Hartung, H., Merritt, D.J., Blanca, RJ. & Goebert, D.A. (1994). Effect of aquatic exercise training in persons with poliomyelitis disability. Sports Medicine, Training & Rehabilitation, 5, 29-39. Dean, E. & Ross, J. (1991). Effect of modified aerobic training on movement energetics in polio survivors. Orthopedics, 14, 1243-1246. ©Copyright Post-Polio Health International Polio survivors who were evaluated and treated in the post-polio clinic at Saint Mary's Medical Center in San Francisco were surveyed in order to answer four critical questions. We wanted to know if our advice was useful. Most importantly, we wanted to know how polio survivors felt months or years after visiting the clinic. We also wanted to know why polio survivors thought they felt the way they did. And, we wanted to know what things polio survivors thought helped them to feel better. We sent out 239 surveys, of which 137 were returned (57 percent). Six were incomplete and excluded from analysis. Of those who saw the consulting physiatrist, 80 percent felt that the advice was useful; sixteen percent felt it was somewhat useful; and four percent felt the advice was not helpful. We asked the polio survivors who had been seen by the full complement of the post-polio treatment team how they felt, and 130 responded. Of these, 59 percent felt better, 18 percent felt worse, while 23 percent felt the same. Patients who felt better: Polio survivors who stated that they were feeling better following their clinic visit were on average 54.5 years old. Twenty-five respondents were male, 52 were female. The average time lapse since the last clinic visit was 1.7 years. Ninety-five percent of the people who felt better attributed it directly to their clinic visit. Five percent stated they felt better, though they did not attribute it to their clinic visit. Those who felt better were asked whether they felt better, worse or the same in 22 health indicators (see next page). This group felt improvement in ten of the parameters – better coping skills, more relaxed, more self confidence, fewer numbers of falls, less pain, less irritability, better sleep, better mobility, less anxiety, greater efficiency, less depression and better general health. Polio survivors who felt better were asked to choose from twenty treatment options (see next page) offered by the clinic. Selected as being most useful were: energy conservation techniques (79 percent), non-fatiguing general-conditioning exercise programs (74 percent), early retirement/work cutbacks (59 percent), emotional reassurance (55 percent), power wheelchairs/electric scooters (40 percent), back conservation techniques (31 percent), adaptive equipment (30 percent) and finally, medication recommendations (26 percent). Other options ranked were not statistically significant. Patients who felt the same: Polio survivors who indicated that they felt the same after their clinic visit were on average 56.2 years old. Thirteen respondents were male; 17 were female. The average time lapse since their last clinic visit was 1.6 years. Those who felt the same were asked to rank the 22 health indicators (see next page), and all of the respondents indicated that they felt the same in each of the health indicators. Asked why they felt the same, many (43 percent) indicated that if they had not visited the clinic, they thought they would have felt worse. Twenty-three percent felt they had learned that they were already doing the right things as a result of their clinic visit. Patients who felt worse: Those respondents who indicated that they felt worse were on average 64.1 years old. Seven respondents were male; 16 were female. It had been, on average, 2.0 years since their last clinic visit. Those who felt worse indicated that they felt worse in nine and the same in 13 of the 22 health indicators. They characterized themselves as feeling worse because of decreased energy, increased weakness, poor mobility, increasing fatigue, more pain, less stamina, worse sleep, poorer concentration and greater anxiety. It was the perception of these polio survivors that they felt worse because their disease or condition had progressed (76 percent), felt older (48 percent); felt more stress (28 percent), and developed other illnesses (24 percent). No one blamed the clinic visit for the fact that they felt worse. However, this group was troubling. Pain was high on the list of health indicators. In my experience of collecting statistics in the polio clinic since 1981, musculoskeletal pain has become the most common complaint (79 percent of all polio survivors). Conclusions: The importance of this study is that it is based on the perceptions of polio survivors themselves. What did we conclude? We felt gratified that we were doing a good job, helping most of the polio survivors who came to the polio clinic to feel better, or at least not lose ground. We will continue to emphasize energy conservation, teach exercise parameters, advocate early retirement or work simplification, provide emotional reassurance, encourage use of power wheelchairs and motorized scooters and adaptive equipment, emphasize joint conservation and recommend medications. In addition, we are trying to better individualize pain management. And, as a result of the complaints of weakness, increased frequency of falls, fatigue, loss of stamina and decreased energy, we have reexamined the use of Mestinon (pyridostigmine) for polio survivors with profound fatigue and upper extremity and/or bulbar weakness. We have tried it on seven patients; five continue without side effects and feel an improvement in their fatiguability (susceptibility to fatigue). Health Indicators: Level of Relaxation - Pain - Shortness of Breath - Number of Medicines - Mobility - Family Relations - Work Relations - Weakness - Irritability - Coping Skills - Energy Level - Sleep - Frequency of Falls - Self-confidence - Efficiency - Stamina - Concentration - Fatigue - Anxiety - Depression - Average Weight - General Health Treatment Options: Emotional Reassurance - Medication Recommendations - Energy Conservation Techniques - Myofascial Release - Massage - Seating Changes - TNS (Transcut. Nerve Stimulation) - Family Education - Heat/Ice - Change or Start Ventilator - Adaptive Equipment - Bracing - Wheelchair/Scooter - Injection - Retirement/Work Cutback - Biofeedback - Back/Joint Conservation - Swimming - Oxygen - Traction - Non-fatiguing General Conditioning Exercise (20% Rule) --- Stanley K. Yarnell, MD, has been involved with the disability community professionally and personally for 20 years. He founded the first post-polio clinic in northern California in 1981 in Saint Mary's Medical Center and promoted the establishment of post-polio self-help groups throughout the area. He is a well-known presenter at post-polio conferences throughout the world and continues to be involved with the early care and management of spinal cord injured patients in his private practice. Dr. Yarnell's contact with the disability community is not limited to his role as treating physician. He has been legally blind due to recurrent optic neuritis since 1978 and serves on several disability-related boards. --- Reprinted from Polio Network News (Volume 7, Number 3, Summer 1991) Non-Fatiguing General Conditioning Exercise Program (The 20% Rule) Stanley K. Yarnell, MD, Saint Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, California The non-fatiguing general conditioning exercise program using the 20% rule was designed to help restore stamina or endurance for those individuals who have continued to be bothered by profound fatigue following surgery, illness or trauma. The program begins by determining the polio survivor's maximum exercise capability with the help of the clinic physical therapist. The type of exercise can be in a pool or on dry land, using an arm ergometer or an exercise bicycle, depending on the individual's abilities and preferences. If one prefers swimming, the maximum number of laps that the patient can swim is used as the maximum exercise capability. If the survivor has considerable residual weakness and is only able to swim one lap in half an hour, then the amount of time actively swimming can be used as the maximum exercise capability rather than the number of laps. Having established the maximum exercise capability, the polio survivor is instructed to begin his aerobic swimming program at 20% of the determined maximum exercise capability. He can swim three to four times per week at that level for one month, and then he is instructed to increase by 10%. For example, if an individual is able to actively swim in a pool for half an hour, then one-half hour would be his maximum exercise capability. He would begin swimming just six minutes per session three to four times per week for a month before increasing the amount of time actively swimming to nine minutes three to four times per week for another month. Then he would increase by 10% once again so that he was actively swimming 12 minutes per session three to four times per week for another month and so on. After three to four months, our patients have reported that they feel an increase in their general stamina or endurance. Alternatively, if an arm ergometer or exercise bicycle is used, the same basic principle can be utilized, calculating distance pedaled... or time spent actively pedaling. The individual begins his aerobic or non-fatiguing general conditioning exercise program at 20% of maximum exercise capability three to four times per week for one month before increasing the distance by 10%. He continues with that level of activity for another month before increasing by another 10%, so that he is exercising at 40% of maximum exercise capability. For example, if an individual is able to pedal an exercise bicycle for one mile or is able to actively pedal the bicycle for up to 20 minutes, then that is his maximum exercise capability. He is instructed to begin his exercise program at one-fifth of a mile (or, if time is used, then four minutes is the beginning exercise time). This is repeated three to four times per week for a month before increasing the distance to one-third of a mile or six minutes. Our patients are encouraged to maintain that for an additional month before increasing by another 10%, and so on. Individuals are cautioned to stop if they become fatigued during their exercise program, or if they experience pain or aches in their muscles. Most polio survivors are able to continue increasing their exercise program to nearly the maximum exercise capability, though it clearly would take a full nine months if this program were strictly followed. Conditioning or aerobic exercise at this submaximal level allows the individual to regain a healthier sense of stamina without damaging delicate old motor units. It is imperative to incorporate the concept of pacing and spacing within the non-fatiguing general conditioning exercise program, meaning that rests are to be taken every few minutes. The 20% rule is sometimes also applied to polio survivors when they are given instructions in a home flexibility and stretching program so they do not exercise too vigorously. This exercise program can be modified with the supervision of a physical therapist, depending on the progress made by the polio survivor. This program may not eliminate fatigue, but we have found it effective for those who have a significant element of deconditioning contributing to their sense of fatigue. Reprinted from Polio Network News (Volume 14, Number 1, Winter 1998) Gait and Post-Polio Marianne Weiss, MS, PT, University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio Falls are a chief cause of death and increased disability in this country. Among the physical problems leading to falls are loss of balance, overall fatigue, repetitive motion leading to individual muscle fatigue, weak muscles and abnormalities in gait.$^1$ Many polio survivors exhibit one or more of these problems. Using assistive devices for walking can reduce the severity of these abnormalities or reduce the effect that they have on the lives of polio survivors. Some survivors have used assistive gait devices for many years. Others used them only in the acute stage of recovery after polio, while others never used them. How do you know if you need an assistive device for walking or if you need to change the one you have? Some signs that can help you answer those questions are these: lessening endurance for walking due to muscle fatigue, worsening of a limp, pain in the legs during walking, a history of falls or the recent occurrence of new falls.$^2$ If you suspect that you need an assistive device in walking or a new type, discuss the matter with your doctor, who will probably refer you to a physical therapist for an evaluation. The therapist will then assess: how your strength and flexibility affect your ability to walk and to get up and down from a seated position; whether you have enough upper body strength and flexibility to safely and effectively use an assistive device; how good your balance is,$^3$ and how your heart and lungs react to walking. In many cases, the use of an assistive device reduces the strain on the heart and lungs because the device uses less energy than, for example, the limp it corrects. However, in some cases, using an assistive device may be more taxing on the heart and lungs than walking without a device.$^4$ If this is the case, the assistive device that the therapist recommends may be an electric scooter or motorized wheelchair. Finding an appropriate assistive device for walking for polio survivors can be a challenge. If a person has a one-sided problem in the legs, usually a one-sided device, such as a cane or a single crutch, is indicated (most often used in the hand opposite the affected leg). However, abnormalities of strength, pain or flexibility in the arms may make using a one-sided device impossible. Similarly, problems in the arms may make using two-sided devices such as walkers, two crutches or two canes difficult, if not impossible. The trick is to find the device that provides enough assistance to compensate for the physical abnormality without causing other physical problems. Sometimes the evaluation reveals too much disability for the survivor to benefit from an assistive gait device. This finding can free the survivor to make the decision to walk only in the home and to use motorized conveyances to move about in the community. Many who become motorized are pleasantly surprised to find how easily they can participate in community activities again and how much more energy they have after they make the decision to ride rather than walk outside their homes. If the evaluation reveals that an assistive device would improve your gait, the therapist will recommend a specific device, assist you in obtaining it, fit it to you, teach you how to use it, and assess its effectiveness in meeting the goal for which it was recommended. Frequently the therapist may also recommend a gentle exercise program of strengthening and stretching to further assist your walking efforts. Certain types of braces or splints may also be recommended.$^5,^6$ In working with polio survivors for the last 15 years, I have seen many of them helped significantly by their using appropriate assistive devices for walking. The devices can help reduce pain and fatigue, and reduce limping. And, of course, all of this leads to a reduction in the incidence of falls – resulting in less chance of more serious disability or even premature death. So, what are you waiting for? If you think an assistive device might make your life easier, start the process described above by obtaining your physician’s opinion. References 1. Shumway-Cook, A. & Woolacott, M. (1995). Motor control, theory) and applications. Philadelphia, PA: Williams and Wilkins. 2. Pierson, F. (1994). Principles and techniques of patient care. Philadelphia, PA: Williams and Wilkins. 3. Minor, M.A. & Minor, S.D. (1995). Patient care skills. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange. 4. Pern, J. (1992). Gait analysis. Thorofare, NJ: Slack, Inc. 5. Smith, L.K. & Mabry M. (1995). Poliomyelitis and the post polio syndrome. In Umphred, D. (Ed.), Neurological rehabilitation. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby. 6. O’Sullivan, S.B. & Schmitz, T.J. (1995). Physical rehabilitation: assessment and treatment. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis. HOW TO CONTACT US … POST-POLIO HEALTH INTERNATIONAL INCLUDING INTERNATIONAL VENTILATOR USERS NETWORK 4207 LINDELL BOULEVARD, #110, SAINT LOUIS, MO 63108-2930 USA WWW.POST-POLIO.ORG, firstname.lastname@example.org 314-534-0475, 314-534-5070 FAX
HAMPTON HILL PARISH MAGAZINE. HAMPTON HILL, June 1st, 1920. My Dear People, By the time these words are being read the War Memorial will have been unveiled and dedicated to the honour of God and in affectionate and grateful remembrance of those who have died for us. I want to make one or two suggestions with regard to the flowers, &c., which may, from time to time, be brought to the Memorial. There is, as you will see, a stone step at the base, this was placed there specially that wreaths, &c., may be laid against it, and I hope eventually to have four permanent receptacles provided for cut flowers, so as to prevent any untidiness which sometimes occurs when flowers are brought in odd jars or tins. I am quite certain that it is your wish, as it is mine, that the Memorial shall be beautifully kept and preserved. We were all shocked and saddened by the serious accident which befell Mr. Churchwarden Carpenter on April 23rd. He is, I am glad to say, making good progress, but it will be some considerable time before he is able to resume his manifold duties for the Church and Parish, meanwhile, both he and Mrs. Carpenter may be assured of our sympathy in their anxiety and our prayers for a speedy and complete recovery. The first meeting of the Church Electors has been held and the Church Parochial Council elected, you will see their names elsewhere. They will shortly meet, when questions of considerable importance will be considered and reported upon. I am very grateful to those who have provided seating accommodation for the Infants' Sunday School in the Church Room, these will now have their own little service instead of coming to Church at 11 a.m. The Confirmation Service takes place at Hampton, on Monday, June 28th, at 8 p.m. I ask your very earnest prayers on behalf of those who are being prepared for the Sacred Rite. We tender our sympathy to Mrs. and Miss Hews, of Bushey Park Gardens, who, in a few months have lost husband and father, and son and brother. Yours very truly, R. COAD PRYOR. Parish News. MISSIONARY WORKING PARTY.—It has been decided to continue the meetings for longer than usual in the summer, as the Committee hopes in this way to have more work done for the Sale. During the past month the meetings were held at Mrs. Shelbourn's, on May 7th, and at Mrs. Tandy's on May 28th. In June, Mrs. Elliott will have the meeting at Thirlestane, on Friday, June 11th, and Mrs. Anthony has invited the members to meet at Sussex Lodge, on Friday, June 25th. Society for Propagation of the Gospel, 1919. \| Description \| £ \| s. \| d. \| \|--------------------------------------\|----\|----\|----\| \| Part proceeds of Sale of Work, Dec. 10th \| 16 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Jumble Sale, Nov. 19th \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Church Offertory, Nov. 30th \| 6 \| 16 \| 7 \| SUBSCRIPTIONS— \| Name \| £ \| s. \| d. \| \|-----------------------------\|----\|----\|----\| \| C. J. W. Jakeman, Esq. \| 0 \| 10 \| 6 \| \| Mrs. Powell \| 0 \| 10 \| 0 \| \| Mrs. Brewer (Medical Missions) \| 0 \| 10 \| 0 \| \| Miss Brewer \| 0 \| 10 \| 0 \| £30 3 1 This amount has been forwarded to the Society at S.P.G. House, Westminster. M. BREWER, Hon. Sec. and Treas. GIRLS' FRIENDLY SOCIETY.—In connection with the G.F.S. Anniversary week, the prayers of the Congregation are requested on behalf of the work of the Society, on Sunday, June 13th. Associates and members are asked to attend the Celebration of Holy Communion on that day at 8 a.m. GIRL GUIDES.—There will be a Church Parade on Sunday, May 30th, all to meet at the Schools at 10.30 a.m. There is to be a big rally of the Southern Division of Middlesex Girl Guides in the Park, on Saturday, June 26th, about 600 girls are expected to be present. Lady Hillington, the County Commissioner, is to inspect the Guides, then competitions among the Companies and "march past" at the end. All interested in Guide work are asked to be present. D. G. COCKBURN, Capt. DR. BARNARDO'S HOMES.—In connection with the "Young Helpers' League" (Hampton Hill Habitation), a most enjoyable entertainment was given on May 17th, in the Twickenham Town Hall. There were songs, recitations and dances, and also violin and pianoforte solos, some of the items were contributed by the "Young Helpers" themselves. The programme was arranged by Mrs. Shelbourn (Hon. Secretary), and to her, Mrs. Mason (President), Mrs. Cockburn (Treas.) and all their able helpers, heartiest thanks are due. It is expected that over £28 will be the result. At the recent opening of the children's collecting boxes, the amount handed in was £17 9s. od. We wish the "Young Helpers' League" every success in their good work for children less fortunately placed than themselves. CHURCH LADS' BRIGADE.—The members will be very pleased to hear that our worthy Church warden, Mr. C. H. Carpenter, is now on the way to recovery. The late member of the Brigade will remember the services he rendered to the Company while he was the Captain. It is interesting to know that the late Captain Wynn Isdell (Mrs. Carpenter's father), was the first to introduce the Brigade movement into this district; founding the Hampton Hill Company. Very pleased to hear that a number of the lads have given in their names for Confirmation; the numbers would be greater, but some lads wish to be confirmed in their own Parish Church next year. The Annual Official Inspection of the London Division will take place in Hyde Park, on Saturday afternoon, June 12th. The Inspecting Officer will be Lieut.-General Sir Charles L. Woolcombe, K.C.B., K.C.M.G. Every member must be present. The following donation has been received and acknowledged with thanks this month: Mr. Lovell, 5/- Privates Singleton, Chandler, Beauchauap and Davis are promoted to rank of Lance Corporal, to date from 11th May. A. E. BASEY, Capt. FOURTH LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE CURATE FUND, TO APRIL 18th, 1920. Hon. Treas.: Mr. Elliott, Thirlestane, Uxbridge Road. \| Name \| £ \| s \| d \| \|-----------------------\|---\|---\|---\| \| Bater, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Betts, Miss \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Brock, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Byford, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Christie, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Clifford, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Cook, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Cox, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Dobson, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Fraser, Mr. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Gernat, Mrs. (Monthly)\| \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Goodall, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Garrett, Mr. and Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Highmore, Mr. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Holden, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Hughes, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Jennings, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Lambert, The Misses \| \| 0 \| 10\| \| Martin, Mr. (2nd half-yearly) \| \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Mason, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Metcalf, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Read, Mr. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Robbins, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Sargent, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Seymour, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Surman, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Smith, Mrs. H. A. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Savill, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Shorter, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Stacey, Miss \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Turner, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Tolfree, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Trotter, Mrs. (Monthly)\| \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Woodard, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Ward, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Watts, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| White, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 6 \| \| Whitta, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Winchester, Mrs. \| \| 0 \| 8 \| London Diocesan Missionary Day. A Missionary Day for the Diocese will be held on Saturday, June 19th next. It will begin with a celebration of Holy Communion in St. Paul's Cathedral, at 8 a.m. (the Bishop of Stepney celebrating). Conferences will be held in the Guildhall, at 10.30 a.m. and 2.30 p.m., followed by a Service of Intercession in the Cathedral, at 5.30 p.m. (preacher: The Right Rev. Bishop Brent, of the Diocese of Western New York, formerly Bishop of the Philippine Islands). At the Conferences the subject will be:—The Triumphs and Tasks of the Gospel. I. In Africa. II. In India and the Far East. Among others the following have consented to take part in the programme:—Morning Session (10.30):—Opening Address by the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London, who will be succeeded in the Chair by the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Stepney. Speakers: The Bishop of Grahamstown and the Bishop of Mombasa. Afternoon Session (2.30):—Chairman, the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of London. Speakers: The Right Rev. the Bishop of Dornakal; The Right Rev. Bishop Iliff (Bishop in Shantung, China); The Rev. W. E. S. Holland (Director of Recruiting for the Church of England); and Mrs. Starr, M.D. (N.W. India). It is anticipated that a number of other overseas Bishops will be present at the meetings, and opportunity will be taken to accord them a hearty welcome, and to encourage them with the assurance of London's prayerful interest in their work. Some seats will be reserved at the meetings in the Guildhall. Tickets for these may be obtained at 3/- each, available for both sessions. Arrangements for meals in the Guildhall have been made (Breakfast, 2/9; Lunch, 3/6; Tea, 1/3; inclusive ticket, 7/-) The neighbouring restaurants of the Express Dairy Co. and Lyons & Co. will also be available for the supply of meals. Further particulars will appear in the final programme. The Art Gallery at the Guildhall will be reserved for members of the Conference throughout the day for Rest and for Social Intercourse. Tickets for the Conferences (Reserved and Free), and for Meals, also copies of the Programme, can be obtained from the Correspondent for this Parish. No tickets are required for the services in St. Paul's Cathedral. Thanksgivings and Intercessions. ASCENSIONTIDE & WHITSUNTIDE. LET US GIVE THANKS: For the Message of Easter; For the triumph of Righteousness; For the victory of the Faith; For the perpetual priesthood of Christ our Lord; For the gift and the power of the Holy Spirit. Thanks be to Thee, O Lord. LET US PRAY: I. For all who made their communion at Whitsuntide, that they may be kept from all touch of sin; That they may be more regular and more faithful in their communions; That they may bear true witness in their daily life. II. That it may please Thee to bless all efforts to keep the Lord's Day for good and holy uses; To grant that we may not forget the needs of others; To recall us to greater faithfulness to the duties of rest and worship. To bless all Candidates for Confirmation. OFFERTORIES. \| Time \| 8 a.m. \| 11 a.m. \| 7 p.m. \| Total \| \|------------\|--------\|---------\|--------\|-------\| \| Church Expenses \| 9/3 \| 2 16 0 \| 1 17 5 \| 5 2 8 \| \| Poor Fund \| 12/1 \| 2 16 0 \| 1 15 10\| 5 4 0 \| \| Assist. Clergy Fund \| \| \| \| \| \| Church Expenses \| 5/1 \| 3 16 7 \| 1 12 7 \| 5 14 3\| \| Children's Services (Missions) \| 12/1 \| 3 0 9 \| 2 2 0 \| 5 14 10\| \| Week-day Offerings \| Apr. 29, 4/-; May 1, 2/6; May 13, 14/6 \| \| \| \| \| Free-will Offerings to May 16th \| \| \| \| 1 10 10\| Total - £25 7 8 BAPTISM. Made a Member of Christ." May 9—Kenneth George Hills. MARRIAGE. "Those whom God hath joined together." May 19—Reginald Cooper and Caroline Treherne Wilson. BURIALS. "I am the Resurrection and the Life." Apr. 22—Alice Mary Pullen, aged 36 years. 24—Frederick Charles Holmes, aged 70 years, May 14—Janette Winch, aged 81 years, Children’s Column. Dear Children, What a nice time we all had on Friday, May 21st, at your Empire Celebrations. I enjoyed the singing very much indeed, and the Senior Inspector who was present, told me that he had not heard any better in all the Middlesex Schools, it show what you can do when you try! The prize this month goes to Louie Makepeace for her essay which you will find on this page. The subject of the next essay is “Our Empire and what it means to us.” Please let me have your essays not later than Friday, June 18th. I am relying upon you to help in keeping the War Memorial very beautiful, and if you see any children running round the step, will you please tell them that the step was meant for flowers, and not for feet? I want you during June to add this little bit to your prayers:—“And bless those who are to be confirmed on June 28th from Hampton Hill.” Your affectionate friend, The Vicar. “My favourite character in the Bible, and why I like it,” by Louie Makepeace, age 12, 34, Windmill Road, Hampton Hill. “My favourite character in the Bible is Our Lord Jesus Christ. I like it so much because He was so beautiful in all His ways. How patient He was! Even when He was being accused and beaten with the knotted rope. I think a very good lesson for us to remember is how, when the soldiers were nailing Him to the cross, He asked God to ‘forgive them, for they knew not what they did,’ teaching us to forgive our greatest enemies. Most of us, I think, would have felt inclined to turn round on our tormentors, but Jesus took it quite calmly, only speaking now and again when calling to God. All children, and grown-ups too, can learn a great many lessons in just reading about the Crucifixion, and I think we can carry some of them out in our daily life. All through my life I shall claim Jesus Christ to be my favourite character in the Bible, and shall try my hardest to bring out some of the lessons which we learn when reading about Him.” Sunday School Prizes—Boys. Class I.—B. Bettridge, H. Day, J. Bliss, W. Grainger, R. Lovell. Class II.—C. Fox, K. Howard, J. Gubbins, P. Cooper, W. Burr, L. Rivers, L. Chown. Class III.—A. Grange, V. Hart, R. Webster, J. Walden. Class IV.—J. Beckett, F. Foster, G. Pike, J. Gray, R. Allum, G. Dale. Class V.—A. Davies, A. Groves, E. Byford. Class VI.—A. Gamgee, J. Lovejoy, T. Howard, W. Dorrell, D. Allum, W. Whipps, A. Benjamin, J. Coe, C. Jarvis, A. Davis. Class VII.—V. Davies, W. Carlton, L. Allum, C. Rivers, G. Watson, W. Hart, R. Williams, F. Shillingford, J. Byford, W. C. Brooke, G. Whiterod, R. Brown, J. Wilkinson, C. Bennett. Girls (Full marks, 530). Class I.—Ivy Maynard (full marks), Beatie Edwards, Violet Gaer, Ada Beckett, Phyllis Byford, Ada Powney, Dorothy Chandler, Daisy Keith. Class II.—Peggy Dorrell (full marks), Ethel Beckett, Winnie Boulonois, Violet Powney, Dorothy Grey, Gwennie Cooper, Kathleen Lambourn, Margaret Gregory. Class III.—Winnie Maynard, Edith Gibbons, Winnie Jarvis, Winnie Cane, Edith Chapman, Helen Davis, Violet Fletcher. Class IV.—Margaret Sykes, Madeline Coe, Gladys Rivers, Victoria Benjamin, Margaret Gillett, Marjorie Byford. Class V.—Ivy Sims, Maudie Reading, Olive Lissenden, Louie Hart, Maud Metcalf, Cissie Newcombe, Mabel Grey, Kitty Royce. Class VI.—Olive Owen, Daisy Bates, Eva Christie, Dorothy Underdown, Gwennie Gregory, Phyllis Gillett, Eva Mercer, Grace Ralph, Violet Chapman. Class VII.—Connie Trimby (full marks), Bessie Lambourn, Daisy Smith, Lily Newcombe, Dolly Mayling. Class VIII.—Nellie Boulter, Elsie Davis, May Davis, Nellie Holloway, Annie Watson, Violet Card, Ida Glover, Gwennie Bonfield. Infants. Gertie Smart, Elsie Underdown, May Gillett, Winnie Lissenden, Hilda Manning, Dorothy Louis, Dolly Burr, Dorothy Boulonois, Sissie Newman, Nora Hart, Sybil Wood, Wendy Maling, Alec Howard, Geoffrey Dorrell, Ben. Harbottle, George Lambourne, Charles Christie, Ernest Davies, Henry Sykes, John Bonfield, Ernest Gubbins, Robert Whitta, Eddie Groves, Bobbie Grey.
Built-In Self-Test (BIST) Using Boundary Scan SCTA043A December 1996 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments (TI) reserves the right to make changes to its products or to discontinue any semiconductor product or service without notice, and advises its customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information to verify, before placing orders, that the information being relied on is current. TI warrants performance of its semiconductor products and related software to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI's standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are utilized to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Specific testing of all parameters of each device is not necessarily performed, except those mandated by government requirements. Certain applications using semiconductor products may involve potential risks of death, personal injury, or severe property or environmental damage ("Critical Applications"). TI SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED, INTENDED, AUTHORIZED, OR WARRANTED TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN LIFE-SUPPORT APPLICATIONS, DEVICES OR SYSTEMS OR OTHER CRITICAL APPLICATIONS. Inclusion of TI products in such applications is understood to be fully at the risk of the customer. Use of TI products in such applications requires the written approval of an appropriate TI officer. Questions concerning potential risk applications should be directed to TI through a local SC sales office. In order to minimize risks associated with the customer’s applications, adequate design and operating safeguards should be provided by the customer to minimize inherent or procedural hazards. TI assumes no liability for applications assistance, customer product design, software performance, or infringement of patents or services described herein. Nor does TI warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any patent right, copyright, mask work right, or other intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any combination, machine, or process in which such semiconductor products or services might be or are used. # Contents \| Title \| Page \| \|--------------------------------------------\|------\| \| Abstract \| 1 \| \| Introduction \| 1 \| \| SCOPE Architecture \| 1 \| \| Adapting SCOPE to 1149.1 \| 2 \| \| 1149.1 Architecture and Test Bus \| 2 \| \| Interrupt Pin and Application \| 3 \| \| Test Bus and Interrupt Pin Connections \| 3 \| \| 1149.1 Boundary Test Instructions \| 4 \| \| EXTEST Instruction \| 4 \| \| SAMPLE Instruction \| 4 \| \| BYPASS Instruction \| 4 \| \| SCOPE Boundary Test Instructions \| 4 \| \| TOGGLE/SAMPLE Instruction \| 4 \| \| HIGHZ Instruction \| 5 \| \| CLAMP Instruction \| 5 \| \| BOUNDARY SELF-TEST Instruction \| 6 \| \| BOUNDARY READ Instruction \| 6 \| \| BOUNDARY BIST Instruction \| 6 \| \| Summary \| 7 \| \| Acknowledgment \| 7 \| \| References \| 8 \| ## List of Illustrations \| Figure \| Title \| Page \| \|--------\|--------------------------------------------\|------\| \| 1 \| IEEE 1149.1 Architecture \| 2 \| \| 2 \| IEEE 1149.1 Architecture \| 3 \| \| 3 \| Using TOGGLE/SAMPLE to Test Path Delays \| 5 \| \| 4 \| Testing Combinational Logic With IEEE 1149.1/BIST \| 7 \| iv Abstract The IEEE standard boundary-scan framework and four-wire serial testability bus have a positive impact on design for testability at all levels of electronic assembly, but do not solve all the testing problems facing the electronics industry. They form the basis from which other test techniques can be developed to further facilitate the testing of chips and systems. This paper describes a test architecture, based on the IEEE 1149.1 boundary-scan and test-bus standard. This architecture extends the capability of boundary testing from a purely scan-based structure into one that also supports a built-in self-test (BIST) capability. Introduction Before the formation of the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) and the IEEE 1149.1 standard, the Test Automation Department of TI’s Defense Systems and Electronics Group (DSEG), had considered boundary scan as a method to improve the test, integration, and maintenance of systems being designed for the Department of Defense (DoD). From this study, an architecture was developed, along with a library of specialized test cells particularly well-suited for boundary-scan and BIST applications. SCOPE Architecture The test architecture, referred to as System Controllability, Observability, and Partitioning Environment (SCOPE™), provides boundary scan and BIST capability to each input and output pin of the host IC. The architecture is supported by a library of modular bit slice called SCOPE cells that offer a range of boundary test capability. Some of the cells are targeted for simple boundary-scan applications. Other cells support the design of more sophisticated boundary test circuits such as pseudorandom and binary pattern generators and parallel signature analysis registers. During test, the SCOPE cells receive control from the test bus interface to execute a boundary scan or BIST controllability and observability test operation. One novel feature of the SCOPE architecture is its ability to activate the boundary test circuits while the host IC is in a normal operational mode. This capability provides boundary test features to support system integration, emulation, and at-speed testing. SCOPE is a trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated. Adapting SCOPE to 1149.1 Adapting the SCOPE architecture to the 1149.1 standard was simple because the existing test bus and architecture had similar functionality and required the same number of serial test bus pins. The following sections describe the boundary test features provided in the SCOPE architecture to support the mandatory test instructions required by the 1149.1 standard, as well as some of the internal test capabilities developed to extend the range of boundary testing. 1149.1 Architecture and Test Bus The 1149.1 boundary-scan architecture and four-wire test bus interface is shown in Figure 1. The test architecture consists of a test access port (TAP), two separate shift register paths for data (DREG) and instruction (IREG) and a boundary-scan path bordering the IC’s input and output pins. The boundary-scan path is one of two required scan paths residing in the DREG and is shown outside the DREG for clarity. The other required DREG scan path is a bypass register that consists of a single scan cell and is used to provide an abbreviated path through the DREG when testing is not being performed. In addition to these two required data registers, any number of user-defined shift registers can be included in the DREG to allow expanding the architecture to support additional test capabilities. The 1149.1 test bus interface consists of a test data input (TDI), a test data output (TDO), a test mode select (TMS), and a test clock (TCK). The TDI is routed to both the DREG and IREG and is used to transfer serial data into one of the two shift registers during a scan operation. The TDO is selected to output serial data from either the DREG or IREG during a scan operation. The TMS and TCK are control inputs to the TAP. These control signals direct the operation of the architecture to perform scan operations to either the DREG or IREG, or to issue a reset condition to the test logic if test operations are not being performed. Interrupt Pin and Application The interrupt output signal is not defined in the IEEE 1149.1 specification but has been envisioned as a potential mode of operation for SCOPE architectures. Although this signal is not a standard function in every SCOPE IC product, it is a powerful function that can be implemented when using TI’s ASIC library SCOPE cells. In Figure 1, the interrupt (INT) output signal issued from the IREG is a signal defined in the SCOPE architecture. This signal can be used for, among other things, the output of a parity test indication of whether the instruction shifted into the IREG has the correct number of ones for even parity. The test instructions for the SCOPE architecture are all designed to a fixed length and include even parity. If an instruction is shifted in with odd parity, the interrupt output signal is set low when the TAP enters the pause-IR state to indicate the error back to a bus controller device. The pause-IR state is a steady state in the TAP controller’s state diagram (see the IEEE 1149.1 specifications) that can be entered before terminating the instruction shift operation. The SCOPE architecture takes advantage of the pause-IR state to verify that the instruction shifted in has the correct parity. If the INT output is low, indicating a parity error condition, the bus master will repeat the instruction scan operation again. INT output high indicates a good parity condition. If so, the bus master will complete the instruction scan operation by updating the instruction into the IREG output latch to issue the appropriate test control to the architecture. Test Bus and Interrupt Pin Connections In the example circuit of Figure 2, three ICs are shown interconnected functionally via direct wiring bus paths. During normal operation, ICs 1, 2, and 3 receive input via their data input (DIN) buses and issue output via their data output (DOUT) buses to execute a designed circuit function. Also, the three ICs are shown interconnected in a serial ring configuration via the four-wire test bus. The TIC block in each IC stands for test interface and control and is representative of the TAP, IREG, and DREG sections shown in Figure 1. The 1149.1 test bus is designed to allow scan operations to occur through the TIC while the IC is operational. This is possible because the test pins and the required test logic of the boundary scan architecture (TAP, IREG, DREG boundary and bypass registers) are dedicated for test and cannot be reused for functional purposes. ![Figure 2. IEEE 1149.1 Architecture](image) The INT output signal from each IC is input to an external AND function to produce a global INT output signal. The global INT signal from the AND function is input to a bus master device. The device includes a five-pin interface to support the four required 1149.1 test bus signals and the additional INT signal. During the pause-IR state of an instruction register scan operation, each local INT signal outputs a parity pass or fail condition. If all local INT outputs are high, the AND function outputs a high to the bus master to confirm good parity. If one or more local INT outputs are low, the AND function outputs a low to the bus master to indicate an instruction parity failure. The advantage of using an active AND function to combine the local INT outputs versus a passive wired-OR configuration is speed. Speed is not a high priority for global parity testing. Other INT functions defined in the SCOPE architecture do require a minimum delay between the occurrence of one or more local INT outputs and a resulting global INT output signal to the bus master. 1149.1 Boundary Test Instructions The following is a description of the required 1149.1 test instructions that are included in the SCOPE architecture. The other optional 1149.1 instructions (INTEST, IDCODE, RUNBIST) can be implemented as required. EXTEST Instruction One of the required test instructions in the 1149.1 specification is defined as an external boundary test (EXTEST) instruction. When this instruction is shifted into the IREG of the ICs in Figure 2, the ICs are forced into an off-line test mode. While this instruction is in effect, the test bus can shift data through the boundary scan registers of each IC to observe and control the external DIN and DOUT buses, respectively. As seen in the circuit of Figure 2, serialized test patterns can be shifted in and applied from the output boundary scan register’s DOUT to drive the wiring interconnect to the DIN of neighboring ICs. After the test pattern is output, the DIN of the receiving ICs are captured. Following the data capture operation, the boundary registers are shifted to load the next external test pattern and to extract the response from the first test pattern. This process is repeated until the wiring interconnects are tested. This test provides a simple and thorough verification of the wiring connections between ICs in a circuit and is the key motivation behind the JTAG initiative. SAMPLE Instruction A second required test instruction in the 1149.1 specification is defined as a boundary register sample instruction. When this instruction is shifted into the IREG of one or more of the ICs in Figure 2, the IC remains fully operational. While this instruction is in effect, a DREG scan operation will transfer serial data from the TDI, through the boundary scan register, to the TDO of the IC. During this instruction, the data appearing at the DIN are captured and shifted out for inspection. The data are captured in response to control being input to the internal TAP controller via the TCK and TMS input signals. While this is potentially a very powerful test instruction, it requires further definition by the user as to when control is issued on the TCK and TMS signal to capture data. If all the ICs in Figure 2 operate their input and output functions synchronous to the same system clock, the TCK and TMS input can be synchronized with the system clock to sample all the ICs simultaneously. However, if all ICs operate their functions synchronous to separate asynchronous system clocks, then the TMS and TCK control signals must be made to operate in sync with just one IC system clock to sample each individual IC. BYPASS Instruction A third required test instruction in the 1149.1 specification is defined as a bypass scan instruction. When this instruction is shifted into the IREG of one or more of the ICs in Figure 2, the IC remains fully operational. While this instruction is in effect, a DREG scan operation will transfer serial data from the TDI, through a single internal scan cell, to the TDO of the IC. The purpose of the instruction is to abbreviate the scan path through ICs that are not being tested to only a single-scan clock delay. SCOPE Boundary Test Instructions To expand the test capability of a boundary-scan architecture and thus support a broader range of testing needs, additional test instructions and hardware capabilities are defined in the SCOPE architecture. Following is a description of some of these additional test instructions and the benefits gained from them. TOGGLE/SAMPLE Instruction The 1149.1 EXTEST instruction is excellent for testing the integrity of wiring interconnects between the ICs. However, it cannot be used effectively to test for timing delay problems that may occur between an output buffer of a driving IC and an input buffer of a receiving IC. To test for signal-path time delays, data must be applied from the outputs of one IC and be sampled rapidly into the inputs of another IC. To perform a delay test by transitioning through the TAP controller’s state diagrams would take at least 1.5 TCK cycles from the time data are applied from one IC’s output boundary in the update-DR state to when the data could be captured at the input boundary of another IC during the capture-DR state. To perform faster, simple signal-path delay tests between an output and input boundary, SCOPE cells were designed to include a toggle mode. This mode can be invoked by a TOGGLE/SAMPLE test instruction to allow the output boundary of an IC to drive out alternating logic states on the falling edge of successive TCK inputs. The same instruction also configures the SCOPE cells on the IC input boundary into a sample mode. This allows the data appearing at the inputs to be captured on the rising edge of successive TCK inputs. Using this approach, signal-path delay testing can be performed over the time interval between a falling and rising edge of TCK. For example, with a 10-MHz, 50-percent duty-cycle TCK input, a signal-path delay exceeding 50 nanoseconds can be detected using this approach. This instruction is executed while the TAP is in the run test/idle (RT/IDLE) state, so TAP state transitions are not required. After the input cells sample the toggled logic state, the data captured are shifted out for inspection. While this delay testing approach is still rather crude compared to the resolution of state-of-the-art test equipment, it still can serve a purpose at the circuit-board level. Using this technique, typical types of signal-path delays that can be identified are shown in Figure 3. These include combinational logic delays between the boundaries of larger ICs, delays associated with open collector-type output buffers, and delays associated with output buffers with high fanout loads. Figure 3. Using TOGGLE/SAMPLE to Test Path Delays HIGHZ Instruction When this instruction is shifted into the instruction register, the IC is set in an off-line test mode, and the output buffers are placed in a high-impedance state. While this instruction is in effect, the bypass register is selected to shift data through the DREG from the TDI to the TDO. This instruction is included to ease in-circuit testing of ICs in a circuit that does not incorporate boundary scan. Since the output buffers can be set tristate, the concerns with backdriving the output buffers of one IC to apply a test to a neighboring IC are reduced. CLAMP Instruction When this instruction is shifted into the instruction register, the IC is set in an off-line test mode. The input and output buffers are driven to a predetermined output pattern that has been scanned into the boundary register. While this instruction is in effect, the bypass register is selected to shift data through the DREG from the TDI to the TDO. This instruction allows the output signals of one or more ICs in a circuit to be set and left in a preferred output state while testing is being performed on one or more neighboring ICs in the circuit. The key to this instruction is that it allows the bypass register to be selected while the IC remains in a test mode with outputs set, as required, for testing. The 1149.1 clamp instruction forces the IC into normal operation when the bypass register is selected; thus, any preferred output signal setting for test cannot be maintained during the instruction. BOUNDARY SELF-TEST Instruction When this instruction is shifted into the instruction register, the boundary scan cells are configured to allow self-testing of each cell in the scan path. The self-test exercises most of the logic in each test cell. The test involves initializing the cells with a test pattern via a scan operation, followed by a second scan operation to shift out the test results. If the cells pass the self-test, the pattern shifted out during the second scan operation will be the inverse of the first pattern shifted in. During this instruction, the IC remains in its normal operation mode to allow self-testing to occur in the background, if desired. BOUNDARY READ Instruction When this instruction is shifted into the instruction register, the boundary-scan register is selected to shift data from the TDI to the TDO. This instruction differs from the 1149.1 EXTEST and SAMPLE instruction in that the boundary cells remain in their present state during the TAP controller’s capture-DR state. The reason for this instruction is to allow shifting out of the existing contents of the boundary-scan register. When a signature is collected in the boundary-scan register during a run test instruction, this instruction could disable the load function that normally occurs in the TAP controller’s capture-DR state to allow shifting out the signature. BOUNDARY BIST Instruction In the example of Figure 4, a circuit consisting of three ICs is interconnected through combinational logic islands. During normal operation, the ICs transfer data from their DOUTs to a neighboring IC’s DINs via the combinational logic and wiring interconnect. While this illustration exaggerates the amount of logic that would normally reside between major ICs in a circuit, it does show the test-time penalties paid in using a purely scan-operated boundary-scan architecture. The 1149.1 EXTEST instruction is fully capable of testing the combinational logic between the boundaries of the ICs in Figure 4. The time required to accomplish the test is very long compared to a BIST approach. For example, consider the number of TCK inputs required to shift the boundary-scan paths of the ICs to apply one test pattern is equal to (M), the TCK period is equal to (T), and the combinational logic island being tested has (n) inputs. The total boundary-scan test time to apply an exhaustive test can be approximated by Equation 1. For a 10-MHz TCK, a 200-TCK scan operation, and an 8-bit-wide combinational logic island, the test time is equal to around 5 milliseconds. \[ \frac{\text{Boundary Scan}}{\text{Test Time}} = (T \ M \ 2^n) \] (1) By eliminating the need to traverse the boundary-scan paths of the ICs each time a new test pattern is to be applied, the M variable drops out of Equation 1 to produce the boundary BIST time in Equation 2. Using Equation 2, the time to test the same combinational logic island at the same TCK rate is equal to around 25 microseconds. \[ \frac{\text{Boundary BIST}}{\text{Test Time}} = (T \ 2^n) \] (2) Comparing the 5-millisecond, scan-operated test time against the 25-microsecond BIST-operated test time results in a 99.5-percent reduction in test time using the BIST approach. That is why a boundary BIST capability is included in the SCOPE architecture. To support a boundary BIST capability, the SCOPE cell library includes cells that can be used to construct boundary registers with pattern-generation and data-compression capabilities. The pattern-generation test cells can produce either pseudorandom or binary output test patterns. The data-compression test cells operate together as a parallel signature analysis (PSA) register. The cells also include programmable polynomial taps to allow modifying the feedback connections. This optimizes the operation of the pattern-generation and data-compression register for a particular external logic configuration. When the boundary scan paths of the ICs in Figure 4 are designed using these advanced test cells, the combinational logic islands are tested much more easily and quickly. The boundary BIST test is set up by scanning seed values into the input and output boundary register sections that border the combination logic islands. After the boundary registers are set up, a run test instruction is shifted into the instruction register, and the test begins when the TAP controller enters its RT/IDLE state. During the test, the output patterns are applied from an IC’s output boundary register on the falling edge of TCK to drive the combinational logic. The output response from the combinational logic is input to the IC’s input boundary register, where it is sampled into the PSA register on the rising edge of TCK. When the test is complete, the TAP controller transitions from the RT/IDLE state and shifts a boundary read instruction into the instruction register. The boundary read instruction selects the boundary register to allow the signatures collected to be shifted out for inspection. Summary The 1149.1 standard provides a basic framework for boundary testing. A user may take this basic framework and use it as it is or build on top of it the types of test structures and operations required to satisfy particular testing needs. This paper illustrates how an existing architecture can be modified to conform to the 1149.1 architecture. Also, adapting to the new architecture does not require giving up any pre-existing test capabilities. In addition, a boundary BIST approach was described and compared to a purely scan-operated boundary test approach. This comparison shows the benefits of a boundary BIST approach to be a significant reduction in the time to test combinational logic residing between the boundaries of ICs in a circuit. Acknowledgment The author of this document is Lee Whetsel. References 1 Joint Test Action Group Specification, Version 2.0. (Available from the author.) 2 IEEE P1149.1, Draft 3, Proposal Specification. (For information on obtaining a copy, contact the author.) 3 C. Maunder and F. Beenker. Boundary Scan: A Framework for Structured Design-for-Test, Proceedings IEEE International Test Conference, 1987, pp. 714–723. 4 F. Beenker. Systematic and Structured Methods for Digital Board Testing, Proceedings IEEE International Test Conference, 1985, pp. 380–385. 5 M.M. Pradham, R.E. Tulloss, F.P.M. Beenker, and H. Bleecker. Developing a Standard for Boundary Scan Implementation, Proceedings International Conference on Computer Design, 1987, pp. 462–466. 6 L. Whetsel. A Proposed Standard Test Bus and Boundary Scan Architecture, Proceedings International Conference on Computer Design, 1988, pp. 330–333.
Minicomputers in action: simulating sonar displays Information theory's impact after 25 years Printed-circuit laminate eliminates discrete resistors CONSUMER CAPERS IN THIS ISSUE: THE CHALLENGE OF HOME ELECTRONICS... WOW!.. THIS PLACE SMELLS OF UPPER-CRUST! UH-OH! SOLID-STATE BLENDER, ELECTRONIC WASHER-DRYER... WHAT'S THIS? CHEEZ!.. A PROGRAMMABLE STOVE... NOW T' GIT T' WOIK... HOPE THIS SAFE (CHUCKLE!) AIN'T SOLID-STATE, TOO! SILENTLY... WELL, IF IT AIN'T OUR OLD PAL, SPIKE-FOILED BY AN ULTRA-SONIC SECURITY ALARM! 3 Wire Synchro to Linear D.C. Converter ACCURACY 1/2 % #MAC 1422-1 Provides a linear conversion of a synchro angle to a DC Voltage With better than 1/2 % accuracy - Scaled for ±10V DC output - Operates from ±15V supplies - No external adjustments - Hermetically sealed - Output short circuit protected - Units can be altered to operate with different L-L Voltages or frequency Specifications Accuracy: ±1% over temperature range Input: 11.8V, 400HZ line to line 3 wire synchro voltage Output impedance: less than 10 Ohms Input impedance: 10K minimum line to line Reference: 26V ±10% 400HZ (Unit can be altered to accommodate 115V if available at no extra cost) Operating temperature range: -25°C to +85°C Storage temperature range: -55°C to +100°C DC power: ±15V ±1% @ 75ma (approx.) Case material: High permeability Nickel Alloy Weight: 6 Ozs. Size: 3.6" x 2.5" x 0.6" There is No Substitute for Reliability GENERAL MAGNETICS, INC. 135 Bloomfield Avenue Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003 (201) 743-2700 Precision Analog Components for Signal Manipulation and Function Generation - Radiation Hardened Analog Multipliers and Modulators - Linear DC to Synchro Converter - Sine-Cosine to 3 Wire Converter - 3 Wire to Linear DC Converter - 3 Wire to Sine-Cosine Converter - Sine-Cosine Generators - Precision Modulators - Precision Analog Multipliers - Squaring/Square Root Modules - Precision Analog Divider - Precision A.C. 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Specifications Include: Transfer equation: E = XY/3 X & Y input signal ranges: 0 to ±3V Peak Maximum static and dynamic product error: ½% of point or 2 MVRMS, whichever is greater, over entire temperature range Input impedance: X = 10K; Y = 10K Full scale output: 3 VRMS Minimum load resistance for full scale output: 2000 ohms Output impedance: Less than 50 ohms X input bandwidth: ±0.5db, 0 to 200 hertz Y input bandwidth: ±0.5db, 20 hertz to 1000 hertz DC power: ±15V unless otherwise required @ 20 ma Size: 1.8" x 1.1" x 0.5" There is No Substitute for Reliability GENERAL MAGNETICS, INC. 135 Bloomfield Avenue Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003 (201) 743-2700 Circle 900 on reader service card Self-Test Plus Sample And Hold... Now You Get Them Both In HP's 3490A. By adding a Sample and Hold option to our Self-Test 3490A, we've made a good DMM even better. And more accurate. Now, you'll be equipped to test ramp linearity; and pulse droop; and hysteresis; and peak amplitude - all at 0.01% resolution. The Sample and Hold operates in either of two modes: Track and Hold, triggered from an external input; or Acquire and Hold that offers a built-in delay before reading. You'll find both modes valuable for testing network performance and production line testing. We Put It To Work At HP, the 3311A Function Generator was one of the first instruments to benefit from the new Sample and Hold capability. We knew the 3311A offered exceptional value for the money - but we suspected that in some ways it was even better than we'd claimed. So we used the 3490A equipped with Sample and Hold to give us a much more accurate measurement of the 3311A's ramp linearity. The results: linearity was nearly ten times better than we'd originally spec'd it (triangle waveform mode). And while we were at it, we resolved the square wave flatness within 1mV. So when you talk to our HP field engineer about the capable new Sample and Hold option for the 3490A (base price $1,650, Sample and Hold $450 extra), why not ask him to give you details on the better-than-we-thought 3311A. It was a bargain at $249* - now it's even more so when you consider the excellent ramp linearity. Domestic USA Prices Only For new standards in digital voltmeters and signal sources, think HP. HEWLETT PACKARD Sales, Service and support in 172 centers in 65 countries. Palo Alto California 94303 Offices in principal cities throughout the U.S. THE SCOPE MEETS THE BLUE BOX If you now use a scope for spectrum display, you should consider the advantages of our blue box — the EPC Model 4600 Graphic Recorder. The EPC Model 4600 is an XYZ recorder that prints continuous hard copy on dry paper over a display of 19.2 inches. This permanent history-plot permits comparative data examination and, in spectrum analysis, reveals spectrum lines buried as much as 6 dB below the noise level. The model 4600 operates at sweep speeds between $ \frac{1}{8} $ second and 8 seconds per scan, and is completely tape compatible. Sweep speeds can be varied to match the dump speeds of the analyzer data discharge. Up to 3000 data points can be presented with each sweep. Scale lines are generated by an internal crystal. The digital drive mechanism for the scan system is virtually jitter free. \| Feature \| Specification \| \|--------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Sweep Rates \| 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 sweeps per second; plus variable. \| \| Single Sweep \| Available at rates of 1.0 seconds per sweep or greater. \| \| Scale Lines \| 10, 100 or 1000 millisecond intervals. \| \| Sweep Direction \| Left to right (or right to left can be supplied). \| \| Print Delay \| Gate or print from 1 to 4 sweeps. \| \| Event Mark \| Manual, Internal and remote in or out. \| \| Paper Type \| Dry electrosensitive (NKD), 19$\frac{3}{4}$” wide by 80’ roll length. \| \| Recording Width \| 19.2 inches. \| \| Paper Dynamic Range \| 23db from white to black. \| \| Paper Advance \| Variable 50 to 200 lines per inch. Rapid advance provided. \| \| Input Impedance \| 1M ohms, all inputs. \| \| Amplifier Gain \| Linear 0-1000. \| \| Frequency Response \| Flat $ \pm 1 \text{ db} $ from DC to 100KHz; $ E \geq 0.1 \text{ v} $. \| \| Contrast \| Print current limiter, adjustable by front panel control. \| \| Input Threshold \| Adjustable by front panel control. \| Please write for complete specifications. EPC LABS INC. P.O. Box 97 123 Briarcliff Avenue Beverly, Mass. 01915 (617) 927-2523 Electronics Review COMMUNICATIONS: Spectrum fight shapes up at 900 MHz, 29 INSTRUMENTATION: Matrix recording traps transients, 30 MICROWAVE: Solid-state receivers for X band, 30 Thin-film circulator advances MIC art, 32 COMPUTERS: Restaurant terminals link motorist to home, 31 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN: Network handles pc boards, 32 SOLID-STATE: Thin film and silicon merged in devices, 34 COMMERCIAL ELECTRONICS: Computers control freeway signs, 34 MILITARY ELECTRONICS: Industry wary of 'design-to-cost,' 36 NEWS BRIEF: 38 PACKAGING: 'Coupon' IC carrier trims package height, 40 Electronics International GREAT BRITAIN: Quartz wafer controls its own ion machining, 53 FRANCE: Modules combine for uhf transmitter, 53 Probing the News COMMUNICATIONS: The third network—MDS, 65 COMPANIES: Small firm big in power transistors, 68 AUTOMOTIVE: Deadline near for truck-brake systems, 70 MICROWAVES: Traveling-wave tubes advance, 74 Technical Articles SPECIAL REPORT: Electronics in the home: waiting the right price, 81 COMPUTERS: Minicomputers simulate ocean, evaluate sonar design, 89 DESIGNER'S CASEBOOK: Varying comparator hysteresis, 96 Circular voltage divider needs fewer resistors, 96 Link-coupled tank circuit steps up C-MOS drive voltage, 97 Square-wave generator stresses frequency stability, 98 COMMUNICATIONS: Information theory after 25 years, 100 PACKAGING & PRODUCTION: Etching leaves resistors in pc board, 109 ENGINEER'S NOTEBOOK: Timer ICs and LEDs form cable tester, 115 Charting capacitor frequency and temperature performance, 116 New Products IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Gold-free film cuts LSI package cost, 121 COMPONENTS: Adapter paves way for leadless ICs, 122 INSTRUMENTS: Electrometer goes digital, 130 SEMICONDUCTORS: Static n-channel ROM stores 8,192 bits, 135 SUBASSEMBLIES: IC is building block for a-d converter, 145 DATA HANDLING: Naked Mini sells for under $1,000, 154 MATERIALS: 164 Departments Publisher's letter, 4 Readers comment, 6 40 years ago, 8 People, 14 Meetings, 20 Electronics newsletter, 25 Washington newsletter, 49 International newsletter, 55 Engineer's newsletter, 118 New literature, 168 Highlights The cover: Electronics at home, 81 Now that audio equipment has sold the consumer on solid state, home-appliance manufacturers are again eager to try electronic controls. One problem is getting the price right. Cover picturing the future is by John Celardo of King Features. A third type of TV network, 65 To be tested shortly in four major cities are networks that combine broadcast, cable, and closed-circuit television with point-to-point microwave transmission. But equipment manufacturers are less sanguine about their future than are license-holders. Let's pretend we're at sea, 89 At the Naval Underwater Systems Center, a minicomputer that is the heart of a simulated sonar system sounds out another minicomputer that models the ocean. This is the third article in the series, "Minicomputers in action." Applications of information theory pay off, 100 Published 25 years ago in the Bell System Technical Journal, Claude Shannon's theory has been clarified and refined to the point where it is directly affecting the design of communications systems. And in the next issue... Communications processors... preview of the National Computer Conference... a new type of analog-to-digital converter. The pervasive quality of electronics—the way developments in the electronics industries have an impact all across society—is exemplified in information theory. While it covers more than just electronics, that body of thought, first codified 25 years ago by Claude Shannon (see article on p. 100), had a strong effect on the way communications systems were designed. But its all-encompassing nature gave it an uncanny application to other fields, such as cryptology. It was even tried in such disparate disciplines as psychology, art, and semantics. Lyman Hardeman, our Communications and Microwave Editor, summed up the role Shannon’s work has played in the quarter century since he published his “The Mathematical theory of Communications,” a work that was heavily overshadowed by the announcement of the transistor. “Shannon gave a mathematical rigor to what many people already knew. But their knowledge was intuitive, a seat-of-the-pants approach. Take Morse Code, for example. It uses short codes for often-used letters, longer code groups for the seldom-used letters. Thus, fewer bits of data were needed to transmit a given message.” Hardeman likes to describe a demonstration that Shannon used to illustrate his concept of “entropy,” a measure of the number of bits of data needed to efficiently transmit a message. As he points out in his article, it would take an average of 4.7 bits of data to convey a single letter in English—if every letter had an equal chance of occurring in a word. But that is not the case, since “a” tends to be used much more often than “z” in normal messages. Actually, fewer total bits are needed because of such frequency distribution and because of context. “Shannon would ask someone to open a book and pick a paragraph,” says Hardeman. “Then, to see how few yes-no questions—or ‘bits’—were needed to ‘decode’ the text, he would ask such limiting questions as ‘Is it in the first half of the alphabet.’ That would pinpoint the first letter in, at most, five questions. That’s roughly equal to the 4.7 bits necessary to code the letter. “In the case of the word ‘Clearly,’ the same approach might be used to define the second letter. But then, using the facts that a vowel must come next and that ‘e’ is the most used vowel, only one question would be needed to define the third letter. The ‘a’ is easy to get, too, on one or two tries, as is the ‘r.’ Only a half-dozen letters can be expected next and, because the word starts a paragraph, ‘ly’ is favored. Thus the word can be “decoded” in only about 15 questions, an average of about 2 per letter.” And speaking of the pervasiveness of electronics, we’d like to point you in the direction of the special report on page 81. There, you’ll find a round-up on “Electronics in the Home.” The non-entertainment applications of electronic around the house is growing, as electronic controls appear in more and more small appliances, ranges, washers, driers, air conditioners, and security systems—as we graphically proclaim on our cover. If you want an automatic crossover precision voltage and current stabilizer, but don’t want a lab-type unit, look into KEPCO PTR. automatic crossover in an OEM-type power supply module. There are six Kepco PTR models ranging from a 0-7V, 0-5.5A unit to a 0-100V, 0-600mA supply. PTR is the no-compromise power supply for the demanding applications. They’re true automatic crossover, 0.001% source effect in voltage mode 0.005% source effect in current mode, 0.1 mV/0.5 mA ripple. What’s more, both modes are fully programmable by analog or digital control. PTR’s don’t compromise with their temperature rating, either. You get full output at +71°C with no derating. Ask your Kepco man for details about the Kepco automatic crossover PTR module. If you don’t know who he is, call (212) 461-7000 collect, or write Dept. EL-14 and we will be glad to direct you to the only automatic crossover modules on the scene. If You Need A Power Transformer Tomorrow - Call Abbott Today Now Abbott Stocks 60 Hz and 400 Hz Transformers With Output Voltages from 5 to 5000 Volts Both the 60 Hz and the 400 Hertz transformers are built to meet the specifications of MIL-T-27C. Long life and reliability are inherent in these hermetically sealed, ruggedly built power transformers. The 60 Hertz line comes in eleven power ratings from 5 to 300 watts. The 400 Hz line comes in six power ratings from 2 to 175 watts. Most all of your power transformer needs can be found in this line of Abbott transformers. \| 60 Hertz \| 400 Hertz \| \|----------\|-----------\| \| Input Primary* \| 115 VAC, 60 Hz ± 5 Hz, 1 phase \| \| Insulation \| 1750 VAC or 150% of secondary voltage (whichever is higher) \| \| Construction \| TO MIL-T-27C, grade: 4, class: "S", life: "X" (10,000 hrs.), case: steel \| \| Environment \| To operate in 105°C maximum ambient temperature. Encapsulated to meet MIL-E-5272C and MIL-E-5400H for vibration, shock, acceleration, sand, dust, humidity, saltspray, fungus, sunshine, rain, explosion, and altitude (to a vacuum) \| \| Secondary \| From 5 volts to 5000 volts at 32 milliamperes to 20 amperes \| A complete description of all of these power transformers together with their prices is contained in Abbott's 10 page transformer brochure, available FREE on request. Please see pages 618 to 632 of your 1971-72 EEM (ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS MASTER Catalog) for complete information on Abbott modules. Send for our new 56 page FREE catalog. Abbott Transistor Laboratories, Incorporated 5200 W. Jefferson Blvd./Los Angeles 90016 (213) 936-8185 Cable ABTLABS Readers comment In and out To the Editor: The Engineer’s newsletter is generally interesting and occasionally outstanding. But the last item on page 122 of the March 15 issue, entitled “How to attack the TTL-ECL interface,” strongly implies that Motorola’s MC10124 and MC10125 move you in one direction between ECL and TTL, and states that Motorola’s MC1067 and MC1068 take you in the opposite direction. I would like to point out that that is only half right. The MC 10124 and 10125 are members of the MECL 10K family; the 10124 takes you from TTL to ECL, and the 10125 takes you from ECL to TTL. The MC1067 and 1068 are members of the MECL II family, and their logic levels are a few tens of millivolts different from those of MECL 10K. As with the previous pair, one—the 1067—takes you from TTL to ECL and the other—the 1068—goes the other way, from ECL to TTL. The 1068 and 10124 are not pin-for-pin, or even functionally, equivalent as far as logic is concerned. Note also that 5-nanosecond propagation delay is not guaranteed for any of the four devices. Lawrence W. Johnson Manager Materials Engineering Hewlett-Packard Co. Santa Clara, Calif. We want to thank reader Johnson for clarifying this point. We did, indeed, mix up the pairs. Different specs To the Editor: Your March 15, 1973 issue (page 170) carried a new products write-up about Cornell Dubilier, concerning our exclusive 4-terminal aluminum electrolytic capacitor. The article contained one slight but very significant error. This particular capacitor’s impedance decreases at frequencies above 10,000 hertz, not 1,000 Hz as stated in your description. John R. Reed Public Relations Manager Cornell Dubilier Electronics Newark, N.J. Dramatic new product opportunities... yours with new 3C8 ferrites The market is ripe for product breakthroughs. Just look, for example, at the growth of such items as the handheld calculator, small camera flashguns, ultra-mini portable radios and recorders. The key to these tremendous sales successes is high frequency power conversion circuits. And the key to still more efficient, high-frequency power conversion is Ferroxcube's new 3C8! This important new ferrite material gives significantly higher flux densities at higher temperatures, and lower losses at high excitation levels than any other magnetic core material. It is available in practical size cores for use up to kilowatt power levels. 3C8 is already being used with great success in: inverters, battery chargers, fluorescent lamp ballasts, strobe light devices for highway markers and harbor buoys, power oscillators, power amplifiers, ultrasonic generators. In all of these circuits Ferroxcube's 3C8 material has led to greater efficiency, lower cost, less weight, and smaller sized units. In one power supply, for example, the size of the core was reduced from 13 lbs. at 60Hz to 4 lbs. at 20,000 Hz and the volume from 35 to 9 cu. inches—savings of 70 to 75%! Can 3C8 improve your present products or suggest new products and markets for your company? If you've got the imagination, we've got the core! Call 914-246-2811, TWX 510-247-5410 or write today. Ferroxcube linear ferrites—made in Saugerties, N.Y. and stocked in seven U.S. locations. FERROXCUBE CORPORATION, SAUGERTIES, N.Y. 12477 A NORTH AMERICAN PHILIPS COMPANY Distributed through North American Philips Electronic Components Corporation with warehouses in Boston, 617-449-1408; New York, 516-558-2300; Saugerties, 914-246-5861; Philadelphia 215-927-8262; Chicago, 312-593-8220; Santa Clara, 408-249-1134; San Diego, 714-453-9250 Electronics/May 10, 1973 Circle 7 on reader service card 40 years ago From the pages of Electronics, May 1933 The public is now being offered radio sets at prices all the way from $12 to $400. Is it any wonder that the man or woman ready to buy a set, stands confused by this wide range of prices? The advertisements call them all "radio sets," and there has been little to make clear to the public the wide difference in the service they deliver. The little "pee-wees," the cigar-box models, the midgets, the personal radio sets, all bring in voice, speeches, news, etc., distinctly and understandably, even if (as in a telephone) the full tones are missing. So let's classify that whole group of little sets as "speech radios." And let's enthusiastically sell and recommend these little sets—these "speech radios" for use where voice and speech are chiefly to be received. But if the customer wants to listen to music—to the great singers, to the great symphonies, to jazz orchestras, or to a brass band—then there is no question that he needs a musical instrument, a musical reproducer—a "music radio" to bring the great music that is on the air, and which the broadcasters have spent so much to transmit. Most modern of light sources, gaseous discharge tubes will be called upon to do their spectacular best at the World's Fair Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago. According to recent estimates, when the exposition opens formally in June it is probable that between 75,000 and 100,000 ft. of gaseous discharge lighting will be in use. "The technology which produced radio broadcasting, seems destined to revolutionize advertising methods still further, both by providing wholly new electronic media now as little known as broadcasting once was, and by radically revising present printing methods," declared Orestes H. Caldwell, president of the New York Electrical Society and editor of Electronics, speaking before the Advertising Club of New York City, on the subject "New Things Up Radio's Sleeve for Advertising Men." T-BAR® MONITOR SWITCHING FOR TECH-CONTROL ...including BRIDGE-DOWN and LINE-INTERRUPT T-BAR Series 5200/5300 Remote Control Monitoring Switches give fast, reliable connection between 4-wire Telco or 25-wire EIA (RS232) lines and the user's monitoring equipment Series 5200 has a bridge-down-only function, while Series 5300 includes a line-interrupt and bridge-down on both sides of the line-interrupt point. The systems include a Switcher, lighted Pushbutton Control Panel, Control Cable, plus screw-type Telco interface terminal strips, in 8- or 16-channel standard packages for rack, wall or underfloor installation. Write or phone today for complete literature and prices. Data Systems DIVISION T-Bar INCORPORATED SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY 141 Danbury Road, Wilton, CT 06897 phone 203/762-8351 RAM COST Devices are the critical path...AMS knows! Count the full cost of monolithic main memory: include not just devices, but boards, back panels, power supplies, cabinetry, diagnostics, final test. You'll discover, as main memory capacities rise in every class of machine, that the component is an increasing proportion of solid-state memory cost, even though individual device costs are declining (see historical chart above). Conclusion: select the RAM supplier at the cutting edge of the cost curve in every class of RAM—bipolar, N-channel, P-channel. The supplier: AMS. Solid-state computer memory is now superior to every other main memory technology in performance and price. Only one independent semiconductor memory company has always gone all the way from silicon to systems: AMS. Result: we have delivered more monolithic memory, installed and operating worldwide, than all the other suppliers put together. Ask for the facts. We've got them. Facts on AMS semiconductor memories: cost, performance, reliability, our process technologies. Facts on how to get AMS memory when you need it, who is using our memory, what they think about it. Proof that we do the whole job, from silicon to systems, and do it right. We've got it all together, to give you better memories. In this business, if you haven't got it all together, you haven't got it. Advanced Memory Systems, Inc. 1276 Hammerwood Avenue Sunnyvale, California 94086 AMS means advanced memories From silicon to systems. Clip and mail to us Circle 9 on reader service card Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 901 Thompson Place, Sunnyvale, California 94086/TWX 910-339-9280/TLX 346306. For product or sales information, call the AMD sales representative nearest you. In Sunnyvale, Shel Schumaker at (800) 538-7904 (toll free from outside California) or (408) 732-2400; in the eastern United States, Steve Marks or Bill Seifert at (516) 676-4500; in Washington/Baltimore, Ken Smyth at (301) 744-8233; in Mid-America, Chuck Keough at (312) 297-4115; in the Los Angeles area, Steve Zelencik or Russ Almand at (213) 360-2102 or Larry Strong at (213) 870-9191; in the United Kingdom, Des Candy at Herne Bay (Kent) 61611; and in Germany, Hermann Lichotka at (0811) 594-680. Advanced Micro Devices is distributed nationally by Cramer and Hamilton/Avnet Electronics. Circle Bingo card #207 Am26S12 Quad Bus Transceiver. Designed using Schottky clamped transistors, the Am26S12 has a bus driver current sink capability of 100mA at 0.8V (maximum) which enables it to drive as many as 200 devices. Receiver hysteresis provides high noise immunity with noise margins of greater than 1.0V. The unique terminating scheme of the Am26S12 allows each end of the bus to be terminated with a resistor as low as 100 ohms. Threshold limits are 1.4 to 2.0V ± 0.2V. Also available: The Am26S12A. Pin-compatible with DM8838. Threshold limits, 1.2 to 2.25V ± 0.2V. It's a bus driver with the world's highest drive capability and a bus receiver with unbelievably high noise immunity together in a single package. It's the speedy new Am26S12 Quad Bus Transceiver. Yet another step forward in our relentless effort to become the sixth largest maker of integrated circuits in the country by 1975. Advanced Micro Devices Inc. (We're going to be #6.) Now. CMOS analog gates for ±12V signals ...with their problems solved. 1. No more "latching-up." Intersil's new Floating Body technology eliminates the problem. 2. No more channel-to-channel shorting. Intersil's new gates guarantee break-before-make switching. 3. No more costly low-reliability hybrid construction. Intersil's new CMOS gates are all monolithic. Floating Body technology does it. Up to now, high level CMOS analog gates had real problems. Worst of all was the "latch-up" which occurred when a negative signal came along and the power supplies were off (Figure 1). At best, the switch just stopped operating, but all too often the whole IC was destroyed and had to be replaced. But no more. Intersil's new IH5040 Series CMOS analog gates utilize a new technology—the "Floating Body" process—which not only eliminates latch-up but protects against overvoltages to ±25V without degrading ON resistance. It does this by effectively placing a diode in series with the body, isolating the entire device from the body of the chip (Figure 2). The IH5040 Series CMOS analog gates. These monolithic switches will handle positive or negative signals greater than 25V p-p with ±15V power supplies. Their ON resistance is as low as 30 ohms, quiescent current is less than 50μA, and they can be controlled and switched in 500nS (typ.) from TTL, DTL, CMOS and PMOS circuitry. Available in military and commercial temperature ranges, with volume prices of some models approaching $2.00 per SPST channel, they are equivalent replacements for many more expensive hybrid analog gates. Intersil stocking distributors. Schweber Electronics. Semiconductor Specialists. R. V. Weatherford Co. Intersil area sales offices. Boston (617) 359-7188. Chicago (312) 371-1440. Los Angeles (213) 370-5766. Minneapolis (612) 925-1844. New York (201) 567-5585. San Diego (714) 278-6053. San Francisco Bay Area (408) 257-5450. Overseas representatives. Copenhagen: E. V. Johanssen A/S. Helsinki: Digelius Electronics Finland OY. London: Tranchant Electronics (UK) Ltd. Milan: Auriema Italia SRL. Munich: Spezial Electronic. Paris: Tranchant Electronique. Stockholm: Elektroholm. Tel Aviv: Schweber Electronics. Tokyo: Internix. Zurich: Laser- & Electronic-Equipment. U.S. Representatives in all major cities. \| Intersil Part No. \| Type \| R<sub>ON</sub> \| Replaces \| \|------------------\|--------\|---------------\|--------------\| \| IH5040 \| SPST \| 75Ω \| New function \| \| IH5041 \| Dual SPST \| 75Ω \| DG182A/B \| \| DG200 \| Dual SPST \| 70Ω \| DG200 \| \| IH5042 \| SPDT \| 75Ω \| DG188A/B \| \| IH5043 \| Dual SPDT \| 75Ω \| DG191A/B \| \| IH5044 \| DPST \| 75Ω \| New function \| \| IH5045 \| Dual DPST \| 75Ω \| DG185A/B \| \| IH5046 \| DPDT \| 75Ω \| New function \| \| IH5047 \| 4PST \| 75Ω \| New function \| \| IH5048 \| Dual SPST \| 30Ω \| DG181A/B \| \| IH5049 \| Dual DPST \| 30Ω \| DG184A/B \| \| IH5050 \| SPDT \| 30Ω \| DG187A/B \| \| IH5051 \| Dual SPDT \| 30Ω \| DG190A/B \| People Profits and apples: both concern Quotron's Mohr If, as Churchill said, recreation is only a change in worries, Milton E. Mohr, president of Quotron Corp., Los Angeles, is getting plenty of recreation. His avocation is raising apples; he has 14,000 trees planted near San Luis Obispo, Calif. Last year frost wiped out most of the crop. Like Quotron, which was Scantlin Electronics until last month, his apples now show a lot of promise. But at Quotron, Mohr has a great deal more control over the elements than he does in his orchards. It's probably because he's exercised that control carefully that Quotron appears ready to bear fruit. Mohr, who was president of Bunker Ramo Corp. before he joined Scantlin in 1970, feels that the company will become profitable this year. Its present business is supplying communications to brokerage houses, and it's taken a great deal of front-end money to get going. The industry's confidence in the company, though, is shown by heavy investments from Dow Jones, Dun and Bradstreet, and Rockefeller interests. Quotron has major contracts from Wheaton and Solomon Brothers for quotes, trading, and research systems—including electronic billboard displays—and is now expanding into other fields. High on the list is credit checking for banks and Dun and Bradstreet. D&B has three systems to process data, and is adding 95 around the country, all replacing tedious manual collection systems with computer systems that collect, edit, store, communicate, and type out reports. What it took. Mohr feels that his major contribution has been in making the company a going concern by finishing system development, building the field force, and obtaining financing. His main work is in management, but he sometimes falls back on his background in electrical engineering (University of Nebraska, 1938): "I even get into the lab occasionally." After a stint at Bell Labs, he went to Hughes Aircraft Co., then to Ramo Wooldridge, where he managed the computer division (by then part of TRW). This merged with a division of Martin Marietta to become Bunker Ramo, and Mohr became president in 1966. He left in 1969, disagreeing with new management from Amphenol ("There were too many second-guessers"). While there, though, Mohr negotiated a contract for Bunker Ramo to supply the Nasdaq (National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotation) system for over-the-counter stocks. With the expected profitability of the company this year, Mohr can worry more about his apples. He expects a good crop this year, but is still thinking about frost: "We can't use smudge pots because of the pollution, and fans are expensive. It looks like helicopters, which could fly over when the temperature drops, may be a good solution." In-Line founders are in tune with photoprocessing trend A company that started as a part-time effort some 18 months ago has recently become its founders' sole business concern, and indeed, they appear in a good position to profit from semiconductor manufacturers' growing enthusiasm for automating their photoprocessing operations. While Hendrik F. Bok and Eugene R. St. Onge worked together in the Systems division of EPEC Industries Inc., New Bedford, Mass., they saw the need for systems that could automatically handle cleaning, drySangamo Recorders. For people who need 32 channels of data. And people who don’t. When you tackle a job that calls for 32 channel recording, you’ve pretty well got to come to us. We make the Sabre V, the only IRIIG all-band portable tape recorder on the market with up to 32 channels on one-inch tape. But not all jobs need the Sabre V, and we want you to depend on Sangamo anyway. So we also offer the Sabre III, Sabre IV and the Sangamo/Tandberg TIR 100—the newest addition to our line. Sabre III gives you lab quality and total bandwidth convertibility in a compact all-band portable. Sabre IV is our laboratory model that’s setting new standards of accuracy in recording and reproduction. Both Sabre III and IV let you process data up to 2.0 MHz in the direct mode, 500 KHz in the FM mode, and with full serial and parallel PCM capability. They feature total bandwidth convertibility, too. The Sangamo-Tandberg TIR 100 does almost everything you’d expect a $16,000 recorder to do but costs under $4,500. It features four channels including one for voice or data recording, a built-in CRT monitor and a portable size smaller than a cubic foot. That’s four Sangamo recorders in all. One of them is bound to do the best possible job on your data recording job—whatever it is. For more information, write: Sangamo Electric Company, Data Systems, P.O. Box 3347, Springfield, Illinois 62714. Or call (217) 544-6411/Telex 406-421. SANGAMO RECORDERS THE INNOVATORS IN TAPE INSTRUMENTATION Cast moulded WIMA® capacitors Encapsulated in cast resin under vacuum to eliminate air inclusions. Advantages: Small physical size; high resistance to moisture, favourable a.c. characteristics. Voltage ratings up to 1000 V d.c. For stringent requirements. Types: WIMA MKS 3 Metallized polyester capacitors for 100 and 250 V d.c. 0.022 µF...0.47 µF. WIMA FKS 3 Polyester film and metal foil capacitors for 160 and 400 V d.c. 1000 pF...0.1 µF. WIMA FKC 3 Polycarbonate film and metal foil capacitors suitable for frequency divider circuits. Close tolerances available. 160, 400, 630 and 1000 V d.c. 100 pF...0.1 µF. WIMA FKS 2 min. Polyester film and metal foil capacitors, subminiature, suitable for very small equipment. 100 V d.c. from 100 pF...0.047 µF. WILHELM WESTERMANN Spezialfabrik für Kondensatoren Augusta-Anlage 56 P.O. Box 2345 D-68 Mannheim 1 Fed. Rep. of Germany Tel.: (621) 40 8012 People ing, etching, and developing. "There are a lot of different systems available," notes Bok, "but you have to buy the etcher from one company, the coater from another. To form a complete line of equipment, a plant manager needs to buy four or five makes of equipment that aren't always compatible." The two men joined forces to make specialized turnkey photoprocessing systems, and In-Line Technology Inc. was born in Assonet, Mass. By now, In-Line has emerged from a custom-equipment phase with a number of standard items, including cleaners, coaters, dryers, developers, etchers, wet strippers, and plasma strippers, all of which are interfaced for either manual or automatic loading. Cutting loose. During In-Line's first year, Bok and St. Onge kept their jobs at EPEC, but last October they were able to buy out EPEC's Spray division and devote full time to In-Line, of which they are sole owners. Sales this year may reach $1 million. Bok thinks part of their success is a result of "the imagination to come up with something new," but part of it is traceable to their backgrounds also. Bok, 47, founded his first company in 1954 in his native Netherlands. (He still speaks with a Dutch accent.) It made spray coaters, and in 1958 he brought the process with him to the U.S. where three years later he founded another company with expertise based on the same process. Joining EPEC in 1967 as a vice president, he gained experience in coating and first started to build integrated systems including sprayers, dryers, exposure equipment, and developers. While Bok considers himself a "concept" engineer, St. Onge, 36, is a process engineer. One need they see is for better yields, and they believe their automatic production lines, which include automatic wafer handling, can help. Since wafers and plates are untouched throughout production, and the line is so timed that clean plates don't have to wait before being coated, dirt-caused pinholes and other faults are cut down. UHF demanded 1 GHz FETs. Signetics D-MOS does it. FETs? From Signetics? Surprise! Signetics goes discrete. With the first FETs ever produced for frequencies above 450 MHz. And everything we've poured into optimized ICs for years — ingenuity, painstaking research, user-oriented problem solving — has gone into developing these trouble-shooting UHF FETs. All double-diffused MOS devices of the N-channel enhancement mode type. Four of them to start. Providing UHF designers unique performance that bipolar has never matched for mobile units, marine phones, TV tuners... and hundreds of similar applications. Two single-gate D-MOS FETs. SD-200, unprotected by design. SD-201 with diode protection against transients. Both offer exceptionally low gate leakage. Plus unbeatable high-gain, low-noise figures. And two dual-gate diode-protected FETs, that show excellent linearity in cross- and intermodulation. SD-300 with AGC capacity, and ultra low noise SD-301. \| CHARACTERISTIC \| SD-200/201 \| SD-300 \| SD-301 \| \|-------------------------\|------------\|--------\|--------\| \| Gain at 1 GHz \| 10dB \| 13dB \| 14dB \| \| Noise at 1 GHz \| 4.5dB \| 8dB \| 6dB \| \| Fwd. Transconductance (µMHO) \| 15,000 \| 10,000 \| 10,000 \| \| Input Capacitance \| 2.0pF \| 2.0pF \| 2.0pF \| \| Output Capacitance \| 1.0pF \| 1.0pF \| 0.6pF \| \| Feedback Capacitance \| 0.13pF \| 0.02pF \| 0.02pF \| \| Drain-to-Source Voltage \| +30V \| +30V \| +30V \| Superb cross modulation characteristics at 1GHz. Remarkably low input and feedback capacitance. Extremely high transconductance. The lowest noise figures of any existing FETs. And simpler bias schemes. Record-breaking low cost too. Our D-MOS FETs obviously outperform standard bipolars, hands down — for less than one-fifth the cost. Under four bucks in 100-piece quantities, instead of the $20 or $30 you'd expect. Available now through your distributor in TO-46 hermetic cans, with four leads. Call for immediate delivery. Or tune in for the news behind the news, by sending for complete data sheets, technical and editorial back-up information, and of course, our application notes. Public notice. Be one of the first 100 inquiries we receive, and you'll get the D-MOS FET of your choice FREE to play around with. Signetics—D-MOS FETs 811 E. Arques Avenue Sunnyvale, California 94086 Show me what a great IC supplier is up to in FETs. Send everything you've got on these discrete devices (and hopefully my FREE D-MOS FET: #SD-____). Name ____________________________________________ Title _____________________________________________ in care of the letterhead address on the sheet of company stationery I have stapled, glued, clipped or otherwise appended to this coupon. Signetics Corporation A subsidiary of Corning Glass Works. Siemens has made more cradle relays than anyone in the world. Whatever your application, Siemens can offer you the right cradle relay at the right price. And in the quantity you require. In the years since we designed and built the first cradle relay, we've produced over 100 million of them. And we've developed highly automated mass production and quality control techniques that have made possible a new order of product quality and uniformity at the lowest possible prices. Siemens cradle relays are UL listed at no extra cost to you. And they are freely interchangeable with cradle relays of other manufacturers. The Siemens line of cradle relays includes the industry's widest variety of contacts, terminals and mounting styles. And magnetic latching, hermetic and sensitive versions are also available. Siemens cradle relays are ideal for circuitry in computer peripherals, communications, industrial controls, alarms and signal equipment, medical electronics and office machines. While the cradle relay is still the most popular relay around, Siemens continues to introduce new designs. Our latest is a new family of low-profile PC board relays that we expect will start another major trend. Write or call us for more information. Siemens Corporation, 186 Wood Avenue South, Iselin, N.J. 08830. (201) 494-1000 Ext. 239. Dear Gabby: "1728 Combinations with $90 worth of Shelly Multi-Message Modules." Datatron's Girl Gabby Dear Gabby: A math whiz at our firm bet me he could display over 1700 different message combinations for under $100. Impossible, isn't it? Winsome Wagerer Dear Winsome: This time you lose some. On the 3 Shelly Multi-Message Modules at the right you could display 1728 different combinations of phrases, words, letters, numerals, symbols or pictures. Anything photographable, for that matter. And you can choose mixed colors to add more meaning to the messages. Take the center module. Any of the 12 messages shown can be flashed on the viewing screen from a decimal or BCD input. For $30 you can display 12 different messages. That's only $2.50 a message! And the compact modules can be mounted in groups to provide large vocabularies at a fraction of the cost of CRT terminals, teleprinters or other expensive information displays. Shelly Multi-Message Displays give you more usable viewing area too. Our SRO-90 with a 0.435" high display has a 20% larger image in a 20% smaller housing. And our 0.7" high SRO-600 is 10% larger than older types, yet the housing is 30% smaller. Before you make any more bets, better send for Shelly's Multi-Message Readout brochure. Gabby Aerospace Instrumentation Symposium: ISA, Frontier, Las Vegas, Nev., May 21–23. National Aviation System Planning Review Conference: FAA, Washington Hilton, Washington, D.C., May 21–23. Electronic Component Show: RECMF, Olympia, London, England, May 22–25. Conference on Laser Engineering and Applications: IEEE, OSA, Hilton, Washington, D.C., May 30–June 1. International Microwave Symposium: IEEE, U. of Colorado, Boulder, June 4–6. National Computer Conference and Exposition: AFIPS, New York Coliseum, June 4–8. Consumer Electronics Show: EIA, McCormick Place, Chicago, June 10–13. Chicago Spring Conference on Broadcast and TV Receivers: IEEE, Marriott, Chicago, June 11–12. Frequency Control Symposium: ECOM, Howard Johnson's Motor Lodge, Atlantic City, N.J., June 12–14. National Cable TV Association Annual Convention: NCTA, Convention Center, Anaheim, Calif., June 17–20. International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility: IEEE, New York Hilton, New York, June 20–22. International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing: IEEE, Palo Alto, Calif., June 20–22. Design Automation Workshop: ACM, IEEE, Sheraton, Portland, Ore., June 25–27. International IEEE G/AP Symposium and USNC/URSI Meeting: IEEE, U. of Colorado, Boulder, Aug. 21–24. New TY-RAP® Tool completes one million ties every month Triggered 70,000 times each day without a misfire! As you read this message, the production model of this pneumatic hand tool, TR-225, is continuing its life cycle test...1,000,000 cycles per month without a falter. This 20 ounce tool ties wire bundles from 1/16" to 4" diameter with just about every regular and "Slim Line" type TY-RAP® cable tie...16 sizes in all. It reduces operator fatigue...and is particularly well suited for close-up work, breakout points and tying in confined places in equipment. Our other new production tool, the high speed TR-300, automatically positions a TY-RAP tie around bundle, cinches to a preset tension, locks tie securely and trims evenly...all in 8/10 of a second...and on bundle diameters ranging from 1/32" to 5/8". Write for new catalog. The Thomas & Betts Co., Elizabeth, New Jersey 07207, (201) 354-4321. In Canada, Thomas & Betts Ltd., P.W. Sold Only Through Authorized T&B Distributors THOMAS & BETTS Division of Thomas & Betts Corporation World Radio History Circle 21 on reader service card "Augat's interconnection system appeared to have more advantages for use in the AN/TPX-42A Air Traffic Control System. "Our extensive testing confirmed it." Robert A. Mesard, Group Leader Transportation Systems Division A.I.L Division of Cutler Hammer." "When work began on the AN/TPX-42A, we started looking for an interconnection system that offered high reliability and design flexibility, without sacrificing lower initial costs or low field maintenance. "Our program staff ran detailed reliability and cost analyses of the four basic interconnection systems under consideration: P.C. boards, multi-layering, welded wire-stitching, and wire-wrapped plug-in panels. "The system meeting all of our requirements was wire-wrapped plug-in panels. We compared several manufacturers of socket panels and selected the Augat panel based on overall quality, range of products, and their willingness to respond to our needs. "Our findings were incorporated into our proposal to the Air Force. But as the wire-wrapped plug-in panel concept was comparatively untried in U.S.A.F equipment, they requested additional testing. So we ran a series of in-depth reliability and stability studies and tests as part of our systems qualification and reliability demonstration program. "After 13,200 test hours, we experienced no mechanical failure or intermittence with the Augat system. "Electronic Systems Division of U.S.A.F accepted these findings and approved the Augat system. "We now have used substantial production quantities of Augat panels without a single contact failure." Augat first pioneered the socket-panel concept in 1965, and the exclusive precision-machined tapered-entry contact has made Augat the reliability standard for the plug-in interconnection industry. A.I.L.'s record of not a single contact failure is one of the reasons why Augat supplies more panels than all other manufacturers combined. As the world's leading manufacturer of wire-wrapped panels and other IC interconnection products, Augat is ready and willing to help with all your interconnection requirements. Call or write today for free brochure and complete product information. Augat, Inc., 33 Perry Ave., Attleboro, Massachusetts 02703. Represented and distributed internationally. Plug into Augat. A.I.L. did. "See us at booth #4931, NEPCON EAST" Type EJ, the pot with rotational life in excess of 1 MILLION CYCLES. If you're really serious about cost, be serious about quality. This is the EJ, an extended life version of our famous "J" pot. Same dependable performance. Same power handling capability. Same quality throughout, but with a tremendous difference in rotational life. One good turn after another for more than 1,000,000 cycles (under normal use within ratings per Publication 5230). Specify the EJ for electronic organs, lift trucks, automotive and process control applications. Hot molded composition, 2.25 watts. Resistances from 50 ohms to 5.0 megs. Usable from −55°C to +120°C. Five standard tapers. Single or dual sections. Request Publication 5230. Allen-Bradley Electronics Division, 1201 South Second Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204. Export: Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003. Canada: Allen-Bradley Canada Limited, Cambridge, Ontario. United Kingdom: Jarrow, County Durham NE32 3EN. Solitron drops 74C as GI debuts with 4000 series National Semiconductor's 54C/74C, the complementary MOS family that's pin-to-pin compatible with the widely used 54/74 transistor-transistor-logic line, has lost more ground to the rival 4000 series. Solitron Devices, which last year announced a number of 74C functions, has quietly canceled them because of demand for RCA's more popular 4000 series. Motorola Semiconductor is also sticking with 4000. At the same time, General Instrument has decided to enter the CMOS market with a quad bilateral switch similar to RCA's 4016. It will be available this month. Ed Kramer, a product marketing manager in GI's Semiconductor Components division, says GI will announce eight 4000-type CMOS products by the end of the year. But National appears to be unfazed. The company, which started slowly with 74C, says it now has a complete line of functions with TTL output and is still determined to make 74C its standard CMOS product line. One reason: most designers, National says, are familiar with TTL and would tend to favor the compatibility of 74C. A big question, though, has been whether or not Texas Instruments will build 74C; a spokesman says flatly, "TI has no plans to introduce commercial 74C CMOS." Fairchild wins Navy award for CCD work Nosing out Texas Instruments and RCA, Fairchild Camera & Instrument has won an $800,000-plus phase 2 award for further development of charge-coupled devices. Earlier, Fairchild had built for the contractor, the Naval Electronics Systems Command, a 500-element linear imaging array and a 100-by-100 area-imaging array, as well as a 100-by-100 CCD television camera [Electronics, Feb. 15, p. 31]. The nine-month phase 2 program calls for prototype cameras fabricated from still larger arrays, with emphasis on perfecting anti-blooming and on-chip amplification techniques. Eventually, the program aims to develop triservice low-light-level cameras. Westinghouse tube stores halftones and alphanumerics Westinghouse is about to test an experimental scan-converter storage tube, which is binary-addressable, for turning digital data into either alphanumeric or halftone displays. The tube stores information as charges on a mesa target. This is done after a collimated beam of electrons floods through a 512-by-512 array of 1-mil-diameter holes drilled in three aligned pairs of silicon plates, each 3 inches in diameter. Charge patterns on the plates, in effect, close selected holes. The technique is similar to that used in the digitizer stack of Northrop Corp.'s direct-view Digisplay tube [Electronics, June 21, 1971, p. 30]. To read out the information, the target is scanned with an electron beam as in an ordinary vidicon camera. All of the more than a quarter-million elements are individually addressable. The Army Electronics Command at Ft. Monmouth, N.J., is sponsoring the work. Video-frequency range of the tube is 0 to 10 megahertz. Monolithic IC contains Hall-effect sensor Monolithic integrated circuits containing silicon Hall-effect sensors are being made by Interdesign Inc., of Sunnyvale, Calif. Hans Camenzind, president, says the devices will compete with electromagnetic proximity switches in machine tools and other industrial control systems. The senElectronics newsletter sor is part of an uncommitted array that also contains some 30 pnp and npn transistors and a variety of diffused resistors. Called a Monochip, the array is converted to custom analog, digital, or analog-digital control circuits with custom metalization patterns. While the silicon Hall platelet is much less sensitive than the intermetallic ones used in tape readers [Electronics., Feb. 1, p. 91], it generates 50 millivolts in a field of less than 2 kilogauss. That allows the tiniest magnets made for industrial controls to actuate the circuit, and if more powerful outputs are required, the 50 millivolts can be amplified on the chip. In dense Ampex array, cores rub together Ampex Corp.'s Computer Products division, Marina del Rey, Calif., is reported to be developing a new ferrite-core-memory array so dense that the cores are literally rubbing against one another. The fully populated result of this design, which is a step up from the company's herringbone pattern [Electronics, Nov. 9, 1970, p. 119], looks like a thick film; the individual cores are not distinguishable to the naked eye. In the array, conventional 18-mil cores are stacked on edge and essentially in contact, but staggered at a 40° angle instead of the usual 45°. A single wire passes through one row of cores at the steep angle and two wires through a row at right angles to the first at the shallower angle, for a 2½-dimensional system organization. Laser lines up sender, receiver for communications A major limitation of mobile laser communications—keeping both ends of the path aligned—appears to have been overcome by a new stabilized laser transceiver. Developed by American Laser Systems of Santa Barbara, Calif., the unit can be hand-held on rolling ships, moving cars, and speeding helicopters. American Laser has combined a stabilized telescope with a small diode laser transmitter and receiver to form a 5-pound device about the size of a home movie camera with a 15- to 20-mile range. It operates from rechargeable D cells, drawing one-third the current of a standard flashlight. To use it, the operator just roughly sights in the target through a 10-power telescope, then talks. Both the U.S. Navy and police departments are interested in the device for secure communications. Addenda The Bell System has announced the first availability outside AT&T of a new teleprinter unit called Dataspeed 40. The unit, developed by Teletype Corp., will be the first Bell System offering with a cathode-ray-tube display and is another step toward having one vendor provide "end-to-end" service. . . . Siemens AG of West Germany has awarded a contract to a small three-year-old New Jersey firm for an $855,000 automated test system for pc boards. More than a dozen of the systems, called System 390 by Instrumentation Engineering of Franklin Lakes, N.J., have been sold to RCA, Raytheon, Xerox, ITT-Europe, and the Navy. . . . Production of mated-film memory modules is being doubled at the Federal Systems division of Univac in St. Paul, Minn. The bulk of past production has been for Univac's 1830 aerospace computer—but the company is rumored to be preparing to change from ferrite cores to mated film in its AN/UYK-7 computer for Navy ships, and the change will absorb some of the increased production. C-LINE POWER SWITCHING TRANSISTORS 100 WAYS TO GET MORE INDUSTRIAL SWITCHING PERFORMANCE FOR YOUR MONEY Unitrode's UPT Power Switching Transistor series offers the optimum combinations of price and performance from 0.5A to 20A, and up to 400V in 3 package types. Choose from 100 different transistor types for more efficient and simplified circuit design in power supplies, switching regulators, inverters, converters, solenoids, stepper motors and other inductive load driving applications. They're available off-the-shelf from your local Unitrode distributor or representative. For the one closest to you, dial (800) 645-9200 toll free, or in N.Y. State (516) 294-0990 collect. For immediate action on any specific problem, call Sales Engineering collect at (617) 926-0404, Unitrode Corporation, Department 5Y, 580 Pleasant Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02172. For specific data sheets containing full characterization of devices check the table/coupon below. Unitrode Corporation Dept. 5 Y, 580 Pleasant St., Watertown, Mass. 02172 Please send data sheets on specific C-Line Power Switching Transistor series checked below. \| Check Here \| Ic \| V<sub>CE(sat)</sub> \| SERIES/ PACKAGE \| t<sub>on</sub> \| t<sub>off</sub> \| 100 Qty prices each \| \|------------\|------\|---------------------\|-----------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------------\| \| \| 0.5ADC \| up to 400V \| UPT011 -T05 \| 50ns \| 400ns \| $1.02 to 2.30 \| \| \| \| \| UPT021 -T066 \| \| \| \| \| \| 1ADC \| up to 150V \| UPT111 -T05 \| 100ns \| 250ns \| 0.83 to 1.86 \| \| \| \| \| UPT121 -T066 \| \| \| \| \| \| 2ADC \| up to 150V \| UPT211 -T05 \| 130ns \| 300ns \| 1.08 to 2.42 \| \| \| \| \| UPT221 -T066 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| up to 400V \| UPT311 -T05 \| 200ns \| 800ns \| 1.25 to 2.73 \| \| \| \| \| UPT321 -T066 \| \| \| \| \| \| 3ADC \| up to 400V \| UPT521 -T066 \| 200ns \| 900ns \| 2.30 to 3.80 \| \| \| \| \| UPTS31 -T03 \| \| \| \| \| Check Here \| Ic \| V<sub>CE(sat)</sub> \| SERIES/ PACKAGE \| t<sub>on</sub> \| t<sub>off</sub> \| 100 Qty prices each \| \|------------\|------\|---------------------\|-----------------\|---------------\|---------------\|---------------------\| \| \| 5ADC \| up to 150V \| UPT611 -T05 \| 250ns \| 550ns \| $1.25 to 2.72 \| \| \| \| \| UPT621 -T066 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| up to 400V \| UPT721 -T066 \| 250ns \| 800ns \| 3.38 to 5.43 \| \| \| \| \| UPT731 -T03 \| \| \| \| \| \| 10ADC \| up to 150V \| UPT821 -T066 \| 250ns \| 550ns \| 3.14 to 5.43 \| \| \| \| \| UPT831 -T03 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| up to 400V \| UPT931 -T03 \| 500ns \| 1200ns \| 7.57 to 13.92 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 15ADC \| up to 150V \| UPT1021 -T066 \| 450ns \| 350ns \| 3.69 to 5.93 \| \| \| \| \| UPT1031 -T03 \| \| \| \| \| \| 20ADC \| up to 150V \| UPT1131-T03 \| 300ns \| 600ns \| 4.52 to 6.91 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Name: ____________________________ Co.: _____________________________ City: ____________________________ Title: ____________________________ Address: _________________________ State: ___________________________ Zip: _____________________________ Telephone: _______________________ See EEM Section 4800 and EDG Semiconductors Section for more complete product listing. UNITRODE quality takes the worry out of paying less. When a power company needed SCR's fast, GE delivered--overnight. Last April, the exciter on a generator for Public Service Company of New Mexico failed, taking 22 GE high current silicon rectifier stacks out with it. And 75 MW of power away from Albuquerque. Public Service contacted the exciter's manufacturer. Fixing it was no problem, they learned, but new rectifiers might take a couple of weeks to get. They'd been custom-built for that one exciter. But two weeks was far too long for Public Service to wait. So they called GE direct. They got in touch with Carolen Quinn, a Sales Assistant in the Electronic Components Sales Department. Immediately Carolen went to work to get those SCR's. Her first move was to call GE's SCR plant in Auburn, New York. Carolen explained the problem and how critical those rectifiers were. The Auburn plant then went to work for the customer. People were put on overtime. Production was expedited. Next day GE had all 22 completed and air freighted to Albuquerque. Public Service got them installed, the generator back on line, and the system back up to normal. GE people like Carolen Quinn want to keep our customers satisfied. Customers like you. Because good business for us is being good for you to do business with. GE won't leave you alone. GENERAL ELECTRIC 690-15 Further controversy shaping up over 900-MHz allocations AT&T, Motorola are the chief antagonists as equipment makers and users face FCC Should 75 out of the 115 megahertz allocated for land-mobile radio service in the controversial 900-MHz region belong to AT&T? That lingering question is the official frame for two days of what is expected to be heated argument. On May 14 and 15, the Federal Communications Commission will hear contesting interests on how the spectrum should be divided and used. The real issue—how much of the booming market AT&T is entitled to—pits the communications giant against a leading equipment maker, Motorola—along with General Electric, RCA, and smaller manufacturers—with a host of land-mobile operators and users also worried about how the 900-MHz portion of the spectrum will be split up. At stake is who will design the systems and make the equipment. Under relentless pressure from radio land-mobile interests contesting AT&T's lion's share, the FCC is nearing the end of a year's study over how to divide the precious spectrum. Two years ago, it gave AT&T and other wire-line common carriers the 75-MHz region from 806 MHz to 881 MHz as a step toward developing a nationwide, broadband, common-carrier mobile service. It gave the remaining 40 MHz (881–902 MHz and 928–947 MHz) to the private land-mobile radio users. Last year, it removed the "wire-line" restriction on AT&T's allocation, a Solomon-like decision that, in effect, still left the band to AT&T. Gut issues. Although the verbal battle between AT&T and the equipment makers will involve such questions as efficient spectrum use, system design, and the public interest, it is based also on bread-and-butter issues. AT&T says there are two key issues: whether or not common carriers should be given exclusive use of that 75 MHz for a nationwide system, and whether dispatch-type service should be provided separately. Ma Bell claims that it needs the whole 75 MHz for telephone service in order to provide efficient service with room for future expansion. Inherent in AT&T's arguments are the propositions that only it can provide the expertise and economies of scale to implement a nationwide system. But, apparently to placate equipment makers, AT&T says it expects all equipment manufacturing to be done outside its manufacturing arm, Western Electric. The equipment makers argue that AT&T, being big enough already, could easily monopolize the marketplace with the 75-MHz share. And since it doesn't need the whole 75 MHz, it should get only 30 MHz at the most. "It's not fair competition to put such services under the aegis of a regulated common carrier," says Motorola vice president William C. Drake. AT&T however, will probably contend that eventually it can make good use of the 75 MHz. Fear monopoly. Motorola, which says it will still sell equipment, no matter what, claims that a virtual AT&T monopoly will hamper its ability to compete worldwide and hinder its efforts to build communications networks overseas. Another fear is that if AT&T standardizes equipment, U.S. companies could be underbid by foreign manufacturers, especially the Japanese. The current allocation doesn't reflect the balance between the two markets of telephone and radio dispatch, contends Glenn R. Petersen, general manager of the mobile-radio department of GE's Communications System division, Lynchburg, Va. He will testify for the Electronic Industries Association along with an RCA representative. "Everyone, including AT&T, recognizes that the mobile telephone market isn't that large right now." He says EIA will repeat its recommendation that the spectrum be split approximately into four parts: public-message mobile telephone, user-operated private dispatch, multiple-user private dispatch, and a reserved portion to handle future needs. Instrumentation Matrix recording traps transients Researchers are often interested in analyzing single transient signals that are of extremely short duration, such as phenomena that occur in a nuclear explosion. To capture such fleeting transients with accuracies of a nanosecond or better, scientists at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., have developed an unusual technique, which they call magnetic matrix recording. The technique essentially “draws a picture” of the transient signal in a rectangular array of thin-film memory elements. This “picture” corresponds to the familiar oscilloscope trace and the area under it. All thin-film memory elements are magnetically anisotropic—that is, they have an easy axis and a hard axis of magnetization. Along the easy axis they are readily magnetized in either direction, in binary ones and zeros, but along the hard axis their magnetism can be maintained only by an external field. At the start of the experiment, all the elements in the array are magnetized along the hard axis by word currents along wires in the vertical direction through the array. In addition, bias currents pass along wires in the horizontal direction, decreasing from most positive bias near the bottom of the array to least positive toward the top. The bias currents tilt the magnetization vector to one side or the other of the hard axis. Dominoes. The signal to be recorded is represented by a current pulse, which is added to the individual horizontal bias currents. As the signal begins, the vertical word currents are turned off in rapid-fire order, rather like a row of falling dominoes. The intervals between successive turn-offs equal the desired resolution for the recorded signal. When any particular word current turns off, every element in that column is exposed to a combination of bias and signal currents that cause the elements near the bottom of the array to assume the one state (the magnetization vector falls into the easy axis in the one direction) and those near the top to assume the zero state (the vector falls the other way). The number of elements acquiring the one state depends on the strength of the signal current at the moment the word current turns off. The result, after the signal has ended, is a pattern of ones in the array that forms a picture of the signal. The technique has been implemented with a mated-film memory from the Federal Systems division of Sperry Univac, under a contract from EG&G Inc., which built the measurement system for Livermore. Univac has been building the mated-film memories for several years for use in various military and aerospace computers [Electronics, April 1, 1968, p. 31]. However, the elements used in the magnetic matrix recorder were specially designed for uniformity and low dispersion—parameters that, although important in thin-film computer memories, sometimes are subordinated to compactness, low cost, yield, and other factors in commercial design. Microwave Solid-state receivers for X and Ku bands In hopes of developing a commercial product line, Watkins-Johnson Co., Palo Alto, Calif., last month began designing X-band and Ku-band solid-state microwave receivers. Although integrated receivers operating in these microwave bands are being developed for military systems, none is yet available commercially, says Richard I. Dismam, manager of W-J's microwave IC department. Dismam thinks it will be possible to develop low-cost narrowband "front ends" with new gallium-arsenide, field-effect transistors. The target cost of about $500 would be about a quarter that of traveling-wave-tube X-band and Ku-band (7–18-gigahertz) receivers. He says some of the GaAs FETs being developed by Hewlett-Packard Co. and Fairchild's Microwave and Optoelectronics division look as if they will prove suitable. A $500 front end, Dismam notes, would make it economically practical for underdeveloped countries such as India to put educational television classrooms in remote villages, beaming programs from a satellite to microwave receivers in television sets. Other potentially high-volume commercial applications for solid-state receivers include short-range digital communications links, cable television, and aircraft instrument-landing-system (ILS) receivers. The closest Watkins-Johnson comes now to a commercial line of microwave ICs are amplifiers used at frequencies to 4.2 GHz in communications satellite ground stations. The company also produces military ICs operating to 6.4 GHz. Fallout. To get the project rolling, Dismam's department will first develop an integrated front end operating at 9.2 to 9.8 GHz for an undisclosed military customer. Dismam says that one of the reasons the two-year contract was accepted was the prospect of being able to adapt the military design for commercial applications. GaAs FETs will be used in two stages—the radio-frequency amplifier and the oscillator. The oscillator will be tuned by a varactor diode, controlled through a circuit that will convert an exponential tuning sweep to a linear control voltage. Dismam says bipolar transistors, although preferred at lower frequencies, were ruled out of the rf amplifier because of the noise problems they present beyond 6 GHz. Gunn diodes were rejected for the oscillator because they draw too much power and are not efficient enough for X-band ICs. The two new stages will be integrated with a mixer already made by W-J's Relcom division, a conventional 400-megahertz transistor amplifier, and a bandpass input filter, to complete the solid-state front end. Dismam notes that TWTs would still be required for broad-band amplifiers at X and Ku bands because input matching problems limit GaAs-FET amplifiers to narrowband designs. Bipolar amplifiers, which handle an octave frequency range, have largely displaced tubes in lower-frequency microwave receivers during the past four years, Dismam says. The major exception is in applications where the rf amplifier might be subjected to high-power bursts of rf energy from nearby transmitters. Tubes can withstand bursts around a kilowatt that would burn out integrated front ends. Thin-film circulator advances MIC art Microwave ICs are ICs apart from others. They're often much like miniature low-frequency hybrids because some functions necessary at microwave frequencies simply can't be made successfully by using diffusion techniques. One of these is the ferrite circulator. Available circulators have been something of a limit to the size and performance of MICs. They usually have been strip-transmission-line devices, restricted in frequency sometimes to the uhf band. They also have been large relative to the rest of the circuit, and often had to be outboarded. Now Bell Telephone Laboratory research scientist Reinhard H. Knerr has developed a lumped-constant, thin-film circulator that promises to boost the MIC state of the art. Knerr's circulator is not only just a tenth of the size of stripline devices but its performance is said to be better as well. Far from being limited in frequency, it may be the first of a series of devices good for operation well beyond 10 gigahertz. Also, the devices show promise of batch producability. Tiny. Having designed successful circulators at L band, Knerr aimed this time for the range between 4 and 5 GHz. The result is a round sandwich composed of ferrite material, a conductive layer, a dielectric, and a ground plane, with the whole a mere 0.175 inch across, and at its junction only 0.075 inch in diameter. The whole substrate is only about 0.025 inch thick, and thus Knerr feels that batch-processed circulators could easily be dropped into holes in MICs in somewhat the same way beam-lead devices are installed in lower-frequency circuits. Knerr found his device was far from limited to its 4-to-5-GHz design range. Instead, the circulator could be tuned magnetically to operate at frequencies as high as 7 GHz, maintaining a 10% bandwidth. Importantly, insertion loss, at only 0.5 to 1 decibel, is lower than that of many circulators—and the figure includes losses caused by the test fixtures, which made up at least 20% of the total. Losses in real circuits would be far lower. Knerr figures that it should be possible to scale up the design run well into X band, although its small junction diameter of 0.04 inch might require careful handling. But as soon as the circulators come out of the Allentown, Pa., lab—Knerr is now busy "optimizing" what already appears to be good performance—users will have circulators of a size matched to microwave semiconductors. And the result can only be a lift for MIC applications. Computer-aided design Nationwide network handles pc boards Automated drafting systems, although very productive, are expensive and therefore not widely available, except at large companies. But a new dial-up nationwide network may change that. It opens an extensive library of drafting and circuit design programs to anyone with a teletypewriter. For most prospective users, however, a remote job-entry terminal with plotter would be more desirable and would offer very fast turnaround. This contrasts with the usual requirement for a dedicated drafting system plus access to a large computer with specialized drafting software. The system, set up by ADREC Inc., Sherman Oaks, Calif., has access to an IBM 370/158 computer and is acquiring and adapting existing automated programs already proven in the field. Much of the drafting is for civil engineering, but ADREC offers two programs of special interest to the electronics profession. One draws finished schematic diagrams from rough sketches; the other is a powerful program that prepares printed-circuit-board layouts from logic net lists or from logic equations. Other programs will be added. Tied to 370. ADREC's network is the brainchild of A.T. Materna, the company's president. He has arranged for use of the large computer installation at System Development Corp., in Santa Monica, Calif. This arrangement permits SDC to more fully utilize its expensive installation, while providing the drafting network access to the powerful computers needed. Although teletyped input, with mailed plots, is possible, local drawing output is especially attractive because it permits turnaround in as little as 15 minutes. ADREC has agreements with two plotter firms, California Computer Products and Xynetics Inc., for suitable terminals. Gaining access. Xynetics remote job-entry system is one that permits communication with ADREC's national drafting library. Output is produced on the plotter. New from DATEL SYSTEMS a breakthrough in price/performance 16 bit D/A Converter $89.00 Single Quantity Features - High Resolution – one part in 65,535(1) - Programmable Voltage Output – 0 to +10V, to -10V, or ±5V(2) - Programmable Current Output – 0 to +2.0 mA or ±1mA - Binary and Four Digit BCD Coded Models - 150 µvolt or 30 nA Output Resolution - 5 MHz update Rate - 750 nsec Output Settling Time - Thin Film Stability - Includes Reference Source and Output Amplifier - TTL Compatible Inputs - 2”Lx 2”w x .375”h Total Size (1) Four Digit BCD Model – one part in 10,000 (2) Output Current – ±5mA Datel System’s growth is based on breakthroughs. We make it our business to produce products that are a combination of increased reliability, with more sophistication, smaller in size, yet lower in cost. If you’re at the IEEE Show, come to Booth 2609 and we’ll show you some of the things we’re proud of. If you miss the Show, call our nearest representative or write us for complete details. 1020 TURNPIKE STREET, CANTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02021 • TEL. (617) 828-6395 Electronics/May 10, 1973 Electronics review Xynetics' typical smart terminal includes a card reader, central processor, line printer, cathode-ray-tube console, and the company's model 1100 high-speed flatbed plotter. This installation leases for about $2,500 a month, little different from the lease cost of a stand-alone drafting system without large computer, and obviously less expensive than the salaries for draftsmen. To operate the system, the user enters the 370 by means of cards over dial-up telephone lines. The drawing layout is finished in a few minutes, then stored until called for, when it is plotted on-line at the local installation. Materna says that speeds of 15 to 20 inches per second, the limit of a drafting machine, are possible over regular lines. He adds that his company is charging less for the service than normal service bureau charges just for computer time, and is able to absorb distant telephone costs. Solid state Thin-film and silicon technologies merged in developmental devices A promising push toward active thin-film devices a decade ago gave way to the more reliable silicon semiconductor technology, even though the latter requires the expensive processes of single-crystal and epitaxial growth. Now, scientists at Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md., have developed a technique that combines the two approaches to yield circuitry with the geometric freedom of thin films and the quality of silicon technology. The long-sought technique converts pure amorphous silicon thin films on silica-glass substrates to crystalline films to produce pn junction diodes and field-effect transistors. So contend Charles Feldman, head of the solid-state research group, and Richard Plachy, project supervisor in the microelectronics group, in a paper at the IEEE Electron Device Techniques conference, May 2, in New York. While reluctant to call the technique a breakthrough, Feldman says "it's the first time that polycrystalline silicon films on insulating glass substrates have been successfully processed into practical devices." One advantage is that silica-glass substrates of any size may be used. Because circuits won't need to be fabricated from slices of single crystals 2 to 4 inches in diameter, devices such as resistors and inductors that need larger areas become practical. The technique also promises economical production and gives greater electrical isolation than silicon alone. Discovery. New instrumentation proved to be the key. What hung up thin-film researchers before, Feldman says, was that they weren't able to assure the purity of the films nor could they tell whether impurities were from the film or the production process. He turned to new sputtered-ion-source mass spectrometry to solve the problem. The ion micro-probe sweeps the surface of the film with a beam of argon ions, sputtering off everything on the surface, and the stray matter is sent on to a mass spectrometer for analysis. Using "this powerful tool," Feldman was able to find the impurities and work backwards to eliminate them in production and get film "the same purity as bulk, or near it." The next stage was to add the impurities needed to make successful pn junctions, "and the whole thing fell into place," he says. The extremely pure amorphous silicon films on glass substrates can be crystallized during device fabrication. The amorphous samples are obtained by melting silicon with electron beams in a molybdenum-lined stainless-steel crucible and depositing it on the fused silica substrates. Electrical test data on his film compare favorably with those of bulk silicon. The pure film can go through standard processes of oxidation, etching and diffusion. To produce n-type or p-type material, samples may be crystallized directly in a diffusion furnace where either phosphorous or boron dopants can be introduced into the film simultaneously. Thin-film transistors fabricated years ago from vacuum-deposited germanium, tellurium, cadmium sulphide and cadmium selenide lacked the versatility and stability to compete with silicon technology, Feldman notes. Before the technique is ready for production, much more needs to be done, Feldman says, such as determination of optimum processing times and temperatures for films, compared with wafers and diffusion contrasts in polycrystalline evaporated films. Commercial electronics Computers control L. A. freeway signs In Los Angeles, undisputed freeway capital of the world, public pressure has halted miles of new road construction, forcing highway engineers to turn their talents to making better use of existing routes. Latest in their We’ve developed more than 50 custom ICs in the last 18 months More than 50 times in the last 18 months, customers have brought us IC problems that couldn’t be solved with standard circuits. In every case we’ve developed a custom circuit that filled the bill. Our circuits are now in TV sets, watches and clocks, electronic organs, calculators, automobiles, office copiers and a host of other applications. We’ve delivered samples in as little as 8 weeks ARO; few problems have required more than 20 weeks to solution. Shouldn’t a semiconductor company with a record like that get a shot at your custom circuit requirement? We’re doers, not talkers! efforts is a system of large, alterable signs much like football scoreboards that warn motorists of obstructions ahead so that they change lanes, take alternate routes, or at least relax and chew a few more antacid tablets. The 35 signs are installed on a 13-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, one of the area's busiest because it's the only east-west freeway near downtown. Each sign consists of a matrix of about 3,000 lamps that are controlled over leased lines by a Data General Nova 1220 minicomputer in the downtown area. Various sensors and reports are used to instruct the signs to display such information as: "Right lane closed in 1½ miles." The signs are normally off; if they are on, there are problems ahead. Some 100 messages are stored in a disk pack in the system, but an operator can prepare his own in emergencies such as a circus lion escaping from a wrecked truck. The system with 35 signs cost $1.2 million—less, it turns out, than a single scoreboard in some new athletic coliseums. It was designed by the California Department of Highways, with the prime contractor Federal Sign and Signal, and systems work by GTE Sylvania. Operation began in late April, about six months late because of problems with the light bulbs and wiring. The system is to get a year-long evaluation by the University of California at Los Angeles, then possible extension to other area freeways. Military electronics Industry wary of Pentagon's design-to-cost procurement Contractors don't much like the Pentagon's "design-to-cost" philosophy and strongly told Defense Department officials so during a joint sitdown meeting in late April. Despite assurances by the officials that the "design-to-cost" emphasis in new contracts won't burden companies, electronics and aerospace company executives remain skeptical—if not downright wary—of the cost-cutting concept [Electronics, Jan. 4, p. 70]. During a two-day DOD-industry forum sponsored by the Electronics Industry Association in Washington, D.C., industry representatives expressed the fear that DOD's year-old efforts to match performance specifications to unit production costs would saddle them with another round of rigid contracting requirements. Specifically, the executives charged that design-to-cost: - Looks like a new version of the total-package-procurement concept of the McNamara era, under which some companies feel they got burned, especially with its seeming inflexibility. - Still doesn't provide any way to prevent some companies from "buying-in" to major contracts by excluding research and development costs in calculating production figures. - Could stifle needed technological innovation for the sake of lower costs. - Can't mean too much until the 30-some odd contracting agencies of DOD agree among themselves on how to manage it. - Doesn't make clear how ceiling prices on program costs are derived and who derives them. DOD rebuttal. Attempting to counter the mistrust expressed by some representatives, Jacques S. Gansler, assistant director for electronics, Defense Department Research and Engineering, told the 200 attendees that "the only similarity" between total-package and design-to-cost procurement "is that price is a consideration." Otherwise, where under total-package procurement companies bid once for the whole program without first developing hardware, design-to-cost is "a totally incremental program," with competitive bidding between the design, development, and production phases. There is "no commitment made to producing the item until we've finished the development program," he said; however, the development program should have the "maximum information" on the production program's costs so that DOD can choose among competing firms. Gansler termed it "unrealistic" to have both performance requirements and production prices firmly fixed in the design-to-cost concept. In choosing performance requirements, DOD hopes to "call out the three or four most important items" and make the others options, he said. The performance-oriented concept emphasizes functional requirements, not design specifications, he said. Having detailed specifications heretofore has "allowed incompetent people to bid because we told them how to solder," Gansler observes. Stressing the concept's INCREASE CIRCUIT DENSITY WITH AISiMag® HYBRID COMPONENTS SUBSTRATES Extra strong ceramic substrates for thick and thin film processes. Special purpose substrates to get rid of heat, to save space, to match thermal expansion of glass, for light sensitive devices or for a contrasting background. Substrates with high dielectric constants. Bulletin 712 on request. Phone 803/682-3215. Telex 570449. Circle 216 on reader service card SNAP-STRATES From tooling for economy or from laser for accuracy, Snap-Strates are a proven cost reducer. Have you considered how much Snap-Strates and multiple processing can save you? Bulletin 712 on request. Phone 803/682-3215. Telex 570449. Circle 217 on reader service card HYBRID PACKAGES All ceramic construction plus brazed-on leads for maximum reliability. Co-fired monolithic ceramic structure eliminates hermeticity problems, greatly increases thermal conductivity and structural strength. Ceramic construction permits mounting the package over conductors on circuit board. Custom made or write for current list of standard packages. Phone 615/265-3411. Telex 558432. Circle 218 on reader service card CHIP CARRIERS These small hermetic chip carriers allow far greater circuit density. Electrical testing after hermetic sealing allows storage of good devices in a less expensive package before committing to the circuit. The design permits conventional die attach, wire bonding and lid sealing operations...and re-flow solder attachment to a multilayer ceramic substrate, hybrid substrate or phenolic circuit board. Phone 615/265-3411. Telex 558432. Circle 219 on reader service card CUSTOM METALLIZING Tailored for maximum bond strength on wide choice of our own ceramic compositions including Black Alumina, White Alumina and Beryllia. All popular metallizations and platings, applied by both precision generation and photo-etching. Where air firing is required, ceramics can be supplied with noble metals, surface or buried in multilayer ceramics. Phone 615/265-3411. Telex 558432. Circle 220 on reader service card CAPACITOR CHIPS Single or multilayer, custom made or stock. Diced chips from 1 pf to .05 mfd. Sizes .020" square and up. Multi-Cap® capacitors in all EIA preferred sizes, .080" x .050" and up. Available in TC compositions from P120 to N5600 and in all high dielectric constant materials. Bulletins 689 and 694 on request. Phone 803/682-3215. Telex 570449. Circle 221 on reader service card see us at BOOTH 4531 NEPCON EAST AMERICAN LAVA CORPORATION Chattanooga, Tennessee 37403 Laurens, South Carolina 29360 World Radio History Electronics review innovative competitive technological nature, he noted that at each phase it "won't keep out the guy who hasn't been in the business before," nor new bidders. As for prevention of buying in, Gansler answered, "you don't prevent buy-ins—ever" because "people are competitive by nature," but such practices "miss the point of procurement," which is ascertaining the unit cost in production. Both industry and defense panelists agreed that rising costs of weapons systems produced problems for industry and defense. TRW's Donald Pitts, director of Government-business policy, summarized, "Cost credibility is a problem we, DOD, and industry have with Congress and the public. Carrot and stick. But, while holding out the carrot of "let's all work together," the defense officials brashed the stick, too. In answering a question of how DOD would hold down program costs, Donald N. Fredericksen, assistant director (land warfare), DDR&E, replied that in programs where there weren't competing companies "we may get competition in other ways." He suggested using backup programs to fill the same mission, turning to another program in an earlier phase, improving existing systems, or buying foreign systems. The DOD panelists also stated a strong preference for contractor warranties. DOD faces other problems in implementing design to cost, according to Donald W. Srull, Office of the Deputy Defense Secretary for Cost Analysis. Among them are: how to handle programs already on stream, how to effect "a change in the whole contractual process" by insisting on realistic costs—"we're not looking for bargains," Srull insisted—and whether DOD should share its own cost estimates with bidders. He concluded, "Solutions in the past where we got more money are over" so that "we have no other alternative but to put the squeeze on costs." Meanwhile, however, "industry is very leary," commented Robert F. Finnell, new business manager for Rockwell International's Autonetics division, which doesn't have a de- News briefs Signetics to sell stock publicly Signetics Corp. is planning to sell 715,000 shares of common stock after publishing its first profit and loss statement last month in a sale prospectus. The company had a net income of $15.4 million on sales of $48.4 million in 1972, after losing $5.7 million in 1971 and $8.4 million in 1970. During the first quarter of 1973, it had a net income of $1,342,469 on sales of $17,840,911. None of the shares being sold is owned by parent company, Corning Glass Works, although the sale will reduce Corning's ownership of outstanding shares from 92% of the total to 80.5%. EIA to oppose repeal of tariff and tax benefits The Electronics Industries Association plans to testify against parts of the President's trade bill asking for authority to repeal tariff advantages and tax benefits for offshore assembly. The May hearings, before the House Ways and Means Committee, follow two April meetings with industry representatives to discuss the problem. Solitron enters vacuum-tube FET market Latest to hop into the market for solid-state replacements for active vacuum-tubes, behind Teledyne Semiconductor and National Semiconductor, is Solitron in San Diego. The company's Petrode—Teledyne calls its versions Fetrons—uses a cascode arrangement of field-effect transistors, including a 430-volt FET. The FETs, which mount on a socket, replace a type of 6AK5 tetrode widely used in communications equipment. SSB ham transceiver is fully solid-state Amateur radio operators, who constitute one of the largest markets for single-sideband transmitters, can finally buy a medium-power fully solid-state transceiver. Swan Electronics, Oceanside, Calif., a subsidiary of Cubic Corp., makes the equipment, which generates 200 watts on high-frequency amateur bands directly from a 12-volt automotive supply. The basic equipment puts out 15 watts and costs $579. Motorola to open MOS plant in Texas... A late starter in the MOS products race, Motorola Semiconductor Products division is increasing its commitment to MOS with a multimillion-dollar plant to be built in Austin, Texas. It is the firm's first in the U.S. outside Arizona. Stage one of the 300,000-square-foot plant will be built in a year, with completion due in 3½ years. The plant will house all MOS production. ...as Fairchild settles in Poughkeepsie... Also expanding manufacturing capacity for MOS, Fairchild Semiconductor has announced plans to buy a 44,000-square-foot plant near Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Occupancy is scheduled to begin after June 1 of this year. ...and announces CCD prices Fairchild Semiconductor Components group announced a single-unit price of $1,200 for its 500-element charge-coupled-device image sensors [Electronics, March 29, p. 25]. Quantity prices will be negotiated, a spokesman said. Reticon Corp., Mountain View, Calif., a leading supplier of diode arrays, charges $1,600 for one 512-diode linear array, or $800 in 100-unit lots. However, Reticon says it would accept orders for large production lots at as little as $100 an array. Army awards contract to Sperry Rand Sperry Rand's Univac division has received a $30 million contract for 15 Model 1108 processing systems to be installed at the Army's Personnel Center in Alexandria, Va. The General Services Administration is expected to buy the computers for the Army after a year's lease. Today's OEM Engineer must assume many responsibilities beyond the pure design of systems. He must realistically specify the components and subsystems; buy the required performance specifications at competitive prices; package the system in its most compact form. In short, he must achieve the greatest cost-efficiency and reliability per dollar invested. Just compare the basic specifications and prices of "The Practicals" with other open construction power supplies. Then consider that we give "The Practicals" the identical 5-Year Warranty as our premium mil spec units. Standard output voltages and power availabilities satisfy the most popular circuits. Custom specifications can easily be adapted to order. "The Practicals" are an OEM Engineer's most realistic answer to any power supply need. Call, wire or write today for immediate delivery. TECHNIPOWER "PRACTICALS" Standard Specifications Single, Dual, Triple, and Quadruple Output Models - Source voltage range: 105-125 volts - Source frequency range: 47-420 Hz - Duty cycle and load effects (Regulation): ±0.5% - Ripple (RMS): 2mv - Temperature Coefficient: (TYP.) 0.02%/°C - Polarity: May be used positive or negative. - Output voltage and current: See price listing. - Short circuit protection: Automatic circuit protects the power supply if the output is shorted continuously. Automatic return upon removal of short circuit. - Remote sensing: Provisions are made for remote sensing to eliminate effects of lead resistance on dc regulation. - Ambient Operating Temperature: 0°C to +55°C for current ratings specified in model listing. - Storage temperature: -20°C to +85°C. - Recovery time: (TYP.) Less than 50 usec, ½ L to FL - Fixed Output and Dual Input Available: Consult factory - OEM quantity and less than 25 unit prices quoted upon request. - Custom specifications easily adapted to order. DUAL OUTPUT TRACKING SERIES designed for op-amp and other commercial applications. \| Adjustable Output Voltage \| Output Current Amperes \| Standard Model No. \| \|---------------------------\|------------------------\|--------------------\| \| ±12.0 ±5% \| 1.2 \| LPDT-12-0-1.2 \| \| ±15.0 ±5% \| 1.0 \| LPDT-15-0-1.0 \| Overvoltage Protection available on all models (LPDTC series). Add $10.00 for each output adjustment (non-tracking) provided at slight additional cost. Modification of standard output voltages can be provided over the range of ±5 to ±28 volts at slight additional cost. Voltages below ±7 volts not available in Tracking models. TRIPLE OUTPUT SERIES combines single and dual output functions \| Adjustable Output Voltage \| Output Current Amperes \| Standard Model No. \| \|---------------------------\|------------------------\|--------------------\| \| ±5.0 ±5% \| 5.0 \| LPM-1 \| \| ±12.0 ±5% \| 1.2 \| \| \| ±15.0 ±5% \| 1.0 \| LPM-2 \| Overvoltage Protection is standard on 5 Volt Output at no additional cost. Available on the ±12 or ±15 volt output (LPM series). Add $20.00. Modification of standard output voltages can be provided at slight additional cost. QUADRUPLE OUTPUT SERIES combines triple output functions plus output for indicator or drive voltage \| Adjustable Output Voltage \| Output Current Amperes \| Standard Model No. \| \|---------------------------\|------------------------\|--------------------\| \| ±5.0 ±5% \| 10.0 \| LPQ-1 \| \| ±15.0 ±5% \| 2.0 \| \| \| ±12.0 ±5% \| 2.0 \| LPQ-2 \| \| ±28.0 ±5% \| 1.0 \| \| \| ±5.0 ±5% \| 7.5 \| \| \| ±15.0 ±5% \| 4.0 \| \| \| ±12.0 ±5% \| 4.0 \| \| \| ±28.0 ±5% \| 1.0 \| \| \| ±5.0 ±5% \| 10.0 \| \| \| ±12.0 ±5% \| 2.5 \| \| \| ±12.0 ±5% \| 2.5 \| \| \| ±28.0 ±5% \| 1.0 \| \| Overvoltage Protection is standard on 5 Volt Output at no additional cost. Available on the ±12 or ±15 volt output (LPQC series). Add $20.00 Modification of standard output voltages can be provided at slight additional cost. NEW! HIGHER POWER MODELS IN 3 CASE SIZES SINGLE OUTPUT SERIES designed for logic, op-amp, signal and other commercial applications \| Adjustable Output Voltage \| Output Current Amperes \| Standard Model No. \| Output Current Amperes \| Standard Model No. \| Output Current Amperes \| Standard Model No. \| \|---------------------------\|------------------------\|--------------------\|------------------------\|--------------------\|------------------------\|--------------------\| \| 5.0 ±5% \| 5.0 \| LP5-0.5-0 \| 10.0 \| LP5-0.10-0 \| 20.0 \| LP5-0.20-0 \| \| 6.0 ±5% \| 4.5 \| LP6-0.4-5 \| 9.0 \| LP6-0.9-0 \| 18.0 \| LP6-1.8-0 \| \| 12.0 ±5% \| 2.5 \| LP12-0.2-5 \| 8.0 \| LP12-0.8-0 \| 16.0 \| LP12-0.16-0 \| \| 15.0 ±5% \| 2.0 \| LP15-0.2-0 \| 7.0 \| LP15-0.7-0 \| 14.0 \| LP15-0.14-0 \| \| 24.0 ±5% \| 1.5 \| LP24-0.1-5 \| 4.5 \| LP24-0.4-5 \| 9.0 \| LP24-0.9-0 \| \| 28.0 ±5% \| 1.2 \| LP28-0.1-2 \| 4.0 \| LP28-0.4-0 \| 8.0 \| LP28-0.8-0 \| CASE SIZE #1 $39.80 ALL MODELS 25 or more combined units Unit Price $49.75 CASE SIZE #2 $79.80 ALL MODELS 25 or more combined units Unit Price $99.75 CASE SIZE #3 $131.80 ALL MODELS 25 or more combined units Unit Price $164.75 Overvoltage protection available on all models (LPC series). Add $5.00 for case size 1, $10.00 for case size 2, $15.00 for case size 3. BACKED BY TECHNIPOWER 5-YEAR WARRANTY U.L. APPROVED. See Technipower products in Volume 1 of the 1972/1973 EEM, Pages 964-989. TECHNIPOWER, INC. A BENRUS DIVISION Bennus Center, Ridgefield, Ct 06877 203-438-0333 TWX 710-487-0686 Circle 39 on reader service card sign-to-cost contract. "DOD hasn't thought it through completely," he said, adding that even parts of DOD aren't in agreement. "Industry has a wait-and-see attitude," observed Martin Marietta's Darwin C. Middlekauf, design-to-cost manager for the Orlando division, which is performing three contracts with design-to-cost features. "Management has to be strongly behind it or it won't work," he said. One good thing is that "it puts the engineer in the loop" so that he knows the cost of his decisions, Middlekauf said. Overall, he thought, "right now it's a buzzword; it may become a way of life later." Packaging 'Coupon' IC carrier trims package height When beam-lead integrated circuits first came on the scene, one of the promises they held out was elimination of IC packages, because the chip itself could be hermetically sealed. Getting rid of the package cuts costs and allows greater packing density on circuit boards. Engineers at the Defense Systems division of Bunker Ramo Corp., Westlake Village, Calif., near Los Angeles, have gone a long way toward those two goals with their "coupon" carrier. Bonded to the flat copper carrier, ICs can be mounted directly on inexpensive circuit boards that make up a dense "planar coaxial" assembly. The carrier could also be mounted on regular circuit boards. Howard "Bud" Parks, director of advanced technology at the division, estimates that the cost would be about 5 cents per 24-pin carrier compared to the usual 25 to 30 cents now charged for a conventional package. Dense. Heart of the new approach is planar coax technology, which Bunker Ramo developed (see "What is planar coax?") and which, in turn, led to the need for the direct mounting. Planar coax permits very high packaging density, but even very small IC packages that are 50 to 75 mils thick add significant extra volume. To overcome this, Bunker Ramo has mounted chips directly on one of the interconnection layers, or substrates. Conventional wire bonds, beam --- What is planar coax? The name "planar coax," while accurate, suggests only a part of the three-dimensional packaging system developed by Bunker Ramo. It basically consists of copper substrates—containing buried coax interconnections—on which parts such as ICs are mounted. These copper wafers are stacked vertically, with spacers where needed because of the thickness of components. Connections from layer to layer are made by small copper-gold bumps placed in insulating plastic. These vertical connections are also coaxial, being surrounded by copper on each level. Pressure holds the assembly together. According to Howard Parks at Bunker Ramo, a big appeal of the system is its economy. He estimates a two- to five-times reduction in cost over conventional DIP circuit-board and connector packaging. The planar coax costs about $30 per cubic inch, with about 1,500 terminals in that volume. Design and processing costs are similar to those of regular circuit boards, but total costs are much lower because of the high density. Another advantage is circuit speed; the dense packaging and coax interconnections are ideal for high-speed logic, permitting 100-picosecond typical propagation delays. Using the technique, Bunker Ramo has developed an 8,192-word semiconductor memory that occupies less than 2 cubic inches. The size does not include interconnections. The company is also looking at commercial markets, probably through licensing, and it is expected to use the technique in its BR1018 military-oriented minicomputer. --- for more information on Microsystems' memories contact: microsystems sales offices U.S.A. CALIFORNIA, Palo Alto ........................................... (415)493-0648 Santa Ana ........................................... (714)979-6522 PA, Hunterdon Valley .......................... (215)197-5641/2 MINNESOTA, Minneapolis ......................... (612)345-6100 ILLINOIS, Schaumburg ............................ .312/894-7660 NEW HAMPSHIRE, Nashua .......................... .617/762-8298 CANADA ONTARIO, Ottawa .................................. (613)625-9191 Toronto ............................................. (416)278-1358 QUEBEC, Montreal ................................ (514)875-2814 sales representatives U.S.A. ALABAMA, Huntsville Tech Rep Associates .... (205)881-5925 ARIZONA, Scottsdale Barnhill Five Inc ........ (602)941-7841 CALIFORNIA, Los Altos W.W. Potter .......................... (415)984-1771 Santa Clara Tech Rep Associates ............... (415)557-6543 San Diego Dynanamics Inc ....................... (714)583-7018 COLORADO, Denver Barnhill Five Inc .......... (303)934-5505 FLORIDA, Indianapolis Tech-Rep Associates .............. (305)723-9140 Largo Tech-Rep Associates ...................... (813)595-2834 IL, Chicago, Chicago L-Tec Inc .................. (312)763-1700 INDIANA, Indianapolis R.E. Marquart & Associates (317)253-3967 MARYLAND, Baltimore L.H. Kolmer Co .......... (310)752-8756 MASSACHUSETTS, Boston Washington Tech ....... (617)695-2010 MISSOURI, Kansas Terence A. Meyer Inc ........ (913)527-5210 NEW JERSEY, Tenafly ABC Electronic Sales ..... (201)568-2334 NEW YORK, Cleveland Advanced Components Inc ........... (313)690-2671 New York ABC Electronic Sales ................ (516)747-6610 North Carolina ABC Electronic Sales .......... (919)464-3001 NORTH MEXICO, Albuquerque Barnhill Five Inc .. (505)832-0536 OHIO, Columbus Tom Mulligan & Associates ...... (614)457-2242 PA, Philadelphia Valley ABC Electronic Sales ... (215)917-5912 TEXAS, Addison ABC Electronic Sales ........... (214)236-9192 UTAH, Salt Lake City Barnhill Five Inc .......... (801)487-1327 WASHINGTON, Seattle Carlyle Technical Sales ... (206)832-4290 distributors U.S.A. ARIZONA, Phoenix Kenruff Electronics .......... (602)273-7331 CALIFORNIA, Caravan, San Francisco Distributor Select .... (213)337-4500 Los Angeles Vassco Electronics ................ (213)685-8655 Manlo Park Bell Electronic Corp ................ (415)323-9431 Rivendale Electronic Supply .................... (714)663-5590 San Carlos Vassco Electronics Corp ............ (415)323-9453 San Diego Kenruff Electronics .................. (714)278-2112 COLORADO, Denver Kenruff Electronics .......... (303)343-7090 FLORIDA, Clearwater Southland Electronics .... (813)343-4514 LONG ISLAND, Farmingdale Arrow Electronics Inc ............. (415)323-9431 Freeport Milgray Electronics Inc ............... (516)548-6000 MARYLAND, Baltimore Arrow Electronics Inc ................ (310)247-5200 Rochester Arrow Electronics Inc ............... (301)424-3300 MASSACHUSETTS, Boston DeMambro Electronics ................... (617)787-1201 DeWitt General Electronics ..................... (617)329-1200 Watertown Sterling Electronics Corp .......... (617)985-9700 NEW JERSEY, Haddonfield Mid-Atlantic Electronics (609)428-8288 NEW YORK, Plainview New York Electronics Corp .......... (516)828-5000 Rochester Simcona Electronics .................. (716)329-3230 Rome Rome Electronics Inc ...................... (315)337-5400 NEW MEXICO, Albuquerque Kenruff Electronics (505)832-0536 TEXAS, Dallas Connector Specialists Inc ........ (214)636-5211 WASHINGTON, Seattle Kenruff Electronics ....... (206)763-1550 CANADA BC, Vancouver R.A.E. Industrial Electronics Ltd. (604)687-2621 ONTARIO, Semiconductor Specialists (Canada) Ltd ........ (416)978-1444 QUEBEC, Montreal Casco Electronics Ltd. ....... (514)678-5511 Also throughout Europe, Japan, Asia and Australasia Circle 40 on reader service card Microsystems International... Big in Memories It's an understatement! We're about the biggest semiconductor memory components manufacturer in the business—and we're getting big in memory systems too. (The board in the photo is Microsystems' latest 8K x 12 memory module). We're big in memory technology with p and n channel silicon gate MOS, ideal for low cost, low power applications; and in complementary Schottky clamped bipolar for high speed requirements. Our broad product line includes RAMs, ROMs, PROMs, Shift Registers, Special Purpose and Multiplexer Circuits. The line features TTL compatibility, a range of bit capacities from 64 to 4096, access times from 20 ns to 1500 ns and a choice of static or dynamic operating modes. Deliveries are the best. Our high volume 300 mm wafer fab facility is running around the clock. And product of the highest quality is assured by an ISO-9002 test lab, backed up by our unique SEM failure analysis program. We haven't overlooked new products either. Over 350 engineers and technicians are dedicated to the development of advanced circuits. And the level of customer service we're hard to beat, with our worldwide network of sales and applications engineering offices, stocking distributors and sales representatives. When considering your next order for memory components and systems remember Microsystems International—we're about the biggest in the business. MOS & Bipolar Memories from the performance leader microsystems international limited, box 3525 station c, ottawa, canada K1Y4J1 nimo CRT THE 64 GUN SALUTE BOOM... big information in a small package. nimo®, a 1.5" MINI-CRT requiring no internal or external focusing or deflection. Each of 64 independent guns can display a single letter, number or symbol up to .6" high, or a complete message of up to 3 lines of 6 characters (.187" high). In effect, this ingenious display provides a Read-Only-Memory for your fixed data with extremely simple and inexpensive T2L interfacing; i.e., an 8 x 8 drive structure requires only two SN 7442N decoders, and four MC 1820 P Hex inverters to complete the package. Unmatched legibility (true form characters), and contrast ratio, boom loud and clear, all on a single plane. Don't restrict your thinking about the nimo 64's applications, they're great for key-to-tape/disc terminals for character entry verifications, digital instrumentation, annunciator systems, computer prompters, optical data scanning systems, teaching machines, and point of sale terminals. The price? At ease men... 60¢ a message. nimo 64, the ultimate display—GIVE IT A SHOT! Give us a call. Industrial Electronic Engineers, Inc., 7740 Lemona Avenue, Van Nuys, Calif. 91405, Telephone: (213) 787-0311, TWX 910-495-1707. Our European Office: 6707 Schifferstadt, Eichendorff-Allee 19, Germany. Phone: 06235-662. Electronics review leads, or inverse beam leads can be used. A small ceramic preform is placed around the chip (though this isn't required if there are beam-lead connections), and a top can be added. Coupon thickness with the preform and top is 25 mils. The interconnection layer is largely copper, with a small amount of insulation to isolate leads, and provides excellent thermal characteristics. In line with current trends, Parks says that epoxy die bonding is used, although a Kovar substrate can be used to provide the proper thermal expansion coefficient for eutectic bonding. Cutting the coupon. At this stage, the most practical approach seems to be to mount one or two ICs on a separate coupon formed by cutting a full 2-by-2-inch copper substrate into sixths. This permits testing the IC before installation, and also simplifies replacement if required. With more experience and higher IC yields, a full layer containing a number of ICs would be practical, and the whole wafer could be discarded and replaced for quick servicing. Much of the low cost of the scheme results from its use of only small quantities of inexpensive materials. Some gold had to be used but, with skyrocketing gold prices, it is significant that only the small connection bumps, a few mils in diameter, need to be gold-plated and then only with 0.2 mil of gold. In conventional packages, it is often necessary to plate all metal parts. The interest aroused by Motorola's new MCM14524 McMOS* ROM was predictable. After all, it's the first 1024-bit CMOS memory. And the interest is much deeper than simple curiosity. The growing ranks of designers with requirements for low power operation and/or high noise immunity have recognized the MCM14524 as the closing link in the solution to many of their problems. The all-CMOS system. For example, this machine or processor control section using microprogramming techniques can now take full advantage of CMOS. No need to mix in bipolar ROMs. Until the MCM14524 provided an alternative, no matter how the rest of the logic was executed, only relatively power hungry memory options were available for the ROM function. None of them offered any simple approach to noise immunity. With availability of the MCM14524, integrity of low system power use and high system noise immunity may be maintained. Because it's a mask programmable ROM, the MCM14524 is ordered as a factory special, with the desired unique pattern for the 256 x 4 organization specified on punched computer cards, or if preferable by means of a completed truth table. The memory is expandable by virtue of memory enable on the chip. Output latches provide a storage register, and full address decoding circuitry is on the chip, too. Somewhat paradoxically, though the McMOS ROM is generally considered in the medium speed category, 70ns data retrieval is possible under certain conditions, i.e., in the chip enable access mode where addressing already has been established. General McMOS family characteristics serve as a good guide to further definition of the MCM14524. Each of two versions is designed for single supply operation. The AL suffix version operates over a wide supply voltage range of +3 to +18 volts with a -55 to +125°C operating temperature range. The CL version operates over the +3 to +16 V supply range and a -40 to +85°C temperature range. Mask charges are $1,400.00 on orders to 24, but gradually decline to nothing when order quantities reach 500. 100-999 prices are $24.70 and $13.75 for the AL and CL respectively. Documentation, including programming instructions, is available from Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., P.O. Box 20912, Phoenix, AZ, 85036. Your Motorola sales office will be pleased to entertain enquiries, too. MTrademark of Motorola Inc. Fast Stored Writing Speed, With Long Viewing Times. The Tektronix 7000-Series Storage Family Your requirements, to store and look at increasingly-faster waveforms, spurs us on in our storage R & D effort. Storage technology is not new to TEKTRONIX, we are now in our 11th year of delivering Storage Scopes. We believe that the multimode 7623 Storage Oscilloscope, our latest and fastest storage mainframe, offers you the very best storage/view-time capability available today (200 cm/μs for hours). We invite you to try this multimode scope in your application and see for yourself. And high-speed storage is just one of the modes available in this mainframe. You may also choose Variable Persistence, Bistable Storage or Non-storage operation at the push of a button. There are four other members in the TEKTRONIX 7000-Series Storage Family with each one offering an excellent price/performance ratio. Choose the 7613/R7613 for Variable Persistence Storage or the 7313/R7313 for Bistable Phosphor Storage. All four models have stored writing speeds up to 5 cm/μs and operate in two modes: STORE and NONSTORE (conventional). Three Types of Storage, Six Mainframes Multimode Storage (7623/R7623) 4 modes of Operation 100 MHz bandwidth FAST—stores up to 200cm/μs with the FAST CRT option and up to 100 div/μs (0.9 div/cm) in the standard model. VARIABLE PERSISTENCE—those bright high contrast or halftone displays. BISTABLE—for the lower writing speed requirements of 30 div/ms and slower. NONSTORE—for the conventional oscilloscope applications. Variable Persistence Storage (7613/R7613) 2 modes of operation 100 MHz bandwidth VARIABLE PERSISTENCE—gives bright high contrast display of fast-rise time low rep-rate signals, ideal display for the 7L12 Spectrum Analyzer. Stores up to 5 div/μs (0.9 div/cm). NONSTORE—for the conventional oscilloscope applications. Bistable Phosphor Storage (7313/R7313) 2 modes of operation 25 MHz bandwidth STORE—retains fast waveforms moving up to 5 cm/μs. Features split-screen operation for realtime and stored waveform comparisons. NONSTORE—for the conventional oscilloscope applications. All oscilloscopes with CRT READOUT You gain overall efficiency in operator speed and accuracy and simplify your measurements by using CRT READOUT. It puts the measurement parameters, right on the CRT, adjacent to the waveform you are viewing, measuring or photographing. With CRT READOUT you can use the complete line of Digital plug-ins available in the 7000 Series. All CRT's are extremely burn resistant... requiring no special operating precautions. 7000-Series... more than just an oscilloscope. A 7000-Series mainframe equipped from a selection of over 22 plug-ins plus an entire line of probes, cameras, SCOPE-MOBILE carts and other accessories offers you the widest scale of measurement solutions available today. Measurement problems, ranging from the very simplest to the most complex, in many disciplines, are solvable with 7000-Series plug-ins. Choose from: Amplifiers, Time Bases, Curve Tracer, Digital Multimeter, Digital Counters, Digital Delay, Sampler and Spectrum Analyzer Plug-ins... and there are more coming. Tektronix, Inc... the pioneering pacesetter in storage display technology, offers sales, after sales support, and service... world wide. PRICES without plug-ins: w/o CRT Mainframe READOUT STANDARD 7623 ........ $2450........ $2850 R7623 ........ $2550........ $2950 for FAST WRITING CRT add $500 7613 ........ $2100........ $2500 R7613 ........ $2200........ $2600 7313 ........ $1600........ $2000 R7313 ........ $1700........ $2100 For a "hands-on" demonstration of the only total storage capability, contact your nearby TEKTRONIX Field Engineer or write: Tektronix, Inc., P.O. Box 500, Beaverton, Oregon 97005. In Europe write: Tektronix Ltd., P.O. Box 36, St. Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands. TEKTRONIX committed to technical excellence World Radio History Excellon’s Mark III Nobody’s equalled The Mark III is unquestionably the most advanced p.c. drilling system ever produced by us or anybody else. It has no competition. Of course, that doesn't mean they're not out there trying to equal it. But just look what they're up against. The Mark III is computer-directed, utilizing a General Automation SPC-12/15. The SPC-12/15, with 16K memory, handles a variety of code formats and is plug-compatible with central computers. It offers step and repeat, repeat pattern (16 and 14 pin dual in-line, 8 pin L package), automatic table offset, mirror image and automatic rewind. In its own right, it, too, has no competition. The Mark III can produce drill hit rates of 200 per minute. And we're talking about quality holes at .25-inch movement and .002 chip load. Table travel speed is 400 ipm on each axis. A computer-driven, high-torque, high-speed, low-inertia servo motor provides instant acceleration for unmatched production. Spindle motor speeds are from 45,000 to 80,000 rpm. AC variable-frequency motors with air bearings easily exceed the practical limits of common ball bearing motors. Spindle feed rates range from 20 to 250 ipm. Constant feed rate accuracy is assured to within 2.0 percent of setting. The stroke limit is adjustable in .001-inch increments. And as a unique option, there's the Excellon automatic drill changer. It selects from 12 drill sizes on computer command. Call or write Dick Hogan, Sales Manager, today. His number is (213) 325-8000. Excellon EXCELLON INDUSTRIES 23915 GARNIER / TORRANCE, CALIFORNIA 90505 Phone: (213) 325-8000 Telex 674562 – Cable EXCELLON Torrance Excellon Sales and Service in ENGLAND • FRANCE SCANDINAVIA • W. GERMANY • SPAIN • HOLLAND ITALY • ARGENTINA • ISRAEL • AUSTRALIA • HONG KONG • TAIWAN • JAPAN Circle 47 on reader service card Another New Signal Generator—from Narda NOW—in one instrument sweep from 2 to 18 GHz no BWO tubes—no extra plug-ins—no other gimmicks Now sweep continuously from 2 to 18 GHz and anywhere in between with the Narda 9530 all solid-state sweeper. Use it also as an accurate stable CW signal generator. Make more significant measurements quickly...one broadband instrument, with 0.5% frequency accuracy, at least 0 dBm calibrated leveled output power, low residual FM, and modulation capabilities. Save man hours by eliminating plug-ins and warm-up time...no need for separate signal generators. Save too by eliminating your BWO and Klystron tube replacement costs. Narda now offers you an extensive line of broadband accessories to work with the 9500 (1 to 12.4 GHz) and the 9530 signal generator/sweeper...turret attenuators, DC to 18 GHz for sensitivity and attenuation measurements—broadband high directivity couplers to 18 GHz for precise return loss and insertion loss measurements. Get all the facts about our Broadbands...write for new literature. wherever microwaves go... THE NARDA MICROWAVE CORPORATION · PLAINVIEW, L.I., NEW YORK 11803 516-433-9000 · TWX: 510-221-1867 · CABLE: NARDACORP PLAINVIEW NEWYORK Postal Service begins automation of business mail The multibillion-dollar network of preferential mail centers, eagerly awaited by equipment contractors, will be kicked off by the U.S. Postal Service with development of the Automatic Business Mail Processing System to handle business reply mail [Electronics, Nov. 6, 1972, p. 67]. Responses to two requests for proposals are due back from industry within a month. One contract will call for automation of about 30 manual sorting machines, coupled with purchase of 10 or more Digital Equipment PDP-8E minicomputers, for at least $1.5 million. The other will be for prototype equipment to automate Burroughs' manual sorting machines, followed a year later by a planned contract to upgrade 400 Burroughs' sorters. The Postal Service also has contracted with Philco Ford for the upgrading of 20 optical character readers in 13 cities. The business-mail system will precede the mammoth automation of preferential mail centers by one or two years, say postal sources. Collision-avoidance systems cause FAA more trouble... The Federal Aviation Administration is about to collide with Congress again over aircraft collision-avoidance systems. The Senate Commerce Committee will hold hearings in June on a bill by Sen. Frank E. Moss (D., Utah) requiring the agency to select a national CAS standard by June 30, 1974, and is expected to grill FAA officials on why they have not selected one by now. Certain FAA topside are known to favor an improved ground-based air-traffic control for CAS functions and are uninterested in choosing from among competing airborne systems by Honeywell, McDonnell Douglas and RCA [Electronics, Dec. 20, 1971, p. 69]. To sidestep an earlier Moss bill, the FAA had agreed to set up a special program to evaluate the systems and was to have reported back to Congress last January [Electronics, Jan. 31, 1972, p. 29]. ...and anti-crash device is another agency headache Whether or not to require ground-proximity warning devices on airliners also is causing the FAA some grief, since the National Transportation Safety Board and equipment makers favor them but parts of the agency and the airlines don't. Spurred by the Dec. 29, 1972 crash of an Eastern Airlines Lockheed L-1011 in Florida, the agency is asking for comments from interested parties by July 24, but says that the big problem is that there already are too many warning gadgets in cockpits. It has, however, okayed a Sunstrand system for European Douglas DC-10s and says that United and TWA have modified their radio altimeters to achieve a similar purpose. It also has a contract with Boeing Co. to study concepts in which Honeywell, too, is reportedly interested, the FAA says. Small Applications Satellite changes name, maybe form A funny thing happened to the proposed 500-pound Small Applications Satellite project [Electronics, Dec. 18, 1972, p. 34] as the idea went through NASA channels: it lost its name and may lose its spacecraft as well. Currently called the heat-capacity mapping mission, it is being viewed at in-house conferences as either a satellite or a sensing package to go onboard another satellite. Deliberations could go well into fiscal 1974 before a design contract could be let, though sources indicate that NASA may opt to build the unit itself in either form. The small satellite has been considered one of a projected family of "mass-produced" craft on which specific sensing packages could be mounted. DOT mulls a unified air-sea SOS system A committee at the Department of Transportation is considering the possibility of creating a unified distress alerting system for planes and ships, and its report, expected this summer, could help shape equipment policies and specifications for communications and individual transmitting gear. The group is looking at the FAA's Electronic Location Transmission System now required on most planes, at maritime systems, and the Coast Guard's idea for a satellite-monitored Global Rescue Alarm Network and its present coastal Distress Alerting and Locating system. Although DOT eventually wants commonality, initial problems include potential high user equipment costs and a difficult marriage of systems. The Defense Department already is funding its own Advanced Survival Avionics Program. Private equipment harms network, says AT&T report In response to an FCC inquiry into whether to extend the private-attachment rules to include customer-provided interconnection equipment, AT&T weighed in with a lengthy statistical report charging that, among those using non-Bell equipment, about 9% used too much data signal power and nearly 30% of reported troubles harmed the network. AT&T figures, based on analysis in several areas, also show that nearly half of the reported trouble came from the private equipment. Worse, the company complained that "customers employing their own equipment rely on the telephone company to determine whether trouble exists in their equipment, thus diverting our maintenance resources from maintaining telephone company equipment." AT&T's report was requested by the FCC's Common Carrier Bureau, which within a few weeks will ask the communications giant to clarify whether the report applies to data and/or voice usage. Ship-shore-satellite program may get help from Comsat Looking to find a satellite for its automated ship-shore-satellite program, the Maritime Administration is talking with Communications Satellite Corp. about using space onboard the proposed Navy-Comsat interim navigation satellite [Electronics, March 15, p. 36]. The program, which was momentarily stopped when NASA dropped further communications work, will produce a large communications-equipment market. Marad also has sounded out American Satellite Corp. for space onboard its domestic satellite system. Marad will perform L-band experiments on Applications Technology Satellite F, to be launched in 1974. EIA reports big jump in 1972 sales of color-TV tubes A striking leap in the export market for color-TV tubes paced a strong rise in factory sales of color tubes during 1972, according to figures recently released by the Electronics Industries Association. The export market ran 180% above 1971, to 622,000 units from 1971's 222,000, while the total 1972 volume rose 22%, or to 8.4 million units versus 6.9 million the year before. On the other hand, imported color picture tubes declined almost 6% from 122,000 units to 115,000 during the year. The first $995 fully loaded at this price! ±1µV resolution 5 full functions 26 ranges Lead-compensated ohms For immediate information on Systron-Donner's new Model 7205 5½-digit Multimeter, call us collect on our Quick Reaction line: (415) 682-6471. Or you may contact your Scientific Devices office or S-D Concord Instruments Division, 10 Systron Drive, Concord, CA 94518. Europe: Systron-Donner GmbH, Munich, W. Germany; Systron-Donner Ltd., Leamington Spa, U.K.; Systron-Donner S.A., Paris (Le Port Marly) France. Australia: Systron-Donner Pty. Ltd. Melbourne. The Systron-Donner Instruments Group: Concord Instruments Computer Systems Datapulse Kruse Electronics Microwave Trygon Electronics Electronics/May 10, 1973 Quartz wafer, without being disturbed, controls its own ion machining By lapping, quartz crystals that will oscillate at 30 megahertz can be easily made. Even 45-MHz operation is possible—if low yields are acceptable. At 45 MHz, the wafer is about 40 micrometers thick. Lapping, cleaning, and checking something that thin destroys many samples. Now G.V. Planar Ltd. of Sunbury-on-Thames, with support from the Ministry of Defence, is developing an ion-bombardment thinning technique that produces very thin quartz wafers. What's more, a probe contacting the wafer gives a readout of the resonant frequency reached without disturbing it, minimizing damage risk. Planar has made 65-MHz wafers—about 30 micrometers thick—and says it can be done with good yields. Wafers for 100-MHz operation—about 18 micrometers thick—should be possible. Turning.* The ion machine is a straightforward 7,000-volt argon accelerator, costing about $7,000, that was developed originally by Planar for fine etching of semiconductors. It produces a collimated flood beam about 5 inches in diameter, moving upwards. Paul Reimann, one of the development engineers, has mounted a small turntable, which revolves at 1 revolution per minute, in the beam path. It has recesses to take a dozen standard 300-mil-diameter quartz wafers. A mask covers the rim of the wafer so that only the central section, about 200 mils in diameter, and a path through the rim to take the electrode lead are eroded away. Leaving the rim thick makes the final product stronger and easier to handle. With lapping, of course, all the surface is thinned. Reimann says the wafer surfaces have a good polish, and uniformity variation between wafers is 1%. The planing rate is about 1 micrometer per hour at maximum energy. Reaching 35 micrometers takes some 30 hours. For the last micrometer, the energy is cut to about 4,000 v. When the elapsed time indicates that the wanted thickness is near, the probe monitor is used. The contact surface of the probe is a gold disc about 100 mils across. It faces upwards, under the wafer, and its support extends through the vacuum envelope. A thin layer of gold—about 1,000 angstroms—is sputtered off the probe face onto the underside of the wafer, forming an electrode. The gold remaining on the probe contacts this electrode. Peter Evison, senior scientist, says that this probe gives a resolution of 0.005%, or 3 kilohertz at 60 MHz. The Ministry of Defence is interested in the approach because scientists at the Royal Aircraft Establishment think the crystals could be useful for calibration purposes. Planar intends to sell both finished crystals and the production equipment, if there is a market. Evison also has in mind a single wafer blank with many wells etched into it, each with a bottom of different thickness, producing a band filter in a single wafer. --- France Modules combine for uhf transmitter It's still not child's play, but building airborne uhf transmitters with the modules that RTC-La Radio-technique-Compelec has developed gets close to it. RTC's power packages can be combined to get outputs up to 80 watts over the frequency band from 225 to 400 magahertz. All avionics makers need do, essentially, is mount the modules on a heat sink and tack on modulator, antenna, and power supply. RTC, a French unit in the Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken group, builds the power packages from two basic elements—a 25-w (peak-power) hybrid amplifier and an interdigitated λ/4 coupler. The company is just getting into pilot production of the modules, but already has a quartet of different versions in the works. The most elaborate is a 45-w module, a pair of amplifiers, and a pair of couplers tucked into the same package. Then there's a driver package, a pair of amplifiers, and a coupler. As you'd expect, the basic amplifier and the coupler can be had packaged by themselves. All the packages have 50-ohm input and output impedance. Package. The kingpin component in the hybrid amplifier, of course, is a silicon power transistor. The chip measures 1 by 2 millimeters and has five 7-w cells laid down on it. This chip mounts on a beryllium oxide substrate, along with a silicon resistor plus MOS and ceramic capacitor chips. The inductance needed for the LC-impedance-matching circuits consist of gold over nichrome meanders deposited directly on the substrate by photogravure. The lines are 100 micrometers wide, and they're spaced 100 micrometers apart. In its own 18-mm-diameter can, the amplifier is rated for an output of at least 25-w peak and a gain of 5.5 decibels or more. To parallel these amplifiers, RTC designed a -3-decibel coupler that can handle up to 100-w peak. It consists essentially of interdigitated λ/4 delay lines terminated by a 50-ohm nichrome resistor. There's no trouble pairing two of the 45-w modules to obtain an 80-w peak. transmitter amplifier. In fact, that's what RTC's sister company, Télécommunications Radioélectriques et Téléphoniques is doing for the uhf radio it's building for the Anglo-French Jaguar trainer/attack jet. Italy Point-of-sale system checks out in Turin Europe's first complete electronic point-of-sale data-processing system has been installed in a new department store in Turin owned by La Rinascente, one of Italy's leading retailing groups. The system includes 60 standalone intelligent terminals with magnetic-tag readers, a duplex minicomputer processor, and two dedicated back-office terminals for accounting and installment-plan and credit-card processing. It is somewhat more sophisticated, according to Litton, than similar systems that it has installed recently in two American department stores. Purposeful. The system was designed and manufactured, mostly in Europe, by Litton's cash-register subsidiary, Sweda. It is not only aimed at eliminating cashier errors, but also at improving customer service and providing management with up-to-the-minute information on the inventory situation and sales performance of individual departments and the store as a whole. La Rinascente executives say that early operating experience indicates the system has virtually eliminated the problem of "lost" transactions. Aldo De Thierry, the group's informations systems and EDP director, says that in standard sales-control operations small punch-card-type labels attached to the merchandise are collected and processed to indicate sales volume and stock turnover. But, because of missing or ripped tags, plus clerical errors, up to 10% of all sales transactions are lost and cannot be retraced. Found. With the new system nearly 100% of sales are recorded. De Thierry says that in the first 10 days of operations there were only 450 erroneous entries out of a total of about 130,000 transactions. He emphasizes that these 450 were not lost but merely wrong; many of them were caused by unfamiliarity with the processor. What's more, all 450 were identified and re-entered later into the store's records. The Datapen reads at speeds from 5 to 50 inches per second at signal frequencies from 400 to 4,000 bits per second. It can read from either end of the label, upside down, from curved surfaces, and even through transparent surfaces. If information must be entered manually—a marked-down special sale price, for instance—a special key erases the magnetic information and new data can be punched in by hand. At work. Shoppers at Turin's new department store get their bill fast as data on merchandise tags (left) is read magnetically into electronic cash-register terminal (right). We’ll build your circuit that: Beeps, Smells, Listens, Reads or Goes Bump in the Night. Fast and Cheap. We call it Monochip. Monochip is a one-chip custom bipolar IC that can be made into a fantastic variety of linear and digital circuits. Plus, it gives all the performance and reliability you could want in a world of applications. Beeps One of our customers builds a small clip-on heart monitor that beeps when the heart beats and buzzes when it doesn’t. Circuit complexity and reliability made Monochip a must. Smells Bacharach Instrument Co. Inc. needed a gas analyzer circuit in one package. A tough challenge. Low cost, ruggedness and precise performance were crucial. Monochip met all these conditions. Listens Then, there’s this alarm clock that shuts off when you yell at it. Very satisfying. R. W. Enterprises picked Monochip for its size/performance capability. Reads Monochip gave Tekelec, Inc. a great cost advantage in their panel meters. Contents: a MOS device, some LEDs, and of course, our customized IC to do the measuring. Goes Bump in the Night Somebody (possibly the C.I.A.) gave us just their I/O specs. Nothing else. We shipped Monochips that met their cost and delivery requirements. That’s all we know. Spooky. Fast and Cheap $1800 gets you 50 packaged, evaluation units in only 3 weeks. That’s fast. And no matter how many production units you order, they’ll cost less than other custom ICs, hybrids, or discrete assemblies of equal complexity. That’s cheap. There is an Interdesign Design Kit that contains everything needed to breadboard and simulate your circuit’s performance, including stray effects. 16 DIP kit parts, designer’s handbook and more. All for $39. Or, we can do the design work for you. Just send in your schematic and/or specs for free evaluation. Either way, Monochip makes a lot of sense. Now, while you’re thinking of it, call or write us. INTERDESIGN 1190 Elko Dr., Sunnyvale, California 94086 (408) 734-8666 Circle 54 on reader service card Italy’s cities wire up for cable TV Italy, if the pace doesn’t slacken, could shortly have one of the largest cable-TV networks in Europe. On April 16, a company was set up in Milan to start a cable-TV station covering two sections of the city. This, however, is just the latest of a rash of projects and operating stations that have shot up in the last few months. Last July, in Biella, a quiet textile town in Northern Italy, a former government-station TV director put out the first programs in what appeared to be a flagrant affront to the state monopoly of RAI-TV. The town’s magistrate ruled, however, that cable TV was not competitive broadcasting. It was more in the nature of video newspaper or magazine publishing, and that Article 21 of the Italian constitution gave it justification. Today, the station, which uses the call-letters A 21, says that it has 1,200 sets linked up and that the number is growing. The local legal success of Telebiella led to a desire to set up stations in some 30 Italian cities. However, each station will have to fight its own legal battles, even though the experience of Telebiella makes a good legal precedent. There are two reasons for this sudden development. First come the political battles over the reform of RAI-TV. Its contract from the government expired last year, but the station continues operating on a year-to-year basis. No political party wishes its demise since it is a powerful mouthpiece for them, and yet all opposition parties are battling the hold that the Christian Democrats have on it. The growth of the CATV stations is a direct measure of the exasperation of political parties, local and regional interest groups, and businessmen who are unable to get the amount of advertising time they want on TV. The second element is the low cost of setting up a station. A spokesman for Telebiella says that a station can begin operating for an outlay of $35,000, not counting the cost of cables. Europa 2 killed as ELDO dies After a long illness, Europe’s joint space launcher organization ELDO died last week. The Paris-based organization announced it is dropping plans to carry out the last two scheduled test firings of Europa 2, the Franco-British-German-Italian launch vehicle that was to give Europe an independent orbital capability. High costs and a series of abortive launch attempts caused its downfall. Europa 2 was the last surviving project of ELDO, which now is being absorbed—along with ESRO, the satellite development organization—into a new European Space Command that will deal only in satellites [Electronics, Jan. 4, p. 59]. Future launches will be farmed out to NASA, with the outside possibility of occasional launches by the Russians. Except for the 300 French and German employees of ELDO who lost their jobs, the biggest blow comes to the Franco-German Symphonie satellite program, originally set up as a model of European cooperation to work toward busting the U.S. lead in orbital communications systems. Symphonie now will most likely be orbited in 1975 by NASA. Meanwhile, still determined to see Europe get its own launch capability, the French are working on the West Germans to pin down a commitment for participation in the development of the L3S rocket, a vehicle that the French have hopes could be operational at a development cost of $500 million, or about $100 million less than the Europa 3, which ELDO abandoned at the end of December. Siemens readies green-light luminescence diodes With its red- and infrared-light emitters already hot-selling items, Siemens AG is now getting set for large-scale entry into the market for green-light luminescence diodes. A relative latecomer in this field, the company says its diodes exhibit an efficiency several times better than that of devices offered by some other firms. It puts the efficiency for production-type devices at up to 0.08%, and operating life at more than 100,000 hours before the half-light level is reached. The Siemens gallium-phosphide green diodes will hit the market within two to three months and sell at a price "somewhat higher than that for red-emitting type." In anticipation of big sales—particularly to instrument, radio, and camera makers—the company is preparing for volume production so that orders of 10,000 units and more can be filled on relatively short terms. They will be available in three versions: as single devices, of 3- and 5-millimeter diameters, designated the LD37 and LD57, respectively, and as the LD147 linear array with up to 10 diodes. Responsible for high efficiency, Siemens says, is the use of epitaxial, instead of diffusion, methods in diode fabrication. 300-W transmitter uses no tubes Rohde and Schwarz has unveiled a fully-transistorized 300-watt radio transmitter, which it believes to be the first tubeless type with this power level on the market. The ultra-shortwave transmitter occupies about one third the space of a conventional 360-W version and uses as key components four BLX15 power transistors, supplied by Valvo GmbH, a Philips subsidiary. Transistor cooling is by convection. The new R&S transmitter, priced at about $14,000, will go into operation at Radio Bavaria in Munich, where it will be used for local broadcasts of frequency-modulated mono and stereo programs. South Africa takes another step toward color TV The South African government will allow a sixth television manufacturing company to be set up in the country. It will join the five companies that received licenses last September to make sets in preparation for the introduction of the TV-transmission service scheduled to start in January 1976. The new licensee is a joint venture by the South African subsidiaries of Thorn Electrical Industries Ltd., Britain's largest TV set maker, and ITT. The new company still has to be set up, but most likely its sets will be engineered by Thorn, using many ITT components. The other five licensees are South African Philips; Electra Television Appliances and Partners, which is associated with the U.S. General Electric Co. and AEG-Telefunken; Barlow Rand, which is associated with Matsushita and the British TV-program distributor Rediffusion Ltd.; Tedelex, which is associated with Sony, Blaupunkt, and Bosch; and Fuchs Electronics and Partners. At the start of broadcasting, there will be only one television channel, using the PAL color standard developed by West Germany's AEG-Telefunken. BASF to handle Mohawk Data Sciences equipment West Germany's BASF and Mohawk Data Sciences Corp., of Utica, New York, have signed an agreement whereby the German company will market MDS-made magnetic-tape stores. BASF, which manufactures magnetic tape, will handle marketing in all countries, except in Japan, Canada, and the U.S. In its marketing area, BASF anticipates a business volume of about $5 million during the next two years alone. Now... MEASURE ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS Even in presence of strong interfering signals. Type SMLU (2 Watts Output) Type ZRZ PROGRAMMABLE - SWEEPABLE - DIRECT READING REFLECTION & TRANSMISSION TEST SYSTEM FEATURES - Covers 25 – 1000 MHz Freq. Range - Measure Reflection Coefficient 0.5% – 100% - Directivity > 50 dB - Measure Attenuation 0 – 70 dB - ZRZ available in 50 Ω, 60 Ω or 75 Ω - Recorder & Oscilloscope Outputs - BCD Programmable - Up to 2 Watts output with ALC from SMLU - AM Modulation provided APPLICATIONS - Check two & four terminal networks - Measure & adjust filters, diplexers, attenuators, & couplers - Low test voltage (1 mV) on active components such as transistors, tuners & amplifiers - Higher test voltage (1 V) for antenna measurement in presence of interference - Ideal for production testing on cables & CATV installations ROHDE & SCHWARZ 111 LEXINGTON AVENUE, PASSAIC, N. J. 07055 • (201) 773-8010 Get The Extra Capability, Greater Reliability, and Longer Useful Life Of... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bomb is a symbol of the destructive power of nuclear weapons. It was first seen in the sky above Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, on August 6th and 9th, 1945, respectively. The explosion of these bombs caused immense destruction and loss of life, and the mushroom cloud became a powerful visual representation of the devastating effects of nuclear warfare. The mushroom cloud is characterized by its distinctive shape, which resembles a mushroom with a large, flat cap and a tall stem. The cap is typically white or light gray, while the stem can be yellow, orange, or red, depending on the type of bomb used and the conditions at the time of the explosion. The mushroom cloud is not only a symbol of the destructive power of nuclear weapons but also a reminder of the importance of peace and the need to prevent such catastrophic events from occurring again. It serves as a warning to future generations about the potential consequences of nuclear warfare and the urgent need for international cooperation and disarmament efforts. AVX believes there is a tomorrow Today, our capability is the industry's best. We're making it better. AVX is doing something today about tomorrow. We're building a new addition at Myrtle Beach — substantially increasing our two million a day capacity. We're beefing up our capability to help fill the ever-increasing demand for multi-layer ceramic capacitors. AVX is refining what is already a proven production process. Computerized control speeds product off the end of the line. Every conceivable means, including proprietary mechanization and in-line testing, is used to deliver customer orders to spec and on time. AVX believes there is a tomorrow and that's why we're doing so much today. If you need help with multi-layer ceramic capacitors, ceramic discs, tubular feed-thrus, chips or ceramic filters, write AVX Ceramics Corporation, P.O. Box 867, Myrtle Beach, S.C. 29577 or telephone (803) 448-3191. We'll help you. THE Ceramic Capacitor Manufacturer Braintree, MA. HP’s Calculator Aided Design--Your Answer To The High Cost Of Engineering New HP calculators and program software put the advantages of interactive modeling right on your desktop. HP’s calculator aided design is a tool that enables you to go from an idealized design to a practical case as fast as you can enter the data and read the results. And you can try a dozen alternatives in less time than it would take you to modify a circuit. Use Quine-McCluskey techniques for logic minimization; do network analysis using a program similar to ECAP. Have the power, at your fingertips, to take a complex transfer function and quickly realize an actual circuit. See the results of your design inquiry graphically pictured on labeled X-Y plots. It’s a wide ranging electronic engineer’s design tool that helps you solve the everyday design problems, at a cost you can afford. For example, in filter design, enter your data into one of our Series 9820 calculators and let HP’s software program automatically design your 2-pole active filter. HP's X-Y plotter will draw your circuit schematic, calculate all component values, label those components, and plot gain and phase versus frequency—all automatically. Or try another component value and see the results of your changes, immediately. We have other programs for multiple-pole filter design. If your job is microwave design, you'll be interested in the HP Model 9820 and its accompanying S-parameter design programs. With this powerful combination, you'll perform microwave circuit design with more confidence and achieve better results, in much less time. For magnetic designers, we offer transformer design techniques that have been used and refined for five years. You'll be amazed when you watch your Model 9830 print out both primary and secondary wire sizes, turns, layers, percent fill, temperature rise, and all the other important physical and electrical characteristics you need to physically build and test your transformer. But that's not all, with another program, you can enter your shop practices and quickly generate a costed material list with complete details of time and cost from assembly through final test. This program eliminates the most tedious of tasks, from the time you start on a quote, through delivery. Control systems engineers can really put the advantages of interactive design to work. Start with our Series 9830, enter your pre-recorded program, key in your parameters, press EXECUTE and perform a time domain analysis or find the root locus of your system. Now add the plotter and watch the time waveform of a selected node or watch the poles and zeroes move as you change system parameters. With the 9830 calculator system, it's hard to believe that control system analysis and design can be so easy. If you're designing components, circuits, networks or systems, there's probably an HP calculator program waiting to make your job easier. So check into calculator aided design with HP software: Write or call— Hewlett-Packard, P.O. Box 301, Loveland, Colorado 80537. ☐ Please send me more information on HP's Software Programs. ☐ Please have your nearest calculator field engineer call for an appointment. Name____________________________________ Title______________________________________ Company___________________________________ Address____________________________________ City_______________________________________ State_________________ Zip_______________ Phone_________________ Ext._____________ My application is: __________________________ For a demonstration, circle reader service no. 60 For information, circle reader service no. 61 One-stop TTL shopping for 74S MSI, SSI... At last. Available now, all in one place. The whole mix in Schottky logic—to match every high speed TTL function in demand today. Signetics broad line of 74S circuits. Plus our compatible 82S series of enhanced MSI devices that help Schottky give you a competitive step-up in speed, in design-ease, in versatility... and of course, in MSI complexity. And you get it where you want it, when you want it. Fast service directly from distributor stock. Signetics knocks off the waiting list tie-ups, the multi-stop shopping. After all, how can we encourage you to boost system speed by replacing TTL with Schottky equivalents, if you can't get the circuits to work with? All the parts you need—without delays, without runarounds, without making six calls when one should do the job. Here's where Signetics makes the difference. One call does the job. Completely. SSI Schottky to cover full function range: SSI SCHOTTKY 74S TTL \| Part Number \| Description \| \|-------------\|--------------------------------------------------\| \| 74S00 \| Quad 2-Input NAND Gate \| \| 74S03 \| Quad 2-Input NAND Gate (Open Collector) \| \| 74S04 \| Hex-Inverter \| \| 74S05 \| Hex-Inverter (Open Collector) \| \| 74S10 \| Triple 3-Input NAND Gate \| \| 74S11 \| Triple 3-Input Positive AND Gate \| \| 74S15 \| Triple 3-Input Positive AND Gate (Open Collector)\| \| 74S20 \| Dual 4-Input NAND Gate \| \| 74S64 \| 4-2-3-2-Input AND/OR/INVERT Gate \| \| 74S65 \| 4-2-3-2-Input AND/OR/INVERT Gate \| \| 74S74 \| Dual D-Type Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop \| \| 74S112 \| Dual J-K Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop \| \| 74S113 \| Dual J-K Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop \| \| 74S114 \| Dual J-K Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop \| \| 74S40 \| Dual 4-Input NAND Buffer \| \| 74S140 \| Dual 4-Input NAND Line Driver \| You can make the same call encompass MSI too. Signetics 74S MSI circuits offer the same volume availability as SSI, as well as the same total TTL compatibility—pin-for-pin fits with standard TTL and low-power Schottky. Ten MSI devices in stock now, with more to be announced in the next few months. MSI SCHOTTKY 74S TTL \| Part Number \| Description \| \|-------------\|--------------------------------------------------\| \| 74S151 \| 8-Input Data Selector/Multiplexer \| \| 74S153 \| Dual 4-Input-to-1-Line Selector/Multiplexer \| \| 74S157 \| Quad 2-Line-to-1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer \| \| 74S158 \| Quad 2-Line-to-1-Line Selector/Multiplexer (Inverting) \| \| 74S174 \| Hex D-Type Flip-Flop w/Clear \| \| 74S175 \| Quad D-Type Flip-Flop w/Clear \| \| 74S181 \| Arithmetic Logic \| \| 74S194 \| 4-Bit Bidirectional Shift Register \| \| 74S195 \| 4-Bit Parallel Access Shift Register \| \| 74S251 \| 8-Input Data Selector/Multiplexer w/tri-state \| \| 74S253 \| Dual 4-Input-to-1-Line Selector/Multiplexer w/tri-state \| \| 74S257 \| Quad 2-Line-to-1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer w/tri-state outputs \| \| 74S258 \| Quad 2-Line-to-1-Line Selector/Multiplexer (Inverting) w/tri-state \| January-February announcement Complementing 74S, Signetics 82S series MSI circuits offer significant advantages in sophisticated Schottky systems designs. The conventional TTL input circuit found in all Schottky logic, other than Signetics 82S, suffers from low input impedance. Signetics advanced PNP structure produces significantly higher input impedance. You can drive far more devices from one output since input current is one-fifth that of standard Schottky inputs. With Signetics 82S MSI you need not worry about noise when driving long lines since, in addition to 10 PNP loads, a termination resistor can be accommodated when needed without fan-out reduction. ...and now optimized 82S MSI too. CONVENTIONAL 74S INPUT \[ I_{IN}(0) = 2 \text{mA} \] \[ I_{IN}(1) = 50 \mu A \] ADVANCED SIGNETICS 82S INPUT \[ I_{IN}(0) = 400 \mu A \] \[ I_{IN}(1) = 10 \mu A \] Of course the 82S MSI line interfaces with 74S logic directly, operating in the same design environment as all 7400 circuitry but with the added advantage of direct replacement without violating fan-out rules. \| MSI SCHOTTKY 82S TTL \| SPEED \| \|-----------------------\|-------\| \| 82S30/31/32 8-Input Digital Multiplexer \| 15 ns \| \| 82S33/34 2-Input, 4-Bit Digital Multiplexer \| 15 ns \| \| 82S41/42 Quad Exclusive-OR/Quad Exclusive-NOR \| 5 ns \| \| 82S50/52 Binary-to-Octal/BCD-to-Decimal Decoder \| 12 ns \| \| 82S62 9-Bit Parity Generator / Checker \| 17 ns \| \| 82S66/67 2-Input, 4-Bit Digital Multiplexer \| 15 ns \| \| 82S70/71 4-Bit Shift Register \| 70 MHz \| \| 82S82 BCD Arithmetic Unit \| 20 ns \| \| 82S83 BCD Adder \| 20 ns \| \| 82S90/91 Presetable Decade/Binary Counter \| 100 MHz \| 74S/82S Schottky TTL. Just one call to one of our distributors, reps or salesmen. And Signetics puts it on the line. Your line. Signetics-Schottky 811 East Argues Avenue Sunnyvale, California 94086 High speed response requested on Schottky TTL data, specs, applications and delivery for 74S SSI, 74S MSI and 82S MSI. \| Name \| \|------\| \| Title \| \| Company \| \| Address \| \| City State Zip \| \| Telephone \| Signetics Corporation, a subsidiary of Corning Glass Works. Cinch Dura-Con 0.050" centers Small. Dependable. Available. Now you have an effective source for your micro-miniature connector needs. Cinch can produce and deliver these rugged reliable connectors on a timely basis, with size 24 contacts on 0.050" centers. These connectors utilize the proven pin-socket contact system, where the pin, made from a precision spring cable, is the spring member. The seven cable strands are fused in a hemispherical weld, resulting in a strong flexible shock and vibration resistant contact with assured alignment and no discontinuities. The Dura-Con pin is available in five sizes of Dura-Con D-configurations as well as single row strip configurations. It can also be supplied in custom insulators. The size 24 contacts with 0.050" centers are supplied factory terminated, with pigtail or wire leads. Size 22 contacts, on 0.075" and 0.100" centers, are crimp removable. Cinch Dura-Con Micro-Miniature Connectors are described in Bulletin PBC-174, available from Cinch Connectors, an Electronic Components Division of TRW Inc., 1501 Morse Avenue, Elk Grove Village, Illinois 60007, (312) 439-8800 TRW CINCH CONNECTORS Circle 64 on reader service card TV network has bright future—maybe Multipoint Distribution Service, using microwave transmission, to begin tests soon; scheduled broadcasts to start in fall by William F. Arnold, Aerospace Editor A new form of metropolitan telecommunications service that's touted in some quarters as the future third type of TV network will begin test-broadcasting soon in Washington, Houston, Chicago, and Philadelphia. It's scheduled to go into operation in the fall. Called Multipoint Distribution Service, the system combines the features of over-the-air, cable, and closed-circuit television with point-to-point microwave transmission. Wide use is promised in private-network entertainment, medical, and industrial applications. And keen interest, if not actual investment, is shown by the more than 350 license applications received by the Federal Communications Commission since it authorized the new service two short years ago. But, amid all the ballyhoo, MDS also is attracting its share of skepticism. License holders wax enthusiastic, but equipment makers are less thrilled. "We look at the market as being very, very wide," says Paul Taft, whose Taft Broadcasting Co. in Houston and Dallas staked out the first licenses. "The market is difficult to predict at the moment," Joseph J. Pomparelli, national sales manager for Varian Associates' Micro-Link in Beverly, Mass., cautiously observes. "It will be a nice market but not a windfall," predicts Steve Koppelman, marketing vice president for Electronics, Missiles and Communications Inc., White Haven, Penn., chief Varian competitor for the MDS market. He charges that there have been "exaggerated claims for the market" and asserts that "the industry itself is guilty of drumming up manufacturers' interest in order to drive the prices down." Essentially, MDS is an omnidirectional closed-circuit real-time television system, in which a central transmitter broadcasts line-of-sight microwave signals to receivers within a 25-mile radius. The master antenna-receivers relay the signals through a building's internal cable system to individual TV sets (Electronics, Dec. 4, 1972, p. 44). In transmitting, the a-m video and fm aural signals go through an up-converter and local oscillator to step them up to the 2,150-megahertz MDS frequency, explains Varian's Pomparelli. In receiving, the signals are down-converted and decoded before transmission to a TV set. Pomparelli says "ballpark figures" for Varian's transmitter and receiver are $15,000 and $800, respectively, while EMCi's Koppelman says his prices will be $13,500 and $800. A key element in MDS systems are the encoder-decoders that prevent broadcasts from being pirated. Working on these are Athena Cablevision; Laser Link Corp., and Reach Communications. Also producing equipment for multipoint service are International Video Corp., Tektronix, and the Andrew Corp. MDS came about when Varian, seeking a new market for its equipment in the not hugely successful instructional-television fixed-service (2,500-kilohertz) market, searched the FCC regulations for an unused radio spectrum and found it. Varian petitioned the FCC, which without fanfare enlarged the bandwidth to 10 MHz from 3.5 MHz in the 2,150-MHz range, allowing 6 MHz for eventual colorcasting and 3.5 MHz for data transmission. Monopolies. But, unsure of the demand for MDS, the commission allocated only one license per metropolitan area, thus creating a monopoly situation. As word got out, the stampede was on with TV station owners, audiovisual companies, radio dispatch firms, and From here to there. Schematic of typical MDS layout. Each receiving station would have parabolic dish antenna 2 to 6 feet in diameter. A decoder unit would activate receivers for which signal is intended, but signal must be converted to broadcast spectrum to be seen. more traditional communications companies—including Cox Cable, Datran, and Newhouse Publishing—clamoring for licenses. Although Taft got the first license, prime mover for MDS service is the New York-based Microband organization, which as Microband Corp. of America holds exclusive broadcasting licenses in many major cities, among them New York and Washington, and as Microband National Systems Inc. controls the program time in about 200 of the top metropolitan markets. And it is Microband’s Washington station where MDS probably will receive its first big test. Motorola, which has options with Microband for four hours of prime time entertainment in 50 major cities, soon will begin evaluating the concept for motel and hotel rental viewing. Wells National Services Inc. of New York, which holds TV rental franchises in 600 major hospitals across the country, will test the MDS concept in D.C.-area hospitals “in late summer or early fall,” says Arnold Wells, president. Motorola, whose officials say that “MDS represents about the cheapest and fastest way yet until cable comes along,” eyes a lucrative entertainment market providing movies and perhaps live entertainment to hotel and motel guests on a variation of pay TV. It has created an institutional electronics unit cutting across divisional lines to explore the idea, with the possibility of getting into data transmission and producing its own equipment, including collection boxes atop the TV sets. Arnold Wells sees the Washington operation as the possible forerunner to “providing health information and medical information on a continuous basis for doctors, medical people, paramedical personnel, and patients.” But, “it takes time as it’s a whole new way to distribute information,” he adds. Rumors persist that an automaker also is about to buy time to broadcast sales and service training information. Of course, it remains to be seen where the MDS market really goes. Mark Foster, Microband’s national system president, says that beyond entertainment and medicine a “bigger potential” is in retailing, where, for example, a chain store merchandiser could use MDS for data exchange, sales pep talks, and executive meetings. Paul Taft avers that the “real sales potential is in training programs.” Nationwide. A potential national network intrigues many. Taft believes the network will come into being, but “the number of cities that will have to become interconnected will take a whole hell of a lot of line cost.” Foster says that the domestic satellite system now aborning, coupled with low-cost ground stations, will give MDS a boost. Others predict that an MDS-domsat combination may be the direction cable and pay TV will take. A factor that should influence the market is the FCC, which “has no intention of promulgating a monopoly,” according to W. Randolph Young, chief of the microwave branch. The commission hopes to complete by June its proposed rulemaking creating a second MDS channel in the 50 largest cities, he says. The proposed channel will be the next one up—2,156 to 2,162 MHz, or 2,163 MHz if there’s a 1-MHz separation. The channel has been under consideration for a year, but technical problems presented by having adjacent channels in the same city, compounded by industry comments “which were less than we had hoped for,” slowed work. At any rate, the FCC already has stated that it won’t give any applicant more than 6 MHz out of the 10 MHz now available in any area. How much MDS equipment can be sold is conjectural. Foster says that the “big market is in receivers and decoders since there’ll be one to a set.” He adds that “studies show a substantial market for equipment,” amounting to $50 million by 1975 and 1976. EMCI’s Koppelman, in predicting a sales top of 4,000 receivers over the next four years, points out, however, that the 50th largest area of the top 200 is Wilkes-Barre/Scranton. Even a Motorola official says that in formulating its plans “we want to guard against selling our customers a white elephant.” “What sort of market they find is anyone’s guess,” comments Young, since “not everyone is serious” in filing for applications. Alluding to “a lot of claim-staking in there,” he adds that “there’s got to be a lot of people who filed applications just to see what happens—but that’s just my opinion.” Now see this. Mark Foster, president of Microband National Systems, steps before cameras. He foresees impetus for MDS coming from a U.S. domestic communications satellite. the New BUSS® SNAP-LOCK Rear Panel Mounted FUSEHOLDERS It's a "SNAP" to install.... Easy... Quick... Time Saving... The new BUSS fuseholder with special "SNAP-LOCK" feature is quick and easy to install. It saves time because the fuseholder can be pre-wired and "snapped" quickly into place from rear of panel. A fastening nut is eliminated because the "SNAP-LOCK" feature securely holds the fuseholder in place. The fuseholder with "SNAP-LOCK" feature is simply installed by pushing it into panel from rear side. "SNAP-LOCK" fingers engage edge of hole in panel and lock holder securely in place. The new BUSS "SNAP-LOCK" fuseholder can be used in panels .025 to .085 inch thick. (See recommended mounting hole in dimensions below). The BUSS "SNAP-LOCK" feature is available on the following BUSS fuseholders: to take ¼x1⅜ inch fuses: Symbol HTA-00, Space Saver, extends just 1 in. behind panel. Symbol HLD-00, Visual Indicating Fuseholder. Symbol HKP-00, Standard Fuseholder. to take ¼x1 inch fuses: Symbol HJM-00, Standard Fuseholder. All are available with quick connect terminals, if so desired. Also fits ½ in. knock-out in electrical boxes BUSSMANN MFG. DIVISION McGraw-Edison Company St. Louis, Mo. 63107 Makers of a full line of Electric Fuses SUPPLIED THE ECONOMICAL WAY...THRU DISTRIBUTORS BUSS QUALITY FUSES Electronics/May 10, 1973 Companies Power from transistors Communications Transistor Corp. started in 1969, has half the market for power devices in mobile communications by George Sideris, San Francisco bureau manager Inside one of the world's largest power-tube plants, a small semiconductor company—Communications Transistor Corp.—is eating away at its host's business. CTC makes radio-frequency power transistors with ratings into hundreds of watts—using the chemical plumbing, power buses, and other support facilities of Varian Associates' Eimac grid-tube plant at San Carlos, Calif. Yet Varian is not alarmed by the situation—because CTC is an affiliate. Shortly after CTC was founded in 1969, Varian bought a large block of preferred stock and offered CTC room and board. However, CTC is legally an independent corporation, says Thomas Ciocchetti, the firm's president. He says Varian continues to nurture his company because it has been highly profitable from its inception. The nearly 100 transistors in CTC's catalog no doubt are a worry to other tube manufacturers. Those in production now operate at a minimum of 60 watts in the 225–400-megahertz band and at up to 200 w at the low end of the mobile-communications spectrum. Next on the schedule is one that dissipates 400-w peaks and 150-w continuous outputs at 80 MHz. Being developed are 100–400-w transistors for the 225–400-MHz band. Big boy. The 400-w chip is dubbed Huge Huey. Measuring a giant 180 by 266 mils, the chip will be produced as soon as a package big enough to handle it is developed. Worked into the metalization pattern along with 24 base areas and 960 emitter fingers is a picture of a hungry monster and the legend, "San Carlos amp eater." Huge Huey draws up to 20 amperes. Moreover, like most CTC transistors, the device is designed to withstand an infinite mismatch, so that it can be paralleled safely in higher-power combinations. CTC commands half the mobile-communications market for power transistors, including a major share of the sockets in land-mobile sets made by Motorola, RCA, and General Electric. But Ciocchetti keeps the sales figures private, saying only that they tripled last year and that CTC's regular customer rolls now include 25 large and about 100 small communications-equipment companies. Big average price. The orders aren't large, compared with those for small-signal transistors, but the average selling price is—a big customer is one that orders 1,000-unit lots and a small one may want only 100 a year, and many of the stock parts in the catalog cost from $25 to $150. Big or small, most of the customers want transistors with special characteristics or packages. CTC second-sources some low-power types, but the majority of its products are sole-source and prime-source parts. As a result, Ciocchetti estimates, 60% of his business is in "specials." Ciocchetti quit a job as manager of five product lines at Fairchild Semiconductor division to start his transistor-catering business. He says he did so at the urging of some Fairchild customers who had unfilled needs for small lots of special transistors. "Big companies aren't organized to handle such orders," he contends. Leaving Fairchild with him were Robert Reber, head of the power-transistor line, and Thomas Moutoux, applications engineering manager for the line. They became CTC vice presidents for production and engineering. "We weren't just another Fairchild spin-off," Ciocchetti asserts. "We wanted only that small segment of the transistor market the big houses were not servicing." The firm is still relatively small: its 80 employees occupy a 20,000-square-foot "cocoon" surrounded by some 800 Eimac workers. All chip layouts are designed by radio engineers because semiconductor designers might not recognize the subtle pitfalls of rf design. For example, Ciocchetti says, a semiconductor designer wants to "improve specs," perhaps not realizing that a minor increase in power gain could cause a customer's amplifier to oscillate. To ease their tasks, Moutoux's engineers often use proven transistor patterns as cells, as LSI-array designers do. Four 10-w designs may be paralleled, for example, to make an 80-w chip—Huge Huey was born this way. More typical is the new C2M60-28 (2N6439) composed of 16 base areas with nearly 100 emitter fingers in each area. A large-scale array of some 1,500 npn silicon transistors, the chip measures nearly 100 by 200 mils. It provides a minimum of 60 w at 225–400-MHz. Narrow fingers. Such transistors would be much larger if CTC had not developed methods of etching emitter fingers as narrow as 1 micrometer and 0.5 micrometer. The standard for less-complex chips, 2-micrometer lines in 4-micrometer windows, is tighter than most LSI manufacturers use, Reber notes. Emitter diffusion depths are controlled to ±0.1 micrometer, he adds. Such precise work is based on proprietary techniques. Wafers are etched in a circuit that quenches the etch when sample transistors on the wafer are operating properly. A digitally controlled technique deposits aluminum-silicon-copper alloy. The alloy-deposition technique took 18 months to develop. Adding silicon to the aluminum, a technique IBM developed, keeps the aluminum from eating away the underlying silicon and wrecking the diffusion-depth tolerance. Reber says that he knows of no other company that adds copper, however. The copper prevents the narrow lines from migrating to a lump at one end of the chip in high-power operation. Dense currents. The 0.5-micrometer lines must withstand current densities of 100,000 to 1 million amperes per square centimeter of cross-section. When an aluminum-silicon alloy was tried, the lines migrated in 100 to 200 hours in stress tests at 500,000 A per square centimeter at 325°C. After 10% copper was added to the alloy, the lines withstood the stress for 5,000 hours. That, says Reber, represents 20 to 40 years of normal operation. Most chips go into specially made packages that are thickly plated with gold wherever conductivity is required. "We pay more for our packages than anyone in the industry," Reber claims. He also claims that CTC is the first to put power transistors in epoxy-sealed ceramic packages. Both TRW Inc. and Hughes Aircraft Corp. have verified that the seals meet military hermetic specifications, he says. The assemblies are designed for "infinite VSWR"—the ability to withstand mismatches causing a voltage/standing-wave ratio of 30:1. This prevents the transistors from burning out. Custom matching networks are built into each transistor assembly by adding an MOS capacitor chip and connecting it to the transistor chip with stiff, arched, aluminum-silicon wire. MOS chips were first used by TRW to raise power-transistor input impedance. A big chip like the C2M60-28 has such low impedance that it looks like a short in the circuit unless an input impedance transformer, such as a MOS capacitor, is used. The wires are connected to each cell on the chip. A special stitch-bonding machine varies the length, positioning, and height of the arched wires, thus varying the resistance and inductance of the RLC network. Tough testing. Final tests are made in an amplifier circuit fixed-tuned to the customer's specifications. Tweaking-in transistors is now allowed, says Reber, because the customer might then have to tweak-in his own circuit. Also, maximum current stress is applied to heat the transistor before the voltage-breakdown stress is applied. Reber calls these procedures unique. CTC designers try out transistors in passive networks to develop matched sets. Reber says that CTC is considering packaging the most useful chip-network combinations as hybrid-IC power modules. Then, customers could simply plug in gain-stage components and leave the subtler details for CTC to work out. It would be more like ordering a combination dinner from a Chinese restaurant than using an à la carte menu. Automotive electronics Truck-brake controls set to roll Federal requirement for shorter stopping distances on heavy rigs is expected to add up to a possible $100 million annual market by Alfred Rosenblatt, New York bureau manager While electronics in passenger cars gathers most of the publicity, a promising market for electronics in heavy-duty trucks is about to bloom. The spur is the Department of Transportation requirement that braking systems appreciably shorten the stopping distance of air-brake trucks on both dry and wet roadways. And although Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 121 makes no mention of electronics, experts agree the job can be done only with some form of electronic skid-control or anti-wheel-lock system. At stake: a market that—when the standard goes into effect on Sept. 1, 1974, for 1975 models—could reach $100 million yearly. As many as a dozen companies are competing for the business. Among them are Rockwell-Standard division of Rockwell International, Detroit; Bendix-Westinghouse's Air Brake division, Elyria, Ohio; Eaton Corp.'s Brake division, Southfield, Mich.; Wagner Electric Corp.'s Automotive Products division, Newark, N.J.; Kelsey-Hayes Corp., Romulus, Mich., and B.F. Goodrich Co., Troy, Mich. And in Europe, Fiat, Daimler-Benz, Robert Bosch, and others are experimenting. The decisions as to which systems the truck builders will buy must be made within weeks or months if the suppliers are to be able to tool up in time to meet production deadlines. Kelsey-Hayes may have the biggest lead—it already has some 5,000 of its Computer Brake Control axle sets installed as optional equipment. Other companies number their installed systems in the hundreds. Of the various adaptive-braking designs known to be in development, only one uses an all-digital technique—implemented with the metal-oxide-semiconductor, large-scale-integration technology. This is Rockwell-Standard's Skid-Trol system, designed with the close cooperation of the Rockwell Microelectronics division, Anaheim, Calif., a longtime supplier of MOS LSI calculator chips. The other designs range from the strictly analog Eaton system to combinations of analog and digital processing, such as used by Bendix-Westinghouse. The analog designs may seem old-fashioned to the technology-conscious electronics industry, but to truck builders they may make sense. "An analog system is easier to change during the development stage," explains D. Dean Forester, assistant chief engineer for General Motors' GMC Truck and Coach division in Pontiac, Mich. "With a custom design, integrated in silicon, you must be absolutely right before you lock in." What's more, he continues, "anything as new as this should have the opportunity for further development even for several years after we go into production." However, Earl H. Schaefer, Skid-Trol program manager, points out that it's not at all difficult to change capabilities with his digital IC design. It can be done simply by changing the programming of the MOS chip's read-only memory. As many as 800 decisions can be handled on the chip, he says. On the job. Regardless of how the systems are implemented, however, they all perform the same functions. Generally some sort of electromagnetic pickup on each wheel senses speed, a "computer" determines whether safe operating conditions are being met, and a controller opens or closes the brake's air line. One such set of electronics is used. Stopping standard spells it out Impetus for the installation of anti-skid or adaptive-braking systems comes from Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 121 issued by the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. It's the first Federal regulation setting performance requirements for new vehicles using air brakes. Thus, generally speaking, it applies to trucks, buses, and trailers with a gross vehicle weight of 19,500 pounds and more. Hydraulic braking systems also used on such big vehicles are unaffected by the standard. Nowhere does the standard mention anti-skid devices specifically. Rather, it spells out the stopping distances and calls for straight-line stops with a minimum of side-to-side motion. These requirements can be met, vehicle manufacturers agree, with some form of electronic anti-skid system, as well as by beefing up the brakes themselves. The requirements are that a vehicle going at 20 miles per hour must stop within 33 feet on dry pavement, 54 feet on wet. At 60 mph, the dry-pavement stopping distance is 345 feet. There's no specification for stopping at 60 mph on wet pavement because the traffic-safety agency has no test facility where that performance can be measured safely. At all speeds, the vehicle must keep within a 12-foot lane. The AILTECH RF Power Source Line means one thing — POWER. AILTECH RF Power Signal Sources provide more power at every frequency than any comparable instrument around. Power for susceptibility testing to Mil Std 461/462; power for pattern measurements and VSWR tests of antennas; power for the testing of RF Power Transistors and for RF wattmeter calibration; power for the researcher for NMR, plasma and related investigations. Covering the complete 0.01 to 2500MHz range, there’s Model 445 VHF-UHF Power Oscillator. Features include plug-in heads for eight frequency ranges, positive no-load protection, and power outputs to 50 watts with full AM and FM capability. The most versatile power source available, with direct frequency readout, single dial control and monitoring of both forward and reflected power. For broad frequency coverage, from 200MHz to 8000MHz, we offer Models 125 and 126. Model 125 has CW power available as high as 90 watts with continuous adjustment of power to 30dB below maximum. Model 126 covers all S- and C-bands from 2 to 8GHz in a single range. For any application that requires power — stable, abundant power — there’s an AILTECH Power Signal Source. Write today for the complete story or for a really powerful argument, ask for a demo. PART OF THE GOLD LINE SERIES FROM AILTECH A CUTLER-HAMMER COMPANY EAST COAST OPERATION • 815 BROADHOLLOW ROAD • FARMINGDALE, NEW YORK 11735 • TELEPHONE: (516) 595-6471 • TWX: 510-224-6558 WEST COAST OPERATION • 19635 EAST WALNUT DRIVE • CITY OF INDUSTRY, CA. 91748 • TELEPHONE: (213) 965-4911 • TWX: 910-584-1811 Crowthorne, Berks, England (Crowthome 5777) • 92 Gennevilliers, Paris, France (733.72.20) • Munich, West Germany (0811) 5233023 OTHER SOLID GOLD PRODUCTS FROM AILTECH INCLUDE SPECTRUM ANALYZERS, NOISE MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT, FUNCTION GENERATORS, OSCILLATORS AND TRANSDUCERS. Circle 71 on reader service card on each truck axle, controlling the both sets of wheels. If a wheel begins to slide over a slick road surface and lock up because of excessive braking, indicated by excessive deceleration, the computer opens the valve in short pulses to "pump" the brakes until the wheel "catches" again, and traction is restored. The systems also generally incorporate a self-checking function and a display box in the truck cab to indicate whether it is operating faultlessly. Rockwell's computer is based on a microprogrammed variation of one of its single-chip calculator circuits. However, its read-only memory is mask-programed in production to perform the braking functions. In addition, the system contains an accurate clock controlled by an inexpensive 3.6-megahertz quartz crystal for time and rate control. Dividers provide the required clock pulses. Eaton's analog system, on the other hand, relies largely on discrete components. The alternating signal picked up by each wheel sensor is converted to a dc level, which is then processed with operational-amplifier circuitry. Engineering manager Mack Lawrence, like GMC's Forester, values the analog approach during the development phase because "changes can be made easily." In addition, he's "a little skeptical" about the ability of semiconductor suppliers to make "economically" a large quantity of custom digital ICs with the reliability needed. In fact, he is pretty caustic about semiconductor reliability. "They've been making off-the-shelf operational amplifiers for years, and they still can't make them reliable enough," he declares. And he is also concerned about the tough noise environment the systems must operate in. A digital system, he feels, may be much more susceptible to noise. Somewhere between the Rockwell and Eaton systems is Bendix-Westinghouse's. Digital circuits are used for a mode-selection section, which sets certain operation parameters based on such factors as vehicle load and road conditions, according to engineering manager Ralph W. Rothfusz. Signal processing is basically analog with some custom IC op-amp and speed-processing circuits. "We picked areas where we wouldn't be hurt too much if changes must be made," Rothfusz says. "The functions being performed by the ICs are really pretty basic." But once their designs are frozen and committed to production, both Rothfusz and Lawrence say they'll look further into integration. Reducing costs will, of course, be the main goal here. Right now, these costs will bring the price to a truck builder to anywhere from $100 to $140 per axle. With 60,000 to 70,000 heavy truck axles on driver tractors and trailers being turned out each month, that $100 million market is easy to estimate. Good Listeners maintain a low profile Ever in the solitude of the forest depths, from rooftops, arctic tundra, swamps to sweltering tropics, 'neath snow, sand or ice, the Hermes Loop antenna keeps an ear to the sky. The amazing aperiodic antenna does away with vast log periodic and rhombic arrays - those towering antenna farms. Excellent directional characteristics in rosette configuration, the Hermes loop antenna provides an omnidirectional broadband receiving array in space merely 1/100th that of the traditional antenna farm. More than 53 government agencies around the world have pressed the loop antenna into service. A new, even more compact version is available. Only Hermes Electronics makes it. ASK US Send for our Brochure Hermes Electronics Limited Suite 315 2020 F Street NW Washington, DC 20006 USA 202-296 2978 TWX 710 822 1106 2-32MHz BROADBAND Traveling-wave tubes advance Upshot of developments—such as pc version and improved magnets and cathodes—could be stiffer competition for Gunns, Impatts Next month, Varian Associates plans to send to the Army Electronics Command a traveling-wave tube built on a printed-circuit board with $30 worth of parts, including two thin-film circuits that replace the helix winding and some 200 other elements of a conventional TWT. If the sample passes muster, Varian intends to produce the tube—and others with different printed-circuit patterns—on an automated line at a cost of about $100 a copy. Sales price would be higher. Compare this with the $1,000 to $2,000 it costs to make a conventional TWT—which has many parts unique to each tube design—and it might be concluded that a quiet revolution is building in this microwave amplifier sector. What such a revolution could do is move TWTS into a more competitive position with solid-state microwave sources, such as Impatt and Gunn diodes, particularly since Varian estimates cost could drop $50 apiece if production volume reaches 100,000. And even as Varian builds its tubes with planar techniques, other manufacturers are taking evolutionary approaches in attempts to make TWTS that cost less and last longer. They are working with new magnets and new cathode designs, for example, to come up with tubes that are smaller and need less power. The S-band tube will be almost 100 times as powerful, and twice as big, as the 6-inch-long feasibility model that won Varian development contracts from the Air Force as well as the Army. The model, not powerful enough to compete with transistor amplifiers, exhibited 10-dB gain at L band but produced outputs of only about 22 watts [Electronics, Dec. 4, 1972, p. 35]. The Air Force contract, which started this January, calls for delivery of an X-band tube with a gain of 30 dB and peak outputs of 100 W at 10% duty cycle. S-band tubes with continuous power ratings of 10 W already have been made to prove that the complex patterns needed to attain 30-dB gain can be printed. In addition, Scott and his staff are studying techniques of combining two or more functioning tubes in the same printed patterns. One of his more promising ideas is to let one channel run as a backward-wave oscillator and amplify the output of that stage with a better-behaved TWT stage. Another is to operate adjacent TWTS at different frequencies and duty cycles. Neither technique is expected to present difficult design problems since the way already has been opened by the Army and Air Force tubes, which produce high gains through mergers of several microwave interaction structures. The oscillator-amplifier concept has been proposed as an expendable countermeasures transmitter. Powered by small battery supplies, such devices could produce kilowatts of broadband noise, or signals at voltage-controlled frequencies. Varian suggests they be dropped from aircraft to confuse enemy fire-control equipment. They would We clamp all the way down on voltage drain, current drain, and heat emission... give you a single-plane phosphorescent display you can see across the room. We clamp down fully on the disadvantages of other displays. Our digital readouts, including the extremely lightweight, mini-size Multi-Numerical Indicator with 8, 10, and 12 digit readout, offer low-voltage, low-current drain, and stability advantages over conventional displays. All have eye-easy phosphorescent segments with digits on a single-plane for optimal visibility under ambient light. It's a natural green glow, so soft and clear you can see it across the room. But the best comes last: They're competitively priced for all modern applications in calculators, digital clocks, voltmeters and counters, and a host of others. Count on us. The Brighter Side of Electronics ISE ELECTRONICS CORP. P.O Box 46 Ise City, Mie, Japan Tel: 05963-5-2121 International Div. ISE INTERNATIONAL CORP. Shiribashi Kokusai Bldg, No. 7-7-2, Higashi Shinbushi Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan Tel: 433-6618 Cable: Iseworldrep Telex: J26546 Iseitrter USA Sole Distributor LEGI ELECTRONICS CORP. 1472 West 178th Street, Gardena California 90248 Tel: (213) 532-0470, 0471 Circle 75 on reader service card burn out in a few minutes and smash to pieces when they hit the ground, but by then the plane that dropped them would be miles away. It was the prospect of being able to buy cheap tubes by the tens of thousands for expendable systems that spurred the military interest in Varian's novel design, says John Gibson, R&D product manager of the firm's TWT division. Evolution. Most of Varian's competitors appear willing, for the time being, to concentrate on evolutionary improvements in TWTs. In Palo Alto, Calif., Watkins-Johnson Co. is emphasizing development of solid-state amplifiers operating through Ku band—12 to 18 GHz. The company has developed a C-band device that operates at 4.8 GHz, and is now developing amplifiers in the 7–12-GHz band, some of them under military contracts. The company also has revived the depressed-collector technique, combined it with periodic-permanent magnet focusing and shadow grids, and come up with a half-dozen broadband tubes for countermeasure applications. And RCA, using samarium-cobalt magnets, has built three tubes covering 2 to 18 GHz with 30 W of power. One of the major TWT developers is Hughes Aircraft's Electron Dynamics division in Torrance, Calif. Work is under way there to improve the efficiency of TWTs for smaller, more powerful airborne devices by optimizing conventional design methods. Results are impressive. At X band, using a single-stage depressed collector and an improved method of controlling the beam by focusing with a periodic permanent magnet, developmental tubes have exhibited an over-all efficiency of 50%. Thomson-CSF, the top French producer of nonconsumer electronics hardware, has put evolutionary improvements together in its 20-w tubes for satellite communications transponders. These tubes operate at 12 GHz and should have a life of at least seven years in orbit. Daniel Maillart, microwave tubes sales manager for Thomson-CSF, points out three kingpin improvements that make 20-w operation possible at K-band frequencies. First, because cathode loading becomes too high under these conditions for ordinary coated cathodes, Thomson uses impregnated cathodes—sintered tungsten impregnated with alumina. Their life expectancy is more than 200,000 hours. Second, the helix has a double taper, with variable pitch, at both the gun end and the collector end; the gun-end taper helps meet tight specifications for fine gain and for phase shift between input and output signals, while the taper at the collector end helps increase efficiency. But the most dramatic design difference from earlier tubes is a three-stage collector, which is largely credited for a boost in TWT efficiency to 40% from 28%. Wider bands. In Britain, EMI-Varian Ltd., a jointly owned subsidiary of Varian and EMI Electronics, is working to increase bandwidth in powerful tubes with output up to 5 megawatts. Researchers expect to have working tubes in about 18 months. Also, for about a year the company has been making TWTs in which the cathode has a mean current loading in excess of about 100 milliamperes per square centimeter and also incorporates a technique that's claimed to increase cathode life by three or four times. Another British manufacturer, GEC Telecommunications Ltd., is building equipment for MCI Communications Corp.'s planned U.S. microwave links. For this equipment M-O Valve Co. has developed a 10-w C-band tube with expected life of 50,000 hours, compared to the 200,000-hour average usually achieved with established tube designs, M-O says. Long life has been obtained by cutting cathode current density to about 50 mA per square centimeter, which is about a quarter of the figure for the older tubes. --- From France. This traveling-wave tube from Thomson-CSF features a waveguide output. JOHNSON INSISTS ON CANNON® BURGUN-D CONNECTORS. POINTS TO UNIVERSALITY, COST SAVINGS. MANAGEMENT RECOILS. “IF IT DOES A LOT, IT COSTS A LOT,” they chorus. Johnson understood: “You keep translating universality into aerospace over-engineering. That’s the wrong message. What happened was that Cannon just took its aerospace experience and put it into a low-cost crimp contact connector that works with stranded or solid wire, flex circuits, oc boards or what have you.” That mollified them a little but they still balked at linking Cannon with low cost. Johnson pressed on. “Low cost in a couple of ways. First, we can bulk-buy Burgun-D connectors, yet still tailor them to our applications with Cannon’s variety of connectors and accessories. That saves inventory cash and record keeping. Then there’s Cannon’s automatic strip-and-crimp machine…” “We thought ours was AMPle,” they complained. Johnson chuckled. “It is, if you enjoy hand operations or straightening twisted pairs and adjusting for jacket thickness. But seriously, Cannon’s strip-and-crimp machine takes twisted pairs, jacketed cable and hard-coated wire, handles up to four gauge sizes at a single setting and lets one operator terminate about 10,000 contacts per shift. See what I mean?” Now Johnson could have laid the worldwide availability of Burgun-D on them, and the machine leasing deal that pays for itself many times over, but why bother? They got the message. Did your management? Try it on them. It could be more than just amply rewarding. Start by writing for our free catalog. ITT Cannon Electric, International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, 666 E. Dyer Road, Santa Ana, CA 92702. Phone (714) 557-4700. CANNON ITT Circle 77 on reader service card Here are the eight latest additions to our DI/CMOS family--the fastest low-power logic devices on the market. And they're completely free of SCR latch-up problems. Last fall we introduced our first eight DI/CMOS logic devices.* Now, through our continuing development program, we've added eight more. Like the first group, these offer speeds twice as fast as any comparable IC's (typically 10ns with 10-volt power supplies) and extremely low power dissipation. Power dissipation for each of the eight new devices is typically 1mW. These units also permit a wide power supply range (3VDC to 18VDC), while providing large noise immunity—typically 45% of supply voltage. And because of our dielectric isolation process, SCR latch-up problems are completely eliminated. Chip reliability is currently reported at more than 325,000 device hours at +125°C without failure. The first six devices diagrammed here (HD-4000 series) are pin for pin compatible with the CD-4000A series. The last two are Harris proprietary devices (HD-4800 series). All are available in 14-pin DIP's except the HD-4814, which comes in a 16-pin package. For details see your Harris distributor or representative. --- HD-4002 Dual 4 NOR Gate Pin for pin compatible with CD-4019A. 100-999 units -40°C to +85°C $2.45 -55°C to +125°C $5.05 --- HD-4007 Dual Complementary Pair Plus Inverter Pin for pin compatible with CD-4007A. 100-999 units -40°C to +85°C $1.00 -55°C to +125°C $2.65 --- HD-4019 Quad AND/OR Gate --- HD-4023† Triple 3 NAND Gate Pin for pin compatible with CD-4023A. 100-999 units -40°C to +85°C $1.00 -55°C to +125°C $3.40 --- HD-4025 Triple 3 NOR Gate --- Electronics/May 10, 1973 OS cont’d: Pin for pin compatible with CD-4025A. 100-999 units -40°C to +85°C $1.00 -55°C to +125°C $3.40 14 HD-4030† Quad Exclusive OR Gate Pin for pin compatible with CD-4030A. 100-999 units -40°C to +85°C $2.10 -55°C to +125°C $3.80 15 HD-4811† Quad Exclusive NOR Gate A Harris proprietary device. Replaces HD-4009 in applications requiring only the inverting function. 100-999 units -40°C to +85°C $2.10 -55°C to +125°C $3.80 16 HD-4814 Hex Inverter A Harris proprietary device. In case you missed the ad describing our first eight CMOS devices, here they are again. All are high-speed, low-power units. The HD-4000 series is pin for pin compatible with the CD-4000A series. The HD-4809 is a Harris proprietary device. 100-999 units -40°C to +85°C $2.10 -55°C to +125°C $3.80 1. HD-4000 Dual 3 NOR Gate $1.00 $3.10 2. HD-4001 Quad 2 NOR Gate $1.00 $3.30 3. HD-4009 HEX Inverter $2.20 $5.25 4. HD-4010 HEX Buffer $2.20 $5.25 5. HD-4011 Quad 2 NAND Gate $1.00 $3.30 6. HD-4012 Dual 4 NAND Gate $1.00 $3.45 7. HD-4013 Dual "D" Flip Flop $2.10 $4.75 8. HD-4809 Triple/True Complement Buffer $2.25 $5.30 † Available through distributors in late May. HARRIS SEMICONDUCTOR A DIVISION OF HARRIS, INTERTYPE CORPORATION P.O. Box 883, Melbourne, Fla. 32901 (305) 727-5430 WHERE TO BUY THEM: ARIZONA: Phoenix—Liberty, Western Radio (301) 946-3550 CALIFORNIA: Anaheim—Western Radio; Burbank—Liberty, Glendale—Weatherford; Long Beach—HAR (213) 426-7687; Mountain View—Elmar; Palo Alto—Western Radio (415) 321-9842; San Diego—Weatherford; San Diego—Weatherford, Western CORPORA TION; San Jose—Western WASHINGTON, D.C.: HAR (202) 837-3170 FLORIDA: Hollywood—Schweber, Melbourne—HAR (305) 727-5430 GEORGIA: Atlanta—Schweber ILLINOIS: Chicago—Semi-Specs Schweber, Palos Heights—HAR (312) 597-7510 INDIANA: Indianapolis—HAR (317) 294-1410; Rockville—Schweber MASSACHUSETTS: Lexington—RAD, Waltham—Schweber, Wellesley—HAR (617) 237-5430 MICHIGAN: Detroit—Semi-Specs MIAMI—HAR (305) 727-5430; Semi-Specs MISSOURI: Kansas City—Semi-Specs, St Louis—Semi-Specs NEW MEXICO: Albuquerque—Weatherford NEW YORK: New York—HAR (516) 244-5000; Syracuse—HAR (315) 463-3373, Rochester—Schweber, Weatherford, Schweber OFFICE: Albany—Schweber, Dayton Semi-Specs PENNSYLVANIA: Pittsburgh—Semi-Specs, Wayne—HAR (215) 687-6680 TEXAS: Dallas—HAR (214) 231-9031; Semi-Specs, HAR (214) 231-9031 WASHINGTON: Seattle—HAR, Weatherford WISCONSIN: Wauwatosa—Semi-Specs LEGEND FOR HARRIS SALES OFFICES & DISTRIBUTORS: Harris Semiconductor (HAR), Elmar Electronics (Elmar), Harman/RAD Electronics (RAD), Liberty Electronics (Liberty), Schweber Electronics (Schweber), Semiconductor Specialists, Inc. (Semi-Specs), R. V. Weatherford Co. (Weatherford), Western Radio (Western) Circle 79 on reader service card 79 First we souped-up super beta transistors. Then we closed the gate on FET leakage. And as if that’s not enough, we’ve come up with the lowest noise, lowest drift dual FET around, too. These three are just part of the broad line of high performance dual monolithic FETs and transistors we’ve designed to solve more of your linear circuit problems. Our AD815 super beta dual monolithic NPN transistor features 2000 beta at a breakdown voltage of 20V. It can reduce your input noise current by a factor of ten. Plus, you get a 0.5mV offset. Price: $5.50 in 100’s. Our AD830 dual monolithic FET gives you an extremely low leakage current — less than 0.1pA. That’s as low as they come. Price: $11.10 in 100’s. And when it comes to super-low noise and drift, our AD840 dual monolithic FET has the lowest noise of any dual FET you can get anywhere: 9nV/√Hz. It delivers an adjusted drift of 1μV/°C, too. Price: $7.80 in 100’s. These designs are just right for upgrading existing circuits in low-current measurement instruments, preamplifiers, and applications involving high impedance sources. Or build them into brand new circuits; they’ll make your design a lot better than anybody else’s. We’ve got samples and comprehensive data sheets. And our 1973 Product Guide. Just ask. Analog Devices, Inc., Norwood, Mass. 02062. Call 617-329-4700 for everything you need to know about dual monolithic transistors and FETs. While Spike the burglar (see cover) may have found a lot of electronic wonders in the comic-strip house, the fantasy is unlikely to become a reality for a couple of years yet. by Gerald M. Walker, Consumer Editor The automated household, crammed with silent electronic servants, is still just a part of science fiction lore. In reality, most appliances and tools that consumers can buy now are virtually bereft of sophisticated electronic controls and sensors. But, thanks mainly to the marketing value in the term "solid state," home-appliances manufacturers are now beginning to design new types of electronic controls into their products, and some of these products—air conditioners, ranges, washers, and dryers—have already reached the upper end of sales catalogs. The current spate of blenders, mixers, white goods (kitchen appliances), and power tools with such controls is not a new direction for the highly competitive appliances manufacturers. At least 10 years ago some appliances were introduced and promoted as electronically controlled. A few companies had appliances ready, but held off. While some of these early efforts endured, most flopped for a couple of reasons. First, the housewife couldn't see any real improvement over the previous electromechanical means of running the appliances. Second, she certainly wasn't willing to pay a higher price for something she didn't really need. Engineers for these companies agree that most of the initial offerings were premature. After being once burned, appliance designers have been slow in showing renewed interest. The prime reason for the lack of enthusiasm is that standard components—switches, timers, thermostats, tapped motors—do the job well and at a cost consistently under the more-precise solid-state substitutes. In addition, say the manufacturers, semiconductor companies have not been aggressively pushing applications assistance. Nevertheless, Robert J. Scott, vice president of engineering for Rival Manufacturing Co., Kansas City, Mo., states, "Any company without a significant effort in electronics will get caught with its pants down, and in this industry, that's fatal." Admittedly much of the interest is based on the marketing points that solid state can add to a product, rather than any intrinsic improvement in what is already acceptable performance. Since the entertainment-products industry has glamorized "all solid state" in the home, appliance companies can see a ready-made set of coat tails on which to ride into the kitchen and laundry room. Magic in solid state This promotion notion has led to some stretching of meaning, as when an "all-solid-state control" consists of a single diode used to rectify motor current. "To most of these designers," an engineering vice president scoffs, "solid state means anything without tubes. So," he adds, slamming his hand down, "this is a solid-state desk—there are no tubes anywhere in it. Engineers in this industry are lost once they get beyond motor windings." But the search for marketing gambits has put companies back on the electronics track. This time there has to be a change in emphasis, says William E. Beller, director of engineering for Controls Co. of America, Chicago, a major supplier of electromechanical assemblies to appliance firms. He notes that until now the effort has been simply to substitute a semiconductor device for an electromechanical part, which immediately puts electronics at a price disadvantage. Instead, the effort should be to find a new contribution from electronics. For example, Controls Co. of America pioneered a moisture-sensing unit for dryers that not only controlled the running time of the machine by sensing when the contents were dry, as is the case in those now on the market, but provided a range of dryness that could be selected. This added feature did not catch on. In the same way, electronic speed controls for automatic washers were tried and did not stick. An electronic pulsating device to control blenders also did not fly. But there's another way of looking at the problem, Beller continues. Most appliances operate on time-dependent controls, which may not be the best parameter. Thus it may be more logical to think of a dryer that dries until the clothes are dry or a washer that washes... until it cleans the contents rather than merely operating for a preset time. "Engineering activity toward this end will stimulate a more appropriate long-range use of electronics than previously," he says. Solid state stirring in mixers and blenders* Generally considered to be the first company to put an electronic speed control on a blender, Rival had two versions on the market starting in 1966. Scott recalls that "One had a dimmer-type SCR and the other had feedback control to adjust motor speed to the blender's load. But consumers did not appreciate what we had given them, and we killed these models because we couldn't sell against lower-priced units." He found that the electronic controls cost $2 to $3 more than standard units. Similarly, about four years ago Scott developed an electric fry pan rated at 1,500 watts with a $6 electronic control. Heat setting was very accurate, and the home economists loved it. But the alternative design had a thermostat costing 50¢ to 60¢, so this prototype went by the board. Scott has not given up on electronic controls. He's convinced that the cost curve will make applications more attractive, particularly for precise heating control as in the fry pan and in room heaters. "Still," he muses, "the thermostat people won't give up making improvements either." While Rival has been cooling its heels, other blender and mixer firms—such as Hamilton Beach, Waring, and Oster—have brought out units featuring motor controls primarily intended to increase the number of speeds available from the motor. At its simplest, this function is accomplished with one or two diodes, depending on the product. Hamilton Beach, a division of Scovill Mfg. Co., Waterbury, Conn., developed its blender and mixer units from experience in using a diode rectifier for an electric knife back in 1962. Because of space limitations, use of a small permanent-magnet motor with a diode to rectify current was the best way to go, particularly since price was not a factor in this product. At that time the diodes cost 27 cents each; now they're at 9 cents. The tradeoff in the blender and mixer lines was between using a motor with 14 taps or a less expensive, standard seven-tap motor with a diode rectifier. "As we use a permanent-magnet motor, we had no option but to design in the diode to rectify the current and thus make a virtue of necessity," comments Gus W. Wallin, manager of engineering. Dropping a diode or two into a mixer is not such a big deal, yet doing anything more to add cost to these appliances is very risky due to their price sensitivity. Thus when the Iona Co., Manchester, Conn., began to develop and then produce a mixer with a feedback electronic control, the only precedents were failures suffered by other companies—not a very encouraging starting point. Opting for a feedback circuit Essentially the goal was to provide a variable-speed unit with the capability of adjusting power output to match the load on the mixing blades. "There are a couple of ways to achieve this end," Gerald Rideout, vice president for engineering, remarks, "but from our viewpoint, electronics, while still more costly, is superior for quality and performance." The payoff, aside from convenience, is a motor that is never overloaded and therefore lasts longer. This control unit is now into its "third generation." The first unit (Fig. 1) consisted of a 1.6-ampere plastic-encapsulated silicon-controlled rectifier, a 1-microfarad tantalum capacitor, a 1,000-ohm trimming potentiometer, four resistors, a 0.5-A diode, and a 3-A potentiometer. Simple enough, but still costly for Iona, so a second version was developed with the help of the supplier to "get the frills out." This version (Fig. 2) consists of just four resistors, the 1-microfarad tantalum capacitor, the 1.6-A SCR, two diodes, and the 3-A pot, which provides a linear speed-rise characteristic rather than an exponential rise. And now that he has had enough experience with the second-generation unit to be sure of its reliability, Rideout completely encapsulated the third version to make handling and assembly easier. The assembly, which is supplied complete by two vendors, was designed by Iona. It appears in five mixer models now, having been phased in one model at a time. Rideout readily admits that competition has forced him to reconsider use of this feedback-type unit. "However," he states, "we chose to challenge the design and costs of electronics rather than give up on it too quickly." And now the components shortage has come --- 1. Mixer feedback. Iona Co. designed this feedback speed control to adjust mixer's motor effort to working load. Although it's a simple design, added cost made electronics risky in marketing. 2. Next try. A second configuration of the Iona control cut cost by eliminating a couple of components and mounting the unit in a smaller space. A third version is plastic-encapsulated. to plague him. "Lead times are definitely longer, but I have a stack of family photos to send to the suppliers in the hope of convincing them that I'm a nice person," Rideout jests. "Electronics as we understand it will play a prominent role in our products as the cost factors come down," he continues. "How widespread this use will be depends on cost, plus the advantages to the consumer—but mainly cost, because we are always competing with people who force us into considering cost factors." Another boost to electronics in small appliances may come in the form of regulations concerning electromagnetic interference, according to Rideout. EMI suppression is required in products for foreign sales, and he fully expects it to be a factor in the U.S. and Canada one day. "We recognize that one day suppression will be a requirement and R&D must factor this into its planning. Electronics is certainly one element to consider." Major appliance makers think ICs White goods manufacturers also have been cautious users of electronic devices and for much the same reason—cost. That's why the arrival in the next two months of a new electric range from Frigidaire division of General Motors, Dayton, Ohio, is being watched with more than usual interest in the industry [Electronics, Feb. 1, p. 44]. For its Touch Control range, Frigidaire has gone all out for electronics, using three MOS large-scale integrated circuits supplied by American Micro-systems Inc., Santa Clara, Calif., and a digital display made up of flat-envelope gas-discharge tubes from Sperry Information Displays, Scottsdale, Ariz. Since unveiling the unit earlier this year, Frigidaire, typically, has been mum about design details and so far has not revealed even the selling price. An industry guess puts the price premium above present top-of-the-line electric ranges at more than $200. The leap into ICs and digital displays, as well as solid-state power controls for the top burners of the range, is all the more remarkable because Frigidaire introduced a solid-state washer several years ago, only to abandon it as too costly. Now, a spokesman claims, cost problems have been solved with this range. Frigidaire has virtually ripped out all the electromechanical components of the range and replaced them with an electronic system. With precise timing and control, it overcomes one of the longtime headaches of cooking on an electric range. Oven cooking is also carefully controlled. All the controls are set and displayed from a glass-covered panel mounted above the rear of the range (Fig. 3). When not in use, the display serves as a digital electronic clock. To cook a three-hour roast, for example, the homemaker touches the control marked "start time," which takes the display out of the clock mode, and then the numerals "300," indicating that the oven will go on at 3 o'clock. Next she touches the control marked "oven" and sets the oven temperature by touching the proper numerals. To shut off the oven after three hours, she touches "stop time" and "600". Finally, she returns the display to interface with the digital clock circuits, by touching the "clock" panel. From this point on, the operation is automatic, having been filed in memory. Any errors in setting will set off a flashing display, while a double touch of the "off" pad turns off all cooking simultaneously. The new range also has an automatic broil cycle that controls heater wattage and broiling time for varying degrees of "doneness". Application of electronics to gas ranges has also been tried, although not on the grand scale of Frigidaire's new electric unit. Pilot lights are a notorious nuisance to housewives and a cause for costly service calls simply to relight them when they go out. When they're burning, they create hot spots on stove tops and contribute to the overheating of kitchens. Caloric Corp., Topton, Pa., recently introduced a relatively simple solution to this problem, the Direct Burner Ignition System, that eliminates the pilot entirely (Fig. 4). The system features a safety device con- --- Japanese retrench, too In Japan, which often leads the U.S. in consumer-product innovations—and where the large electronics companies also manufacture appliances—electronics in home products is still not making major inroads. Realization that they were adding functions not needed—or even annoying to customers—has caused many manufacturers to abandon products after introducing them with great hoopla. For example: - Most of Japan's dozen or so manufacturers of fans have in the past offered products with continuous-speed control using thyristors and have reverted to three- or four-speed push-button control using tapped motor windings or reactors. - Hitachi Ltd. and Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. had offered washing machines with continuous-speed control. But Hitachi has dropped the product and Matsushita is allowing its to die a slow death. - Hitachi has stopped producing a refrigerator with a hybrid IC in the temperature-control unit. - Matsushita's continuous-speed control for vacuum cleaners has not sold well against those with a simple air bleed. - Blenders with electronic speed control have not sold well on the domestic market. Like the U.S. electronic-components manufacturers, the Japanese electronics firms are competing with tried-and-true electromechanical devices on price alone. For instance, Hitachi says that its hybrid IC was too expensive for use in the refrigerator mentioned above, but next time around a monolithic IC will be tried because the price is right. Another promising application is MOS LSI with read-only memory and countdown, plus logic circuits, to replace the mechanical timer and programer on washing machines. Hitachi's new line of fans includes models with a safety feature—a proximity control to turn the fan off when an object approaches the fan guard. Every Japanese manufacturer has models in which the fan motor is turned off either by a proximity switch or by a touch switch keyed to the fan guard. The Hitachi innovation, however, involves a trimmer capacitor for adjustment of proximity-switch sensitivity. On one model the trimmer is brought out at the front panel, labeled "distance" control. The rest of the proximity circuit is fairly straightforward. 3. Housewife as programer. This new Frigidaire range, scheduled to be on the market this summer, features a digital display panel and ICs to control operation of the oven. The home owner "programs" the oven with the touch panel, selecting cooking time and temperature. sisting of a thermocouple-and-relay combination supplied by ITT General Controls, Glendale, Calif. The top-burner igniter coil is a 1.5-volt, 5-A, 7.5-w pilot that heats to a temperature of 2,200 to 2,400°F at ignition and is only activated when needed. The oven and broiler have a similar igniter, but it glows constantly in the oven cavity. This approach is a departure from previous igniter-type designs in that the Caloric igniters light the gas flame directly. In previous versions, the igniter lit a pilot, which in turn started the flame. According to Howard Tomlin, manager of product planning for Caloric, the direct ignition system permits use of a fail-safe system in the oven. It consists of two circuits working interdependently. An extremely sensitive thermocouple controlling a single-pole, double-throw relay in both circuits keeps the gas valve open after flame ignition and instantly shuts down the gas flow in the event of igniter failure. Since the control circuits close only when there is flame from the main burner, it's impossible to keep the gas on without ignition. The igniters have undergone three years of field testing, while the safety controls have been tested for 18 months at 25 utilities to determine if fuel differences in various localities alter performance of the system. Retail sales will begin in less than a year. While the ignition system is a relatively unsophisticated design, Tomlin believes that electronics will be making a larger contribution in temperature controls in the near future. He, too, believes that attempts to apply solid-state controls some years ago were premature. As for the future in ranges, some manufacturers feel the appeal of so-called "cool-top cooking," in which the burners heat by ultrasonic power, may open the way to more electronics. As envisioned now, thyristors and power transistors would control the ultrasonic power source. This possible configuration would have, below the ceramic top, a magnetic coil that pumps 20 to 50 kilohertz of ultrasonic energy into a transformer, which then emits energy into any ferrous-metal cooking pot placed on the stove. All the controls would be electronic. Still, this is a fairly expensive range at this time. The concept has been demonstrated in one range, mainly to show that it can be done, but the final product was priced at $2,000, precluding wide acceptance. Air conditioners still cooling it Air-conditioner manufacturers want to reduce the size and weight of motor and compressor units and improve temperature control. One possible way of accomplishing this would be with a variable-speed motor, driving it with an inverter operating at 5 or 10 kHz. This approach would shrink the magnetics to reduce the motor's size and weight. Also, it would be desirable to run an air-conditioning system continuously, rather than shutting down and starting up periodically. This capability would improve humidity control, for there are many cases when the air conditioner is not just cooling but also dehumidifying the air. While this likely application of electronics would make a power-semiconductor supplier happy, its time has not arrived. Electromechanical devices are still more efficient and cheaper. Nevertheless, Carrier Air Conditioning Co., Syracuse, N.Y., employs electronics in 13 models of room air conditioners and in the outdoor condenser for eight central residential systems. The room units contain a wave-chopping circuit that furnishes infinitely variable fan speed, from stop to full capacity. In the central air conditioner, there's a solid state Compressor Protect and Control System (CPCS) guarding the compressor, which is the most important and failure-prone part of these units (Fig. 6). It's a proprietary assembly composed of discrete components and was designed in-house by Carrier's corporate R&D lab, jointly with the three operating divisions. Essentially, the CPCS protects the compressor from strains created by power interruption, brownouts, and excessively high temperatures—the common summertime syndrome in this time of electricity shortages. The circuit within the outdoor unit monitors critical electrical parts, shifts the fan to high speed when the outdoor temperature reaches 90°F, senses voltage drop and adjusts motor load, and delays restart after an electric outage to avoid a compressor-damaging power surge. Heil-Quaker Corp., Nashville, Tenn., a Whirlpool Corp. majority-owned subsidiary, has also developed a central-air-conditioner control. It's simply a circuit that was introduced last year for an outdoor fan control used in the top-end models to replace a two-speed switch. Basically, it's an SCR within a bridge circuit that is wired in series with the motor. A thermistor senses the temperature at the condenser coils, so it's actually measuring the outside temperature and the heat energy being exhausted from the house. That combined temperature signal is amplified and phase-controls the SCR; the control is calibrated to match the system. In addition, a resistor is installed in parallel with the SCR, or in series with the motor, to reduce the harmonics fed into the motor and back into the power line. "This approach," Robert Ramsey, senior development engineer in Heil-Quaker's advanced development department, explains, "substantially reduces mechanical noise in the motor and improves the life of the electronic components. With this control we are regulating the flow of refrigerant inside the system over a wider range of outdoor temperatures and indoor heat loads. It does not replace the indoor thermostat, which is still employed as a time-proportional control." "There's always a real value battle for engineering to use electronic controls," he adds. "One of the things we face in central air conditioning is a tremendous number of hours of usage, so we must make sure the components are reliable. Design homework has to be done. Customers don't want to call a serviceman to adjust the electronics in air conditioning twice a year, so we have to use a factory-calibrated system that will maintain its calibration for 10 to 15 years." Frigidaire is marketing what it calls an Electronic Air Cleaner (Fig. 5) to operate with its room air conditioners. It involves the same principle as the large-scale electrostatic precipitators used to clean factory air. Room air is drawn into the precipitator cell, where it's electrically charged. Particles or impurities are attracted to plates of opposite charge and then deposited in the cell. This cell requires periodic cleaning in soapy water. Washers and dryers getting over Monday blues Out in the utility room, not much new has happened to automatic washing machines and dryers since the manufacturers first ventured into electronic controls, then pulled in their horns several years ago. Electronic sensing for the top-of-the-line dryers has become a staple among the major companies. General Electric's version, for example, is an interdigitized-electrode-and-capacitor arrangement connected to a moisture sensor. In this circuit, moisture from the clothes completes an electric contact. Because of a time constant the dryer continues running until the sensor makes contact with the clothing. When the contents are dry enough to break contact in the circuit the machine shuts off. More elaborate designs are in the works. For example, one major appliance firm is working with an integrated-circuit manufacturer on a circuit to perform the logic for a moisture-sensing system in a dryer. The machine could be set by degree of dryness and adjust to the weight and volume of the load, thus providing a demonstrable improvement over the present moisture-sensing units. "Basically, we recognize that we can't look to electronics to replace any one function or to replace a timer alone," comments Allan L. Wennerberg, director of electronics research at Whirlpool Corp., Benton Harbor, Mich. "Electronics really is cost-prohibitive now, but at some point in time, a crossover has to occur. The cost of materials for electromechanical systems is rising faster than those of semiconductors. We're learning that in the semiconductor business we haven't exploited the volume opportunities that exist for a company the size of Whirlpool. We know full well that the more functions we can perform, the less the cost per function. So when electronics comes, it will allow us to apply electronic-type sensors, which will allow more features." Tools are old hands at variable speed Makers of portable power tools have been using electronic variable-speed control circuits for several years, and while these have been successful, there's not much inspiration for revising the original designs. Black & Decker Mfg. Co., Towson, Md., for example, is heavily involved in speed-control devices and rectification for permanent-magnet motors on both drills and jig saws. Originally, the latter units used selenium rectifiers, but they have been replaced by silicon-junction, half-wave, or full-wave diodes. According to Carl Amrein, electrical design manager of Black & Decker's Home Products division, the speed-control features added to the cost of some products, but helped boost sales. The diode rectifier, on the other hand, was justified because it reduced both size and cost of the tool models in which it appeared. Although incorporation of electronics in its products is minimal, Black & Decker uses electronics extensively in its testing equipment and procedures. Says Amrein, "Sophisticated factory testing methods have become important to us as more and more automated testing systems, based on electronics, have been developed. In the future, these systems will allow new, more stringent testing of power tools, so you'd have to say that electronics is having an indirect effect on our products." The Singer Tools division, Pickens, S.C., of the Singer Corp., benefited from its family ties to sewing-machine manufacture when it converted part of its private-label power-tool line to electronics. The first tool to use an SCR variable-speed switch employed a circuit developed by corporate R&D for a sewing-machine foot pedal. It contains an SCR and a resistor strip wiped by a contact to vary the speed as the tool trigger or foot pedal is depressed. The ability to use one switch in two divisions gave Singer a leg up in terms of initial cost, since vol- 4. Lighting up. This Caloric range has a new Direct Burner Ignition System, which eliminates the usual pilot light. An igniter coil lights the gas flame directly, making it possible to use a fail-safe device that, if it senses the gas has failed to ignite, shuts down the range. 5. Clean air. An electrostatic precipitator, which attaches to a residential room air conditioner, has been developed by Frigidaire to provide an air-cleaner feature. Electrically charged dust particles drawn into the room are attracted to a collection plate of opposite charge. volume purchases covered both the tool and sewing-machine requirements. In addition, as Gene Holland, Singer Tools R&D head explains, "speed control added new interest to an old product." On the other hand, it added a negative element, too. The use of the variable-speed control increased field failures from a range of 1% to 1.5% in models with standard on-off switches to between 3.5% and 4% in the electronic versions. The company found that most failures occurred not in the SCR, but in the wiping contacts and resistor strips. Safeguarding the home Probably the most complex—and, thus, costly—task to be handled in the home by electronics is security and fire protection. But with increasing affluence, a rising crime rate, and the lucrative potential market that these two trends import, several companies have begun designing systems for residential applications. The problems turned out to be more difficult than those of most industrial installations. For one, homes have a random pattern of occupancy, while factories and stores have a known pattern. False alarms are more frequent in homes than in commercial locations because family members, pets, or innocent callers can trip sensors inadvertently. Finally, home owners are not prepared to pay the same high price for a system as is a company that can write off such expenses. As a result, security systems—as opposed to simple electromechanical home sirens—still remain poised to gain entry to the home market, but are finding it more difficult than burglars to break in. Considerable design effort has been expended to develop systems that are sensitive enough to respond to an intruder, but rugged enough to resist family abuse, and at the same time are sophisticated enough to foil the burglar's attempt to defeat it, but low enough in cost to open the homeowner's pocketbook. Failure to consider all of these factors, plus lack of understanding of the technology needed to accomplish them, has led to some false starts in this market. And a lot of design effort is still necessary. For example, "there is a need to concentrate on sensors that would detect would-be intruders before they enter the home," comments Paul Corbell, technical director, Security-Devices division of Systron-Donner Corp., Dublin, Calif. Today, after a period of technical obstacles, companies are emerging with products that are designed to fit the realities of the home environment. For example, Advanced Devices Laboratory Inc., Santa Clara, Calif., makes two advanced products for home security—a 10.5-gigahertz microwave system and a passive infrared detector. Packaged to look like a stereo receiver, the microwave system radiates at 10.5 GHz, using a Gunn diode as the signal source. Power rating is 1.5 mW, but at the antenna aperture the radiated power is an order of 6. No sweat. Carrier Corp.'s central air conditioner has a Compressor Protect and Control System designed to extend life of the compressor by adjusting to varying loads. It's also intended to control compressor motor during summertime power brownouts, blackouts, and surges. magnitude below the maximum allowed by Government regulations that have been established for microwave radiation. It uses the Doppler-shift effect for sensing. But the key to making the system work in the home, according to ADL, lies in the diode oscillator cavity, a special design that allows several types of antennas to be used: that is, it can be adapted to a specific situation with a columnar beam, an area beam, or multiple beams using a phased-array antenna. The columnar beam has a range of 100 feet. The area beam spreads over 50 by 24 by 9 ft or 24 by 24 by 9 ft. ADL chose 10.5 GHz as the operating frequency because there are no communications assignments at this frequency. Lower frequencies, says Charles F. Fontana, national sales manager, can be absorbed too easily and higher frequencies produce a beam too small to be practical. In addition, 10.5 GHz allows use of small, inexpensive antennas. By using both microwave and ultrasonic detection in combination, Security Systems division of Bourns Inc., Riverside, Calif., has attempted to eliminate most potential false alarms. Basically, by having both types, the total system can establish a steady-state field of ultrasound or microwave, depending on which approach fits a particular area. It can sense any disturbance, process or amplify the disturbance signal, activate a mechanism, and turn on an alarm, either a phone dialer, digital communicator, horn, or other source of sound. Hardwired connections to police stations, tape dialers, and digital telephone dialers have been used as communications links in home security, and cable television is now entering the picture, too. Bourns has been working on this approach, as has Oak Securities Inc., Crystal Lake, Ill. Meanwhile, Theta-Com of Los Angeles, Calif., is one of a handful of companies concentrating on the transmission of security alarms via two-way CATV. These setups require a computer at the cable-transmission center that sends digital signals to interrogate the user's sensors. A digitally encoded message alerts the computer to the location and type of alarm (breaking and entry, fire, emergency). This data can then be transmitted to police stations, fire house, or hospital by cable or by telephone lines. Another indication of the rethinking done in home security is the system to be marketed by AMF Inc.'s new security systems division in Alexandria, Va., in about a year. Still undergoing tests, this system features a household signal processor with diode-transistor-logic and transistor-transistor-logic ICs to perform logic functions in handling intrusion and fire-sensor signals. Another version for apartments employs ICs in the on-site processor. Sensor inputs will go into the master unit that is programmed to account for most typical false alarms and will provide the user time to override inadvertent alarm triggering, according to AMF. The ac-powered system will have standby batteries in case of power outage. It will also have an LED display for indicating at the master panel the status of the complete system in order to detect component failure. The whole concept is aimed at eliminating false alarms by recognizing that areas being protected are usually occupied and including this situation in the system plans. The household processor therefore has logic modules to make it "forgiving" of possible false alarms. It also gives the home owner a chance to check the operating condition of the entire system. Minicomputers simulate the ocean, evaluate sonar-system designs Costing far less than trials at sea, sonar simulation system checks out signal-processing techniques and operator responses, besides offering an applied research facility for display development by Jerry C. Lamb, Andrew C. Krajec, and W. Allan Clearwaters, Naval Underwater Systems Center, New London, Conn. Designers of modern sonar systems are caught between human limitations and the deep blue sea. On the one hand, the flood of data generated by a complex system needs to be processed into displays that make full use of the information but do not ask the operator to detect, track and classify more targets at one time than he possibly can. On the other, it's prohibitively expensive and often inconclusive to test a prototype system at sea. The Naval Underwater Systems Center, faced with the task of developing new digital techniques for processing and displaying data in a new U.S. Navy sonar system, measures an operator's capabilities and avoids the cost of testing at sea with a simulated sonar system implemented with minicomputers. A simulated sonar system does away with much of the expense of prototype development and engineering redesign, since it is simpler to alter software than a hardware system. A simulated ocean is not subject to the drawbacks of the real ocean, in which certain tests may be impossible if they require certain environmental conditions, multiple vessels, or both. Moreover, simulation allows the operator's actions to be related very precisely to "operational" conditions and to be automatically recorded. Simulation has one disadvantage as opposed to operational testing: the mathematical models that describe the environment and the operational system may be inaccurate. However, in this case, minicomputers containing well-tested mathematical models of the ocean (they are used for training sonar-system operators) were available, so the risk of inaccuracy was minimized. Long term, the NUSC's objective was to create a simulation facility for applied research on general display formats and operator performance. But the facility would also satisfy the center's immediate need for a way to evaluate different algorithms for processing and displaying sonar data in the light of operator response. The system that ultimately took shape out of these considerations has, at one end, a minicomputer that models the ocean and, at the other end, cathode-ray-tube monitors and interactive devices that interface the human operator to the system. In between is a second minicomputer, which controls the entire system, and a display controller. This second minicomputer—the experimental stand-in for the special-purpose processor to be found in actual sonar systems—processes the ocean data and inputs from the operator and passes the results on to the display controller for translation into visual form on the CRTs. Figures 1 and 2 show the hardware already described, plus an external core memory. Not shown are the interactive devices and various peripherals. The computers are a Data General Supernova and a Honeywell DDP-516. The Supernova is the system controller. It accepts data from the DDP-516 and peripherals, formats it, and sends it to the display controller, which transforms it into displays like those in Figs. 3 and 4. In addition, the Supernova either records inputs from the operator and interrupts by the controller or transmits them to appropriate subprograms for action. The Honeywell DDP-516 computer is a special system serving as a peripheral device. Since its sole function is to produce the data base for the display experiments, it stores an extensive set of mathematical models of the sonar environment. The system contains two independent display-control channels, each simultaneously generating displays in accordance with the data and instructions of the Supernova and also passing on operator interaction requests. Interconnections with the rest of the system are shown in Fig. 5. These two high-resolution display channels each consist of a display controller interface that, in response to instructions and data stored in the refresh memory by the Supernova, activates a raster generator, graphics generator and video processor, as well as a refresh buffer memory. The refresh memory is a ferrite-core array that contains 65,536 16-bit words and stores the data its channel is to display plus a few control words. The two channels drive two CRT units. One CRT unit is a simulated sonar display console. On this console, the appearance and "feel" of the controls are important because they must resemble actual shipboard equipment. The initial version (see Fig. 2) resembles the console in a proposed new sonar system and will be evaluated before the Navy releases specifications for the system to be installed in the fleet. Later, the console can easily be changed to resemble other systems. The console consists of a single electronics bay in which two CRT monitors are installed, along with various interaction devices. The latter include several function keys, a force joystick—a non-moving device that responds to an applied force through strain gauges instead of responding to displacements through shaft encoders—and a single-axis cursor manipulator. Arranged about the sonar console are 72 switches—two rows of 12 single-legend, back-lit function keys below the screen, and 12 more back-lit push-button switches arranged vertically on either side of each screen. The rows across the bottom carry permanent legends, but the vertically arranged switches do not. Their functions change with the simulation program, so their legends are displayed on the adjacent CRT. The other CRT console, the research console, is used for research and development of new display formats and to study operator/computer interaction, in an ongoing project that will continue after the current simulation project is complete. At present the research console, which does not resemble a sonar console, contains more or less conventional interactive devices, including a light pen, track ball, a keyboard with 63 keys, and 12 back-lit function keys. These are used in conjunction with one of the two CRT screens on the sonar console. Eventually the research console will have its own large CRT with the smallest available spot size and maximum resolution in both direct-write mode (in which the information is traced directly on the screen) and raster mode (in which the display is built up from a sequence of horizontal or vertical scans). The console also has room for other interactive devices, which can be installed to take advantage of new developments. Why two different computers? For any simulation setup, the prime need is for proven mathematical models, and proven models of the sonar environment were fortunately available in the Navy's 14E19 sonar trainer. This trainer consists of two Honeywell DDP-516s and incorporates many of the basic real-time mathematical models that simulation of the sonar environment requires. Redeveloping these models from scratch would have been costly, yet a direct copy of the trainer was not suitable, because it was designed for a specific system and was not flexible enough for display research. Therefore an integrated hardware/software package was developed, using 14E19 concepts in a modified form that met the simulation facility's requirements. Even so, the mathematical models as programed for the trainer required the entire capacity of one DDP-516. That meant that a separate central computer would be necessary for display formatting and system control. To decide whether it should also be a DDP-516, or whether a different minicomputer would be better, the designers examined three aspects of the system requirements: hardware, software, and availability. The central computer had a variety of simulation requirements that affected the choice of hardware. Its basic task was to reformat the data base for display, forward it to the display controllers, and perform all input-output operations. This computer needed a high throughput while processing display data to develop displays in real time. Three conditions dictated speed requirements. First, the timing of the basic sonar system displays is established partly by the rate at which the second computer, which contains the mathematical model, provides data for display formatting, and partly by the amount of formatting necessary. The second condition, probable specifications of forthcoming new display formats, referred to one in particular. This format consists of a 100-by-100 matrix of echo-signal points, upon each of which a new calculation may have to be made rapidly enough to permit showing the changing data at flicker-free rates—about 30 frames per second. The third condition was development of new sonar signal-processing algorithms—one of which was selected as a benchmark. The algorithm combined space and time averaging, computing a weighted average of the returns on several adjacent or successive sonar beams as the return on the central one of those beams. This process tends to eliminate transient noise and to reinforce echoes from real objects. These considerations dictated the choice of a modern machine with multiple registers, which would permit easy data links between programs as well as fast computation. For communication with the display controllers, the computer required a fast data channel with a flexible interrupt structure. Standard peripheral equipment and support should be available, and special-purpose peripherals should be easy to include in the system, preferably in the same manner as standard peripherals. The sonar display is one such special-purpose peripheral unit. Another is a proposed eye-tracking device, --- 3. PPI display. Center of circular display, called plan position indication, represents the sonar operator's ship. Echoes form a maplike pattern. Top of the display can represent either "dead ahead" (ship coordinates) or "north" (true coordinates). The dark wedge-shaped area is a baffle that screens the ship's engine noise from the receivers. Characters along sides label function switches beside the display, visible in Fig. 2. Blanked areas obscure classified data. 4. Variable depression search. The pips in this simulated display, apparently random, actually lie along vertical lines. One line shows echoes along a single beam, with range increasing from bottom to top; six such adjacent lines produce data history for a beam. Several beams make up one half display. Two halves of screen show echoes from two kinds of pings separately generated and processed. Short lines identify an area to be expanded on another screen. which in the simulator will determine where on the screen the operator is looking under various conditions, thus measuring his response at a new level of detail. Besides being fast, the control computer had to be commercially available, because time constraints mandated the use of low-risk technology. On the other hand, the possibility of including new features, such as semiconductor memory and floating-point processors, made a machine with flexible architecture desirable. Programing aspects Software had to be usable by those system users—research scientists and engineers—who were not primarily programmers but who needed hands-on operation for research purposes. For them, problem-oriented languages and corresponding compiler software were a requirement. Other general-purpose software and easily modified operating-system software also had to be available. To avoid duplicating costly peripheral equipment, the system's designers decided to attach the devices only to the main computer, with access by the second computer through the coupler linking the two computers. This meant that the central computer's operating-system software should regard the second computer as another peripheral device. But it also meant that the satellite computer would require a new operating system for itself because of its unusual means of access to peripheral equipment. Many machines were tested against specific criteria developed from these general requirements, and benchmark programs actually were written for three machines. At the time of design (in early 1971), the Data General Corp. Supernova was the most appropriate. The math models, however, were already programed in DDP-516 assembler language for the sonar trainer. Converting these DDP-516 programs to Supernova code would have been prohibitively expensive—nearly 25% of the original estimate for the total system. This cost ruled out using two Supernovas, but still left the designers with a choice between using two DDP-516s, which would have enough capability for the basic simulation but without full growth potential desired, or taking the design risk of having two different machines, which would present severe programing difficulties. Revising the operating system Two independent studies indicated that the second alternative, using two different computers, was feasible, although it would cause some delay in the original schedule. With the identity of the two computers established, the means of treating the two display controller inter- --- 5. Simulation system. The display controller is a two-in-one device that controls both the sonar console and the research console. The central computer is the Supernova. Most of the system's input-output equipment is conventional, except for DDP-516, a second computer that masquerades as another peripheral on the Supernova channel but actually contains a model of the ocean. faces and the interaction tools became clear. To the system they appear as standard peripherals with high priority; they are controlled by a modification of the basic disk-operating system supplied by the manufacturers. The resulting monitor system is called an integrated disk-operating system, IDOS (Fig. 6). In an off-line mode, the DDP-516 communicates through IDOS with all the peripherals connected to the Supernova. Meanwhile, all DDP-516 standard software is utilized, and normal disk-based functions for Supernova programs and peripherals are performed. While executing real-time experimental programs, IDOS controls all output to the display controller, monitors all inputs from the interaction tools and controls the timing of inputs from the DDP-516. Since the DDP-516 contains a model of the ocean, these inputs represent acoustical noise originating in such things as wave action, movements of sea animals, and passing ships that are not targets. Broad-based controller The display-controller design was constrained by display research and console simulation applications. To simulate most present-day sonar display consoles, the display requires two independent channels with separate refresh memories. In addition, the projects for research into displays planned at NUSC in general demand flexible and expandable hardware that can accommodate new ideas. At least one display channel must have better resolution than present commercially available displays. In this case, both channels were designed with higher resolution because duplication was more economical than designing separate channels. Scans and rasters Simulating present sonar display formats requires several different writing modes such as spiral scan for plan position indication, rectangular raster for type B range-vs-azimuth, other formats unique to sonar, and direct write for graphics and alphanumerics. Raster and direct-write modes can be combined in many ways on one CRT at any time. Core refresh memories were chosen because they were easily available and reliable. They are also nonvolatile, an important advantage in this kind of simulation. Nonvolatility is often desirable in a memory, but in NUSC's sonar simulator it is important for an unusual reason. In the course of present and future experimentation, a variable refresh rate for the display was considered desirable. Since a volatile memory would itself have to be refreshed independently of the display, 6. Integrated software. Two software packages—one for each computer—are modified to interact with one another. The Supernova regards the DDP-516 as just another input-output device, whereas the DDP-516 obtains access to its peripheral devices, except for the teleprinter, through the Supernova. Colored arrows represent data flow; black arrows are controls. the synchronizing of the memory refresh and the display refresh was viewed as a potentially difficult problem that would divert too much effort from the prime goal of developing new sonar systems. Core memories, of course, also have the advantage, thanks to their long dominance, of ease of use and application. The units chosen were large enough to work with typical sonar formats—for example, a 512-by-512 grid with 4 bits of intensity information. For use with the large, high-resolution CRT monitor of the research console, the two memories can be combined to drive one display channel showing, for example, a 2,048-by-256 grid with 4 bits for intensity. Peripheral selection The laboratory's supporting computer center was a prime factor in selection of the peripheral equipment. Magnetic tape is the primary medium for exchanging data with the computing center for off-line processing and conversion. Individual reels of tape are also used by programmers for personal storage. The magnetic-tape unit reads and writes nine tracks at 800 bits per inch and 37.5 inches per second—fast enough to record real sonar data in real time. With this magnetic-tape capability and the computer center, the simulation system does not need things like card punches or paper-tape punch. But both a card reader and a high-speed paper-tape reader are necessary for software development, as is either a line printer or a teletypewriter. A mass-memory storage device—specifically a disk unit—is required for software development, when the programmer uses the disk for temporary storage, and for program storage during real-time operations. For the latter, a fixed-head disk has the fast-access and fast-transfer characteristics required for quick recall of display formats and other on-line programs. Afterthoughts Since the design of the simulation system was frozen early in 1971, newer computers, some of which may be better suited to the system requirements, have come on the market. Some of them utilize new technology that might have a significant effect on the selection process were it to be repeated. For example, microprogramming techniques might permit the use of two identical computers in the system—one microprogramed to emulate the mathematical models in the DDP-516, and the other micro-programed for special display-format instructions. In addition, MOS memory, now generally available in many machines, would help make real-time display processing more easily attainable. Newer, more flexible hardware interrupt structures also have become available and might change the choice of machines even if selection criteria did not change. --- The simulator in action In using the simulator to study how a design for a sonar system would operate at sea, the experimenter divides his work into three phases: initialization, experimentation, and analysis. Initialization occurs off line. Since the real-time mathematical models stored in the DDP-516 generate the database from a series of tables and equations, the tabular data and equation coefficients must be calculated off line ahead of time by special initialization programs. To use these programs, the experimenter first specifies the experimental conditions. These conditions include, for example, the sonar environment—depth and temperature, which affect the propagation of acoustic energy in water—and the characteristics of the supposed ship—its noise sources, such as the engines, the deployment of sonar transducers on the hull, and so on. And, of course, the experimenter specifies the target characteristics. He then loads the initialization programs into the DDP-516; as it executes them, it produces the tables and equations necessary for real-time experimentation. At the start of an experiment, the researcher tells the sonar operator what task he is to do. He might be asked, for example, to search for and detect a target, track it, or classify it; or he might be assigned any combination of these or other tasks. The researcher then leaves the operator alone at the sonar console; the operator observes the CRTs and uses the sonar controls as if he were literally at sea. For example, he may change range scales, cursor positions, and even the course and speed of his ship. He can also change the characteristics of the "ping" emitted by the sonar transmitter, since the range and the nature of the echo change with pings of different frequencies, amplitudes, and durations. Meanwhile, the experimenter monitors the operator's activities at the line printer and the teleprinter, in another room. From that location the experimenter can also modify the program on line by introducing, for example, new targets, a new ocean depth, or different weather conditions. To illustrate, the onset of a storm stirs up waves, and, while these are in a different frequency range from the sonar echo and don't contribute significantly to it, they do tend to break up both the transmitted signal and its echo. Large waves in the presence of a target create interference that changes a clean, sharp echo pulse into a broader, weaker signal whose characteristics are difficult to ascertain. During the experiment, significant events are recorded for analysis. These include parameter changes, major changes in the progress of the experiment (such as acquisition or disappearance of targets), and operator responses. These measurements form the data base for analytical programs, which are executed after the experiment to produce a statistical breakdown of the operator's response to different conditions. Meaningful results, of course, require a particular experiment to be repeated several times with different operators. Peripheral vision. From the beginning, we have preferred concentration to diversification. We don't supply everything that attaches to your computer. But the things we do supply are the best. What do we supply? Drum plotters. We're the world's leading supplier of both hardware and software. Flatbed plotters. Several years ago, we saw a need and an opportunity to expand the plotter's uses. The flatbed plotter allows a variety of materials to be substituted for paper; and it has expanded the market for computer graphics, as well. Microfilm plotters. Here, we got bigger by getting smaller. With microfilm. Our 1675 COM plotter/printer and our 2100 COM printer deliver the best price/performance in the industry. Disk memory equipment. This was our second area of concentration. In a remarkably short time, we have become the leading independent supplier. Tape systems. We've recently begun to concentrate on tape. The result is that our new 1040 Tape Drive combines the features of others with our own experience. We intend to be a leader in this field. The point is we have not grown by accident. Thirteen years after our beginning, we have become a leader in computer peripherals. For information on peripheral products, call your local CalComp office, or contact California Computer Products, Inc., EM-M5-73, 2411 West La Palma Avenue, Anaheim, California 92801. (714) 821-2011. Varying comparator hysteresis without shifting initial trip point by Jerald Graeme Burr-Brown Research Corp., Tucson, Ariz. An operational amplifier is a convenient device for analog comparator applications that require two different trip points. The addition of a positive-feedback network will introduce a precise variable hysteresis into the usual comparator switching action.$^1$ Such feedback develops two comparator trip points centered about the initial trip point or reference point. In some control applications, one trip point must be maintained at the reference level, while the other trip point is adjusted to develop the hysteresis. This type of comparator action is achieved with the modified feedback circuit shown in the figure. Signal diode $D_1$ interrupts only one polarity of the positive feedback supplied through resistor $R_2$. Hysteresis, then, is developed for only one comparator state, and one trip point remains at the original level set by the reference voltage, $E_R$. The second trip point, the one added by hysteresis, is removed from the original trip point by: \[ \Delta V = R_1(V_Z - E_R)/(R_1 + R_2) \] where $V_Z$, the zener voltage, is greater than reference voltage $E_R$. Varying resistor $R_2$ will adjust the hysteresis without disturbing the trip point at $E_R$. The circuit's other performance characteristics are similar to the common op-amp comparator circuit. The accuracy of both trip points is determined by the op amp's input offset voltage, input bias current, and finite gain. Resistor $R_3$ limits the current drain through the zener diode, and resistor $R_4$ provides a discharge path for the capacitance of diode $D_2$. The output signal can be taken either directly from the op-amp output or from the zener diode, as shown. With the latter hookup, the output signal voltage alternates between zero and zener voltage $V_Z$, which might be desirable for interfacing with digital logic circuits. It should be noted, however, this output cannot sink current in the 0-volt state. Switching speed is determined by the op amp's slew-rate limit for high-level input-drive signals. When the input drive is a low-level signal, the output rate of change is limited by the gain available to multiply the input signal's rate of change. Both the slew-rate limiting and the gain limiting of switching time are eased if phase compensation is removed from the op amp. REFERENCE: 1 G Tobey, J Graeme, and L Huebsman, "Operational Amplifiers Design and Applications," McGraw-Hill, 1971. --- Controllable hysteresis. Positive feedback circuit for analog op-amp comparator does not shift the initial reference trip point while introducing hysteresis in the second trip point. The voltage difference, $\Delta V$, between the trip points can be adjusted by varying resistor $R_2$. When the output voltage is taken from the zener diode, as shown, it switches between zero and $V_Z$, the zener voltage. --- Circular voltage divider needs fewer resistors by Dale Hileman Physiometrics Inc., Malibu, Calif. A bridge that provides precision dc voltages from 0 to 10 volts, in steps of 0.01 v, can be easily and economically realized with a "circular" voltage divider. In this uncomplicated divider arrangement, the point from which the output is taken remains fixed, while the voltage source is moved from one point to another. In a conventional voltage-divider setup, the fixed voltage is applied across the entire network, and the output voltage is taken from a selectable tap. This approach, however, may involve complex switching and usually requires a large number of resistors, which is undesirable because precision resistors are expensive. As shown in the diagram, a total of only 31 resistors is needed to provide a settablity to within 0.01 v. Each ring has 10 resistors, except the last, which contains 11. The value of the resistors in a given ring must be 1.1 times the value of the resistors in the preceding ring. The bridge in the illustration is set up to produce an output of 6.43 v. The tighter the tolerance of the resistors, of course, the more accurate the output voltage can be. And the more sensitive the null indicator is, the more closely the bridge output can be read. As lower-value resistors are used, the bridge output impedance becomes lower. The principal limitation of this arrangement is the allowable power dissipation of the resistor in the first ring across which the full supply voltage is applied. Dial a voltage. Circular resistor arrangement trims resistor count without sacrificing precision. The output voltage of this bridge can be set from 0 to 10 volts, to within 0.01 V. All resistors in the same ring have the same value, which is 1.1 times larger than the value of the resistors in the preceding ring. Resistors in the first ring must be able to withstand the full supply voltage. Just 31 resistors are used here. --- Link-coupled tank circuit steps up C-MOS drive voltage by R.W. Mouritsen National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada Because of their low power dissipation, low leakage current, and high noise immunity, complementary-MOS devices are a sound design choice for portable or battery-operated equipment—such as counter chains or clocks driven from standard oscillators. However, several volts, typically 5 to 7 volts, are usually required to turn on the C-MOS device, whereas most standard oscillators normally have an output of only about 1 v root-mean-square at 50 ohms. A simple way around this problem is to use a link-coupled tuned circuit as a voltage step-up transformer. Since the input impedance of the C-MOS device is extremely high, the tank circuit is loaded only by the primary source impedance reflected across the secondary winding. This allows the use of a fairly high-Q coil. The link-to-secondary turns ratio is adjusted to produce, across the tuned circuit, a sine wave with a peak-to-peak amplitude of approximately 90% of the supply voltage, when the driving signal is 1 v rms at 50 ohms. The squaring circuit shown in the figure is an example of this link-coupling technique. It consists of a C-MOS quad two-input NOR gate package, connected as a forced latch. With the input at 0 v (logic 0), the outputs of gates $G_1$ and $G_2$ are logic 1, while the output of gate $G_3$ is logic 0. As the input rises (towards logic 1), the outputs of gates $G_1$ and $G_2$ go to logic 0 when the C-MOS turn-on threshold voltage is reached. This forces the output of gate $G_3$ to go to logic 1 and remain there until the input falls below the threshold level. At that time, gate $G_1$ goes to logic 1, allowing gate $G_3$ to return to logic 0 and causing gate $G_2$ to go to logic 1. When the supply voltage is 12 v and the input signal is 1 v rms at 50 ohms and 1 megahertz, the squaring circuit produces an output that approximates a square Squaring circuit. Link-coupled tuned circuit provides transformer-like action, stepping up the low-level drive signal supplied by most standard oscillators. This permits complementary-MOS gates, the threshold voltages of which are generally 5 to 7 volts, to be used without adding extra active devices. With this squaring circuit, a 1-v sine wave is converted to a 10-V square wave at megahertz rates. wave with an amplitude of around 10 V pk-pk and with rise and fall times of about 50 nanoseconds. The tuned circuit used here has a narrow operating band. A wider band may be obtained by employing a small toroid having a bifilar secondary with a link-coupled primary. This will yield about the same output waveform, but operating frequency will range between 500 kilohertz and 3.5 MHz, depending on the ferrite used. --- Square-wave generator stresses frequency stability by S.F. Aldridge IBM Corp., General Products Div., San Jose, Calif. Offering features that are usually found only in more elaborate oscillators, a simplified voltage-controlled square-wave generator produces very symmetrical complementary square-wave outputs that exhibit good frequency stability over a wide operating temperature range. Output frequency repeatability can be held, without adjustment, to within a 5% range, and operating frequencies can exceed 50 megahertz. The circuit's noise insensitivity is excellent due to its current-source decoupling (provided by capacitors $C_1$ and $C_2$). Moreover, noise generation within the generator is held to a minimum because of the constant-current nature of the circuit. Power-supply variations as large as 15% produce a negligible shift in output frequency because of the action of the circuit's current sources (transistors $Q_1$ and $Q_2$) and the configuration of the circuit's oscillator section. The generator can be considered to provide linear operation throughout the entire range of its input frequency control voltage. Basically, the oscillator section consists of two Schmitt triggers: one formed by transistors $Q_3$ and $Q_4$, and the other formed by transistors $Q_5$ and $Q_6$. The triggers share the two current sources (transistors $Q_1$ and $Q_2$), as well as resistor $R_1$ because of capacitor $C_3$. Transistors $Q_4$ and $Q_5$ form a differential switch that allows only one Schmitt trigger to be on at a time. The charge rate of capacitor $C_3$ determines the switching frequency of the Schmitt triggers and, therefore, the output frequency. This charge rate can be controlled by varying the voltage on the frequency-control input line, which, in turn, changes the current of transistors $Q_1$ and $Q_2$. The output frequency can also be altered by changing the value of capacitor $C_3$. Temperature compensation is provided by zener diodes $Z_1$ and $Z_2$. Transistor $Q_7$ compensates the base-emitter junctions of transistors $Q_1$ and $Q_2$, while transistor $Q_8$ compensates transistors $Q_5$ and $Q_6$. To achieve the best circuit performance, matched transistors and components having 1% tolerances should be used. --- Simplified design. Square-wave generator supplies complementary outputs whose frequency is determined by an input control voltage. This control voltage determines the current provided by transistors $Q_1$ and $Q_2$ to charge capacitor $C_3$. The charge rate of this capacitor sets the switching frequency of the two Schmitt triggers, which are formed by transistors $Q_3$ and $Q_4$ and transistors $Q_5$ and $Q_6$. Since 1962, Siliconix has evolved FET technology and applied it to a complete range of singles, duals, arrays, and ICs. So what's new? Industrial Analog Switch: 80¢ Per Channel Now available: analog switches specially selected for industrial control service, at per-channel prices as low as 80¢ (DG501CJ) and 90¢ (DG172CJ) in 1000-unit quantities. You can't go wrong with our epoxy analog switches if you're a designer of industrial control circuits. 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For complete information write for data Applications Engineering (408) 246-8000, Ext. 501 Siliconix Incorporated 2201 Laurelwood Road, Santa Clara, California 95054 Information theory after 25 years: applications begin to pay off Shannon's theory of communications has been clarified and refined to the point where it is influencing the design of practical systems; more efficient communications with lower error-rates are the result. by Lyman J. Hardeman, Communications Editor In mid-1948, barely noticed in the wake of the worldwide publicity given to the announcement of the transistor, a 32-year-old researcher at Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed a detailed theory that was destined to have profound effects on the development and understanding of communications systems. "The Mathematical Theory of Communications," published in the Bell System Technical Journal by Claude E. Shannon, did not tell communications engineers how to design data-transmission-systems hardware. Shannon's more subtle but most powerful contribution was to show systems engineers how to defeat their arch-enemy—noise—by encoding of signals. The theory is important, for the most part, less as a design tool for synthesizing efficient methods of communication, than as a yardstick with which communication techniques can be compared. Out of the original theory has grown an enormous body of work concerned with achieving reliable communications with low error-rates. Without it, the space program, the growth of pulse-code-modulation systems, and the current explosion in data communications would not be as far advanced. Even today, the mainstream of activity in information theory still follows the outline of Shannon's original papers, which addressed two fundamental communications problems: source coding and channel coding (see Figs. 1 and 2). Source coding can be further defined as either discrete-source coding or source coding of continuous waveforms with a fidelity constraint. Discrete-source coding involves countable pieces of information, such as numbers or letters in the alphabet, that can be encoded into a fixed number of discrete levels. Familiar examples are the alphanumeric codes used for transmitting teletypewriter messages. Source coding and entropy Fundamental to the understanding of discrete-source coding is the concept of entropy, which Shannon introduced back in 1948. Mathematically, the concept of entropy applied to communications systems is analogous to that of entropy in thermodynamic systems, which was well understood by the time that Shannon's theory was published. To information theorists, entropy is a measure of the degree of uncertainty that exists in a given information source. Therefore, entropy is the average amount of information provided by the source, or the average amount of uncertainty that exists at the receiver before information is transmitted from the source. In mathematical terms, the entropy of an information source that generates one of a set of symbols $(s_1, s_2, \ldots, s_n)$ is: \[ H = - \sum_{s=1}^{n} P(s) \log \frac{1}{P(s)} \] where $P(s)$ is the probability of occurrence of symbol $s$. If a logarithm to the base 2 is used, then entropy is measured in binary units (bits). With his concept of entropy, Shannon introduced a way of thinking of information in terms of probability: the greater the probability of an event's occurrence at an information source, the lower the entropy. Entropy is maximum, then, when all events are equally likely. The statistical importance of the concept of entropy is better understood if the English alphabet is taken as an example. Consider the case where any one of a set of 26 letters is emitted from a source with equal probability. Such a source spews out letters entirely at random, and the probability of its emitting any particular letter is $1/26$. Entropy for such a source is $H = \log_2 26 = 4.7$ bits per letter. Such an information source emits much more information than actual English text, which has been estimated to have an entropy of less than 1 bit per letter. In English text, the probability of occurrence of each letter is different—vowels and certain consonants, for example, occur much more frequently than the letters Q, X, or Z. Here, efficiency can be increased (or entropy decreased) if the information receiver is made aware of the probability assigned each letter. Once these probabilities are known, the occurrence of a letter of low probability yields more information than the occurrence of a letter that can be predicted with high probability. Furthermore, once a few letters or words have been received from a source, then succeeding letters and entire words can often be predicted with high degrees of certainty, based on the text that has already been transmitted. Thus, source coding, which describes the statistical values and orders of elements in a given source, permits a reduction in the number of symbols that must be transmitted to achieve the same amount of information transfer. In the case where a human operator is the ultimate receiver of transmitted text, redundant information that is removed by coding can be replaced (decoded) based on the operator's knowledge of the language. But in the more general case where a human is not involved in the system, a coder-decoder can be programmed to perform this function. Coding for continuous sources Coding for discrete information sources such as alphanumerics requires a finite number of coded symbols and introduces no errors. To code a continuous analog waveform perfectly, however, an infinite number of discrete coding levels would have to be taken. In practice, fortunately, somewhat less than perfect coding can be tolerated. Thus, analog waveforms can be approximated, despite the resultant loss of complete fidelity to the information source. A universally accepted technique for coding continuous sources is pulse-code modulation (PCM), where the source is sampled and the samples are quantized into discrete levels. Thus, the efficiency, or entropy, of encoded continuous waveforms can be defined in terms of the entropy of the discrete coding levels at some specified fidelity limit. The quantizing errors can be made arbitrarily small—and therefore the fidelity of the encoded signal arbitrarily high—by the choice of appropriate sampling and quantizing intervals. Looking at all this another way, one could consider the quantizing errors as a source of distortion; hence, the term "rate-distortion theory" is often applied to source coding of continuous channels. In actual communications systems, rate-distortion theory brings a cost function into the analysis of source-coding efficiency. Since the number of quantization levels in a PCM encoder-decoder can be directly related to equipment costs, the designer can readily trade off costs versus system fidelity. Coding for voice signals PCM-encoded telephone networks are used extensively both in local transmission loops, where the associated time-division multiplexing gives such systems an economic advantage, and in satellite and transoceanic-cable systems, where reduced signal-to-noise levels are handled most easily with PCM. Unfortunately, the sampling rate required to convert a voice signal to digital format (about 8,000 samples per second), combined with the necessity to encode each sample into about 128 levels (seven bits), results in a data rate of about 56 kilobits per second. This rate is about an order of magnitude higher than can be accurately transmitted on a typical voice-grade communications channel. As in written language, however, there is considerable redundancy in spoken language, both in pauses between words and sentences, and in the sound patterns when words are being spoken. And for expensive transmission systems such as those used in satellite communications links, it becomes necessary to find ways of reducing some of the redundancy that is inherent in each voice channel. A system developed by Comsat Laboratories, Clarksburg, Md., uses the statistical patterns in speech to reduce the bandwidth required for digital communications over satellite links. The system, known as SPEC for speech-predictive-encoding communications, removes redundancy in speech waveforms by predicting sample levels to be transmitted on the basis of previous sample levels. Only those samples that least meet these predictions are transmitted, along with signaling blocks to tell the receiver decoder what channels have been sampled. For each channel in which a new sample is not --- Figure 1. Communications model. Coding schemes for electronic communications fall into two categories. Source coding reduces redundancy in the information source, while channel coding combats the effects of noise introduced in the communications channel. Figure 2. Family tree. Mainstream of activity in information theory continues to follow the outline of Shannon's original paper. Expanding applications in data communications have underscored the need for greater use of techniques developed around the theory. in voice transmission to develop schemes to remove redundancy in images. For space probes, where encoding of telemetered images can allow increased resolution or faster transmission rates for a fixed communications bandwidth, or in video-telephone applications, where data transmission requirements on the order of 50 megabits per second can be significantly reduced with source coding, such coding techniques are extremely feasible. And the future of under-1-minute facsimile over voice-grade telephone lines can be greatly enhanced by efficient and easily implemented image-encoding techniques. Two problems impeding the application source-coding theory to the transmission of still, black-and-white images were recently noted by David J. Sakrison, a professor at the University of California at Berkeley. First, it is hard to formulate statistics for a "typical" image. For example, the probability distribution of picture elements containing different shades of grey varies substantially from one image to another, and even within segments of the same image. What's more, the distribution is almost never gaussian, which is the easiest type of distribution for the communications engineer to analyze. The second and possibly most difficult problem, according to Sakrison, is that of finding a distortion measure that is consistent with the subjective evaluations of human observers. It is known, for example, that the human eye and brain are more sensitive to some spatial frequencies than to others, more sensitive to intensity errors in grey areas than in white, and more sensitive to the edges of objects than to the middle of a blank area. Picturephone research In an attempt to determine the smallest amount of information in an image that could be meaningful to human perception, workers at Bell Labs several years ago developed a picture of Abraham Lincoln in a minimum recognizable form (Fig. 3). Transmitting this image requires only about 1,000 bits compared with over 1 million bits contained in each image frame transmitted in commercial monochromatic television. Meanwhile, another group at Bell Laboratories has been at work developing source-coding techniques for motion pictures. The effort is directed toward practical systems that will eventually form the basis of Bell's Picturephone service. In coding for images, such as Picture-phone, each frame is divided into a matrix of small elements, and the light intensity level of each element is sampled. Across any vertical or horizontal line of elements within the matrix there is generally a series of elements that have the same light intensities. Successive elements in such series, then, can be predicted with high degrees of certainty, and therefore contain much redundant information. Thus, if use is made of methods similar to those employed in coding for voice signals, much of this element-to-element redundancy can be reduced. Furthermore, in Picturephone coding, where relatively still images are transmitted at rates of 30 frames per second, the corresponding elements in each successive frame can be predicted with even greater probability. Thus, there is generally more redundancy from one Shannon after 25 years Claude Elwood Shannon, as anyone will attest, has made by far the largest single contribution to information theory. In addition to the publication 25 years ago of his now-famous "Mathematical Theory of Communications," Shannon, at periodic intervals until the late 1960s, supplied a variety of detailed insights in closely related disciplines. Now 57, Shannon is relatively inactive in the field. He lives with his wife and three children in a 115-year-old house in the Boston suburb of Winchester, Mass. In a recent interview with Electronics, Shannon reflected only briefly on information theory, and spoke mostly of hobbies and interests which include jogging, unicycle riding, camping, listening to jazz, and investing in stocks. To maintain his trim 5-foot-10-inch, 140-pound frame, Shannon begins each day with a three-mile jog. When asked if he doesn't make a few exceptions for extremely cold or wet days, he insists that he does not. "The first year was a form of hell," he admits, "but it's easy now, and I feel fantastic." Getting exercise is nothing new for Shannon, though. His wife gave him a unicycle more than 20 years ago, and since that time he has expanded his collection of one-wheelers to 26. They come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes, and many of them he built himself. Since they are all housed in his two-car garage, his automobiles and his mobile camper have to be parked outside in the weather. After a hard day's jogging and cycling, Shannon enjoys listening to jazz. He believes most mathematicians have an ear for music, although he admits that he has no talent for playing musical instruments himself, nor does he "dig" modern rock. Over the years, Shannon has applied some of his mathematical talent toward investing in the stock market and is reported to have netted profits into seven figures. "I've been very lucky in the over-all picture," he agrees, "mostly in small venture-capital investments . . . they are some of the best bets around." Some of the "small venture-capital" stocks that he got into early include Teledyne, where he is a member of the board of directors, and Hewlett-Packard. However, although he has from time to time applied information-theory-type concepts to investing, Shannon credits more conventional investment techniques with his success on Wall Street. Asked what he felt information theory's future was at the time of his original publication, Shannon replies, "I was quite surprised at the publicity and reaction." On several occasions since then, he has modestly warned against the danger of overselling information theory, especially to those trying to apply its concepts to disciplines that happen to be rather far removed from electron communications. What about the next 25 years? Shannon believes that "information theory will continue to find its central application in communications and computers. But this is not to say that it will not be successfully applied to other areas—notably in the development of artificial intelligence." Workers at Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, N.J., take advantage of this fact in the techniques they are developing for Picturephone coding. "Using our latest techniques," says John B. Millard, supervisor of the laboratory's Picturephone coding-techniques group, "we can now transmit a full-quality Picturephone signal at a rate 4. Code generators. Typical block encoder (a) first transmits a block of raw data from an information source, then sends the contents of a shift register as redundant parity information that allows the receiver to detect and correct any errors introduced by the communications channel. With the convolutional encoder (b), information is fed continuously into a shift register. Simultaneously with each input bit, contents of predetermined positions in the register are added in modulo-2 adders and transmitted. of 1.544 megabits per second. This rate is about a quarter of that required only one or two years back, and is achieved predominately by the use of frame-to-frame coding." The largest obstacle to implementing frame-to-frame coding is the need for a memory of 440 kilobits at each Picturephone central office terminal to support a one-way transmission. A 320-kilobit memory is needed to store a full frame of information (250 lines, by 160 elements per line, by 8-bit element coding levels) for comparison with the corresponding elements in the succeeding frame, and a buffer memory of 120 kilobits. "Such a memory is currently the most costly portion of the Picturephone coding equipment now under development," says Millard. Channel coding Source coding, as outlined earlier, is used to reduce redundancy in an information source so that less capacity is required of the communications channel over which the data is transmitted. Thus, source coding is generally performed independently of the type of communications channel used: it is assumed that there are no errors introduced between the signal source at one end of a communications link and the receiver at the other end. Attacking a somewhat different problem, channel coding is used to reduce the effects of noise introduced in the communications channel. Unlike the source encoder, a channel encoder generally expands the bandwidth required of the communications channel, but in the process it reduces the signal-to-noise level required in the link, or yields a lower error rate for the information transmitted. This relationship between information capacity and the signal-to-noise ratio of a communications link was another fundamental subject that Shannon addressed in his original paper. In that paper, Shannon defined a limit on the information-carrying capacity, $C$, of a channel in a concise equation now well known as Shannon's Law: $$C = W \log_2 (1 + S/N)$$ where $S$ is the power of the information-carrying signal in a channel of bandwidth $W$ which is characterized by additive white gaussian noise $N$. When $W$ in the equation is measured in hertz, then the units of $C$ are bits per second. In theory, any information source with a rate lower than channel capacity can be transmitted with virtually zero errors. But as this channel-capacity limit is exceeded, it is impossible, according to theory, to transmit error-free information. It must be emphasized that Shannon's Law is a special case of his general theory. In practice, this limit on channel capacity has never been reached, for several reasons. First, the band edges of a real-world channel are not well defined, unlike the ideal channels assumed by Shannon. Also, most communications channels are characterized by noise bursts instead of the white gaussian noise assumed by Shannon. Thus, a typical voice-grade telephone channel, even when using the most efficient modulation techniques, is capable of transmitting at a maximum rate of only about 10,000 bits per second. If an ideal 3,300-Hz channel met theoretical limits—assuming gaussian noise and a typical signal-to-noise ratio of 400 (26dB)—the identical channel would achieve an information-carrying capacity of about 25,000 bits per second with virtually no errors. Combating channel noise Unlike the largely ad hoc methods developed for source coding, techniques used to combat noise in a communications channel are generally much more vigorous mathematically. Because of this, work in channel coding is more closely associated with Shannon's original work, and workers in this field are more directly tied to pure information theory. Two fundamental classes of codes stand out as efficient ways of achieving reliable communication—the block code and the convolutional code. While detailed analysis of these codes is beyond the scope of this article, important characteristics of each are readily apparent from the methods by which they are generated (Fig. 4). A block code is formed by dividing data source into finite blocks of data. In the encoder shown, each block is then transmitted and at the same time entered into a shift register, with feedback paths added at predetermined positions in the shift register. After the information bits have been transmitted, the contents of the shift register are transmitted as parity-check bits. Block by block, the encoded data is then decoded at the receiver, where the parity bits are used to detect (and sometimes correct) errors that have been introduced in the communications channel. Convolutional coding, on the other hand, is generated by sequentially clocking data from a source into a shift register, then combining the information in predetermined positions in the register in a modulo-2 adder. The outputs of the gates, which are a function of the data in several shift-register positions, are then transmitted over the communications link. In both block and convolutional encoders, the ratio of information bits to the total number of bits transmitted depends on the configuration of the encoder. Generally, the more check bits added, the more capable the coding scheme is of detecting or correcting errors. Rate one-half (one information bit for every two bits transmitted) to rate three-fourths (three information bits for every four bits transmitted) codes yield a practical compromise between coding effectiveness and the added transmission bandwidth required. Convolutional coding more powerful Although block coding is sometimes attractive when only error-detecting capability is needed, convolutional coding is generally considered to be a more effective technique, especially in one-way communications channels where error correction is needed. Linkabit Corp., one of the few companies that base their existence solely on information theory, recently introduced a commercial convolutional coder-decoder. "While we have built both block and convolutional systems under NASA and military contracts, we definitely believe now that convolutional-coding systems are more powerful," says Irwin M. Jacobs, president of the San Diego firm. Linkabit's model LV7015 (Fig. 5) is designed to improve efficiency in satellite data-communications links. As a measure of its economic feasibility, Jacobs offers the following example: a typical phase-shift-keyed (PSK) modulation system will ideally provide a $10^{-5}$-bit error rate when the channel signal-to-noise ratio is 9.6 dB. Use of the LV7015 with the PSK system will allow the same error rate to be achieved with a signal-to-noise ratio of 4.5 dB. This permits a 5-dB decrease in transmitter power, or an equivalent increase in receiver noise temperature. "Perhaps even more important economically," notes Jacobs, "is the fact that an alternative method of gaining a 5-dB power advantage would be to more than triple the area of an earth station's receiving antenna." To date, the major applications of channel-coding schemes have been in space-communications links, where the channels are not bandwidth-limited and channel noise matches closely the properties of white gaussian noise. Coding for many non-space links, also, can significantly combat the effects of noise. Unfortunately, some channels of practical interest—including telephone lines and narrowband radio links—are characterized by noise bursts and do not lend themselves to the same mathematical analysis as the space channel. Consequently, rigorous coding techniques for such channels have generally been less successful. It is because of this non-gaussian nature of noise, as well as the narrow bandwidths associated with the conventional telephone channel, that Bell Laboratories is no longer active in research efforts looking for new codes to help improve error rates when transmitting data through the Bell System network, according to Robert W. Lucky, head of the Laboratory's advanced data-communications department, Holmdel, N.J. Theory as blueprint Where channel-coding techniques have been moderately helpful in reducing the effect of errors introduced in a telephone channel, more rapid progress in reducing error rate has been achieved by efforts to build the ideal channel assumed by Shannon. Lucky identifies the major problem in real-world telephone channels as that of phase and amplitude distortion caused by imperfect frequency-response characteristics. "This results in interference between digital symbols, and the effect is about an order of magnitude worse than that of channel noise," says Lucky. At Codex Corp., a company set up to exploit channel-coding technology, the effort to counter intersymbol interference has strongly influenced the methods it uses to design high-speed modems for the telephone network. Although the Boston-based company applied some of the ideas of channel-coding theory to its first-generation modems, according to G. David Forney, Jr., vice president of research, all efforts now are directed toward the design of adaptive equalizers and efficient modulation techniques to reduce intersymbol interference. Forney also points out that the availability of return channels in the telephone system allows the use of error-detection and retransmission schemes. Such schemes are much easier to implement than channel coding for forward error correction over a single one-way channel. Applications in other fields While Shannon's "Mathematical Theory of Communications" gave the engineer a tool with which to measure communications effectiveness, the central concepts introduced by Shannon, and further developed by others since, have been applied to fields not directly related to electronic communications. Cryptography, for example, has traditionally followed closely many of the techniques used in information theory. In fact, Shannon himself was active in de5. Workhorse. The model LV7015 (a) is one of the first convolution coder/decoders to have become commercially available. It reduces signal-to-noise level requirements in a communications-satellite data link by over 5 dB—a reduction otherwise attainable only by tripling the area of the receiving earth station's antenna. Most of the ICs used in the single printed-circuit board (b) in the LV7015 are devoted to decoding the test functions. Developing such cryptographic codes even before 1948. In the computer field, channel-coding theory has been successfully applied to the problem of detecting and correcting errors when data is being stored in computer memories. Here, the memory bank is thought of as a communications channel, and write and read circuitry are no different from a communications transmitter and receiver, respectively. The universal appeal of the term "information theory" itself has stimulated much work in areas far afield from electronic communications. Thus, researchers working in fields such as psychology, art, theology, and semantics have attempted to apply information theory to their respective disciplines. Such attempts have, by and large, been unsuccessful and have often even discredited the general theory by introducing a feeling of skepticism toward its usefulness. A decade of application The first decade following the publication of Shannon's paper has been characterized as a period of fundamental discovery in the field of information theory. Next, the 1960s can best be described as an era of progress through clarification and education. Not until the 1970s has information theory begun to be effectively applied. Several major factors contribute to making its practical application possible. For source coding, the trend toward all-digital communications, as well as the explosive volume of data—whether alphanumeric, voice, or images—has stimulated a growing need to compress such data into more manageable quantities. Also, for both source and channel coding, the rapid advances in integrated-circuit and memory technology in the last decade have reduced the cost, weight, and power consumption of typical decoding operations, while at the same time increasing operating speed. And the advent of the communications satellite has provided the coding theorist with a channel that lends itself to rigorous mathematical analysis, thus further stimulating efforts to find even-more-powerful codes. These factors alone promise to continue to push information theory toward more and more practical applications in communications systems of the future. 23 speeds for only $675? Prove it to yourself with the Heath/Schlumberger 30-day trial offer - 23 pushbutton-selected speeds, 30 in/min to 0.2 in/hr - 18 calibrated spans, 1 mV to 500 V full scale - completely programmable with TTL-levels or contact closures - 15 full scales of calibrated suppress on all spans - true potentiometric input - easy conversion to metric system Everything you'll ever need in a strip chart recorder... at less than you planned to spend. That's the Heath/Schlumberger EU-205B system. Unlike most other recorders that require a considerable investment in optional extras to get what you want, the 205B is loaded with features from the start. Enough digitally-derived speeds to satisfy the most exacting requirements... 18 calibrated spans with 15 full scales of offset available on each span... complete programmability for all functions... true potentiometric input... easy change-over to metric system work. Plus full 10" scale... writing speed less than half a second... 0.1% tracking accuracy and linearity... ±0.2% accuracy... disposable pens... 3-position removable writing table... bench or rack mountable. And all solid-state design, of course. A value? You decide. Check the details at right for our trial offer and put one in your lab for 30 days. We think you'll keep it. Assembled EU-205B system ......................... $675.00 Other modules are available to permit pH and temperature measurement, digital readout, limit detection and 4-channel multiplexing. Send for our new 1973 Electronic Instruments catalog for details. How we can sell high performance instrumentation at low cost. Heath/Schlumberger sells direct to you, through the mail. We have no salesmen or distributors. Result? Lower selling costs... lower prices. Heath/Schlumberger is a division of the Heath Company, the world's largest manufacturer of electronic kits... and one of the world's largest buyers of electronic components. Example: Heath buys over 30 million resistors every year... and that means real purchasing power for us, and lower costs for you. And we're not a small company struggling with high overhead. We're a small division of a very large company, and we get the benefit of sharing some very important (and expensive) facilities... purchasing, engineering, production etc. Again, this means lower costs for us... and for you. We've been producing high performance electronic equipment at low cost for over 25 years. Take advantage of our 30-day trial offer (described below) and prove it to yourself. The Heath/Schlumberger 30-day trial offer. We're so sure that our products can deliver on our claim of high performance and low cost that we make this offer: try this or any other Heath/Schlumberger product in your lab for 30 days. Just send us your purchase order with the statement below typed on it. If, in your opinion, the product is not suitable for any reason, just return it to us within the 30 day limit and pay the shipping costs. After the 30 day limit we'll process your PO and bill you for the product. Send your PO now... and prove it to yourself. "This order is placed for 30-day evaluation. The equipment ordered may be returned within 30 days if, in the buyer's opinion, it is not suitable. The buyer agrees to pay transportation costs in both directions." Heath/Schlumberger Scientific Instruments Dept. 531-285 Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022 ☐ Please send 1973 Electronic Instruments catalog. ☐ Enclosed is my purchase order for a 30-day trial evaluation. Name ____________________________________________ Title _____________________________________________ Company/Institution _________________________________ Address ___________________________________________ City __________________ State __________ Zip ________ Mail order prices; FOB factory. EK-381 Circle 107 on reader service card New Selectashift Rotary Switch program corrects industry shortcoming. Users of custom rotary switches can now get delivery within days, thanks to this new field assembly program offered by participating Centralab Distributors. If it's taking you several weeks or even months to get delivery of custom rotary switches, you'll want to look into a new field assembly program pioneered by Centralab and available from their Selectashift™ Distributors. The thrust of the program is to ship orders of custom rotary switches within hours of their receipt. Eliminated are lengthy factory delays and special factory set-up charges. Customers are finding the scope of Selectashift switches indeed awesome. More than 100,000 combinations of miniature and subminiature switches are available, filling 95% of user needs. The program enables you to select the exact length front shaft, exact shaft end details, and the exact shaft flat angles required. You can choose from 92 types of rotary switches for field assembly by the Distributor to your choice of three .250 inch diameter shaft styles: plain round, .218 inch flat, or .156 flat configurations. The shafts themselves are offered in 24 sizes from .687 inch to 2.375 inches long from the mounting surface. Shaft flat angles can be specified in increments of 15°. The Selectashift Distributor program has been underway barely a year, and both Distributors and customers agree it meets a definite shortcoming that previously existed. In that short span, the number of participating distributors has grown to make the benefits of Selectashift rotary switches available nationwide—on a local basis. For complete product and price information, contact the Centralab Selectashift Distributor nearest you. Or write Centralab Distributor Products, Dept. SAS-2. Circle 213 on reader service card MIL spec pots. A few words about a big bargain. What more can be said about a line of hot molded potentiometers that meets MIL-R-94C requirements—and can be purchased for as little as 92¢ each, in quantities of 251-500? How about the fact that the pots are shelf items and available immediately. And that they're made by Centralab, whose quality control sets the standard for the industry. Why not write for the catalog which gives a few more reasons to try them before buying them. Ask for Catalog 34-I supplement. Circle 212 on reader service card New 100 VDC transistor circuit caps. Low voltage rating of 100 VDC is combined with high capacitance of .005 mf to .1 mf in these new ceramic disc capacitors from Centralab. Their miniature size is specially designed for transistor circuits, where tighter tolerances are essential. Write for Bulletin 42D562. Circle 214 on reader service card Etching pc-board sandwich eliminates discrete resistors A resistive layer inserted between the substrate and copper foil allows resistors to be formed within the board, leading to a very high component packing density. by Al Ertel and J. R. Mars, The Mica Corp., Culver City, Calif. Planar geometry, the key to many of the recent innovations in integrated-circuit technology, is showing up now in printed circuits. And the reasons are the same: a saving in circuit real estate, faster fabrication, and reduction in over-all costs, in comparison with discrete-component packaging. The heart of the new approach is a different way of building a printed-circuit board. The board, called Micaply-Ωmega, is a sandwich of resistive material laminated between the substrate and a layer of copper foil. The resistive layer, a 5,000-angstrom-thick metallic-alloy thin film, is applied to a substrate such as epoxy-glass G-10. Resistors can then be formed by a subtractive process of selective plating and etching. By providing a planar alternative to discrete resistors, this packaging technique saves space because the resistors are in, rather than on, the board. The combination of traditional planar conductors and the planar resistive surface makes for high packing density. When standard EIA ¼-ohm resistors make up one-sixth or more of the circuit board area, costs become lower than those for equivalent conventional printed circuits with discrete resistors. Similarly, when the board is used as an alternative to thick or thin film on ceramic for hybrid circuits, fabrication time is cut substantially because the copper-resistor laminate can be worked in large panels using a subtractive process that requires no screening, firing, or vacuum equipment. Also, there is no need to attach discrete resistors, and semiconductor chips can be bonded to the board by reflow soldering or with an epoxy adhesive. The boards come in four configurations—single-sided, double-sided, double-sided with resistor film only on one side, and double-sided with an aluminum layer, which provides electrostatic shielding between the two substrates and can act as a heat sink. These variations are shown in Fig. 1. The metal-alloy film has a sheet resistivity of 25 ohms. On the job. A multilayer printed-circuit board (top of page) with a thin-film resistive sheet beneath the copper foil enables programmable-read-only-memory sub-unit to be packed into 0.75 cubic inch. 1. Resistor-filled sandwiches.* Copper-resistor printed-circuit-board laminate can be fabricated in single- and double-sided variations. Copper foils can serve as conductors or as heat sinks to soak up power dissipated by planar resistors. 2. The path out. Negative slope of the curve indicates that the thinner the board, the higher the dissipation capability of the laminate. Higher dissipation for the thinner board is due to the shortened thermal path from the resistive film to the foil on the back. Per square, and line widths as narrow as 5 mils can be etched successfully. Over-all board thickness range is 2.5 to 93 mils. Peel strength of the film when clad to epoxy-glass G-10 is a minimum of 5 pounds per in. A higher-temperature requirement can be satisfied if the epoxy-glass substrate is replaced by a thermosetting polyimide-glass substrate. This material can withstand continuous operating temperatures as high as 200°C. It is used where temperatures encountered will exceed the 125°C capability of epoxy-glass. The copper-resistor material on epoxy-glass or polyimide-glass lends itself to lay-up and processing in multilayer boards. Resistors can be buried in the multilayer. Prepreg, or B-stage, partially cured sheets are available for the multilayer lamination. Embedding resistors in the pc board meant that the problem of heat dissipation had to be solved. Figure 2 indicates that the typical dissipation rating for a heatsink configuration ranges from 10 to 30 watts per square inch, depending on the thickness of the board. The limiting factor is the maximum temperature the substrate can withstand. If additional heat-sinking is necessary, an internal layer of copper or of anodized aluminum can be added. Sink the heat The dissipation values represented by the curve in Fig. 2 apply to epoxy-glass substrate with a maximum continuous operating surface temperature of 125°C in a free-air ambient of 70°C. This curve would be shifted to the right if a polyimide base (200°C maximum) were used and operated at 200°C surface temperature. The curve would also shift right if the board were operated in a lower ambient temperature. To evaluate the stability of the planar resistors, an array of 1,000-ohm resistor segments was etched on one double-sided board and then fabricated into a multilayer board. This board was time-temperature-tested. Designing an SHP module It is no easy matter to cram a complex circuit into a Navy Standard Hardware Program (SHP) 1A module, which has a maximum allowable circuit volume of 0.75 cubic inch. But engineers at the Ordnance System department of the General Electric Co. in Pittsfield, Mass., employed computer-aided design and Micaply Omega to pack an 8-bit programmable-read-only-memory arithmetic sub-unit into that space. The area available was 2.32 by 1.086 in., and module depth was a maximum of 0.29 in. To determine the maximum number of 14- or 16-lead flatpacks that could be used within the SHP module, a mock-up of the module was prepared to an enlarged scale (8:1). Models of the component configuration were then arranged within the boundary limits, using both trial and error and CAD procedures. Initially, it appeared that the maximum number of flatpacks that could be accommodated, while maintaining a minimum of 10-mil clearance between conductors, would be two horizontal rows of five each. But by using a combed placement and by mounting the flatpacks on both sides of the board, the designers were able to raise the number to 18. A multilayer board was developed that employs three double-sided boards for interconnection. As shown, one board (layers 1 and 2) was constructed from a double-sided copper-resistor laminate. Nine ¼-watt, 950-ohm resistors, plus some trimming resistors, were etched to provide programming resistors. The boards were sandwiched together with partially cured (B-stage) epoxy-glass, known commonly as prepreg. The outer boards were made out of copper-aluminum bimetallic sheet. The 7-mil-thick aluminum outer layer served as a heat sink and also as a platform to raise the flatpacks clear of the board, thereby reducing the possibility of shorts. The leads of the flatpacks were attached to the 31-by-50-mil copper pads beneath the aluminum. One departure from conventional fabrication methods for printed-circuit boards was the anodization of all exposed conductive areas. The anodizing procedure insulated the heat sink and dissolved plated-conductor areas that might have inadvertently contacted the heat-sink regions, causing short circuits. Conductor lines were etched 12.5 mils wide with 12.5-mil spacing between lines. Although the available real estate would have accommodated 15-mil lines, the CAD techniques employed could not easily have handled them. The 7-mil aluminum heat sink was chemically contoured after the multilayer board had been laminated and drilled. The passive-to-copper etchant selected produced a 3/7 etching taper of this 5052 aluminum alloy. Details about the program are contained in the "Navy Standard Hardware Program, Navelex 0101-054," published by the Naval Electronic Systems Command, Washington, D. C. at 25°C, with resistors loaded initially at 30 W/in.² and subsequently at 11 W/in.² The results, listed in Table 1, indicate that resistance values varied only slightly—at most 0.15%. At 105°C with loading of 11 W/in.² resistance varied only 0.1% for the first 500 hours and no more than 0.5% for the next 500 hours. Also, no detrimental change could be detected in the temperature coefficient of resistance in any of these tests. Under a stepped-power test of five cycles at six levels to a maximum of 115 W/in.² at 22°C, there was no resistance variation. However, under stepped-power conditions, at 105°C, resistance varied 1.2%. TABLE 2 COPPER-RESISTOR LAMINATE VERSUS THICK FILM – A COST COMPARISON CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING HYPOTHETICAL CIRCUIT 1 substrate (1 by 1 by 0.025 inch) 10 resistors (+10 percent) 5 chip capacitors 3 transistors 1 integrated circuit (8 lead) ASSUMPTIONS - Since chip bonding is employed in either case, it is appropriate to compare the resistor-conductive substrates only. - Production run is 1,000 circuits per day. - Yield is 100 percent in both cases, actually thick-film yield would be slightly lower than resistive-copper laminate. - Tooling and design costs are neglected (they are slightly lower for the thick-film). MATERIAL COSTS \| Thick film \| Copper-resistor sheet laminate \| \|-----------------------------\|--------------------------------\| \| Ceramic substrate \| $0.12 \| \| Gold conductive ink (33% of surface) \| $0.58 \| \| Resistive ink (20% of surface) \| $0.25 \| \| Screen loss (both 5% of total) \| $0.04 \| \| \| $0.207 \| \| \| or $207.00 per thousand \| \| Copper-resistor sheet laminate \| $1.04 \| \|--------------------------------\|-------\| \| or $104.00 per thousand \| \| LABOR \| Thick film \| Rate \| Set up time \| \|---------------------------------\|--------\|-------------\| \| Step \| 1,000 pieces \| \| \| Print conductor pattern \| 10 parts/min. \| 100 min. \| \| (gold palladium) \| \| 15 min. \| \| Print bonding pads \| 10 parts/min. \| 100 min. \| \| (gold) \| \| 15 min. \| \| Fire conductor pattern \| 30 parts/min. \| 33 min. \| \| Inspect \| 10 parts/min. \| 100 min. \| \| none \| \| \| \| Print resistor pattern \| 10 parts/min. \| 100 min. \| \| Fire resistor pattern \| 30 parts/min. \| 33 min. \| \| Trim resistors \| 1 part/min. \| 1,000 min. \| \| \| \| 1,466 min. \| \| \| \| 90 min. \| \| Copper-resistor sheet laminate \| Rate \| Set up time \| \|---------------------------------\|--------\|-------------\| \| Step \| 1,000 pieces \| \| \| Board processing (all steps) \| 1.38 parts/min. \| 725 min. \| \| none \| \| \| 3. Mass production. Dark regions are the thin-film resistors and light regions are the conductors on this desk calculator plug-in resistor board. Printed-circuit techniques etch both conductors and resistors of 95 such circuits prior to their separation. The copper-resistor laminate offers an unexpected dividend: a relatively good resistance to radiation. The copper, nickel, and aluminum in this laminate are less susceptible to radiation than such thick-film materials as gold, platinum, and tantalum, which have higher atomic numbers and are subject to destruction when subjected to X rays or gamma rays. This characteristic makes these circuit boards a prime candidate for applications in which circuits may be subjected to intense radiation, such as in nuclear blasts, where gamma-ray emission would produce high-current pulses. Such a blast would turn on every transistor and destroy circuits left and right. Radiation-hardening can be achieved by inserting overload resistors, ranging in value from 1 to 10 ohms, which can dissipate extremely high momentary surges. Heat sinks would be ineffective for this purpose because of their large thermal time constant. The most radiation-resistant design for a thick- or thin-film circuit would probably be a long meandering resistor with a low resistance rating per square. Design considerations The package designer will find that resistor-conductor laminates make sense when efficient use of available space is of primary importance. The General Electric Co. is currently developing a highly compact memory package. In one module, a 64-by-8 programable-read-only-memory sub-unit, the programing resistors are built into an internal layer of a multilayer board (see “Designing an SHP module,” p. 111). The copper-resistor laminate is a natural for hybrid microcircuit step-and-repeat fabrication, and is better than the snap-chip approach because it can be powersheared into individual circuits after fabrication. Sheets of material are produced in sizes ranging up to 10 by 36 inches. For example, an array of 95 resistor networks... 4. Step-by-step. After a surface treatment with sodium chlorite and a nickel sulfamate strike (a), the conductor-resistor-pattern resist and a second resistor-only resist are applied, and the excess copper foil stripped away (b), leaving the resistive film exposed. This film is etched away with ferric sulfate and sulfuric acid (c). A final etch with chromic sulfuric acid removes the foil from the resistor areas (d). The user can bond semiconductor chips to the laminate board by reflow-soldering or use of an epoxy adhesive. If one plans to wire-bond, then nickel plating, gold plating—or both—or aluminum will ensure secure bonds. Ultrasonic bonding will work successfully on nickel and aluminum surfaces. But either ultrasonic or pulse-heated capillary thermocompression bonding will work if the surface is first gold-plated. Thermocompression-bonding-tip temperatures will range from 150°C to 450°C, depending on the mass of the conductor and the chip. Making resistors The first step in processing the copper-resistor laminate is to treat the board (Fig. 4a) with a solution of sodium chlorite followed by a nickel sulfamate strike, to deposit a thin layer of nickel. This enhances the bond that will be required when the board is ultimately mated with a prepreg board to form a multilayer. It also masks the conductors during the final etch phase, when the resistance regions are stripped of copper. A photoresist, or alternately a resist ink, is applied to define the pattern of conductors and resistors. The chlorite treatment is then stripped away with ferric sulfate and sulfuric acid to produce shiny copper outside the conductor pattern. A second resist is applied to define the resistance areas only. Sufficient overlap must be provided over the first photoresist to guarantee electrical continuity between resistive regions and the adjoining conductors. The copper not masked by resist is then stripped away to leave the resistive-film surface exposed (Fig. 4b). This film is then removed by applying an etchart of ferric sulfate and sulfuric acid (Fig. 4c). All resist is now stripped. Finally, an etchant of chromic sulfuric acid is used to remove the foil from the film resistors (Fig. 4d). This solution not only etches away the overlying copper, but it also passivates the resistance regions. It does not etch the conducting pattern because the copper is protected by the pretreatment of the sodium-chlorite/nickel-sulfamate solution. As in each of the previous steps, the board is rinsed and dried, then conformally coated to protect the lines of resistors. The processed laminate is then ready for lay-up in a conventional multilayer process. Why we think the Brush 500 is your best choice in an XY recorder. RELIABILITY. It's guaranteed by our exclusive Metrisite® non-contact servo-loop feedback system. You get 99.85% linearity. But you don't get noise, slide wire troubles, dirty pots, wear and the maintenance problems of potentiometric feedback systems. CRISP TRACES. We don't believe in smear tactics. But we must say others don't give you traces as crisp as ours. Reason: we have pressurized inking that forces ink into the paper, instead of simply laying it on the surface. Our pen never needs priming, even after long periods of not being used. SPEED. The 500 does a fast 40 inches a second. Which makes it 50% or 100% faster than most anyone else's. And it accelerates at 1650 in/sec². It's a mover. MORE FEATURES. Like electrostatic holddown. Easy rack mounting. Electronic limiters that eliminate collisions between pen and frame. And a price we think will please you. For information on this excellent XY recorder with built-in preamps with a sensitivity range of 100μV/div. to 1.0 V/div., write Gould Inc., Instrument Systems Division, 3631 Perkins Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44114. Or Rue Van Boeckel 38, Brussels 1140, Belgium. Timer ICs and LEDs form cable tester by L.W. Herring Showco Inc., Dallas, Texas Recent developments in integrated circuits and light-emitting diodes make it possible to build a cable-fault indicator that is both inexpensive and compact. A tester of this sort is a convenient time-saving accessory to have on hand if you must periodically check a number of test and interconnection cables. The circuit, which can fit into a small box, makes use of the versatile 555-type timer IC and single-package two-color LEDs. It can be designed to test from two-wire to 10-wire cables. It nicely indicates which lines are open, shorted, or OK on a simple readout panel. Since each line is tested and indicated individually, faulty cables are quickly located and, therefore, easy to repair. The circuit's clock is constructed with several 555-type timer ICs, operating as a ring timer. As each timer turns on in sequence, a positive pulse is applied to each of the lines under test. For a maximum of four lines, therefore, at least four timer ICs will be needed to satisfy the clock requirements. The other section of the tester contains the LED indicators. For each line under test, there is a differential transistor pair driving a two-color red/green LED. With the hookup shown, red indicates a short, and green indicates an open. (The newer red/yellow LEDs might be a little less confusing for the display than the red/green LEDs.) Each differential pair looks for clock pulses at two places—obviously, each end of the cable. If the same pulse is at both ends of the same line, the differential pair remains balanced, and the LED for that line will not glow. But if the clock pulse appears only at the clock end of the line, the differential pair becomes unbalanced and forces current through the green (or yel- Finding cable faults. Compact tester checks cables for open-circuit or short-circuit conditions. A differential transistor pair at one end of each cable line remains balanced as long as the same clock pulse—generated by the timer ICs—appears at both ends of the line. A clock pulse just at the clock end of the line lights a green light-emitting diode, and a clock pulse only at the other end lights a red LED. low) diode, indicating that the line is open. Likewise, if a pulse appears only at the indicator end of the line, the differential pair tilts the other way, causing a reverse current and making the red diode light to show a short. When both LEDs remain dark, the cable line is OK. The connectors on the cable lines introduce another possible fault—a short to the connector shell. This can be checked by adding another position to the clock and applying this additional clock pulse to the case of the tester. (The tester case cannot be tied to the positive supply as a solution, since the duty cycle of the LED is undesirably increased to 100%.) When there are more connector pins than there are lines to be tested in a given cable, the open indication on the unused pins can just be ignored. The timing component values indicated for the timer ICs set the clock pulse width at 2 milliseconds, which is fast enough to prevent lamp flicker, but not so fast as to cause capacitive coupling problems on long cables. (Cables as long as 500 feet can be tested.) The input to the differential pairs can be loaded to indicate a fault on high-resistance connections, but a lower value of resistance will then be needed to indicate a short. The diodes in the clock section prevent a short from resetting the timers. The clock can also be implemented with an oscillator and a ring counter or, alternatively, with flip-flops and a one-of-10 or one-of-16 decoder. Nickel-cadmium batteries are used to power the tester to avoid the problems of line-operated equipment. Over-all cost can be lowered by building the tester with discrete LEDs in place of the dual LEDs and by using penlight batteries. The tester becomes impractical for cables containing more than 10 wires. --- Charting capacitor frequency and temperature performance by John Kropp Mepco/Electra Inc., a North American Philips Co., Morristown, N.J. In demanding applications, particularly those involving high frequencies or high temperatures, the specifications of the common capacitor, like capacitance value, cannot be assumed to remain constant. At times, even capacitor lead length must be accounted for, since lead length can significantly shift a capacitor's self-resonant frequency [Electronics, Sept. 25, 1972, p. 123]. Capacitance is a function of frequency. Figure 1a shows the equivalent lumped-parameter circuit that is realistic for electrolytic capacitors up to about 20 megahertz, for film capacitors up to about 30 MHz, and for ceramic capacitors up to about 200 MHz. Above these "realistic" frequencies, lumped-parameter representations break down, because the capacitor begins to behave somewhat like a distributed-parameter device—for example, a very short unterminated transmission line. The distributed configuration, shown in Fig. 1b, is a valid representation when the frequency is high enough—when the longest dimension from the point of lead connection to the edge of the capacitor electrode is about 10% of the wavelength of the operating frequency. This is not as simple a constraint as it seems to be, since the velocity of propagation along a transmission line is inversely proportional to the square root of the dielectric constant of the material separating the capacitor conductors. Consequently, in capacitors with high dielectric constants, the wavelength at a given frequency may be as much as 100 times shorter than it is in an air capacitor. And the frequency at which the distributed-parameter effect begins may then be 100 times lower than it is for an air capacitor. The series inductance of the lumped-parameter case, as well as the transmission-line nature of the distributed-parameter case, cause a reduction of the effective capacitance with increasing frequency. For ceramic capacitors, the loss in capacitance is negligible up to about 50 MHz. Above this frequency, the loss gradually increases until the dimensions of the capacitor and the dielectric constant of its ceramic plate introduce the transmission-line effect. The capacitance then begins to drop sharply, approaching zero in the next octave or so. Figure 2 contains curves that illustrate the variation of capacitance (impedance, in the case of electrolytics) with frequency for four popular types of capacitors. The plots are for typical capacitances and voltage ratings. As the frequency of the applied signal is increased, some capacitors reach self-resonance before distributed-parameter effects become apparent. Above this resonant frequency, the reactance of the capacitor becomes inductive, with gradually increasing impedance. Another important consideration is the effect of temperature on insulation resistance and dissipation factor, which is the ratio of the capacitor's equivalent series resistance to its capacitive reactance at a specific frequency and temperature. Insulation resistance is --- 1. A look inside. Lumped-parameter equivalent circuit (a) can be used to model the capacitor at very high frequencies. But in the microwave region, a distributed-parameter configuration (b) must be used instead. Capacitance increases with rising frequency. frequently confused with the equivalent capacitor shunt resistance. The two are only equal at dc. For ac operation, the equivalent shunt resistance is lower to account for dielectric and series losses. Insulation resistance is the ratio of a specific dc test voltage that is impressed across the capacitor to the current flowing through it at a specified capacitor temperature. The current is measured after the capacitor charges up to the test voltage. A time interval is often specified before the resistance is measured to allow capacitor stabilization. In film capacitors, this interval is normally 2 minutes. Insulation resistance is usually given in megohms for small capacitors and as a time constant (megohm-microfarads) for large units. The curves of Fig. 3 show the broad variation of insulation resistance and dissipation factor with temperature for two types of film capacitors. --- Engineer's notebook is a regular feature in Electronics. We invite readers to submit original design shortcuts, calculation aids, measurement and test techniques, and other ideas for saving engineering time or cost. We'll pay $50 for each item published. --- 2. High-frequency behavior. Curves for four widely used types of capacitors show how effective capacitance changes with frequency. 3. Temperature effects. Increasing temperature produces wide variations in capacitor insulation resistance and dissipation factor. One-chip op amp gets the signal If you do a lot of conditioning of low-level signals buried in noise, you end up needing a good closed-loop gain block, with differential inputs, high input impedance, good common-mode rejection, and an accurately predictable gain. And that means either buying an expensive modular instrumentation amplifier or wiring up the equivalent from a collection of op amps and resistors. Instead, you could check out a single-chip differential instrumentation amplifier from Analog Devices, Norwood, Mass. The AD 520 comes in a TO-116 DIP and costs $12 in quantity. Specs: input impedance $2 \times 10^9$ ohms; CMRR, 80 decibels; and gain adjustable from 1 to 1,000. A wide band as well as low noise Microwave-system designers are finding that field-effect transistors, while they meet the required low-noise figures, have bandwidths that are too narrow for many systems. Instead, some engineers are trying the new bipolar transistors that are built with oxide isolation (for example, the Isoplanar devices from Fairchild) and that have low noise but provide the necessary bandwidth. Why not switch to a switch within a switch? The high-density techniques of integrated-circuit manufacturers are being emulated by suppliers of panel switches, who can now furnish single switches that perform multiple operations. For example, the shaft of a single unit may contain both rotary and push-button switching functions, so that a designer could build a voltmeter, say, and control its range by rotary action and its on/off power by the push button. Timing circuits governed by multiple-value resistor switches could be reset by the push button and varied in delay by the rotary. On a counter, the rotary could dial the count, and the push button could refresh the display. The possibilities are endless. ...or to many testers in one tester? Instrument makers are putting multiple instruments in one package, and the result can lower the cost of a test facility, as well as save bench space. For example, the Versatester 1 by Datapulse division of Systron Donner, Culver City, Calif., has a single package containing the equivalent of five power supplies (+5 v, ±15 v, ±30 v), three signal generators (pulse, sine wave, and square wave) from 20 Hz to 20 MHz, and a four-digit multimeter that measures frequency from audio to 20 MHz, dc and ac volts from 0 to 500 v, and dc ohms from 0 to 5 meg-ohms in five ranges. Not bad for $1,250, since the equivalent test capability by the piece might cost close to $2,000. So that's where I read it Avoid spending half the day poking through a pile of magazines for that lost article. Technical Information Distribution Service, 40 West Ridgewood Ave., Ridgewood, N.J. 07450 (201-444-8889) is putting out a quarterly containing abstracts of recently published technical articles. Called Précis, the magazine covers a wide range of subjects: automatic controls, circuits, components, communications, computers and peripherals, instrumentation and measurement, microwave, packaging, reliability, and so on. They'll send you reprints of any article abstracted for a small charge. Get on their list—it's free. Raytheon Semiconductor is dominant in beam leads. No gimmicks. Just products. Raytheon Semiconductor's beam lead product line gives designers a choice like they've never had before. More than a hundred standard types in both military and commercial versions. Now you can appreciate the quality, reliability, high yield and related economy of Raytheon Semiconductor beam leads. And do away with costly, low yield chip-and-wire on your hybrid modules. We're adding to this list every week. Transistors \| Code \| Description \| \|------\|------------------------------\| \| BT918\| NPN UHF Amp \| \| BT929\| NPN Low-level Amp \| \| BT930\| NPN Low-level Amp \| \| BT221A\| NPN General Purpose Amp \| \| BT222A\| NPN General Purpose Amp \| \| BT2369A\| NPN Hi-speed Switch \| \| BT2483\| NPN Low-level Amp \| \| BT2484\| NPN Low-level Amp \| \| BT2604\| PNP Low-level Amp \| \| BT2605\| PNP Low-level Amp \| \| BT2906A\| PNP General Purpose Amp \| \| BT2907A\| PNP General Purpose Amp \| \| BT2946\| PNP Chopper \| \| BT3906\| PNP Hi-gain Amp \| \| BT4856\| N-channel FET* \| \| BT4857\| N-channel FET* \| \| BT4858\| N-channel FET* \| \| BT5109\| NPN UHF Power Amp \| Available in second half of 1973. Diodes* \| Code \| Description \| \|------\|------------------------------\| \| BD914\| 2 Anode, 2 Cathode Leads \| \| B2D914\| 1 Anode & Cathode, 2 Open Leads \| \| BD3600\| 2 Anode, 2 Cathode Leads \| \| B2D3600\| 1 Anode & Cathode, 2 Open Leads \| \| BZ752\| 5.6V Zener \| \| BZ758\| 10V Zener \| Linear \| Code \| Description \| \|------\|------------------------------\| \| RM101ABL\| Op Amp \| \| RM104BL\| Negative Voltage Regulator \| \| RM105BL\| Positive Voltage Regulator \| \| RM106BL\| Voltage Comparator \| \| RM709BL\| Hi-gain Op Amp \| \| RM710BL\| Hi-speed Differential Voltage Comparator \| \| RM711BL\| Dual Differential Voltage Comparator \| \| RM741BL\| Op Amp \| \| RM1741BL\| Op Amp \| \| RF9601BL\| Monostable Multivibrator \| \| RF8601BL\| Monostable Multivibrator \| \| RC4131BL\| Hi-gain Op Amp \| \| RM4132BL\| Micropower Op Amp \| TTL \| Code \| Description \| \|------\|------------------------------\| \| RF50BL\| J-K Flip-flop (AND Inputs) \| \| RF60BL\| J-K Flip-flop (NOR Inputs) \| \| RF100BL\| Dual J-K Flip-flop \| \| RF110BL\| Dual J-K Flip-flop \| \| RF200BL\| J-K Flip-flop (AND Inputs) \| \| RF210BL\| J-K Flip-flop (OR Inputs) \| \| RG40BL\| Dual 4-input NAND Gate \| \| RG50BL\| AND-OR Inverter Quad 2-input Gate \| \| RG80BL\| Dual Pulse Shaper AND Gate \| \| RG130BL\| Dual 4-input Line Driver \| \| RG140BL\| Quad 2-input NAND Gate \| \| RG200BL\| Expandable Single 8 NAND Gate \| \| RG220BL\| Quad 2-input NAND Gate \| \| RG231BL\| Quad 2-input A01 Gate \| \| RG240BL\| Dual 4-input NAND Gate \| \| RG250BL\| Expandable Quad 2 A01 Gate \| \| RG310BL\| Expandable Dual Output 2-input A01 Gate \| \| RG320BL\| Triple 3-input NAND Gate \| \| RG380BL\| Hex Inverter \| \| RL10BL\| Fast Full Adder \| Arrays Universal 60-gate Arrays. Many MSI functions from registers to counters, both custom and standard functions. Don't compromise your next design. Be dominant with Raytheon Semiconductor beam lead products. Contact your local Raytheon Semiconductor sales office or clip the coupon for more information. --- Raytheon Semiconductor 350 Ellis Street Mountain View, CA 94040 Phone (415) 968-9211 - [ ] Send me a copy of your Beam Lead brochure. - [ ] Send me a mechanical sample. NAME ____________________________ TITLE ___________________________ COMPANY _________________________ ADDRESS _________________________ CITY/STATE/ZIP ___________________ It's our new RT-02. Whereas our RT-01 has been a big hit because people know they can count on it. It's numeric. Our new RT-02 is alphanumeric. 32 alphanumeric characters on a single-line gas-discharge type readout panel to be exact. It has its own self-contained power supply and weighs so little, it's really portable. It's ASCII compatible so you can interface it, input and output, to any computer that's got a Teletype port. And it doesn't cost much more, really, than our RT-01 that's sold so well. And it's simple as saying your A,B,C's to use. We're the Logic Products Group, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts 01754/(617) 897-5111 in the U.S. 81 route de l'Aire, 1211 Geneva 26/(022) 42 79 50 in Europe. And we'll be happy to show it to you, no matter how remote you are. Introducing a remote data entry terminal that you can read as easy as A,B,C. Anywhere you want to read it. Gold-free film cuts LSI package cost Palladium-silver metalization, familiar to hybrid-circuit designers, now offers cost savings of 20% to 50% to monolithic-device makers. by Stephen E. Grossman, Packaging & Production Editor Offering semiconductor makers lower as well as more stable prices than are possible in today's highly volatile gold market, Du Pont will introduce this month a line of gold-free LSI ceramic packages. Scheduled to bow at the Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute Conference in San Mateo, Calif., May 22-24, the packages will be priced 20% to 50% lower than goldmetalized units. Also, they will offer a choice of eutectic or epoxy-die bonding. Joseph P. McGonnell, product marketing manager for semiconductor packaging products, says that a key to this package development is a palladium-silver thick film developed by Du Pont. McGonnell says that if the user chooses to eutectic-bond the chip using a gold preform, the bonding temperature—approximately $410^\circ C$—will melt the preform. But it will merely wet the palladium-silver metalization in the cavity. This wetting ensures that a secure bond is achieved. "Because the metalization on the cavity floor does not melt—silver-palladium melts above $1,000^\circ C$—there is no danger of scrubbing through molten metal. Such damage can occur when gold-metalized cavities are employed," he says. Palladium-silver is no newcomer to microelectronics. McGonnell points out that palladium-silver thick-film pastes have been successful in hybrid fabrication and were natural candidates for replacing gold. What's more, this gold-free alloy has good solderability, and the lead frames can be attached using Du Pont's "lead-frame-last" reflow-soldering technique. Sheet resistivity is low enough to provide low-resistance paths for satisfactory MOS performance. If the user plans to mount bipolar devices, the company can supply a thick film with an even lower resistance. For users who prefer epoxy-die bonding, Du Pont supplies a package with a palladium-silver finger on the floor of the cavity. This finger provides an electrical path from the chip to the outside world yet leaves plenty of ceramic exposed on the cavity floor for secure adhesion. A 40-lead package employing an adhesive-sealed lid and epoxy-die attach will sell for 66 cents in lots of 100,000. This includes the lid, the preform, and the leads. The price of fastening the leads is about 2 cents a package, including amortization of the tooling required to perform the "lead-frame-last" attachment. By contrast, a conventional gold-system 40-lead package with lid and preform would cost approximately $1.35$ company engineers say. Du Pont's fully metalized cavity and metallurgical seal, which enables the package to meet MIL STD 883 leak tests, adds about 10 cents, bringing the price up to 76 cents. Wire bonding and die-attach to thick film differs from gold metalization in the bonding time-temperature values and bonding forces needed. But McGonnell estimates that it would take a user probably no more than a day to adapt his techniques to the thick-film packages. Two major device houses have committed themselves to volume purchase—in the millions of packages, according to Du Pont. Market estimates are that U.S. requirements for ceramic packages in 1973 will total 35–40 million. Semiconductor Packaging Products, Electronic Materials Division, Du Pont Co., Wilmington, Delaware [338] Choice. Gold-free package can be sealed metallurgically (left) using silver-plated Kovar lid and silver-tin preform, or adhesively with ceramic, plastic, quartz, or metal lid. Components Making ready for leadless ICs Adapter will permit leaded ICs to fit in receptacle that awaits leadless units Up to now, leadless-IC receptacles—which are available—could accommodate only leadless ICs—which are not yet available. But AMP Inc. has now developed an adapter that permits leaded devices to be mounted in the company's leadless-IC package [Electronics, Jan. 4, p. 132]. If a leadless device is selected later, it can be inserted merely by removing the adapter. The adapter was designed for those who are convinced of the potential for leadless ICs but hesitate to commit themselves now. The receptacle accepts leaded or leadless 24-, 28-, or 40-lead circuits. A leadless device is plugged into the receptacle by being placed between the contact rows and pressed down until it clicks into position. With the device in place, contacts are exposed for use as test points. Although the spring contacts provide adequate retention for the package under most circumstances, a plastic hold-down strap is available for vibration conditions. The adapter, which enables the receptacle to accept conventional leaded packages, consists of a glass-filled thermoplastic frame that provides a rigid backing for the leads. Although the photo shows the leaded package being inserted into the adapter first and the package/adapter then "plugged" into the receptacle as a unit, the adapter can be inserted into the receptacle first and the leaded package plugged in subsequently. The low-profile receptacle accommodates side-metalized leadless ceramic packages up to 2.020 inches long and 0.528 in. wide. The receptacle is only slightly larger than the package itself. The high normal contact forces, averaging 120 grams and provided by the preloaded leaf-type stainless-steel contacts, are in part responsible for the low (5–9 milliohms) contact resistance. Contact surfaces are protected by selectively plated gold or by a tin-lead plating. Leads are 0.100 in. apart, with 0.600 in. between rows. AMP Inc., Harrisburg, Pa., 17105 [341] Rf relays have rigid coaxial cables A series of radio-frequency relays is constructed with rigid coaxial cables for direct insertion on a printed-circuit board. The rigid cable saves space on the pc board and reduces assembly time. In addition, costs are decreased since no connectors are required. The full-and half-size crystal-can types can switch signals from rf to 500 megahertz and have a pickup power of 250 milliwatts. Datron Systems Inc., Electronic Specialty Div., 18900 NE Sandy Blvd., Portland, Ore. [347] Ceramic-disk trimmer capacitor is leadless A leadless ceramic-disk trimmer capacitor for thick-film-hybrid and printed-circuit mounting has a range of from 5 to 35 pF and a working voltage of 100 v dc to 85 C and 50 v dc to 125 C. The projecting ears on the stator are metallized to provide terminal points. Diameter of the vertical-tuning unit Rotary switch measures 3 inches in diameter A plug-in rotary switch is designed for high packing-density on printed-circuit boards. Units in the JMP 36 series of sub-microminiature devices measure 3 inches in diameter and are dimensionally compatible with discrete components normally used on pc boards. The switch pin terminals are set to fit a TO-100 grid pattern. The unit has a 36° angle of throw, 10 positions, and one or two poles, in addition to bridging functions. Voltage breakdown is 500 v ac minimum between mutually insulated parts, and electrical rating is 2 A continuous. Janco Corp., 2111 Winona Ave., Burbank, Calif. 91504 [343] a great new way to "pick" CHERRYS CHERRY switches & keyboards this new 72-page Cherry Products Handbook is actually five catalogs in one. Packed in a unique new "tell-all" format is everything you could possibly want to know about Cherry's: 1. Unique Snap Switch Selector-Locator that lets you choose—in seconds!—the right switch for any application. 2. Thumbwheel and Leverwheel Switches in nine basic series available in hundreds of variations and specials. 3. Keyboards . . . Keyboard Switches . . . and unique new Matrix Keyboards. 4. Matrix Selector Switches for rapid circuit selection and programming. 5. Gold "Crosspoint" Contact Switches for low energy circuits. ...and it's yours for the asking: Just TWX 910-235-1572 . . . or PHONE 312-689-7702 and ask for Frank CHERRY ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS CORP. 3600 Sunset Ave., Waukegan, Ill. 60085 Cherry affiliates worldwide • Hirose Cherry Precision Co., Ltd., Tokyo • G.W. Engineering Pty. Ltd., Sydney Cherry Electrical Products (U.K.) Ltd., St Albans, Herts • Cherry Mikroschalter GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany World Radio History Circle '23 on reader service card Improved reliability through the use of a glass-to-tantalum true hermetic anode seal is the prime feature of new Type 138D gelled-electrolyte sintered-anode Tantalex® Capacitors. This new construction eliminates all internal lead welds while retaining the strength of conventional internal lead-welded parts. In addition, the new construction offers outstanding resistance to extensive temperature cycling. Type 138D Tantalex Capacitors are designed to meet or exceed the environmental and life test requirements of MIL-C-39006. The gelled-electrolyte employed in these new capacitors gives premium performance for all capacitor parameters with respect to frequency and temperature variations. Originally developed for use in aerospace applications, this capacitor design is now available for general industrial and aviation use where the utmost in component performance and reliability are primary necessities. For complete technical data, write for Engineering Bulletin 3704A to: Technical Literature Service, Sprague Electric Co., 35 Marshall St., North Adams, Mass. 01247. Miniature relay provides operating speed to 500 Hz Operating with as little as 40 mw of power, a precision miniature relay takes up less than 1/16 of a cubic inch. The single-pole, double-throw unit has a switching capacity of up to 1 A at 200 v dc, a life of more than a billion operations, and operating speed up to 500 Hz. The unit is available with a bistable latch, providing a memory function that makes it possible to keep a circuit closed after all power has been eliminated. It will maintain this position until power has been reapplied. Matsushita Electric Corp. of America, 200 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017 [346] Plug-in switch is aimed at low-energy circuits A miniature single-pole, single-throw, normally open snap-action switch has gold crosspoint contacts for low contact resistance in lowModularity lets you pick and choose for "custom" DIP assemblies off-the-shelf. You get flexibility, lots of it, so you can start small and think bigger as you go. Choose 14, 16, 28 and 36-pin sockets, socket boards and I/O cards from the largest selection available anywhere. Allow for hybrids or discretes when and where you need them. Choose frames in multiples to fit your particular design, for up to 1440 IC's in a plane. Choose dedicated or undedicated power routing. Get low impedance power distribution and noise-free decoupling, and eliminate much of the post-wiring debugging of MSI based systems. Then choose connectors, plugs, clips, drawers, frame assemblies and power supplies. All from the same place. Voila! EECO modularity and flexibility are yours for fast changes in breadboards, prototypes, and production models. Convenience, reliability and economy are yours in a wide spectrum of packaging hardware, plus computer aided design and manufacture. From punch cards, pin list, or logic diagram we'll furnish complete wired hardware and documentation. Single source responsibility from the house with 25 years of logic experience. For fast answers up-front, call Electronic Packaging Products (714) 835-6000. ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING COMPANY of California, 1441 E. Chestnut Ave., Santa Ana, Calif. 92701. Dual in-line packaging • Thumbwheel switches • Punched tape readers Would the engineer who asked us to design a marking system to imprint electronic anti-hazard golf balls please call (603) 352-1130. It’s ready. If for some strange reason you’re not making electronic golf balls, how about your semiconductors, switches, bulbs, circuit breakers, motors, generators, connectors, circuit boards or whatever? Markem can handle those, too. We’ve got the marking systems, printing elements, foils, inks, supplies and services to mark whatever you make, and mark it right. Plus do-it-yourself pressure-sensitive labelmakers. If you want a better way to solve your marking problems, write to us now. Markem Corp., 305 Congress St., Keene, N.H. 03431. We’d like to help you avoid a few hazards. MARKEM. Sales Offices: Chicago New York Boston Los Angeles Charlotte Dallas Cleveland Kitchener, Ontario Dorval, Quebec Rugby, England Schipol Oost, Holland Circle 126 on reader service card energy solid-state circuits. The contacts are shaped in the form of prisms at right angles to each other, in order to increase contact pressure and decrease susceptibility to contact-closure interference. Price is $1.41; in 2,000 lots, the price drops to 64.9 cents. Cherry Electrical Products Corp., Box 718, Waukegan, Ill. 60085 [348] Hexadecimal switch houses four Form C units A hexadecimal switch, a 16-pin DIP type unit, houses four cam-operated Form C switches. The cam is binary-encoded and can be rotated to the desired setting in either direction. A slot in the end of the switch housing provides screwdriver access to rotate the cam. Settings are indicated by a pointer and associated legend, while the contacts provide positive detent action to eliminate off-center stopping. A minimum of 2-oz-in. torque is required to release the detent. AMP Inc., Harrisburg, Pa. 17105 [344] Miniature rotary switch incorporates push button A miniature rotary switch, combined in a package with a push button, provides shorting and nonshorting on any single deck. The series T is a 12-position version, and the series E is a 24-position type, with up to six poles and 12 poles per deck available, respectively. There are provisions for up to 20 decks, and the switches can be ordered with concentric-shaft, spring-return features. Body diameter of the switches For most filter needs—AEL provides off-the-shelf, quick delivery. For customized filter needs—AEL’s computer banks have the answers. This, combined with AEL’s ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE, provides filters such as: Lumped-Constant Filters • Tubular Filters • Comline Filters • Interdigital Filters • Low Pass Filters • High Pass Filters • Bandpass Filters • Band-reject Filters Call or write today for more information about our filter line. Our product, as well as our ideas, are off-the-shelf. WASHINGTON DIVISION AMERICAN ELECTRONIC LABORATORIES, INC. 6629 Iron Place, Springfield, Va. 22151 • (703) 354-5700, ext. 275 Circle 127 on reader service card 127 The handy 417 recorder goes where the going's rough. Shakey Skyways. The shake, rattle and roll of copters are sweet music to the 417. If vibration's a problem, either in the air or on the ground, the 417 is what you need. Tough Terrain. Torture testing autos is no torture to the 417. In fact, it can handle almost any field condition in any kind of vehicle. The 417 fits under an airplane seat. Weighs 28 pounds. Wide or intermediate band, it operates in any position. As accurately as large rack machines. Prices as low as $7000. Earl Nadeau's the man. Dept. 413-402, Lockheed Electronics, Plainfield, N.J. 07061. Or call him collect at (201) 757-1600. Our European representatives: Aveley Electric, Essex; PTK, Cologne; Technitron, Rome; BDL, Paris; LAIAG, Geneva. LOCKHEED ELECTRONICS A Subsidiary of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation New products Switch can be backlit or used to project display A flexible membrane switch called the Cue-Switch can be backlit to indicate status, or display projected messages. Its low cost and versatility make it a contender for applications from consumer calculators (without lighting) to military equipment. The switch consists of two sheets of flexible polyester plastic, each with a conductor laminated to it. The conductors are at right angles and separated by a thin perforated spacer, so when one sheet is pressed, the two conductors touch. The whole assembly is 50 mils thick (1/8 in. with mounting bracket) with 5 mils travel and can be assembled in linear or square matrices to form keyboards for all types of applications. The switch is made from clear plastic, permitting backlighting, with light bulbs or rear-projection displays. Numerals or complex messages or symbols can be shown, and any color can be used. The unlighted switch in a small matrix for keyboards sells for 15 to 50 cents in quantity. Illuminated, it's about $1 per position. The projection displays are more expensive. Applications include elevator controls, computer terminals, appliances, and industrial and military equipment. Industrial Electronic Engineers Inc., 7720 Lemona Ave., Van Nuys, Calif. 91405 [350] Mil spec synchro/digital converters: We’ve got ‘em in cards. Or cased. For off-the-shelf delivery. Kearfott can solve your synchro-to-digital and digital-to-synchro conversion problems with three production model solid state converters. All three meet MIL-E-5400.* TRIGAC I—A low cost synchro to digital converter, accurate to 12 minutes. TRIGAC III—Synchro to digital tracking converter dynamically similar to an electro mechanical follow-up servo. TRIGAC IV—Digital to synchro converter, accurate to four minutes. \| Typical Characteristics \| \|-------------------------\| \| Model Number \| TRIGAC I \| C70 4773 017 \| C70 4773 011 \| C70 4773 019 \| C70 4773 022 \| C70 4773 020 \| \| Package \| 2 P C cards \| metal enclosure \| 2 P C cards \| 3 P C cards \| 3 P C cards \| \| Input Signal \| 4 wire resolver \| 3 wire synchro \| 4 wire resolver \| 4 channels \| 4 wire resolver \| 12 bit parallel \| \| Output \| 13 bit BCD \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Resolution \| 6 minutes of arc \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Accuracy \| 12 minutes of arc \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Logic Levels \| Logic “1” = ±5V ±10%, Logic “0” = 0-0.5V \| \| \| \| \| Commercial version available We can supply any of the cards shown in corrosion-resistant metal enclosures. Write today for new catalog. The Singer Company, Kearfott Division, 1150 McBride Avenue, Little Falls, New Jersey 07424. Electrometer goes digital High-performance multimeter goes up to $2 \times 10^{14}$ ohms, down to $10^{-16}$ A, costs $995 To many engineers an electrometer is an exotic and rarely used research tool that they turn to when a voltmeter with a super-high input impedance is needed, or when an infinitesimal current must be measured. Often regarded as delicate and unreliable instruments, electrometers are usually used only when nothing else will do. Modern instruments are changing these notions, and Keithley's latest—the model 616 digital electrometer—represents a major step in this direction. Essentially, the instrument is an easy-to-use autoranging multimeter with the specifications of an electrometer. Its heart is an all-solid-state autoranging voltmeter with an input impedance of $2 \times 10^{14}$ ohms and a maximum sensitivity of 10 microvolts per digit. This voltmeter can measure voltages from 10 $\mu$V (10-mV full scale) to 200 V with a maximum error of $\pm(0.2\%$ of reading + 0.1\% of full scale) over the range from 20° to 30 C. In addition to measuring voltage, the 616 can measure current, resistance, and charge, and it can be used as a precision constant-current source. When used as an ammeter, the instrument can resolve currents as small as $10^{-16}$ A ($10^{-13}$ A full scale) or it can measure currents as large as 200 mA. Ranging is semi-automatic in the current-measuring mode: the range switch can be set to any of 11 decade ranges, and the meter will autorange over five decades. Five different switch settings, corresponding to five different combinations of resistance and voltmeter sensitivity, allow the user to opt for a high-resistance (low-noise) measurement or a low-resistance (high-speed) measurement. When used as an ohmmeter, the 616 puts out a constant current (equal to the reciprocal of the range switch setting) and measures the voltage drop across the unknown. Resistances from 1 ohm per digit (1,000 ohms full scale) to $2 \times 10^{14}$ ohms can be handled. The ohms range also allows the instrument to be used as an excellent constant-current source. Eight currents in decade steps from $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-12}$ A are available with up to 200 V of compliance. In its coulombmeter (current-integrating) mode, the electrometer spans the range from $10^{-15}$ coulombs per digit ($10^{-12}$ coulombs full scale) to $2 \times 10^{-5}$ coulombs. The 616 can be operated with its input floating up to 1,000 V above chassis ground. Common-mode rejection ratio is greater than 140 dB, and power consumption is 9 W at line voltage. Price is $995. Keithley Instruments, Inc., 28775 Aurora Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44139 [351] Multimeter offers 0.001% error for 24 hours The model 5900 multimeter is a five-digit instrument with a total error of $\pm0.001\%$ of full scale for 24 hours on the 10-volt range and $\pm0.001\%$ of reading + 0.001\% of full scale for 90 days over a 10°C temperature range. Input impedance is high so that it causes less than 0.001\% loading error from up to a 100-kilohm source. With an ac converter, the unit will measure over a frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The 5900 will maintain an accuracy over a range of 300 Hz to 20 kHz of (+0.03\% of reading + 0.002\% of full scale) for 90 days with a temperature variation of $\pm5$ C. Price is $1,795. Dana Laboratories, 2401 Campus Drive, Irvine, Calif. 92664 [354] Fault locator recognizes early-stage variations A fault locator recognizes variations in early-stage contact resistance in switches, solder joints, printed-circuit boards, connectors, other electronic components, and telecommunications equipment. Called the K2007, the device operates over 3 kHz to 10 MHz. If an ac voltage with a constant amplitude is applied to the input of the object under test, contacts sensitive to vibrations cause a variation of the output voltage at the rate of the change in resistance. The voice-frequency signal resulting from the rectification and amplification of this a-m voltage is heard as a crackling sound in a loudspeaker. The K2007 has an adjustable generator and a detector. Price is in the $2,000 range. Siemens Corp., 186 Wood Ave. South, Iselin, N.J. 08830 [353] Contact-chatter test set provides 0.1-$\mu$s resolution With its 0.1-$\mu$s measurement resolution of contact-chatter duration over a preselected period moving continuously with time, the model 4201 test set permits uninterrupted observation unless maximum allowable duration of chatter is exceeded. The preselected period can be from 100 microseconds to 1 millisecond in increments of 100 $\mu$s. The maximum total duration of chatter during this period can be selected from 0 to 99.9 $\mu$s. Price is $2,685. Atec Inc., Houston, Texas 77024 [355] Full-wave rectifier operates from dc to 1 kHz A precision full-wave rectifier, designated the model 85, has a digital-dial input-offset control that helps the user to display the absolute The wraps are off—and the new Macrodata MD-500 general-purpose LSI test system is now a reality! We designed it, we produced it, we field-tested it—and now it's ready for you. It's the world's finest and most versatile, general-purpose, LSI test system. We call it the MD-500. With both hardware and software modularized for your selection—at last you can have a system that's built the way you want it. Now you can put together in one general-purpose system the functions you need for your applications. The MD-500 tests both MOS and bipolar devices up to 64 channels at data rates as high as 10 MHz, and DC parametric tests are conducted independently or simultaneously with high speed functional tests at the user's option. It tests random logics, RAM's, ROM's, and shift registers—both synchronous and asynchronous devices, as well. And instead of a single pattern storage medium, it offers the user a choice of one or more of the following: a serial data simulator; a bipolar RAM buffer; and Macrodata's exclusive MD-104 microprogrammable multiprocessor for algorithmic pattern generation. All this provides you a testing capability well beyond that of other existing systems with limited hard-wire pattern generators. Also, in the tradition of being first with such innovations as random bit masking, channel masking, I/O-in-a single clock period, error delay counting, and galloping 1's and 0's, etc., Macrodata now adds such other exclusive new features in its MD-500 as—Initial Vector Compare, Random Vector Compare, and Deterministic Vector Compare. But that's not all. Instead of just a major and minor loop, the MD-500 offers up to 256 loops, nested in any fashion. And the MD-500 software system offers multi-station operation—up to two parallel stations and up to four active stations, plus a test compiler station. Programs may be compiled on line while other stations are testing, without test interruption. The test pattern data base and programs are independent of each other...you can program off the front panel...and, in addition, you can even talk to a single bit. Why wait for the me-too-ers to say—"Oh yes, we have that too"? Macrodata—the company the others are following—has it all now in the MD-500. Send for your free copy of the MD-500 brochure. Macrodata Corporation, 6203 Variel Avenue, Woodland Hills, California 91364, Phone: (213) 887-5550, Telex: 65-1345 Sales Offices: Northern California Area Tel. (408) 247-6633 • West/Central Area — Denver Tel. (303) 934-5505 • Scottsdale Tel. (602) 947-7841 • Albuquerque Tel. (505) 299-7658 • Dallas Tel. (214) 231-2573 • Houston Tel. (713) 621-0040 • New York Area Tel. (914) 962-7797 • New England Area Tel. (617) 273-2450 • Southeast Area Tel. (205) 883-0140 • International: West Germany — Munich Tel. (0811) 34 56 00 Telex: (841) 521-5969 • Milan, Italy Tel. 871-988/899-248 Telex: (843) 34314 • Sweden and Norway — Stockholm Tel. (08) 87 03 45 • Switzerland and Austria — Bern Tel. (031) 22 44 81 Telex: (845) 33172 • Tel Aviv, Israel Tel. 25 55 69 • Tokyo, Japan Tel. (03) 985-5266 Telex: (761) 272-2171 • Buckinghamshire, England Tel. 36381 Telex: (851) 837236 Circle 131 on reader service card Dialight sees a need: (Need: Single source supply for all indicator lights.) See Dialight. Dialight has so many kinds of indicator lights—approximately 1,500,000 on our shelves—that we have set up a special magic eye seek-it system to help you find the one you need in a wink. Whether it's a flasher, placard, press to test, gas tight, water tight, dust tight, dimmer, or momentary, we have them from incandescent, fluorescent, neon or LED lamps, from 1.35 to 220 volts. Sizes vary from small indicators (mount in 0.120" clearance holes) to large indicators (mount in 1 3/4" clearance holes), and are available in a variety of terminations and finishes, lens-cap shapes and colors with or without hot-stamped or embossed legends. Dialight has a 14-digit code number that tells any of our 120 stocking distributors in the U.S. and Canada just what indicator you want for off-the-shelf prompt delivery. If you would like to see for yourself how our code works, just write for your free copy. At Dialight it's a designer's choice because we see your need. Dialight is a company that looks for needs... and develops solutions. That's how we developed the industry's broadest line of indicator lights, readouts, and LED light sources. No other company offers you one-stop shopping in visual displays. And no one has more experience in the visual display field. Dialight can help you do more with indicator lights than anyone else because we have done more with them. Talk to the specialists at Dialight first. You won't have to talk to anyone else. And also be sure to send for your free copy of our latest 56-page Indicator Light Selector Guide. It will show you how easy it is to quickly find your way to the indicator light you need. This handy guide describes in detail the many indicator light choices—shapes and colors of their lens caps, available terminations, mounting data, available finishes, and LED, incandescent and neon light sources for which they are compatible. --- New products* SPL 103 sound-level meter. The instrument is designed to meet Occupational Safety and Health Act requirements for impact-noise measuring, and the meter will hold the peak noise for 1 minute within magnitude of small-signal variations around a dc voltage level. The unit permits inexpensive voltmeters and panelmeters to display the average rectified value of frequency components from dc to 1 kHz. Price is $285. Fogg System Co. Inc., Box 22226, Denver, Colo. [358] Lock-in amplifier offers a stability to 10 ppm/°C A lock-in amplifier is able to maintain low drift under high-overload conditions. Stability is to 10 ppm/°C with overloads to 3,000 times full scale, and 100 ppm is typical with overloads to 30,000 times full scale. Operating frequency range is 0.5 Hz to 100 kHz, but the signal does not have to be frequency-stable. Applications include spectroscopy, fluorescence studies, semiconductor property analysis, and measurement of any signal buried in noise. Price of the model 186 is $2,295. Princeton Applied Research Corp., Box 2565, Princeton, N.J. 08540 [356] Impact analyzer measures peak level of noise bursts The model IMP 103 impact analyzer is used as a plug-in accessory to Columbia Research Laboratories' SPL 103 sound-level meter. The instrument is designed to meet Occupational Safety and Health Act requirements for impact-noise measuring, and the meter will hold the peak noise for 1 minute within magnitude of small-signal variations around a dc voltage level. The unit permits inexpensive voltmeters and panelmeters to display the average rectified value of frequency components from dc to 1 kHz. Price is $285. Fogg System Co. Inc., Box 22226, Denver, Colo. [358] Lock-in amplifier offers a stability to 10 ppm/°C A lock-in amplifier is able to maintain low drift under high-overload conditions. Stability is to 10 ppm/°C with overloads to 3,000 times full scale, and 100 ppm is typical with overloads to 30,000 times full scale. Operating frequency range is 0.5 Hz to 100 kHz, but the signal does not have to be frequency-stable. Applications include spectroscopy, fluorescence studies, semiconductor property analysis, and measurement of any signal buried in noise. Price of the model 186 is $2,295. Princeton Applied Research Corp., Box 2565, Princeton, N.J. 08540 [356] Sensitive scope has 100-MHz bandwidth The model 1100 oscilloscope offers a 100-MHz bandwidth at 5mV/cm sensitivity and 100-MHz triggering selection on channels one or two. Another feature is a variable hold-off to allow synchronous triggering on digital word lengths. Price is $1,675, or $1,775 for a rack-mounted version. Dumont Oscilloscope Laboratories Inc., 40 Fairfield Place, West Caldwell, N.J. 07006 [359] Deltrol’s New catalog lists 1570 relays, 232 solenoids and 218 timers . . . and it’s yours, free! One of Deltrol’s relays, solenoids or timers may be just what you’re looking for. You’ll find engineering specs and prices for 5, 10, 15 amp AC and DC general purpose relays, including the popular new 160/165 series...25 amp heavy duty power relays with or without auxiliary switch...magnetic latching relays up to 6PDT...low, medium and highpower intermittent and continuous duty solenoids with optional buzz trimmer that eliminates AC hum...medium and heavy duty clappers with adjustable stops...and interval, pushbutton, repeat cycle, fixed or adjustable automatic reset timers. We’ll send you this catalog free if you circle the number below or write to... DELTROL Controls Division Of Deltrol Corp. 2745 S. 19th St., Milwaukee, Wis. 53215 Phone (414) 671-6800 Telex 2-6871 Semiconductors N-channel ROM stores 8,192 bits Static device offers TTL compatibility, access time of 300 nanoseconds Introducing its first standard n-channel MOS product, Motorola Semiconductor Products is starting at the top with an 8,192-bit read-only memory. The memory offers TTL compatibility and easy-to-use static operation. The device, which has a typical 300-nanosecond access time, is available as a custom-programed part and as a standard character generator. In either case, the price is under ¼ cent per bit (with a separate mask charge required for custom products). Each part contains 128 characters arranged in 7-by-9 matrices. The ROMs can automatically shift characters such as g or y that ordinarily extend below the normal base line of the display. The standard MCM6571L generates a modified Usascii code that includes upper-and lower-case letters of the English alphabet, lower-case Greek characters, numerals 0 to 9, and various mathematical symbols and punctuation marks. A total of 126 characters plus a blank and a solid are stored in the 7-by-9 matrices. The circuit automatically blanks the display for invalid input combinations. Custom versions (MCM6570L) can be programed to supply characters from codes such as EBCDIC, Selectric or Baudot. Japanese or other symbols can also be generated. The ROM can be programed in non-shifted format for a significant reduction in access time. Though this is Motorola's first standard n-channel product, the company has been supplying significant quantities of custom parts, including 4,096-bit ROMs. Motorola's MOS effort emphasizes n-channel and C-MOS. Both versions, being static in operation, do not require any external clocks as do dynamic memories. The static units require +12- and -3-volt supplies as well as +5 v, but these can be easily generated from the 5-volt supply due to their low power requirement. The 8k ROM dissipates about 600 milliwatts, and is packaged in a 24-pin dual in-line ceramic package. Unit cost for both parts is $18 in 100 quantity, with a nonrecurring $1,000 mask charge and 25-piece minimum order for custom parts. The standard part (6571L) is available from stock, and the custom version requires eight weeks from receipt of verified programing instructions. The user supplies programing in the form of coded sheets. Major use for the ROM is in cathode-ray-tube displays in computer terminals, and in test equipment and instruments. The wide variety of character display offers improved readability over smaller, all-capital sets, the company says. Motorola will follow this character-generator ROM with other types of the 8k memory. Examples are a column-selected character generator, and ROMs organized as 1,024 8-bit words or 2,048 4-bit words. Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., P.O. Box 20924, Phoenix, Ariz. 85036 [411] Stereo receiver circuit eliminates multiple coils Four integrated circuits for stereo receivers are the μA758 phase-locked-loop fm stereo multiplex decoder, the μA753 fm gain block, the 3075 fm i-f amplifier, limiter, detector and audio preamplifier, and the μA720 a-m radio subsystem. The μA758 decoder eliminates the coils normally required in multiplex decoder stages, and the μA753 uses ceramic filters, while the 3075 is a pin-for-pin replacement of the RCA CA3075 stereo circuit. The μA720, on a single circuit package, functions as an rf amplifier, rf oscillator/converter, i-f amplifier, voltage regulator and an automatic-gainYou gain fundamental design advantages with General Electric infrared SSL's (LED's). For example, General Electric guarantees* every SSL-55B and SSL-55C infrared lamp for: Precision beam alignment, to within 3 degrees of the mechanical axis of the lamp. Power output of each lamp will be within the less than 2 to 1 range, as published; the SSL-55B output ranges from 3.5 mW minimum to 6.0 mW maximum; the SSL-55C from 4.8 mW minimum to 7.5 mW maximum. Both types are available for immediate delivery, as are most other General Electric infrared SSL's. For prices and complete SSL infrared data write or call today. Green Glow Lamp for flexibility. This GE broad spectrum bright green glow lamp gives you greater design flexibility than ever before. It also emits blue, with suitable color filter. Called the G2B, it is directly interchangeable electrically and physically with GE's high-brightness C2A red/orange/yellow glow lamp. You can use the G2B alone for 120 volt green indicator service. Or together with the C2A to emphasize multiple functions with colors. For example: for safe/unsafe functions, for dual state indications and to show multiple operations in up to 5 colors. They should be operated in series with an appropriate current limiting resistor. Both the G2B and C2A save money because of low cost, small size and rugged construction. Now Wedge Base Lamps in two sizes. If space for indicator lights is your problem, the GE T-1$\frac{1}{2}$ size all-glass wedge-base lamp is your solution. It measures only .240" max. diam. The wedge-base construction virtually ends corrosion problems; it won't freeze in the socket. Like its big brother—the T-3$\frac{3}{4}$ wedge base lamp with a .405" max. diam., the filament is always positioned in the same relation to the base. And it makes possible simplified socket design. For free technical information on any or all of these lamps, just write: General Electric Company, Miniature Lamp Products Department, #4454-, Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio 44112. Lamps not meeting published specifications will be replaced or money refunded. New products control detector. Price from 100- to 999-quantities ranges from $1.18 to $3.95. Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp., 464 Ellis St., Mountain View, Calif. 94040 [417] Diodes are arranged back to back In a back-to-back arrangement, two varactors are connected in a common-cathode configuration with the ribbon leads adaptable for pc-board connection. The center lead is welded to the common base of two capacitor tuning diodes, which are tested so that Q exceeds 1,200 at 4 v. The diode pairs can be matched for capacitance to $\pm 1\%$ prior to assembly. Price is $40 in 100–999-lots. MSI Electronics Inc., 3432 57th St., Woodside, N.Y. 11377 [401] Light switch detects position of analog-meter pointer A light switch for detecting limit positions of a needle on an analog panel meter is an IC containing a photodiode, Schmitt trigger and output buffer amplifier on a 0.040-by-0.040-inch chip. It is packaged in a TO-18 window can. The output supplies typically 20 mA to drive a small relay or to provide base current to a buffer transistor to drive larger loads. Alternatively, a version... When it comes to electronic alloys we speak your language. "Exactly," "Precisely," "Unequivocally," the properties you need. We specialize in magnetic and controlled expansion alloys Ni-Fe, Ni-Co, Ni-Co-Fe, Ni-Mo-Fe, Ni + selected additives. Complete nickel-iron families. Also stainless steel, beryllium, copper, etc., in strip down to 0.0005" thick. Or we'll custom-make alloys to your requirements. We pride ourselves on tight physical property control Rigid chemistry control of the alloy ingredients assures exact lot-to-lot consistency of electronic parameters—permeability, resistivity, saturation flux, expansion, thermal conductivity. Impurities concentration less than 0.005%. You can get evaluation lots or production lots Strip, rod or wire—order five pounds or five tons. Also, consider photo-etching your parts. Send us a print and we'll send you a quote We can produce any configuration in nearly any magnetic or specialty alloy. With precision replicas in pilot or production quantities. And without expensive dies. Photo-etching is especially effective—and economical—for thicknesses of 0.000125" to 0.030". Circle 194 on reader service card For information about other alloys we make, Circle 195 on reader service card Circle 193 on reader service card Magnetics A DIVISION OF SPANG INDUSTRIES INC. Butler PA 16001. NEW! INTERNATIONAL’S MOE Crystal Oscillator Elements provide a complete controlled signal source from 6000 KHz to 60 MHz The MOE series is designed for direct plug-in to a standard dip socket. The miniature oscillator element is a complete source, crystal controlled, in an integrated circuit 14 pin dual-inline package with a height of $ \frac{1}{2} $ inch. Oscillators are grouped by frequency and temperature stability thus giving the user a selection of the overall accuracy desired. Operating voltage 3 vdc to 9 vdc. \| TYPE \| CRYSTAL RANGE \| OVERALL ACCURACY \| 25°C TOLERANCE \| PRICE \| \|--------\|-------------------\|------------------\|----------------\|-------\| \| MOE-5 \| 6000KHz to 60MHz \| + .002% \| Zero Trimmer \| $35.00\| \| MOE-10 \| 6000KHz to 60MHz \| + .0005% \| Zero Trimmer \| $50.00\| New products is available with TTL-compatible output. Price in 100-lots is $1.80. Teknis Inc., Plainville, Mass. 02762 [420] Calculator chip has power-saving feature A calculator chip, designated the model 4026, has a built-in powersaving feature that changes the internal clock frequency when the chip is idle. Normal operational power of 50 milliwatts is thereby reduced to about 20 mw. Power required by display devices can also be reduced. After depression of any key, a delay is triggered that causes the display only to be turned off after from 10 to 30 seconds. Display is restored by depressing a D key or by entering new data. Nortec Electronics Co., 3697 Tahoe Way, Santa Clara, Calif. 95051 [413] Low-distortion power op amp is rated at 100 w A multipurpose 7-ampere low-distortion operational amplifier, designated the TA8651A, is a 100-w linear unit. The power hybrid circuit has an output section that can be externally biased class AB for low intermodulation and low harmonic distortion. Terminals are available for external frequency compensation, external short-circuit protection, and inverting and noninverting inputs. Applications are in high-fidelity audio equipment where less than 0.1% intermodulation distortion at 50 mw is required. Price is Two new digital multimeters with price and performance you can't refuse. 8350A 5½ digits, autoranging 0.005% accuracy 5 ranges dc volts 5 ranges of ohms 4 ranges ac volts $1495, complete DMM 8375A 5½ digits, autoranging 0.003% accuracy Functional self-test 5 ranges dc volts 7 ranges of ohms 4 ranges true RMS ac volts Powerful systems options $1995, complete DMM Both instruments use Fluke's patented recirculating remainder a-to-d converter for low parts count, low power consumption and boast a calculated MTBF of at least 10,000 hours. Either instrument gives you more multimeter for your money. Now isn't that an offer you can't refuse? For details call your local Fluke sales engineer. In the continental U.S., dial our toll free number, 800-426-0361 for his name and address. Abroad and in Canada, call or write the office nearest you listed below. Fluke, P.O. Box 7428, Seattle, Washington 98133. Phone (206) 774-2211. TWX: 910-449-2850. In Europe, address Fluke Nederland (N.V.), P.O. Box 5053, Tilburg, Holland. Phone 13-670130. Telex: 884-55237. In the U.K. address Fluke International Corp., Garnett Close, Watford, WD2, 4TT. Phone, Watford, 33068. Telex: 934583. In Canada, address ACA, Ltd. 6427 Northam Drive, Missisauga, Ontario. Phone 416-678-1500. Speed measurement... motion sensing... and control... USING MAGNETIC PICKUPS OR DIGITAL OUTPUT TRANSDUCERS WE SENSE YOUR EVENT CONTROL REQUIREMENTS and provide you with the best system indication or control available! HIGH-SPEED, LOW-SPEED, ZERO-SPEED... ANY-SPEED the AIRPAX WAY eliminates worn bearings and bushings, broken or bent drive cables—all of the problems associated with other control methods. Indicating Tachometry Precision electronic tachometry to measure, monitor or indicate "events-per-unit-time", rotational or linear speed, flow rates, feed rates or production rates. Nine standard and special purpose models to select from. Control Tachometry Precision control tachometry that provides proportional control compatible with recorders and process controllers. Switching tachometry providing control utilizing relay closures to initiate multiple process operations. Eight versatile models available. Digital Instruments Instruments for control and/or indication incorporating precise digital readout and logic — circuitry control. Flexibility for computer or analog process equipment interface is "built-in" — as are many other features. E.P.U.T., accumulator and ratio mode models are available. Our phone number is (305) 587-1100. Call or write us... CONTROLS DIVISION / 6801 W. Sunrise Blvd. / Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33313 AIRPAX™ 25 YEARS OF PROGRESS New products $12.90 in 1,000-lots. RCA Solid State Division, Rte. 202, Somerville, N.J. 08876 [415] FET op amp provides ±50 µV/°C drift With a guaranteed input bias current of -25 picoamperes and a maximum voltage drift of ±50 µV/°C, the model 3542J FET operational amplifier is hermetically sealed in a TO-99 package. Initial voltage offset at 25 C is 20 mV, and the minimum dc voltage gain is 88 db. Full power frequency response is 8 kHz, and slew rate is 0.5 V/µs. Both output short-circuit protection and input-to-supply-voltage protection are provided. Price is about $4.50. Burr-Brown Research Corp., International Airport Industrial Park, Tucson, Ariz. [414] Switch drivers operate in less than 10 ns Exhibiting total switching time of less than 10 nanoseconds, the models SD-1001A and SD-1003A are noninverting switch drivers that are TTL- and DTL-compatible. They provide current from the positive or negative supply voltage, depending Pushbuttons that help do everything from make a copy to call a cop. Think MICRO SWITCH when you're in the market for pushbuttons. Because we offer one of the world's largest selections. With most of them available off your distributor's shelf. MICRO SWITCH pushbuttons are in use right now on jobs ranging from office copiers (DM) to police communications systems (Series 2). In other words, just about any application where reliability is important. From our smallest miniature (unlighted Series 8) to our most versatile lighted pushbutton (Series 2), each of our devices feature the most reliable switching in the industry. So no matter how tough or unique your application, you can be confident we have a pushbutton to handle it. Engineers have put this design freedom to use in some unusual places. For example, when an underwater sphere was designed to explore the Continental Shelf, our pushbuttons were used to help make the dive a safer one. For help with your application, we have a staff of Application Engineers standing by to provide field support. For more information, contact your MICRO SWITCH Branch Office or Authorized Distributor (Yellow Pages, "Switches, Electric"). MICRO SWITCH makes your ideas work. MICRO SWITCH products are available worldwide through Honeywell International. Beware the un-opportunity Opportunity. You've read enough employment opportunity ads and listened to enough employment personnel by now to know that they all like to discuss opportunity. But, unfortunately, they would usually rather talk about opportunity than offer it. We at Fairchild believe that if you're going to talk about something, you'd better be able to back it up. And back it up we can. First, there's the Fairchild opportunity. A chance to build a career with a company that's headed in the right direction at the right speed. Second, there's the individual opportunity. A chance to use both your brains and your initiative in an environment that doesn't let protocol stand in the way of a good idea. We at Fairchild believe that opportunity exists within the individual, not the system. If you feel that way too, we should get together. Call or send us your resume. Employment Opportunities, Fairchild Semiconductor Components Group, Dept.35, 465 National Avenue, Mountain View, California 94040. (415) 962-3401. An Equal Opportunity Employer M/F A Fairchild career... more than a pretty package on the input from a TTL gate. To permit high-speed diode switching, current spikes are provided to inject and remove carriers from the switching-diode junction. Price for one to nine units is $65 each. LRC Inc., 11 Hazelwood Rd., Hudson, N.H. [418] Multiplier-divider is a monolithic circuit The series M530 multiplier is a monolithic IC comprising X- and Y-channel differential input amplifiers, a transconductance multiplication stage, an operational amplifier output stage, and stable reference—all on a single silicon chip. In addition, the circuit uses thin-film resistors instead of diffused resistors in all critical locations, thereby eliminating a significant source of drift. All models offer a 3-dB bandwidth of 1 MHz. Price is from $20 to $44 depending on multiplication-error rating. Intronics, 57 Chapel St., Newton, Mass. 02158 [416] Dual FET delivers low-noise performance A dual n-channel monolithic JFET provides a voltage noise specified at less than 15 nV/Hz$^{1/2}$ at 10 Hz. The device, which is designated the AD840/AD841, also features a low offset voltage—5 mV maximum—and a drift of 5 $\mu$V/C. The units, available in TO-52, TO-71, or TO-78 packages, are designed for operation over the temperature range from -55° to +125° C. Prices for 1 to 99 pieces are $9.40 and $7.80 for the 840 and 841, respectively. Analog Devices, Rte. 1 Industrial Park, Box 280, Norwood, Mass. [419] A flexcircuit for crossbar switch horizontal multiple. We helped solve a problem for Western Electric. Western Electric was looking for a better way. A better way to provide the horizontal multiple connections for their small crossbar switch. Working closely with them we helped them find it. The Schjeldahl flexcircuit above, provides a density of 1,200 connections in 50 cubic inches using a double sided circuit with 120 plated through holes per 25 inch strip. It provides all repetitive horizontal connections and leaves terminal ends free for specific wire wrap connections. Just as important, it virtually eliminates connection errors. Outside edge of the flexible strip is slotted then ridged at the connection points so that terminals for the entire horizontal group fall neatly into the slots. A touch of the finger assures that all terminals are in place and will stay there while being resistance soldered. Base material is Kapton®. Western Electric served up a tall order. A reliable circuit that would provide 1,200 connections in just 50 cubic inches, eliminate random wiring errors, save installation time, and one that could be produced at the rate of millions of connections per week. Schjeldahl helped solve a problem for Western Electric. Schjeldahl Company Electrical Products Division Northfield, Minnesota 55057 Phone: (507) 645-5633 The state of the art people in volume flexible circuits And we can do it for you. New products Subassemblies IC is nucleus of a-d converter Combined with d-a converter and counter, chip forms high-speed eight-bit unit Now that monolithic digital-to-analog converters are on the market and gaining wide acceptance, IC manufacturers are working on the harder analog-to-digital conversion. Motorola's entry in the IC a-d converter race isn't on one chip, but it is a building block that, combined with a d-a converter and a counter, forms a complete, high-speed tracking eight-bit a-d converter for under $20 in 100-unit orders. Complete a-d converter modules are considerably higher in price. The new Motorola MC1507/MC1407 a-d converter control circuit is designed to work with the firm's MC1408, eight-bit monolithic d-a converter and standard TTL or MOS up-down converters. In this application, the system takes advantage of the MC1408's current output to eliminate other circuitry that would be required—and that would slow down conversion—if the converter had a conventional voltage output. Input voltage range is up to 11 volts, but signals with much lower levels can be used. The new control circuit is especially suited for tracking conversion, but can also be used for successive approximation. In tracking applications, it can give an update every 200 nanoseconds or oftener, with a system accuracy of within 0.4%. The MC1407 incorporates a high-speed operational amplifier/buffer and a dual comparator. The op amp has a typical slew rate of 20 V/microsecond in both inverting and noninverting modes and a propagation delay of 30 nanoseconds. It is capable of settling to within 0.1% of a 10-v swing in less than 1 ms. The dual comparator is TTL-compatible and has an adjustable symmetrical threshold. The offset threshold is used to eliminate jitter and false triggering. The MC1407 is a 0-70° C commercial version; the MC1507 has a -55—+125° C rating. The system functions by comparing the output of the d-a converter to the input signal. If they are not equal, the external counter counts up until they are the same. Donald A. Campo, linear IC product planner, says that the system can be speeded up even more, if required. That can be done by adding another MC1407 and digital circuitry that would put the response of the system in a "panic" mode—four times the standard clock rate—when the slew rate of the input signal exceeds that of the system. In this mode, the system could slew up to 0.8 V/μs until it catches the signal, then revert to its standard operating mode. Improvement in speed could also come from a faster counter, such as MECL; conversion takes only 300 ns. Campo sees a major use in converting from sensors and other analog inputs in digital systems. The MC1407 operates from ±15 v and from +5 v, and it is packaged in a standard dual in-line package. It is priced at $3.90 in 100 quantity, with the MC1408L-8 $5.95, and the two counters $4.95 each. Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., P.O. Box 20912, Phoenix, Ariz. [382] Photoelectric controls have interchangeable modules A series of photoelectric controls consists of a universal control base and a range of plug-in function TRIACS & SCR's NEW ELECTRICALLY ISOLATED 1/2" press-fit series TRIACS: 6A to 40A [I_{(RMS)}] 50V-600V (V_{DROK}) SCR'S: 8A to 35A [I_{(RMS)}] 50V-600V (V_{DROK}) Three new additions to Hutson's 1/2" press-fit series: isolated press-fit package; isolated press-fit and stud mount with Beo insulators for greatly improved thermal characteristics. All 1/2" press-fit devices feature patented Di-Mesa construction of void-free glass-passivated center gate chips. Write for complete information. HUTSON INDUSTRIES BOX 34234 • 2019 W. VALLEY VIEW, DALLAS, TEX. 75234 (214) 241-3511 TWX 910-860-5337 Distributed by: In Canada: WEBER-SEMAD ELECTRONICS, Downsview, Ont. 416 525-9880 Vice-President, European Operations: 30 Rue Pierre Semard, Yerres, 91 France Tel: Paris 925-8258 • TELEX 21:311 Distributed in Europe by: Belgium: C. M. ROOD S.A. Brussels 02-352135 Denmark: V. JOHANSSSEN A/S Copenhagen (01) 299622 • FRANKO, A/S Copenhagen 158, 47 2 207451. Sentrum, Oslo ■ Spain: BELPORT, Madrid 234.62.62 ■ Sweden: ELEKTROFLEX, Sundbyberg 08-41-9222 ■ Switzerland: LEITGEB, Dubendorf 051 85 9666 ■ U.K. CLAUDEYONS, LTD, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire (09924) 6716] Three Simple, Safe Temperature Indicators for Electronics Let you know when rated temperature is reached . . . with an accuracy of ±1% 1. TEMPILABELS: self-adhesive temperature monitors consisting of one or more heat-sensitive indicators sealed under transparent, heat resistant windows. The centers of the indicator circles turn from white to black irreversibly at the temperature ratings shown on the label. Tempilabels are available in several sizes, and in single or multiple temperature ratings from 100° to 500°F. Accuracy is within ±1% of the stated rating. They are particularly useful for monitoring operating temperatures of equipment or processes; obtaining temperature data of components as a guide to design improvements or selection; safeguarding temperature-sensitive materials in storage or transit. To serve as a permanent record, Tempilabels can be removed from the surface and attached to a report. 2. TEMPILAQ: materials of calibrated melting points suspended in an inert, volatile non-flammable vehicle. Available in over 100 systematically spaced temperature ratings from 100° to 2500°F. Tempilaq indicates its temperature rating by liquefying within ±1% of its rating. Available in bottles or spray cans. 3. TEMPILSTIKS: temperature-indicating crayons of calibrated melting points. Available in over 100 systematically spaced temperature ratings, Tempilstiks cover the range from 100° to 2500°F. Tempilstiks indicate the specified temperature, by liquefying with a tolerance of ±1% of its rating. Detailed data and price sheets as well as samples are available upon request. Tempil* DIVISION, BIG THREE INDUSTRIES, INC. Hamilton Blvd., South Plainfield, N.J. 07080 Phone: 201 • 757-8300 • Telex: 138662 New products modules for specific applications. Changing the function of the control is accomplished by changing the module, and each module locks in place, thereby eliminating vibration problems. The modules can also be removed without using tools. They are satisfactory in most industrial applications for photoelectric controls. Functions offered include on-off, time delay, and impulse types for registration. Other functions are planned for future additions. Electronics Corp. of America, Photoswitch Division, 1 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, Mass. 02142 [383] Operational amplifier settles to 0.1% in 7 microseconds Settling to 0.1% in 7 µs, an operational amplifier provides an 18-V/µs slew rate, achieved through the use of an internal feed-forward frequency-compensation network. No external capacitors are required for stable high-speed performance. Other features are a 250-kHz power bandwidth and a 2.5-MHz small-signal bandwidth despite bias currents of 20 nA and power consumption of 50 mW. Price in 100-lots ranges HERE'S A NEW AND BETTER WAY: To make printed circuit board connections. Reliably. At low, low cost. They're Molex Soldercon® terminals. Integrated circuit and transistor terminals. Offering the convenience of plug-in I.C.'s and transistors without the cost of insulators. They fit directly on the board. And there is equipment available to do the job automatically. Fast! Soldercon terminals save time. Money. Speed installation. Make testing easier, too. And simplify service problems. It's another example of Molex ingenuity... in creating components that simplify circuitry. Molex has the know-how and facilities to provide the interconnecting system you need. You can make connections by calling (312) 969-4550. Or write... Molex Incorporated, Lisle, Illinois 60532. ...creating components that simplify circuitry Circle 147 on reader service card New products from $3.65 to $12.95, depending on temperature range. Precision Monolithics, Inc., 1500 Space Park Dr., Santa Clara, Calif. 95050 [384] Liquid-crystal displays have 4-by-5-inch area A family of liquid-crystal displays includes 3- and 4-inch-high models, which come in either seven- or 16-segment types. Each has an area of 4 by 5 in. In addition to good contrast, high speed, and uniform transmissive-mode dynamic scattering, the units are hermetically sealed. Operating temperature range is from 0° to 50°C, and typical dissipation is 15–18 mw with a 24-v, 60-Hz drive. The displays have solderable terminations and provision for mounting into a back-lighted display structure. Price is $100 for samples, with quantity pricing expected to drop to the $10 range. Transparent Conductors Inc., 26 Coromar Dr., Box 549, Goleta, Calif [385] Display is a miniature cathode-ray-tube device Sixty-four independent guns display an alphanumeric character up to 0.6-inch high, or a complete message of up to three lines of six characters, on a 1.5-in. CRT data display. Need an H of a Good Amplifier? Try Amplifier Research’s Versatile H-Series - Infinite Mismatch Tolerance - OEM Models Available - Low Harmonic Distortion - Adjustable Output Power - Instantaneous Bandwidth - No Tuning The H-Series solid-state, broadband laboratory amplifiers combine advanced engineering, top-rate performance, and low cost to offer the best value in moderate power units available today. These amplifiers are designed for antenna and component testing, wattmeter calibration, EMI susceptibility testing, and other broadband applications. Each model is completely self contained and operates from 115 Vac line. \| Model \| Frequency Range (MHz) \| RF Power (watts) \| Price \| \|-------\|----------------------\|------------------\|-------\| \| 10HA \| 225-410 \| 10 \| $1445 \| \| 10HB \| 300-500 \| 10 \| $1485 \| \| 6HC \| 400-700 \| 6 \| $1735 \| For complete information, write or call Amplifier Research, P. O. Box 7, New Britain, Pa. 18901. Phone: 215-822-0161 AMPLIFIER RESEARCH THE HUGHES CONNECTION. It's a breakthrough, instead of a breakdown. With C-21 connectors, the greater the pressure change, the tighter the seal. Today's environmental connectors often begin to fail at pressures as low as 5 psi. The new C-21 keeps sealing even at 250 psi. That's because we make atmospheric pressure changes work for you, not against you. First, we got rid of the interfacial rubber seal commonly used today. It can take only low pressure changes before it starts leaking. Also, risk of leakage rises as the connector is coupled and uncoupled. And you can't change individual contacts without endangering the whole seal. Not good enough. So we developed a true environmental connector with individual pressure seals in front of and behind each contact. They block out moisture, dust and other contaminants. As pressure rises, these small cup-shape seals, within their own special cavities in the connector body, only grip tighter. Finger pressure is enough for connector mating. You can change contacts individually. And seals on individual contacts. The C-21 is designed for airborne, deep space, shipboard, and undersea applications in a wide range of sizes. No other connectors with crimp-removable size 16 contacts approach the C-21 in sealing capabilities, versatility, or long life. Yet prices are competitive. More information? Write: Hughes Connecting Devices, 500 Superior Ave., Newport Beach, CA 92663. Or call (714) 548-0671 CONNECTORS, CABLES, CIRCUITS...ONLY HUGHES PUTS IT ALL TOGETHER. WHY CHOOSE RENTAL ELECTRONICS WHEN YOU RENT, LEASE, OR RENTAL-PURCHASE? Because REI is the recognized leader when it comes to supplying you the most complete selection of electronic/scientific test equipment—to rent, to lease, or to rental-purchase—at the most attractive costs. Now, more than ever, you must expand along with the pace of economic and technological development. To avoid the handicap of obsolete equipment, to help you maintain a flexible budget, to keep abreast of the competition, to assure growth with increased production and sales—Rental Electronics offers you the instruments you need, when you need them, for as long as you need them. REI offers you precisely the right instruments—everything from amplifiers to oscilloscopes to synthesizers—with a plan custom-designed to meet your specific requirements! Our staff of sophisticated financial planners is ready to help you choose the rental, lease, or rental-purchase package that best fits your situation. And your needed equipment is ready for almost instantaneous delivery, direct from one of nine strategically-located “Instant Inventory” Centers across the U.S. and Canada. Every Rental Electronics customer is our very special customer, receiving the service he needs under a rental, lease, or rental-purchase plan custom-tailored especially for him. The results are increased PROFITS for you! Ask for our full catalog today! Write or call: Rental Electronics, Inc. A PEPSICO LEASING COMPANY 99 Hartwell Avenue, P. O. Box 223 Lexington, Massachusetts 02173 Tel. 617/862-6905 New products device called the nimo 64. The tube acts as both a read-only memory and a display for fixed data. The unit requires six TTL packages for interfacing, and applications include point-of-sale terminals, computer prompters, and record-retrieval systems. Price is $38.50 in 1,000-lots. Industrial Electronic Engineers Inc., 7720 Lemona Ave., Van Nuys, Calif. 91405 [386] Dual in-line unit offers delays to 1,000 ns A dual in-line 14-pin lumped-constant delay line provides delays of up to 1,000 nanoseconds. The unit incorporates 10 equal-delay taps and is available with time delays starting from 10 nanoseconds in delay-to-rise-time ratios of 5:1. Working voltage is 50 V dc. Price is $20. Allen Avionics Inc., 224 E 2nd St., Mineola, N.Y. 11501 [387] LED displays are low in price; save on material Using a manufacturing process called encapsulated light diffusion, a line of 0.3-inch LED displays is designated the Data-Lit 700 series. The devices require 85% less gallium arWhat are your colleagues doing around the world? Find out in ELECTRONICS. Go first class. Go to ELECTRONICS and you’ll find out first hand where the biggest growth potential is today. And where it’ll be tomorrow. ELECTRONICS knows, because its 31 editors, 11 World News Bureaus and 200 correspondents make it their business to stay on top of what’s happening in the ETM—the Electronics Technology Marketplace—worldwide. Only ELECTRONICS offers readers annual market reports and forecasts on Japan and Europe as well as the U.S. ELECTRONICS is the Source, disseminating information, and establishing and maintaining communications among people in electronics, wherever in the world those people may be. We sell over 86,000 subscriptions to 122 countries all over the globe. You should be getting your own copy of ELECTRONICS right off the press because the world of electronics—your world—is between the covers of ELECTRONICS magazine. Fill out the enclosed subscription card and send it off. ELECTRONICS is the one magazine you can’t afford to be without. Electronics is the Source. New products Semiconductors Switching Voltage Regulators High Performance - High Efficiency ... to 90% - MTBF > 100,000 hrs - Low Case Temperature Rise ... < 10°C above ambient - Load Regulation ... 0.1% Low Cost From $29.95 (1-9) For Use In - Point of Load Regulation - High Efficiency Power Supply Designs - Battery Powered Applications 1 or 2 Amp Models from 5 to 28 Vdc Also Available: High Efficiency Power Supplies and Power Supply Kits Our NEW 32 page catalog describes our full line of component module, PC card, open-frame, cased, and laboratory power supplies, DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters, DC/DC isolators, switching regulators, and power kits. Semiconductor Circuits, Inc. 306 River Street • Haverhill, Massachusetts 01830 (617) 373-9104 Circle 152 on reader service card --- Dual power supply aimed at op amp market A regulated dual-power-supply module, designated the P31, supplies ±15 V at 25 mA and provides 0.1% regulation. It is useful as a supply for operational amplifiers. The module can be printed-circuit mounted and supplied with fixed voltages from ±4 to ±24 V on special order. Other features include a ripple and noise of 0.5 mV and a temperature range of from -25° to +71°C. Polytron Devices Inc., Box 398, Paterson, N.J. 07524 [389] --- Analog multiplier offers accuracy to within 1% The model 4202 analog multiplier is intended for OEM applications and is an internally trimmed four-quadrant device. A -3-dB small-signal bandwidth of 1 MHz is provided, in addition to a slew rate of 25 V/μs. Offset voltage versus temperature is 0.4 mV/°C. Without external trimming, accuracies are guaranteed to within either 1% or 2%. Price is $29 or $45, depending on accuracy. Burr-Brown Research Corp., International Airport Industrial Park, Tucson, Ariz. 85706 [390] Not all 327's are created equal. Face it. The industry standard for subminiature incandescent lamps only establishes a minimum level of acceptable performance. There's a big difference between Chicago Miniature and other "acceptable" alternatives. And we can prove it. Customer tests—as well as our own—show surprising variations in brightness, stability and life characteristics. For example, Chicago Miniature's 327, tested under static life conditions, rated an average life of 7,000 hours. Another "standard" lamp doesn't even provide 3,500 hours. That means means Chicago Miniature's 327 gives you more than twice the life. Obviously, the static life test doesn't guarantee performance under really tough operating conditions. But we can show the same kind of optimum performance test data under shock and vibration conditions. The big difference is in how carefully you make things. Chicago Miniature designs and manufactures for optimum—not minimum—performance. And we go a lot farther in quality control than some people might think necessary. We do that for everything—683's, 715's, 385's, 387's, etc.—just to make sure there is a difference. The way we figure it, there's no standard for quality. And since it doesn't cost anything more, you might as well start at the top. CHICAGO MINIATURE LAMP WORKS 4433 N. Ravenswood Ave. Chicago, Illinois 60640 (312) 784-1020 a GENERAL INSTRUMENT company THE LIGHTING BUGS We've published a general discussion of subminiature lamp performance under various operating conditions—complete with text data. Send for your free copy. Name__________________________________________ Title___________________________________________ Company________________________________________ Address_________________________________________ City____________________State________Zip_________ Data handling Naked mini sells for under $1,000 16-bit general-purpose computer is contained on 15- by 16-inch circuit board Dropping prices have boosted minicomputer demand, and the latest move by Computer Automation of Irvine, Calif., should boost it even more. CA, whose earlier stripped-down Naked Mini set new price standards two years ago, now has a full 16-bit minicomputer on a single plug-in 15-by-16-inch circuit board for under $1,000. The computer, called the Naked Mini/LSI, offers all the capability of the company's earlier $1,995 Naked Mini, but at half the cost—$990 in quantities of 200, including 4,096 words of core memory. And it even includes direct memory access, previously a $400 option. The Alpha/LSI, a packaged version in a case with panel and power supply, is priced at $1,990 in single quantity. Both versions are fully compatible with the company's earlier machines, though their 1.6-microsecond cycle time is slightly slower. David Methvin, president of CA, emphasizes that the new machine is a "fully operational general-purpose computer with all of the performance of other 16-bit computers (including ours) priced at several times as much." In particular, it is far more powerful than microcomputers: it has 162 instructions, including standard hardware multiply and divide, up to 256 vectored priority interrupts, and a "Maxibus" with five input/output systems that provide 58 parallel lines. Methvin states, "Typical users will find that the Naked Mini/LSI actually costs less than microcomputers for most applications. This is because of the weak instruction sets and limited logic versatility of microcomputers, which cause them to require considerably more memory to accomplish the same tasks—and memory is the most expensive part of small computers." Though it may not require as much memory, the Nake Mini/LSI can have plenty. It comes with 4,096 words of core as standard (the board will hold up to twice as much), and can be expanded to 256 kilowords. MOS memory is also available, at a higher cost, in 1,000-, 2,000- or 4,000-word increments. The company attributes much of the reduced size and price of the new computer to the use of a seven-chip MOS LSI central processing unit. The p-channel silicon-gate chips, which were designed by Computer Automation engineers, include four identical processor chips and three identical control chips. The seven have only 280 terminals, compared to 8,000 to 10,000 in conventional-mini CPUs. The Naked Mini/LSI uses an innovative approach for microprogram storage; instead of the usual read-only memory, a programmed logic array (PLA), or associative ROM, is used. The PLA is a form of logic which, unlike the regular ROM, does not waste space storing unused bits. Only product terms are built into the matrix, not all possibilities. This permits much faster speed and reduces memory requirements in a computer with an extensive instruction set, according to company engineers. Computer Automation is anticipating huge requirements for its new minicomputer. Sol Zasloff, marketing vice president, states, "The minicomputer is now so low in cost, you don't need a terminal..." The Book of MOS. It's incredible. Some people still think we're just a custom MOS supplier. When here we are with the broadest range of standard MOS products on the market. To help spread the word about these off-the-shelf items, we've printed a new standard products guide. This little book lists our RAMs, ROMs, shift registers, multiplexers, timing circuits, discretes, music circuits, UARTs, keyboard encoders and character generators. Even off-the-shelf LSI circuits for things like programmable processors, digital clocks and calculator kits. Our distributors have all these ready and waiting for you in quantity. And they also have plenty of our booklets to give away. If one doesn't land on your desk soon, call your nearest distributor and demand a copy. Or write us. And if our standard products aren't exactly what you're looking for, we'll be happy to discuss designing a custom circuit for you. We've already created more than 800 of them. That makes us number one in the business. We also have more MOS production processes going for you than anyone else in the world: P-Channel, N-Channel, Silicon Gate, Ion Implant and C-MOS. So there you have both sides of our story: standard and custom. Whichever you choose, you'll be getting MOS products you can really have faith in. American Microsystems, Inc., 3800 Homestead Road, Santa Clara, California 95051. Vector systems help you CUT BREADBOARDING TIME 1. Finished etched circuits in your lab within an hour! Photo sensitized copper clad boards have POSITIVE ACTING resist coating which eliminates usual negative reversing step. 2. Dozens of standard off-the-shelf Plugboards in many sizes and connector styles for mounting DIPs or discrete components. New socket pins & wrappable/solderable leads. 3. Terminals for .025", .042", .062" and .093" holes for soldering, wire wrapping. New impact terminal staking tools speed production. 4. Versatile, adjustable Vector Strut Cage systems accommodate cards and/or modules of various sizes. Supplied completely assembled, in kits, or as separate parts for custom jobs. Vector ELECTRONIC COMPANY, INC. 12460 GLADSTONE AVE., SYLMAR, CA. 91342 TEL. (213) 365-9661 Circle 156 on reader service card 20MHz ... and small enough to fit in your brief case! - Mini-portable Oscilloscope - Battery or AC powered - DC-20 MHz bandwidth - 10 mV/div sensitivity - Recharging circuitry - Rack mountable - Laboratory Quality The PS900's are the first mini-portable scopes to bring lab-quality to "on-site" DC to 20 MHz test and measurement applications. These are "true" portables, since they are of rugged construction, small size (will fit into your tool kit or brief case), and light weight (only 10 pounds with batteries), and since they will operate from internal batteries for up to 5 hours. Recharging circuitry is included, and standard "C" size cells can be used... nickel-cadmium, alkaline or in a pinch, even common flashlight batteries! Interested? Call Bill Kraus at (714) 279-6572, or write us at 7170 Convoy Court, San Diego, California 92111. AVAILABLE NOW FROM $595 From the leader in Multi-Channel Monitor Oscilloscopes World Radio History New products hooked up to a large-scale computer unless you need access to a massive data base." Computer Automation Inc., 18651 Von Karman, Irvine, Calif., 92664 [361] Data system handles up to 16 video terminals Packaged in a 26-inch-high pedestal, the model IV/40 intelligent terminal system features a 72,000-byte LSI processor with an integrated diskette or cartridge disk drive and an integrated communications controller. It is intended for applications requiring as few as two video terminals at a remote site and can be expanded to handle up to 16 video terminals and 16 printers. The unit is communications-compatible with IBM computers. The IV/40 may additionally be used with a central data base for real-time data entry and retrieval. Four-Phase Systems Inc., 10420 N. Tantau Ave., Cupertino, Calif. 95014 [363] Writable control store built for Interdata 70 computers Designed for Interdata model 70 users who want to develop and use their own firmware, a writable control store peripheral is designated OmniROM. Installation consists of a high-speed plated-wire electrically alterable ROM and a controller that connects to the model 70 back plane via one cable. No modifications to THE GENTLE LEPRECHAUN. It's sensitive. It's gentle. It's rugged. It has a character all its own. It's Bell & Howell's Gentle Leprechaun Digital Cassette Recorder. The Gentle Leprechaun at work. Once the cassette is inserted, like magic, the recorder automatically seeks the beginning of the tape to prevent the operator from inadvertently writing on the leader. Tiny strain gages go to work sensing the tape tension and holding it to 1.25 ounces. The sensitive capstan motor tachometer helps maintain just the right rotational speed. Your tape cassettes will last more than three times longer than in any other recorder. (2,000 passes guaranteed!) A rainbow of extras. But that's just part of the inventory in the Gentle Leprechaun's pot of gold. The unit is adaptable to a wide range of commands giving the user plenty of freedom with his interface. It also features a 50 ips fast forward/reverse speed (block search at 50 ips). Data search (reading data) at 20 ips. Bi-phase encoded recording at 800 bpi. Plus a data transfer rate of 16,000 bits per second. (Character incremental mode up to 400 characters per second.) The Gentle Leprechaun offers one or two-track read/write or single-track read-after-write with ECMA standard compatibility. A perfect companion to minicomputers, word processing systems, data communications, numeric control, data entry and data acquisition systems, it can be used in both synchronous and asynchronous environments as replacements for paper tape or expensive reel-to-reel equipment. You don't have to be Irish to obtain a free copy of our Interface Manual and to talk discounts. Bell & Howell's Gentle Leprechaun will work for anyone. Bell & Howell 360 Sierra Madre Villa, Pasadena, California 91109 I'd like to see the Gentle Leprechaun. Call me: Name __________________________ Title __________________________ Company __________________________ Address __________________________ City State Zip __________________________ Phone number __________________________ © Copyright 1973 Bell & Howell BELL & HOWELL WE'RE REWRITING THE BOOK. New 1000:1 Sweep Generator (It's a function generator too!) The new VIC Model 965A is exceptionally easy to use, highly versatile and modestly priced too! Send today for detailed specs and prices to: Vibration Instruments Co., 1614 Orangethorpe Way, Anaheim CA 92801, or phone 714/879-6085. Circle 158 on reader service card FOR YOU TO COMPARE CM50 $399.00 - Frequency, Ratio, Period, Totalize - 5 Hz to 50 MHz - 50 mV Sensitivity - 6 Digit LED Display - Leading Zero Suppression - Trigger Control Status Lamps - Units Annunciation - 110 Vac or 12 Vdc AND DECIDE analog digital research 1051 Clinton Street Buffalo, N.Y. 14206 Circle 225 on reader service card New products the computer's hardware are required. The controller logic card and a power supply are contained in a 5½-inch rack-mounted cabinet. Status of the ROM data and address are displayed on the OmniROM front panel. The unit is priced at $4,298 for 1,000 words of memory and $5,500 for 2,000 words. The prices include cabinet with controls and indicators, memory module, controller logic card, power supply, cabling, driver and diagnostic software, and full documentation. Delivery time is 60 days. Memory Systems Inc., 3341 W. El Segundo Blvd., Hawthorne, Calif. 90250 [364] Card reader offers speeds of 300 or 600 per minute A card reader, available with reading speed of either 300 or 600 cards per minute, has a vacuum pick that allows accurate single selection of cards even when the cards are worn or damaged. A finger-like device brings a vacuum to the leading corner of the card, drawing it down to meet the friction transport system for positively controlled, constant-velocity travel past the read station. Electronic Associates Inc., West Long Branch, N.J. 07764 [365] Digital cassette recorder does not need precise drive An incremental digital cassette recorder designated the STR-2001 is a portable unit that, using a speedThe Diskette Deal 1. A complete Diskette "floppy disk" drive — featuring Innovex's unique stationary magnetic cartridge and rotating, moving head mechanism for unmatched reliability and data integrity. 2. A Diskette formatter — provides all seek, read-write, error detection and data formatting functions for up to eight Diskette drives, and plug-in interfacing to all popular 8-, 12- and 16-bit minicomputers. 3. Power supply, limited diagnostics, and free and guaranteed installation of your first unit — by Innovex at your site. Total-$2,740.00 Complete $2,740.00 is the price for the first Diskette drive and formatter you buy. Substantial OEM discounts for quantity purchases make an already great deal even better. For complete details on The Diskette Deal for your application, contact: INNOVEX CORPORATION FOUR ALFRED CIRCLE BEDFORD, MASS. 01730 (617) 275-2110 VIDEO COMPRESSOR FOR LAB AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS The CVI Model 260 Video Compressor samples conventional "real time" television signals to achieve a large reduction in bandwidth. The compressor also digitizes the signals for computer input and image analysis. A special 260 feature incorporates a "real time" video output which allows users to monitor the sampling process. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS INCLUDE: - Computer data input, linear or semi-random scanning - Communications: transmission of TV images over voice grade circuits for conference or data distribution purposes - Environmental monitoring: transmission of TV signals for remote observation and computer analysis - Data recording: utilization of conventional audio cassette or reel-to-reel tape recorders for image storage - Biomedical image analysis - Industrial control - Computer image enhancement Video instruments for data acquisition, processing, transmission, and display. CVI Colorado Video, Inc. P.O. Box 928 Boulder, Colorado 80302 (303) 444-3972 New products tolerant recording technique, eliminates the need for an ultra-precise drive mechanism. This same technique produces a single-track, self-clocking recording that makes the unit compatible with any digital computer system or data-collection device. Price is $495 for a single unit and $465 in quantities from two to nine. Additional discounts are available on larger quantities. Delivery time is 30 days. Electronic Processors Inc., 5050 S. Federal Blvd., Englewood, Colo. 80110 [366] Alphanumeric display is designed for Nova units Intended for Nova computers, an Alphanumeric display, called the Lexiscope 2000, is packaged on a single printed-circuit card. The unit features a 2,000-character MOS random-access memory that is organized to give an 80-column-by-25-row format. Use of the RAM eliminates latency time and the need for interrupt programming. The unit also includes a keyboard control, the operation of which does not require a teletypewriter interface. Price is $1,585. Lexicon Inc., Waltham, Mass. [367] Reader accepts punched and pencil-marked cards Operating at a rate of 300 cards per minute, an internally buffered, serial, optically-marked-card reader, called the model 7260A, accepts nearly all types of marked or punched cards. The unit can be DC to AC Sine Wave Inverters SPECIFICATIONS Output Voltage Regulation: less than ±5% for line and load Frequency Stability: ±0.5% of fixed frequency; 0.05% optional Total Harmonic Distortion: less than 5% at full load and nominal line GW Series — Typical 60 Hz Models \| Power (VA) \| Input (VDC) \| Output (VAC) \| Priced from \| Delivery \| \|------------\|-------------\|--------------\|-------------\|----------\| \| 250 \| 12/24, 28, 48, 125 \| 115, 230 \| $ 695 \| Stock \| \| 500 \| 12/24, 28, 48, 125 \| 115, 230 \| 1195 \| Stock \| \| 1000 \| 12/24, 28, 48, 125 \| 115, 230 \| 1700 \| Stock \| \| 2000 \| 12/24, 28 \| 115, 230 \| 3000 \| 3 days \| \| 3000 \| 12/24, 28 \| 115, 230 \| 4400 \| 3 days \| (50 and 400 Hz models available) TOPAZ SOLUTIONS TO POWER PROBLEMS ELECTRONICS 3855 Ruffin Road, San Diego, CA 92123 Phone (714) 278-0831 Circle 227 on reader service card TWO New SCRs from NATIONAL ELECTRONICS featuring • Patented Regenerative Gate • High di/dt with low power gate drive F-390 850 A RMS, 500-1300 V. DC motor control and power supplies. F-395 700 A RMS, 100-600 V. Fast switching, high frequency for inverter use. NATIONAL ELECTRONICS a varian division geneva, illinois 60134 (312) 232-4300 Circle 228 on reader service card Marco-Oak Rainbow switch with or without a lamp changes color changes legend and latches down. □ 10.5 amps/28VDC, 125/250 VAC □ 1 or 2 pole form Z □ Contact module U.L. Listed □ Choice of on-off colors □ Ideal for high ambient light service. Lighten your decisions contact... MARCO-OAK A Subsidiary of OAK Industries Inc. P.O. Box 4011 207 S. Helena Street, Anaheim, Calif. 92803 Tel. (714) 535-6037 • TWX — 910-591-1185 Circle 16* on reader service card The long-billed heat sucker. Cool bird. Reaches into tight places and sucks out heat. Does it with Hughes heat pipes. Nesting places include transformer cores, solid state devices, tightly stacked circuit boards, electro-optical systems, and other congested hot spots. Any place the finned heat sinker can't nest. Only Hughes has the long-billed heat sucker. Several subspecies available: round and flat pipe bills, flexible round pipe bill, and the cold mounting plate bill. Strange bird, but very helpful. Write or call: Hughes Electron Dynamics Division, Thermal Products, 3100 West Lomita Blvd., Torrance, California 90509. (213) 534-2121, Ext. 451. HUGHES HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY ELECTRON DYNAMICS DIVISION New products used in an office or for remote-terminal applications; it is designed for use with terminals, computers or remote data systems via a modem or direct connection. Any number of columns may be read from one to 80, and data rates are switchable from 110 baud through five intermediate rates up to 2,400 baud. Price is $2,975. Hewlett-Packard Co., 1501 Page Mill Rd., Palo Alto, Calif. 94304 [368] Data acquisition system offers up to 1,024 channels A multichannel data-acquisition system, designated the Millivertter II, accommodates up to 64 low-level signals for about $125 per channel, up to 256 high-level channels for less than $35 per channel, or any combination of low- and high-level signals. The unit is constructed modularly and can be expanded to 1,024 channels. Applications include production testing, simulation instrumentation, and vibration analysis. The unit is available with interfaces to most computers. Basic system price is $3,250, plus amplifier cards. Data Technology, 2700 S. Fairview Ave., Santa Ana, Calif. 92704 [369] Mike Truitt, in cap and gown, the day he graduated as a dental technician. While he was in the Navy, Mike Truitt went to class. Had experienced teachers. And, in very little time, became a dental technician. But that's not all he learned in the Navy. He also learned about people. About life. About himself. And while he learned, he got paid for it. If your son joins today's Navy, there are many different career opportunities he may be able to choose from. The Navy recruiter in your neighborhood can tell him all about it. Or, send this coupon for a full-color information brochure. In the last 20 years, the Navy has graduated over a million young men. So when you suggest us, you know you're giving some good advice. Please send complete information about the U.S. Navy. COMMANDER, NAVY RECRUITING COMMAND U.S. NAVY BLDG. 157 WASHINGTON NAVY YARD WASHINGTON D.C. 20390 Call toll-free: (800) 841-8000 Your Name Your Son's Name Age Address Phone # ( ) City State Zip The Navy Electronics/May 10, 1973 A line of evaporation sources for thin-film vacuum coating includes tungsten, tungsten filaments, molybdenum, and tantalum evaporation boats. They are supplied in a variety of shapes, sizes and configurations and are manufactured from very pure metals. The sources are available with adherent alumina coatings for applications where a chemical reaction between charge and source is of concern. For electron-beam evaporators, liners and tungsten emitters can be made to order. Materials Research Corp., Rte. 303, Orangeburg, N.Y. 10962 [476] Hi-Per 350 P is a hot melt for manual and product-assembly bonding applications. The material has good hot-tack capability and combines creep resistance at temperatures up to 210°F with low-temperature bond strength. It is available in granular form or in cartridges. Free samples are available. Ornsteen Chemicals Inc., Folly Mill Rd., Seabrook, N.H. 03874 [477] A two-part gold epoxy, designated Epo-Tek H-81, is intended specifically for chip bonding in micro-electronic applications. The conductivity rating of the material is 0.0005 to 0.0009 ohm-cm. Curing takes place in five minutes at 150°C, in 15 minutes at 120°C or 90 minutes at 80°C. Pot life is two days, and shelf life is a minimum of two years. Price is $80 for a ½-ounce trial evaluation kit. Mason Associates, 1 Frost Rd., Lexington, Mass. 02173 478 An epoxy casting material is formulated for small-mass encapsulating applications of miniature electronic components. Called Tra-Cast 3103, the material is a solventless, twoHere's everything you'd expect from a high-priced portable multimeter. Except a high price. Compare our major features: Both high and low power ohms ranges; a .1 V low voltage scale (AC & DC); a DC current range of 1μA full-scale; fuse protection; input impedance of 15 M Ω on DC; 1% precision resistors; a 4½ inch, 50μ A mirrored scale meter; frequency response flat to 150 KHz and 59 ranges; battery operated. You'd expect to pay a lot more for a portable multi-meter like the B & K 277. Check the specs. Call your B & K distributor or write Dynascan Corporation. $99.95 Very good equipment at a very good price. Product of Dynascan Corporation 1801 West Belle Plaine Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60613 All-purpose data gatherer. Highest accuracy/dollar ratio. Esterline Angus D-2020 P.D.A.S. (programmable data acquisition systems) give you 5 to 200 channels, 0.1% accuracy, a hard copy record, computer compatibility—and a cost per hundred channels comparable to multipoint analog recorders. Ours is second-generation, with more than 100 in use—many repeat customers. Programming is with simple switches. The D-2020 gives you digital read-out, digital print-out, or computer input data, or all three. New print-skip option permits random access. Ask for a catalog or a demonstration. Box 24000, Indianapolis, Indiana 46224. Phone (317) 244-7611. ESTERLINE ANGUS A UNIT OF ESTERLINE CORPORATION When you're hot, you're hot! So you need a rugged cement that really stands up to hostile heat? Theory of ceramics, wetting and adherence Particles to Substrates Particles to Particles, as in bodies Particles to Particles to reinforcing bodies Particles to Particles to substrate Particles to Particles to reinforcing bodies to substrates SermeTel bonding product systems have the answer to difficult applications. Can be custom mixed to offer electrical properties ranging from non-conductors to high conductors and bonding for temperatures from -375°F to 600°C. APPLICATIONS: • High temperature instrumentation • Strain Gauges • Thermocouples • Transducers • Structural adhesives • Heat exchangers • Nuclear reactors • Missile systems • Turbine engines • Abradable seals • Potting and joining compounds • Electronic Assemblies For a basic introduction to a fascinating new family of proven SermeTel products offering advantages that generate big money savings, write on your company letterhead for a copy of the newest in a series of definitive documents entitled "The Sciences of SermeTel Bonding Products." P.O. Box 167 North Wales, Pa. 19454 SERMETEL® A DIVISION OF TELEFLEX® INCORPORATED New products/materials part system that mixes to a smooth, low-viscosity fluid. It cures overnight at room temperature with low exotherm and minimum shrinkage. Tra-Con Inc., Resin Systems Div., 55 North St., Medford, Mass. 02155 [479] Tyox thick-film-switch composition 9253 is intended for use in automotive, instrumentation, and communications applications and can be processed by standard thick-film techniques to form thermal or threshold switches. Such applications include thermal sensors, surge protectors, and solid-state relays. DuPont Co., Wilmington, Del. 19898 [480] Screen-printable materials for optoelectronic applications are for use in the construction of plasma liquid crystals and light-emitting-diode displays. The materials include: a low-temperature firing conductor and both clear and black dielectric compositions for firing on glass; screen-printable sealing-glass pastes; conductive and dielectric compositions for alumina, and tin-oxide etching aids. Electro-Science Laboratories Inc., 1601 Sherman Ave., Pennsauken, N.J. 08110 [392] Stycast 1269-A is an epoxy casting resin that can be used in windows and lenses because it cures to a clear finish. The material is especially suited to the encapsulation of light-emitting diodes. It is a two-part system, which cures in 16 hours at 210°F, adheres to most materials, and withstands sunlight and temperatures to 300°F. Index of refraction is 1.5401, and volume resistivity is $7 \times 10^{14}$ ohm-cm. Price is $2.60 per pound in 18-pound lots. Emerson & Cuming Inc., Dielectric Materials Division, Canton, Mass. 02021 [391] A flameless heat tool for every need: Master makes them all Master offers you the world's most complete line of flameless heat tools. Each one is precision built for rugged dependability and versatile performance. And every Master heat tool features a complete line of attachments for every production need. Heat Guns and Blowers are available in U.L. and L.A. approved models. CSA approved in Canada. In Canada, contact Martin Industrial Sales, P.O. Box 576, 4445 Harvest Road, Burlington, Ontario. Send for your free 12-page catalog and price list on the world's most complete line of flameless heat tools. MASTER appliance corporation Racine, Wisconsin 53403 Another fine OEM product from C. Itoh. Model EP-101 Dimensions: 6.437" wide x 5.315" x 4.016" Printing Mechanism for digital devices. The EP-101 model simplifies the parallel entry printing mechanism by using a much smaller number of component parts. The result is a top-quality printing mechanism with a high degree of reliability and durability. As small as it is, the EP-101 still produces a fast 21-column print-out at a speed of three lines per second. Other features include low electrical power consumption (150 mA at 15V-DC) and a long-life transistorized motor. It is designed for the widest possible applications—everything from cash registers and measuring devices to computers—and provides you with a hard copy. There are other models available for many specific applications, each ready for immediate delivery at a most attractive C. Itoh price. Send in the coupon for more information. C. Itoh & Co. (America) Inc. 270 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017 • (212) 953-5452 West Coast office: 555 S. Flower Street, Los Angeles, Calif. 90071. (213) 687-0610. Canadian office: 401 Bay Street, The Simpson Tower, P.O. Box 78, Toronto 103, Ontario, Canada. (416) 366-9263/4. Attention: Industrial Electronics Div. C. Itoh & Co. (America) Inc. 270 Park Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017 Tel.: (212) 953-5452 Please send me more information on your printing mechanism for digital devices. Name ______________________________________ Title ________________ Company __________________________ Telephone No. ________________ Street ___________________________________________________________ City __________________ State ______ Zip ________________ Specific Application _______________________________________________ New literature Resistor inks. Matthey Bishop Inc., Electronic Materials Group, Malvern, Pa., has published data sheet EMG-2.2A providing drift information on resistor thick-film inks. Circle 421 on reader service card. Switches. A catalog of switches has been issued by Molex Inc., 2222 Wellington Court, Lisle, Ill. Cataloged are lighted push-button types, nylon and phenolic switch housings, rocker switches, and combination switch-receptacle units. [422] Epoxy. A 16-page booklet describing the properties and test results of a semiconductor IC package material called Epoxy B is available from National Semiconductor Corp., 2900 Semiconductor Dr., Santa Clara, Calif. 95050 Power modules. A series of silicon power modules and unmounted power-generating cells is described in a data sheet from the Semiconductor Division of International Rectifier Corp., 233 Kansas St., El Segundo, Calif. 90245 [423] Controls. Bourns Inc., Trimpot Products Division, 1200 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, Calif. 92507. A controls and variable resistor brochure contains technical data, specifications, and outline drawings. [424] Magnetic shielding. The problem and solution of designing and manufacturing magnetic shielding for storage tubes is detailed in data sheet 207-2PS, available from Advance Magnetics Inc., 226 E. 7th St., Rochester, Indiana 46975 [425] Microwave components. A 256-page catalog from Anzac Electronics, 39 Green St., Waltham, Mass., describes the company's line of microwave signal-processing components. These include double balanced mixers, impedance-matching transformers, frequency doublers, standing-wave-ratio bridges, and attenuators. [426] Silicone fluids. Properties and benefits of 14 silicone fluids are listed in New literature a 12-page information bulletin being offered by Dow Corning Corp., Midland, Michigan 48640. Easy-to-use tables simplify selection of fluids. [427] Quartz devices. Statek Corp., 1233 Alvarez Ave., Orange, Calif. A four-page quartz crystal and crystal oscillator brochure outlines technical characteristics and typical specifications, in addition to dimensional data for the TO-5 and flat-pack devices. [428] Power transistors. Solitron Devices Inc., Semiconductor Division, Riviera Beach, Fla., has published a 68-page catalog detailing the company's line of power transistors, hybrids, and microwave transistors. [429] Photomultipliers. Varian LSE, 601 California Ave., Palo Alto, Calif., is offering an 8-page catalog describing the company's line of photomultiplier tubes. [430] Instrumentation amplifier. A data sheet from Zeltex Inc., 1000 Chalmar Rd., Concord, Calif., describes the 391 series instrumentation amplifiers suited for low-level signal amplification in research instrumentation or data acquisition systems. [431] Semiconductor test system. E-H Research Laboratories Inc., 515 Eleventh St., Box 1289, Oakland, Calif. 95604. A brochure describes the 4500/4600 automated semiconductor test system and provides information on the cost of hunting down pc-board failures as functions of the number of devices per board and the percentage of bad ICs passed. The brochure also examines typical IC device operating frequencies. [432] Circuit-board hardware. A 16-page booklet describes circuit board hardware. It is available from Richco Plastic Co., 5925 N. Tripp Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60646, and details board supports, hold-down strips, spacers, card pullers, and edge protectors. [433] DIP REED RELAYS Available in all standard configurations From distributor stock Elec-Trol's totally encapsulated DIP REED RELAYS can be driven directly by TTL logic. Available in 1 and 2 Pole Form A, 1 Form B, 1 Form C with 5 through 24 VDC standard coil voltages. Contact ratings up to 10 watts. Available in .225" and .275" heights. Clamping diode and electrostatic shielding optional. Phone, wire or write. ELEC-TROL, INC. 26477 N. Golden Valley Road Saugus, California 91350 (213) 788-7292 TWX 910-336-1556 Circle 169 on reader service card Wanted by the authorities. Singer is on the most wanted list for crystal detectors. Experts recognize Singer's two series of broadband Crystal Detectors covering the 350 KHz to 12.4 GHz range as excellent performers. Both Series 1001 (10 MHz to 12.4 GHz) and Series 1006 (350 KHz to 1000 MHz) offer flat frequency response of better than ± 0.5 dB and high sensitivity. Series 1001 offers three choices of input connectors. For power leveling, absolute power measurement, peak power measurement, broadband detection and for use in reflectometer systems Singer Crystal Detectors offer high reliability, stable performance and low cost: from $50 for Series 1006 to $140 for Series 1001. Contact the Singer Company, Palo Alto Operation, 3176 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94304, Telephone (415) 493-3231. Jack Cade, in Shakespeare's play, was leading a rebellion and looking for a scapegoat. He hit upon a somewhat bloodthirsty, but extremely popular, idea. There is a new and different kind of rebellion in America today. An angry revolt against the pollution and despoilment of our environment. And some people, again seeking a scapegoat, have also hit upon a popular idea. Put the blame, and the burden, on business. Indict U.S. industry as "The perpetrator of an irresponsible assault on the environment." Demand that industry immediately stop all pollution, end all depletion, and forthwith "restore our natural heritage." And enforce these demands with new, harsh and punitive, laws and regulations. Impose criminal penalties on the owners and officers of offending companies. Launch an onslaught of "Citizens' and workers' suits for environmental damages." Attack, harass, threaten, punish and compel. The idea has its appeal. It focuses on a convenient, conspicuous and vulnerable target. It offers immediate action and immediate release for accumulated frustration and anger. Most temptingly, it promises a quick, easy and painless solution to the whole environmental problem. Against this attack, and in the face of this appeal, industry is at a crippling disadvantage. It has, to put it bluntly, been hit with charges that cannot be denied—demands that cannot be satisfied. And, backed into its corner, it is in an awkward position. A position in which anything it says is likely to be taken as defensive or evasive, anything it does is questioned in advance as inadequate. Nevertheless, some things need to be said. First, that industry is guilty of an assault upon the environment, and is responsible for the consequences. But, second, that the guilt has long since been acknowledged, the responsibility long since accepted. Today, however belatedly, U.S. industry stands firmly and fully committed to the environmental cause. The commitment is sincere. It is also specific and binding. The U.S. Commission on Environmental Quality has designed a massive program to cleanse and restore the American environment in the 1970's, at a total cost of $287-billion. Industry's share of this cost is set at $195-billion. Clearly, this assigned task and this imposed burden will strain the financial, and test the technical and managerial, capacities of U.S. industry to the utmost. It adds an enormous responsibility and a formidable challenge to all of the other responsibilities and challenges that industry must continue to confront in a competitive and demanding world. The responsibility has been accepted, the job will be done. But beyond this assigned task, beyond this designated goal, beyond these outer limits of the possible, industry probably cannot go. It is not a question of will, but of capacity. The issue is not what industry ought to do, but what industry can do. To the extremists' premise that industry can be threatened, harassed and driven to exceed its utmost capacities—that it can somehow be made to do what it manifestly cannot do—a frank and unequivocal response must be made. Industry cannot immediately stop all pollution, end all depletion, and overnight restore our natural heritage. It is impossible. It is financially impossible, technically impossible, economically impossible, morally impossible, and physically impossible. It is financially impossible for industry to immediately allocate and spend $195-billion. There is not that much money to be had, from any source, by any means, using any device. It is technically impossible, at any price, to totally eliminate all forms of pollution. It is economically impossible to bring all of U.S. industry to a complete halt while pollution control is given absolute priority over production. It is morally impossible to close every offending plant, shut down every faulty operation, and throw thousands of people out of jobs, whole communities into bankruptcy. And it is physically impossible, even if everything else could be done, to compress the work of a decade into a day, a month, or a year. To these obvious impossibilities, one more must be added. It is impossible to separate industry from the society to which it belongs—and which it serves and reflects. The environmental crisis is not an isolated, but a total national crisis. The result of universal neglect and unanimous irresponsibility. And of a prolonged, overwhelming, devastating mass assault on the environment, made by millions of American citizens and consumers, in ignorance or blithe disregard of the consequences. We are no longer ignorant. We are no longer quite so blithe. But the assault continues. Because the insistent, unrelenting pressure of consumer needs, wants, desires and demands continues. And this, ultimately, is the problem. Not for industry alone, but for the whole of a truly interdependent society. Any major solution to the environmental crisis requires a profound change in the personal expectations, habits, attitudes and actions of millions of individual Americans. But the point, with regard to industry's responsibility, is simple. Industry cannot dictate change. It can control its own actions and reform its own habits. But it cannot refuse to meet needs, ignore wants, desires and demands, and reform the habits, attitudes and actions of 200-million Americans. Killing lawyers does not further the cause of justice. Persecuting and punishing industry will not advance the cause of a better environment. The sacrifice of a scapegoat solves nothing and gets us nowhere. Except off the track. A common, national problem demands a common, united, national effort. The job belongs to us all. It is time to forget the diversion and get on, together, with the job. We at McGraw-Hill believe in the interdependence of American society. We believe that, particularly among the major groups—business, professions, labor and government—there is too little recognition of our mutual dependence, and of our respective contributions. And we believe that it is the responsibility of the media to improve this recognition. This is the sixth of a series of editorial messages on a variety of significant subjects that we hope will contribute to a broader understanding. Permission is freely granted to individuals and organizations to reprint or republish these messages. John R. Emery, President McGraw-Hill Publications Co. POSITION VACANT Community College—Electronics Technology—Instructor needed teaching basic theory & applications leading to Associate in Science degree. BSEE degree required. Masters degree preferred. Must meet State requirements for certification. Contact: Daytona Beach Community College, Personnel Department, P.O. Box 1111, Daytona Beach, Fla. 32015. RESUME KIT Free Engineer’s Resume Kit for Electrical Mechanical and Industrial Engineers. Scientific Placement, Inc., Employment Service 5051 Westheimer, Houston, TX 77027. When Answering BOX NUMBERS To expedite the handling of your correspondence and avoid confusion, please do not address a single reply to more than one individual box number. Be sure to address separate replies for each advertisement. Q. How do I reply to a box number ad? A. Address an envelope with the box number indicated in the ad, c/o Electronics, Class. Adv. Dept., P.O. Box 900, NY, NY 10020 Q. Whom do I contact or call to renew my classified ad or make corrections? A. Write Electronics, Class. Adv. Dept., P.O. Box 900, NY, NY 10020 or call: (212) 997-6585 or 6586. Give full company name, size of ad, & date or dates it is scheduled to appear. HIRE A STUDENT THIS SUMMER. DO EVERYBODY A FAVOR. First, and most important, you’ll be giving a deserving student worthwhile career-oriented employment. Second, because of the habitual scarcity of qualified students, you’ll be able to select the cream of the crop from the many applications you’ll receive. This means you can evaluate your choice while gaining an inside track towards hiring him when, as a coveted graduate, the job market will be in his favor. Third, it’s in the industry’s best interest to encourage and hold its’ lifeblood by providing practical experience in their future profession. Because we believe in the mutual benefits of a good marriage, we’ve taken the role of match-maker. Just fill out and return the coupon below and we’ll include your name, organization, address, and student preference in a free listing to be sent to Placement Directors and Department Heads at leading colleges and universities across the nation. Free summer help listing MAIL TO: ELECTRONICS/P.O. BOX 900/NEW YORK/NY 10020 NAME/TITLE of individual to be contacted: ADDRESS: Mailing address of your personnel office: ORGANIZATION: Firm, Company, Government Agency or Institution TYPE AND NUMBER OF STUDENTS SOUGHT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEER Other Preferences Thank you, Ma Bell... For years, mobile radios operating in urban areas have been plagued with interference problems. One of the biggest is intermodulation. This is where Ma Bell comes in. Many telephone companies assigned to her can generate IM products at nearby frequencies allocated to local cab companies. The solution — a monolithic front-end filter in each cab radio to protect the first stage. We started making these filters two years ago as custom jobs. Now we're making them in low-cost OEM quantities for paging, medical telemetry and other single-channel receivers. Speaking of intermodulation... It should be noted that crystal filters — even ours — can generate IM products. Happily, this non-linear procivity can be controlled. If your application involves IM requirements for either out-of-band or in-band signals, we may be able to help where others have failed. Drop us a line about your project or, if you're really in a hurry, give us a call via Ma Bell at (305) 425-1574. Piezo Technology Inc. 2400 Diversified Way Orlando, Fla. 32804 (305) 425-1574 The standard in monolithic crystal filters. Advertising Sales Staff Pierre J. Braudé [212] 997-3485 Advertising Sales Manager Atlanta, Ga. 30309: Joseph Lane 100 Peachtree Square, 1175 Peachtree St., N.E. [404] 892-2600 Boston, Mass. 02116: James R. Pierce 607 Boylston St. [617] 262-1160 Chicago, Ill. 60611: 645 North Michigan Avenue Robert W. Bartlett [312] 751-3739 Paul L. Reise [312] 751-3738 Cleveland, Ohio 44113: William J. Boyle [716] 586-5040 Dallas, Texas 75201: Charles G. Hubbard 2001 Bryan Tower, Suite 1070 [214] 782-1747 Denver, Colo. 80202: Harry B. Doyle, Jr. Tower Bldg., 1700 Broadway [303] 266-3863 Detroit, Michigan 48202: Robert W. Bartlett 1400 Woodward Bldg. [313] 873-7410 Houston, Texas 77002: Charles G. Hubbard 2270 Humble Bldg. [713] CA 4-8381 Los Angeles, Calif. 90010: Robert J. Rielly Bradford Towers, 3200 Wshire Blvd., South Tower [213] 487-1160 New York, N.Y. 10020 1221 Avenue of the Americas Warren H. Gardner [212] 997-3617 Michael J. Stoiler [212] 997-3616 Philadelphia, Pa. 19102: Warren H. Gardner Trent Parkhouse [212] 997-3617 Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222: Warren H. Gardner 4 Gateway Center, [212] 997-3617 Rochester, N.Y. 14534: William J. Boyle 9 Girardock Place, Pittsford, N.Y. [716] 586-5040 San Francisco, Calif. 94111: Don Farris Robert J. Rielly, 425 Battery Street, [415] 362-4600 Paris: Alain Offergeld 17 Rue des Petits Bizez, 75 Paris 16, France Tel. 720-73-01 Geneva: Alain Offergeld 1 rue du Temple, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. 32-35-63 United Kingdom: Keith Mante Tel. 01-493-1451, 34 Dover Street, London W1 Milan: Robert Saidel 1 via Baracchini Phone 86-90-656 Brussels: Alain Offergeld 23 Chemin de Wavre Brussels 1040, Belgium Tel. 13-85-03 Stockholm: Brian Bowes Office 17, Kontor-Center AB, Hagagarten 29, 113 47 Stockholm, Tel. 24 72 00 Frankfurt/Main: Fritz Krusebecker Ludwigstrasse 7c Phone 72 01 81 Tokyo: Tatsumi Katajiri, McGraw-Hill Publications Overseas Corporation, Kasumigaseki Building 2-5, 3-chome, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan [51] 9811 Osaka: Ryji Kobayashi, McGraw-Hill Publications Overseas Corporation, Kondo Bldg., 163, Umegae-cho Kitaku [362] 8771 Australia: Warren E. Ball, IPO Box 5106, Tokyo, Japan Business Department Stephen R. Weiss, Manager [212] 997-2044 Thomas M. Egan, Production Manager [212] 997-3140 Carol Gallagher, Assistant Production Manager [212] 997-2045 Dorothy Carter, Contracts and Billings [212] 997-2908 Frances Vallone, Reader Service Manager [212] 997-6057 Electronics Buyers' Guide George F. Werner, Associate Publisher [212] 997-3139 Regina Hera, Directory Manager [212] 997-2544 NEW SHORTER CASE! SCHAUER 1-WATT ZENERS .160 MAX. DIA. All welded and brazed assembly No fragile nail heads High pressure molded case .028 DIA. GOLD PLATED NICKEL CLAD COPPER LEADS .320 MAX. ALKYD RESIN CASE LENGTH 0.320" MAX. (Was 0.437") SAME LOW PRICES FOR 1% TOLERANCE ZENERS ANY VOLTAGE FROM 2.0 TO 18.0 \| Quantity \| Price Each \| \|----------\|------------\| \| 1-99 \| $1.07 \| \| 100-499 \| .97 \| \| 500-999 \| .91 \| \| 1000-4999\| .86 \| \| 5000 up \| .82 \| IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT Send for rating data and 20%, 10%, 5% and 2% tolerance prices. Semiconductor Division SCHAUER MANUFACTURING CORP. 4514 Alpine Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45242 Telephone 513/791-3030 Circle 235 on reader service card Circle 173 on reader service card ## Electronics advertisers ### Abbott Translator Labs., Inc. - Technical Adv. Agency ### Ablestik Laboratories - Fortune Advertising ### Advanced Memory Systems - Western Union ### Advanced Micro Devices - Keye/Donna/Pearlstein ### Advanced Micro Devices - Keye/Donna/Pearlstein ### AEG Telefunken - AILTECH/RF - Thompson Advertising ### Airborn, Inc. - Cullum Advertising ### Alpraz Electronic Controls Division - Van Dusen and Associates, Inc. ### Allen-Bradley Company - Hoffman, Berman & Johnson, Inc. ### American Electronic Laboratories, Inc. - Ernest Williams Greenfield, Inc. ### American Mines Corporation - Subs: Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co. - Designers Inc. ### American Microsystems, Inc. - C. Itoh & Co. (America) Inc. - Advertising - Amplifier Research Corporation - DeAngelo Associates ### Ananai Designs, Inc. - Schneider Parker Guy, Inc. ### Analog Digital Research - Tally/Tales Advertising ### August, Inc. - Creamer, Trowbridge, Case & Basford, Inc. ### AVX Ceramics - Western Advertising Agency, Inc. ### Bausch & Lomb, Inc. - Wolf Assoc., Inc. ### Bell Telephone Electronics - Instruments Group ### Boyhan, Lown & Dean - Henderson Advertising Company ### Business Mktg. Division of McGraw-Edison Co. - Henderson Advertising Company ### California Computer Products - Western Advertising ### Centralab, Electronics Div. - of Globe Union, Inc. ### Cherry Electrical Products Corp. - Kolo-Toolek and Associates, Inc. ### Chicago Metalcraft Pump Works - Bull-Roberts Advertising ### Cinco Circulators, Operation of - TRW Electronics Components - Stral Advertising Company, Inc. ### CIT Alcatel - Communication industrielle ### Claires Corporation - Blackwell & Morris ### Cobalt Div. of Comutervision Corp. - Associated Ad-Ventures ### Colorado Video, Inc. - C. Itoh & Co. (America) Inc. - Creative Business Communications ### Communication Associates, Inc. - Caroe Marketing, Inc. ### Computer Components, Inc. ### Coors Porcelain Company - Arvada Art & Advertising Co. ### DATAHOUSE, INC. - McCarthy, Scelba, and DeBiasi Advertising Agency, Inc. ### Datam, Inc. - Latt-Surtey Company ### Datel Systems, Inc. - John Dolan Advertising ### Delta Controls - Industrial Advertising Services ### Dialight Corporation - Blackwell & Morris ### Digital Equipment Corporation - Schneider Parker Guy, Inc. ### The Digiloran Company - Jamison Advertising, Inc. ### Dynacorn Corporation (Industrial Process Divisions) - Albert Jay Rosenthal & Company Advertising ### Electra, Inc. - S. Michelson Advertising ### Electronic Engineering Company of California, Elec. Prod. DIV. - Mead & Emerson, Inc. ### EPC Labs., Inc. - Superfine Productions ### Estrella Angles, A Unit of Esteline Corporation - Odette Industrial Advertising, Inc. ### ETE Corporation - Allen & Dorward, Inc. ### Exciton Industries, Inc. - Egle Davis, Inc. ### Fairchild - Starwood/Drummond Advertising, Inc. ### Ferruccio - Black-Russell-Morris ### Fluid Manufacturing Co., John - Bonner Advertising ### The Fluorocarbon Company - Dan Eberts and Company Advertising ### Gardner, Inc. - Cooke & Assoc., Inc. ### General Electric - Electronic Components - Robert B. Smith, Inc. ### General Electric Co., - Miniature Lamp Div. - Carr Liggett Advertising, Inc. ### G. E. Co., Semi Prod. Dept. - General Magnetics - McCarthy/Scelba/DeBiasi Adv. Agcy., Inc. ### General Radio - Great Lakes ### Golden Gate Enterprises, Inc. - Associated Ad-Ventures ### Gould Ind. Instruments Systems Div. - Carr Liggett Adv., Inc. ### G. T. Schultze Co. - Chouinard-Moore Advertising, Inc. ### Harris Semiconductor - Thomas Wayne & Company ### Health/Safety Division of Scientific Instruments - Advance Advertising Services ### Hermes Electronics Ltd. - Public Relations/Relations Limited ### Hewlett-Packard - Tally/Tales Advertising, Inc. ### Hewlett-Packard - Tally/Tales Advertising ### Hughes Aircraft Company - Fordham & Beldeig Div. ### Hutson Industries - Warren-Guild ### Industrial Electronics Engineers, Inc. - S. Michelson Advertising ### In-Link Technology, Inc. - R. F. Zem ### Innovex Corporation - Weber Douglas Cooper, Inc. ### Interbrand, Inc. - Hornishar & Associates ### International Crystal Mfg. Co. - Romano V. Freeless & Associates ### Intersil - Herrick Associates, Inc. ### IPT Corp. - Roy Minor/Graphic Arts ### Isla Electronics Corp. - Synergy International, Inc. ### C. Itoh & Co. (America) Inc. - AC&R Advertising Inc. ### ITT Corporation - D'Arcy-Manahan & Masius, Inc. ### ITT Semiconductors - Hall & McKenzie Advertising ### Kennedy Co. - R. L. Anderson Advertising ### Keppic Incorporated - Weiss Advertising ### Lambda Electronics Corporation - Miller Advertising ### Lockheed Electronics Company - McCann-Erickson, Inc. ### LTT Corporation - Pribblebl ### McGraw-Hill Book Company - McGraw-Hill Magazines ### Macrodota Company - JIM Advertising ### Magnetics, Inc. - Lando, Inc. ### Marco-Oak - Jameson Associates, Inc. ### Markem Corp. - Creamer, Trowbridge, Case & Basford, Inc. ### Mastercard - Klas-Van Pletersen-Dunlap, Inc. ### Materials Research Corporation - Blackwell & Morris ### Microsystems International Ltd. - Media Advertising Ltd ### Micropro, Inc. - Associated Adventures ### Micro Switch Division of Honeywell - N. W. 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Dear Colleague: For more than 20 years, COA has been at the forefront of working with intercountry adoption service providers to ensure that the needs and rights of children, biological families, and adoptive families are met. We are, therefore, especially proud to have been designated by the Department of State as the sole national Accrediting Entity under the Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000 (IAA). We recognize that pursuing accreditation can be daunting, especially for those providers that are small and are new to the process. Please know, however, that we are committed to partnering with you in a collegial and facilitative manner to make your accreditation experience a positive one. These Guidelines reflect that commitment. We look forward to working with you in strengthening your program and improving the services delivered to your clients. Richard Klarberg President & CEO WHERE DO WE BEGIN? As you begin the Hague accreditation or approval process, COA has a few recommendations to help you and your staff gain a greater understanding of the importance and benefits of the process. - Visit COA’s website at www.coanet.org to gain information and an understanding of the Council on Accreditation. - Develop a presentation for your governing or advisory body that describes the requirements and merits of accreditation and how Hague accreditation or approval is a valuable component of their fiduciary duty. - Educate your staff about the many benefits Hague accreditation or approval offers that will support their commitment to quality practice and their dedication to excellence. - Discuss the process, the standards, and the commitment that is required to achieve Hague accreditation or approval with your stakeholders. - Assess your ability to implement the standards, including those standards that are mandatory and critical to become Hague-accredited or approved. - Let your service recipients know that Hague accreditation and approval affirm your commitment to providing them with the very best services. HOW DO WE PREPARE? COA would like to share the best of what we’ve learned from working with service providers like you about how to prepare for accreditation or approval. - Assign chapters or sections of standards to a staff member who will be responsible for ensuring the appropriate review and implementation of the standards. Most adoption service providers have more than one person involved in the review and implementation of standards, but COA suggests that one person be designated as ultimately accountable for each chapter or section. - Conduct training for team members on how to use the standards to assess current practice. Training should include: the structure of the standards, how to read and use the Tables of Evidence and other charts and tools within each section, and advice and suggestions on how to write the narratives. Training should also include how to read, assess, and assign an internal “rating,” using the Substantial Compliance System. - Assign a timeframe for each team to conduct a “self-assessment” of their assigned sections. The self-assessment should include reviewing all standards and assigning a “preliminary rating” for each. The self-assessment also should include looking at the section’s Table of Evidence to ensure that the required documentation is available and up-to-date and that staff feel prepared to engage in the on-site activities that will occur. Teams should also begin writing the narratives. - Of special note: Remember that achieving Hague accreditation or approval is only possible when you have demonstrated clear evidence of compliance with the standards. Interviews conducted by the on-site Evaluator Team are extremely important as they reveal the extent to which policies and procedures have been operationalized. Use a mock interviewing process extensively and build in interview questions on agendas for regular program/departmental staff meetings. - Develop corrective action plans for standards you identify as “non-compliant.” Feedback suggests that formalizing corrective action plans, including the assignment of a responsible individual with timeframes and clear expectations of the work to be done, can help ensure the accreditation or approval timeline is met. - Re-evaluate. At some point after the development and implementation of the corrective action plans, go back and have your assigned individuals or teams re-evaluate evidence of compliance with the standards. See if the areas identified as challenges have been addressed. • Start pulling it all together. All of the pre- and on-site documentation from the Tables of Evidence must be organized and prepared either to be submitted in the self-study or to be available on-site for the Evaluator Team. The main components that you need to ensure are included are narratives, all pieces of evidence, and any chart or tool that is required in each section of the standards. • Consider conducting a “mock site visit.” Mock site visits are extremely effective in helping to assess your readiness for accreditation or approval. In fact, they are such powerful tools, you may want to consider conducting one at the beginning of this process along with another mock review as you near the site visit. Mock site visits can include case record review and extensive interviews with staff to ascertain compliance with the standards. Used at the beginning of the process, a mock site visit can help assess where your most significant gaps are and help triage and define where you will need to invest the most amount of resources and staff time. COA can help you with conducting mock site visits. Give us a call if this is of interest to you! • Develop and stick to your timeline! By developing a timeline that incorporates key deadlines as delineated in your timetable with COA, you can help your staff stay focused and ensure that you do not feel pressured as deadlines near. WHAT IS THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT? The purpose of the Initial Assessment is to familiarize the adoption service provider to the accreditation or approval process and to determine the provider’s areas of strengths and needed technical assistance. The Intake Coordinator will review the accreditation or approval process with the provider, and gather some information that will assist in the planning of a site visit. The Intake Coordinator will also ask a series of questions about the adoption service provider’s implementation of practices addressed within the Hague Accreditation and Approval Standards. The information shared by the ASP during the intake call will not be used to rate an ASP’s compliance with the standards, but to develop a work plan that will help the ASP prepare their self-study and prepare for their site visit/desk review. The provider and the Intake Coordinator will discuss a timeline for the provider’s accreditation or approval process which takes into account the provider’s readiness, the available review dates, and the deadline for achieving Hague Accreditation and Approval. Upon conclusion of the call, the Accreditation Coordinator will draft a Hague Accreditation/Approval Timeline that will specify the exact dates for the provider to complete each step in the accreditation/approval process. HOW DO WE PREPARE FOR DUAL ACCREDITATION? The Dual Accreditation Process for Adoption Service Providers seeking both Hague accreditation and COA accreditation is currently in development. For assistance with the dual accreditation process, please contact your COA Accreditation Coordinator. \| Topic \| Page \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|------\| \| WELCOME TO COA \| 1 \| \| STARTING THE ACCREDITATION/APPROVAL PROCESS \| 2 \| \| Where do we begin? \| \| \| How do we prepare? \| \| \| What is the initial assessment? \| \| \| How do we prepare for dual accreditation? \| \| \| What is the role of the COA Coordinator? \| \| \| What other resources are available to ASPs? \| \| \| UNDERSTANDING THE HAGUE ACCREDITATION/APPROVAL STANDARDS \| 9 \| \| DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE AND ASSEMBLING THE SELF-STUDY \| 15 \| \| PREPARING FOR THE SITE VISIT \| 24 \| \| EVALUATING THE ACCREDITATION SERVICE PROVIDER \| 27 \| \| RECEIVING AND RESPONDING TO FEEDBACK \| 31 \| \| CELEBRATING AND SUSTAINING ACCREDITATION \| 34 \| WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE COA ACCREDITATION COORDINATOR? The accreditation or approval process begins with your assignment to an Accreditation Coordinator, who will be your partner throughout this process, from assessment through accreditation or approval. Your Coordinator is your primary contact at COA for anything and everything you need. He or she is your facilitator, interpreter, problem-solver and coach throughout the process and helps you: - determine your starting point, areas of strength, and opportunities to grow; - plan for early and on-going technical assistance; - develop a needs-based, realistic timetable; - understand the intent and application of Hague standards; - answer questions about the accreditation or approval process; - evaluate the quality of evidence and completeness of your self-study; and - facilitate communication and access to resources at COA. WHAT OTHER RESOURCES ARE AVAILABLE TO ADOPTION SERVICE PROVIDERS? COA has developed several technical assistance resources to help adoption service providers successfully navigate the Hague accreditation or approval process. Most training and technical assistance opportunities are offered at no cost or at an affordable rate. These technical assistance and training opportunities include: - Partnerships—linking adoption service providers with similar structures and challenges. - Customized Training or Technical Assistance—on-site customized training designed to meet your unique and special needs. - Webinars—you or your staff can sign up to attend web-based teleconference trainings conducted by COA staff and field experts. Your Accreditation Coordinator will schedule a series of Hague Accreditation and Approval Webinars that will cover each chapter of the standards and their key activities in the process. - Self-Paced Training—COA offers pre-recorded trainings on specific topics that can be viewed over the Internet or on the CD-ROM. These trainings can be accessed multiple times by multiple staff members in the convenience of your office. Topics are determined by customer identified needs. - Technical Assistance through the COA Accreditation Coordinator—the Coordinators provide on-going technical assistance to adoption service providers throughout the accreditation and approval process, and can direct you to resources and tools that can help you better understand the standards, assemble your self-study document, and prepare for the site visit. - Face-to-Face Training—COA offers a one-day workshop on Hague Accreditation and Approval, provided regionally across the U.S. This training focuses on the Hague standards and process. For more information on these technical assistance and training resources, contact your COA Coordinator or refer to the COA website, www.coanet.org. WHAT IS A HAGUE STANDARD AND HOW IS IT ASSIGNED? Hague Accreditation and Approval Standards are requirements established by the U.S. Department of State in 22 CFR Part 96 for intercountry adoption providers involved in Hague Convention adoptions. COA has developed a formatted version of these standards, which is included in COA’s Guide to Hague Accreditation and Approval and is available on the CD-ROM. Hague Accreditation and Approval Standards include standards related to both management and service delivery. Hague management standards apply to all adoption service providers regardless of the type of provider or services provided. These management standards promote accountability and include: - Licensing and Corporate Governance - Financial and Risk Management - Ethical Practices and Responsibilities - Professional Qualifications and Training of Employees - Information Disclosure, Fee Practices, and Quality Control - Responding to Complaints and Records and Reports Management - Service Planning and Delivery Service standards only apply to adoption service providers who currently provide the service. Service standards include: - Standards for Incoming Cases - Standards for Outgoing Cases HOW ARE THE HAGUE STANDARDS ORGANIZED? The Hague Standards (Subpart F of 22 CFR Part 96) are organized in a three-tier structure: chapter, section, and sub-section. This structure contains increasing levels of specificity as one moves from the chapter to the section to the sub-section. Chapter: The chapter provides a title that represents an aspect of management or service delivery. It is comprised of a group of sections. Section: The section represents a numbered section of the regulations. It is comprised of a group of sub-sections and represents an overall theme for the group of standards. Sub-section: The sub-section is the most measurable, specific standard for which the adoption service provider is required to demonstrate its degree of compliance. Sub-sections are represented by a letter within each section of the regulations. Some sub-sections contain multiple requirements or elements that specify the details of a particular practice. In the following example, the chapter is Licensing and Corporate Governance, the section is 96.30, and the sub-section is 96.30 (c). --- LICENSING AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Section 96.30 State Licensing 96.30 (c) If it provides adoption services in a State in which it is not itself licensed or authorized to provide such services, the agency or person does so only: 1. through agencies or persons that are licensed or authorized by State law to provide adoption services in that State and that are exempted providers or acting as supervised providers; or 2. through public domestic authorities. WHAT ARE OTHER FEATURES OF THE STANDARDS? In connection with Article 3(1)(c) of the Memoranda of Agreement with COA and Colorado, the Accrediting Entities must, in coordination with the Department of State, “develop explanatory guidance to assist applicants for accreditation (temporary accreditation) and approval in achieving substantial compliance with the applicable standards.” Explanatory Guidance includes clarifications, ratings of “NA” (not applicable), and Tables of Evidence. Explanatory Guidance and Clarifications Certain standards may require “clarifications” to: a) clarify the meaning of a term used within a standard; b) provide guidance through rating indicator examples regarding levels of compliance with a standard; and c) identify standards for which a showing of capacity would justify a rating of substantial compliance or better and guidance regarding evidence of capacity. Explanatory Guidance will be provided in Bulletins, which will be available on COA’s website. Explanatory Guidance Bulletin 1: Standards Clarifications Bulletin 1 includes a list of terms from the standards and explanations of the meaning or intent of each term. This list will evolve as the accreditation/approval process gets underway, and updates to the list will be made available to Evaluators and adoption service providers on a regular basis. Explanatory Guidance Bulletin 2: Standards Where an Evaluation of Capacity May Be Appropriate Bulletin 2 provides a list of standards for which a showing of capacity may justify a rating of substantial compliance or better at the initial evaluation stage. Guidance is provided for determining capacity through examples of questions for evaluators to ask when assessing it. WHAT IS THE NA PROCESS? Several standards will be “not applicable” (NA) to some applicants, because the standards themselves are written with conditions or contingencies that may or may not apply to the agency or person. Evaluators will confirm, during the site visit, that the conditions exist to warrant an NA rating. Explanatory Guidance Bulletin 3: Pre-Approved Not Applicable Rating Options Bulletin 3 includes a list of standards and corresponding conditions that would make a rating of “NA” appropriate if the ASP does not meet the standard. NA options can also be found intermittently throughout the formatted version of standards on the CD-ROM. An NA statement is typically found directly under a standard (see example below). When you decide that an NA is relevant to you, you must be prepared to provide evidence to the Evaluators that supports that determination. You must attach a list of all NA ratings being requested to the Table of Contents Form for each chapter of evidence you submit in your self-study. In the example below, the NA statement follows the sub-section standard. LICENSING AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Section 96.30 State Licensing 96.30 (d) In the case of a person, the individual or for-profit entity is not prohibited by State law from providing adoption services in any State where it is providing adoption services, and does not provide adoption services in Convention countries that prohibit individuals or for-profit entities from providing adoption services. NA The Adoption Service Provider is an agency. The designated accrediting entities have developed charts reflecting the evidence that evaluators will review in determining the level of compliance with the standards. The accrediting entities have compared their respective charts to promote uniformity and consistency. These charts specify the evidence that is expected to be provided by the adoption service provider during initial and subsequent accreditation/approval cycles. In limited circumstances, actual evidence of compliance will not be available. In such circumstances, Explanatory Guidance Bulletin 3: Standards Where an Evaluation of Capacity is Appropriate offers guidance for assessing capacity. You will use the Table of Evidence as a guide to assemble your self-study and prepare for the on-site visit. The Table of Evidence is organized in two parts, the narrative and a chart that outlines the necessary evidence you need to provide in order to demonstrate compliance with the standards. The Tables of Evidence can be found on COA’s Guide to Hague Accreditation and Approval, which is available on the CD-ROM. The narrative provides an opportunity for you to discuss key practices that demonstrate compliance with the standards. Each question in the narrative addresses a specific aspect of your practice. Your response should be as concise as possible, while providing a comprehensive answer to the question. TABLE OF EVIDENCE SAMPLE EXCERPTS FINANCIAL AND RISK MANAGEMENT NARRATIVE: The Financial and Risk Management Narrative should provide an overview of key practices that contribute to financial and risk management. The Narrative supports, but should not duplicate, evidence provided elsewhere in your self-study. Provide responses to the following questions that address your organization’s compliance with the Financial and Risk Management standards. Highlight applicable obstacles and innovations, if any, in each of your responses. 1. Describe how the organization meets the financial reporting requirements of applicable Federal and State Laws and Regulations. (96.33 d) Each chart includes three columns: The Self-Study Documents column on the Chart includes evidence that should be provided in your self-study, which is submitted to COA and the Evaluators prior to the site visit. The On-Site Documents column on the Chart includes evidence that you should have readily available for the Evaluators when they arrive for the site visit. The Evaluators may review these documents if they need further information to evaluate your compliance with the standards. The On-Site Activities column on the Chart identifies the individuals who may be interviewed by the Evaluators during the site visit, as well as any necessary case record and personnel file reviews and other on-site activities. The Evaluators have the discretion to request additional evidence if they need further information to properly rate a standard. ### TABLE OF EVIDENCE SAMPLE EXCERPTS FINANCIAL AND RISK MANAGEMENT #### EVIDENCE CHART \| Self-Study Documents \| On-Site Documents \| On-Site Activities \| \|----------------------\|-------------------\|--------------------\| \| 96.33 Budget, Audit, Insurance, and Risk Requirements \| \| \| \| 96.33 (a) \| - Budget (operating budget for current fiscal year) - Governing Body minutes from the meeting when the budget was approved \| - Finance procedures \| - Interview: a. Governing Body b. Treasurer or Finance Committee Members c. CFO/CEO \| WHAT IS THE SELF-STUDY? The self-study is your first opportunity to demonstrate compliance with the Hague standards. With the guidance of your COA Coordinator, you will complete a self-study that serves as a self-assessment tool for you to evaluate your strengths and opportunities for growth. The self-study is both a process and a document. Process Adoption service providers pursuing accreditation or approval engage in a process of self-evaluation as they assess their compliance with Hague standards. This process determines how accreditation or approval can facilitate change in your policies, procedures, and standards of practice. The self-study can also explain and reinforce the necessary maintenance of practices that are currently in operation. Document Adoption service providers complete and submit a compilation of evidence documents called the self-study prior to their site visit. The self-study serves as the first source of evidence for the Evaluator Team as they plan the site visit, gain knowledge about you or your management and adoption services, and begin to assess your compliance with the standards. HOW DO WE COMPLETE THE NARRATIVE? Each Table of Evidence begins with a narrative, which includes questions that require a written, descriptive response. This is an opportunity for you to describe what is unique about your structure or services and to elaborate on areas of excellence or areas needing improvement. It is helpful to answer the questions and describe the process used to implement the standards as if writing to an audience that is not familiar with your operations. When possible and feasible, use examples to illustrate a point and ensure that all responses are both succinct and relevant. You are strongly encouraged to submit draft narratives to your COA Coordinator for review and feedback prior to the self-study submission. He or she can provide comments regarding the content and length of your narratives and what type of information will be most helpful to the Evaluator Team. WHAT EVIDENCE DO WE NEED TO DEMONSTRATE COMPLIANCE? The chart in the Table of Evidence lists all documents and activities that the Evaluator Team will use to rate your compliance with the standards. All documents outlined in the Self-Study Documents column in the chart should be included in your Self-Study. The evidence listed in the On-Site Documents column should also be prepared during the self-study process, but will be reviewed during the site visit only if the Evaluator Team needs additional information to verify compliance with the standards. You should use the information listed in the On-Site Activities column to prepare relevant staff for the interview process and to make the necessary arrangements for record reviews, adoptive parent interviews, and other activities prior to the site visit. Examples of evidence include: - licenses and other legal documents; - contracts and/or written agreements; - policies; - procedures; - training materials; - meeting minutes; and - quality improvement reports. WHAT FORMS NEED TO BE COMPLETED? Some standards have profiles that are referenced in the narrative portion of the Table of Evidence. You can find them in the Tables of Evidence folder on the CD-ROM. When a form is required, you should fill out the form provided and place it in your self-study or attach an existing form in lieu of this document, provided that it captures all of the data requested in the form. \| Forms \| Description \| \|--------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Collaborative Relationships Profile \| This form is used to provide information about the adoption service providers you partner with in Convention cases. You will need to include contact information for each provider. You will also need to indicate what role each provider takes on when you work on Convention cases together (e.g., primary provider, supervised provider, or exempt provider). You will need to include information about domestic and foreign partners on this form. \| \| Governing Body Profile \| This form is used to provide information about the members of your Governing Body/Advisory Group. This form is NA for individuals seeking approval. \| \| Employee Profile \| This form is used to provide information about employees who are involved in the provision of services in Convention cases. You do not need to include independent contractors here, unless they are considered employees. \| \| Executive Verification Statement \| This form is used by your Executive Director and Governing Body Chair to disclose certain information, as required in the standards. This form must be notarized. \| \| State Licensing and Regulatory Profile \| This form is used to document the services you provide directly and the state licensing rules or other regulations that apply. \| HOW DO WE COMPLETE THE QUESTIONNAIRE? The stakeholder questionnaire is used by the Evaluator Team to learn how clients perceive your agency and experience its services. Complete instructions for distributing the questionnaire and the sample memorandum are included on the CD-ROM in the Tables of Evidence folder. On your timeline for accreditation, your COA Coordinator will identify a date when you should distribute the memo with information about the questionnaire to clients. You must accurately enter both your agency name and identification number assigned by COA on the memo before distributing them to clients. Clients receiving the questionnaire memo should be randomly selected from the service population. You may choose your own means of random selection; however, you must be prepared to explain your sampling method during the site visit. You should also ensure that the questionnaire memo is provided to a representative sample of both current clients and clients no longer receiving services. Clients will have the opportunity to complete the questionnaire online at www.coanet.org/hagueaspcientsurvey or if Internet access is unavailable, by calling COA’s toll-free number – 866-262-8088 – to have one of COA’s Hague Team help them complete the questionnaire. WHAT IS THE SELF-STUDY REVIEW? Your Accreditation Coordinator will conduct a non-rated internal review of select pieces of evidence from your self-study before you send the entire self-study to COA. The purpose of this review is intended to assess the quality of your evidence (e.g., sufficient content, relevancy) and to assess your readiness for the site visit. During the initial assessment process, your Accreditation Coordinator will notify you of the standard documents to be sent for review and work with you to determine if any additional documents will be reviewed. You will also work with your Accreditation Coordinator to determine when each document will be reviewed, and these dates will be included in your timetable. Your COA Coordinator will communicate in writing the findings from the self-study review, including any necessary adjustments/revisions to the evidence, and steps on how to proceed after adjustments/revisions have been made. When your complete self-study arrives, a COA staff person will conduct a non-rated internal review of it. This review is intended to determine if your self-study is complete and well-organized (e.g., properly assembled, pages numbered, and sufficient content). Your Accreditation Coordinator will notify you if any adjustments need to be made. WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS FOR ASSEMBLING THE SELF-STUDY? In an effort to reduce our environmental impact, the Council on Accreditation has developed an electronic Self-Study process which allows providers to submit evidence of compliance in a standardized template on a CD-ROM or a USB/jump drive. This process helps providers: - Save a significant amount of money on paper, copying, and shipping; and - Save time preparing the self-study document. To learn more about the electronic Self-Study process, contact your Hague Coordinator, read the instructions and download the template on the COA website (www.coanet.org), or take the webinar titled “How to Assemble an Electronic Self-Study”. What is the self-study? How do we complete the narrative? What evidence do we need to demonstrate compliance? What forms need to be completed? How do we complete the questionnaire? What is the self-study review? What are the options for assembling the self-study? What are the steps for assembling the self-study? Where and when do we submit our self-study? WHAT ARE THE STEPS FOR ASSEMBLING THE SELF-STUDY? Once you’ve written your narratives and gathered your evidence, you can begin to assemble your Self-Study. There are four documents on the COA website that you will need to complete this process. - Electronic Self-Study Instructions: The instructions provide a step-by-step guide for completing an electronic self-study. - Electronic Self-Study Table of Contents: This is an Excel document that contains a list of all of the standards and related evidence that must be submitted to demonstrate compliance. - Executive Verification: The Executive Verification is a signed document which the provider submits verifying that the self-study is complete and accurate. - READ ME FIRST document: This Word document contains contact information for the provider and a summary of anything that is unique about the assembly or contents of the self-study. The READ ME FIRST document should be completed once the self-study is finalized and then placed on the CD-ROM or USB/jump drive. WHERE AND WHEN DO WE SUBMIT OUR SELF-STUDY? Once you have completed your self-study, ship one copy via a tracking method to the following address: Council on Accreditation Attn: Org. ID#___ Hague Self-Study 120 Wall Street, 11th Floor New York, NY 10005 You will receive an “Evaluator Team Notification” via fax/e-mail from the Volunteer Services Department notifying you as to how many copies of the self-study should be made, and to whom you should send completed copies. Note: You need to keep one copy of the self-study for your records, which should be made available to the Evaluator Team during the site visit. WHAT IS THE SITE VISIT/DESK REVIEW? The site visit or desk review is perhaps the most important step in the Hague accreditation and approval process because this is when your peers from other organizations visit your program sites to assess your implementation of the Hague standards. Like the earlier steps, the site visit or desk review is a facilitative experience. Traditional Site Visit Adoption service providers pursuing Hague accreditation or approval complete a Traditional Site Visit. The Traditional Site Visit provides you with the opportunity to demonstrate compliance with all applicable management and service delivery standards to your Evaluator Team. COA assigns a minimum of two Evaluators to conduct this review. During the site visit, Evaluators will travel to one or more of your offices to review documents and records, conduct interviews, and gather and review evidence of your compliance with the standards. Desk Review Adoption service providers pursuing Temporary Hague Accreditation will be assigned two Evaluators to conduct a desk review. These Evaluators will not travel to your office(s) unless extraordinary circumstances exist. During a desk review, Evaluators will review your self-study to gather and review evidence of your compliance with the standards. Evaluators may also conduct phone interviews, as necessary. WHO ARE THE EVALUATORS AND WHAT IS THEIR ROLE? COA prides itself on the caliber of its volunteer corps. These volunteers are an essential component of Hague accreditation and approval. Our Evaluators make an extraordinary commitment to guarantee quality site visits and desk reviews. They are trained on the Hague process and standards. Each Evaluator dedicates approximately 50 hours to each site visit they participate in. In addition to the interviews they conduct on site, significant time is spent becoming familiar with your operations through a review of your self-study. Hague Evaluators are recruited from the following groups of professionals: - Chief Executive Officers of COA-accredited organizations or organizations in process of becoming accredited. - Senior administrative and clinical staff of COA-accredited organizations or organizations in process of becoming accredited. - Faculty of schools of social work with special expertise. - Recently retired senior staff from COA-accredited organizations who continue to maintain an active role in the field. - Professionals with expertise in intercountry adoption. Each Evaluator Team is headed by a Team Leader. The Team Leaders are senior reviewers who have extensive experience with accreditation and the review process. Through these two factors they have demonstrated a true commitment to the purposes and goals of accreditation and approval. HOW SHOULD WE PREPARE FOR A SITE VISIT? Although staff and stakeholders are involved in all of your accreditation efforts, the site visit is the primary opportunity for everyone to feel their participation matters. There are several things that you should do in order to assure a successful site visit. - Prepare staff in advance. Meet with the staff as you did when you first decided to embark on this journey; reinforce how important their participation is and how confident you are that this will be a successful visit. Make sure they know who will be interviewed and what standards will be discussed. - Consider conducting a mock site visit to create comfort with the site visit process and to help staff understand what to expect. - Work with your Team Leader to develop the agenda for the site visit. Then share the agenda with your staff. This will assure they continue to feel included. - Make arrangements for the team’s record and documentation review. This will go smoothly if your on-site evidence (e.g., client records, QI minutes, Board minutes, complaint records, and personnel records) are assembled prior to the team’s arrival. Also, be sure to designate a staff person who is knowledgeable about the location of records and other important documents to facilitate the record review. - Identify key staff to escort the team members to other program sites if you have multiple offices that will be visited. - Identify a private room with a lock for the Evaluator Team to use while on site that offers privacy and minimal disruption. Place relevant on-site documents in this room, including a copy of the self-study, so that they are easily accessible to the Evaluator Team. Provide the team with a key to this room. - If evidence is in electronic format, arrange to have a computer available in the room with access to online manuals and other important documents. If possible, arrange for Internet access at this computer. Designate a specific staff person to be available to the team to explain how to access electronic documents. - Develop a plan to reward staff for their participation at the conclusion of the site visit and share the feedback from the Exit Meeting. WHAT HAPPENS DURING OUR SITE VISIT? COA’s site visit experience is both facilitative and contextual in nature. Therefore, the Evaluator Team will provide the adoption service provider with every opportunity to demonstrate that its policies and/or procedures are in compliance with the Hague standards. It is important for the adoption service provider to demonstrate to the Evaluator Team how it complies with the requirements of the standards within its unique culture and service environment. In order to determine compliance, several layers of questions may be asked of the adoption service provider. Case Record Review The site visit begins with a document review, usually on a Sunday. This allows more time during regular business hours for meetings with staff and stakeholders. It also allows the team to fully participate in each aspect of the site visit. Entrance Meeting The Entrance Meeting is the formal “kickoff” of the site visit. This is when the team is introduced to your CEO/Executive Director, members of your governing body, executive staff, and other relevant staff who will be involved in the site visit. During this meeting, the Team Leader will review what can be expected over the next few days. Interviews Interviews will be conducted with clients and/or personnel. The intent of interviews is to determine satisfaction with services, to determine if written policies and procedures are adhered to, and to help the team get a feel for the overall culture of the organization or individual’s practice. Exit Meeting The Exit Meeting is intended to provide you with some initial feedback and to assure all key staff and board members understand what to expect next. This also allows you to bring closure to this part of the process. Rating Indicators: The Substantial Compliance System uses a four-point indicator rating system to guide the evaluators in determining the adoption service provider’s degree of compliance with each standard. With prior approval from an accrediting entity or as indicated by a particular standard, an adoption service provider can be assigned a rating of “not applicable” (NA) for some standards. For descriptions of each rating, please see Appendix A. \| Rating \| Description \| \|--------\|---------------------------\| \| 1 \| Full Compliance \| \| 2 \| Substantial Compliance \| \| 3 \| Partial Compliance \| \| 4 \| Non-Compliance \| \| NA \| Not Applicable \| Ratings of (1) and (2) are considered “passing.” WHAT VALUE IS ASSIGNED TO EACH STANDARD? All of the Hague standards are important to the operation of a well-functioning adoption program and adoption service providers must strive to comply with them. However, some standards are weighed more heavily than others, and failure to comply with certain standards reflects a fundamental weakness in operations or inconsistency with the principles of the Hague Convention. All sub-sections have been designated as Mandatory, Critical, or Foundational Standards. For a complete list of Mandatory, Critical, and Foundational standards, see Appendix B. Mandatory Standards: Mandatory standards represent practices that are essential to fulfillment of the aims of the Hague Convention, the Intercountry Adoption Act (IAA), and 22 CFR Part 96, and have the highest value in accreditation/approval. Mandatory standards require a rating of full compliance (1) in order for the adoption service provider to be accredited or approved (see below). Critical Standards: Critical standards represent practices that have a significant impact on fulfillment of the aims of the Hague Convention, the IAA, and 22 CFR Part 96, and have a high value. Foundational Standards: Foundational standards are important to the operation of a well-functioning adoption program. They derive from and support compliance with the Hague Convention, the IAA, and the Hague Regulations. Assignment of Ratings Evaluators determine an adoption service provider’s degree of compliance by rating all sub-section standards using their professional judgment and expertise. Ratings are based on: - self-study documentation; - questionnaire data and public comment information; - materials provided on site; and - interviews and information provided by staff, clients, and other key stakeholders. A written explanation of the rating is provided if the evaluators decide to assign a rating of: - partial compliance (3) or non-compliance (4) to a critical or foundational sub-section; or - a rating of substantial compliance (2), partial compliance (3) or non-compliance (4) for a mandatory standard. The adoption service provider will have an opportunity to respond to all ratings of partial compliance or non-compliance following the site visit. The accrediting entity will take these responses into account before assigning a final rating. Achieving Accreditation or Approval An adoption service provider’s overall compliance must demonstrate “substantial compliance” by receiving a rating of full or substantial compliance on 85% of applicable standards. In order to be accredited, temporarily accredited, or approved, the adoption service provider must: - receive ratings of full compliance on 100% of all applicable Mandatory Standards; - receive ratings of full or substantial compliance on 100% of all applicable Critical Standards; - receive no rating of non-compliance on any Foundational Standard; and - receive ratings of full or substantial compliance on enough Foundational Standards so that ratings of full or substantial compliance have been received on 85% of all applicable Mandatory, Critical and Foundational Standards taken together. WHAT HAPPENS AFTER OUR SITE VISIT? Immediately following the site visit, you should do the following: - First of all, pause for a moment to celebrate your achievements. The completion of the site visit is a significant milestone in the process. For this reason, it is important to recognize all of the people who have contributed to the accreditation or approval process up to this point. - Next, take stock of how the site visit went and ask yourself, “In what areas of the standards did we do well? And where did the Evaluator Team identify areas for improvement?” If you are aware of needed improvements, it is important to continue working on these areas prior to receiving the site visit report. Upon completion of the site visit, the Team Leader sends completed rating sheets with comments to COA. COA then begins preparing your Pre-Commission Review (PCR) report. The PCR report is an adoption service provider’s site visit report and identifies only those standards that require a response and/or corrective action in order for the adoption service provider to achieve accreditation or approval. On a weekly basis, a special PCR committee comprised of a diverse group of COA’s senior staff comes together to review all Evaluator Team scores and comments. The PCR committee: - reviews each site visit report for consistency and accuracy; - contacts the site visit team when there are questions about a rating or reason for non-compliance; - identifies all Mandatory, Critical, and Foundational Standards that require a response; and - provides evidence requirements to the adoption service provider regarding how to respond to and correct all of these standards. Within 30 business days from the last day of the site visit, you will receive a copy of your PCR report. It will be accompanied by a cover letter and instructions for how to prepare the response either in hard copy or electronic format. You will then have 30 business days to provide a response and submit additional evidence for review by the Accreditation Commission. Your COA Coordinator continues to be available to work with you during this time. WHAT IS THE COMMISSION AND ITS ROLE? COA’s Commission is the decision-making body that reviews the Pre-Commission Review (PCR) reports and organizational responses in order to confer accreditation or approval. The Commission is comprised of qualified individuals with professional backgrounds that enable thoughtful and skillful participation in the decision-making process. They must have extensive experience as Team Leaders in order to be selected or are senior management staff. COA’s President/CEO appoints individuals to serve as Accreditation Commissioners for a defined period of time. Approximately 30 days prior to a meeting, Commissioners are provided with an adoption service provider’s PCR report and response, and any additional information necessary to render a decision. The Accreditation Commission reviews all documentation in a manner free from conflict of interest and without knowing the identity of the adoption service provider under review. Accreditation Commissioners with an actual or apparent conflict of interest must recuse themselves from any deliberation or vote. At the commission meeting, a quorum of Commissioners reviews the reports and makes decisions regarding an adoption service provider’s accreditation or approval status. All decisions must be unanimous. COA will notify you after the meeting if additional information is required, and you will receive notification of the accreditation or approval decision on the uniform notification date. WHAT ACCREDITATION AND APPROVAL DECISIONS ARE POSSIBLE? Following are the different accreditation and approval decisions that can be awarded to an adoption service provider. For complete information about any of these decisions, please reference COA’s Hague Accreditation and Approval Policies and Procedures Manual at www.coanet.org. Accreditation or Approval: The Accreditation Commission awards accreditation or approval to an adoption service provider for a period of four years, except during the initial round of Hague Accreditation, when accreditation and approval can be awarded for 3, 4, or 5 years. Expedited: COA’s President/CEO can expedite an adoption service provider’s accreditation or approval without presenting an adoption service provider to the Accreditation Commission for review when the adoption service provider: - meets all of the requirements of the Substantial Compliance System following a site visit; and - there is no cause for concern about compliance and continuing performance with the Hague standards. Pending: When the Accreditation Commission has questions about an adoption service provider’s compliance and continuing performance with a few standards and only requires minimal documentation, it has the discretion to place the adoption service provider on pending status, and to request this documentation. Deferral: When the Accreditation Commission has questions about an adoption service provider’s compliance and continuing performance with the standards, it has the discretion to defer reaching an accreditation or approval decision and to request further information. Denial: The Accreditation Commission reserves the right to deny accreditation or approval to an adoption service provider based on defined criteria that are outlined in the Hague Policies and Procedures Manual. An adoption service provider may appeal a denial decision. Withdrawal: An adoption service provider may voluntarily withdraw from the accreditation or approval process at any time prior to the Commission’s decision. WHAT HAPPENS AFTER WE ACHIEVE ACCREDITATION OR APPROVAL? Following the successful completion of the accreditation or approval process, you will receive the following: - An email communication stating that the agency/person has achieved accreditation/approval with a logo you can use to publicize and celebrate this achievement. This is sent within 7 business days of the decision being made. - A packet that contains, among other things, a formal notification letter and a certificate stating that you have been accredited or approved, and your expiration date. This is sent by hard copy to your chief executive officer. Note: All related accreditation or approval fees must be paid before the formal notification packet is sent out. Replacement certificates can be ordered using the Certificate Reorder Form (see Appendix C). - A Final Accreditation or Approval Report (FAR), which provides a complete set of ratings for all applicable standards, as well as a list of your strengths and areas for improvement. This report is intended to be used to assist you in promoting continuous quality improvement. It is sent by hard copy with the notification packet or within 45 business days after you receive your formal notification letter. COA views Hague accreditation or approval as a monumental achievement and recommends that you celebrate and publicize this milestone with your staff, community, and stakeholders. We provide you with a sample press release that can be revised and disseminated to all interested parties in order to assist you with this celebration. HOW DO WE SUSTAIN ACCREDITATION OR APPROVAL? Hague accreditation or approval can be key to sustaining a culture of quality within your business. COA’s monitoring and oversight processes enhance the value of accreditation and approval in the post-accreditation and approval years by promoting continuous compliance and performance with the Hague standards. These mechanisms ultimately increase the value of Hague accreditation or approval to the adoption service provider’s internal and external stakeholders. COA’s monitoring and oversight process is composed of three components: 1. Self-reporting of critical incidents and significant occurrences. 2. Participation in the review of third-party concerns or complaints. 3. Completion of semi-annual reports. Through these processes, COA and the adoption service providers it accredits and approves are able to evaluate significant changes, events and critical occurrences within the context of the adoption service provider’s continuous performance improvement activities. During the time an adoption service provider is not pursuing Hague accreditation or approval, it is welcome to contact COA’s Hague Accreditation Team or Client Relations Division regarding all accreditation and approval-related questions. APPENDIX A: RATING INDICATOR LEGEND Following are descriptions of the indicators used by the evaluators to assess an adoption service provider’s degree of compliance with the standards. 1 Full Compliance Description: The relevant policies, procedures, and/or practices, fully meet the standard as written. All elements or requirements are evident in practice with extremely rare or no exceptions. Exceptions in compliance do not affect, in any way, consistency with the aims of the Hague Convention and the IAA, organizational performance or quality of service. 2 Substantial Compliance Description: Practice is basically sound and reflects strong capacity with room to improve. A majority of the standard's requirements are met, but one or more factors are missing or need augmentation. Appropriate policies and procedures are in place. Minor inconsistencies and underdeveloped practices are noted; however such inconsistencies do not jeopardize persons served; or overall performance, or consistency with the aims of the Hague Convention and the IAA in any way. 3 Partial Compliance Description: A significant aspect of the organization's operations or service delivery deviates from the standard's requirements or from written material, or capacity is at a basic level. Significant omissions or exceptions to the standard occur with regularity. Policies or procedures are weak or personnel are poorly informed about policies or procedures. A majority of the standard's requirements are met, but several factors are missing or need augmentation. The standard requires written procedures or documentation but the organization can only anecdotally describe how it meets the standard. Practice, as is, may compromise care of consumers organizational functioning, or consistency with the aims of the Hague Convention and the IAA. 4 Non-compliance Description: The adoption service provider’s observed operations and service delivery show signs of neglect, stagnation or deterioration, and there is a clear need for increased capacity. Practice or documentation does not address, or is in opposition to, the standard's requirements. Few, if any, of the standard's requirements are met. The organization does not have any of the necessary components of the basic framework the standard requires. (This may be due to glaring lack of attention to practice or service delivery, or administrative decisions that are not consistent with the standard.) Omissions or exceptions occur so frequently that they are the norm. Organizational functioning or integrity is seriously compromised. Health and safety of persons served may be at risk. The organization demonstrates inconsistency with the aims of the Hague Convention and the IAA. ## APPENDIX B: WEIGHTED STANDARDS ### Mandatory Sub-Section Standards \| Standard \| Standard \| Standard \| Standard \| \|----------\|----------\|----------\|----------\| \| 96.30 (a) \| 96.30 (d) \| 96.34 (a) \| 96.35 (a) \| \| 96.30 (b) \| 96.31 (a) \| 96.34 (b) \| 96.36 (a) \| \| 96.30 (c) \| 96.31 (b) \| 96.34 (c) \| 96.36 (b) \| ### Critical Sub-Section Standards \| Standard \| Standard \| Standard \| Standard \| \|----------\|----------\|----------\|----------\| \| 96.32 (a) \| 96.38 (a) \| 96.43 (a) \| 96.51 (d) \| \| 96.32 (b) \| 96.39 (a) \| 96.44 (a) \| 96.52 (b) \| \| 96.32 (d) \| 96.39 (d) \| 96.44 (b) \| 96.52 (c) \| \| 96.32 (e) \| 96.39 (e) \| 96.45 (a) \| 96.52 (e) \| \| 96.33 (a) \| 96.39 (f) \| 96.45 (b) \| 96.53 (a) \| \| 96.33 (b) \| 96.40 (a) \| 96.47 (a) \| 96.53 (b) \| \| 96.33 (c) \| 96.40 (b) \| 96.47 (b) \| 96.53 (c) \| \| 96.33 (d) \| 96.40 (c) \| 96.47 (c) \| 96.53 (d) \| \| 96.33 (e) \| 96.40 (d) \| 96.48 (a) \| 96.53 (e) \| \| 96.33 (f) \| 96.40 (e) \| 96.49 (a) \| 96.54 (a) \| \| 96.35 (b) \| 96.40 (g) \| 96.49 (d) \| 96.54 (b) \| \| 96.35 (c) \| 96.41 (a) \| 96.49 (e) \| 96.54 (c) \| \| 96.35 (d) \| 96.41 (b) \| 96.49 (f) \| 96.54 (d) \| \| 96.35 (e) \| 96.41 (c) \| 96.49 (g) \| 96.54 (f) \| \| 96.37 (a) \| 96.41 (e) \| 96.49 (j) \| 96.54 (h) \| \| 96.37 (b) \| 96.41 (f) \| 96.50 (a) \| 96.54 (j) \| \| 96.37 (c) \| 96.41 (g) \| 96.50 (b) \| 96.54 (k) \| \| 96.37 (d) \| 96.42 (a) \| 96.50 (c) \| 96.55 (b) \| \| 96.37 (e) \| 96.42 (b) \| 96.50 (d) \| 96.55 (d) \| \| 96.37 (f) \| 96.42 (c) \| 96.50 (e) \| 96.55 (e) \| \| 96.37 (g) \| 96.42 (d) \| 96.50 (g) \| 96.55 (f) \| ### Foundational Sub-Section Standards \| Standard \| Standard \| Standard \| Standard \| \|----------\|----------\|----------\|----------\| \| 96.32 (c) \| 96.40 (f) \| 96.48 (b) \| 96.50 (f) \| \| 96.33 (g) \| 96.40 (h) \| 96.48 (c) \| 96.50 (h) \| \| 96.33 (h) \| 96.41 (d) \| 96.48 (d) \| 96.51 (a) \| \| 96.33 (i) \| 96.41 (h) \| 96.48 (e) \| 96.51 (b) \| \| 96.34 (d) \| 96.42 (e) \| 96.48 (f) \| 96.51 (c) \| \| 96.34 (e) \| 96.43 (b) \| 96.48 (g) \| 96.52 (a) \| \| 96.34 (f) \| 96.43 (c) \| 96.48 (h) \| 96.52 (d) \| \| 96.38 (b) \| 96.43 (d) \| 96.49 (b) \| 96.54 (e) \| \| 96.38 (c) \| 96.46 (a) \| 96.49 (c) \| 96.54 (g) \| \| 96.38 (d) \| 96.46 (b) \| 96.49 (h) \| 96.54 (i) \| \| 96.39 (b) \| 96.46 (c) \| 96.49 (i) \| 96.55 (a) \| \| 96.39 (c) \| 96.47 (d) \| 96.49 (k) \| 96.55 (c) \| Greetings! In order to successfully process your order, please complete the form below. Please note that one form must be completed for each location. Example: If an agency is ordering for three different sites in three different cities, the agency must complete three separate order forms. Please allow two weeks for certificate orders to be completed. Please send your order form(s) to the attention of Jayne Schmidt, Hague Accreditation Project Manager, COA, 120 Wall Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10005. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact Jayne Schmidt either by email or telephone at firstname.lastname@example.org or 212.797.3000, extension 203, respectively. Thank you in advance. COA Identification Number: ______________________________________________________ Name of Agency/Person: ________________________________________________________ Location (City & State Only): _____________________________________________________ Number of Certificates: __________________________________________________________ Mailing Information Name of Recipient: ______________________________________________________________ Name of Agency/Person: _________________________________________________________ Address: _______________________________________________________________________ Telephone Number: ______________________________________________________________ Email Address: _________________________________________________________________ For Office Use Only Date Order Was Received: ____________
Debugging Multi-Property Correspondences in Ontology Alignment Scenarios Alexandre Gouveia\textsuperscript{1}, João Rocha\textsuperscript{1}, Paulo Martins\textsuperscript{2}, and Nuno Silva\textsuperscript{1} GECAD – Knowledge Engineering and Decision Support Research Group \textsuperscript{1}Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Porto, Portugal \{aas, jsr, nps\}@isep.ipp.pt \textsuperscript{2}Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal firstname.lastname@example.org Abstract: Data transformation between ontology repositories demands great quality alignments and as such ambiguous correspondences must be identified and corrected beforehand. In previous work we characterized 1:1 ambiguous ontology matching scenarios through ten dimensions and defined a set of resolution strategies. The main novelty of this paper is the systematic analysis of complex scenarios (1:n, n:1 or n:m) and their transformation to 1:1 scenarios, by aggregating the $n$ properties of each candidate correspondence into a virtual single entity. This analytical approach allows profiting from the previously defined resolution strategies. Keywords: Ontology; Alignment; Correspondences 1 Motivation Automatic alignment systems aim to create meaningful and correct ontology alignments (i.e. a set of correspondences between entities of two or more ontologies) [1]. However, the results obtained are below the requirement for ontology mediation (e.g. data integration, migration, data transformation) [1–3], especially because there is not a direct and unique relation between these automatic alignments and the alignments that allow data integration. On the other hand, manual systems, e.g. MAFRA Toolkit, MapForce, Neon Toolkit and Snoogle use complex, time-consuming and yet error-prone mapping processes that require extensive and profound (human) knowledge of the domain. It is therefore necessary to bridge the gap between automatically generated and data-integration-ready alignments. The correspondences automatically-generated by the matchers are of two types: (i) concept-correspondences in the form of \{(c1), \{c2\}, r, n\}, where c1 and c2 are concepts; and (ii) property-correspondences in the form of \{(p1), \{p2\}, r, n\}, where p1 and p2 are properties. In both cases $r$ is the relation held between the entities (e.g. equivalence, narrow, concatenation) and $n$ is the confidence value in the relation. Notice that although a property can have multiple domain concepts they are not specified in the property-correspondence. What is more, there is no guarantee that their domain concepts are mapped in a concept-correspondence, despite this is manSuch automatically-generated alignments allow multiple interpretations giving rise to ambiguities during the transformation process (e.g. what domain concept of the property should be considered). Formally, the debugging process must provide a data-integration-ready alignment, characterized by: - each property-correspondence defines the domain concepts of the properties; - a concept-correspondence exists for every pair of domain concepts defined in a property-correspondence. Consider the alignment of Fig. 1. The correspondence between Person and Human is responsible for transforming every instance of Person into Human, and the correspondence between O1:name and O2:name transforms (copy) the value of name of every Person into the name of the respective Human. The value of postalAddr is split into streetName and postalCode. There are two types of property-correspondences: single-domain and multi-domain. In single-domain correspondences all the properties of the correspondence have a common domain concept. In a multi-domain correspondence at least two properties of the correspondence have different domain concepts. An example of a multi-domain property-correspondence is \{c1,p1,c2,p2\}, \{cA,pA\}, r, n\} where c1 is the domain concept of property p1 and c2 is the domain concept of p2. The remainder of the paper however addresses single-domain property-correspondences only. Transversely to all of the analyzed state-of-the-art approaches [5], is the observation that they are not focused on correctly improving the coverage but instead on solving the problems. In fact none of the related work considers the possibility of adding new correspondences between concepts to solve an ambiguity found in a property-correspondence. ## Complex Scenarios The problems identified in previous work [4], [5] address 1:1 property-correspondences. However, most of the automatically-generated correspondences correspond to more complex correspondences, including multiplicity of the cardinality and relations other than “equivalence” (cf. Fig. 1). A set of two or more correspondences between properties where one of the (source or target) properties is mapped to two or more (source or target) properties is called a Complex scenario. In terms of cardinality there are three types of Complex scenarios: 1:n, n:1 and n:m. When cardinality is n:m, the scenario is a combination of both 1:m and n:1 scenarios. The semantics of each 1:n (or n:1) matching scenario is not unique and thus several correspondences are possible. Different semantics correspond to different candidate correspondences. Table 1 illustrates the semantics/correspondences of a 3:1 scenario. Table 1. Semantics of a 3:1 complex scenario. \| Complex scenario \| Candidate correspondences obtained from Complex scenario \| \|------------------\|--------------------------------------------------------\| \| \{(p1), (pA)\} \| \{(p1), (pA)\} \| \| \{(p2), (pA)\} \| \{(p2), (pA)\} \| \| \{(p3), (pA)\} \| \{(p3), (pA)\} \| \| \{(p1, p2), (pA)\} \| \{(p1, p2), (pA)\} \| \| \{(p1, p3), (pA)\} \| \{(p1, p3), (pA)\} \| \| \{(p2, p3), (pA)\} \| \{(p2, p3), (pA)\} \| \| \{(p1, p2, p3), (pA)\} \| \{(p1, p2, p3), (pA)\} \| Analyzing and generalizing the examples to 1:n (or n:1) scenarios, the number of candidate correspondences is given by $ \sum_{i=1}^{n} C_i^n $, such that $ C_i^n = \frac{n!}{i!(n-i)!} $. This corresponds to (i) n 1:1; and (ii) $ \sum_{i=2}^{n} C_i^n $ 1:m (or m:1) candidate correspondences. Some of the candidate correspondences are (or might be) impossible and some are more admissible than others depending on their domain concepts and existing correspondences between their domain concepts. Such analysis will allow the reduction of possible semantic interpretations and therefore disambiguate the matching scenarios. ### 3 Transforming 1:n and n:1 Correspondences to 1:1 We suggest addressing each 1:n (or n:1) candidate correspondence as 1:1 correspondence, by aggregating the n properties into a virtual single entity. This would allow the processing of each candidate correspondence according to the systematization addressed in previous work [4], [5]. Fig. 2 illustrates the valid single-domain candidate correspondences of a n:1 Complex scenario. Observe that besides the illustrated valid single-domain candidate correspondences, other candidates (e.g. \{(p1, p3), (pA)\}) were discarded because their properties do not have a common domain concept. For example, the \{(p1, p2), (pA)\} candidate correspondence has six valid single-domain candidate correspondences: \{ \{c1.p1, c1.p2\}, \{cA.pA\} \}, \{ \{c1.p1, c1.p2\}, \{cB.pA\} \}, \{ \{c1.p1, c1.p2\}, \{cC.pA\} \}, \{ \{c2.p1, c2.p2\}, \{cA.pA\} \}, \{ \{c2.p1, c2.p2\}, \{cB.pA\} \}, \{ \{c2.p1, c2.p2\}, \{cC.pA\} \} Besides identifying the properties’ domain concept, it is necessary that a correspondence exists between the domain concepts. Fig. 3 illustrates a possible resolution for the candidate correspondence \{(p1, p2), (pA)\}, creating correspondences between the direct-domain concepts and specifying relationships between the property-correspondence and the created concept-correspondences. 4 Summary and Future Work This paper suggests addressing 1:n (or n:1) scenarios as 1:1, by aggregating the properties of each candidate correspondence into a virtual single entity, thus promoting the application of the previously devised disambiguation strategies. Yet, this approach conducts to the blind adoption of corrective actions as they do not consider the semantics of each concrete scenario in hand. In consequence, we will focus our efforts in profiting from an iterative alignment debugging process that feeds and re-executes the matching algorithms with the generated ambiguous scenarios and resolutions strategies, for proposing solutions to the identified problems. Acknowledgements This work is supported by FEDER Funds through the “Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade - COMPETE” program and by National Funds through FCT “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” under the project: FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-PEst-OE/EEI/UI0760/201 and through the project World Search (QREN11495) of FEDER. References 1. Euzenat, J., Shvaiko, P.: Ontology matching. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag (2007) 2. de Brujin, J., Ehrig, M., Feier, C., Martins-Recuenda, F., Scharfke, F., Weiten, M.: Ontology mediation, merging, and aligning. In: Semantic Web Technologies (2006). 3. Halevy, A., Rajaraman, A., Ordille, J.: Data integration: the teenage years. In: Very Large Data Bases, Seoul, Korea, pp. 9–16 (2006). 4. Gouveia, A., Silva, N., Rocha, J.: Automatic ontology alignment disambiguation based on ontological structural dimension. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Wroclaw, Poland (2012). 5. Gouveia, A., Silva, N., Rocha, J., Martins, P.: Iterative ontology alignment debugging using a scenario- and strategy-driven approach. In: Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Workshop on Web Semantics and Information Processing, Vienna, Austria (2012).
Music Publicly Hidden: Analysis of the Functioning of Hidden Tracks in Contemporary Popular Music Introduction Music can be enigmatic. Throughout the years, artists have tried and often succeeded in creating a mysterious aura around their art and lives. Sometimes it would happen intentionally, and in other cases the media created such an atmosphere. Surprisingly this atmosphere was often established by accident, because of the unpremeditated doings of the musicians. One may think of a few examples of this: the Ziggy Stardust persona constructed by David Bowie with his celestial identity, which materialized alongside one of his biggest albums; the Beatles, who became one of the most popular acts of all time because of their media coverage, the devotion of their die-hard fans and their conspiracy theories; or Kurt Cobain’s stardom, which came by surprise even to the artist himself, and led to him attempting to live a life away from fame which created suspicions about his art. But let us look at something that is beyond such artists’ lives, even beyond their canonical music and LPs. There is one part of their work, which corresponds to every one of the aforementioned mysterious characteristics. Hidden tracks have been recorded since the late 1960s, and they are still present in contemporary music today. They first arrived in the form of vinyl LPs, then thrived during the CD era, and have survived the streaming revolution of the early 21st century. In each of these decades, they surprised, amused, and gave additional content to fans, creating suspense and willing listeners to search for something more in music albums. What is interesting is that even after music business entered the Internet era, where, quoting James Murphy’s “Losing My Edge”, everyone “can tell me every member of every good group from 1962 to 1978”$^1$, hidden tracks did not vanish, but still remain an artistic measure, used because of and for multiple reasons. This article’s purpose is to show how contemporary music uses hidden tracks as a way to enrich artists’ works, and to analyze strategies which are used to introduce them to the public. It is important to present its genesis and the history of hidden tracks’ usage in popular music, which should give a comprehensive introduction to this topic, and then analyze how its form has evolved since its introduction in the 1960s. By analyzing four case studies, which were studied for this paper, it will show that not only were hidden tracks not eradicated at the beginning of the Internet era, but artists also found multiple ways to use this measure to enhance their albums. History of Hidden Tracks When it comes to analyzing the genesis of hidden tracks, one must decide on how to define a hidden track, as it influences our perception of the true beginning through this measure. One thing is clear – The Beatles were the first band to introduce hidden tracks to a wide audience, but it is inconclusive which song can be considered as the foremost. The band’s legendary 1967 LP “Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band” is the earliest album which could be considered to include a hidden track. Its concluding composition – “A Day In A Life” – ends with a firm note, but after a few seconds, an additional sound collage can be heard. This post-song element was never officially acknowledged in the LP’s prints or reprints, but it was given a title on the US edition of “Rarities” compilation --- $^1$ LCD Soundsystem, Losing My Edge (words: J. Murphy), [in:] LCD Soundsystem, DFA Records 2005, http://genius.com/Lcd-soundsystem-losing-my-edge-lyrics [retrieved: 05.05.2016]. from 1980 – “Sgt. Pepper Inner Groove.”\textsuperscript{2} Another theory highlights The Beatles’ 1968 self-titled album (often called “The White Album”) and its song “Cry Baby Cry”. After the initial ending of the composition and a very short break, Paul McCartney starts playing a section which does not resemble the previous one, and is not mentioned on the track list. The so-called “Can You Take Me Back” composition is often treated as part of “Cry Baby Cry”, but this is not always the case among fans or specialists.\textsuperscript{3} However, the first commonly accepted example of hidden track use by the majority of audiences is “Her Majesty” from The Beatles’ 1969 LP “Abbey Road”, and it happened all by mistake. Jude Rogers writes in her article titled “Manna for fans: the history of the hidden track in music” that John Kurlander, who was 18 years old at the time, was put in charge of making rough mixes of the album in question. “Her Majesty” was initially thought to be included as part of a medley on the B-Side of the LP, but Paul McCartney decided to cut it out. Rogers writes that “studio rules meant any edited material had to be left at the end of the mix, so Kurlander left nearly 20 seconds before Her Majesty, and put the tape in Abbey Road’s tin of masters […], not the [box] for rough cuts.” It is said that he left a note for mastering engineer Malcolm Davies that he had done it that way, but he did not understand it, and thought it was the final version of the album. Eventually, the band found out about “Her Majesty” at the end of “Abbey Road” during the airing of the LP’s final master, and they loved it. Kurlander remembers it as “just a happy accident.”\textsuperscript{4} The Beatles’ action sparked a worldwide trend and motivated artists to experiment with hiding additional content on their albums. The classic understanding of hidden tracks evolved into other forms and it eventually became very popular. One has to mention such techniques as creating specific loops, which were placed on LP’s inner grooves and in turn they would play indefinitely if there was no automatic return of the needle on the gramophone. The Beatles’ ending of “A Day In A Life” is considered to be the first of its kind. Jude Rogers \textsuperscript{2} The Beatles, “Sgt. Pepper Inner Groove” from \textit{Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band}, http://www.hiddensongs.com/beatles-sgt-peppers-lonely-hearts-club-band [retrieved: 06.05.2016]. \textsuperscript{3} M. Cummings, \textit{The Secret History of the Hidden Track}, http://www.wonderingsound.com/feature/hidden-album-tracks-history/ [retrieved: 02.05.2016]. \textsuperscript{4} J. Rogers, \textit{Manna for fans: the history of the hidden track in music}, http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jan/25/history-hidden-tracks-musicians-albums [retrieved: 28.04.2016]. also cites Pink Floyd’s “Atom Heart Mother” as a perfect example with its sound of falling water drops, alongside others like Brian Eno’s “Taking Tiger Mountain – By Strategy”, Heaven 17’s “Penthouse and Pavement”, and ABBA’s “Super Trouper” album.$^5$ When discussing the specificities of hiding within music, one has to mention backmasking, which is another technique for providing additional content to audiences. This process involves recording a message and reversing it, so that the audience should be able to recognize it. The most popular era of such measures was in the 70s and 80s when multiple bands, such as Pink Floyd (in “Empty Spaces” from the LP “The Wall”) and Slayer (during the introduction of the LP “Hell Awaits”) used them.$^6$ On the other hand, it has to be emphasized that these cannot be considered as hidden tracks as these messages were placed within other songs. Even though The Beatles started the hidden track trend in the 1960s with other artists following their lead, there were some instances where the reason behind it was simply by accident or unintentional. The most famous example of this was on The Clash’s 1979 LP “London Calling” and its song “Train in Vain”. It was added to the track list at the last minute, when its album sleeves were already in print. This caused its omission on the official listing, and eventually its acceptance as a hidden track, despite the fact that it was never intended to be one. Reprints of “London Calling” corrected this mistake and included it on the track list.$^7$ The real revolution in the world of hidden tracks came through the introduction of the Compact Disc (CD) format. It was radically smaller than the vinyl disc, but could provide a greater deal of music. What is more, listeners could not see how tracks were played – as there was no needle-on-vinyl, only laser-on-disc within a closed player. This provided additional capabilities when hiding songs as the audience could not see what they were listening to. The classic format of providing extra compositions at the end of albums was still present, but modified. The most famous example of this being Nirvana’s “Endless, Nameless”, which was placed after a 10 minute silent interval after the last song of their famous “Nevermind” 1991 LP. Another example of “classic” usage of $^5$Ibidem. $^6$M. Cummings, The Secret History … $^7$A. Fleming Petty, Behind the Music: The lost art of hidden tracks, http://www.theparis-review.org/blog/2015/05/06/behind-the-music/ [retrieved: 01.05.2016]. hidden tracks that must be mentioned is Lauryn Hill’s “Can’t Take My Eyes Off You” – Frankie Valli’s cover, which appeared on her 1998 debut album “The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill”. There were, in fact, two hidden tracks on this LP, the second being Hill’s composition “Tell Him”, but Valli’s cover was the one that caught peoples’ attention and was even nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, eventually losing out to Celine Dion’s classic “My Heart Will Go On”. However, the nomination itself became the official recognition of hidden tracks, making them formally as important as singles or album songs.$^8$ There are also other variations for adding compositions to LPs, such as one presented on Prince’s “20Ten”, where “Laydown” is hidden as song #77. The original tracklist includes 9 compositions, which are followed by tracks #10 to #76, each one of them containing a few seconds of silence.$^9$ A similar measure was used in Nine Inch Nails’ “Broken” EP – it was initially released with two additional songs on a separate 3-inch mini-CD and a 7-inch LP, but due to pressing expenses, the band was forced to place them on one disc. Thus, there are 6 songs at the start of the CD, but they are followed with tracks #7 to #97, which each consist of one second of silence, with bonus songs being #98 and #99.$^{10}$ The most important discovery that allowed for even more distinguished hiding was the pregap, which was only accessible on CD players (as computers do not tend to “read” pregap tracks even to this day). They were accessible by pressing rewind at the beginning of the first song. These songs were truly hidden, as not only were they not included in the listing, but the listener could not even “accidentally” find them by failing to turn off the player – there had to be a deliberate action to discover it. Some notable examples of this practice include Ash’s album “1977”, Super Furry Animals “Guerilla” LP and “Out Spaced” compilation, or Arcade Fire’s 2013 “Reflektor” LP, which includes a 10-minute instrumental song in the pregap area.$^{11}$ The 21$^{st}$ century brought wide access to the Internet and therefore rapid change to the music industry. What is most important in this context, is the --- $^8$ Ibidem. $^9$ Prince, 20Ten, https://www.discogs.com/Prince-20ten/release/2349465 [retrieved: 08.05.2016]. $^{10}$ L. Comaratta, 20 Best Hidden Tracks on Albums, http://consequenceofsound.net/2014/07/20-best-hidden-tracks-on-albums/full-post/ [retrieved: 07.05.2016]. $^{11}$ J. Rogers, Manna for fans… transformation from the classical format of a disc to a digital one. Having that in mind, one would think that this erases the possibility of hiding a track within an MP3, because the listener can tell how long it is, simply by looking at its digital specificity. The same situation concerns the number of tracks in an album’s digital form. Moreover, there can be no pregap, nor can there be an indefinitely played loop on run-off groove. Surprisingly though, hidden tracks did not cease to exist, they evolved, using elements of previously used conceptions. The most popular form of this measure was (and still is) to make hidden tracks public, but promote and list them as hidden. However, in order to analyze such a process as well as understand it, one must think about the artists’ motivations behind using hidden tracks on their albums throughout the years. Motivation Behind the Usage of Hidden Tracks When attempting to explain why musicians use a specific measure, one must think of the simplest answer of them all – there was no reason at all. The examples from The Beatles and The Clash show that in the best possible way there are some cases which are simple mistakes, and the work ethic of a teenage intern can even lead to their existence. What is even more interesting and must be emphasized, is that the very existence of hidden tracks was caused by a mistake made by John Kurlander. Of course, The Beatles approved this concept, but nevertheless, it must be considered an accident. Even though it is very unlikely that something similar could happen in the contemporary music business, these landmark cases have to be taken into consideration when studying 21st century music. In Adam Fleming Petty’s opinion, the author of the “Behind the Music” article, artists have always had their listeners in mind when hiding tracks, that “[…] they did so with full confidence that their audiences would search for them: that listeners were thorough.”$^{12}$ Moreover, Darrale Jones, who was working as an A&R representative for Columbia Records, told Vibe magazine in 2001 that recording more than 12 songs per album was associated with higher costs, so it was cheaper to add hidden track as a way of rewarding fans without stretching the budget. Additionally, Coldplay’s Chris Martin previously told that they used such songs on “Viva la Vida, or Death and All His Friends”, because it enriched the value of the LP.$^{13}$ --- $^{12}$ A. Fleming Petty, Behind the Music… $^{13}$ M. Cummings, The Secret History… These are only a few opinions that may provide the reasons behind why bands decide to use hidden tracks on their albums, but they show that economic motivation and a feeling of gratitude towards fans can be combined and treated as one of the main reasons. One may also think of using them solely as a reward for the audience, by providing additional material, which can only be discovered by devoted fans. On the other hand, by including them on LPs, artists might be thinking with strictly economic intentions – as fans may want to find out if there is a hidden track on an LP, so they buy it in order to do so, and those who succeed tell others that might also want to hear them, and eventually they too buy the record. Alternatively, an explanation could be of a purely artistic nature when authors think that songs do not fit into the general concept of an album – they add it as a hidden track, because they do not want it erased from the final material, but at the same time they do not include it as an element of a whole notion of an LP either. There are various examples of hidden tracks in popular music, so it is likely that the reasons behind them are diverse as well, but those cited before seem to be some of the most probable cases. What is also of interest is the evolution of their functioning as part of an album, which was mainly caused by formats changing. With that in mind, reasoning may have also changed through time. Equally, tracks that were hidden during the premier of a specific LP, may not be considered hidden nowadays, like in the cases of The Beatles and The Clash. Because of that, it is thought-provoking to analyze songs that should be hidden and continue to function on the Internet and in the streaming era, when really nothing can actually be hidden. Contemporary Music’s Case Studies 21st century music was forced to invent different techniques to hide music on albums. With the lessening importance of magnetic tapes, vinyl and compact discs, the early 2000s presented new forms which could adapt the previously known trends in question. Interestingly, the decline in traditional ways of listening to music did not affect the artists’ will to hide tracks. Their invention simply forced them to explore and experiment with new means of artistic expression, which lead to its adaptation onto the Internet where every album’s detail is available to its listeners. Classic forms of hiding tracks, which were discussed previously, are still in use today. However, together with other new techniques for placing unlisted songs, new marketing strategies were also invented, and there are a few examples representing contemporary trends that may show the ways in which hiding tracks currently function, or in which direction this usage could evolve. In 2000, the British group Coldplay released their debut album “Parachutes”. The original tracklist consisted of 10 songs, the last one being “Everything’s Not Lost”. Yet, they kept an additional composition right after the concluding one – the song titled “Life is for Living”. By means of hiding, they have used the traditional technique of simply not mentioning it on the album cover or inlays. However, the “Parachutes” album is currently available on Spotify, one of the most successful streaming services in the world, and “Life is for Living” is revealed on there in a specific way. The track title for the last song on the album reads: “Everything’s Not Lost – Includes Hidden Track ‘Life Is For Living’ [7:16]”. This example represents the issue with delayed disclosure, where artists, recording companies, and probably fans alike, are aware of the fact that everyone has the knowledge about this track’s existence. Moreover, on the English version of Wikipedia’s article about this LP the following similar title is used: “«Everything’s Not Lost» (5:39 / includes hidden song «Life is for Living» 1:37) 7:17”, which further proves that it is not hidden anymore. Queens of the Stone Age’s 2002 LP “Songs for the Deaf” provides us with another specific example of contemporary usage of this measure. The musicians have used three different hidden tracks on their third studio album. The first one, titled “The Real Song for the Deaf”, is placed as a pregap composition. The CD version of this album does not include it on its list of songs, yet Spotify treats it as the core of this LP, marking it as composition #1, while “You Think I Ain’t Worth a Dollar, But I Feel Like a Millionaire” is #2, conversely to what can be seen on the disc’s back cover. The second hidden track can be found right after the 13th composition – “A Song for the Deaf” – concludes. It is a variation of “Feel Good Hit of the Summer”, a Queens of the Stone Age composition from a previous record, however here all the lyrics are replaced with laughter. This song --- 14 Coldplay, Parachutes, https://www.discogs.com/Coldplay-Parachutes/master/3334 [retrieved: 06.05.2016]. 15 Coldplay, Parachutes, https://open.spotify.com/album/6ZG5lRT77aJ3btmArcykra [retrieved: 09.05.2016]. 16 Parachutes (album), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachutes_%28album%29 [retrieved: 09.05.2016]. is not separate, but, similarly to Coldplay’s “Everything’s Not Lost”, it is a part of its core tune. What is interesting here is that this composition is not disclosed on Spotify.\textsuperscript{17} Finally, the “Mosquito Song” is the third hidden track. However, its secrecy is revealed absolutely – it is included on the back cover’s track list, and is officially named as a “Hidden track”, which represents an approach of \textit{intentional disclosure}.\textsuperscript{18} Meanwhile, it is not highlighted as hidden in any way on Spotify, making it another regular song on the album.\textsuperscript{19} Queens of the Stone Age have used the platform of the music album to present multiple methods on how to conceal a song, teasing fans, and entertaining them with a great deal of additional material (whether it be made public or not originally). The next album which exemplifies the contemporary trend of specificity of hidden tracks usage is Kanye West’s “808s & Heartbreak” LP. This 2008 album enumerates 11 songs on its back cover, but there is an additional composition in #12, which is not included within the tracklist.\textsuperscript{20} “Pinocchio Story (Freestyle Live From Singapore)” is simultaneously concealed on the CD, but revealed on the Spotify version of the “808s & Heartbreak” LP. It is important to mention that there is no reference to it being hidden or a bonus track in this streaming service. On the contrary, “Pinocchio Story…” is treated as a complementary element to the album, just like “Mosquito Song” in Queens of the Stone Age’s “Songs for the Deaf”.\textsuperscript{21} In this case, the composition is either completely unknown or revealed, which makes it an example of \textit{concealment depending on form}. Finally, Jack White’s “Lazaretto” from 2014 is one of the most famous contemporary examples of extra content being hidden within the form of a music album. One has to keep in mind that this process only concerns the vinyl disc version – known as “Ultra LP” – what may well be considered as the return of concealing songs in their original form. Moreover, there are various ways in which tracks are hidden on “Lazaretto”. “Just One Drink” has different musical \textsuperscript{17} Queens of the Stone Age, \textit{Songs for the Deaf}, https://open.spotify.com/album/4x39CZ46hbtHyEtTFAFnvL [retrieved: 09.05.2016]. \textsuperscript{18} Queens Of The Stone Age, \textit{Songs For The Deaf}, https://www.discogs.com/Queens-Of-The-Stone-Age-Songs-For-The-Deaf/master/3239 [retrieved: 09.05.2016]. \textsuperscript{19} Queens of the Stone Age, \textit{Songs for the Deaf}, https://open.spotify.com/album/4x39CZ46hbtHyEtTFAFnvL… \textsuperscript{20} Kanye West, \textit{808s & Heartbreak}, https://www.discogs.com/Kanye-West-808s-Heartbreak/master/8489 [retrieved: 09.05.2016]. \textsuperscript{21} Kanye West, \textit{808s & Heartbreak (Softpak)}, https://open.spotify.com/album/6iFQqMVZ6eLQESfdkIzVXO [retrieved: 09.05.2016]. introductions depending on how the needle is dropped onto the vinyl disc. This technique was originally presented by George Peckham, with his work on Monty Python’s “The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief” from 1973.\textsuperscript{22} However, there is only one classic hidden track on “Lazaretto”, which is the under label groove, which can be heard after placing the needle through the paper on the disc’s label. There are also other additional functions with the Ultra LP, which are: a locked groove at the end of Side A, different versions of compositions on its vinyl and CD forms, an angel hologram appearing after placing a source of light over the spinning disc, or the way Side A is played – from inside outwards. Jack White created a vinyl disc that can be treated as a toy for fans, who can experiment with a great deal of additional material. However, the content itself is not what is of most interest, but the way in which it is hidden. The artist decided to show all the bonus material and the general concept of this unusual vinyl disc in a presentational video on YouTube lasting over 9 minutes.\textsuperscript{23} Obviously, this approach of using hidden tracks can be treated as full disclosure. White explicitly tells his audience where to look and what to search for. He does not enclose any information about it with the original vinyl LP, but the YouTube video can be thought of as a complementary element to his promotional campaign, which cannot be overlooked in the Internet era of the music business. This act caused the tremendous success of “Lazzaretto”, making it the best-selling vinyl record since Pearl Jam’s 1994 album “Vitalogy”.\textsuperscript{24} \textbf{Music Publicly Hidden} One may think that the radical change in the music business over the past 25 years from a CD-concentrated industry to an Internet era, where every detail is known by the fans, may cause a decline in hidden tracks. Conversely, when this issue is analyzed, still keeping in mind the previous conversion – from vinyl disc to CD – it becomes clear that contemporary transformation is just a mirrored version. What once was visible on vinyl was concealed on CD, and \textsuperscript{22}E. Smith, \textit{How The Hidden Track Faded From Recorded Music}, http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-the-hidden-track-faded-from-recorded-music [retrieved: 09.05.2016]. \textsuperscript{23}Official TMR, \textit{The Lazaretto ULTRA LP}, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-8B-_Jq2ro [retrieved: 09.05.2016]. \textsuperscript{24}M. Cummings, \textit{The Secret History…} again disclosed by streaming. The propitious compact form was just simplifying measures for artists, but when it was then replaced by the less merciful online services and know-it-all databases, musicians faced the same fate as ones did decades later, when they tried to hide music that cannot be concealed, due to its form. Therefore, new solutions arrived with variations on previously known techniques. It can be assumed that reasoning stayed the same – artists wanted to reward fans with additional material, sometimes they were placed by mistake or tunes were made officially “hidden” unintentionally. Furthermore, some may think that money was another motivation that affected this process; that the hiding and then simultaneously the revealing of songs influenced total sales of LPs, of which Jack White’s “Lazzaretto” may be the proof. By discovering tunes that were not originally meant to be known by the audience, musicians made them look more desirable, but also agreed with the assumption that nothing is actually secret any longer when it comes to music albums. On the other hand, it would be unconscionable to suggest that only money and rational approach to the music business really caused these attitudes towards the usage of hidden tracks. It should be remembered that when one talks about art, the issue of creativity and finding new ways of artistic expression are extremely important. Contemporary music’s usage of this technique is just an adaptation to the present-day reality and necessities of the world. Artists are constantly finding new ways to entertain, to express themselves, to reward fans and to find a connection with them – despite revolutions, transformations, changes of forms, or business requirements. tekst pochodzi z książki: PONGO T. VIII UKRYTE W KULTURZE red. R. Chymkowski, A. Koprowicz Plik ten możesz legalnie drukować i udostępniać dalej bezpłatnie na licencji: Pozostałe rozdziały tej książki oraz inne publikacje możesz ściągnąć za darmo ze strony wydawcy: grupakulturalna.pl
Prostate health James A. Jackson, Ph.D. What do Arnold Palmer, Bob Dole, Jerry Lewis, Richard Petty, and thousands of other men have in common? They all have suffered from prostate cancer! This statistic is not unusual, as the prostate is said to be the most diseased organ in the male body. As Dr. Bruckman, executive director of the American Foundation for Urologic Disease, says: "men barely know how to spell prostate, let alone where it is or what it does." He also stated that men have a greater chance of something going wrong with their prostate than with any other organ in their body. Men in Italy have 60 percent less incidence of prostate cancer than men in the U.S., England, and Ireland. What is the prostate? It is a small, walnut-shaped gland located at the base of the urinary bladder. It produces prostate specific antigen (PSA), an enzyme that is involved in semen production. If a man lives long enough, he is going to have prostate problems. It is a natural consequence of aging. Some of the problems may be significant. Some of the problems may be noncancerous and include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is a noncancerous, progressive enlargement of the prostate and affects about 25 percent of all American men 50 years of age and older. If left untreated, BPH can cause acute urinary retention, bladder infection and may eventually require surgery. Prostatitis, another disease of the prostate, is an inflammation of the gland that affects millions of American men. The most serious consequence of prostate disease is prostate cancer. About 180,000 men this year (about one man every three minutes) will be diagnosed with prostate cancer and 34,000 will die from the disease. It is increasing at a rate of about 6.4% a year among men 59 to 79 years old. The highest increase of 7.7% is in men 60 to 69 years of age. For a 50-year-old man, the estimated lifetime risk for prostate disease is 42%; the risk of clinical disease is about 10%; and the risk of death is about 3%. If your father or brother had prostate cancer, then your chance of getting it is twice that of men with no family history of prostate cancer. African American men have more prostate cancer than Caucasians, while it is least common among Asian-American men. What can you do to help improve your chances of not getting prostate disease? It is recommended that all men over 40 should have digital rectal examination as part of their yearly physical, and those over 50 should have a yearly blood test for PSA (prostate specific antigen). One theory suggests that "free radicals," or oxidants cause many degenerative diseases (including cancer). Therefore, it is important that you maintain an adequate level of antioxidants in your body to neutralize these "oxidants." One important way to do this is through your diet. Men in Italy have 60 percent less incidence of prostate cancer than men in the U.S., England, and Ireland. It is thought that this finding is related Vitamin C may lower stroke rates People with high levels of vitamin C in the blood have significantly lower stroke rates, reported Tetsuji Yokoyama, M.D., in a recent issue of Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association. The researchers followed 880 men and 1241 women for 20 years. These were divided into four groups according to their blood levels of vitamin C. "The risk of stroke was 70 percent higher among those in the lowest quarter than those in the highest," Dr. Yokoyama said. High concentrations of vitamin C in the blood even helped participants with other risk factors such as heavier alcohol consumption, smoking, or lower physical activity. These risk factors did reduce the benefit somewhat. Yokoyama said that screening for vitamin C levels may eventually be a good idea, but not now. The Center believes vitamin C levels are a good idea and could be important in preventing strokes. Inside this issue... - What's the rush? ........................................... 2 - Eating a better way ........................................... 3 - Information worth knowing .................................. 4 - Vegetables: the key to your health ......................... 4 - Exercise fights depression .................................... 4 - Older exercisers can gain, too ............................... 4 - Case of the month ............................................. 5 - Cottonwood, Salicaceae ...................................... 5 - Food of the month—blueberries ............................. 5 - Is it failure, or is it success? ................................. 6 - Glucosamine sulfate gains scientific attention ............. 6 - Whole grains help elderly women .......................... 6 - Special discounts .............................................. 7 - Upcoming events .............................................. 8 - Vitamin C helps smokers, too ............................... 8 Nutritional Medicine by Ron Hunninghake, M.D. What's the rush? The diagnosis of cancer comes as a world-shattering shock for most patients. Living in the silent fear that someday our turn would come, we all do our best to deny that it could ever happen to us or to one of our family members. Then when a troubling symptom persists or a cancer screening test is suspicious, we tell ourselves it is just another false alarm. Stubbornly we hold to the idea that "it just couldn't happen to me." Finally, the irrefutable is placed squarely before us. The unreal becomes real. The nightmare stares at us in broad daylight. After being given the bad news, how strange it is to be told by the doctor that he or she is so sorry. They, of course, did not cause it. But they know the weight of our new burden. They know the implications of this powerful word. They, in spite of their medical power, are in equal awe (and probably carry their own hidden fear: "When will it be my turn to face this?") And in this whirlwind of shock and fear, the newly diagnosed cancer patient is extremely vulnerable. Their doctor is quick to assert: "We need to do surgery right away," "Let's get the chemotherapy set up as soon as possible." And the cancer victim is more than agreeable. "Get that thing out of me!" "Kill it!" "I don't care what you do, just get rid of it." All of this is understandable from a feelings viewpoint. But is it scientific? Does the cancer pose an immediate threat? There are newly diagnosed cancers that do pose immediate health risks. Brain tumors can cause brain swelling and seizures. Bone tumors can cause pathologic fractures. But most tumors are relatively slow growing. Many breast tumors have been growing for 5-10 years before they are discovered. Prostate cancers are commonly found in the autopsies of older male patients with no diagnosis having been made prior to death. So, what's the rush? Scientifically there often is no rush. Irrational fear drives most quick decisions. Rather than taking a careful look at the tumor's medical statistics, in light of their own age, life expectancy, and immune status, most patients abdicate their power of choice. "It's beyond me." "I'm not an expert." So the path of least resistance becomes expediency, with total acceptance of the usual modes of treatment: surgery, radiation, and chemo. The decision of how to best treat each individual's cancer may be the single most important strategy they will ever map out. It is best done when fully informed, in the light of clear scientific data. Hopefully, the emotional shock will have passed, and a reasonable review of all alternatives, both conventional and complementary, would have been undertaken. In this situation, patience and intelligence are the better part of valor, not fearful haste. Prostate health—Continued from page 1 to the amount of tomatoes and tomato products Italian men eat. Red tomatoes (not yellow ones) contain a high percent of the fat-soluble antioxidant lycopene. Ten studies reported data on the relationship between tomato or lycopene consumption and prostate cancer risk. All studies showed a significant risk reduction in prostate cancer for all groups with the highest intake of red tomatoes and lycopene than those with lower intakes. Therefore, a diet high in fruits and vegetables, especially tomatoes, along with regular check-ups by your physician may help you delay the onset of prostate problems for many years. It has been shown recently in England that aspirin could block a protein, COX-2, that is known to help promote cancer growth. There are several drug companies now producing new COX-2 inhibitors that may protect against both prostate cancer and colon cancer. The authors of the study were cautious in recommending that people take aspirin because of "the potential for bleed- continued on page 3 Eating a better way Often, when I leave the grocery store I stop by after work, I pass a fast food place with a long line of cars in the drive-through lane. I am always amazed at the number of moms with a carload of children getting something to eat while rushing to some little league game or a school performance. They may stop by a dairy bar for ice cream on the way home, as well. Or there is the family in their van with the dad reaching out the window to get a load of sacks and boxes for the family to eat that evening as they rush to their destination. According to three studies in the October issue of The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, many people in the U.S. are on the slippery slide to low nutrition. Americans eat "energy-dense, nutrient-poor" foods. Those studied in the three cases mentioned were adults, but the fast food way of life starts early. For instance, the first article looked at almost 45,000 men who were 40 to 75 years of age. The researchers discovered that they could divide the men into two food groups—those who ate the "western diet" that was low in fruits and vegetables and high in beef, and those who ate the "prudent diet," so called because it was higher in fruits and vegetables and substituted fish and chicken for more of the red meat. The researchers found that the "prudent diet" reduced the number of heart attacks while those on the "western diet" had more heart attacks—both nonfatal and fatal. This was impressive. The second study followed almost 40,000 women for five years and checked for cardiovascular disease and heart attacks, both nonfatal and fatal. The results were interesting: "In this large-scale prospective cohort of women, higher intakes of fruits and vegetables were associated with lower risk of [cardiovascular disease] and [heart attacks]," the researchers said. These findings support current dietary recommendations to increase the intake of fruits and vegetables as a primary measure against cardiovascular disease. Both of these studies recommend eating more fruits and vegetables and considerably reducing the red meat while increasing fish and chicken in your diet. These recommendations are for older men and women, but the habits could be instilled in the young, as well. The third study also brings the message about increasing the number of fruits and vegetables in your diet while reducing the amount of red meat. In this study, the researcher looked at consumption of what he called "energy-dense, nutrient-poor" foods. Almost 1/3 of what many Americans eat are these types of foods. These foods display increased high energy intake, marginal micronutrient intake, poor compliance with nutrient-and food-group reliance, and low serum concentrations of vitamins and carotenoids. In short, these are junk foods. Energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods tend to substitute, rather than supplement, the more nutrient-dense foods in the American diet, the researcher concluded. This pattern leads to the above four problems plus low serum concentrations of HDL (high density cholesterol) and high serum homocysteine concentrations. These three studies are convincing. When we eat the dismembered foods that are described as "energy-dense, nutrient-poor" foods, we fall behind the minimum daily requirements for nutrient intake and good health. Let's compare this to eating from the other side—from the "high-nutrient, energy-low" side of eating. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, which looked at the entire diet for almost 43,000 women, found that "women reporting dietary patterns that include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and lean meats...have a lower risk of mortality," according to researchers. When we eat lots of fruits and vegetables, replace red meat with more fish and chicken, and keep those snacks, candy bars, sodas, and desserts to an absolute minimum, we begin to get the nutrients we need from eating. —Richard Lewis INFORMATION WORTH KNOWING Have you ever considered all the many toxic elements in your life—toxins that you take in from the environment and the foods you eat as well as the ones that your body creates? Sidney MacDonald Baker, M.D., has written Detoxification and Healing to give you information to help you restore balance, harmony, and health. In his opinion, learning how to cleanse your body of poisons and learning the nutrients you need to help reduce those toxins, is the key to optimal health. The questions this month are taken from his book. 1. Cyberhealth is the application of general systems theory to medicine and has mostly to do with the approach one takes to understanding what has caused an event such as ____________. a. symptoms or collection of symptoms b. lab tests c. signs d. all of the above 2. Doctors who follow a systems theory of illness take a broad path to understanding and treating the illness. They take a functional assessment where the ____________ is the name not the cause. a. mother b. pulse c. diagnosis d. none of the choices listed 3. Balance means providing all the necessary elements to optimize the system and removing any interfering elements. a. True b. False 4. Detoxification is central to understanding the functional assessment in medicine because it is the biggest item in your ____________ budget. 5. Illness and disease will affect the body’s ____________ system and, if there is something wrong with that system, any other problem will be aggravated. a. alarm b. detoxification c. blood d. none of the above 6. Individuality is the key to understanding Dr. Baker’s concepts of detoxification chemistry. a. True b. False 7. When we talk about food poisoning, germs always cause the toxicity, either ones that infect us or ones that leave their ____________ in the food we have consumed. a. DNA b. calling card c. toxins d. all of the above • FOR ANSWERS, SEE PAGE 7 • Exercise fights depression Exercise works as well as a popular antidepressant drug, according to researchers in a study reported in the journal, Psychosomatic Medicine. Duke University Medical Center researchers found exercise reduced or eliminated depression as well as Zoloft (a popular antidepressant) alone or Zoloft in combination with exercise. “The present findings suggest that a modest exercise program...is an effective, robust treatment with major depression,” the researchers reported. The 156 adult subjects in the study volunteered to follow an exercise project for four months. The exercise primarily consisted of walking, riding a stationary bicycle, or jogging for 30 minutes, plus a ten minute warm up and a five minute cool down three times a week. At 10 months from the beginning of the study, 133 patients remained in the study. The researchers found that exercisers were more likely to see the depression stay away. Only 8% of the exercisers saw the depression return, compared to 38% of those taking drugs or 31% taking drugs and exercise. Older exercisers can gain, too Older exercisers may gain strength just like younger athletes, if they work hard at it, researchers said. “Elderly men cannot only tolerate these very high workloads, but will exhibit muscular changes similar to their younger counterparts,” according to a research study reported in the Journal of Gerontology. Among men ages 60 to 75, leg strength increased by 84% over 16 weeks of intense work-out matching that of men in their 20’s who were regularly working out. Older exercisers increased their muscle fiber size as well—matching those of younger exercisers. Although age may limit how much strength the exercisers can gain, researchers are unsure what these limits may be. So, if the doctor says it is O.K. to increase exercise, go ahead and do it. Case of the month A 41-year-old male first came to The Center in June of 1998 with a myriad of complaints. These included allergies, asthma, constipation, depression, gastritis, high cholesterol, irritable bowel syndrome, mild obesity, pain in his legs and knees, and pain in the lower back. In addition, he had a mitral valve prolapse problem, a heel spur, fatigue, insomnia, and a history of peptic ulcer and myalgia. He had a lot of work to do for his first day. Initially, he received an injection of magnesium which he repeated the two following weeks. In August, he started on a morning nutrient shake made of a scoop of Ultra Clear Sustain, 1/2 tablespoon of fortified flax meal, a cup of frozen fruit, a cup of low fat milk, and 2 tablespoons of honey. In addition, he was started on Ester C, Fruit and Veggie Plus, black current seed oil, melatonin lozenge for sleep, Zinc Boost, glucosamine sulfate, and Fibroplex. He continued on these and added grape seed extract, walking 1 to 2 miles aday for 4 or 5 days a week, Osteoprim, 5HTP, Niaplex, and, finally, green tea extract. In October of 1998, he felt he was beginning to improve. His bowels were better and he had more energy. But he was not sleeping very well and had trouble getting to sleep. His back was better, but still not good. In May of 1999 his back was great. He was tilling the garden and mowing the yard. There is a lot of sweating with the exertion, but it is worth it, he added. Then in September of 2000 he said that the Ultra Clear had helped the gut. He feels much better there. He is riding a bike in addition to the walking he has been doing. He has had no hamburgers or Mountain Dew for two months and is sticking with the diet. He is sleeping good, his knees are better, his back is good; he is doing great. Oh, yes, he added, he had sneezed a couple of times, but the allergies are no longer a problem. Herbal History Cottonwood, Salicaceae The cold of winter is almost upon us and we long for the spring breezes rustling the new, fan shaped leaves on the cottonwood. All we have now is the winter winds moaning through the limbs. But it was more for the native Americans when the land was theirs. From the bark, the Blackfeet made scrapings and boiled these scrapings to make a tea for the women of the tribe to drink just before childbirth. They would also make a tea from the bark to treat symptoms resembling heartburn. In 1877, Valery Havard, the assistant surgeon and botanist for the Seventh Cavalry reported seeing areas in Montana where "whole groves of Cottonwood were seen with their trunks stripped by the Indians, who used the inner layers of the bark as a mucilaginous'and anti-scorbutic." The Lakota called the cottonwood the "canya'hu" meaning peel off wood and "wagacan" described as take off wood. They fed the bark to their horses, according to D. J. Rogers. The tribes of the upper Missouri river also placed mystical power to the cottonwood tree. Melvin Gilmore wrote in 1918, "The cottonwoods they found in such diverse situations, appearing always so self reliant, showing such prodigious fecundity, its lustrous young leaves in springtime by their sheen and by their restlessness reflecting the splendor of the sun like the dancing ripples of a lake that to this tree also they ascribed mystery...Even in still summer afternoons, and at night when all else was still, they could even hear the rustling of cottonwood leaves by the passage of little vagrant currents of air." Source: Medicinal Plants of the Prairie by Kelly Kindsher Food of the Month by Donald R. Davis, Ph.D. BLUEBERRIES ranked highest in antioxidants among 41 fruits and vegetables in a recent study of their ability to neutralize oxygen free radicals. One antioxidant is the blue pigment, a potent flavonoid. In another study, a blueberry extract improved balance, coordination, and short-term memory in aging rats. Moreover, blueberries are similar to cranberries in preventing and treating bladder infections. Among 16 nutrients that are adequately supplied relative to calories, vitamin C, fiber, omega-3 fat, and manganese stand out. Try fresh or frozen blueberries plain, on cereal, in smoothies and fruit salads, and on pancakes and waffles. The length of each bar shows the amount of one nutrient. If a bar extends out to the inner circle, the food has enough of that nutrient to match the calories it contains. The numbers show nutrient amounts in RDAs per serving shown. The pie charts show the sources of calories (left) and the types of fat (right). Mental Medicine by Marilyn Landreth, M.A. Is it failure, or is it success? Roger von Oech has written books with catchy titles such as A Kick in the Seat of the Pants. He said, "Most people think of success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process." Think about that for a minute. Most of us are fairly judgmental about our lives. This was "good," that was "bad." When we think back on our lives and remember the times we considered "bad," could it have been a turning point that helped us become the person we are today? Now, we might not want to go back and relive that moment or even to do it again, but was it really all bad? Success and failure are two sides of the same coin. If we can just live our lives doing the best we can do, taking some risks and really living our lives, not just attempting to keep from failing, then we will be a success. If we looked upon our lives in a financial sense we could say that yesterday is a cashed check. It is already spent. Tomorrow is a promissory note that we can't spend yet. Today is all the cash we have to spend, so don't let it slip away. Buy something with the "cash" of life that will give meaning and joy to your life. Find the "success" in each "failure." Success can be noticing the little things in life: a smile from a stranger; the laughter of a child; the wisdom that accompanies the wrinkles of an elderly person; the beauty of a flower, stars, sunset, or a bird's song; truly sharing the burdens and joys of life with another (be it a person or a pet); and, above all, gratitude that we have the life we have with all its imperfections and challenges. Harvey Mackay said, "There is only one other lesson that success should teach us: be amazed by your own success as your friends are." Whole grains help elderly women In reading the Harvard Medical School's consumer health information, I discovered some good news for me and my elderly friends. The study states: "Whole Grains Cut Stroke Risk in Women." The findings based on data on 75,521 American participants in Harvard University Nurses Health Study, appear in Wednesday's Journal of the American Medical Association. The report was that those who ate the most whole grains—the equivalent of two to three slices of whole-grain bread daily—were 30 percent to 40 percent less likely to have an ischemic stroke than women who ate less than half a slice or the equivalent daily. Strokes, America's third leading cause of death, afflict men and women equally but are more likely to be fatal in women. In the study, the more whole grains women ate, the less likely they were to have a stroke. The findings suggest that "replacing refined grains with whole grains by even one serving a day may have significant benefits in reducing the risk of ischemic stroke," wrote the authors, led by Dr. Simin Liu of Harvard's Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. Whole grains consumed by study participants included whole-wheat bread, whole-grain cereal, popcorn, wheat germ, oatmeal, bulger, and couscous. Refined-grain foods included sweet rolls, white bread, white rice, and English muffins. Dr. Liu said it is unclear how whole grains might prevent strokes, although they have been linked to lower levels of the so-called bad cholesterol that can clog arteries. Again, I feel very fortunate to be a part of The Center. I use the granola that is sold here in the Gift of Health most of the time for my breakfast and, of course, I eat my lunch at the Taste of Health the four days that I work here each week. They bake their bread fresh daily using whole grains in their baking, and if I run short, I use a 7-grain bread from the grocery store. I have watched my consumption of bread and grains for the past 20 years. —Nelda Reed Answers from page 4 1. d. Dr. Baker looks at illness being caused by a web of interactions rather than a single cause and effect. 2. c. It is just a name for the disease not the cause of the symptoms. "Your high blood pressure is caused by hypertension." 3. a. Nutrients are necessary elements and toxins are interfering elements. 4. a. It handles wastes from every organ and systems in the body as well as from the environment. 5. b. Detoxification is central to all systems. It provides a way to understand the functional aspects of each human being. 6. a. The concept of toxin includes a wide variety of familiar substances that may pose problems for some people and not others. 7. c. Most of the time when food spoils it is because of germs such as bacteria and molds that are present when they are fresh and continue to grow unless it has been treated to prevent or retard spoilage. SPECIAL DISCOUNTS Audio Tapes: Regular Price—$7.95; Health Hunter Price—$7.16 Video Tapes: Regular Price—$19.95; Health Hunter Price—$17.95 DETOXIFICATION & HEALING: The Key to Optimal Health by Sidney MacDonald Baker, M.D. This book is an introduction to detoxification and healing which leads to a better understanding of preventive medicine. Dr. Baker explains that illness is a complex problem composed of a person’s belief system, environment and genetic structure, and the ability to defend against disorganizing forces. Retail Price: $14.95 Health Hunter: $13.46 PHYTOCHEMICALS: Plant stuff that may play a role in slowing aging, reducing the risk of cancer, boosting immunity, and protecting the heart with James Jackson, Ph.D. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring chemicals found in plants that give them color, smell, and flavor. There are over 500 compounds now identified that, when working together, may have specific disease-fighting qualities. Some of these compounds (anthrocyanins, genistein, resveratrol, lutein, etc.) are discussed as to their structure, disease-fighting capabilities, and best dietary source. BREAST BIOMARKERS with Ronald Hunninghake, M.D. Biomarkers for breast health help women assess their nutritional reserves in areas that studies have suggested are protective. For instance, lycopene levels are higher in the Italian population, presumably due to their high consumption of tomato foods. Lycopene helps to protect against cellular damage by free radicals that could initiate the neoplastic changes characteristic of tumor cells. Selenium, vitamin D, coenzyme Q10, and folic acid are also discussed. CHOCOLATE: The “Best” Candy with Donald R. Davis, Ph.D. Several studies suggest that chocolate improves health and longevity. We should not be completely surprised because chocolate contains cocoa and often milk and nuts—all nutrient-rich whole foods. Cocoa and nuts are also rich in beneficial phytochemicals. These advantages should be weighed against the added sugar and possible adverse effects such as headache, heartburn, and acne. To Order, Fill Out the Form Below \| TITLE \| AUDIO OR VIDEO TAPE \| PRICE \| QUANTITY \| TOTAL \| \|--------------------------------------------\|---------------------\|-------\|----------\|-------\| \| Detoxification and Healing (book) \| \| \| \| \| \| Breast Biomarkers \| audio \| \| \| \| \| Phytochemicals \| video \| \| \| \| \| Chocolate: The “Best” Candy \| audio \| \| \| \| \| Health Hunter - One Year Membership/renewal- $25 ($30 for outside the U.S.)* \| \| \| \| \| \| Two Year Membership/renewal - $48 ($53 for outside the U.S.)* \| \| \| \| \| \| Three Year Membership/renewal - $71 ($76 for outside the U.S.)* \| \| \| \| \| * No postage necessary. Kansas residents add 5.3%. * Add $2.00 for first item; 50¢ for each additional item. Payment: ☐ Check ☐ VISA ☐ Am. Exp. ☐ Discover ☐ M. C. Exp. Date ____________ Card # ________________________________ Signature ________________________________ Ship to: Name ____________________________________________________________ Address _________________________________________________________ City ___________________________ State ______ Zip _____________ Mail form and payment to: The Center for the Improvement of Human Functioning International • 3100 North Hillside • Wichita, Kansas 67219 Prices good through 2000. Upcoming Events... \| NOVEMBER \| DECEMBER \| \|----------\|----------\| \| Monday \| Tuesday \| Wednesday \| Thursday \| Friday \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 Yoga \| \| \| \| 6 \| 7 Yoga \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 Yoga\| \| 13 \| 14 Yoga \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 Yoga\| \| 20 \| 21 \| 22 \| 23 Center closed \| 24 Center closed \| \| 27 \| 28 \| 29 \| 30 \| \| Vitamin C helps smokers, too Vitamin C may reduce and restore myocardial blood flow (MBF) in smokers, according to a recent study completed by Philipp Kaufmann and coworkers at the University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. Smoking is thought to cause oxidative damage to the endothelium of the arteries of the heart. The researchers used PET scans to look at the MBF of 11 heavy smokers and 8 nonsmokers at rest and during smoking. They repeated the scans after infusion of three grams of vitamin C. In smokers, they found coronary blood reserves compared to baseline MBF were 21% lower during smoking than at rest. After the vitamin C infusion, the coronary blood reserves and MBF returned to normal in the heavy smokers, but showed no effect on the nonsmokers. INSIDE THIS MONTH'S ISSUE... - Prostate health - Vitamin C may lower stroke rates - Exercise fights depression - Whole grains help elderly women - Return service requested
Bail Reform for the Eighties: A Reply to Senator Kennedy Steven Duke Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Steven Duke, Bail Reform for the Eighties: A Reply to Senator Kennedy, 49 Fordham L. Rev. 40 (1980). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol49/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Law Review by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org. Bail Reform for the Eighties: A Reply to Senator Kennedy Cover Page Footnote Professor of Law, Yale University. B.S. 1956, Arizona State University; J.D. 1959, University of Arizona; L.L.M. 1961, Yale University. This article is available in Fordham Law Review: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol49/iss1/9 BAIL REFORM FOR THE EIGHTIES: A REPLY TO SENATOR KENNEDY STEVEN DUKE* INTRODUCTION THE Bail Reform Act of 1966$^1$ may rank as the most significant legislative reform of the criminal process of this century.$^2$ A product of the "New Frontier" and the "Great Society," it reflected a broad consensus that society had the ability and the duty to alleviate the disadvantages caused by poverty, racism, and powerlessness. The Act recognized that pretrial incarceration was frequently unnecessary to assure appearance at trial and that it was unjust and discriminatory when reasonable alternatives were available. Money bail$^3$ was deemphasized, and the courts were directed to release persons without it when circumstances permitted.$^4$ --- * Professor of Law, Yale University. B.S. 1956, Arizona State University; J.D. 1959, University of Arizona; L.L.M. 1961, Yale University. 1. Pub. L. No. 89-465, 80 Stat. 214-16 (1966) (codified at 18 U.S.C. §§ 3141-3156 (1976)). 2. See generally Ervin, Foreword: Preventive Detention—A Step Backward for Criminal Justice, 6 Harv. C.R.—C.L. L. Rev. 291 (1971); Ervin, The Legislative Role in Bail Reform, 35 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 429 (1967). For reports of bail studies strongly supporting the reforms incorporated in the Bail Reform Act, see D. Freed & P. Wald, Bail in the United States: 1964 (1964); Ares, Rankin & Sturz, The Manhattan Bail Project: An Interim Report on the Use of Pre-Trial Parole, 38 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 67 (1963); Foote, Compelling Appearance in Court: Administration of Bail in Philadelphia, 102 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1031 (1954); Note, A Study of the Administration of Bail in New York City, 106 U. Pa. L. Rev. 693 (1958). By 1971, at least 36 states had enacted similar reforms. See Murphy, Revision of State Bail Laws, 32 Ohio St. L.J. 451, 485 (1971). 3. Throughout the Article, "money bail" will be used broadly to include all financial conditions required to assure appearance for trial if they involve the actual posting with the court of cash, property, or a professional surety bond. Occasionally, as the context will indicate, the term is employed more narrowly and excludes surety bonds. 4. The key provision of the Bail Reform Act stipulates that in other than capital offenses, the accused shall be ordered released until trial either on his own recognizance or upon execution of an unsecured appearance bond. If the judge requires more assurance of appearance, he may impose the first of five conditions, and if "no single condition gives that assurance, any combination of the . . . conditions." The conditions are: (1) third person custody; (2) restrictions on travel, association or place of abode; (3) execution of an appearance bond and a deposit not to exceed 10% of the face value of the bond; (4) a surety bond or cash deposit; (5) "any other condition deemed reasonably necessary to assure appearance as required, including a condition requiring that the person return to custody after specified hours." 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a) (1976). The Bail Reform Act, however, was not a panacea. As the focus of reformers shifted to other areas, bail reform efforts began to ebb and dormant forces reasserted themselves. Judges in many jurisdictions reverted to their old practices of requiring money bail of persons who posed any bail risks and inflicting prohibitive bond requirements on those suspected of being dangerous.\textsuperscript{5} The prompt appellate review of bail decisions, mandated by the Bail Reform Act\textsuperscript{6} became moribund.\textsuperscript{7} Funding for bail studies disappeared, and service agencies so essential to the operation of a liberal pretrial release program found it increasingly difficult to function.\textsuperscript{8} The Nixon administration then replaced the "War on Poverty" with the "War on Crime." A principal weapon of that campaign was preventive detention, the denial of pretrial release to criminal defendants who are determined to pose "'a clear danger to the community.'"\textsuperscript{9} Due largely to the efforts of Senator Sam Ervin,\textsuperscript{10} an attempt to enact a preventive detention statute was defeated, except in the District of Columbia.\textsuperscript{11} The preventive detention proposals did succeed, however, in temporarily refocusing attention on problems of pretrial incarceration. Shortcomings in the administration of the Bail Reform Act were recognized, new studies conducted, and remedies proposed.\textsuperscript{12} Recently, the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, virtually without debate,\textsuperscript{13} attached a replacement of the Bail Reform Act\textsuperscript{14} to the proposed Federal Criminal Code.\textsuperscript{15} The bail provisions, incorporated in section 3502,\textsuperscript{16} were adopted by the Committee and await \begin{itemize} \item \textsuperscript{5} See W. Thomas, Bail Reform in America 8, 31-32 (1976); Wald, \textit{The Right to Bail Revisited: A Decade of Promise without Fulfillment}, in \textit{The Rights of the Accused} 177, 184-86 (S. Nagel ed. 1972). \item \textsuperscript{6} 18 U.S.C. § 3147 (1976). \item \textsuperscript{7} See C. Whitebread, \textit{Criminal Procedure}, 345-46 (1980); Wald, \textit{supra} note 5, at 186. \item \textsuperscript{8} See Wald, \textit{supra} note 5, at 186. \item \textsuperscript{9} See Mitchell, \textit{Bail Reform and the Constitutionality of Pretrial Detention}, 55 Va. L. Rev. 1223, 1223 (1969) (footnote omitted). \item \textsuperscript{10} See \textit{Preventive Detention: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on Constitutional Rights of the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary}, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. (1970) [hereinafter cited as \textit{Preventive Detention Hearings}]; W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 229-31. \item \textsuperscript{11} A preventive detention provision was incorporated in the District of Columbia Court Reform and Criminal Procedure Act of 1970. Pub. L. No. 91-358, § 210(a), 84 Stat. 644 (1970) (codified at D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1322 (West Supp. 1970)). \item \textsuperscript{12} See W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 8-10. \item \textsuperscript{13} See \textit{Reform of the Federal Criminal Laws: Hearings on S. 1722 and S. 1723 Before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary}, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 10323, 10340, 10350 (1979) [hereinafter cited as \textit{Hearings on S. 1722 and 1723}]. \item \textsuperscript{14} 18 U.S.C. §§ 3141-3156 (1976). \item \textsuperscript{15} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. (1979) (available from the U.S. Government Printing Office). \item \textsuperscript{16} \textit{Id.} § 3502. As originally introduced in the Senate, S. 1722 carried forward the provisions of the Bail Reform Act. \end{itemize} further action in the Senate. In an article in the Fordham Law Review, Senator Kennedy, as a sponsor of these provisions, urged their enactment.\textsuperscript{17} The Senator finds only "one important shortcoming" in the "traditional approach" to bail as a means of assuring an accused's appearance at trial—its failure "to deal effectively with those defendants who commit crimes while they are free on bail."\textsuperscript{18} Section 3502 represents a "new approach," which purports to be a "middle course" between preventive detention and "release . . . based solely on the likelihood of flight."\textsuperscript{19} The goals of this new approach are to confront the problem of pretrial crime, while avoiding the pitfalls of preventive detention, and to "bring new candor to the bail release decision by ending abusive practices."\textsuperscript{20} Although the proposed bail provisions of S. 1722 may be substantially "new," they are not in the "middle course." Rather, the new proposal is far to the right of the Nixon administration concept of preventive detention and poses a greater threat to individual liberty than any preventive detention scheme espoused by John Mitchell.\textsuperscript{21} It is surprising to have such a proposal from Senator Kennedy, one of the nation's most ardent and eloquent advocates for the poor and the powerless. The explanation lies, I think, in a failure to appreciate how the provisions of the bill will function within the reality of the criminal process. Senator Kennedy also overlooks many facets of the problem of pretrial release that should be considered by those concerned with the plight of the weak and the poor. I. PREVENTIVE DETENTION AND SECTION 3502 During the preventive detention debates in the late sixties and early seventies, proponents promised that pretrial incarceration of "dangerous defendants" would significantly reduce crime rates.\textsuperscript{22} Opponents argued that it was unconstitutional\textsuperscript{23} and merely a palliative \begin{itemize} \item[17.] See generally Kennedy, A New Approach to Bail Release: The Proposed Federal Criminal Code and Bail Reform, 48 Fordham L. Rev. 423 (1980). \item[18.] Id. at 423. \item[19.] Id. at 434-35. \item[20.] Id. at 435. \item[21.] See generally Mitchell, supra note 9. \item[22.] See Preventive Detention Hearings, supra note 10, at 271-88 (statement of Richard Kleindienst). See generally Hruska, Preventive Detention: The Constitution and the Congress, 3 Creighton L. Rev. 36 (1969); Mitchell, supra note 9. \item[23.] By prohibiting "excessive bail," the eighth amendment of the United States Constitution arguably precludes denial of pretrial release for any reason but risk of flight. See Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1, 5 (1951). In any event, preventive detention is a deprivation of liberty without due process. See Tribe, An Ounce of Detention: Preventive Justice in the World of John Mitchell, 56 Va. L. Rev. 371 (1970). Equal protection problems also arise. See Foote, The Coming Constitutional Crisis in Bail (pts. 1-2), 113 U. Pa. L. Rev. 959, 1125 (1965); cf. Goldstein & Katz, Dangerousness and Mental Illness Some Observations on the Decision to Release Persons Acquitted \end{itemize} to the crime problem.\textsuperscript{24} Most cogently, perhaps, the critics pointed out that it was virtually impossible to predict dangerousness accurately. Any attempt to do so was certain to lead to over-prediction and the erroneous jailing of the great majority of detainees. Prevention of one crime might require the incarceration of as many as twenty persons.\textsuperscript{25} Regardless of constitutionality, this would be an exorbitant and unprecedented price for an insignificant reduction in the crime rate. Indeed, crime might be more effectively prevented if the money required for detention hearings, jailing and maintaining the detainees, as well as supporting their dependents, was allocated to other crime prevention activities.\textsuperscript{26} Senator Kennedy seems to join opponents of preventive detention in acknowledging that "accurate predictions of a defendant's future criminality are difficult to make."\textsuperscript{27} He agrees that pretrial detention "is contrary to the presumption of innocence and undermines the accused's constitutional protections,"\textsuperscript{28} and that "[i]t is questionable whether such complete pretrial incarceration is constitutionally permissible."\textsuperscript{29} Citing the experience in the District of Columbia, \textit{by Reason of Insanity}, 70 Yale L.J. 225, 237-38 (1960) (the continued detention of a person who is no longer insane but still potentially dangerous is constitutionally questionable); Note, \textit{Preventive Detention Before Trial}, 79 Harv. L. Rev. 1489, 1499-1500 (1966) (the right to bail is implied but undefined by the eighth amendment). \textit{But see} Meyer, \textit{Constitutionality of Pretrial Detention}, 60 Geo. L.J. 1381 (1972); Mitchell, \textit{supra} note 9, at 1224-31. \textit{See also} Wald, \textit{supra} note 5, at 190-92 (summarizing several other legal issues). \textsuperscript{24} Report of the Judicial Council Committee to Study the Operation of the Bail Reform Act in the District of Columbia (1969) (minority views of Beaudin, Bowers, Bowman, Freed and Wald), \textit{reprinted in Preventive Detention Hearings}, \textit{supra} note 10, at 703, 738-42; Tribe, \textit{supra} note 23, at 371-74. \textsuperscript{25} See Dershowitz, \textit{Imprisonment by Judicial Hunch}, 57 A.B.A.J. 560, 563 (1971). \textit{See generally} Dershowitz, \textit{Preventive Detention: Social Threat}, Trial, Dec-Jan, 1969-70, at 22; Dershowitz, \textit{The Law of Dangerousness: Some Fictions About Predictions}, 23 J. Legal Educ. 24 (1970); \textit{Preventive Detention: An Empirical Analysis}, 6 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 300 (1971) [hereinafter cited as \textit{Empirical Analysis}]. Reliable predictors of pretrial crime are unavailable. \textit{See} National Bureau of Standards Report, Compilation and Use of Criminal Court Data in Relation to Pre-Trial Release of Defendants (1970), \textit{reprinted in Preventive Detention Hearings}, \textit{supra} note 10, at 765; P. Wise, \textit{Freedom For Sale} 77-80 (1974). \textsuperscript{26} A recent study indicated that it costs approximately $70 per day, almost $26,000 per year, to confine a prisoner in a New York City jail. N.Y. Times, Mar. 2, 1978, § B, at 7, col. 1. \textsuperscript{27} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 430. \textsuperscript{28} \textit{Id.} at 428. \textsuperscript{29} \textit{Id.} at 430. The constitutionality of the District of Columbia preventive detention provisions, D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1322 (West Supp. 1970), has never been decided by an appellate court. But see Blunt v. United States, 322 A.2d 579 (D.C. 1974), which upheld its application to a defendant who had repeatedly threatened a prosecution witness. The court believed that there was ample authority for the detention even without the preventive detention provisions of D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1321(a) (West Supp. 1970). \textit{See also} Carbo v. United States, 82 S. Ct. 662 (Douglas, Circuit Justice, 1962); United States v. Gilbert, 425 F.2d 490 (D.C. Cir. 1969). where a preventive detention measure has been in effect since 1970, Senator Kennedy faults that statute on more pragmatic grounds: it simply has not worked. Prosecutors have not used it because it is burdensome, time-consuming, and requires expedited trials. Moreover, it is unnecessary. Judges are willing to circumvent it sub rosa by imposing high money bail, ostensibly because of the risk of flight. Thus, preventive detention appears "in disguise without the need to comply with due process requirements and an expedited trial date." Senator Kennedy asserts, however, that "the critical problem of crimes committed by persons on bail cannot be ignored." He states that persons on bail are being arrested and charged with serious felonies with "increasing frequency." Moreover, "the likelihood of a person committing additional crimes while on bail is not only higher than the crime rate for the general population, . . . it is also much higher than the likelihood of the suspect's failing to appear at trial." The first claim, that arrests for pretrial crime are increasing in "frequency," is not surprising in view of the growth in population and crime rates, and the woeful failures of our correctional systems. The second, that the statistical "likelihood" of such crime is "higher than the crime rate in general," is not new. Persons charged with crime are, for the most part, members of disadvantaged groups—racial and ethnic minorities, young males, the unemployed, those deficient in skills or education—who account for a disproportionate share of recorded crime. Members of these groups who are not charged with crime are also statistically more likely to commit crimes than the general population. The third contention, that pretrial crime occurs at a rate "much higher than the likelihood of the suspect's failing to appear at trial," is puzzling. Although pretrial crime is 30. Preventive detention could have been invoked in 1,500 cases in 1977, but prosecutors requested it in only 40. See Kennedy, supra note 17, at 430-31. See also N. Bases & W. McDonald, Preventive Detention in the District of Columbia: The First Ten Months (1972); Wald, supra note 5, at 193. 31. Kennedy, supra note 17, at 431. 32. Id. at 428. 33. Id. 34. Senator Kennedy's principal source for his statement on the increase in pretrial crime rate is P. Wice, supra note 25, at 73-77. Professor Wice's statistics do not show that the percentage rate of rearrest while on bail has increased in recent years. Rather, his report on a 72 city survey found that "half of the cities surveyed experienced an increase in the number of crimes committed by defendants awaiting trial for another crime." Id. at 76 (emphasis added). 35. See President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society 43 (1967) [hereinafter cited as President's Report on Crime]; D.C. Bail Agency, Report for the Period January 1, 1977—December 31, 1977, at 17-20 [hereinafter cited as 1977 D.C. Bail Agency Report]; C. Silberman, Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice 48-50 (1978); Empirical Analysis, supra note 25, at 306-07. doubtless a more serious problem than nonappearance for trial under present bail practices.\textsuperscript{36} Senator Kennedy seems to conclude from this comparison that there is a "failure of our bail laws to balance the likelihood of the defendant's appearance at trial with the needs of community safety."\textsuperscript{37} Assuming Senator Kennedy means that courts should consider dangerousness as well as risk of flight in bail decisions, the conclusion simply does not follow from the data. Low rates of nonappearance, either in absolute terms or relative to crime rates, are simply not relevant to the seriousness of the crime problem or the need to reform bail decisionmaking to transform it into a "crime-fighting device."\textsuperscript{38} Infrequent willful failures of releasees to appear for trial merely suggest that courts are too stringent in setting release conditions to assure appearance. Neither Senator Kennedy's statistics nor his analysis indicates that the problem of pretrial crime during release has altered significantly since 1970.\textsuperscript{39} He is undoubtedly correct that the problem "cannot be \textsuperscript{36} The study cited by Senator Kennedy, J. Roth & P. Wice, Pretrial Release and Misconduct in the District of Columbia II-45 to -59 (Institute for Law & Social Research, PROMIS Research Project No. 16 1978) [hereinafter cited as Inslaw Study], showed a willful nonappearance rate in the District of Columbia of 3.5% for felonies and 2.5% for misdemeanors. Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 428 n.38. Another recent study of a random sample of felony defendants drawn from eight federal districts, thought to represent "a cross section of the federal bail system in terms of geography, criminal caseload size, and PSA [pretrial service agency] versus non-PSA districts," found a "failure to appear" rate of 3.4%. General Accounting Office, Statistical Results of the Bail Process in Eight Federal District Courts 1, 27 (1978) [hereinafter cited as GAO Study]. \textsuperscript{37} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 424. \textsuperscript{38} \textit{Id.} at 430. \textsuperscript{39} Some of the more alarming statistics cited by Senator Kennedy, including 40% rearrest rates for larceny and forgery, and 33% for robbery, \textit{id.} at 423-24, are not new. During the preventive detention debates of 1969-70, there were claims of rearrest rates as high as 70%. See Hruska, \textit{supra} note 22, at 40; Mitchell, \textit{supra} note 9, at 1236. The most serious and reliable studies show a rearrest rate of approximately 10%. \textit{See, e.g.,} P. Wice, \textit{supra} note 25, at 75 (7% in multi-city survey). National Bureau of Standards Report, Compilation and Use of Criminal Court Data in Relation to Pre-Trial Release of Defendants (1970), reprinted in Preventive Detention Hearings, \textit{supra} note 10, at 767 (11% in District of Columbia); Empirical Analysis, \textit{supra} note 25, at 308-09 (in Boston, 14.5% released defendants rearrested, of which 64%, or 9.6% of the total sample, were convicted of offense for which rearrested). A more recent study found a 13% rearrest and less than 50% conviction rate among persons charged with felonies in the District of Columbia Superior Court in 1974. Inslaw Study, \textit{supra} note 36, at II-48 to -51. Another recent General Accounting Office study of eight representative federal districts found a rearrest rate of 9%, 25% of which were misdemeanor charges. GAO Study, \textit{supra} note 36, at 30-31. Employing post-release arrests as the measure of crimes on release is problematic. In the District of Columbia, for example, only half those arrests result in convictions, as noted above. Most of the data on arrests during pretrial release also fail to distinguish between arrests for pre-release offenses and those for post-release offenses. A post-release arrest, moreover, is a convenient device for police to "appeal" a release deciignored," but the issue is what role it should play in bail decisionmaking. Senator Kennedy believes the answer is found in the proposed legislation. Section 3502, however, not only sanctions preventive detention, it fails to provide the procedural safeguards found in the nation's only other preventive detention statute. This may be demonstrated by a direct comparison of section 3502 with the much criticized preventive detention provisions of the District of Columbia Court Reform and Criminal Procedure Act of 1970. A. Section 3502 and the District of Columbia Preventive Detention Statute: A Comparison Section 3502 directs the judge to release on his own recognizance or an unsecured appearance bond, any person whose signature will "reasonably assure" his appearance for trial. Such an accused is to be released on the condition that he "not commit a federal, [s]tate, or local crime." If more assurance of appearance is required, the judge may impose "the least restrictive condition or combination" of eleven conditions of release that will provide that assurance. The court then determines whether the accused's release "will endanger the safety of any other person or the community" and may impose another combination of the same conditions that will reasonably assure community safety. The first ten conditions—third party cus- 40. The crime rate among the general population is said to be more than 5%. U.S. Dep't of Justice, Uniform Crime Reports for the United States 35 (1978). It is doubtful that more than 5% to 10% of the nation's crime is committed by persons on pretrial release, who at any given time number less than 1% of the population. Hence, if all persons arrested were incarcerated, the reduction in the crime rate might be insubstantial. Even with respect to robbery, where recidivism is said to be very high, it has been estimated that jailing all defendants during the entire pretrial period would only reduce this crime by about 5%. See W. Thomas, supra note 5, at 238. It has also been established that pretrial crime rates increase as the time between arrest and disposition lengthens. See National Bureau of Standards, Compilation and Use of Criminal Court Data in Relation to Pre-Trial Release of Defendants (1970), reprinted in Preventive Detention Hearings, supra note 10, at 765, 770; Empirical Analysis, supra note 25, at 299, 389. According to these studies, less than half the rearrests occurred during a 90 day period following arrest. If the Speedy Trial Act of 1975, 18 U.S.C. §§ 3161-3174 (1976), which aims at trying cases within 100 days of the charge, is ever fully implemented, pretrial crime could be halved. See generally Project, The Speedy Trial Act: An Empirical Study, 47 Fordham L. Rev. 713 (1979). 41. D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1322 (West Supp. 1970). 42. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(a) (1979). 43. Id. § 3502(c). 44. Id. § 3502(a),(d). 45. Id. § 3502(b),(d). today, restrictions on travel, regular reporting, no contact with witnesses, no firearms, psychiatric treatment, drug or alcohol treatment, money bail and surety bonds\textsuperscript{46}—are drawn in large measure from existing law and practice in the District of Columbia. The District of Columbia Court Reform and Procedure Act of 1970 did not merely add preventive detention to the Bail Reform Act, it modified the latter by requiring the judge to select a combination of release conditions not only to assure appearance for trial, the only purpose in all other federal districts, but to assure community safety.\textsuperscript{47} Accordingly, all of the first ten conditions in section 3502 have been utilized in the District of Columbia.\textsuperscript{48} What is truly new about section 3502 is condition eleven, which requires that the defendant "return to official detention after specified hours or during specified periods, and abide by such other severe restrictions on the person's freedom, associations, or activities that the court deems appropriate."\textsuperscript{49} It is condition eleven, which, according to Senator Kennedy, makes section 3502 a middle course and, which, according to the Committee, avoids "the controversies and practical arguments surrounding preventive detention."\textsuperscript{50} Although Senator Kennedy states that outright confinement should be a last resort under section 3502, he acknowledges that it is permissible and that "[h]ow close this provision comes to actual preventive detention will ultimately depend upon how the courts use it."\textsuperscript{51} If conditions of release fail to offer an adequate assurance of safety, however, section 3502 implicitly mandates denial of release. There is no difference between preventive detention and denial of release. 1. Eligibility The District of Columbia statute provides that, except for one who injures or intimidates a prospective witness or juror, no one is subject to a preventive detention hearing unless he is charged with a "dangerous" or a "violent" crime.\textsuperscript{52} These concepts are, for the most \begin{itemize} \item \textsuperscript{46} Id. § 3502(b),(d)(1)-(10). \item \textsuperscript{47} D.C. Code Encycl. §§ 23-1321–1332 (West Supp. 1970). \item \textsuperscript{48} See generally W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 171-79. \item \textsuperscript{49} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(d)(11) (1979). \item \textsuperscript{50} S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1078 (1980). \item \textsuperscript{51} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 434. Because condition 11 explicitly authorizes detention "during specified periods," S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(d)(11) (1979), it literally authorizes unconditional detention. If there were any ambiguity, it would be removed by the Committee Report, which states that "[t]here may be rare cases in which some form of pretrial detention is required" and cites two cases, United States v. Abrahams, 575 F.2d 3 (1st Cir.), \textit{cert. denied}, 439 U.S. 821 (1978) and People v. Melville, 62 Misc. 2d 366, 308 N.Y.S.2d 671 (Crim. Ct. 1970), in which detention would be proper. S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1078 (1980). \item \textsuperscript{52} D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1322(a)(1)-(3) (West Supp. 1970). \end{itemize} part, intelligibly defined,\textsuperscript{53} though overbroad.\textsuperscript{54} If the crime charged is "violent" but not "dangerous," a defendant is eligible for preventive detention only if he has a prior conviction for such a crime or was free on bail for a previous charge of a violent crime.\textsuperscript{55} It seems unlikely that more than thirty percent of defendants charged with federal felonies would even qualify for a hearing\textsuperscript{56} under the District of Columbia statute. Under section 3502, every person accused of \textit{any offense}, even a misdemeanor or an "infraction," may be considered a threat to community safety and have his dangerousness determined.\textsuperscript{57} \section{2. Triggering Mechanisms} Under the District of Columbia provisions, there can be no hearing unless the prosecutor requests it\textsuperscript{58} and, with respect to one charged with a "dangerous crime," certifies that there is no other way to as- \textsuperscript{53} "Dangerous crime" includes robbery, burglary, arson, rape, attempts to commit such crimes, and the distribution of drugs. \textit{Id.} § 23-1331(3). Violent crime includes homicide, rape, kidnapping, robbery, burglary, extortion or blackmail accompanied by threats of violence, and various other offenses, including, regrettably, taking "immoral, improper, or indecent liberties with a child under the age of sixteen years." \textit{Id.} § 23-1331(4). \textsuperscript{54} Professor Tribe points out that "a person convicted of indecent exposure in 1960 and charged with purse-snatching in 1970 is among [Nixon's] 'hard core recidivists.'" Tribe, \textit{supra} note 23, at 382-83. \textsuperscript{55} D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1322(a)(2) (West Supp. 1970). \textsuperscript{56} In a random sample of District of Columbia felony defendants in 1971, only 67 of 200, or about 33%, apparently met the criteria. N. Bases & W. McDonald, \textit{supra} note 30, at 61. The Federal Court for the District of Columbia was at that time, however, a court of general jurisdiction, analogous to a state court."[O]nly 30 percent of the caseload [was] comparable to that of the federal courts in the other 89 districts." Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, \textit{Federal Offenders in the United States District Courts} 27 (1970). It is conjectural, therefore, whether the incidence of charges of "violent" or "dangerous" crimes in the federal courts as a whole is greater or less than that in the District of Columbia in 1971. In 1978, of the 15,847 criminal cases pending in all federal district courts, 4,671, or approximately 30% of the total, were homicides, robberies, assaults, burglaries, or narcotics violations. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, \textit{1978 Annual Report of the Director} 121 [hereinafter cited as Director's Annual Report]. Some of these cases would not qualify as "dangerous" crimes, or even "violent" ones, though some of the charges in other categories, such as "weapons and firearms," might. A large percentage of persons charged with "violent" but not "dangerous" crimes, moreover, do not qualify because they lack the requisite prior conviction or bail status. \textit{See Empirical Analysis, supra} note 21, at 306. \textsuperscript{57} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(b) (1979). These provisions apply to any person charged with an offense, which is defined as any violation of the Criminal Code, including not only misdemeanors, but infractions, offenses for which not more than five days imprisonment is authorized. \textit{Id.} § 111. Indeed, because § 3502 is not limited to persons who are arrested, it even applies to defendants who are simply summoned to court. \textsuperscript{58} D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1322(c)(1)-(2) (West Supp. 1970). sure community safety.\textsuperscript{59} If no motion for detention has been made, a judge cannot be faulted for releasing a person without first having determined his eligibility for preventive detention. Under section 3502, however, a determination of dangerousness is \textit{required} with respect to every person “charged with an offense” whom the judge thinks can reasonably be expected to appear for trial.\textsuperscript{60} Thus, the judge is open to criticism for every crime committed by one whom he has released. \section{3. Procedural Protections} Detention cannot be ordered under the District of Columbia provisions without a hearing held expressly for that purpose, with the accused represented by counsel\textsuperscript{61} and granted an opportunity to adduce evidence on the issues.\textsuperscript{62} Moreover, the ultimate issue of “safety of the community,” although not defined, is surely limited, by \textit{pari materia}, to a risk of commission by the defendant of a “dangerous”\textsuperscript{63} or “violent” crime,\textsuperscript{64} or the intimidation of witnesses or jurors.\textsuperscript{65} The prosecution has the burden of proof on all issues of fact, including the risk to community safety and the probability of defendant’s guilt of the crime charged.\textsuperscript{66} Proof, although it need not be admissible under the rules of evidence applicable to trials,\textsuperscript{67} must be “clear and convincing.”\textsuperscript{68} If a defendant testifies, his testimony cannot be used against him “on the issue of guilt in any judicial proceeding.”\textsuperscript{69} In addition, the judge must make “written findings of fact and the reasons for [a detention order].”\textsuperscript{70} Although the District of Columbia provision contains serious procedural deficiencies,\textsuperscript{71} virtually all its protections and safeguards are missing from section 3502. The new proposal is “conspicuously silent”\textsuperscript{72} on the burden of proof or persuasion, the right to counsel, the right to adduce evidence, or the use that may be made of the \begin{itemize} \item \textsuperscript{59} \textit{Id.} § 23-1322(a)(1). \item \textsuperscript{60} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(a)-(b) (1979). \item \textsuperscript{61} D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1332(c)(4) (West Supp. 1970). \item \textsuperscript{62} The accused is “entitled to present information by proffer or otherwise, to testify, and to present witnesses in his own behalf.” \textit{Id.} He is also entitled to a continuance of the hearing for up to five days. \textit{Id.} § 23-1322(c)(4). \item \textsuperscript{63} \textit{Id.} § 23-1331(3). \item \textsuperscript{64} \textit{Id.} § 23-1331(4). \item \textsuperscript{65} \textit{Id.} § 23-1322(a)(3). \textit{But see note 113 infra.} \item \textsuperscript{66} See Mitchell, \textit{supra} note 9, at 1238. \item \textsuperscript{67} D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1322(c)(5) (West Supp. 1970). \item \textsuperscript{68} \textit{Id.} § 23-1322(b)(2). \item \textsuperscript{69} \textit{Id.} § 23-1322(c)(6). This testimony may be used, however, in perjury proceedings and for impeachment purposes. \textit{Id.} \item \textsuperscript{70} \textit{Id.} § 23-1322(b)(3). \item \textsuperscript{71} See generally Tribe, \textit{supra} note 23. \item \textsuperscript{72} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 434. \end{itemize} defendant's testimony. The key concept, "endanger the safety of any other person or the community,"\textsuperscript{73} is not defined. Section 3502 seems to anticipate that the defendant's threat to the "safety of the community" will routinely be decided as part of the normal bail determination.\textsuperscript{74} An accused may therefore find himself labelled a risk to community safety without realizing the question was in issue\textsuperscript{75} and before he has counsel.\textsuperscript{76} The entire section contains only two references to a hearing procedure. First, "[a]ny information may be presented . . . regardless of its admissibility."\textsuperscript{77} Second, the judge, "on the basis of available information," must "take into account (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense charged; (2) the weight of the evidence against the person; and (3) the history and characteristics of the person."\textsuperscript{78} \textsuperscript{73.} See S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. §§ 3502-3510 (1979). \textsuperscript{74.} See also notes 131-35 infra and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{75.} Cf. Henderson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 645 (1976) (notice of the true nature of the charges is the first requirement of due process); Bouie v. Columbia, 378 U.S. 347, 350 (1964) (criminal statute must give fair warning of the conduct it proscribes). \textsuperscript{76.} Counsel is usually appointed to represent a defendant after the defendant's first appearance, where bail will normally have been set. See Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 122 (1975), which held that there is no constitutional right to counsel at probable cause hearings. Once he has counsel, a defendant may, of course, move for reconsideration of the bail terms, S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(g) (1979), but he then encounters the usual obstacles involved in convincing a judge to change his mind or overrule a magistrate. See P. Wice, \textit{supra} note 25, at 48. The constitutional right to assistance of counsel has been cast into doubt by the Court's decision in Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979). The Court purported to hold that regardless of the sentence actually authorized upon conviction, "the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution require \textit{only} that no indigent criminal defendant be sentenced to a term of imprisonment unless the State has afforded him the right to assistance of appointed counsel in his defense." \textit{Id.} at 373-74 (emphasis added). In the unlikely event that the Court meant what it said in \textit{Scott}, an indigent defendant could be denied counsel throughout the entire proceedings, even in a felony prosecution, provided he is not "sentenced" to jail. His pretrial incarceration could then become his punishment. I have argued, on the contrary, that any criminal charge, however petty, invokes the constitutional right to appointed counsel if the defendant is subject to being jailed, as a pretrial detainee \textit{or} as part of a sentence. Duke, \textit{The Right to Appointed Counsel: Argersinger and Beyond}, 12 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 601, 613-14 (1975). Even if he has counsel and notice that dangerousness is in issue, the defendant is denied the right to confront witnesses against him. See S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(i) (1979). His dangerousness will also be determined under § 3502 without ascertainable standards for decision, Giacco v. Pennsylvania, 382 U.S. 399 (1966), without written findings of fact, and without meaningful appellate review. Such a procedure would not support the deprivation of a driver's license, Bell v. Burson, 402 U.S. 535 (1971), or welfare benefits, Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970). It would not warrant the replevy of a television set from a delinquent buyer. Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67 (1972). See also Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 (1972) (refusal to rehire university teacher); Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471 (1972) (parole revocation); Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 (1973) (probation violation). \textsuperscript{77.} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(i) (1979). \textsuperscript{78.} \textit{Id.} § 3502(e). charged with serious crimes are dangers to community safety, could cast the burden on the accused to prove otherwise. The accused would be in a position to offer little more than plaintive assurances of his good character and intentions. The judge would certainly be entitled to disbelieve these assertions, and his disbelief would never be proven wrong if the defendant was incarcerated.\textsuperscript{79} 4. Time Limits A person cannot be jailed on the basis of risk to the community safety under the District of Columbia provisions for more than sixty days.\textsuperscript{80} There is no time limitation under section 3502.\textsuperscript{81} Whatever bail conditions are imposed will continue, unless modified, until the disposition of the defendant's case. A person could, therefore, be detained under section 3502 for a period longer than that for which he could be imprisoned if convicted of the offense charged.\textsuperscript{82} 5. Appellate Review Both the District of Columbia statute\textsuperscript{83} and section 3502\textsuperscript{84} provide for appellate review on behalf of one who is detained. They also require affirmance if the order "is supported by the proceedings below."\textsuperscript{85} Inasmuch as section 3502 places no restrictions on evidence, requires no evidentiary hearing or written findings of fact, and does not define the criteria of dangerousness,\textsuperscript{86} it is unclear how any order could be found procedurally defective. Moreover, given the acknowledgement in Senator Kennedy's article\textsuperscript{87} and in the Committee Report\textsuperscript{88} that predicting dangerousness is a difficult and speculative undertaking, it is unlikely that any appellate court would demand concrete evidence of dangerousness.\textsuperscript{89} Under section 3502, the district court is probably insulated from review if it explicitly grounds its find- \textsuperscript{79} The only visible failure of this system is that pretrial crimes may be committed on release. \textit{See} Tribe, \textit{supra} note 23, at 375. \textsuperscript{80} D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1322(d)(2) (West Supp. 1970). \textsuperscript{81} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502 (1979). The bill provides that a defendant subjected "to severe restrictions" under condition 11, "shall be brought to trial expeditiously pursuant to the [Speedy Trial Act]." \textit{Id.} § 3502(d)(11). This is redundant. \textsuperscript{82} \textit{Cf.} Williams v. Illinois, 399 U.S. 235, 240-41 (1970) (unconstitutional to jail a defendant to "work off" fines beyond the period of authorized sentence). \textsuperscript{83} 18 U.S.C. § 3147(a) (1976). \textsuperscript{84} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3506 (1979). \textsuperscript{85} 18 U.S.C. § 3147(b) (1976); S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3506(b) (1979). \textsuperscript{86} See notes 72-79 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{87} \textit{See} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 428. \textsuperscript{88} S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1077-78 (1980). \textsuperscript{89} To require real proof of dangerousness, when such proof is rarely available, would condemn the crime prevention aspects of § 3502 to instant desuetude. ing of dangerousness on one or more of the three factors that it is told to consider, and specifically finds that only denial of release will "assure the safety of . . . the community." Indeed, short of a finding of unconstitutionality, it is hard to imagine a situation in which an appellate court would ever reverse a finding of dangerousness under section 3502. The statutory promise of prompt appellate review does not guarantee that it will be available. The prompt appellate review provided under the Bail Reform Act of 1966, for example, is virtually nonexistent. Despite long experience with predicting likelihood of flight, appellate courts are unwilling to reverse district judges who set sub rosa preventive detention bonds. This is true even though the only legitimate risk is an erroneous prediction of appearance, which is minimal in most cases. These are the same courts that will review detention orders under section 3502. An appellate court is unlikely to second-guess a district judge for failure to impose one or more of the ten conditions that precede the preventive detention provision, when almost nothing is known of their efficacy in curbing crime. A reversal under section 3502 would involve assuming not only the responsibility of nonappearance but also the responsibility for pretrial crime. Relief from such responsibilities is one of the attractions of elevation to an appellate court, and will not be surrendered easily. It is thus clear that, rather than being a "middle course," section 3502 gives the courts something approaching carte blanche to imprison anyone charged with any offense if they think he is dangerous. Of course, it does not require such detention, but then neither does the District of Columbia scheme. Section 3502, unlike the District of Columbia statute, also requires the judge to impose conditions that will assure community safety in every case brought before him. Furthermore, section 3502 may deprive the defendant of personal liberties without the procedural safeguards afforded by the District of Columbia statute. In addition, section 3502 contains another unique provision that carries a sizeable potential for abuse. 90. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(e) (1979). 91. Id. § 3502(b). 92. See note 7 supra and accompanying text. 93. See W. Thomas. supra note 5, at 87-105 (noting difficulties in evaluating the data); note 36 supra. 94. S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1077-78 (1980). 95. See notes 52-57 supra and accompanying text. In form, the non-preventive detention provisions in the District of Columbia also require the judge routinely to set such conditions as will provide that assurance. D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1321(a) (West Supp. 1970). He is denied authority to impose financial conditions for that purpose, however, and may only incarcerate a defendant for specified hours. Id. The burden placed upon the judge is so contradictory, therefore, that it is all but meaningless. Moreover, the presence of an elaborate preventive detention scheme arguably precludes a judge in the District of Columbia from legitimately considering community safety in the normal course. B. The Mandatory Condition The mandatory condition of section 3502 requires that everyone charged with an offense, who is released, shall be released on the "explicit . . . condition . . . that the person not commit a federal, [s]tate or local crime during the period of his release."\textsuperscript{96} Violation of this condition can result in revocation of bail and confinement of the accused.\textsuperscript{97} Although Senator Kennedy considers this provision as perhaps "the most important" release condition,\textsuperscript{98} he does not explain how pretrial detention for violation of a condition as broad as section 3502(c) is constitutionally permissible.\textsuperscript{99} The only plausible theory is that a defendant, having been warned of the consequences of a condition violation, willfully "forfeits" or "waives" his right to pretrial liberty by the subsequent misconduct.\textsuperscript{100} Yet, the theory of "waiver" or "forfeiture" in this context cannot rationally rest on such a vague and overinclusive prohibition.\textsuperscript{101} The mandatory condition of section 3502(c) applies to a "crime," but a crime, as defined by S. 1722, includes an offense for which a term of imprisonment of more than five days is authorized.\textsuperscript{102} If a person released on bail commits a local traffic offense for which he could theoretically receive in excess of five days in jail, he has violated the mandatory release condition. His bail may be revoked during the entire period from revocation to disposition of the original charge, regardless of its length.\textsuperscript{103} \textsuperscript{96} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(c) (1979). \textsuperscript{97} \textit{Id.} § 3507(b). \textsuperscript{98} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 433. \textsuperscript{99} The Committee cites State v. Cassius, 110 Ariz. 485, 520 P.2d 1109 (1974) (en banc), \textit{cert. dismissed}, 420 U.S. 514 (1975) (per curiam), for the proposition that "it is permissible to condition pretrial release by a requirement that the defendant conduct himself as a law-abiding citizen." S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1075 n.19 (1980). The case, however, merely affirms the obvious right of the state to declare and punish, as a crime, in a criminal proceeding, the commission of a felony during pretrial release. The broadness of the mandatory condition is suspect. In Bitter v. United States, 389 U.S. 15 (1967) (per curiam), the trial judge had revoked the defendant's bail because he was 37 minutes late to court. The Court reversed his conviction on the charges \textit{for which he had been on trial}, saying "the trial judge's order of commitment . . . had the appearance and effect of punishment. . . . Punishment may not be so inflicted." \textit{Id.} at 17. \textsuperscript{100} See Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337 (1970) ("waiver" of right to be present at one's own trial); Hall, \textit{Subsequent Misconduct as Ground for Forfeiture of the Right to Release on Bail—A Proposal}, 15 N.Y.L.F. 873 (1969). \textsuperscript{101} See \textit{Empirical Analysis}, \textit{supra} note 25, at 365-67. On the generally murky question of waiver and forfeiture, see Saltzburg, \textit{Plea of Guilty and the Loss of Constitutional Rights: The Current Price of Pleading Guilty}, 76 Mich. L. Rev. 1265 (1978); Westen, \textit{Forfeiture by Guilty Plea—A Reply}, 76 Mich. L. Rev. 1308 (1978). \textsuperscript{102} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 111 (1979). \textsuperscript{103} \textit{Id.} § 3507. This provision is also inconsistent with another provision, which authorizes the court to "dispose of an offense that is a misdemeanor or an infraction" by declaring a forfeiture of collateral. \textit{Id.} § 3502(k). Section 3502(c) is an invitation to political repression. The authorities might easily confine a person to jail for several dition release on a prohibition of any "federal, [s]tate or local crime" is illogical. The commission of a great many "crimes" is a matter of little public concern and no federal concern, and has nothing to do with the defendant's likelihood of appearance or danger to community "safety." It has been argued that confinement for a violation of the mandatory condition is not the functional equivalent of preventive detention because the defendant is being denied his liberty not on a prediction of future criminal behavior, but on the allegation of criminal behavior during the release period.\textsuperscript{104} On close examination, the distinction blurs. Under the District of Columbia preventive detention provisions, a person is confined because of two factors: (1) what he is believed to have done, commission of a violent or dangerous crime or intimidating witnesses, and (2) a prediction that he would be dangerous if released. Under section 3502(c), a defendant would be confined for what he is believed to have done, violated the mandatory condition by commission of a "crime," and for what he is predicted to do in the future, fail to appear for trial, endanger community safety, or further violate conditions.\textsuperscript{105} II. THE PRACTICAL EFFECTS OF SECTION 3502 Senator Kennedy believes that legitimating considerations of community safety will have beneficial effects throughout the bail system.\textsuperscript{106} I think that he is clearly mistaken, and that, on the contrary, his proposal will produce more "hypocrisy" and more sub rosa bail decisions without any offsetting improvements. A. Judicial Burdens One effect of the proposal can be safely predicted. Pretrial incarceration will significantly increase. Judges, at present, are subjected to inordinate pressure from the press, the public, the police, and the \textsuperscript{104} See Empirical Analysis, supra note 25, at 367. \textsuperscript{105} The proposed legislation directs the judge, upon a finding of a violation of the mandatory condition, to revoke bail and confine the accused unless he is assured that the accused will appear for trial, will not endanger community safety, and will not violate the mandatory condition again. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3507(b) (1979). Thus, even if the accused is a perfect bail risk and offers no risk to community safety, he is to be confined if he might again commit a federal, state, or local crime. Id. It is virtually impossible for anyone to avoid committing minor offenses and thus impossible to provide the necessary assurance that will preclude incarceration. \textsuperscript{106} See generally Kennedy, supra note 17. prosecutors to keep persons arrested for serious charges in jail.\textsuperscript{107} As a result, many judges routinely flout their oaths of office, blink at the Bail Reform Act and the eighth amendment, and impose unrealistic money bail requirements.\textsuperscript{108} The same judges, under even increased pressure, will administer section 3502. If this proposal is enacted, they will have been conscripted by Congress into "crime-fighting"\textsuperscript{109} and given the responsibility of assuring community safety in every case presented to them. Under the Bail Reform Act, a judge who is criticized for releasing a person pending trial can contend that he was fulfilling his duties.\textsuperscript{110} The procedural safeguards of the District of Columbia preventive detention model protect not only the defendant but the judge by buffering his decisionmaking from pressures. All this is stripped away under section 3502, leaving the judge alone, unprotected, unfettered, and unguided.\textsuperscript{111} Section 3502 could conceivably reduce "abusive practices,"\textsuperscript{112} but its success would hinge on the elimination of standards and criteria by which a practice may be evaluated. It is indeed difficult to think of an abuse under section 3502 in terms of willful disregard of clear statutory commands, for \textsuperscript{107} The tribulations of Judge Bruce McM. Wright amply illustrate this pressure. Dubbed "Turn 'Em Loose Bruce" by the police for his liberal bail decisions as a Criminal Court Judge, Judge Wright even had the Mayor of New York City publicly condemn one of his decisions as "bizarre." \textit{See} N.Y. Times, Apr. 22, 1979, § 4, at 6E, col. 3; \textit{id.} Apr. 18, 1979, § B, at 1, col. 6; \textit{id.} Apr. 17, 1979, § B, at 3, col. 6; \textit{id.} Apr. 16, 1979, § B, at 1, col. 6; \textit{id.} Apr. 14, 1979, § A, at 1, col. 1; \textit{id.} Apr. 13, 1979, § A, at 1, col. 2. \textsuperscript{108} \textit{See} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 428. This \textit{sub rosa} practice has often been acknowledged. \textit{See}, e.g., United States v. Melville, 306 F. Supp. 124, 126-27 (S.D.N.Y. 1969), W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 246; P. Wice, \textit{supra} note 25, at 2-3. A similar argument was urged as justification for preventive detention during the 1969-70 debates, \textit{see} Hruska, \textit{supra} note 22, at 38-39, and noted as such during enactment of the preventive detention provisions in the District of Columbia. \textit{See} H.R. Rep. No. 907, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. 83 (1970). Recognition of the practice long preceded the 1969-70 debates. \textit{See} President's Report on Crime, \textit{supra} note 35, at 131; D. Freed and P. Wald, \textit{supra} note 2, at 53; Foote, \textit{supra} note 2, at 1039. Indeed, it was implicit in Beeley's study. \textit{See} A. Beeley, The Bail System in Chicago 154-56, 160 (1927). Senator Kennedy offers no authority indicating that \textit{sub rosa} preventive detention is on the increase. Insofar as that might be sensed in the District of Columbia, one cannot infer any parallels in the 89 other districts, since the practice in the District of Columbia is not as plainly illegitimate as it is in other districts. As noted earlier, the judge in the District of Columbia is authorized to "consider" community safety in \textit{every} bail decision. \textit{See} notes 47-48 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. Moreover, lurking in the background of bail decisionmaking in the District of Columbia is the possibility of a detention hearing. This surely puts a damper on a defendant's willingness and ability to contest the amount and conditions of money bail, a deterrent not present in other districts though there are, to be sure, many other deterrents in all districts. \textit{See} note 173 \textit{infra} and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{109} \textit{See} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 430. \textsuperscript{110} \textit{See} United States v. Leathers, 412 F.2d 169 (D.C. Cir. 1969) (per curiam). \textsuperscript{111} \textit{See} pt. I \textit{supra}. \textsuperscript{112} \textit{See} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 435. there are few. On the other hand, the abuse of fundamental ideals regarding the judicial function and the treatment of presumed innocent defendants would be extreme. The judge may be unconfined by criteria in section 3502, but he is by no means free. He has a duty to make responsible decisions.\textsuperscript{113} Everyone cannot be locked up; the judge must differentiate among defendants. Section 3502 offers no assistance in making distinctions on procedural grounds,\textsuperscript{114} determining who is dangerous, or even deciding what dangerous means.\textsuperscript{115} Senator Kennedy and the Committee hope, however, that the judge will make "inventive" use of the other ten release conditions to protect community safety, and use confinement only as a last resort.\textsuperscript{116} The availability of these conditions\textsuperscript{117} offers little protection against excessive incarcerations. Section 3502 dictates that the choice of release conditions assure community safety but provides only a few that have any substantial relationship to curbing pretrial crime. The community peril posed by a defendant who becomes violent when drunk might be minimized if he were compelled to undergo treatment for alcoholism.\textsuperscript{118} An accused with a severe psychiatric problem that manifests itself in violence might be rendered relatively docile if subjected to psychotropic drug therapy.\textsuperscript{119} Some defendants might be less apt to commit crimes if subject to extensive supervision or committed to the custody \textsuperscript{113} See generally Fuller, \textit{The Forms and Limits of Adjudication}, 92 Harv. L. Rev. 353 (1978); Kaufman, \textit{The Essence of Judicial Independence}, 80 Colum. L. Rev. 671 (1980). \textsuperscript{114} See notes 71-79 supra and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{115} During the preventive detention debates, Associate Deputy Attorney General Donald Santarelli argued that "danger to the community" was broader than risk of a violent or dangerous crime, and could include not only a risk of petty theft but of \textit{any} crime. \textit{Preventive Detention Hearings}, supra note 10, at 91, 95. Senator Kennedy notes that § 3502 is "conspicuously silent" regarding the "prerequisites" of "preventive detention," as if that were a virtue of his proposal. Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 434. Nowhere in his article does he suggest what the phrases "endanger the safety of any other person or the community" or "assure the safety . . ." mean. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(b) (1979). Nor does the Committee report cast any light on this question. S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1072-82 (1980). Presumably, but not ineluctably, that concept would mean the same thing it means in the D.C. Code, see D.C. Code Encycl. § 23-1322(a)(1) (West Supp. 1970), but that meaning has never been clarified due to the absence of appellate decisions. Of course, the concept is not entirely new and is presently applicable to bail on appeal, but there are few decisions on the point. See 8B J. Moore, \textit{Federal Practice} ¶ 46.10[2] (2d ed. 1980). \textsuperscript{116} See S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1075-78 (1980); Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 433-35. \textsuperscript{117} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(d) (1979). \textsuperscript{118} \textit{Id.} § 3502(d)(8). \textsuperscript{119} \textit{Id.} of a social service agency.\textsuperscript{120} These services, however, are seldom available and are not created by the proposed statute. Moreover, treatment is practical only when related to specific propensities, and someone makes arrangements with the relevant institution. These services also require a well-staffed, well-financed bail or pretrial service agency, which does not exist in the federal system.\textsuperscript{121} Even assuming provision for adequate related services, the judge must still determine who, among the sea of criminal defendants,\textsuperscript{122} have dangerous propensities that are directly related and confined to drug or alcohol abuse, or controllable mental illness. He must then decide which of those defendants are likely to respond promptly and affirmatively to the treatment conditions. These inquiries are guzzlers of judicial time, ultimately speculative, and not germane to the typical accused. The availability of self-administered conditions provided by section 3502, such as refraining from "excessive use" of alcohol,\textsuperscript{123} unprescribed controlled drugs,\textsuperscript{124} possession of dangerous weapons,\textsuperscript{125} and contact with witnesses,\textsuperscript{126} do not assist the judge in determining who must be confined in the name of community safety. These conditions must be widely and routinely imposed to have any significant effect on the crime rates, but if they are widely imposed, no pretrial service or bail agency would ever have the resources to supervise them, and no district court would have the time to entertain and act upon the violation notices. Moreover, a defendant who is truly dangerous is not likely to comply with any such conditions. By making such conditions of release available to the court and asking it to devise some "combination" to assure community safety, section 3502 will not affect the ultimate treatment accorded most defendants. In the face of the court's prediction of real dangerousness, a poised proclivity for violent crime, the defendant who would be kept in jail through a prohibitive bond under present \textit{sub rosa} practices will remain in jail. If judges are required to consider the safety of the community in their bail decisionmaking under the provisions of section 3502, they \textsuperscript{120} \textit{Id.} § 3502(d)(1). As Senator Kennedy notes, however, a recent study by the D.C. Bail Agency calls into doubt the assumption that increased supervision will reduce pretrial crime. D.C. Bail Agency, How Does Pretrial Supervision Affect Pre-trial Performance? 19 (1978); see Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 423-24 nn.6 & 7. \textsuperscript{121} The District of Columbia Pretrial Services Agency (formerly, D.C. Bail Agency) is, by all accounts, an excellent agency with a comprehensive mandate, but it is constantly hampered by lack of funds. See, e.g., 1977 D.C. Bail Agency Report, \textit{supra} note 35, at 11, 13, 27. Congress has authorized pretrial service agencies in 10 other districts. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3152-3155 (1976). \textsuperscript{122} There are about 55,000 defendants entering the federal criminal process annually. GAO Study, \textit{supra} note 36, at i. \textsuperscript{123} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(d)(5) (1979). \textsuperscript{124} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{125} \textit{Id.} § 3502(d)(7). \textsuperscript{126} \textit{Id.} § 3502(d)(6). will be demoralized and impossibly overburdened. More persons charged with crime will be confined prior to trial. Gross disparities and inequalities in the treatment of defendants will result from chaotic, lawless decisionmaking based on the prediction of dangerousness. Defendants, their friends, and their families will justifiably resent the legal system. Finally, the judicial system will be subjected to ridicule for failing to perform an impossible task. There is, however, an escape from the dilemma that section 3502 poses, an escape most judges would quickly locate and employ. They can simply increase their reliance upon money bail. B. Dubious Benefits Senator Kennedy thinks his proposal will eliminate the "abusive practice" of sub rosa preventive detention achieved through high money bail because the proposal dictates "a two-step analysis" under which the judge first determines the appropriate conditions of release necessary to assure appearance at trial, and then, "[a]fter . . . the person has indicated that he can satisfy those conditions," considers the safety of the community and imposes conditions appropriate to that risk. Financial conditions may not be used in the second stage of the analysis. This "two-step analysis" is the cornerstone of Senator Kennedy's argument. Upon examination, however, it crumbles. Although section 3502 states that the judge shall first order release of the defendant based upon considerations of flight and then consider dangerousness if the defendant indicates he can satisfy the first conditions, busy judges cannot be expected to construe these provisions as requiring a bifurcated bail hearing. Nothing in the bill purports to mandate two hearings or two discrete stages of the same hearing with the determinations based solely on the evidence adduced at that stage. The court will consider identical evidence in determining risk of nonappearance and endangerment of community safety. Moreover, the factors that may be used to determine dangerousness may also be used to determine the risk of nonappear- 127. See Kennedy, supra note 17, at 435. 128. Id. at 431. 129. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(a)(b) (1979). 130. Id. § 3502(b). 131. See Kennedy, supra note 17, at 431-32. 132. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(a)-(b) (1979). 133. This is not to say that the judge may not order a second hearing and receive more evidence of dangerousness. See S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(h) (1979), which permits modification of conditions of release "at any time." 134. Id. § 3502(e)(3). ance.\textsuperscript{135} The evidence will therefore appear in one, unsegregated mass. Based upon such evidence, or lack thereof, the judge will be free to avoid deciding "community safety," with all its burdens and complexities, by exhibiting an intense concern over the likelihood of flight.\textsuperscript{136} If he has a glimmer of doubt about the defendant's dangerous propensities, he may neatly sidestep the thorny thicket of "community safety" and simply set prohibitive money bail.\textsuperscript{137} The judge who imposes exorbitant money bail requirements need not explicitly consider or make findings on the safety of the community. Indeed, he is not authorized to consider such factors \textit{until} and \textit{unless} he has first set conditions, which the accused "has indicated . . . he can \textsuperscript{135} Such indicators include "history and characteristics of the person, including his character, mental condition, family ties, employment, past conduct, length of residence in the community, [and] financial resources . . ." \textit{Id.} § 3502(e)(3). \textsuperscript{136} The burdens include not only determining questions of "community safety," a task that is not within traditional judicial functions, particularly as that question is posed by § 3502, \textit{see} notes 113-15 \textit{supra} and accompanying text, but when the judge explicitly undertakes to "determine" that question, he relinquishes considerable control over the course of the proceedings and their outcome. The judge has a great deal at stake, he can be "proven wrong" by a release decision and caustically criticized for it. \textit{See} note 107 \textit{supra}. He may wish to direct the flow of "information" to provide the desired resolution. A judge also knows that bringing the issue of "dangerousness" to the fore may produce an emotionally freighted, ugly affair, with unpredictable outbursts, unexpected evidence, and plaintive pleadings, matters which the judge cannot comfortably confine, control, or publically "evaluate." The weight of the evidence may restrict his ability to follow what external pressure suggests is the right course. By ostensibly confining the inquiry to risk of appearance, the judge can more easily build the appropriate record and control the time spent on the issue. In reaching his \textit{sub rosa} decision, he can rely heavily on quasi-statistical methods. \textit{See generally} Underwood, \textit{Law and the Crystal Ball: Predicting Behavior with Statistical Inference and Individualized Judgment}, 88 Yale L.J. 1408 (1979). \textsuperscript{137} Senator Kennedy concedes that if community safety "factors were considered at the time of the initial bail decision, it would constitute preventive detention." Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 433. Yet, this prohibition ultimately represents an attempt to legislate the order in which a judge \textit{thinks}. It is doubtful that Congress has any more control over that matter than law professors. To produce the preventive detention in disguise, a judge need not impose shockingly high bail bonds. Most defendants are able to post only very small amounts of money or surety bonds. In a 1957 New York study, 28% of all defendants could not make $500 bail and 63% could not make bail at $2,500. \textit{Note, A Study of the Administration of Bail in New York City}, 106 U. Pa. L. Rev. 693, 707 (1958). Other studies have produced similar results. \textit{See Introduction}, A.B.A. Standards Relating to Pretrial Release (Approved Draft, 1968). Under § 3502, the judge and the prosecutor can also exert great influence over the defendant's willingness to post a bond, by implicitly threatening to move to the "second stage of the analysis" if he does so. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(b) (1979). If the defendant posts a surety bond, then, a day or two later, a "modification" hearing is held and the defendant is ordered confined, the defendant may lose the bond premium. Thus, even a defendant who is able to post the bond may decide against it if there is a veiled threat to consider community safety at a subsequent date. satisfy," to assure appearance at trial. Ironically, therefore, section 3502 will not infuse "refreshing candor" into bail decisionmaking. Rather, it will, by legitimating considerations of dangerousness, simply encourage further abuse of monetary conditions. Senator Kennedy's contention that open consideration of community safety will produce less hypocrisy in bail decisionmaking is not a new one. Precisely the same claim was made by the Nixon administration in support of its preventive detention plan. Enactment in the District of Columbia, however, apparently had the opposite effect, as would enactment of section 3502. If I am wrong, however, it is only because judges will substitute confinement for prohibitive money bail. It is hard to see what has been gained. It could be claimed that, by legitimating considerations of safety and inviting candor in the proceedings, different kinds of evidence might be proffered in the bail hearing, thus making determinations of dangerousness more rational and reliable. There is, however, little reason for such a hope. Open discussion and free exchange of views on a subject that has concerned all societies, but about which little is known, will have minimal effect on the reliability of the ultimate decision. 138. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(a) (1979). 139. Kennedy, supra note 17, at 432. 140. Although conceding that § 3502(a) provides that the judge can impose any financial condition to "assure appearance" that he can under current law, Senator Kennedy seems to argue that this discretion is somehow more limited under § 3502(a) than under the Bail Reform Act. He finds a priority for nonfinancial conditions implied in two features of § 3502: (1) the judge is directed to impose the "least restrictive" condition, and (2) the financial conditions are numbered (9) and (10) in subsection (d), being preceded by eight non-financial conditions. Kennedy, supra note 17, at 432 n.62. Arguably, however, a financial condition is less "restrictive" than any of the conditions which precede it in § 3502. Moreover, if the numbering of conditions was intended to specify their priorities, as in the Bail Reform Act, the bill would plainly have said so. Senator Kennedy seems to regard this as an inadvertent error in drafting. Id. at 434-35 n.83. It is, however, most unlikely, for example, that § 3502 contemplates that the court require a defendant, in the ordinary case, to "undergo available medical or psychiatric treatment, including treatment for drug or alcohol dependency, and remain in a specified institution if required for that purpose." S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 3502(d)(8) (1979), in preference to money bail, yet that is implicit in the argument. 141. See note 108 supra and accompanying text. 142. See Kennedy, supra note 17, at 430-31. 143. See N. Morris, The Future of Imprisonment 62-73 (1974); A. Von Hirsch, Doing Justice 19-26 (1976); authorities cited in Underwood, supra note 136, at 1410-13. Implicit in the assumption that an open, candid hearing on the issue of dangerousness might improve the reliability of the decision is the premise that clinical methods are more reliable than statistical methods of prediction in this area, since the judge will normally rely on rough statistical notions in the absence of such a candid hearing. The validity of the assumption of clinical superiority, however, is disputed. Underwood, supra note 136, at 1420-29. Furthermore, there is nothing in the proposal that promises that any different evidence of a defendant's dangerousness would be forthcoming when a judge is specifically directed to consider community safety.\textsuperscript{144} The prosecutor's case is not strengthened, for he is free to offer the same evidence to prove likelihood of flight.\textsuperscript{145} It is conceivable, however, that if a defendant knows his dangerousness is in issue, he might put a different light on the prosecutor's evidence, and one who might otherwise be determined to be dangerous could be released from custody. Yet, if the free flow of information was a goal of the Senator's proposal, it would have to be augmented by protections at least as generous as those in the District of Columbia model.\textsuperscript{146} Moreover, any serious effort to encourage defendants to present their side of the dangerousness issue would certainly require immunizing the defendant's testimony, and probably any information offered on his behalf, against subsequent use by the prosecution.\textsuperscript{147} Section 3502 offers no such protection. Rather, it promises the defendant that if he should have the temerity to offer any evidence on the issue, it will be used against him.\textsuperscript{148} Assuming, however, that despite minimal procedural protections or guidelines,\textsuperscript{149} a defendant could persuade a judge that he is \textit{not} dangerous, it does not follow that the judge's decision would be correct. Furthermore, the possibility that reliability would be enhanced by the defendant's opportunity to meet the issue of dangerousness is surely outweighed, or will seem to be outweighed, by the time wasted in hearing allegedly dangerous defendants attempt to rebut the prosecutor's evidence. It is unlikely that the accused will acquire an enhanced respect for the judicial process by virtue of its candor. A person against whom a prohibitive money bond is set will either understand its \textit{sub rosa} significance or feel that he is a victim of discrimination because of his poverty. If he believes that the only thing preventing his release is a lack of money, however, his attorney or more seasoned inmates of the jail will correct this error. The hypocrisy that the defendant perceives \textsuperscript{144} See notes 133-36 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{145} The illegitimacy of considerations of community safety has not prevented prosecutors from making available to the court relevant claims or evidence. After all, any evidence of defendant's "character and mental condition," as well as "his record of convictions" and "the nature and circumstances of the offense charged" are explicitly made relevant under the Bail Reform Act to the release decision. 18 U.S.C. § 3146(b) (1976). \textsuperscript{146} See notes 62-79 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{147} Cf. Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 394 (1968) (a defendant's testimony in support of a motion to suppress evidence is not admissible at trial on the issue of guilt). See also 8B J. Moore, Federal Practice ¶ 46.06 (2d ed. 1980). \textsuperscript{148} See S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502 (1979). \textsuperscript{149} The defendant may have no advance notice that dangerousness is in issue, no criteria for the determination of dangerousness, and he may also lack the effective assistance of counsel. See notes 71-79 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. in the bail process will by no means be his last exposure to that quality in the criminal process, and may even help prepare him for what is to come.\textsuperscript{150} An accused who is explicitly found to be dangerous and jailed for that reason acquires a set of resentments that surely exceed those produced by a \textit{sub rosa} bail decision. He has been officially labelled “dangerous” and denied the opportunity to disprove the prediction.\textsuperscript{151} He will feel that he has been punished not for what he has done, but for what a judge predicts he might do if released. Although there is a punitive-predictive element in every decision that imposes bail conditions, even if honestly based upon risk of nonappearance, the stigma associated with being perceived as a possible absconder is more subtle and evanescent, not only because it is a less serious matter, but because it is more widely shared and diffuse. Being labelled “dangerous” is also likely to prejudice the defendant in the determination of guilt or in sentencing. It is virtually a prejudgment of his case, and the conviction\textsuperscript{152} and sentence that follow will seem to him, with some justification, to be a ratification. C. Balancing the Equation 1. The Community Versus the Defendant Senator Kennedy’s basic justification for authorizing detention based upon predicted dangerousness is his belief that the Bail Reform Act fails “to protect the interests of both the community and the accused.”\textsuperscript{153} Section 3502 “attempts to balance this equation.”\textsuperscript{154} His \textsuperscript{150} The criminal process is hypocritical from beginning to end. See J. Casper, American Criminal Justice: The Defendant’s Perspective (1972); Alschuler, \textit{Review of Silberman}, \textit{Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice}, 46 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1007, 1019-41 (1979); Blumberg, \textit{The Practice of Law as a Confidence Game: Organizational Cooption of a Profession}, 1 Law & Soc’y Rev. 15 (1967). See also Vera Institute of Justice, Felony Arrests: Their Prosecution and Disposition in New York City’s Courts (1977) [hereinafter cited as Felony Arrests]. \textsuperscript{151} See Underwood, \textit{supra} note 136. \textsuperscript{152} Efforts to prevent a jury from knowing a defendant is incarcerated are frequently unsuccessful. In a highly publicized case, the jury may know both the fact of and the reason for the incarceration. See Wald, \textit{supra} note 5, at 194. Moreover, the vast majority of convictions are obtained on guilty pleas or bench trials in which everyone knows the defendant’s pretrial status. \textsuperscript{153} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 435. \textsuperscript{154} \textit{Id.} “If one accepts the premise that the rights of the community should also be included in the bail decision, it logically follows that once a defendant has been ordered released on bail, similar conditions should be readily available to protect the community.” \textit{Id.} at 433. This statement implies that pretrial release is a gift to the accused for which society should exact a quid pro quo of restricting his freedom to assure community safety. premise is plainly false. The Bail Reform Act itself reflects a heavy sacrifice of the interests of the accused in favor of the interests of the community. Ostensibly to assure the presence of the accused at trial, the present system not only permits a person to be jailed without a determination of guilt,\textsuperscript{155} it permits him to be treated as if he had been convicted of a crime.\textsuperscript{156} Moreover, every study of the matter has indicated that an accused who is kept in jail pending trial suffers in the ultimate outcome of the case. He is more frequently convicted than one released; when convicted, he is more often sentenced to jail or to prison; when sentenced, he even gets a longer jail or prison term.\textsuperscript{157} Despite these disadvantages, many defendants who are jailed pending trial—one in four in some places—are never convicted.\textsuperscript{158} In the interests of assuring his presence at trial, he has \textsuperscript{155} In \textit{Bell v. Wolfish}, 441 U.S. 520 (1979), the Court said that "under the Due Process Clause, a detainee may not be punished prior to an adjudication of guilt in accordance with due process of law." \textit{Id.} at 535. Because both parties conceded that pretrial detention for purposes of assuring appearance for trial was not "punishment," the court did not reach the question of "pretrial detention," \textit{id.} at 534 n.15, but proceeded to hold that such things as unannounced room searches, searches of body cavities, "double-bunking," and other deprivations were constitutional. \textit{Id.} at 543, 557, 560. On whether preventive detention is punishment under the Constitution, see Tribe, \textit{supra} note 23, at 379. Cf. \textit{In re Winship}, 397 U.S. 358, 368 (1970) (constitutional safeguards are required at the adjudicatory stage when a juvenile is charged with an act that would constitute a crime if committed by an adult); Bitter v. United States, 389 U.S. 15, 17 (1967) (per curium) (a pretrial detention order appeared to be punishment when not "designed solely to facilitate the trial"). On the issue conceded by the parties in \textit{Bell v. Wolfish}, 441 U.S. 520, 534 n.15 (1979), see Thaler, \textit{Punishing the Innocent: The Need for Due Process and the Presumption of Innocence Prior to Trial}, 1978 Wis. L. Rev. 441, 452-54. \textsuperscript{156} Most jails make no significant distinctions in treatment between detainees awaiting trial and convicts serving a criminal sentence. They are housed together, fed together, handcuffed together, transported to and from court together, and subjected to the same restrictions on clothing and personal possessions, visits, recreation and exercise. There has been much litigation over such treatment, \textit{see} 5B J. Moore, \textit{Federal Practice} ¶ 46.04[2] (2d ed. 1980), but most of it has been laid to rest, at least temporarily, by \textit{Bell v. Wolfish}, 441 U.S. 520 (1979). \textsuperscript{157} \textit{See} Report of the Attorney General's Committee on Poverty and the Administration of Federal Criminal Justice 70-72 (1963) [hereinafter cited as Allen Report]; D. Freed & P. Wald, \textit{supra} note 2, at 45; Rankin, \textit{The Effect of Pretrial Detention}, 39 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 641 (1964); Zeisel, \textit{Bail Recisited}, 1979 Am. B. Foundation Research J. 769, 779; \textit{The Unconstitutional Administration of Bail}: Bellamy v. The Judges of New York City, 8 Crim. L. Bull. 459 (1972). \textsuperscript{158} A recent study of felony dispositions in New York found that "only 56% of felony cases entering the criminal justice system resulted in conviction for some offense; 44% were dismissed or acquitted." \textit{Felony Arrests}, \textit{supra} note 150, at 1. In the District of Columbia in 1975, 1 of every 5 persons whose case was brought before the criminal court had no charges formally filed against him. Of the remainder who were charged, only 45% were convicted. 1977 D.C. Bail Agency Report, \textit{supra} note 35, at 21. In the federal system in fiscal 1977, the "conviction rate for all defendants as well as felony defendants only was 79.5%." Director's Annual Report, \textit{supra} note 56, at 114. Data on the percentages of defendants who were incarcerated prior to experienced the horrors of jail, he may have lost his job, his family has suffered, and often the family relationship has been permanently ruptured.\textsuperscript{159} For this sacrifice to the "interests of the community," he does not even get an apology. What he does get is angry and embittered, and an intensive education in crime from his fellow inmates. Defendants who are released on bail often have to pay for that right, not only in money but in serious deprivations of their liberty, all pursuant to the Bail Reform Act.\textsuperscript{160} 2. The Accused Versus the Convict In his critique of preventive detention, Senator Kennedy calls attention to the fact that the Criminal Code Reform Bill, S. 1722, puts "an end to the concept of rehabilitation as a justification for imposing a term of imprisonment" as "a recognition by Congress that predictions of an offender's future criminal behavior cannot accurately be made."\textsuperscript{161} He finds it "somewhat surprising" that those who advocate preventive detention are often in the vanguard of sentencing reform, acknowledging that predictions of future criminality cannot be made in the latter situation but refusing to accept the same premise with respect to bail. This inconsistency is all the more difficult to reconcile when one realizes that the bail decision involves an offender who has not yet been convicted of any crime, whereas sentencing reform efforts involve people already convicted.\textsuperscript{162} In light of these cogent observations, I find it mystifying that Senator Kennedy would propose this streamlined form of preventive detention, which authorizes detentions of anyone \textit{charged} with \textit{any} offense, based upon the same kinds of predictions, but without safeguards, definitions, guidelines, or time limits. It is infinitely harder to predict that any individual will commit a specific type of crime in a relatively short period of time—between arrest and trial—than it is to predict that he will recidivate sometime \textsuperscript{159} There are other serious collateral consequences of pretrial detention. See Thaler, \textit{supra} note 155, at 452-54. \textsuperscript{160} See 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a) (1976) (restrictions on travel, association and place of abode; and placing the person in the custody of a designated person). \textsuperscript{161} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 430 n.53. \textsuperscript{162} Id. in the future. Yet it is the latter type of prediction that S. 1722 substantially disavows in its sentencing provisions as not within our present capabilities.\textsuperscript{163} No society that proclaims incompetence in predicting recidivism in the sentencing of offenders can sensibly undertake to imprison anyone on the hazy hunch that he may commit a crime if released. \textbf{D. Curbing Crime} Section 3502 could have only a minimal effect in reducing the crime rates even if it resulted in an incarceration of a much larger portion of the defendant population.\textsuperscript{164} Such imprisonments would enormously strain the resources of law enforcement and the courts and instill deep resentments in detainees while they were confined in the greenhouse of crime, the local jail. A significant reduction in crime will not be achieved until we can learn to foster respect for the legal process and the rights that the process attempts to preserve. A preventive detention proposal such as that contained in section 3502 could only help to destroy that respect. Despite the uncertainties about how to curb crime, most agree that courts must have the capacity to deal adequately and intelligently with their basic tasks of adjudicating guilt and sentencing offenders. Most courts in urban areas, including federal courts, lack this capacity and, as a consequence, a system of adjudication has largely been replaced by a system of plea-bargaining.\textsuperscript{165} To shackle this sick system with the additional burdens contained in the proposed legislation would be counterproductive. There is no evidence that a person charged with a crime is significantly more likely to commit another crime in the near future than others who have similar characteristics generally thought to be predictive of criminal behavior.\textsuperscript{166} Assuming, however, that the exis- \textsuperscript{163} For current views on sentencing, see P. O'Donnell, M. Churgin & D. Curtis, Toward a Just and Effective Sentencing System (1977); Coffee, \textit{The Future of Sentencing Reform: Emerging Legal Issues in the Individualization of Justice}, 73 Mich. L. Rev. 1361 (1975); Kennedy, \textit{Toward a New System of Criminal Sentencing: Law With Order}, 16 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 353 (1979). \textsuperscript{164} See notes 23-26 supra and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{165} The Vera study of 100,739 felony arrests in New York, in 1971, discovered that nearly half the cases resulted in dismissals, and only 15% resulted in felony convictions. Felony Arrests, \textit{supra} note 150, at 1-2. Only 2.3% of the cases went to trial. \textit{Id.} at 6. In fiscal 1977, about 15% of defendants in the federal system had a bench or jury trial. Director's Annual Report, \textit{supra} note 56, at 114. \textsuperscript{166} It seems plausible that the crime rate among young, unemployed males is as high as among persons charged with crime. The stresses and deprivations associated with being an accused obviously present temptations to crime but these may be offset by the realization that one is under greater scrutiny as an accused and that a crime while pending trial is likely to be punished more severely than would otherwise be the case. tance of a criminal charge is a rational segregating principle, total pretrial incarceration to prevent pretrial crimes is simply too expensive, as well as too extreme. Persons who are charged with crime can receive close surveillance by the police, and even be required to report regularly to the police. Punishment can be enhanced for persons who commit crimes while on bail, and this can be heavily advertised. Social service agencies could make serious efforts to help the accused deal with his problems, and financial assistance and guidance could be provided for his dependants. These steps have never been tried on a serious, sustained basis. Such efforts are, of course, uncertain and expensive, but not necessarily more uncertain, or more expensive, or less efficient than pretrial incarceration. Moreover, they possess possibilities of permanence and radiation. They also have the virtue of minimal judicial involvement in experimentation with human life and liberty. The nation already has the power to confine dangerous persons. Drug addicts may be subjected to compulsory treatment, and the mentally ill who are dangerous may be hospitalized. Confinement is permissible, however, only after a fair procedure under intelligible criteria, and on competent proof. III. SECTION 3502: A SIMPLISTIC SOLUTION TO BAIL REFORM Senator Kennedy's proposal purports to be a comprehensive solution to problems of bail, based on his premise that the "one impor- 167. See generally Hickey, Preventive Detention and the Crime of Being Dangerous, 58 Geo. L.J. 287 (1969); Thaler, supra note 155. If dismissal of charges is accepted as evidence that they were erroneous, then the data indicating that approximately 50% of cases in some urban areas and in more that 20% of all federal courts are dismissed casts doubt on the rationality of relying on arrests for any presumption or inference of guilt or dangerousness. At the other extreme, if it is presumed that all persons arrested are guilty, the criminal justice system appears unable to process effectively some 20% to 60% of the guilty persons whom it undertakes to convict. See note 158 supra. New York is unable to impose the statutory minimum sentence on more than 5% of the felons it charges. Felony Arrests, supra note 150, at 1-2. 168. See note 26 supra. 169. See Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660, 665 (1962). See generally Aronowitz, Civil Commitment of Narcotics Addicts, 67 Colum. L. Rev. 405 (1957). 170. See Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979). 171. The Court held that due process requires "clear and convincing evidence" of the mental illness and the need for hospitalization; id. at 431-33; the accused must be "dangerous to either himself or others and [be] in need of confined therapy." Id. at 429. On other procedural requirements, see Lynch v. Baxley, 386 F. Supp. 378, 390-92 (M.D. Ala. 1974); Bell v. Wayne County Gen. Hosp., 384 F. Supp. 1085 (E.D. Mich. 1974). If § 3502 is enacted, it will not take prosecutors, and others, long to discover that all these requirements for civil commitment can be circumvented by the simple expedient of bringing a criminal charge—any charge, even an infraction—then have the judge detain or decline to release the defendant, or release him to a hospital or treatment center. tant shortcoming" lies in the failure to consider candidly the question of danger to the community.\textsuperscript{172} Even if his proposal does not increase the use of money bail to respond to the problem of community safety, it will not significantly reduce the practice of its unwarranted imposition. Senator Kennedy seems to believe that the major reason for imposing prohibitive money bail is the perception that dangerous persons must be jailed to prevent pretrial crime. No evidence is cited for this proposition, however, and it is inherently implausible. A. Detention and Bail Are Functional Punishments Pretrial incarceration and high money bail perform several significant, yet abusive, functions apart from preventing pretrial crime. Pretrial incarceration begins the process of punishment promptly and summarily, serving strong retributive interests.\textsuperscript{173} It eliminates uncertainties over whether the suspected miscreant will be punished, bypassing difficulties of proving guilt. Pretrial incarceration also heavily burdens the defendant in both his ability and his willingness to contest the charges. He is not only demoralized by the inhumane conditions he finds in jail, he soon learns that prison conditions are better. He completely lacks control over the amount of time and attention paid to the preparation of his defense.\textsuperscript{174} He cannot conduct investigations or locate witnesses or other evidence helpful to his defense. Obviously, he cannot keep or find a job, or otherwise conduct himself in a way likely to produce a lenient sentence.\textsuperscript{175} Moreover, the longer he remains in jail, the less he fears conviction because the system credits the time spent in jail against a prison sentence.\textsuperscript{176} \textsuperscript{172} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 423. \textsuperscript{173} See generally National Conference on Bail and Criminal Justice, Proceedings and Interim Report 192-93 (1965); Allen Report, \textit{supra} note 157, at 83 n.17 (noting practice of imposing impossible bail to force a defendant to become a prosecution witness); R. Goldfarb, \textit{supra} note 103; 8B J. Moore, Federal Practice ¶ 46.08 (2d ed. 1980) (noting "taste of jail" practices); Pye, \textit{The Legal Needs of the Poor: The Administration of Criminal Justice}, 66 Colum. L. Rev. 286, 293 (1966). Thaler, \textit{supra} note 155. \textsuperscript{174} See note 157 \textit{supra}. The logistical burdens that being jailed impose on the defense preparation are often noted. D. Freed and P. Wald, \textit{supra} note 2, at 46. I illustrate these burdens as I have because of the findings of Douglas Rosenthal that the aggressive involvement of client and lawyer tends to produce favorable outcomes. See D. Rosenthal, Lawyer and Client: Who's in Charge? (1974). \textsuperscript{175} See D. Freed and P. Wald, \textit{supra} note 2, at 46. \textsuperscript{176} 18 U.S.C. § 3568 (1976). This perception may, of course, be an illusion. One circuit court has held that one is not entitled to such credit unless he was sentenced to the statutory maximum. Jackson v. Alabama, 530 F.2d. 1231, 1237 (5th Cir. 1976). Other circuits hold that one is entitled to credit regardless of the maximum. Ham v. North Carolina, 471 F.2d 406, 408 (4th Cir. 1973). Even under this view, because a defendant rarely gets the maximum sentence, he has no way of knowing that the sentencing judge did not merely add the required credit to the sentence he would have otherwise imposed. See also note 157 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. trial incarceration might be more accurately described as "preguilty plea" incarceration because it is an essential ingredient in the plea-bargaining system through which approximately ninety percent of convictions are obtained.\textsuperscript{177} Jailing defendants serves the convenience of all participants in the judicial process, except the defendant and the Marshal's service. The defense lawyer can see the accused when he wants for as long as he wants.\textsuperscript{178} Police can use the defendant for lineups, show-ups, and various other investigative devices, including interrogation.\textsuperscript{179} The prosecutor has better access to a demoralized defendant, who is more amenable to plea bargaining. The imposition of money bail serves a similar punitive function even when the accused is able to meet the financial conditions to secure release. Before posting money bail a defendant must consider the disadvantages of this decision. If he is permitted to deposit cash with the court, the lost access to money may adversely affect him or his family. These may be the funds he needs to hire a lawyer or an investigator for the preparation of his defense. Moreover, some courts will consider a defendant who is able to post substantial cash bail to be ineligible for court-appointed counsel.\textsuperscript{180} In many other courts, the posted bail money, though theoretically refundable following disposition of the case, will be confiscated either as a fine or as reimbursement to the state or government for a court-appointed lawyer, investigator, or expert.\textsuperscript{181} The ability of a defendant, who is charged with or suspected of a money-producing crime, to post a cash bond \textsuperscript{177} See Alschuler, \textit{The Prosecutor's Role in Plea Bargaining}, 36 U. Chi. L. Rev. 50, 58 n.27 (1968). \textsuperscript{178} Pretrial incarceration eliminates problems of notifying defendants concerning appearance dates, breakdowns in communication, and delays in waiting for defendants to arrive in court or locate the proper courtroom. On the other hand, the jailing of the client can be inconvenient to the lawyer if, for example, there are strict visiting hours or the jail is far away. If the lawyer has numerous clients in the same jail, however, having them there is often a convenience, especially because he need not be concerned with irritating office visits. \textsuperscript{179} Although such interrogation will often violate the defendant's sixth amendment rights, \textit{see} Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977), it may still be a useful investigative tool and defendant's statements can probably even be used against him if he testifies in his own defense. \textit{Cf.} Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 (1971) (prior inconsistent statement inadmissible against defendant in prosecution's case in chief due to lack of procedural safeguards may be used for impeachment). \textsuperscript{180} D. Oaks, \textit{The Criminal Justice Act in the Federal District Courts} 29 (1969); L. Silverstein, \textit{Defense of the Poor in Criminal Cases in American State Courts} 107-08 (1965). \textsuperscript{181} \textit{See} D. Oaks, \textit{supra} note 180, at 28-29. But see People v. Cook, 27 Crim. L. Rep. (BNA) 2368 (Ill. Sup. Ct. June 30, 1980), holding that a defendant's cash bail cannot be forfeited for reimbursement of appointed counsel fees absent a fair hearing and proof of ability to pay. \textit{See also} Fuller v. Oregon, 417 U.S. 40 (1974) (payment of costs of indigent defense can be a condition of probation). may be taken as evidence of guilt and may adversely affect him at sentencing.\textsuperscript{182} Surety bonds present similar disadvantages with one major addition. The premium that the defendant pays to the professional bondsman is not returnable, regardless of the prompt trial appearance of the defendant and the outcome of the case. The bond premium ranges from five to fifteen percent of the face amount of the bond\textsuperscript{183} and is often a prohibitive sum. A defendant may also have to post collateral with the bondsman, inviting prejudicial inquiries or inferences regarding the source of the collateral and its availability to pay fines, court-costs, or counsel fees. Thus, like pretrial incarceration, the imposition of financial bail conditions, even when these conditions can be met, is swift and certain summary punishment and greases the plea-bargaining process.\textsuperscript{184} The punitive functions of pretrial incarceration and money bail are far more powerful producers of abuse than \textit{sub rosa} consideration of community safety, yet section 3502 and Senator Kennedy ignore them. B. Replacing Money Bail Any comprehensive, serious effort at bail reform must acknowledge these realities and deal with them. Although I do not read Senator Kennedy's article as claiming to have done so, one witness before his Committee believed that section 3502 would "deemphasize monetary bail, and, [eliminate] surety bail which makes little sense in this country today."\textsuperscript{185} This hope rests in the increased number of non-financial conditions contained in that section. Under section 3502, if a judge determines that more than the accused's signature is required to assure his appearance at trial,\textsuperscript{186} he may impose "the least restrictive condition or combination of [the eleven] conditions that . . . will reasonably" provide that assurance.\textsuperscript{187} Section 3502 does not define "least restrictive,"\textsuperscript{188} and unlike the Bail Reform Act,\textsuperscript{189} does not specify the priority of the conditions.\textsuperscript{190} A judge remains free to select a money bond or a surety bond. Indeed, he may be freer, because nothing in section 3502 requires prior consideration of nonfinancial conditions, and a money \textsuperscript{182} Some courts conduct inquiries into the source of posted bail funds. \textit{See} D. Oaks, \textit{supra} note 180, at 59. \textsuperscript{183} The average is about 10%. D. Freed and P. Wald, \textit{supra} note 2, at 23. \textsuperscript{184} \textit{See} 8B J. Moore, Federal Practice ¶ 46.08 (2d ed. 1980) (noting punitive uses of bail bonds, called "taste of bail"). \textsuperscript{185} \textit{Hearings on S. 1722 and S. 1723, supra} note 13, at 10328 (statement of Alan Dershowitz). \textsuperscript{186} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(a),(d) (1979). \textsuperscript{187} \textit{Id.} § 3502. \textsuperscript{188} \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{189} 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a) (1976). \textsuperscript{190} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502 (1979). bond might be considered less "restrictive" than most of the other conditions, which involve substantial deprivations of freedom.\textsuperscript{191} A defendant may also be required to comply with both financial and nonfinancial conditions because they need not be considered in the alternative. Thus, a judge under section 3502 would have as much discretion to impose money bail as he now does under the Bail Reform Act. Money bail will never be eliminated, unless flatly prohibited, as long as it serves punitive functions. Whether section 3502 can deemphasize its use to assure appearance, however, depends on the relative attractiveness of the nonfinancial conditions to the judge who has the discretion to select them. In evaluating that possibility, one must be indulged a measure of skepticism based upon present law and practice. Only four of the nine nonfinancial conditions in section 3502 seem to have a plausible relationship to assuring appearance, and all, according to the Committee, are already authorized under the omnibus provision of the Bail Reform Act.\textsuperscript{192} Nevertheless, some of these conditions could provide substantial assurance that a person will appear for trial. The requirement that the accused maintain frequent, periodic contact with a law enforcement agency or a pretrial service agency\textsuperscript{193} has obvious potential. This not only facilitates keeping the accused informed of court appearance dates, it assures that one who is inclined to flee will have little lead time in which to do so. His track will be fresh; he may be located and encouraged to return before default.\textsuperscript{194} Restrictions on travel or place of abode\textsuperscript{195} serve the same purpose. Requiring the accused to remain in the jurisdiction of the court and to reside at a specified location\textsuperscript{196} permits periodic determinations of his whereabouts. Requiring the defendant to maintain his job, or look for one,\textsuperscript{197} also tends to tie him down, facilitates checks, and reduces incentives for flight. These conditions, however, require supervision for effectiveness. The substitution of similar nonfinancial conditions in lieu of money bail was extensively tried in the early 1970's in the District of Columbia, following an expansion of the District's Bail Agency.\textsuperscript{198} \textsuperscript{191} Arguably, § 3502, in contrast to the Bail Reform Act, explicitly encourages money bail. Senator Kennedy reads § 3502 differently. \textit{See} note 140 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{192} \textit{See} S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1076-78 (1980). \textsuperscript{193} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(d)(4) (1979). \textsuperscript{194} It may also, unfortunately, facilitate the violation of the defendant's constitutional rights. \textit{See} note 179 \textit{supra}. \textsuperscript{195} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(d)(2) (1979). \textsuperscript{196} \textit{Id.} § 3502(d)(2). \textsuperscript{197} \textit{Id.} § 3502(d)(3). \textsuperscript{198} \textit{See generally} Report of the Judicial Council Committee to Study the Operation of the Bail Reform Act in the District of Columbia (1969), \textit{reprinted} in \textit{Preventive Detention Hearings}, \textit{supra} note 10, at 703; \textit{see also} W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 174. changes coincided with a reduced reliance on money bail and an increase in release rates.\textsuperscript{199} The role played by more extensive reliance upon nonfinancial conditions, however, cannot be distinguished from the contribution of an enlarged, reorganized, and more adequately financed bail agency. Furthermore, the number of own-recognizance releases greatly decreased during the period, indicating that judges were simply tacking a set of conditions on to what would otherwise have been an own-recognizance release.\textsuperscript{200} Conditions were imposed routinely, using a checklist, often without necessity or logic.\textsuperscript{201} The result was wholesale violation of conditions\textsuperscript{202} which inundated both the agency and the courts in paper work.\textsuperscript{203} The courts apparently ignored most of the reported violations; sanctions were rarely imposed, and arbitrariness in the imposition of sanctions appeared.\textsuperscript{204} The system was abandoned in 1974,\textsuperscript{205} and appearance rates have since remained fairly constant.\textsuperscript{206} The District of Columbia experience strongly suggests that the wholesale imposition of nonfinancial conditions has minimal effect on increasing the likelihood of appearance, and even that minimal effect may result primarily from the efficacy of supervision and the reliability of sanctions. In the absence of adequately staffed pretrial service agencies in every district, therefore, money bail will still play a role. The present system frequently relegates an important function to one of the most vilified participants in the bail process, the professional bail bondsman. Critics contend that the bondsman is merely a \textsuperscript{199} See W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 172. \textsuperscript{200} \textit{Id.} at 173. By 1972, the number of defendants released without conditions decreased from 40% to less than 5%. \textit{Id.} The number of nonfinancial releases that included conditions increased to 94% of the total. D.C. Bail Agency, Report for the Period January 1, 1972—December 31, 1972, app. C., at 2. \textsuperscript{201} At times, conditions were contradictory. The defendant, for example, would be required to live at a certain address and also required to stay away from the complaining witness, who lived at the same address. \textit{See} W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 178 n.16. \textsuperscript{202} In 1972, more than 65% of the people on release were guilty of technical violations and one-fourth of the defendants were reported to the court as condition violators. \textit{Id.} at 175-76. \textsuperscript{203} \textit{Id.} at 174. \textsuperscript{204} \textit{Id.} at 177. In 1973, the Agency reported 2,608 violations, but sanctions were imposed in only 58 cases. D.C. Bail Agency, Report for the Period January 1, 1973—December 31, 1973, app. E., at 4. "[V]iolation notices were largely ignored . . . until the Major Violators Unit of the Police Department became involved. This unit found that condition violations were a good justification for revoking the release of certain 'target' defendants." W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 177. \textsuperscript{205} W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 178. \textsuperscript{206} Approximately a 3% failure to appear rate was experienced in 1971. D.C. Bail Agency, Report for the Period January 1, 1971—December 31, 1971, at 4, and this fluctuated between 2% and 5% in 1977. 1977 D.C. Bail Agency Report, \textit{supra} note 35, at 23. parasite on the system.\textsuperscript{207} The claim in essence is that a professional surety bond does not tend to assure appearance for trial. The defendant himself need not necessarily post any collateral,\textsuperscript{208} and the premium he pays is gone regardless of whether he shows up for trial.\textsuperscript{209} The defendant, therefore, has no incentive to appear. This argument overlooks the important service the professional bondsman performs for the court. He conducts whatever investigation is necessary to satisfy him—a professional with a financial stake in the matter—that the accused is an acceptable bail risk. This investigation is conducted not at the expense of the Government but of the defendant. There need be only minimal court involvement when a surety bond is set. If, on the other hand, the defendant deposits collateral directly with the court, substantial inquiries and paperwork are required\textsuperscript{210} with usually no court personnel trained or equipped to handle such matters. Cash bail, as an alternative, presents no serious administrative problems, and, according to the Bail Reform Act, is preferred over surety bonds.\textsuperscript{211} Yet, cash bail is rarely used in the federal system.\textsuperscript{212} This may be explained by the facts that (1) surety bonds are more punitive, and (2) a given amount of cash available to a defendant—usually a very small amount—will purchase a higher degree of assurance against nonappearance than a cash deposit. The amount at risk is much larger, albeit primarily at the risk of the bondsman, and the bondsman is motivated not only to investigate the \textsuperscript{207} See A. Beeley, \textit{supra} note 108, at 40; R. Goldfarb, \textit{supra} note 103, at 92-118; P. Wice, \textit{supra} note 25, at 50. \textsuperscript{208} The posting of collateral is usually a matter of free market negotiation between the accused and the bondsman. The premiums are so high that they more than compensate for the minimal risk to the bondsman, especially because he may not be required to forfeit the bond when his client absconds. P. Wice, \textit{supra} note 25, at 58-61. \textsuperscript{209} \textit{Id.} at 56. \textsuperscript{210} \textit{Id.} at 10-13. \textsuperscript{211} There are two kinds of cash bail contemplated by the Bail Reform Act. One is a deposit of cash, coupled with an undertaking to forfeit in the event of nonappearance. Another is an undertaking to pay a specified sum of money on failure to appear, which is partly collateralized by the deposit of cash, usually 10% of the face amount. 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a)(3),(4) (1976). Literally, the Bail Reform Act ranks only the 10% type bond ahead of a surety bond, treating the simple deposit of cash as the equivalent of a surety bond in subsection (4). \textit{Id.} \textsuperscript{212} See D. Oaks, \textit{supra} note 180, at 29. Ten percent cash bail has been extensively used in various states, most notably Illinois, where the professional bondsman has been eliminated. In his study of the Illinois system, Professor Thomas concluded that the system has “worked well.” W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 199. Professor Wice, on the other hand, says that “[d]espite the good intentions of [the 10%] act, it has backfired on many poor defendants whom it was designed to help because of an inflationary rise in the amount of bail required for certain crimes.” P. Wice, \textit{supra} note 25, at 19. defendant but to notify him of court appearance dates and to recapture him if he absconds.\textsuperscript{213} C. \textit{Drastic Curtailments of Civil Liberty} Enactment of section 3502 is unlikely to produce any unemployment problems among surety bondsmen. Defendants who today remain in jail for inability to post a bond will remain in jail if section 3502 is enacted, with or without its crime prevention features. Assuming, however, that even in the absence of new support services, enactment of section 3502 might encourage some judges to select one or more of the conditions as alternatives to money bail, I have serious doubts about the wisdom of such "reform." Common sense and the District of Columbia experience strongly suggest that if such conditions are actually utilized as substitutes for money bail, they will be imposed wholesale. The imposition of conditions is easy, as easy as requiring a surety bond, if done routinely by checklist. Because the efficacy of most of the conditions is unknown, and most of them suspect, the number of conditions considered necessary to equal the deterrent effect of a surety bond is likely to be large. For every person relieved of the obligation to post a bond, fifty persons might be required to comply with a combination of conditions. I perceive no strong objections to the standard conditions imposed under the Bail Reform Act, such as remaining in the jurisdiction or living in a particular place. The infringement on liberty involved in some of the other conditions, however, is alarming, and represents a high price to pay for marginal reform of money bail practices. Section 3502, under the aegis of assuring appearance at trial, explicitly authorizes the imposition of conditions that the Committee concedes are related only to community safety.\textsuperscript{214} Indeed, many of these conditions of release were "drawn from those conditions deemed suitable for imposition of a sentence of probation, the nearest parallel."\textsuperscript{215} There may be some sense in drawing a parallel between a convicted offender and an accused found to be dangerous, but the imposition of sanctions, which substitute for imprisonment, merely to augment an expectation that the accused will appear for trial is untenable. The absurdity is compounded because some of these conditions cannot even be imposed on a convicted offender under current law,\textsuperscript{216} or even under S. 1722.\textsuperscript{217} \begin{itemize} \item[213.] P. Wice, \textit{supra} note 25, at 56-62. \item[214.] S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1078 (1980). \item[215.] \textit{Id.} at 1076. \item[216.] See Springer v. United States, 148 F.2d 411 (9th Cir. 1945); \textit{In re Mannino}, 14 Cal. App. 3d 953, 92 Cal. Rptr. 880 (1971); People v. Baum, 251 Mich. 187, 231 N.W. 95 (1930); Note, \textit{Limitations Upon Trial Court Discretion in Imposing Conditions of Probation}, 8 Ga. L. Rev. 466 (1974). \item[217.] The proposed statute specifies the conditions that may be imposed upon probation. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 2103 (1979). There is nothing there resembl- \end{itemize} Conditions of release that require the accused to "refrain from excessive use of alcohol, or any use of a . . . controlled substance" 218 or "undergo available medical or psychiatric treatment, including treatment for drug or alcohol dependency" 219 have only the most remote and speculative connection to appearance for trial 220 and far overreach 221 those discrete situations in which there is a plausible connection. Similarly, a prohibition against associations 222 has no apparent relation to customary bail risks. In consideration of the likelihood of flight, the judge may order the accused released in the custody of a third person and require that person to offer reasonable assurance not only that the accused "will appear as required" but that he "will not pose a danger to . . . the community." 223 Even before his dangerousness is put in issue, the burden can thus be shifted to the accused to prove that he is not a peril to the public. The imposition of some conditions may even have an adverse effect on appearance rates. For example, a defendant may be released on condition that he "avoid all contact with potential witnesses." 224 This condition is redundant as a protective device, because both existing law and S. 1722 provide ample sanctions for injuring, intimidating, or threatening witnesses. 225 Its sole function would be to inhibit lawful, constitutionally protected defense preparation. 226 The propensity of an arrestee to investigate his case, to pre- 218. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(d)(11). Moreover, although many of the authorized probation conditions are similar to those in § 3502, they are often narrower; for example, the probationer may be required to "refrain . . . from engaging in a specified occupation . . . bearing a reasonably direct relationship to the conduct constituting the offense." Id. § 2103(b)(6) (emphasis added). See also S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 964 (1980) ("the court may not impose a condition of probation which results in a deprivation of liberty for the defendant unless that deprivation is 'reasonably necessary' to carry out the purposes of the sentence"). 219. Id. § 3502(d)(8). 220. In contrast, these requirements may have a logical relation to assuring community safety. See notes 118-20 supra and accompanying text. 221. A prohibition against "excessive use of alcohol, or any use of a . . . controlled substance, as defined in . . . (21 U.S.C. 802) . . . without a prescription," S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(d)(5), is unacceptably vague. What is "excessive" use of alcohol is a matter of personal prejudice and a section as lengthy and prolix as 21 U.S.C. § 802 (1976) gives little guidance to the determination of a "controlled substance." It includes not only "hard drugs," like heroin and cocaine, but hundreds of hallucinogenics, stimulants, and depressants. Id. 222. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(d)(2),(11) (1979). 223. Id. § 3502(d)(1). 224. Id. § 3502(d)(6). 225. Id. § 1323. An arrestee who violates such provisions will not only have to answer these charges, but also can have his release revoked. Id. § 3507. 226. See Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 820-21 (1975) (recognizing that it is the defendant who is defending and the lawyer, if any, who is his "assistant"). As noted above, see note 149 supra, many defendants who are indigent have no right to counsel as the Constitution is presently being interpreted. The Court observed in pare a defense in a lawful manner, does not remotely suggest that he will not appear for trial. On the contrary, it suggests that he intends to appear. The imposition of these severe restrictions of personal freedom, without even a finding of danger to the community, is irrational and constitutionally dubious. Some of these conditions are deprivations that cannot otherwise be inflicted by the legal system\textsuperscript{227} and most cannot be imposed without a clear demonstration of need and a due process hearing.\textsuperscript{228} In contrast, although the Committee acknowledges that there is little data demonstrating the relationship of these conditions either to appearance for trial or to dangerousness,\textsuperscript{229} it invites judges to be "inventive" in their utilization.\textsuperscript{230} It has encouraged inventiveness by removing all significant procedural requirements.\textsuperscript{231} Section 3502 provides limited access to appellate review of the imposition of such conditions.\textsuperscript{232} It is not available to one who accepts the conditions and obtains his release, even if he subsequently rues the coercive bargain. Review, for what it is worth, is available only to one who "after twenty-four hours . . . continues to be detained as a result of his inability to meet the conditions of release."\textsuperscript{233} The Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1 (1951), that one of the most compelling reasons for "freedom before conviction" is that it "permits the unhampered preparation of a defense." \textit{Id.} at 4. \textsuperscript{227} It is most unlikely, for example, that the criteria required for civil commitment, see notes 162-63 \textit{supra} and accompanying text, could be satisfied in the case of most alcoholics or users of nonaddictive drugs. \textit{See generally} Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968). It is one thing to conclude that such activities can be criminally punished, but quite another to conclude that a defendant may be institutionalized and treated for his sickness, or jailed for refusal to be treated. \textit{Id.} at 532. Regulation of "associations," S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(d)(2),(11) (1979) raises the gravest of problems under the first amendment. \textit{See} T. Emerson, \textit{The System of Freedom of Expression} 289-96, 425-33 (1970). The power of the government to grant or deny benefits or other rights on the ground of assertion or exercise of fundamental rights, or, to obtain valid surrenders of those rights by offering benefits or imposing deprivations, is quite limited. \textit{See, e.g.,} United States v. Jackson, 390 U.S. 570 (1968); Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513 (1958). \textsuperscript{228} \textit{See} notes 169-70 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{229} It is "under our existing knowledge . . . virtually impossible to single out in statutory form the kinds of defendants, the kinds of offenses, and the kinds of factors that will make for a reasonable total assessment of the likelihood of future flight or dangerousness." S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1077-78 (1980). \textsuperscript{230} \textit{Id.} at 1077. \textsuperscript{231} A judge complies with § 3502 if the record shows that he "based his decision on . . . considerations set" forth in the section. \textit{Id.} at 1085. Apparently, the judge must indicate that he has considered one or more of the characteristics of the charge and the accused specified in § 3502(f) and imposed "the least restrictive condition or combination of conditions . . . that will reasonably assure the appearance of the person for trial." S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(a) (1979). \textsuperscript{232} S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(g) (1979). \textsuperscript{233} \textit{Id.} defendant who remains in jail because he is unwilling, rather than unable, to accept compulsory hospitalization or a prohibition on unsavory associates or radical activities, is apparently denied access to appellate review. The defendant who accepts conditional release faces two obvious choices. He may either abide by the conditions of release, no matter how irrational or restrictive, or he may defy them and run the risk of incarceration.\textsuperscript{234} Neither alternative is likely to engender a deep respect for the judicial system. Because little is known about the causes of failure to appear, it is possible that some of these conditions of release might ultimately prove to be closely related to appearance for trial. Unfortunately, their "inventive" employment in bail decisionmaking and the absence of controls would obscure any meaningful evidence of their effectiveness.\textsuperscript{235} Any experiment that deprives persons of basic freedoms must be carefully designed to yield significant data; section 3502 is not so designed. D. The Fundamental Question Any serious proposal for bail reform should recognize and resolve the fundamental question, skirted by the Bail Reform Act, by section 3502, by virtually all court decisions and most commentaries: what is the degree of risk of nonappearance the bail decision may appropriately assume? How many false imprisonments—erroneous predictions of nonappearance—should be tolerated to prevent a single false release—erroneous prediction of appearance? Professor Foote argues that the appropriate ratio is one to one. It is "just as important for the administration of the criminal law not to lock up an accused unnecessarily as it is not to permit a defendant to escape trial by flight."\textsuperscript{236} If this hypothesis is accepted, one may doubt, as Foote does, that it is sensible to imprison anyone, other than a previous absconder, simply to assure his appearance at trial. Tools for predicting likelihood of flight are almost as rudimentary as those for predicting dangerousness.\textsuperscript{237} We know, for example, that \textsuperscript{234} \textit{Id.} § 3502(j). \textsuperscript{235} Conditional releases might appear to be effective if the proportion of defendants released on them and without money bail increases and the nonappearance rate remains fairly constant. This inference, however, is unwarranted if the proportion of unconditioned, own-recognizance releases diminishes, as it did in the District of Columbia. When several conditions are imposed simultaneously, it is virtually impossible to determine their individual relation to appearance rates. \textit{See} W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 173. Moreover, inferences would not be justified if the level of support of bail and pretrial service agencies fluctuates during the period. \textit{See} notes 198-206 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{236} Foote, \textit{The Coming Constitutional Crises in Bail} (pt. II), 113 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1125, 1170 (1965). \textsuperscript{237} The empirical research is collected and evaluated in National Center for State Courts, \textit{An Evaluation of Policy Related Research on The Effectiveness of Pretrial family ties and roots in the community correlate with appearance, but there is no data indicating that their absence correlates with flight.\textsuperscript{238} Moreover, an intelligent assessment of risk of flight requires evaluation not only of the seriousness of the charge and the likelihood of conviction,\textsuperscript{239} but of a host of individual factors that must be acquired and verified. This information carries a high price tag. It seems entirely possible that virtually all failures to appear can be eliminated if these resources were allocated to locating and apprehending the alleged absconder.\textsuperscript{240} The typical criminal accused rarely has sufficient funds to leave town, much less the country. The only way for a person to abscond successfully, and remain in the United States, is to avoid arrest. Once he is arrested and fingerprinted, his flight is over. Moreover, it is simply not true that the system can tolerate no absconders.\textsuperscript{241} We need to make a serious assessment of the likelihood of successful flight, the costs of recapture, the costs of bail investigation and supervision, and the costs of detention, then reorder our priorities on the basis of facts. IV. TRUE REFORM It is substantially easier to criticize than to create a bail reform proposal. A number of things, however, should have become obvious from our experience with the Bail Reform Act and preventive detention. Efforts at individualized bail determinations are doomed unless someone with an interest in obtaining pretrial release\textsuperscript{242} is placed in \textsuperscript{238} See Wald, \textit{supra} note 5, at 199. \textsuperscript{239} This is a nearly universal assumption, justifying special standards of release for those on appeal and those facing capital charges. Even this assumption has been cast into some doubt by one study that found that persons charged with serious crimes had a much lower failure to appear rate than defendants charged with relatively minor misdemeanors. S. Shaffer, \textit{Bail and Parole Jumping in Manhattan in 1967}, at 25-28 (1970). But see note 241 infra. \textsuperscript{240} There are a host of reasons for failure to appear, including death, illness, accident, and confusion about dates and obligations. The true fugitive is virtually unknown in many courts. See W. Thomas, \textit{supra} note 5, at 104. \textsuperscript{241} In some jurisdictions, arrestees are encouraged to "abscond" after posting bail, the forfeiture being considered an efficient and adequate punishment for relatively minor offenses. This hypocrisy is even built into the proposed statute. S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. § 3502(k) (1979). According to the Committee, permitting forfeiture of collateral in satisfaction of the charges is in accord with present law, 18 U.S.C. § 3146(g) (1976), and practice whereby "several hundred thousand offenses are disposed of annually in that manner in the Federal courts." S. Rep. No. 553, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 1081 (1980). \textsuperscript{242} Defense counsel are expected to perform these tasks in most jurisdictions, but this expectation has little basis in reality. See United States v. Leathers, 412 F.2d 169, 173 (D.C. Cir. 1969) (it is a judicial officer's duty to inquire into conditions a position and given the resources necessary to make the investigations and recommendations and to provide supervision. An adequately funded bail agency is the appropriate candidate for these tasks. This agency must be sufficiently insulated from prosecutorial and judicial control to act effectively on behalf of the accused yet remain sufficiently responsible to the court to have credibility. Neither a bail agency nor a court can obtain the information required for an intelligent, informed bail decision if this information concerning the accused may be used against him in guilt determination or sentencing.\textsuperscript{243} A quasi-privileged relationship between the accused and the agency should be provided, and the court should be forbidden to use evidence offered by the defendant in a bail hearing except in a prosecution for perjury. A bail agency should also have ample resources to assist the accused and his family in adjusting to the new status of a criminal accused, and to help, if needed, in obtaining employment, welfare, counseling, and treatment. None of the foregoing proposals, however, will be effective if the institutional interests that favor pretrial detention or money bail remain in place. There can be no lasting reform until these interests are rearranged. To borrow Senator Kennedy's phrase for a very different purpose, a "new balance [must] be struck"\textsuperscript{244} between the "interests of . . . the community and the accused."\textsuperscript{245} The plea-bargaining system, which feeds off punitive bail practices, must be reformed so that the adjudication and sentencing functions are less dependent upon bail decisions. Short of a total overhaul of the system, however, there are measures that would reduce the institutional bias against release, and counteract the pressures for punitive use of bail. The courts should recognize the probability that pretrial incarceration prejudices an accused in the ultimate disposition of his case.\textsuperscript{246} An accused who is convicted after trial or even, perhaps, upon a plea of guilty or nolo contendre, should be permitted to assert that his pretrial incarceration contributed to this outcome.\textsuperscript{247} The prosecu- \textsuperscript{243} See note 130 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{244} Kennedy, \textit{supra} note 17, at 433. \textsuperscript{245} \textit{Id.} at 435. \textsuperscript{246} See note 157 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. \textsuperscript{247} Violations of the Bail Reform Act or the eighth amendment, including the right to effective assistance of counsel in the bail process, are virtually always considtion should then be required to prove "beyond a reasonable doubt" that there was no prejudice or that the denial of pretrial release was lawful.\textsuperscript{248} If that burden cannot be met, the conviction or sentence should be set aside. Congress or the courts should prohibit inquiries into the source of money for bail and prohibit the consideration of such matters in determinations of eligibility for counsel or other investigative aids, or in sentencing.\textsuperscript{249} Congress should also create a compensation fund and establish a right of action for every defendant whose pretrial liberty was denied but who is ultimately exonerated. This right of action should also extend to recovery of money expended for the bond premiums required to purchase his freedom.\textsuperscript{250} Finally, pretrial detainees should be housed in facilities separate from convicted prisoners, under conditions appropriate to the function of their detention, assuring appearance for trial. They should be allowed as much liberty, including relatively free access to family, friends, lawyers, and recreational and educational opportunities, as is consistent with the limited purpose of their detention. \section*{CONCLUSION} The proponents of S. 1722 should be commended for their efforts to correct perceived abuses of the present system, but their product must be condemned for the narrowness of its perception and its \textsuperscript{248} This is the standard of harmless error involving violations of constitutional rights adopted in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 22-24 (1967). Given the presumptions in the Bail Reform Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 3141-3156 (1976), the setting of financial conditions or severe restrictions on personal liberty should be unlawful absent evidence in the record of a likelihood of flight. This will seldom be the case unless the defendant has previously absconded or attempted to do so. \textsuperscript{249} Inquiries into a defendant's wealth are relevant to determinations of indigency and the capacity to pay fines, but fines are not sensible sentences for perpetrators of serious crime other than corporations. Furthermore, few defendants will seek court-appointed counsel when they can afford to hire their own. \textit{See} Casper, \textit{supra} note 150. My proposal, moreover, does not prohibit inquiries regarding indigency for services under the Criminal Justice Act, it merely limits them. \textsuperscript{250} \textit{See} Frankel, \textit{Preventive Restraints and Just Compensation: Toward a Sanction Law of the Future}, 78 Yale L.J. 229, 256-67 (1968). A suggestive model is contained in S. 1722, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. §§ 4111-4113 (1979), dealing with victim compensation. There would be problems in determining entitlements to compensation. Acquittal would be too narrow a criterion. On the other hand, using dismissal to trigger the right may be too generous, encompassing 10% to 20% of federal defendants. \textit{See} note 158 \textit{supra} and accompanying text. That should, however, be the ultimate aim. Some method might also be required to preclude waivers, so that the right to compensation would not merely become another chip for plea bargaining. methods. If section 3502 is neither abandoned by its supporters nor rejected by Congress, the courts should declare large portions of it unconstitutional. Apart from the misguided and self-destructive preventive detention aspects of section 3502, its greatest vice is that it is disguised as reform. The certain result of this proposal would be to exacerbate existing abuses and threaten fundamental liberties. The problems of the bail system are numerous and pervasive, but better left undisturbed than obscured by experimentation with what is at best a patent palliative.
Estimating the Unseen: An $n/\log(n)$-sample Estimator for Entropy and Support Size, Shown Optimal via New CLTs Gregory Valiant UC Berkeley Berkeley, California firstname.lastname@example.org Paul Valiant UC Berkeley Berkeley, California email@example.com ABSTRACT We introduce a new approach to characterizing the unobserved portion of a distribution, which provides sublinear-sample estimators achieving arbitrarily small additive constant error for a class of properties that includes entropy and distribution support size. Additionally, we show new matching lower bounds. Together, this settles the longstanding question of the sample complexities of these estimation problems, up to constant factors. Our algorithm estimates these properties up to an arbitrarily small additive constant, using $O(n/\log n)$ samples, where $n$ is a bound on the support size, or in the case of estimating the support size, $1/n$ is a lower bound on the probability of any element of the domain. Previously, no explicit sublinear-sample algorithms for either of these problems were known. Our algorithm is also computationally extremely efficient, running in time linear in the number of samples used. In the second half of the paper, we provide a matching lower bound of $\Omega(n/\log n)$ samples for estimating entropy or distribution support size to within an additive constant. The previous lower-bounds on these sample complexities were $n/2^{O(\sqrt{\log n})}$. To show our lower bound, we prove two new and natural multivariate central limit theorems (CLTs); the first uses Stein’s method to relate the sum of independent distributions to the multivariate Gaussian of corresponding mean and covariance, under the earthmover distance metric (also known as the Wasserstein metric). We leverage this central limit theorem to prove a stronger but more specific central limit theorem for “generalized multinomial” distributions—a large class of discrete distributions, parameterized by matrices, that represents sums of independent binomial or multinomial distributions, and describes many distributions encountered in computer science. Convergence here is in the strong sense of statistical distance, which immediately implies that any algorithm with input drawn from a generalized multinomial distribution behaves essentially as if the input were drawn from a discretized Gaussian with the same mean and covariance. Such tools in the multivariate setting are rare, and we hope this new tool will be of use to the community. Categories and Subject Descriptors: F.2 [Analysis of Algorithms and Problem Complexity]: Miscellaneous General Terms: Algorithms, Theory. 1. INTRODUCTION Given samples from an unknown discrete distribution, what can we infer about the distribution? The empirical distribution of the samples roughly captures the portion of the distribution which we have observed, but what can we say about the unobserved portion of the distribution? Answers to this question are, at least implicitly, central to many estimation problems fundamental to statistics. Despite much research from both the statistics and computer science communities (originating, coincidentally, in independent work of Fisher [20], and Turing [21]—arguably the founding fathers of modern statistics and computer science), this question is still poorly understood. For the two important problems of estimating the support size, and estimating the entropy of a distribution, basic questions, such as the sample complexity of these tasks, have not been resolved. And this is not solely a theoretical question: in contrast to many tasks for which existing algorithms or heuristics perform well in practice (in some cases despite poor worst-case performance), for these two problems, there seems to be no approach that is fully embraced by practitioners [13]. Despite this, much of the recent theoretical work on these problems analyzes properties of existing heuristics. A new, practical algorithm for these tasks may, potentially, have widespread immediate applications in the many fields for which these problems arise, including Database Management, Biology, Ecology, Genetics, Linguistics, Neuroscience, and Physics (see the discussion and extensive bibliographies in [12, 33]). We introduce a new approach to characterizing the unobserved portion of a distribution, which provides sublinear-sample additive estimators for a class of properties that includes entropy and distribution support size. Together with our new lower bounds, this settles the longstanding open question of the sample complexities of these estimation problems (up to constant factors). Our algorithm estimates these properties up to an arbitrarily small additive constant, using $O(n/\log n)$ samples. Our lower bounds show that no algorithm on $o(n/\log n)$ samples can achieve this. Here, $n$ is a bound on the support size, and is a natural parameterization of the difficulty of estimating entropy.\footnote{For the problem of estimating the distribution support size, it is typically assumed that all elements in the support occur with probability at least $1/n$, since without such a lower bound it is impossible to estimate support size.} Previously, no explicit sublinear-sample algorithms for either of these problems were known.\footnote{See [33] for a nonconstructive proof of the existence of a $o(n)$-sample entropy estimator.} The previous lower–bounds on these sample complexities were $n/2^{\Theta(\sqrt{\log n})}$, given by Valiant in [41], and a prior slightly weaker bound of $n/2^{\Theta(\sqrt{\log n \cdot \log \log n})}$ for support size given by Raskhodnikova et al. [35]. Finally, we note that our algorithm runs in time linear in the number of samples used. The algorithm we exhibit estimates any statistical property which is independent of the labeling of the elements (“symmetric”) and sufficiently smooth. Rather than directly trying to estimate a specific property of the distribution, we instead take the canonical approach and return to the original question “what can we infer about the true distribution” given a sublinear number of samples? Our algorithm returns a distribution that is, with high probability, “close” in some sense to the true distribution. Specifically, we return a distribution $D$ with the property that if we had taken our samples from the hypothetical $D$ instead of from the unknown true distribution, then with high probability the number of support elements occurring once, twice, etc. in this sample will closely match the corresponding parameters of the actual sample. How does one find such a distribution? Via linear programming, the computer scientist’s battle-axe—bringing this powerful tool to bear on these problems opens up results that withstood previous approaches to constructing such estimators. Given the distribution $D$ returned by our algorithm, to obtain an estimate for some property, we may simply evaluate the property on $D$. Unsurprisingly, this yields a very good estimate; surprisingly, one can actually prove this. ### 1.1 Central Limit Theorems and Lower Bounds The matching lower bounds hinge upon our two new multivariate central limit theorems; the first relates the sum of independent distributions to the multivariate Gaussian of corresponding mean and covariance, under the earthmover distance matric (also known as the Wasserstein metric). Our proof of this central limit theorem is via Stein’s method. We leverage this central limit theorem to prove a stronger but more specific central limit theorem for “generalized multinomial” distributions—a large class of discrete distributions, parameterized by matrices, that generalize binomial and multinomial distributions and describe many distributions encountered in computer science (for example, [18, 19, 37, 41]). Despite the increasing understanding of the various settings for which central limit theorems apply, most of the attention has been on univariate formulations. And as one might expect, the number of useful formulations of the central limit theorem seems to grow with the dimension; it is, perhaps, not surprising that the particularly natural and useful versions we prove here seem absent from the statistics literature [16]. The connection between our central limit theorem for generalized multinomial distributions, and estimating symmetric properties of distributions, such as entropy and support size, is that generalized multinomial distributions capture the distribution over vectors $(m_1, m_2, \ldots)$, where $m_i$ is the number of domain elements for which we see $i$ representatives in a sample. Our central limit theorem allows us to cleanly reason about the statistical distance between these distributions of summary statistics. Specifically, this will allow us to argue that there are pairs of very different distributions $D, D'$—different in terms of entropy, or support size, for example—such that there is small statistical distance between the distribution of what we will see given $k$ samples from $D$ and the distribution of what we will see given $k$ samples from $D'$; thus we can conclude that no algorithm can distinguish a set of $k$ samples from $D$ from a set of $k$ samples from $D'$ with high probability, which, in particular, implies that no estimator for entropy, when given $k$ samples from $D$, can accurately return $H(D)$, rather than $H(D')$. Finally, we note that the construction and analysis of the distributions $D, D'$ requires considerable effort, and involve two polynomial constructions that may be of independent interest, one involving Laguerre polynomials, one involving Hermite polynomials. ### 1.2 Historical Background The problem of estimating an unknown discrete distribution from “too few” samples has a very rich history of study in both statistics and computer science, with early contributions from both R.A Fisher, and Alan Turing. In the early 1940’s, R. A. Fisher was approached by a naturalist, Corbet, who had just returned from two years of collecting butterflies in the Malay peninsula. Corbet presented Fisher with data on his butterfly collections—specifically, he indicated the number of species for which he had only seen a single specimen (118 species), the number of species for which he had two specimens (74 species), three specimens (44 species), and so on. Corbet hoped that from this data, the great statistician Fisher would be able to deduce some properties of the true distribution of butterflies in Malay, and in particular, he wanted an estimate of the number of new species he might discover if he were to return to the Malay jungle for another 2 years. Using basic properties of the Poisson distribution, Fisher provided a partial answer to these questions in [20]. At roughly the same time, at the height of WWII, Alan Turing and I.J. Good were working on a similar problem in the rather different context of the pivotal British war–effort to analyze the statistics of the German Enigma Machine ciphers. After the war, the results of their work, the Good-Turing frequency estimation scheme were published [21]. In addition to many practical applications of the Good-Turing estimates, there has been considerable recent work from the computer science community analyzing variants of these estimation schemes [29, 31, 32, 42, 43]. While the high–level goals of these estimators are related to our own, the analysis typically fixes a distribution and considers the behavior as the number of samples taken approaches infinity, and thus is somewhat orthogonal to the questions considered here. The specific problem of estimating the support size of an unknown distribution (also referred to as the problem of esimating the number of species in a population, or the “distinct elements problem”) has a very long history of study and arises in many contexts (see [12] for several hundred references). Because arbitrarily many species can lie in an arbitrarily small amount of probability mass, analysis of the sample complexity of this problem is generally parameterized in terms of $n$, where elements of the distribution are restricted to have probability mass at least $1/n$. Tight multiplicative bounds of $\Omega(n/\alpha^2)$ for approximating the entropy to a multiplicative factor of $\alpha$ are given in [4, 15] though they are somewhat unsatisfying as the worst-case instance is distinguishing a distribution with support size one from a distribution of support size $\alpha^2$. The first strong lower bounds for additively approximating the support size were given in [35], showing that for any constant $\delta > 0$, any estimator that obtains additive error at most $(1/2 - \delta)n$ with probability at least $2/3$ requires at least $n/2^{\Theta(\sqrt{\log n \cdot \log \log n})}$ samples. To the best of our knowledge, there were no improvements upon the trivial $\Omega(n)$ upper bound for this problem. For the problem of entropy estimation, there has been recent work from both the computer science and statistics communities. Batu et al. [6, 7, 8], Guha et al. [23], and Valiant [41] considered the problem of multiplicatively estimating the entropy; in all these works, the estimation algorithm has the following basic form: given a set of samples, discard the species that occur infrequently and return the entropy of the empirical distribution of the frequently occurring elements, adjusted by some function of the amount of missing probability mass. In particular, no attempt is made to understand the portion of the true distribution consisting of infrequently occurring elements—the “unseen”, or little-seen, portion. In a different direction, Paninski gave a simple though non-constructive proof of the existence of a sublinear sample estimator for additively approximating the entropy to within a constant; the proof is via a direct application of the Stone-Weierstrass theorem to the set of Poisson functions [33, 34]. The best previous lower bounds were $n/2^{\Theta(\sqrt{\log n})}$, given in [41]. Additionally, there has been much work on estimating the support size (and the general problem of estimating frequency moments) and estimating the entropy in the setting of streaming, in which one has access to very little memory and can perform only a single pass over the data [2, 3, 10, 14, 25, 26, 27, 44]. Teleologically, perhaps the work most similar to our own is Orlitsky et al.’s investigation into what they term “pattern maximum likelihood” [1, 30]. Their work is prompted by the following natural question: given a set of samples, what distribution maximizes the likelihood of seeing the observed species frequencies, that is, the number of species observed once, twice, etc? (What Orlitsky et al. term the pattern of a sample, we call the fingerprint, as in Definition 3.) While it seems unclear how to prove that such a likelihood maximizing distribution would, necessarily, have similar property values to the true distribution, at least intuitively one might hope that this is true. From a computational standpoint, while Orlitsky et al. show that such likelihood maximizing distributions can be found in some specific settings, the problem of finding or approximating such distributions in the general setting seems daunting. ### 1.2.1 Stein’s Method Since Stein’s seminal paper [38], presented in 1970, describing an alternative proof approach—what became known as “Stein’s method”—for proving Berry-Esseen-style central limit theorems, there has been a blossoming realization of its applicability to different settings. In particular, there have been several successful applications of Stein’s method in multivariate settings [17, 22, 36]. To prove our first central limit theorem, we closely follow the treatment for the multivariate limit theorem given by Götze in [22] (see also [11] for an exposition). The distinction between our first central limit theorem (which is in terms of earthmover distance), and that of Götze, lies in the distance metric. Götze’s result shows convergence in terms of the discrepancy between the probabilities of any convex set. Applying this result, intuitively, seems to require decomposing some high-dimensional set into small convex pieces, which, unfortunately, tends to weaken the result by exponential factors. It is perhaps for this reason that, despite much enthusiasm for Götze’s result, there is a surprising absence of applications in the literature, beyond small constant dimension. ## 2. DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES We state the key definitions that will be used throughout, and provide some illustrative examples. Definition 1. A distribution on $[n] = \{1, \ldots, n\}$ is a function $p : [n] \to [0, 1]$ satisfying $\sum_i p(i) = 1$. Let $\mathcal{D}^n$ denote the set of distributions over domain $[n]$. Throughout this paper, we will use $n$ to denote the size of the domain of our distribution, and $k$ to denote the number of samples from it that we have access to. We now define the notion of a symmetric property. Informally, symmetric properties are those that are invariant to renaming the domain elements. Definition 2. A property of a distribution is a function $\pi : \mathcal{D}^n \to \mathbb{R}$. Additionally, a property is symmetric if, for all distributions $D$, and all permutations $\sigma$, $\pi(D) = \pi(D \circ \sigma)$. Definition 3. Given a sequence of samples $X = (x_1, \ldots, x_k)$, the associated fingerprint, denoted $\mathcal{F}_X$, is the “histogram of the histogram” of the samples. Formally, $\mathcal{F}_X$ is the vector whose $i^{th}$ component, $\mathcal{F}_X(i)$ is the number of elements in the domain that occur exactly $i \geq 1$ times in sample $X$. In cases where the sample $X$ is unambiguous, we omit the subscript. Throughout, we will be dealing exclusively with symmetric properties. For such properties, the fingerprint of a sample contains all the useful information about the sample: for any estimator that uses the actual samples, there is an estimator of equal performance that takes as input only the fingerprint of the samples (see [6, 9], for an easy proof). Note that in some of the literature the fingerprint is alternately termed the pattern, histogram, or summary statistics of the sample. Throughout, we will be representing sets of samples via their fingerprint, and analogously, we will be representing distributions by their histogram. Definition 4. The histogram of a distribution $p$ is a mapping $h : (0, 1] \to \mathbb{N} \cup \{0\}$, where $h(x) = \|\{i : p(i) = x\}\|$. Additionally, we allow generalized histograms, which do not necessarily take integral values. Any symmetric property is clearly a function of the histogram of the distribution. Since $ h(x) $ denotes the number of elements that have probability $ x $, it follows that $ \sum_{x : h(x) \neq 0} h(x) $ equals the support size of the distribution. The probability mass at probability $ x $ is $ x \cdot h(x) $, thus $ \sum_{x : h(x) \neq 0} x \cdot h(x) = 1 $, for any histogram that corresponds to a distribution. We now define what it means for two distributions to be “close”; because the values of symmetric properties depend only upon the histograms of the distributions, we must be slightly careful in defining this distance metric so as to ensure that it will be well-behaved with respect to the properties we are considering. In particular, “close” distributions will have similar values of entropy and support size. Definition 5. For two distributions $ p_1, p_2 $ with respective histograms $ h_1, h_2 $, we define the relative earthmover distance between them, $ R(p_1, p_2) := R(h_1, h_2) $, as the minimum over all schemes of moving the probability mass of the first histogram to yield the second histogram, of the cost of moving that mass, where the per-unit cost of moving mass from probability $ x $ to $ y $ is $ \|\log(x/y)\| $. Note that statistical distance is upper bounded by relative earthmover distance. The structure of the distribution of fingerprints intimately involves the Poisson distribution. Throughout, we use $ \text{Poi}(\lambda) $ to denote the Poisson distribution with expectation $ \lambda $, and for a nonnegative integer $ j $, $ \text{poi}(\lambda, j) := \frac{\lambda^j e^{-\lambda}}{j!} $, denotes the probability that a random variable distributed according to $ \text{Poi}(\lambda) $ takes value $ j $. We provide two clarifying examples of the above definitions: Example 1. Consider a sequence of fish species, found as samples from a certain lake, $ X = (\text{trout}, \text{salmon}, \text{trout}, \text{cod}, \text{cod}, \text{whale}, \text{trout}, \text{eel}, \text{salmon}) $. We have $ F_X = (2, 2, 1) $, indicating that two species occurred exactly once (whale and eel), two species occurred exactly twice (salmon and cod), and one species occurred exactly three times (trout). Suppose that the true distribution of fish is the following: \[ \begin{align} Pr(\text{trout}) &= 1/2, & Pr(\text{salmon}) &= 1/4, \\ Pr(\text{cod}) &= Pr(\text{whale}) = Pr(\text{eel}) = Pr(\text{shark}) = 1/16. \end{align} \] The associated histogram of this distribution is $ h : \mathbb{R}^+ \to \mathbb{Z} $ defined by $ h(1/16) = 4, \ h(1/4) = 1, \ h(1/2) = 1, $ and for all $ x \not\in \{1/16, 1/4, 1/2\}, \ h(x) = 0 $. If we now consider a second distribution over $ \{a, b, c\} $ defined by the probabilities $ Pr(a) = 1/2, \ Pr(b) = 1/4, \ Pr(c) = 1/4, $ and let $ h' $ be its associated histogram, then the relative earthmover distance $ R(h, h') = \frac{1}{4} \|\log \frac{1/4}{1/16}\| $, since we must take all the mass that lies at probability $ 1/16 $ and move it to probability $ 1/4 $ in order to turn the first distribution into one that yields a histogram identical to $ h' $. Example 2. Consider the uniform distribution on $ [n] $, which has histogram $ h $ such that $ h(\frac{1}{n}) = n, $ and $ h(x) = 0 $ for $ x \neq \frac{1}{n} $. Let $ k \leftarrow \text{Poi}(5n) $ be a Poisson-distributed random number, and let $ X $ be the result of drawing $ k $ independent samples from the distribution. The number of occurrences of each element of $ [n] $ will be independent, and distributed according to $ \text{Poi}(5) $. Note that $ F_X(i) $ and $ F_X(j) $ are not independent (since, for example, if $ F_X(i) = n $ then it must be the case that $ F_X(j) = 0, $ for $ i \neq j $). A fingerprint of a typical trial will look roughly like $ F(i) \approx n \cdot \text{poi}(5, i) $, for all $ i \geq 1 $. Throughout, we will restrict our attention to properties that satisfy a weak notion of continuity, defined via the relative earthmover distance. Definition 6. A symmetric distribution property $ \pi $ is $ (\epsilon, \delta) $-continuous if for all distributions $ D_1, D_2 $ with respective histograms $ h_1, h_2 $ satisfying $ R(h_1, h_2) \leq \delta $ it follows that $ \|\pi(D_1) - \pi(D_2)\| \leq \epsilon $. We note that both entropy and support size are easily seen to be continuous with respect to the relative earthmover distance. Fact 1. For a distribution $ p \in D^n $, and $ \delta > 0 $ - The entropy, $ H(p) := -\sum_i p(i)\log p(i) $ is $ (\delta, \delta) $-continuous, with respect to the relative earthmover distance. - The support size $ S(p) := \|\{i : p(i) > 0\}\| $ is $ (n\delta, \delta) $-continuous, with respect to the relative earthmover distance, over the set of distributions which have no probabilities in the interval $ (0, \frac{1}{n}) $. ### 2.1 Property Testers A property tester takes as input $ k $ independent samples from a distribution, and is considered good if it correctly classifies the distribution with probability at least $ \frac{2}{3} $. In this paper, we consider the very related notion of a “Poissonized” tester, which, for a distribution $ p $ receives input constructed in the following way: - Draw $ k' \leftarrow \text{Poi}(k) $. - Return $ k' $ samples from $ p $. The reason why Poissonized testers are substantially easier to analyze, is the fundamental fact, illustrated in Example 2, that the numbers of samples drawn from each element of the support of $ p $ will be independent of each other, and, specifically, distributed as independent (univariate) Poisson processes. Further, we note that these two notions of testing—“regular” testing, and Poissonized testing—have sample complexities within a constant factor of each other, since one can simulate each with the other, with high probability (via tail bounds). The criteria that testers succeed with probability $ \frac{2}{3} $ is arbitrary, and, indeed, may be amplified exponentially by repeating the tester and returning the majority answer. ### 3. MAIN RESULTS We introduce a novel approach to creating estimators for symmetric distribution properties. We hope (and believe) that variants of our proposed estimator will prove useful in practice. Our main technical result is a canonical estimator for relative-earthmover continuous properties. We stress that our estimator is truly canonical in that it is agnostic to the choice of property that one is trying to estimate. In particular, the estimator works by first constructing a distribution completely independently of the property in question, and then simply returning the evaluation of the property on this distribution. Even if the property in question is computationally intractable to evaluate, the first stage of our estimator still runs in time linear in the number of samples, returning a distribution capturing the value of the property. Theorem 1. For sufficiently large $n$, and any constant $c > 1$, given $c \frac{n}{\log n}$ independent samples from $D \in D^n$, with probability at least $1 - o(\frac{1}{\text{poly}(n)})$ over the random samples, our algorithm returns a distribution $D'$, representable as an $O(c \frac{n}{\log n})$-length vector, such that the relative-earthmover distance between $D$ and $D'$ satisfies $$R(D, D') \leq O\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{c}}\right).$$ Furthermore, our algorithm runs in time $O(c \frac{n}{\log n})$. For entropy and support size, Theorem 1 together with Fact 1 yields: Corollary 1. There exists a constant $c$ such that for any positive $\epsilon < 1$ and sufficiently large $n$, given $c \frac{n}{\epsilon^2 \log n}$ independent samples from $D \in D^n$, in time $O\left(\frac{c}{\epsilon^2} \frac{n}{\log n}\right)$ our estimator will output a pair of real numbers $(h, s)$ such that with probability $1 - o(\frac{1}{\text{poly}(n)})$ - $h$ is within $\epsilon$ of the entropy of $D$, and - $s$ is within $n\epsilon$ of the support size of $D$, provided none of the probabilities in $D$ lie in $(0, \frac{1}{n})$. Our lower bound is the following: Theorem 2. For any positive constant $\phi < \frac{1}{4}$, there exists a pair of distributions $p^+, p^-$ that are $O(\phi \log \phi)$-close in the relative earthmover distance, respectively, to the uniform distributions on $n$ and $\frac{n}{2}$ elements, but which are indistinguishable to $k = \frac{\phi}{32} \cdot \frac{n}{\log n}$-sample testers. That is, estimating entropy to any constant error less than $\frac{\log 2}{2}$ requires $\Theta\left(\frac{n}{\log n}\right)$ samples, as does estimating support size to any constant error less than $\frac{n}{4}$. Further, by choosing a positive $\epsilon < 1$ and then constructing the distributions $p^+_e, p^-_e$ that, with probability $\epsilon$ draw samples from $p^+, p^-$ respectively and otherwise return another symbol, $\perp$, we note that the entropy gap between $p^+_e$ and $p^-_e$ is an $\epsilon$ fraction of what it was originally, and further that distinguishing them clearly requires a factor $\frac{1}{\epsilon}$ more samples. That is, Corollary 2. For large enough $n$ and small enough $\epsilon$, the sample complexity of estimating entropy to within $\epsilon$ grows as $\Omega\left(\frac{n}{\epsilon \log n}\right)$. We note that while the positive results of Theorem 1 match these lower bounds in their dependence on $n$, there is a gap in the dependence on the desired accuracy, $\epsilon$, with a $\frac{1}{\epsilon}$ dependence in the lower bounds and a $\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}$ dependence in the upper bound. Phrased differently, for an optimal entropy estimator, as the number of samples increases, does the error decay linearly, or with the square root of the number of samples? ![Figure 1: The binomial distribution with $p = 0.1$ and 50 samples (red bars), compared with the Gaussian distribution of matching mean and variance (blue curve). Theorem 3, implies that the earthmover distance between these distributions is at most $0.9(2.7 + 0.83 \log 50)$.](image) ### 3.1 Two Multivariate Central Limit Theorems The proof of our lower bound hinges on our multivariate central limit theorems. We suspect that these fundamental limit theorems will have many applications beyond property testing. Our first central limit theorem, proved directly via Stein’s method, applies to the very general setting of sums of bounded independent random variables, and is in terms of the earthmover distance, also referred to as the Wasserstein distance metric. Definition 7. Given two distributions $A, B$ in $\mathbb{R}^k$, then, letting $\text{Lip}(\mathbb{R}^k, 1)$ denote the set of functions $h : \mathbb{R}^k \to \mathbb{R}$ with Lipschitz constant 1, that is, where for any $x, y \in \mathbb{R}^k$ we have $\|h(x) - h(y)\| \leq \|\|x - y\|\|$, then the earthmover distance between $A$ and $B$ is defined as $$d_W(A, B) = \sup_{h \in \text{Lip}(\mathbb{R}^k, 1)} E[h(A)] - E[h(B)].$$ Theorem 3. Given $n$ independent distributions $\{Z_i\}$ of mean 0 in $\mathbb{R}^k$ and a bound $\beta$ such $\|\|Z_i\|\| < \beta$ for any $i$ and any sample, then the earthmover distance between $\sum_{i=1}^{n} Z_i$ and the normal distribution of corresponding mean (0) and covariance is at most $\beta k(2.7 + 0.83 \log n)$. Figure 3.1 provides a simple illustration of Theorem 3, in the univariate setting ($k = 1$); of course, in the univariate setting, such central limit theorems are standard (see [5]). We note the parameters of Theorem 3: as samples from more and more distributions are added in, the performance of the approximation only gets very mildly worse, increasing with the logarithm of the number of samples, $n$. In fact, we strongly suspect that, in analogy with univariate results, there should be no dependence on $n$ in the theorem. The linear dependence on $k$, the dimension, is more fundamental; it is not hard to show that this dependence must be of order at least $\sqrt{k}$, so one might conjecture a tight form of the theorem’s bound to be $\Theta(\beta \sqrt{k})$. We note that it is somewhat more standard for central limit theorems of this type to be stated in terms of third moments, instead of a bound $\beta$ on each random variable. In the full version of this paper we do indeed proceed in this way, and Theorem 3 is derived as a clean special case, sufficient for our applications. 3.1.1 A CLT for Statistical Distance To provide algorithmic lower-bounds, we must work with a much more stringent distance metric than earthmover distance. In our second central limit theorem, we work with statistical distance (sometimes referred to as total variation distance, $D_{TV}$, or $L_1$ distance). Fundamentally, if distributions $A$ and $B$ have statistical distance 0.1, then any algorithm taking an input drawn from $A$ must behave identically at least 90% of the time to the algorithm run on an input drawn from $B$. We first note that the conditions of Theorem 3 are not strong enough to imply any sort of statistical distance bound: the discrete distribution illustrated in Figure 3.1 has (maximal) statistical distance 1 from its Gaussian approximation. However, the intuition for our second central limit theorem is the observation that the statistical distance between the two distributions of Figure 3.1 is in fact very small if we first round the Gaussian distribution to be supported on the lattice points. We now define the class of distributions to which our limit theorem will apply. Definition 8. The generalized multinomial distribution parameterized by a nonnegative matrix $\rho$ each of whose rows sum to at most 1, is denoted $M^\rho$, and is defined by the following random process: for each row $\rho(i, \cdot)$ of matrix $\rho$, interpret it as a probability distribution over the columns of $\rho$—including, if $\sum_{j=1}^{k} \rho(i, j) < 1$, an “invisible” column 0—and draw a column index from this distribution; return a row vector recording the total number of samples falling into each column (the histogram of the samples). The “invisible” column is used for the same reason that the binomial distribution is taken to be a univariate distribution; while one could consider it a bivariate distribution, counting heads and tails separately, it is convenient to consider tails “invisible”, as they are implied by the number of heads. Definition 9. The $k$-dimensional discretized Gaussian distribution, with mean $\mu$ and covariance matrix $\Sigma$, denoted $\mathcal{N}^{disc}(\mu, \Sigma)$, is the distribution with support $\mathbb{Z}^k$ obtained by picking a sample according to the Gaussian $\mathcal{N}(\mu, \Sigma)$, then rounding each coordinate to the nearest integer. Our second central limit theorem, that we leverage for this paper’s lower bounds, is the following: Theorem 4. Given a generalized multinomial distribution $M^\rho$, with $k$ dimensions and $n$ rows, let $\mu$ denote its mean and $\Sigma$ denote its covariance matrix, then $$D_{tv}\left(M^\rho, \mathcal{N}^{disc}(\mu, \Sigma)\right) \leq \frac{k^{4/3}}{\sigma^{1/3}} \cdot 2.2 \cdot (3.1 + 0.83 \log n)^{2/3},$$ where $\sigma^2$ is the minimum eigenvalue of $\Sigma$. We overview some of the key ideas of the proof. Note that even among distributions over the lattice points, bounds on the earthmoving distance do not necessarily translate into bounds on statistical distance—consider a distribution supported on the even integers, versus one supported only on the odd integers, or some much worse high-dimensional analogue. However, one elementary and completely general way to convert earthmover distance bounds, such as those of Theorem 3, into statistical distance bounds is to convolve the distributions by a smooth distribution that is “wide enough”. Thus the statistical distance between convolved versions of these distributions is small. We must, however, “deconvolve” to achieve the desired result. Deconvolution, in general, is very poorly behaved and can blow up badly. The saving grace in our setting is the fact that any multinomial distribution is in fact unimodal in each coordinate direction. (Intuitively, at least for the one-dimensional case, unimodality is what prevents one distribution from being supported on, say, only the even integers.) Specifically, we prove a “deconvolution lemma” that has good bounds when the result of deconvolution is unimodal. While binomial distributions are trivially unimodal, the analysis rapidly gets complicated. The general result for the univariate case is known as Newton’s inequalities. The multivariate case, which we rely on in our proof of Theorem 4, was proven only recently in a 2008 work of Gurvits—see Fact 1.10:2 of [24]. 4. THE ESTIMATOR In this section we describe the algorithmic portion of this work: how to estimate entropy or support size—or indeed any relative-earthmover continuous property—in $k = O\left(\frac{n}{\log n}\right)$ samples and time. Given the fingerprint $\mathcal{F}$ derived from a set of $Poi(k)$ samples, we will construct a linear program that has no objective function, and whose feasible polytope corresponds, roughly, to a set of “plausible” histograms. Each of these plausible histograms, $h'$ has the property that with reasonable probability, the fingerprint derived from taking $Poi(k)$ samples from $h'$ will be quite similar to $\mathcal{F}$. Intuitively, such a histogram is a natural guess for the true histogram. We prove that this intuition is, in fact, correct, in the sense that for well-behaved properties such as entropy and support size, with high probability, $h'$ and the true distribution will have similar property values. See Figure 4 for several examples of fingerprints and their corresponding histograms. Before proceeding, it will be helpful to gain some intuition for the distribution over fingerprints yielded by taking $Poi(k)$ samples from some histogram $h$. Since the number of occurrences of different domain elements are independent (because we are taking $k' \leftarrow Poi(k)$ samples, instead of exactly $k$), the probability that some domain element $\ell$ occurs exactly $i$ times is simply $poi(kx_\ell, i)$, where $x_\ell$ is the probability of $\ell$. Thus the random variable $\mathcal{F}(i)$ can be expressed as the sum of $n$ independent boolean random variables, and $$E[\mathcal{F}(i)] = \sum_{x : h(x) \neq 0} h(x) poi(kx, i),$$ and because of independence, $\mathcal{F}(i)$ must be tightly concentrated about this expectation. At this point we can also see why the desired task of finding a plausible histogram $h'$ can be represented as a linear program: the expected fingerprint entries are linear functions of the histogram values $h(x)$, with coefficients $poi(kx, i)$. For the sake of clarity we outline a linear program that illustrates the intuition behind our estimator. Given input $\mathcal{F}$, the linear program will return a histogram $h$ with the property that the expected fingerprint of taking $Poi(k)$ samples closely matches the actual fingerprint entries $\mathcal{F}$. Intuition. Discretize the histogram support; choose $0 < x_1 < \ldots < x_m < 1$. The LP variables are $v = v_1, \ldots, v_m$, where $v_i$ is thought of as $h(x_i)$. Given a set of $k$ samples having fingerprint $\mathcal{F}$: Find $v_1, \ldots, v_m \geq 0$ satisfying: 1. $\sum_{i=1}^{m} x_i v_i = 1$ (total probability is 1) 2. $\forall j, \sum_{i=1}^{m} v_i \cdot \text{poi}(x, k, j) \in [\mathcal{F}(j) - k^{-6}, \mathcal{F}(j) + k^{-6}]$. (expected fingerprints are close to $\mathcal{F}$) There is one slight complication: assume that there is some element $\ell$ that occurs very frequently—say with probability $1/2$, thus $h(1/2) = 1$. Thus $E[\mathcal{F}(k/2)] \approx 1/\sqrt{k}$, though $\mathcal{F}(k/2)$ will not be concentrated about this expectation since $\mathcal{F}(k/2)$ will either be zero, or one. The number of times $\ell$ occurs in the sample will be tightly clustered about its expectation of $k/2$, however this type of concentration is quite different from having $\mathcal{F}(i)$ tightly concentrated about its expectation, as is the case in the infrequently occurring portion of the fingerprints. To capitalize on these two types of concentration—the concentration about $E[\mathcal{F}(i)]$ for small $i$, and concentration in the number of occurrences of frequently occurring elements—we deal with these two regimes separately. For the frequently-occurring elements, say elements whose probabilities are at least $k^{-1+a}$, for some small constant $a \in (0, 1)$, we can simply let the returned histogram, $h'$, agree with the empirical distribution, namely setting $h'(j/k) = \mathcal{F}(j)$. For the portion of $h'$ below probability $k^{-1+a}$, we would like the fingerprint expectations for samples from $h'$ to roughly agree with the observed fingerprints $\mathcal{F}(j)$ in this regime (roughly, for $j \leq k \cdot k^{-1+a} = k^a$). To avoid the issues which may arise near the threshold between the “low probability” and “high probability” regimes, we choose the location of this threshold so as to have relatively little probability mass in the nearby region. Given a $k$-sample fingerprint $\mathcal{F}$, choose $c \in [1, 2]$ such that the total “mass” in $\mathcal{F}$ between frequencies $ck^a$ and $ck^a + 4k^{-6a}$ is at most $4k^{-4a}$. Namely, $\sum_{j=[ck^a]}^{\lceil ck^a + 4k^{-6a} \rceil} j\mathcal{F}(j) \leq 4k^{1-4a}$. Note that such a choice of $c$ can be found, for otherwise the total number of samples accounted for by fingerprint entries in the interval $[k^a, 2k^a]$ would exceed $k$. We now formally define our linear program. Let $a = 1/50$. Linear Program 1. Given a $k$-sample fingerprint $\mathcal{F}$; Let $A := ck^{-1+a}$, $B := 4k^{-1+6a}$, and $\gamma := k^{-3/2}$, the LP variables $v_x \geq 0$ for all $x \leq A+B/2$ in the set $X := \{\gamma, 2^2\gamma, 3^2\gamma, 4^2\gamma, \ldots, A+B/2\}$. Find $v_x$ satisfying: 1. $\sum_{x \in X : x \geq A} xv_x \leq 16k^{-4a}$ 2. $\sum_{x \in X} xv_x + \sum_{j \geq k(A+B)} \frac{j}{k}\mathcal{F}(j) = 1$ 3. For all integers $i \leq k(A+B/4)$, $$\sum_{x \in X} v_x \text{poi}(kx, i) \in [\mathcal{F}(i) - 4k^{-6+a}, \mathcal{F}(i) + 4k^{-6+a}]$$ We consider a solution of this linear program to be the low-probability portion of a generalized histogram. In words, the first condition guarantees that there is relatively little probability mass near the “threshold” probability $A \approx k^{-1+a}$. The second condition guarantees that if we adjoin the empirical distribution from $\mathcal{F}$ above the threshold probability to the linear program solution, the total probability mass will be 1. The third condition guarantees that if we let $Y$ be a set of $\text{Poi}(k)$ samples from the distribution corresponding to this “histogram”, for each positive integer $i \leq k(A+B/4) \approx k^a$, $E[\mathcal{F}_Y(i)] \approx \mathcal{F}(i)$, up to a slight margin of error. We remark that we carefully chose the set $X$ of probabilities for which we solve. If we instead take the set $X$ to be a very fine mesh—for example $\{\frac{1}{k^2}, \frac{2}{k^2}, \ldots, 1\}$—several of the proofs would simplify, but then the computation time to solve the resulting linear program would be $O(k^7)$. We instead opt to take a coarse quadratically-spaced mesh so as to minimize the number of variables for which we solve. Perhaps coincidentally, while our approach seems to require at least $k^{1/4}$ variables in the LP, we use $\|X\| = \Theta(k^{\frac{1}{4}+a}) \leq k^{1/3.5}$ variables, and thus the LP can be solved in time linear in $k$, the number of samples [28]. Given a solution to the linear program $v$, the definition below extends $v$ to yield the histogram $h^v$, which we refer to as the $h$-histogram associated to the solution $v$. Roughly, to obtain $h^v$, we start with $v$ and first adjoin the empirical distribution for probabilities above $A+B$, then round each value down to the nearest integer. Finally, to compensate for the decrease in mass resulting from the rounding, we scale the support by a factor of $1+\epsilon$ (while keeping the values of... the histogram fixed) thereby increasing the total mass in the histogram by a factor of $(1 + \epsilon)$, where $\epsilon$ is chosen so as to make the total probability mass equal 1 after the rounding. We formalize this process below: Definition 10. Let $X = \{\gamma, 2^2\gamma, 3^2\gamma, 4^2\gamma, \ldots, A + B/2\}$ be the set of probabilities for which the linear program solves. Given a $k$-fingerprint $\mathcal{F}$ and a solution $v$ to the associated linear program, the corresponding histogram $h^v$ is derived from $v$ according to the following process in which generalized histogram $h'$ is constructed, then rounded to create $h^v$. 1. set $h'() = 0$ and $h^v() = 0$. 2. for all $x \in X$, let $h'(x) := v_x$. 3. for all integers $j \geq k(A + B)$, let $h'(j/k) := \mathcal{F}(j)$. 4. for all probabilities $x : h'(x) \neq 0$, set $h^v((1 + \epsilon)x) := \lfloor h'(x) \rfloor$, where $\epsilon := \frac{\sum_{x \in X} x(v_x - \lfloor v_x \rfloor)}{1 - \sum_{x \in X} x(v_x - \lfloor v_x \rfloor)}$. Note that the recovered histogram $h^v$ is, in fact a histogram, since $h^v : [0, 1] \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}$, and, because of the last step, $\sum_{y : h^v(y) \neq 0} yh^v(y) = 1$. --- Algorithm: 1. The Estimator Given a set of $k$ samples having fingerprint $\mathcal{F}$: - Construct the linear program of Definition 1 corresponding to $\mathcal{F}$. - Find a solution $v$ to the linear program. If no solution exists, output FAIL. - Output histogram $h^v$ associated to solution $v$, as defined in Definition 10. --- The correctness of our estimator is captured in the following proposition, which implies Theorem 1: Proposition 1. For a constant $\delta \in (0, 1]$, consider a sample consisting of $k$ independent samples from a distribution $h$ of support size at most $8k \log k$. With probability at least $1 - e^{-k^{0.4}}$, the linear program of Definition 1 has a solution and furthermore, for any solution to the linear program, $v$, the associated histogram $h^v$ constructed from $v$ in Definition 10 satisfies \[ R(h, h^v) = O(\sqrt{\delta} \cdot \max\{1, \|\log \delta\|\}). \] The proof of Theorem 1 has two parts. In the first part, we show that, with the claimed probability, the linear program has a feasible point $v$, whose associated histogram $h^v$ is close in relative earthmover distance to the true distribution, $h$. This part is straightforward—intuitively, as long as our grid of probabilities $X$ is sufficiently fine, the true histogram, rounded so as to have support $X$, should be a feasible point. In the second part of the proof we argue that for any two solutions to the linear program $v, w$, their associated histograms are close in relative earthmover distance. This is the part of the proof where the benefit of our linear program becomes apparent, and the $n/\log n$ sample complexity is exposed. Unsurprisingly, nearly all of the technical challenge of our positive results lie in this portion of the proof. Unfortunately, in this extended abstract, we do not have space to even set up the intuition behind this argument, though we note that it hinges upon a Chebyshev polynomial construction, which may be of independent interest. ## 5. LOWER BOUNDS FOR PROPERTY ESTIMATION In this section we outline the derivation of our lower bounds, which rests crucially on the central limit theorem for generalized multinomial distributions, Theorem 4. We provide an explicit construction via Laguerre polynomials of two distributions, $p^+, p^-$ that are close—in the relative earthmover metric—to uniform distributions respectively on $n$ and $\frac{n}{2}$ elements, for $n = \Theta(k \log k)$. The crucial and elusive property of the pair $p^+, p^-$ which we will explain over the course of this section is that the result of drawing $Poi(k)$ samples from $p^+$ will be information-theoretically indistinguishable, with high probability, from sampling instead from $p^-$. Perhaps the most naive way to try to distinguish samples from $p^+$ versus from $p^-$ is via their fingerprint expectations. So the first step to constructing indistinguishable distributions is to ensure that the corresponding vectors of fingerprint expectations are approximately equal. As we show, this is essentially the only step, though proving that the construction is this “easy” requires considerable work. ### 5.1 Fourier Analysis, Hermite Polynomials, and “Fattening” As introduced in Section 1.1, generalized multinomial distributions capture the distribution of fingerprints induced by drawing $Poi(k)$ samples from a given distribution. And thus the final step of the proof that $p^+$ and $p^-$ are indistinguishable in $Poi(k)$ samples will be to apply the central limit theorem for generalized multinomial distributions (Theorem 4) to the distributions of fingerprints of $p^+, p^-$ respectively, approximating each as a discretized Gaussian. This will be sufficient provided a) the Gaussians are sufficiently similar, and b) the statistical distance bound when Theorem 4 is applied is suitably small. We analyze each part in turn. #### 5.1.1 Similar Expectations Induce Similar Covariances For two Gaussians to be statistically close, three things should hold: the Gaussians have similar expectations; the Gaussians have similar covariances; and the minimum eigenvalue of the covariance matrix must be large. This third condition we defer to Section 5.1.2. In this section we argue the intuition for the somewhat surprising fact that, in the present setting, similar expectations induce similar covariances. Recall the effect of a single element of probability $x$ on the distribution of fingerprints: for each integer $i > 0$, with probability $poi(xk, i)$, that element will occur $i$ times in the sample and hence end up incrementing the $i$th fingerprint entry by 1. Thus the contribution of this element to the expectation of the $i$th fingerprint entry equals $poi(xk, i)$. Similarly, since covariance adds for sums of independent distributions, we may compute the contribution of an element of probability $x$ to the $(i, j)$th entry of the fingerprint covariance matrix, which we compute here for the case $i \neq j$. The covariance of random variables $X, Y$ is $E[XY] - E[X]E[Y]$; since in our case $X$ represents the event that the distribution element is sampled $i$ times, and $Y$ represents the event that it is sampled $j$ times, $E[XY] = 0$ as they can never both occur. Thus the contribution to the covariance is just \[ \text{poi}(xk, i)\text{poi}(xk, j) = \frac{(xk)^{i+j}}{e^{2xk}i!j!} = \frac{\binom{i+j}{i}}{2^{(i+j)}}\text{poi}(2xk, i + j). \] Our claim that similar expectations imply similar covariances may now be rephrased as: each "skinny poisson" function $ \text{poi}(2xk, \ell) $ can be approximated as a linear combination of "regular poisson" functions $ \sum_i \alpha_{i,\ell}\text{poi}(xk, i) $, with small coefficients. Specifically, the coefficients $ \alpha_{i,\ell} $ allow one to approximate the fingerprint covariances as a linear function of the fingerprint expectations; if one matches, then so does the other. In fact, one can approximate such a "skinny poisson" to within $ \epsilon $ as a sum of regular poissons using coefficients of total magnitude (roughly) no more than $ \frac{1}{\epsilon} $; indeed, for intuitively the same reasons that the analogous claim holds true for Gaussians. As opposed to the relatively simple case of Gaussians, proving our claim is perhaps the most technical part of this paper, making heavy use of Hermite polynomials in Fourier space. ### 5.1.2 CLT Performance If we apply Theorem 4 to the distribution of the first $ m $ fingerprint entries, and the covariance matrix of the distribution of these fingerprint entries has minimum eigenvalue $ \sigma^2 $, then the resulting bound on the statistical distance is $ \frac{m^{4/3}}{\sigma^{1/3}} $ times logarithmic factors. Since $ \sigma^2 $ is never going to exceed order of $ k $, we clearly cannot use $ m = k $. That is, we must apply the central limit theorem to only a small subset of the fingerprints. Additionally, we must ensure that $ \sigma^2 $ is big for this portion—intuitively that the distribution of these fingerprints is "fat in every direction". Set $ m = \log k $. We assume that $ p^+ $ and $ p^- $ are constructed so as to be supported on probabilities at most $ \frac{\log k}{8k} $, and have similar fingerprint expectations and covariances. This bound of $ \frac{\log k}{8k} $ ensures that we will almost never see any element of $ p^+ $ or $ p^- $ more than $ \log k $ times; that is, the portion of the fingerprint below $ m $ "captures the whole story". However, if we were to try to apply the central limit theorem at this stage, the bound would be horrendous because the variance in the higher fingerprints (say the $ m $th), is tiny. Thus we "fatten" the distributions of fingerprints by smearing a small $ (1/\text{polylog}(k)) $ amount of the probability mass in $ p^+ $ and $ p^- $ uniformly among probabilities, up to $ m/k $. Because we fatten $ p^+ $ and $ p^- $ identically, their fingerprint expectations and covariances still closely match. Given the fattened pair of distributions, we can now obtain satisfactory bounds from our central limit theorem. To complete the argument, we make use of the natural coupling of the portions of the fingerprints above $ m $, stemming from the identical fattened portions of the distributions $ p^+, p^- $. Thus the Hermite polynomial argument guarantees matching covariances; "fattening" in conjunction with our central limit theorem for generalized multinomial distributions guarantees all the rest. What remains is to construct $ p^+, p^- $ with matching fingerprint expectations. ### 5.2 The Laguerre Construction We will construct the pair of histograms, $ p^+, p^- $ explicitly, via Laguerre polynomials. We begin by letting $ p^+, p^- $ be the uniform distributions over support $ n $ and $ n/2 $, respectively. We then modify $ p^+, p^- $ by transferring some of the probability mass to make elements with higher probabilities, so as to ensure that the fingerprint expectations of $ \text{Poi}(k) $ samples from $ p^+ $ and $ p^- $ roughly agree. The condition that the expected $ i $th fingerprint entries of $ p^+ $ and $ p^- $ agree is simply that $ \sum_{x:p^+(x) \neq 0} p^+(x)\text{poi}(kx, i) = \sum_{x:p^-(x) \neq 0} p^-(x)\text{poi}(kx, i) $. Equivalently, define the function $ f(x) : [0, 1] \to \mathbb{R} $ by $ f(x) = p^+(x) - p^-(x) $. The condition that $ p^+ $ and $ p^- $ have the same expected first $ j $ fingerprints can be expressed as $ \sum_{x:f(x) \neq 0} f(x)\text{poi}(kx, i) = 0 $, for all integers $ i \leq j $. Since $ \text{poi}(kx, i) := \frac{e^{-kx}k^ix^i}{i!} $, this condition is equivalent to the function $ g(x) := f(x)e^{-kx} $ being orthogonal to polynomials of degree at most $ j $. The following easily verified fact outlines an approach to creating such a function. Fact 2. Given a polynomial $ P $ of degree $ j+2 $ whose roots $ \{x_i\} $ are real and distinct, letting $ P' $ be the derivative of $ P $, then for any $ \ell \leq j $ we have $ \sum_{i=1}^{j+2} \frac{x_i^\ell}{P'(x_i)} = 0 $. To construct $ f(x) $, choose a polynomial $ P(x) = (x - 1/n)(x - 2/n) \prod_{i=1}^{j}(x - r_i) $, for some set of $ j $ distinct values $ r_i $, with $ 2/n < r_i < 1 $, then let $ g(x) $ be the function that is supported at the roots of $ P $, and takes value $ 1/P'(x) $ for the $ j+2 $ values of $ x $ for which $ P(x) = 0 $. To obtain $ f(x) $, simply set $ f(x) = g(x)e^{kx} $. If we interpret the positive portion of $ f(x) $ as $ p^+ $ and the negative portion as $ p^- $, we will, by Fact 2, have two histograms whose first $ j $ fingerprint expectations agree. Additionally, $ p^+ $ will have some probability mass at probability $ 1/n $, and $ p^- $ will have some probability mass at $ 2/n $. 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Bioavailability of two different formulations of coenzyme Q\textsubscript{10} in healthy subjects ML Wahlqvist MD, FRACP, N Wattanapenpaiboon BPharm, PhD, GS Savige PhD, Grad Dip Diet and D Kannar BSc (Hons) Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia The bioavailability of coenzyme Q\textsubscript{10} (ubiquinone) formulated as an emulsion in a soft gelatin capsule (Ensorb™, NDS Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia) was compared with a hard gelatin powder-filled capsule. The study design was a randomized cross-over trial with a 3-week wash-out period. The study population comprised 23 apparently healthy adults (12 men and 11 women), aged 20–43 years. Each participant took two 50 mg capsules, and blood samples were taken over a period of 36 h. The plasma concentration of coenzyme Q\textsubscript{10} peaked between 3 and 4 h after administration of both preparations. The area under the curve (AUC) of Ensorb™ was 927% higher than that observed with the powder-filled capsule ($P < 0.0001$), suggesting that this emulsion preparation has a higher bioavailability. Key words: coenzyme Q\textsubscript{10}, ubiquinone, bioavailability, emulsion dosage form. Introduction Coenzyme Q is a component of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain and in its reduced form can function as an antioxidant.\textsuperscript{1} Several studies have shown that coenzyme Q\textsubscript{10} (CoQ), which is the most dominant form in humans, exerts a protective effect on \textit{in vitro} LDL oxidation when reduced,\textsuperscript{2–4} and therefore the concentration of CoQ in blood may be protective against atherosclerosis. There is a decrease in CoQ tissue content with increasing age\textsuperscript{5,6} which may account, in part, for the age-related increase observed in oxidative damage to protein and DNA.\textsuperscript{7,8} Its concentration in tissues can alter under various pathological conditions\textsuperscript{1} and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors appear to reduce CoQ levels.\textsuperscript{9–11} The optimal dietary intake of CoQ is unknown. Recently it has been reported that the average CoQ intake of the Danish population was 3–5 mg/d.\textsuperscript{12} It is proposed that increasing the intake of dietary sources rich in CoQ (meat and poultry) or the administration of CoQ capsules may be beneficial under certain conditions where lower plasma or tissue levels of CoQ are found, especially in elderly adults\textsuperscript{6} or those on cholesterol lowering medications.\textsuperscript{9–11} Orally administered oxidized CoQ can increase the plasma concentration of reduced CoQ, thus providing potential antioxidative protection for the LDL from lipid peroxidation and prevention of free radical damage caused by neutrophils in inflammatory diseases.\textsuperscript{1,2,13} It is important to obtain data on the bioavailability of dietary supplements for several reasons. From a safety point of view, excessive absorption of certain ingested products may be toxic. Furthermore, if supplements are to be prescribed for therapeutic or prophylactic use, bioavailability must be taken into account in order to evaluate the efficacy of these products. There is evidence that fat-soluble vitamins are better absorbed from aqueous or emulsified vehicles than from oily preparations. Certain formulations can affect the absorption of lipid soluble substances. Many commercial vitamin preparations are formulated as compressed tablets, hardshell gelatin capsules or soft gelatin capsules which contain a complex matrix of excipients, fillers and other adjuvants. In the present study the bioavailability of CoQ from two different preparations was compared in order to ascertain if a new preparation could enhance the bioavailability of CoQ over the currently available commercial preparation. Subjects and methods Two different gelatin capsules containing 50 mg of CoQ were used in this study. The commercial preparation was crystalline CoQ, with dicalcium phosphate as a filler and magnesium stearate as an excipient, filled in a hard gelatin capsule. The new formulation, Ensorb™ (NDS Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia), contained CoQ as a complex micelle in an emulsion encapsulated into a soft gelatin capsule. The bioavailability study was conducted as a randomized two-period crossover trial. Twenty-three apparently healthy Caucasian volunteers (12 men and 11 women) with a body mass index between 19 and 26 kg/m\textsuperscript{2}, aged 20–43 years, were recruited for this study. Subjects with chronic disease, those on medication or vitamin and/or mineral therapy, and smokers were excluded from the study. All subjects were requested to abstain from nutritional supplements for at least 2 weeks prior to the study and from alcohol for 48 h before the study. Subjects were asked to fast for 10 h prior to the dose administration (i.e. from 22.00 h the night before an 08.00 h... dose administration). Venous blood (about 4 mL) was drawn into an EDTA tube immediately before dosing as the baseline sample (Time 0). A single dose of CoQ (two × 50 mg capsules) was administered with 200 mL of water at 08.00 h. Blood samples were drawn at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24 and 36 h after administration. All blood samples were centrifuged within 30 min after collection and the plasma frozen at −70°C until analysed for CoQ. The same meals were served to all subjects in the first 10 h of the study. Breakfast was withheld until 2 h after dosing. Lunch and afternoon tea was eaten after dosing at 5 and 9 h, respectively. This protocol was repeated with the other preparation after a 3-week wash-out period. Informed consent was obtained from each subject and the study protocol was approved by the Monash University Standing Ethics Committee for Human Research. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis of coenzyme Q Coenzyme Q is present in the blood in both oxidized and reduced form. Plasma CoQ concentrations were determined by modifying the high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method of Edlund.\textsuperscript{14} Before the determination of CoQ, the samples were oxidized with ferric chloride in hydrochloric acid. The result of the determination was therefore the total amount of CoQ. In brief, plasma was mixed with ferric chloride solution (0.1%) in the presence of diluted hydrochloric acid to allow oxidation of reduced CoQ. The mixture was then shaken with n-propanol, let stand at ambient temperature for 10 min, and then centrifuged at 2100 g for 5 min. One hundred microlitres of the supernatant were injected to the HPLC system. Reverse-phase chromatography was carried out on an Allsphere ODS-2, 5 μm analytical column in conjunction with a guard column. Mobile phase was n-propanol: methanol (75:25, by volume) containing 33 mmol/L perchloric acid and 57 mmol/L sodium perchlorate, run at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Detection was performed by UV absorption at 275 nm. Quantification was done by comparing results with the standard curve by linear-regression analysis. Data analysis The area under the curve from time 0 to 36 h (AUC\textsubscript{[0-36]}) after administration was calculated as the integral of the trapezium formed by the area between the time axis and the CoQ concentration using the linear trapezoid method, and did not include the basic AUC. The basic AUC was calculated as the integral from time 0 to 36 h of the trapezium formed by the area between the time axis and the CoQ concentration at baseline. The Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA) software package was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics including means and standard deviations were calculated for each continuous variable. A paired t-test was used to evaluate differences between the two study formulations in plasma CoQ concentration and AUC. Gender differences in these variables were determined by a non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test. The significance level was set at 5%. Results Figure 1 shows the mean plasma concentration–time profile for both preparations. The peak plasma CoQ concentration observed at 4 h after dosing was more pronounced with Ensorb™ where an average increase of 130% over the baseline concentration was observed compared with a 20.3% rise with the powder-filled capsule (Table 1). Total absorption of CoQ as determined from the AUC was also greater from the Ensorb™ formulation (Table 1), representing 927% higher than that observed with the powder-filled capsule. Some subjects, however, appeared to be better able to absorb CoQ than others and a large inter-individual variation in the AUC was evident with both formulations. No gender differences were observed in respect of plasma CoQ concentration at baseline or AUC. It was, however, observed that the peak plasma CoQ concentration observed at 4 h after Ensorb™ administration, was higher in men compared with women ($P < 0.05$). Table 1. Comparison of plasma coenzyme Q10 concentration and the area under the curve following oral administration of two different formulations \| \| Total (n = 23) \| Men (n = 12) \| Women (n = 11) \| \|--------------------------------\|----------------\|--------------\|----------------\| \| Emulsion in soft gelatin capsules (Ensorb™) \| \| \| \| \| CoQ concentration at Time 0 (nmol/L)\textsuperscript{a} \| 605 ± 121 \| 614 ± 132 \| 596 ± 113 \| \| CoQ concentration at 4 h (nmol/L) \| 1366 ± 361 \| 1534 ± 384 \| 1183 ± 231* \| \| % Increase in CoQ concentration \| 130 ± 61 \| 154 ± 62 \| 104 ± 49 \| \| AUC\textsubscript{[0-36]} (nmol/Lh) \| 12064 ± 3961 \| 13203 ± 3893 \| 10821 ± 3819 \| \| Powder blend in hard gelatin capsules* \| \| \| \| \| CoQ concentration at Time 0 (nmol/L) \| 630 ± 165 \| 672 ± 175 \| 584 ± 147 \| \| CoQ concentration at 4 h (nmol/L) \| 730 ± 164 \| 736 ± 156 \| 724 ± 179 \| \| % Increase in CoQ concentration \| 20 ± 35 \| 12 ± 14 \| 30 ± 47 \| \| AUC\textsubscript{[0-36]} (nmol/Lh) \| 1586 ± 3345 \| 415 ± 2318 \| 2864 ± 3907 \| \textsuperscript{a} To convert to mg/mL, multiply values with $863.4 \times 10^{-6}$ AUC\textsubscript{[0-36]}; area under the curve from time 0 to 36 h. Significantly different from men, $P < 0.05$ (Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Discussion The intestinal absorption of drugs can be markedly influenced by the oral dosage form as well as the formulation factors.\textsuperscript{15} Compounds formulated in soft gelatin capsules representing liquid fills tend to be better absorbed than hard gelatin capsules, which encapsulate a dry powder blend.\textsuperscript{16,17} It is known that surfactants, as emulsifying agents, at concentrations below their critical micelle concentration can increase the solubility and dissolution rate of drugs from dosage forms; thus the drug becomes available for absorption.\textsuperscript{18,19} In addition, surfactants can penetrate and disrupt the normal structure of biological membranes resulting in increased membrane permeability. This may explain the results of the present study where the absorption of CoQ formulated as an emulsion (Ensorb™) was significantly enhanced over a powder-filled hard gelatin capsule. However, surfactants above their critical micelle concentrations solubilize and retain the drug, thereby causing an overall reduction in the amount of drug released and absorbed.\textsuperscript{18} Gender differences in peak coenzyme Q concentration Gender differences in bioavailability of CoQ have been previously reported by Weis \textit{et al.}\textsuperscript{20} The difference in the AUC values with respect to gender was observed in their study, while the difference in the peak concentration was observed in the present study. Nevertheless, the results of the present study still support their suggestion that men could have better absorption and/or a lower clearance than women. Two-peak pattern Plasma CoQ concentrations peaking at 4 and 24 h demonstrated a ‘two-peak pattern’ in the concentration–time profile which has been previously reported.\textsuperscript{20} Coenzyme Q is administered as the oxidized form and, while circulating in the blood, it undergoes reduction, resulting in a less lipophilic form and impaired ability of CoQ to permeate cell membranes. This process could explain the two-peak pattern.\textsuperscript{20} In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that Ensorb™ has a higher bioavailability than the commercial formulation used in this study. The presence of surfactants in the Ensorb™ formulation would contribute to the enhanced solubilization and release of CoQ. Acknowledgements. This study was fully funded by the NDS Pty Ltd, Willoughby, NSW, Australia. Thanks go to all participants for their cooperation. Bioavailability of two different formulations of coenzyme Q\textsubscript{10} in healthy subjects ML Wahlqvist, N Wattanapenpaiboon, GS Savige, D Kannar \textit{Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition} (1998) Volume 7, Number 1: 37–40 健康成人對兩種不同輔酶 Q\textsubscript{10} 製劑的生物利用率摘要作者比較了軟膠囊（Ensorb™）乳劑輔酶 Q\textsubscript{10}（泛醌）和硬膠囊粉劑輔酶 Q\textsubscript{10}（泛醌）的生物利用率，用隨機交叉試驗，經過 3 周清洗期後，再重複試驗一次，試驗對象包括 23 位健康成人（男 12 人，女 11 人），年齡在 20—43 歲，試驗對象象服用 2 個 50mg 輔酶 Q 膠囊，服膠囊後第 2、4、6、8、10、24 和 36 小時分別抽取血液樣本測定輔酶 Q\textsubscript{10} 結果發現，服膠囊後血漿輔酶 Q\textsubscript{10} 濃度在 3—4 小時間出現高峰，乳劑軟膠囊的曲線面積較粉劑硬膠囊高 927%（P<0.0001）。因此作者指出：乳製劑的生物利用率較粉製劑為高。 References 1. Ernster L, Dallner G. Biochemical, physiological and medical aspects of ubiquinon function. \textit{Biochim Biophys Acta} 1995; 1271: 195–204. 2. Mohr D, Bowry VW, Stocker R. Dietary supplementation with coenzyme Q\textsubscript{10} results in increased levels of ubiquinol-10 within circulating lipoproteins and increased resistance of human low-density lipoprotein to the initiation of lipid peroxidation. \textit{Biochim Biophys Acta} 1992; 1126: 247–254. 3. Kontush A, Hübner C, Finckh B, Kohlschütter A, Beisiegel U. Low density lipoprotein oxidizability by copper correlates to its initial ubiquinol-10 and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. \textit{FEBS Lett} 1994; 341: 69–73. 4. Kontush A, Hübner C, Finckh B, Kohlschütter A, Beisiegel U. Antioxidative activity of ubiquinol-10 at physiologic concentrations in human low density lipoprotein. \textit{Biochim Biophys Acta} 1995; 1258: 177–187. 5. Kalén A, Appelkvist E, Dallner G. Age-related changes in the lipid compositions of rat and human tissues. \textit{Lipids} 1989; 24: 579–584. 6. Söderberg M, Edlund C, Kristensson K, Dallner G. Lipid composition of different regions of the human brain during aging. \textit{J Neurochem} 1990; 54: 415–423. 7. Stadtman ER, Oliver CN. Metal-catalyzed oxidation of proteins. Physiological consequences. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 2005–2008. 8. Linnane AW, Marzuki S, Ozawa T, Tanaka M. Mitochondrial DNA mutations as an important contributor to ageing and degenerative disease. Lancet 1988; 25: 642–645. 9. Watts GF, Caselluccio C, Rice-Evans C, Taub NA, Baum H, Quinn PJ. Plasma coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) concentrations in patients treated with simvastatin. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 1055–1057. 10. Ghirlanda G, Oradei A, Manto A et al. Evidence of plasma CoQ\textsubscript{10} lowering effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 33: 226–229. 11. Laaksonen R, Ojala J, Tikkanen MJ, Himberg J. Serum ubiquinone concentrations after short- and long-term treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur J Clin Pharm 1994; 46: 313–317. 12. Weber C, Bysted A, Holmer G. The coenzyme Q\textsubscript{10} content of the average Danish diet. Internat J Vit Nutr Res 1997; 67: 123–129. 13. Weber C, Jakobsen TS, Mortensen SA, Paulsen G, Holmer G. Antioxidative effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 in human blood plasma. Internat J Vit Nutr Res 1994; 64: 311–315. 14. Edlund PO. Determination of CoQ, α-tocopherol and cholesterol in biological samples by coupled-column liquid chromatography with coulometric and ultra-violet detection. J Chromatol 1988; 425: 87–97. 15. Thakker KM, Sitren HS, Gregory JF III, Schmidt GL, Baumgartner TG. Dosage form and formulation effects on the bioavailability of vitamin E, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 from multivitamin preparations. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 1472–1479. 16. Horwitt MK, Elliot WH, Kanjanagulpan P, Fitch CD. Serum concentration of α-tocopherol after ingestion of various vitamin E preparations. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 40: 240–245. 17. Bateman NE, Uccellini DA. Effect of formulation on the bioavailability of retinol, d-α-tocopherol and riboflavin. J Pharm Pharmacol 1984; 36: 461–464. 18. Gibaldi M. Biopharmaceutics and clinical pharmacokinetics. 3rd edn. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1984. 19. Bateman NE, Uccellini DA. Effect of formulation on the bioavailability of retinol, D-α-tocopherol and riboflavin. J Pharm Pharmacol 1984; 36: 461–464. 20. Weis M, Mortensen SA, Rassing MR, Møller-Sonnergaard J, Poulsen G, Rasmussen SN. Bioavailability of four oral coenzyme Q\textsubscript{10} formulations in healthy volunteers. Molec Aspects Med 1994; 15 (Suppl.): S273–S280.
Quantum channels of the Einstein-Podolski-Rosen kind Armin. Uhlmann Institut f. Theoretische Physik Universität Leipzig, Germany Abstract An EPR-channel consists of two Hilbert spaces, $H^A$ and $H^B$, and of a density operator sitting on their direct product space $H^{AB}$. The channel is triggered by a von Neumann measurement on $H^A$, resulting in a state (density operator) $\omega^A$. Because a measurement in $H^A$ can be considered as a measurement in $H^{AB}$ equally well, it induces a new state in $H^{AB}$ and, hence, a new state, $\omega^B$, in $H^B$. The map $\omega^A \rightarrow \omega^B$ depends only on the channel’s original density operator, and not on the chosen complete von Neumann measurement. This map is referred to as “channel map”. The construction of the channel map is described together with various of its properties, including an elementary link to the modular conjugation and to some related questions. The (noisy) quantum teleportation channel is treated as an example. Its channel map can be decomposed into two EPR channel maps. 1 Introduction In 1935 A. Einstein, B. Podolski, and N. Rosen posed an intelligent and far reaching question [2], albeit suggesting a misleading answer. The abbreviation “EPR” in several of the following notations is pointing to these authors. Further early contributions to the EPR-effect are due to Schrödinger, [3], [4]. Since then a wealth of papers had appeared on the subject, mostly discussing “non-locality” and similar aspects which seem to contradict our causal feelings. They touch the question whether and how space and time can live with the very axioms of quantum physics, axioms which, possibly, are prior to space and time. See [10] for a résumé. dedicated to Jan Lopuszański, friend and colleague Quantum information theory considers the EPR-effect not as a paradox but as a “channel”, as (part of) a protocol to transfer “quantum information” from one system to another one [7], [8]. The use of the word “protocol” may well be compared with the way it is used in, say, ordinary telecommunication: It is independent with what physical device the bits of its commands are stored and processed. The implementation independence in quantum information theory is guaranteed by the use of Hilbert spaces, states (density operators), and operations between and on them. It is not* said, what they physically describe, whether we are dealing with spins, polarizations, energy levels, particle numbers, or whatever you can imagine. Because of this, the elements of quantum information theory, to which the EPR-channel belong, are of rather abstract nature. Their physical realizations is generally much more difficult and often not visible yet. The abstract setting of an EPR-channel starts with two Hilbert spaces, $\mathcal{H}^A$ and $\mathcal{H}^B$, and their direct product $$\mathcal{H}^A \otimes \mathcal{H}^B = \mathcal{H}^{AB} \quad (1)$$ and is completed with a density operator, $\varrho^{AB}$, on it. The subsystems, given by $\mathcal{H}^A$ and $\mathcal{H}^B$ respectively, are referred to as A– or B–system, or by its “owners”, Alice and Bob, who are responsible for local actions. A local action of Alice is by definition a measurement which can be performed by an observable of the A–system, or by an operation which can be expressed by operators of the form $X^A \otimes 1^B$, $X^A \in \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H}^A)$. Similarly one defines Bob’s local actions. This definition of locality is compatible, though not equivalent, with a possible localization of the two subsystems in space. They may be sit even macroscopically space-like one to another, but they must not do so. Neither Alice nor Bob have access to all the operators (observables) of the total system. Hence they can see the state $\varrho^{AB}$ only partially. For instance, the state $\varrho^A$, induced in the A–system, is gained by partial tracing over the B–system, and is defined by $$\text{Tr}_A \varrho^A X = \text{Tr}_{AB} \varrho^{AB} (X \otimes 1^B), \quad \forall X \in \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H}^A)$$ A classical message is a sequence of letters from an alphabet or, equivalently, a sequence of positions in a set which is called “alphabet”. A quantum message is a sequence of positions in a state space of a quantum system, hence a sequence of states. A quantum channel is supposed to transfer the quantum messages. It maps the state space of the sender into that of the receiver. Without some knowledge of the possible positions used as letters, and of the channel’s action, attempts to encode the quantum message are hopeless. To be useful one needs some additional classical message, transported through a classical channel, and some conventions between sender and receiver. The sender in a general EPR-channel is a measuring apparatus in the A–system which performs a von Neumann measurement, [1], [5]. Let $X$ be the observable describing its action. The duty of $X$ is to prepare one of the eigenstates of $X$, and to distinguish it from the other ones by pointing to its eigenvalue. The physical meaning of the eigenvalues of $X$ is not relevant for the purpose in question. The state $\varrho^{AB}$ correlates the Alice’ system with that of Bob. These correlations constitute the channel. Measuring $X$ destroys these correlations, thereby creating a new state in the A–system and inducing a new one in Bob’s system. Repeating this procedure, which includes the regeneration of $\varrho^{AB}$, Alice creates a random quantum message. The EPR-channel transmits the quantum message to Bob, who receives, generally, a deformed version of it. How much the message will be deformed depends on the strength of the correlations provided by $\varrho^{AB}$, but also on the choice of $X$ relative to $\varrho^A$. Now we define the channel map. Let $$\pi^A = \|\phi^A\rangle\langle\phi^A\|, \quad \phi^A \in \mathcal{H}^A$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) be a rank one projection operator. Let us assume $\pi^A$ is a non-degenerate eigenstate of $X$, and Alice’s measuring apparatus points to the eigenvalue associated with $\pi^A$. (This happens with probability $\langle\phi^A\|\varrho^A\|\phi^A\rangle$.) Now, a measurement in a system is always a measurement in every larger system, in our case in the AB–system. Lüders’ rule provides us with the new state prepared by that measurement: $$\varrho^{AB} \mapsto \omega^{AB} = (\pi^A \otimes 1^B)\varrho^{AB}(\pi^A \otimes 1^B) = \pi^A \otimes \omega^B$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) Obviously, $\omega^B$ is, up to normalization, the state prepared in Bob’s system by Alice’ measurement. The channel map is the map $$\pi^A \mapsto \omega^B := \Phi_\varrho^{AB}(\pi^A), \quad \varrho = \varrho^{AB}$$ \hspace{1cm} (4) We shall see that this map exists, i. e. it does not depend on Alice’s action. ## 2 The maps $s^{BA}$ and $s^{AB}$ We start with EPR-channel maps for vectors, $\psi$, so that $$\varrho^{AB} = \|\psi\rangle\langle\psi\|, \quad \psi \in \mathcal{H}^{AB}.$$ Lemma 1 Let $\psi \in \mathcal{H}^{AB}$ be written as a sum $$\psi = \sum_j \tilde{\phi}_j^A \otimes \tilde{\phi}_j^B$$ \hspace{1cm} (5) with vectors $\tilde{\phi}_i^A$ and $\tilde{\phi}_k^B$ from $\mathcal{H}^A$ and $\mathcal{H}^B$ respectively. Then the map $$\phi^A \mapsto s^{BA} \phi^A, \quad \phi^A \in \mathcal{H}^A,$$ given by $$s^{BA} \phi^A = \sum_j \langle \phi^A \| \tilde{\phi}_j^A \rangle \tilde{\phi}_j^B,$$ is uniquely defined by $\psi$. Hence it can be denoted by $s^{BA}_\psi$. Proof: The idea is in assuming a von Neumann measurement by Alice to check whether her system is in the state given by $\phi^A$. If the answer is “YES”, the vector $$\varphi := \{ \|\phi^A\rangle\langle\phi^A\| \otimes 1^B \} \psi$$ is prepared in the AB–system which can depend on $\phi^A$ and $\psi$ only. By the help of (5) this vector is written $$\varphi = \phi^A \otimes \sum_j \langle \phi^A \| \tilde{\phi}_j^A \rangle \tilde{\phi}_j^B.$$ Comparing this expression with the definition (7) we obtain the important relation $$\{ \|\phi^A\rangle\langle\phi^A\| \otimes 1^B \} \psi = \phi^A \otimes s^{BA}_\psi \phi^A, \quad \phi^A \in \mathcal{H}^A$$ This shows that the map (7) does not depend on the way the vector $\psi$ is represented as a sum (5). Corollary 2 If Alice is successful in preparing $\phi^A$ by a von Neumann measurement, the prepared vector of the AB-System is given by (8). Corollary 3 Let $\phi_1^A$, $\phi_2^A$, ... be any collection of vectors satisfying $$1^A = \sum_k \|\phi_k^A\rangle\langle\phi_k^A\|$$ then $$\psi = \sum_k \phi_k^A \otimes s^{BA}_\psi \phi_k^A$$ Indeed, this follows easily from (8). The mathematical content of lemma 1 is nothing than the well know theorem, stating that the Hilbert space (1) is isomorphic to the linear Hilbert–Schmidt maps from $\mathcal{H}^A$ into the dual of $\mathcal{H}^B$. One can map the latter by an antiunitary map onto $\mathcal{H}^B$. This way we see, how quantum measurements provide a randomly pointwise realization of Hilbert–Schmidt maps: Corollary 4 Every antilinear Hilbert–Schmidt map from $\mathcal{H}^A$ into $\mathcal{H}^B$ can be identified with exactly one of the maps $s^{BA}_\psi$. An interesting observation, [12], appendix$^1$, is the antilinearity of (6), clearly seen from its definition (7). Such a map cannot be tensored with a linear one, for instance with the $^1$Thanks to D. DiVincenzo for the hint to Fivel’s paper identity map of another (complex!) Hilbert space. The sign of the imaginary unit cannot be fixed in such a construct. On the physical side this is very good: An antilinear map can be represented by a linear one followed by time reversal. A direct product of an antilinear and a linear map would be equivalent, up to a linear operation, to reversing time in the first but not in the other system, and this is forbidden. Instead we have to apply (equivalents of) time reversal simultaneously to all quantum systems which can share entanglement. A further important fact is the possibility to exchange the roles of Alice and of Bob. There is no preferred direction $A \rightarrow B$ or $B \rightarrow A$ in the game, but a complete symmetry with respect to the exchange $A \leftrightarrow B$ in all equations and relations. In particular the map $$\phi^B \mapsto s^{AB}_\psi \phi^B = \sum_j \langle \phi^B \| \tilde{\phi}^B_j \rangle \tilde{\phi}^A_j, \quad \phi^B \in \mathcal{H}^B$$ \hspace{1cm} (11) is well defined, and there are counterparts to all the conclusions above. In particular $$\{ 1^A \otimes \|\phi^B\rangle\langle\phi^B\| \} \psi = s^{AB}_\psi \phi^B \otimes \phi^B, \quad \phi^B \in \mathcal{H}^B$$ \hspace{1cm} (12) We mention some of the cross-relations between these maps. With two arbitrary vectors $\psi$ and $\varphi$ from $\mathcal{H}^{AB}$ one has $$\text{Tr}_A s^{AB}_\varphi s^{BA}_\psi = \text{Tr}_B s^{BA}_\varphi s^{AB}_\psi = \langle \psi, \varphi \rangle,$$ \hspace{1cm} (13) To derive these equations, represents the vectors by any decompositions $$\psi = \sum_j \tilde{\phi}^A_j \otimes \tilde{\phi}^B_j, \quad \varphi = \sum_k \hat{\phi}^A_k \otimes \hat{\phi}^B_k$$ Then $$s^{BA}_\varphi s^{AB}_\psi = \sum_k \|\tilde{\phi}^B_j\rangle\langle\tilde{\phi}^A_k, \|\hat{\phi}^A_j\rangle\langle\hat{\phi}^B_k\|$$ $$s^{AB}_\varphi s^{BA}_\psi = \sum_k \|\hat{\phi}^A_k\rangle\langle\hat{\phi}^B_j, \|\hat{\phi}^B_k\rangle\langle\tilde{\phi}^A_j\|$$ Taking the relevant trace one gets (13). The maps $s^{BA}$ and $s^{AB}$ are Hermitian adjoints one from another. This is seen from the relation $$\langle \phi^B \| s^{BA} \phi^A \rangle = \langle \phi^A \| s^{AB} \phi^B \rangle \quad \forall \phi^A \in \mathcal{H}^A, \phi^B \in \mathcal{H}^B$$ \hspace{1cm} (14) which is shortly rewritten as $$(s^{BA}_\psi)^* = (s^{AB}_\psi)$$ \hspace{1cm} (15) 3 EPR channel maps for states and observables Knowing a convenient description of EPR-channel maps for vectors, we extend the formalism to Einstein-Podolski-Rosen channels based on an arbitrary density operator. To start with, the density operator, $\varrho^{AB}$, may be in any decomposition $$\varrho^{AB} = \sum_i \|\psi_i\rangle\langle\psi_i\|, \quad \psi_i \in \mathcal{H}^{AB} \tag{16}$$ According to lemma 1 and (11), every one of the vectors $\psi_i$ gives rise to two antilinear maps $$\psi_i \leftrightarrow s_i^{BA} \leftrightarrow s_i^{AB} \tag{17}$$ Again we ask for the state change if Alice’ von Neumann measurement confirms the state $\|\phi^A\rangle\langle\phi^A\|$ characterized by the vector $\phi^A$. The preparation causes the change $$\varrho^{AB} \mapsto \left(\|\phi^A\rangle\langle\phi^A\| \otimes 1^B\right) \varrho^{AB} \left(\|\phi^A\rangle\langle\phi^A\| \otimes 1^B\right) \tag{18}$$ There is no difficulty at all to insert the decomposition (16) and to arrive, for all $i$, to a problem solved by lemma 1. We use (8) for the kets and, after respecting (14, 15), also for the bras. This way the right hand side of (18) is converted into $$\left(\|\phi^A\rangle\langle\phi^A\|\right) \otimes \sum_i s_i^{BA} \|\phi^A\rangle\langle\phi^A\| s_i^{AB}$$ This expression depends only on $\varrho^{AB}$ and on $\|\phi^A\rangle\langle\phi^A\|$, the latter dependence can be extended to arbitrary finite sums of positive rank one operators and, for infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces, to all trace-class operators. By the same argument as in the proof of lemma 1 we get, therefore, Lemma 5 There is a channel map $$\omega^A \mapsto \Phi_\varrho^{BA}(\omega^A), \quad \varrho \equiv \varrho^{AB} \tag{19}$$ such that for all $$\pi^A = \|\phi^A\rangle\langle\phi^A\|, \quad \phi^A \in \mathcal{H}^A$$ one gets $$\left(\pi^A \otimes 1^B\right) \varrho^{AB} \left(\pi^A \otimes 1^B\right) = \pi^A \otimes \Phi_\varrho^{BA}(\pi^A) \tag{20}$$ This defines a map from the trace-class operators on $\mathcal{H}^A$ into those of $\mathcal{H}^B$. Every decomposition (16) yields $$\omega^A \mapsto \Phi_\varrho^{BA}(\omega^A) = \sum_i s_i^{BA} \omega^A s_i^{AB} \tag{21}$$ $\Phi_\varrho^{BA}$ is called the EPR channel map from Alice to Bob, based on $\varrho$. We see the following: a) To be a genuine channel map, the definition of $\Phi^{BA}$ should not depend on the actions of Alice. This is obviously true. b) The maps $\Phi^{BA}$, though not completely positive themselves, become so after sandwiching them between antiunitaries. Using for the latter a conjugation, we see that their action on density operators is that of a complete copositive operator, see [6]. Hence we may call the maps (21) completely -copositive. c) We may exchange the roles of Alice and Bob getting $\Phi^{BA}$, the channel map from Bob to Alice. d) There is a one-to-one correspondence $$\varrho \iff \Phi^{BA}_\varrho \iff \Phi^{AB}_\varrho, \quad \varrho \in \mathcal{H}^{AB}.$$ e) There is a virtual “dictionary” translating any property of density operators of the AB–system into a property of the associated channel map, and vice versa. The dual of a channel map as described above is a map from Bob’s observables (operators) into those of Alice. Its duty is to look at what is going on in Alice’s system by transporting her expectation values to Bob. (In case of infinitely many degrees of freedom there are circumstances, where it is advisable just to start by mapping observables.) To construct the dual we need for every operator $Y$, acting on $\mathcal{H}^B$, an operator $X$, acting on Alice’ Hilbert space with the following property: If von von Neumann measurement of Alice results in a pure state density operator, $\pi^A$, and if $\Phi^{BA}_\varrho$ is the channel map introduced above, then $$\text{Tr}_A \pi^A X = \text{Tr}_B \Phi^{BA}_\varrho(\pi^A) Y \tag{22}$$ That is, according to (21), $$\langle \phi^A \| X \| \phi^A \rangle = \sum_i \langle s^{BA}_i \phi^A \| Y \| s^{BA}_i \phi^A \rangle$$ Let us denote by $\Phi^{B}_\varrho$ the wanted operator, $$X = \Phi^{B}_\varrho(Y)_\varrho.$$ From (14 or 15) one gets $$\Phi^{B}_\varrho(Y)_\varrho = \sum_i s^{BA}_i Y^* s^{BA}_i = \sum_i \left( s^{BA}_i Y s^{BA}_i \right)^* \tag{23}$$ Again we see the antilinearity. At the first instant one may think it irrelevant: Should we not restrict ourselves to selfadjoint (Hermitian) observables? However, such a practice is an oversimplification. Indeed, any normal operator, $Y$, $Y^Y = YY^$, is a perfect observable. Its complex eigenvalues may be read off as points from a screen. The crux with the antilinearity is that: A sequence of points, appearing on Bob’s screen, is an affine deformation of those seen by Alice together with a reflection on a certain line. The latter comes from the complex conjugation of the eigenvalues, enforced by the Hermitian conjugation $Y \rightarrow Y^$. In other words, the orientations of Alice’ and Bob’s screen are mutually opposite. The determinant of the mapping between the screens, if not degenerated, is negative. The antilinearity of the channel map produces similar effects on geometric Berry phases. 4 An excursion to quantum teleportation The teleportation protocol [11] of Bennett, Brassard, Crepeau, Josza, Peres, and Wootters, needs a quantum and a classical information channel. Here we are concerned with the quantum one and its channel maps. Quantum teleportation lives on the direct product of three Hilbert spaces, $$\mathcal{H}^A \otimes \mathcal{H}^B \otimes \mathcal{H}^C = \mathcal{H}^{ABC}$$ \hspace{1cm} (24) At first, as in the EPR case, one has to have control on the transfer of vectors. The input of the teleportation channel consists of an (unknown) unit vector to be teleported, multiplied by an auxiliary one, the ancilla, carrying “entanglement”, $$\psi^{ABC} = \phi^A \otimes \psi^{BC}, \quad \phi^A \in \mathcal{H}^A, \quad \psi^{BC} \in \mathcal{H}^B \otimes \mathcal{H}^C$$ \hspace{1cm} (25) The channel is triggered by a complete measurement of the AB–system with respect to an orthonormal basis $$\psi_j^{AB} \in \mathcal{H}^A \otimes \mathcal{H}^B, \quad j = 1, 2, \ldots$$ \hspace{1cm} (26) It seems natural to consider the maps $$s^{CB}, \quad s_j^{BA}, \quad j = 1, 2, \ldots$$ \hspace{1cm} (27) where the first one is defined by lemma 1 with respect of $\psi^{BC}$. The other ones are associated to the members $\psi_j^{AB}$ of the basis (26) accordingly. It is tempting to compose these maps to transporters $s^{CB}s_j^{BA}$ from $\mathcal{H}^A$ to $\mathcal{H}^C$. And, indeed, that is the essence of the quantum part of the famous teleportation protocol. One needs no further assumption on the nature of the vectors (25) and (26) to run the protocol, though its effectiveness (or failure) depends critical on them. This is the content of the following lemma. Lemma 6 If, with the notations above, the measurement device acting on $\mathcal{H}^{AB}$ is pointing to the i-th vector of (26), the teleportation provides in $\mathcal{H}^C$ the vector $$\phi_i^C := t_i^{CA} \phi^A, \quad t_i^{CA} := s^{CB} s_i^{BA}$$ \hspace{1cm} (28) Proof:* In (24) the vector $$\varphi_i = \left( \|\psi_i^{AB}\rangle \langle \psi_i^{AB}\| \otimes 1^C \right) \psi^{ABC}$$ \hspace{1cm} (29) is prepared by the measurement. Choosing in $\mathcal{H}^B$ an orthonormal basis $\{\phi_j^B\}$ gives the opportunity to write $$\psi^{BC} = \sum_j \phi_j^B \otimes s^{CB} \phi_j^B$$ and hence $$\varphi_i = \|\psi_i^{AB}\rangle \langle \psi_i^{AB}\| \sum_j \|\phi^A \otimes \phi_j^B\rangle \otimes s^{CB} \phi_j^B$$ Now we choose in $\mathcal{H}^A$ an orthonormal basis $\{\phi_k^A\}$ to resolve the scalar product in the last equation: $$\varphi_i = \psi_i^{AB} \otimes \sum_{jk} \langle \phi_k^A \| \phi^A \rangle \langle s_i^{BA} \phi_k^A \| \phi_j^B \rangle s^{CB} \phi_j^B$$ Using antilinearity, $$\varphi_i = \psi_i^{AB} \otimes s^{CB} \sum_k \langle \phi^A \| \phi_k^A \rangle \sum_j \langle \phi_j^B \| s_i^{BA} \phi_k^A \rangle \phi_j^B$$ The summation over $j$ results in $s_i^{BA} \phi_k^A$. Now, again by antilinearity, the sum over $k$ comes down to $$s_i^{BA} \sum_k \langle \phi_k^A \| \phi^A \rangle \phi_k^A$$ Thus, we finally get the assertion of the lemma: $$\left( \|\psi_i^{AB}\rangle \langle \psi_i^{AB}\| \otimes 1^C \right) \psi^{ABC} = \psi_i^{AB} \otimes s^{CB} s_i^{BA} \phi^A$$ \hspace{1cm} (30) We have seen that the i-th teleportation channel map is composed of two antilinear Hilbert-Schmidt maps. Hence $t_i^{CA}$ is linear and of trace class. In estimating its magnitude by a norm, an adequate one is certainly the trace norm $$\\| t_i^{CA} \\|_1 := \text{Tr} \sqrt{t_i^{AC} t_i^{CA}}, \quad t_i^{AC} := (t_i^{CA})^$$ \hspace{1cm} (31) This norm depends as follows on the reduced density operators $$\varrho_i^B = \text{Tr}_A \|\psi_i^{AB}\rangle \langle \psi_i^{AB}\|, \quad \varrho^B = \text{Tr}_C \|\psi^{BC}\rangle \langle \psi^{BC}\|$$ \hspace{1cm} (32) Lemma 7* Let $\varrho_i^B$ be the reduced density operator of the state $\|\psi_i^{AB}\rangle \langle \psi_i^{AB}\|$ on $\mathcal{H}^B$. Then the trace norm of the antilinear Hilbert-Schmidt map $t_i^{CA}$ is bounded by the trace norm of $\varrho_i^B$, i.e. $$\\| t_i^{CA} \\|_1 \leq \text{Tr} \sqrt{\varrho_i^B}.$$ The trace norm $\\| t_i^{CA} \\|_1$ is the square root of the transition probability (fidelity) between $\varrho_i^B$ and $\varrho^B$. There are two more or less straightforward generalizations of lemma 6. At first, we can convert the channel maps for vectors to one for density operators (states). In doing so we consider the preparation $\|\varphi_i\rangle\langle\varphi_i\|$ with $\varphi_i$ from (29). In this expression we vary the vector $\phi^A$ of (25) and add them up. This tells us how to teleport, through the i-th channel, an arbitrary density operator, say $\omega^A$, to the C-system. The transport is done by $$\omega^A \Longrightarrow t_i^{CA} \omega^A t_i^{AC}$$ (33) Resolving the map according to lemma 6, and applying lemma 5, we can replace the pure vector $\psi^{BC}$ of (24) by an arbitrary density operator $\varrho^{BC}$. Then, with such an arbitrary ancilla, the i-th teleportation channel map reads $$\omega^A \Longrightarrow \Phi_\varrho^{CB} \left( s_i^{BA} \omega^A s_i^{AB} \right)$$ (34) with $\varrho \equiv \varrho^{BC}$. ## 5 Something more about EPR channel maps To prepare the next section, and for its own sake, we return to section 2 and add some further relations. Let $\psi$ be a vector from (1) and $\varrho^A$ and $\varrho^B$ its partial traces. Then $$s^{BA} s^{AB} = \varrho^B, \quad s^{AB} s^{BA} = \varrho^A$$ (35) From this one deduces the polar decompositions $$s^{BA} = j^{BA} \sqrt{\varrho^A} = \sqrt{\varrho^B} j^{BA},$$ $$s^{AB} = j^{AB} \sqrt{\varrho^B} = \sqrt{\varrho^A} j^{AB}$$ (36) The partial antiunitaries $j_\psi^{AB} \equiv j^{AB}$ and $j_\psi^{BA} \equiv j^{BA}$ are uniquely fixed by demanding one or both of the conditions $$j^{AB} j^{BA} = \text{support } \varrho^A, \quad j^{BA} j^{AB} = \text{support } \varrho^B$$ (37) $\psi$ is called completely entangled (with respect to Alice) iff the support of $\varrho^A$ is the identity map of $\mathcal{H}^A$. This is equivalent with calling $\varrho^A$ faithful, or with calling $\psi$ separating with respect to $\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H}^A) \otimes 1^B$. If this occurs, the dimension of $\mathcal{H}^B$ cannot be smaller than that of $\mathcal{H}^A$. In case the dimensions are finite and equal, $\psi$ is completely entangled with respect to Alice iff it does so to Bob. If $\dim \mathcal{H}^A$ is finite, $\psi$ can be maximally entangled with respect to Alice. That means, $\varrho^A$ is proportional to $1^A$. If both dimension are finite and equal, maximal entanglement with respect to Alice implies the same to Bob, and the reference to one of them is not necessary. Indeed, in calling a vector of a bipartite system maximally entangled, one supposes finiteness and equality of the dimensions by implication. The equations above can be established by the help of a Gram–Schmidt decomposition of $\psi$. Denote by $\phi_j^A$ the vectors of a complete orthonormal system of eigenvectors of $\rho^A$, and $p_j$ the corresponding eigenvectors. Then there are orthonormal eigenvectors $\phi_j^B$ such that $$\psi = \sum_j \sqrt{p_j} \phi_j^A \otimes \phi_j^B$$ \hspace{1cm} (38) One immediately infers from its definitions $$s_\psi^{BA} \phi_j^A = \sqrt{p_j} \phi_j^B, \quad s_\psi^{AB} \phi_j^B = \sqrt{p_j} \phi_j^A$$ \hspace{1cm} (39) and the Gram-Schmidt form of the s-maps, $$s_\psi^{BA} \phi^A = \sum_1^m \sqrt{p_j} \langle \phi^A \| \phi_j^A \rangle \phi_j^B,$$ $$s_\psi^{AB} \phi^B = \sum_1^m \sqrt{p_j} \langle \phi^B \| \phi_j^B \rangle \phi_j^A$$ \hspace{1cm} (40) Some of the eigenvalues of $p_k$ may be zero, and then the $k$-th term in the Gram-Schmidt representation will vanish automatically. For the $j$-maps we had to exclude them explicitly. Hence, assuming (38), we should write $$j_\psi^{BA} \phi^A = \sum_{p_j \neq 0} \langle \phi^A \| \phi_j^A \rangle \phi^B,$$ $$j_\psi^{AB} \phi^B = \sum_{p_j \neq 0} \langle \phi^B \| \phi_j^B \rangle \phi^A$$ \hspace{1cm} (41) Remarks: (a) For any given partial antiunitary map $j^{BA}$ there are vectors $\psi \in \mathcal{H}^{AB}$ such that $j^{BA} = j_\psi^{BA}$. (b) $j_\psi^{BA}$ is itself Hilbert-Schmidt iff there are only finitely many terms in the sums (41). In other words: If and only if $s^{BA}$ is of finite rank, there is $\psi'$ such that $j^{BA} = s_\psi'^{BA}$. (c) Obviously, we need not care of finite rank and Hilbert-Schmidt conditions in dealing with finite dimensional Hilbert spaces. (d) $\psi$ is completely entangled with respect to Alice iff $j^{AB}$ is an antiunitary map from $\mathcal{H}^A$ into $\mathcal{H}^B$. Finally, let us mention the action of an operator of the form $X^A \otimes Y^B$, $$\varphi = (X^A \otimes Y^B) \psi$$ \hspace{1cm} (42) A look at (7) and (11) shows \[ s_\varphi^{BA} = Y^B s_\psi^{BA} (X^A)^, \quad s_\varphi^{AB} = X^A s_\psi^{AB} (Y^B)^ \] (43) We get from this and (36) with unitary factors, $ U^A $ and $ U^B $, \[ j_\varphi^{BA} = U^B j_\psi^{BA} (U^A)^, \quad j_\varphi^{AB} = U^U j_\psi^{AB} (U^B)^ \] (44) where now $ \varphi = (U^A \otimes U^B) \psi $. Let us assume $ \psi $ maximally entangled with respect to Alice and to Bob. Then the $ j $ are antiunitaries, and it follows from (44) the implication \[ U^B = j_\psi^{BA} U^A j_\psi^{AB} \implies (U^A \otimes U^B) \psi = \psi \] (45) The unitaries $ U^A \otimes j_\psi^{BA} U^A j_\psi^{AB} $ form the local stabilizer group of $ \psi $. ### 6 Operator lifts to $ \mathcal{H}^{AB} $ With a pair of maps, one from Alice to Bob and and one from Bob to Alice, one can compose an antilinear (linear) map in $ \mathcal{H}^{AB} $ provided both are antilinear (or both linear). Here we are concerned with the antilinear case only. Let us denote the “twisting” operation doing this by $ \tilde{\otimes} $. Requiring antilinearity, the maps are characterized completely by their actions on product vectors: \[ \begin{align} j_\psi \tilde{\otimes} j_\psi (\phi^A \otimes \phi^B) &= j_\psi^{AB} \phi^B \otimes j_\psi^{BA} \phi^A \\ j_\psi \tilde{\otimes} s_\psi (\phi^A \otimes \phi^B) &= j_\psi^{AB} \phi^B \otimes s_\psi^{BA} \phi^A \\ s_\psi \tilde{\otimes} j_\psi (\phi^A \otimes \phi^B) &= s_\psi^{AB} \phi^B \otimes j_\psi^{BA} \phi^A \\ s_\psi \tilde{\otimes} s_\psi (\phi^A \otimes \phi^B) &= s_\psi^{AB} \phi^B \otimes s_\psi^{BA} \phi^A \end{align} \] (46) The first of these operators is a standard one: It is the modular conjugation of Tomita-Takesaki’s theory, \[ J_\psi = j_\psi \tilde{\otimes} j_\psi \] In this theory one considers $ \mathcal{H}^{AB} $ as representation space of a –representation of $ \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H}^A) \otimes 1^B $, (see, for example, [9], sections III.2 and V.2). The modular operator, $ \Delta_\psi $, and the operator $ S_\psi $, \[ \Delta_\psi = \varrho^A \otimes (\varrho^B)^{-1}, \quad S_\psi = J_\psi \sqrt{\Delta_\psi}, \] if they exist, satisfy \[ \sqrt{\Delta}(j \tilde{\otimes} s) = s \tilde{\otimes} j, \quad S (1^A \otimes \sqrt{\varrho^B}) = s \tilde{\otimes} j \] (47) If we can rely on a Gram-Schmidt decomposition (38), then \[ \begin{align} J_\psi \phi^A_j \otimes \phi^B_k &= \phi^A_k \otimes \phi^B_j, \quad p_j p_k \neq 0 \\ J_\psi \phi^A_j \otimes \phi^B_k &= 0, \quad p_j p_k = 0 \end{align} \] (48) Similarly explicit expressions one obtains for the other operators. There is a lot more to say, including the discussion of examples. But, hopefully, also this sketchy paper is of use. Acknowledgement Part of this work was completed during the 1998 Elsag-Bailey – I.S.I. Foundation research meeting on quantum computation. I thank the organizers of the XXI Max Born Symposium for the privilege to speak in honour of Jan Lopuszański. Thanks to B. Crell for discussions. References [1] J. von Neumann, Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1932. [2] A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? Phys.Rev.* 47 (1935) 777–780. [3] E. Schrödinger, Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik, Naturwissenschaften, 35 (1935) 807–812, 823–828, 844–849. [4] E. Schrödinger, Discussion of probability relations between separated systems, Proc.Cambr.Phil.Soc., 31 (1935) 555–563. [5] G. Lüders, Über die Zustandsänderung durch den Meßprozeß. Ann.d.Physik, 8 (1951) 322–328. [6] S. L. Woronowicz, Positive maps of low dimensional matrix algebras. Rep. Math. Phys. 10 (1976) 165–183. [7] A. K. Ekert, Quantum Cryptography Based on Bell’s Theorem, Phys. Rev. Lett., 67 (1991) 661–663. [8] Ch. H. Bennett, S. J. Wiesner, Communication via One- and Two-Particle Operators on Einstein–Podolski–Rosen States, Phys. Rev. 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CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IS DYING Everyone has heard and is aware of Elon Musk and Tesla; their cars, space program, etc. However did you know that the first Tesla car was only launched in 2008? Barely 8 years ago. Our society is advancing at such a phenomenal rate that we have almost no idea what we will have 5 to 8 years from now. Further did you realize that kids that are entering school this year will be retiring approximately by the year 2065. Our school system is to prepare them for the future and what they will need to be successful and make a life for themselves until at least 2065. Naturally the question becomes does our education system provide that today? I say it doesn’t. Hold on! Before you jump all over me understand that a large portion of my family are teachers and so are some friends so let me be clear that I am not about to dump all over teachers. I’m not. As a matter of fact I think most teachers do a fantastic job and are a big factor in our kids lives. What I am going to talk about is our education system as it is designed and how it is failing our kids and our society as a whole. Let me introduce you to Sir Ken Robinson. Ken is a British author, speaker and international advisor on education. He also has given one of the most widely listened to TED talks ever. If you would like to listen to it just follow this link https://www.ted.com/playlists/171/the_most_popular_talks_of_all and it has been viewed over 21.5 Million times. Ken tells a few really great stories that help underscore the issue with our education system. The first is a story about his 4 year old son in the Christmas play about the nativity and he focuses on the 3 wise men bearing gifts and how they went out of sequence. So the boys came on stage, and you can picture this, three 4 year old boys with towels on their heads and the first boy says “I bring you gold; and the second boy said I bring you Myrrh and the third boy said…Frank sent this.” The great thing about kids is that they are not afraid of being wrong, they will take a chance. Of course as Ken states, being wrong and creativity are not the same thing. However as you know yourself as we grew into adulthood almost all of us lost that capacity. We became afraid to be wrong. However, “If you are not prepared to be wrong you will never create anything original” Look at our professional lives, we are penalized for being wrong at work, and in our school system we are breeding a fear of being wrong or failing is killing the capacity to be creative. So why is this? Well our education system was built in the 19th century to produce workers for the industrial revolution and it is hasn’t changed a great deal since then. It prioritizes, the world over, math, reading, science and then at the bottom is the arts. Ken states, and its true that even in the arts world they prioritize art and music above drama and dance. No where in the world is there a system that gives the same priority to creative education as we do to math or science. Why is that? Well our society has put a huge value on academic ability and equated it to intelligence which translates into how successful you will be in your professional life. We are getting to a point in time where more people will be graduating through an education system than at anytime in history. So? Well that means our degrees are now meaningless because everyone has one. Everyone knows someone with a degree that is working at BestBuy or Home Depot etc. Great, so now what? How do we help our kids excel, differentiate themselves from the rest of the pack? As a parent you think about these things. Creativity as Ken defines it is “the process of having original ideas that have value” and he goes on to state that it “comes about by the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things”. Or said another way an education balanced in math/science and the creative arts or multiple fields of study. Elon Musk who I mentioned at the start of this article is a great example of this. Here is a guy who is incredibility intelligent but its not because he became a master of one field, like engineering. No he has become an “expert-generalist”. Essentially that means he understands the principles of many different fields and then can apply them together to come up with some thing new. People like this have also been called a “Jack of all trades. Master of none.” The assumption in that statement is that if you are a Jack of all Trades you only learn at the superficial level and never gain mastery. What we are seeing now in the likes of Elon Musk and Richard Branson is that creativity (an original idea that has/delivers value) is coming as a result of that wide knowledge base which leads to challenging the norm in whatever industry they are in. Elon Musk wants to revolutionize space travel and reduce the cost by a factor of 10. To do that he realized that the current space rocket industry only knew how to build rockets one way and they couldn’t support what he was trying to do so he created his own company. SpaceX is now manufacturing its own rockets from scratch at a fraction of the cost and as of April 8th they successfully launched a rocket into space and had it land on an ocean platform so it can be reused. When Elon Musk announced what he was doing most leaders in the space industry called him crazy or said it couldn’t be done because they were only taught how to do things one way. Elon saw it differently. You probably see the same thing in your industry as well. How many times have you heard something like “well that is not how we do things here.” Etc. I see it in my industry everywhere I go. Most agents are taught the only way to get listings is to pester family and friends for referrals and cold call or go door to door begging for business. They deliver you a pumpkin with their business card on it or maybe it’s a fridge magnet, whatever, you get my point. However, if we use Ken’s definition of creativity that we discussed earlier “the process of having original ideas that have value” and what we learn from Elon Musk and Tesla, borrowing principles from other disciplines to create more value in your own industry, then we can really make a difference. We’ve done that with our Value-Driven Approach where we use the principles and lessons of Warren Buffett in the finance world and apply to real estate to extract more profit from your home. So, where do you see those opporINTRODUCTIONS ARE IN ORDER CONT’D tunities in your industry? Where can you help show your kids the new and innovative way to do things vs. the same old same old we normally see. The way people were taught and the way the education system is teaching may have been okay 20-30 years ago but now those things really aren’t delivering real value and sometimes are really annoying. Unless of course you really needed the pumpkin. INTRODUCTIONS ARE IN ORDER! We would like to take this opportunity to introduce Mike Wyers who is joining us this month as we expand our team to help bring our Value-Added approach to the Hamilton-Niagara area. Mike has been in real estate for over 10 years primarily focusing on investors and helping them grow their portfolio. Mike’s experience and knowledge is fantastic but what really makes Mike special and why we are excited that he has joined us are his values and how he operates. Mike and his wife Karlen and their two boys live in St.Catharines and are very active in rep hockey. Now, while Mike is also a diehard Leaf’s fan (which goes to show you the level of his dedication because wow….the Leaf’s haven’t made it easy to for the fans over the years) Mike is also a protector. Over the years, Mike has demonstrated that his client’s need’s come before making a dollar. We have witnessed situations with Mike where he could have kept his mouth shut, turned the other way and let a deal go through, make his money and legally there would be nothing wrong with it. However, ethically he couldn’t do that. There was one time a couple years ago, where a new investor, who had retained Mike as his agent brought a triplex to his attention and wanted to buy it. Mike, knowing the area and the building said no, he wouldn’t let his client buy that property. Hold on a second, isn’t that the business? To buy & sell properties? While most agents would laugh at Mike and us our answer is NO, that is not our business. Just like Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, when he started out and they were giving bad reviews of books (because there a lot of bad books) one of the publishers sent him a letter saying that Jeff obviously didn’t know his “business was to sell books not trash them.” Jeff on the other hand saw things differently. Jeff said that “they don’t make money when we sell things. We make money when we help customers make purchase decisions.” Now, when was the last time you ever heard of a real estate agent not letting his client buy a property? Well, now you have, and that is why Mike is such a great fit for our team. He knew that property would be a nightmare for a new investor with no experience with bad tenants etc. Could Mike have let him buy that property? Yep.. Would Mike have been doing his job if he let his client buy that building? Technically yes however we know our business model is not to “sell” people. Our business is to help them make purchase decisions which are right for them and their families. As we move forward you will hear more about Mike and our team and we look forward to sharing some of the other changes that are coming soon. Your trust in us and the referrals of your family and friends means so much to us words are hard to describe it. Thank you again. Neil O’Donnell is the author of ‘The Value-Driven Approach: A practical guide to protect yourself from REAL ESTATE GREED & bank and extra $30,000 by THINKING like the great Warren Buffett.’ He is a licensed agent with Keller Williams Realty and a local entrepreneur as well. For a free copy of his book visit: www.FreeBookPayitForward.ca I’m departing from my typical Real Estate column this week. Instead, I want to speak to the reason I founded this Newsletter and Niagara Uncovered: Local Advice Givers® podcast, and my entire media company in the first place. Let me start by stating the obvious. Media companies today aren’t about serving the local community, Niagara. Their only interest (and mission) is to generate advertising revenue, and pulling national stories from the Associated Press. We are here to help break that mold. It used to be that you could visit a media company’s website, or read their publication, and find stories about local entrepreneurs. Business people and leaders in the community who were striving to build interesting things, solve problems, make impact. And when you read these stories, you were inspired. “If he or she can do it, why can’t I?” Further, you often knew the people that were featured. Maybe it’s a parent of your kid’s friend from the local school. Or a young entrepreneur who invented a gadget, solving a painful problem. Or a service provider, like a financial planner or local chiropractor, helping individuals, families, and retirees to live better lives. Now though, you open that publication, and it doesn’t matter which it is, only to find more ads. In the famous words of Dave Thomas, Wendy’s founder, “Where’s the beef?” And the stories that are published aren’t even about the people in our local community, city or county. They’re from someplace we’ve never heard of. Then there is the issue of content. What has happened to the art of great storytelling? Where did the human element go? Good stories begin with great characters. Great characters begin with good people. And when you find those good people, it’s their good intentions which can be trusted to solve the real problems. But where has that advice gone? Now, you just see “click bait”, an Internet term used to describe sensationalized headlines. You only read about murders and child molesters, and all the bad shit that has happened. The motto of media companies today: “Anything to promote controversy. Stir up anger. Or inspire fear.” Those are the emotions that the media companies of today prey on. And why has journalism become so horrible? Where has the pride gone in the quality of their coverage? When did journalism, stop being investigative? At one time, the sole purpose of the media was to effectively vet truth from fiction. Separate lies from fact. We use to be able to count on the media. They were our advocates. We could trust them. Now though, the media serves as little more than a shill for the company, or political party, with the most ad dollars. Fed-up and frustrated, that’s why I launched Niagara Uncovered: Local Advice Givers—to get back to the roots of effective local journalism. As you know, this Letter, in tandem with the podcast, is committed to spotlighting local business owners, entrepreneurs and thought-leaders, to bring the best advice to the folks of Niagara, from our community’s brightest minds. And the articles, they’re written by real journalists. Telling real stories. Spotlighting good people, with strong character, from right here in our own backyard. Throughout this publication, which I hope is evident, my mission and purpose, and sole driving factor, is to create a movement of Impact. Quite simply, I want to grow and strengthen the Chain of Inspiration. That is to say, just like adding chain-link to a chain to make it longer, one person, through their actions, through their story, through the demonstration of their character, inspires another. This creates a Chain of Inspiration. One way we can do that is to better tell the stories, (and distribute the message,) of the business owners and entrepreneurs in our community, who are solving problems. This not only helps to grow local businesses, it puts those with a problem in touch with the people who can solve it. Take Shauna Delany, for example. Shauna was the most recent guest on the podcast. And if you don’t know Shauna, Shauna runs Art & You studio in Grimsby. Shauna teaches kids and adults alike how to let their creative side express themselves. Through art, Shauna helps her students overcome any inhibitions they may have and unleash their creativity. She also offers a great alternative to the traditional birthday parties, offering a party where the kids get to create their own work of art. There is so much more to her story you really have to listen to it. Check it out at www.NiagaraUncoveredLAG.ca/Shauna-Daley Renee Delaney Founded the Niagara Farm Project whose mission is to bring healthy affordable eating to the Niagara Area. Realizing the significance and impact local farms would have on our community, by giving members a chance to plant, tend, and harvest their own local goods. It was more than just sharing the wealth. When the members were able to turn their fresh produce into a profit, the money was quickly subsidized back into the group to help offset the cost for those who couldn’t afford to buy fresh produce. The Niagara Farm Project is more than a community garden. It is a way of life, a shift in perspective. Renee’s vision continues to grow along with her produce. “We buy in bulk, we eat seasonally,” says Delaney, “we prepare, cook, and distribute our own farm to table food.” Many people are now able to understand the tenets of Delaney’s philosophy, one that is borne of sustaining the common good. But the shift hasn’t been easy. “There is a synergy between people, a new changing door that opens and is part of the community. We all have to get on the same page. By embracing the idea of a shared project, people can begin to understand the collective’s role in the community, and how the simple act of cooperation can change the way we eat and interact with each other. There is so much more to Renee and the Niagara Farm Project so listen to her story at www.NiagaraUncoveredLAG.ca/Renee-Delaney Now I need help to find the next great Entrepreneur or leader in the community to spotlight. I’m depending on you and your suggestions and introductions. “Who should I interview next?” Like Shauna and Renee, Claire and Nancy, Jeff and Matt, all great entrepreneurs and leaders in our community. Who is someone that you know who is impacting the community in a significant way? If you are that person, or if you know that person, please reach out or do me a favour and connect the two of us…. I know I can count on you!
REGULAR MEETING OF COUNCIL OF THE TOWN OF CALMAR WAS HELD ON MONDAY, MAY 6, 2019, COMMENCING AT 7:00 pm IN THE COUNCIL CHAMBERS 1. CALL TO ORDER: Mayor Yachimetz called the Regular Council Meeting of May 6, 2019 to order at the hour of 7:00 pm. PRESENT: Mayor Yachimetz, Councillors Balaban, Gardner, Froese, Town Manager Rodberg Director of Finance Storey and Public. ABSENT (with regrets): Councillor Rehn 2. ADOPTION OF AGENDA: Moved by Councillor Froese that the agenda is hereby adopted as presented. CARRIED R-19-05-06 3. PUBLIC HEARINGS: None 4. DELEGATIONS or PRESENTATIONS: a) Mark Smith, MLA – Update Mayor Yachimetz thanked MLA Smith for his update information. Mr. Smith left the Chambers at the hour of 7:15pm. 5. APPROVAL OF MINUTES: a) Regular Council Meeting – April 15, 2019 Moved by Councillor Balaban that the minutes of the Regular Council Meeting, of April 15, 2019, are hereby approved as presented. CARRIED R-19-05-07 6. Unfinished Business: None 7. BYLAWS or POLICIES: a) Bylaw 2019-10 – Debenture Borrowing Bylaw Moved by Councillor Gardner that Bylaw 2019-10 is hereby given second reading. CARRIED R-19-05-08 Moved by Councillor Froese that Bylaw 2019-10 is hereby given third reading. CARRIED R-19-05-09 b) Bylaw 2019-12 – Intermunicipal Development Plan Moved by Councillor Balaban that Bylaw 2019-12 is hereby given first reading. CARRIED R-19-05-10 8. NEW BUSINESS: a) Recreation Board – Zolner Park Moved by Councillor Gardner that a consultant be hired to develop a plan for “Zolner Park” that will incorporate 2 soccer pitches, a ball diamond, additional parking and a barbecue/picnic area structure. CARRIED R-19-05-11 b) Recreation Board – Ball Diamond Rental Fee Waiver Moved by Councillor Froese that the Town of Calmar waive the rental fee for use of a ball diamond by Urecon on June 28, 2019. CARRIED R-19-05-12 c) Black Gold Schools – Invitation to Retirement Celebration Moved by Councillor Gardner that Councillor Balaban attend the retirement celebration, for Dr. Norman Yanitski, on June 14, 2019. CARRIED R-19-05-13 d) Leduc Regional Housing Foundation - Representation Moved by Councillor Froese that the correspondence from LRHF be accepted as information. CARRIED R-19-05-14 e) Calmar Library Board – Board Appointments Moved by Councillor Balaban that the following persons are hereby appointed as members to the Calmar Library Board for a 3 year term: 1) George Egler 2) Edward Sharpe 3) Patricia Hughes-Fuller 4) Cassie Brooks 5) Cindy Miller CARRIED R-19-05-15 f) Mayor Yachimetz – Leduc & District Regional Waste Management Authority Moved by Councillor Gardner that the Town of Calmar representative, to the Leduc & District Regional Waste Management Authority, vote in favour of the LDRWMA applying to the Provincial Government to become a Commission. CARRIED R-19-05-16 g) Village of Warburg – Invitation Moved by Councillor Froese that Councillor Gardner and Mayor Yachimetz attend the Go Kart races in the Village of Warburg. CARRIED R-19-05-17 h) Chamber of Commerce – Annual General Meeting Moved by Councillor Balaban that the correspondence in regard to the Chamber of Commerce Annual General Meeting is hereby accepted as information. CARRIED R-19-05-18 i) City of Leduc – Edmonton Metropolitan Region Board Golf Tournament Moved by Councillor Gardner that the invitation to attend the Edmonton Metropolitan Region Board Golf Tournament, on August 22, 2019, is hereby accepted as information, CARRIED R-19-05-19 j) Councillor Gardner – Policy Manual Review Moved by Councillor Froese that administration review the current policy manual and ensure that all Council manuals, and the policies therein, are brought up to date and further that, as new policies are approved by Council and then signed by the Mayor and Town Manager, a copy is provided to Council for inclusion in their manual and further that a review of the Policy Manual be conducted annually by staff to maintain accuracy. CARRIED R-19-05-20 k) Councillor Gardner – Town Manager Performance Review Moved by Councillor Froese that Administration develop a new Town Manager Performance Review procedure based on the CAMA Toolkit which shall then be included in the HR Policy and further that Councillor Balaban and Councillor Gardner form a sub-committee to speak to other municipalities and compile information for a CAO Review Policy. CARRIED R-19-05-21 l) City of Wetaskiwin – Invitation to Mayoral Address Moved by Councillor Balaban that the invitation from the City of Wetaskiwin, to the Mayoral Address on May 14, 2019, is hereby accepted as information. CARRIED R-19-05-22 m) Town of Devon – Invitation to Mayor’s Retreat Moved by Councillor Gardner that the invitation from the Town of Devon, to attend the Mayor’s Retreat on September 13 – 15, 2019, is hereby accepted as information. CARRIED R-19-05-23 n) Town Manager Rodberg – Parkview Crescent Stage 2 Tender Moved by Councillor Froese that the tender of Carmacks Enterprises, for the construction of Parkview Crescent Stage 2, in the amount of $632,187.34, be accepted and the Mayor and Town Manager are hereby authorized to execute the Contract document in this regard. CARRIED R-19-05-24 o) Mayor Yachimetz – 39/20 Alliance Moved by Councillor Balaban that the Town of Calmar remain a partner in the 39/20 Alliance until it is dissolved by all partners. CARRIED R-19-05-25 p) Economic Development & Tourism Board – Board Appointment Moved by Councillor Gardner that Gord Enders is hereby appointed to the Economic Development & Tourism Board for a two year term representing the Calmar business community. CARRIED R-19-05-26 q) Councillor Rehn – Leave of Absence Moved by Councillor Froese that Councillor Rehn is hereby granted a leave of absence from Council until June 30, 2019 with remuneration and further that Councillor Gardner be appointed as the alternate member to the LRHF Board effective immediately. CARRIED R-19-05-27 r) Public Communications Committee – Committee Member Moved by Councillor Balaban that administration advertise for the vacant position of a member on the Public Communications Committee. CARRIED R-19-05-28 s) Public Communications Committee – School Information Moved by Councillor Gardner that the Committee contact the Principals of the Calmar Elementary School and Calmar Secondary School to discuss including local school events and achievements in a weekly Facebook post. CARRIED R-19-05-29 t) Public Communications Committee – Complaint Follow Up Moved by Councillor Froese that the correspondence from the Public Communications Committee in regard to complaint follow up is hereby accepted as information. CARRIED R-19-05-30 9. FINANCIAL: a) Bank Reconciliation – March 31, 2019 Moved by Councillor Balaban that the Bank Reconciliation, for the period ending March 31, 2019, is hereby accepted as information. CARRIED R-19-05-31 10. DEPARTMENT REPORTS: None 11. COUNCIL AND COMMITTEE REPORTS: a) Mayor Yachimetz: - April 17, 2019: Leduc & District Regional Waste Management Meeting - April 18, 2019: Capital Region Southwest Water Services Commission AGM - April 25, 2019: 39/20 Alliance Board - April 29, 2019: Budget Meeting - April 29, 2019: Alberta Emergency Management Course - April 30, 2019: Leduc County Fire Service Meeting - May 02, 2019: Calmar Bakery CFCW Tour - May 02, 2019: Special Meeting of Council - May 06, 2019: Regular Council Meeting b) Councillor Froese - April 17, 2019: Leduc & District Regional Waste Management Meeting - April 25, 2019: Edmonton Region Waste Advisory Committee - April 25, 2019: Leduc Regional Housing Foundation - April 29, 2019: Finance Committee Meeting - April 29, 2019: AEMA Training - April 30, 2019: Meeting with Leduc County Fire - May 06, 2019: Regular Council Meeting c) Councillor Balaban - April 16, 2019: Calmar Senior’s Meeting - April 16, 2019: CIB - April 17, 2019: LDRWMA Meeting - April 18, 2019: CRSWSC AGM - April 24, 2019: 39/20 Alliance Meeting - April 29, 2019: Budget Meeting - April 29, 2019: AEMA Training - May 02, 2019: Special Meeting of Council - May 06, 2019: Regular Council Meeting d) Councillor Gardner - April 17, 2019: Leduc & District Regional Waste Management Meeting - April 18, 2019: Calmar Public Library Board Meeting - April 29, 2019: Finance Committee Meeting - April 29, 2019: AEMA Training - April 29, 2019: Public Communications Committee - May 02, 2019: Special Meeting of Council - May 06, 2019: Regular Council Meeting e) Councillor Rehn: Absent with Regrets Moved by Councillor Gardner that the Councillor reports are hereby accepted as information. CARRIED R-19-05-32 12. CORRESPONDENCE: a) Outstanding Items b) TRL – Board Executive Committee Highlights c) Cheryl Gallant, MP – Bill C-68 Moved by Councillor Froese that the correspondence is hereby accepted as information. CARRIED R-19-05-33 13. CLARIFICATION OF AGENDA BUSINESS: There was none at this time. 14. CLOSED SESSION: a) Personnel (Pursuant to Section 19(1) of the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act) b) Personnel (Pursuant to Section 19(1) of the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act) Moved by Councillor Balaban that the Regular Council Meeting temporarily adjourn and Council sit in Closed Session at this time being 9:40pm. CARRIED R-19-05-34 Moved by Councillor Gardner that the Regular Council Meeting reconvene from Closed Session at this time being 10:20pm. CARRIED R-19-05-35 Moved by Councillor Froese that the Regular Council Meeting be extended past 10:00pm. CARRIED R-19-05-36 Moved by Councillor Balaban that the Regular Council Meeting temporarily adjourn and Council sit in Closed Session at this time being 10:26pm. CARRIED R-19-05-37 Town Manager Rodberg and Director of Finance Storey remained in the Council Chambers for the discussion on the first Personnel topic. Town Manager Rodberg and Director of Finance Storey left the Council Chambers prior to the discussion of the second Personnel topic at this time being 10:35pm. Town Manager Rodberg re-entered the Council Chambers following discussion on the second Personnel topic at this time being 11:35pm. Moved by Councillor Gardner that the Regular Council Meeting reconvene from Closed Session at this time being 11:36pm. CARRIED R-19-05-38 15. ADJOURNMENT: The Regular Council Meeting adjourned at 11:40pm. These minutes signed this 21st day of May, 2019. Mayor Vashimetz Town Manager Rodberg
CYCLIC ANNEALING TRAINING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR IMAGE CLASSIFICATION WITH NOISY LABELS Jiawei Li, Tao Dai, Qingtao Tang, Yeli Xing, Shu-Tao Xia Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, China {li-jw15, dait14, tqt15, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org ABSTRACT Noisy labels modeling makes a convolutional neural network (CNN) more robust for the image classification problem. However, current noisy labels modeling methods usually require an expectation-maximization (EM) based procedure to optimize the parameters, which is computationally expensive. In this paper, we utilize a fast annealing training method to speed up the CNN training in every M-step. Since the training is repeated executed along the entire EM optimization path and obtain many local minimal CNN models from every training cycle, we name it as the Cyclic Annealing Training (CAT) approach. In addition to reducing the training time, CAT can further bagging all the local minimal CNN models at the test time to improve the performance of classification. We evaluate the proposed method on several image classification datasets with different noisy labels patterns, and the results show that our CAT approach outperforms state-of-the-art noisy labels modeling methods. Index Terms— Image Classification, Noisy Labels, Cyclic Annealing Training, EM algorithm, Bagging CNNs. 1. INTRODUCTION Convolutional neural network (CNN) has been successfully used in many supervised learning tasks, such as image classification or object recognition. In general, the labels used to train models are assumed to be accurate. However, in practice, labeling image dataset by hand is a subjective task and easily induce noise to vary degrees, thus leading to deteriorating the performance [1, 2]. To improve the robustness of CNN models, there exist many practicable noise modeling methods [3, 4, 5, 6] to tackle the noise in the feature. Beyond the noise in feature, it is common that noise in label (label noise) [7] and still remains to be addressed [8]. To cope with the label noise, a series of noise modeling approaches [9, 10, 11, 12] have been proposed based on the expectation-maximization (EM) framework, which assumes that the unknown true label could be regarded as a hidden random variable. In these EM-based approaches, every E-step estimates the true label, while every M-step updates the model parameters. These EM-based iterative methods can render CNN models robust to label noise, however, the repeated training in each M-steps is very expensive, especially when the training of modern deep CNN already requires many computing resource. To reduce the training cost, one recent work, named by Noise Adaption Layer (NAL) [13], uses an additional plugged noise layer to learn the latent pattern of noisy labels and it optimizes all parameters within a standard training procedure of neural networks. However, due to the degrees of freedom in noise layer, NAL approach suffers the problem of convergence, and the performance is sensitive to the initialization of parameters [13]: only a careful initialization of parameters can successful converge to a robust model and extra training cost of this initialization is still unavoidable. In this paper, we propose a novel robust CNN model by... embedding cyclic annealing training (CAT) into EM framework to speed up the convergence. To be specific, we train the CNN classifier with a fast cosine annealing learning rate schedule in every M-step cycle and also alternately update the noise pattern in every E-step. On the one hand, CAT reduces the training cost and does not have any limitation for the parameters initialization. The comparison of different training schedules is illustrated in Figure 1, from which we find that CAT significantly speed up the convergence of CNN. On the other hand, CAT enables the usage of ensemble [14] strategy. It is known that bagging [15] is more robust than boosting [16] in the presence of noisy labels [17, 18]. As CAT learns the noise pattern from every E-step, the latest noise pattern can be used as a prior condition for every E-step CNN models. Thus, inspired by the Snapshot Ensemble [19], at the test time, we aggregate many intermediate models to further improve the performance. We evaluate the performance and efficacy of our CAT approach on image classification with different label noise patterns. In contrast to current EM based approaches [9, 10, 11, 12], when a dataset has a given noisy pattern, CAT is significantly faster to learn it and has a better classification performance. Compared with the state-of-art NAL approach [13], CAT is able to train a better classifier in all of the noise levels. It is worthwhile to highlight two main contributions of our proposed CAT approach: - Existing EM based noisy labels modeling approaches require too many training time. We utilize a fast annealing training method to speed up the learning progress, without any limitation for the parameters initialization. - As we can obtain many intermediate models from all of the M-step cycles, we bagging all of them to further improve the robustness when the noise pattern is obtained from all of the E-steps. ## 2. CYCLIC ANNEALING TRAINING ### 2.1. Noisy Labels Modelling To solve the noisy labels problem, it is natural to consider the noise from a statistical point of view [8]. Figure 2 shows two possible statistical models of the label noise pattern. For reasons of brevity, here we first consider the left situation and the right situation will be discussed in our experiments, where the noisy label $z$ only depends on true label $y$ with a transfer probability $\Theta(\theta_{ij} = p(z = j\|y = i))$. Then a robust CNN classifier $p(y = i\|x; W)$ can be trained on a $n$ samples noisy labels dataset $D = (x_i, z_i), i = 1, ..., n$ by different training approaches. Specifically, $W$ is the network parameters, the dataset has $n$ samples, $x$ is the feature of sample, and $i$ is one of $k$ class index. Figure 3 illustrates a high-level view of the noisy labels model architecture: the noise can be modeled by different noise model layer [10, 13] inserted between the CNN softmax layer and the cross-entropy cost layer. The log likelihood of model parameters will be: $$L(W, \Theta) = \sum_{t=1}^{n} \log(\sum_{i=1}^{k} p(z_t\|y_t = i; \Theta)p(y_t = i\|x_t; W)).$$ (1) Then, as $y$ is a hidden random variable, it is natural to utilize an EM based method [12] to find the maximum-likelihood parameters $W$ and $\Theta$. #### 2.1.1. EM Approach In every E-step, all parameters are fixed and hidden true label $y$ can be estimated as: $$q_{ti} = p(y_t = i\|x_t, z_t) \propto p(y_t = i\|x_t; W)p(z_t\|y_t = i; \Theta),$$ (2) where $q_{ti}$ is a soft estimates of sample $x_t$ belonging to true label $i = 1, ..., k$. In every following M-step, at first the noise parameter $\Theta$ can be updated by $q_{ti}$ in a closed-form function: $$\Theta_{ij} = \frac{\sum_t q_{ti} 1_{\{z_t=j\}}}{\sum_t q_{ti}}.$$ (3) Then the CNN parameters $W$ will be trained with an optimization algorithm such as SGD. In this way, the log likelihood (1) will have a soft version: $$\arg \max_W L(W) = \sum_{t=1}^{n} \sum_{i=1}^{k} q_{ti} \log p(y_t = i\|x_t, W).$$ (4) Once the iteration conditions are met, we will have the noise pattern $\Theta$ and the CNN parameters $W$. #### 2.1.2. Noise Adaption Layer Approach Recently, a noise adaption layer approach [13] is proposed to optimize the log-likelihood function (1) directly within the procedure of CNN training. Denote the parameter of last fully connected layer as $w$ and $b$, the other modules of CNN as function $h = h(x)$. Then the softmax prediction loss of true label $y$ is: $$p(y = i \| x; h, w, b) = \frac{exp(w_i^\top h(x) + b_i)}{\sum_{l=1}^{k} exp(w_l^\top h(x) + b_l)}, \quad (5)$$ The label noise is modeled by an additional noise adaptation softmax layer between the original classification softmax and cross-entropy cost layer. This noise adaptation softmax layer describes the transfer probability as $\theta_{ij} = \frac{exp(q_{ij})}{\sum_{l} exp(q_{il})}$. As this noise layer is modelled with a differentiable layer parameter $q_{ij}$, all of the model parameters can be optimized within a typical network training (e.g. SGD), as below: $$\arg \max_{h, w, b, q} L(h, w, b, q) =$$ $$\sum_{t=1}^{n} \log(\sum_{i=1}^{k} p(z_t \| y_t = i, x_t; q)p(y_t = i \| x_t; h, w, b)). \quad (6)$$ ### 2.2. Cyclic Annealing Learning Rate The noise adaptation layer approach does not need any iterative CNN training, but it gives rise to a complex parameter initialization. Because only a very careful initialization can make a successful converge, too much extra training costs of the initialization procedure are still unavoidable. To directly reduce the training cost without raising any other problems, our CAT approach benefits from the cyclic annealing learning rate [20] and is able to speed up the learning of every M-step. The state-of-art CNN architectures for image classification such as ResNet [21] and DenseNet [22] usually have millions of parameters. A study [23] demonstrates that the more parameters, the more possible local minima could be visited in the training phase. The cyclic annealing learning rate method aims to generate many local optima CNN models from a single training process. Specifically, it abruptly raises the learning rate $\alpha$ and then quickly decreases it with a cosine function: $$\alpha(t) = \frac{\alpha_0}{2} (\cos(\frac{\pi mod(t - 1, \lceil T/C \rceil)}{\lceil T/C \rceil}) + 1), \quad (7)$$ where $t$ is current epoch number, $T$ is the total epoch number, $\alpha_0$ is the initial learning rate, and the total training epochs are divided to equal $C$ cycles. While the training cost for each current M-step is an entire CNN training, we can align every annealing learning rate cycle to an M-step and then use the obtained local minimal CNN model to update the following E-step. By this way, our CAT approach can directly achieve a $C$ times faster convergence than current EM based approaches. In order to further accelerate the convergence, we can also faster update the learning rate at every iteration rather than at each epoch [20]. ### 2.3. Bagging CNNs We can obtain many local minima CNN models from different M-steps. As those models usually make different mistakes, bagging all of them is able to significantly improve the classification performance [19]. In the presence of the noisy labels, our CAT approach is able to iteratively learn a noise pattern $\Theta$ through many E-steps. At the test time, we can use this noise pattern to divide the noise layer from local minimal CNN models. In this way, the other part of CNN will become a robust classifier, which predicts the true label $y$ but not the observed noisy label $z$. ### 2.4. Cyclic Annealing Training For the noisy labels problem, the details of our proposed CAT approach is given in Algorithm 1. Algorithm 1 Cyclic Annealing Training on Noisy Labels 1: Given $n$ samples training data $X(x_1, ..., x_n)$ with noisy label $Z(z_1, ..., z_n)$, the true label $Y(y_1, ..., y_n)$ are unknown. The transfer probability between true label and noisy label is denoted as $\Theta(\theta_{ij} = p(z = j \| y = i))$. 2: We first generate a random matrix $\hat{\Theta}_0$ to be the initialization of the noise pattern. 3: Then we repeatedly do $C$ times the following: (1) For every training cycle $c$ ranges from 1 to $C$, initiate the learning rate with a constant value $\alpha_0$. (2) With the learning rate annealing from $\alpha_0$ to 0 as function $\alpha(t) = \frac{\alpha_0}{2} (\cos(\frac{\pi mod(t - 1, T)}{T}) + 1)$, where $t$ is current iteration number, train the CNN $p(y\|x; W^c)$ with a fixed follow-up noise layer (linear or softmax) $p(z\|y; \hat{\Theta}_{c-1})$ for total $T$ iterations. (3) Update the learned noise pattern $\hat{\Theta}_c$ with the closed-form function (3). 4: Once all of the training finished, drop the noise layer according to the final $\hat{\Theta}_C$. The remaining CNN parameters $W^c$ will be used to predict the true labels, as $\hat{f}_c = p(y\|x; W^c), c = 1, ..., C$. 5: For any prediction sample $\langle x_0, z_0 \rangle$ with a hidden true label $y_0$, the aggregating output $\hat{f}$ of bagging CNNs is the simple averaging $\hat{f}^{AVG}(x_0) = \frac{1}{C} \sum_{c=1}^{C} \hat{f}_c(x_0)$. 6: The prediction error is given by counting the proportion of prediction mistakes $\hat{f}(x_0) \neq y_0$ among the test dataset. Compared to the state-of-art noisy labels modeling approaches [10, 11, 13], the proposed CAT approach is not only faster, but also more accurate and without any limitation for the parameters initialization. 3. EXPERIMENTS In the following experiments, we compare our CAT approach with other state-of-art approaches [10, 11, 13] in three image classification datasets (e.g. MNIST [24], CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 [25]), in the presence of noisy labels. 3.1. Settings Figure 2 illustrates two possible label noise patterns [8]. Different to other approaches, we use the same CAT approach (Algorithm 1) to tackle both of the two noise patterns. Several recently proposed noisy labels modelling methods are used to be the baselines: (1) Original CNN: The CNN is trained in the normal way, without any noisy labels modeling methods; (2) Hard Bootstrap EM [11]: The CNN is iteratively trained on a hard convex combination of the noisy label $z$ and currently predicts label $y$, which is a state-of-art EM noisy modelling approach; (3) Simple NAL [13]: The CNN is trained with a noise adaptation layer, in which the noisy label $z$ depends on only the true label $y$; and (4) Complex NAL [13]: The CNN is trained with a noise adaptation layer, in which the noisy label $z$ is depending on feature $x$ and true label $y$. We also include a method without bagging: in step 4 of Algorithm 1, we directly predict the true labels with a single CNN $\hat{f}_C$ but not the bagging CNNs $\hat{f}^{AVG}$. 3.2. Effective of CAT We first generate a noisy MNIST dataset with label flipping operation, where a label is erroneously given another label within the dataset. Specifically, we randomly flip the labels as a noise pattern [7,9,0,4,2,1,3,5,6,8], which means digital 0 will be labeled by 7, 1 by 9, and so on. Then our CAT approach is applied on the noisy MNIST dataset to train an 8-layer CNN (Conv-ReLU-Max-Conv-ReLU-Max-FC-FC) [13]. When up to 46 percent of the labels are flipped, the simple NAL approach can achieve a 99.68% classification accuracy, while our CAT approach can still achieve a 99.77% classification accuracy. As Figure 4 illustrated, the transfer probability $\hat{\Theta}$ acquired by CAT is more consistent to the prior noise pattern. Therefore, our CAT approach is still effective when the noise level is high. 3.3. Comparison of Efficiency To show the efficiency, we adopt different approaches to train a DenseNet-40 [22] on the noisy CIFAR-10 dataset, which has 10% randomly flipped labels. The result is illustrated in Figure 1. As CAT needs less time to converge, it is more effective than other EM based approaches. 3.4. Comparison of Performance We also evaluate how the different noise fraction influences our proposed CAT approach. Figure 5 depicts that the test accuracy is a monotone decreasing function of the noise fractions generally, with the fraction stepping from 0.3 to 0.5 with the step value 0.02. It shows that our approach is more robust than other state-of-art noisy labels modeling approaches. 4. CONCLUSION In this paper, we propose a Cyclic Annealing Training (CAT) approach to train the CNN for image classification in the presence of noisy labels. While current EM based noisy labels modeling approaches require too much time costs, CAT is able to directly reduce the training cost in every M-step, without bringing in a complex parameter initialization. At the test time, we bagging all of the intermediate models, which comes from many M-step cycles. The experiments show that these proposed strategies make the CNN model more robust and effective. 5. REFERENCES [1] David F Nettleton, Albert Orriols-Puig, and Albert Forneris, “A study of the effect of different types of noise on the precision of supervised learning techniques,” Artificial intelligence review, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 275–306, 2010. [2] Nagarajan Natarajan, Inderjit S Dhillon, Pradeep K Ravikumar, and Ambuj Tewari, “Learning with noisy labels,” in Advances in Neural Information Processing System (NIPS), 2013, pp. 1196–1204. [3] Deyu Meng and Fernando De La Torre, “Robust matrix factorization with unknown noise,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2013, pp. 1337–1344. [4] Qian Zhao, Deyu Meng, Zongben Xu, Wangmeng Zuo, and Lei Zhang, “Robust principal component analysis with complex noise,” in International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2014, pp. 55–63. [5] Xiangyong Cao, Yang Chen, Qian Zhao, Deyu Meng, Yao Wang, Dong Wang, and Zongben Xu, “Low-rank matrix factorization under general mixture noise distributions,” in ICCV. IEEE, 2015, pp. 1493–1501. [6] Xiangyong Cao, Qian Zhao, Deyu Meng, Yang Chen, and Zongben Xu, “Robust low-rank matrix factorization under general mixture noise distributions,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 4677–4690, 2016. [7] José A Sáez, Mikel Galar, Julián Luengo, and Francisco Herrera, “Analyzing the presence of noise in multi-class problems: alleviating its influence with the one-vs-one decomposition,” Knowledge and information systems, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 179–206, 2014. [8] Benoit Frenay and Michel Verleysen, “Classification in the presence of label noise: A survey,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 845–869, 2014. [9] Volodymyr Mnih and Geoffrey E Hinton, “Learning to label aerial images from noisy data,” in ICML, 2012, pp. 567–574. [10] Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, Joan Bruna, Manohar Paluri, Lubomir Bourdev, and Rob Fergus, “Training convolutional networks with noisy labels,” in ICLR Workshop, 2015. [11] Dragomir Anguelov Christian Szegedy Dumitru Erhan Scott E. Reed, Honglak Lee and Andrew Rabinovich, “Training deep neural networks on noisy labels with bootstrapping,” in ICLR Workshop, 2015. [12] Jacob Bekker, Alan Joseph Goldberger, “Training deep neural-networks based on unreliable labels,” in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2016, pp. 2682–2686. [13] Jacob Goldberger and Ehud Ben-Reuven, “Training deep neural networks using a noise adaption layer,” in International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2017, pp. 11–22. [14] Zhi-Hua Zhou, Ensemble methods: foundations and algorithms, CRC press, 2012. [15] Leo Breiman, “Bagging predictors,” Machine learning, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 123–140, 1996. [16] Yoav Freund, Robert E Schapire, et al., “Experiments with a new boosting algorithm,” in ICML. Bari, Italy, 1996, vol. 96, pp. 148–156. [17] Thomas G Dietterich, “An experimental comparison of three methods for constructing ensembles of decision trees: Bagging, boosting, and randomization,” Machine learning, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 139–157, 2000. [18] Joaquín Abellán and Andrés R Masegosa, “Bagging decision trees on data sets with classification noise,” in International Symposium on Foundations of Information and Knowledge Systems (FoIKS). Springer, 2010, pp. 248–265. [19] Gao Huang, Yixuan Li, Geoff Pleiss, Zhuang Liu, John E Hopcroft, and Kilian Q Weinberger, “Snapshot ensembles: Train 1, get m for free,” ICLR, 2017. [20] Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter, “Sgdr: stochastic gradient descent with restarts,” in ICLR, 2017. [21] Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun, “Deep residual learning for image recognition,” in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), 2016, pp. 770–778. [22] Gao Huang, Zhuang Liu, Kilian Q Weinberger, and Laurens van der Maaten, “Densely connected convolutional networks,” in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), 2017. [23] Kenji Kawaguchi, “Deep learning without poor local minima,” in Advances in Neural Information Processing System (NIPS), 2016, pp. 586–594. [24] Yann LeCun, “The mnist database of handwritten digits,” http://yann. lecun. com/exdb/mnist/, 1998. [25] Alex Krizhevsky and Geoffrey Hinton, “Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images,” Technical report, University of Toronto, 2009.
Multiple Master Math Extension Fonts September 28, 2003 From its inception, \TeX\ relied on the concept of extensible (composite) characters to implement large glyphs that occur in mathematical typesetting. While thousands of papers have been successfully written using this technology, there are obvious shortcomings of this approach. This article demonstrates them, as well as an alternative solution, free from the problems. 1 The traditional approach The extensible glyphs in \TeX\ are composed out of several smaller characters, and, in some cases, rules. The construction itself is carried either by code inside the \TeX\ compiler itself, using the special information in the `.tfm` files, or by macros, implemented as part of the format. An example of the first situation is the construction of large delimiters, for example, brackets. Here, a vertical segment is inserted to stretch the delimiters vertically: ![Vertical delimiters](image) Figure 1: Vertical delimiters One of the shortcomings of the extensible characters is that some character shapes do not lend themselves to the insertion of extension pieces; thus, the angular brackets are non-extensible, and, when used to encompass a large formula, would not scale to the required size. For example, typing $$\left< \vrule width 1cm height 1cm \over \vrule width 1cm height 1cm \right>$$ results in $\langle \begin{array}{c} \hline \\ \hline \end{array} \rangle$ rather than in the anticipated $\langle \begin{array}{c} \hline \\ \hline \end{array} \rangle$. A variant of the situation is the TeX’s treatment of the radical symbol: the construction is accomplished by the TeX program itself, but while the vertical extension is driven by the .tfm information, the horizontal bar is supplied by the TeX program itself; and in this case the bar is a rule, rather than an extension character. \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radical_delimiters.png} \caption{Radical delimiters} \end{figure} In the above picture, the rule component is shown filled. The problem with the use of rule components in building a composite symbol is that rules are subjected to different roundoff rules than characters. In the prehistoric days of DVI files and bitmap fonts, these roundoff errors could be in principle handled by careful calculations within the TeX program and the DVI driver; but in the modern world of scalable fonts and PS/PDF targeting this becomes an impossibility. The picture below shows a snapshot of square root constructed by PdfTeX: \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{square_root.png} \end{figure} The underlying \TeX code was $ \sqrt{\vrule height 2cm width 2cm} $ Depending on the magnification used in the PDF previewer, or resolution of the output device, the rule may be thinner, or thicker, or above, or below the part of the $\sqrt{}$ glyph it is supposed to connect to smoothly. And, sometimes, it would fit correctly. The root of the problem here is that glyph rounding is subject to the font hinting, while the thickness and positioning of rules is not well controlled by the PS/PDF rendering. The second type of extension mechanism is via \TeX macros; this is typically used to construct long horizontal symbols, as done by commands similar to $\underbrace{}$: \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{underbrace.png} \caption{Underbrace extension} \end{figure} Once again, we get mismatches in the width and positioning of the connecting rules comparing to that of the symbols used in the middle and at the ends of the long brace. A snapshot: \begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{longbrace.png} \end{figure} The third problem with extensible characters is that sometimes (usually, in slides) it is desirable to outline, or shade characters; this cannot be done correctly with composite characters. In fact, the diagrams above that show the structure of extensible characters, are unintended output of an attempt to stroke extensible symbols, making them suitable for this article, but not for a use within a slide. Summarizing, we have identified three separate problems with the \TeX approach to the extensible symbols: - Impossibility to correctly scale some of the delimiters (angular brackets, for example). - Impossibility to correctly align rules and characters. • Impossibility to correctly stroke or shade composite symbols. All these problems can be solved, however, if we switch to a different mechanism of constructing large symbols: multiple-master fonts. 2 Multiple Master Fonts For those unfamiliar with the MM fonts, they represent a PostScript World answer to MetaFont. Just like MetaFont allows creation of different designs from the same font program, so does the MM technology. While MM fonts are less flexible than MetaFont, they are easy to use, and the output of MM font instancing is a ready-to-use Type 1 font, whereas a generic MetaFont emits obsolete bitmapped fonts. Additional information on the MM fonts can be found in the Adobe Technical Specification #5015 “Type 1 Font Format Supplement”. The Multiple-Master (MM) Font technology was introduced by Adobe in 1991; the first description of the MM technology appeared in the PC Week article of the March 11, 1991 issue. The first MM font was Myriad (1992), with two axes: weight and width. Since 1992 Adobe designed at least 36 MM font families with 99 fonts. Perhaps the most successful was the Minion family. While Adobe originally intended to include MM in the OpenType specifications, this effort has been abandoned, and Adobe stopped making new MM fonts. The last Adobe’s MM font, VerveMM, was designed in 1998; Adobe had announced that it was giving up on the MM technology at the 1999 ATypI Congress. Despite the abandonment by Adobe, MM fonts represents a very convenient technology for use in typesetting applications like \TeX. While MM functionality is not supported within PDF documents, instances of MM fonts are, and the entire MM font can be made available to the \TeX document. VT\TeX{} has supported MM fonts since 2001, and the use of MM fonts in math extension fonts merely builds up on the existing MM support; we will start with outlining the existing support. VT\TeX{} recognizes MM fonts by the name of the font; a font name that includes the bracket character is assumed to be an instance of a Multiple Master font. This does not represent much of a restriction on the font name selection, since use of brackets in file names is not common and is not legal on some operating systems. The left bracket in the font name is followed by the instancing parameters. For example, in \font\sm=xo______ \font\mm=xo______[300,10] the \sm \font declaration defines the default shape of the Multiple Master CrononMM font; this is the “normal” way to use the typeface. The second declaration, however, defines an instance of this MM font to be constructed dynamically. In the above example, the first declaration causes VTeX to load the usual .tfm metrics file (xo_____.tfm); the second declaration causes VTeX to load the Multiple font Metrics file (xo_____.mtf) and generate the instance metrics on the fly. Because of the use of .mtf files providing metrics file for each instance becomes unnecessary. In some MM fonts, all the instances of the font have the same metrics; if so, it is possible to use the ordinary .tfm file. In most MM fonts, however, the metrics of different instances is different, and this made the development of the new metrics format necessary. Upon seeing a MM font used in the document, VTeX compiler would automatically use the built-in PostScript interpreter (GeX) to instance it; since the instancing is done by a PostScript execution, the instance font is always built correctly; and the TeX compiler automatically packs it into the output PDF file. For example, the following TeX code would provide a set of instances of the Minion font (TM). Additional details on the MM support can be found in the mmsupp.pdf document in VTeX distributions. 3 Math Extension Multiple Master Fonts Supporting Math Extension MM fonts requires several additional steps. Firstly, such fonts needs to be developed themselves; currently there are two, cmex10mm and paex10mm. The first is intended for use with Computer Modern fonts, the second with the alternative PaMATH set, available from MicroPress. Math Extension MM fonts include symbols for vertical delimiters, long horizontal symbols (like the ones constructed by the \underbrace macro), and the radical symbol. Since the radical requires two MM axes, the entire font is a two-axes MM font, even if the majority of symbols are actually “one-dimensional”. Specific sizes of delimiters can be constructed by loading the font with different instancing parameters. For example, for the \overbrace symbol, we can try font commands like \font\if=cmex10mm[30,100] \f \char"7A \font\if=cmex10mm[30,300] \f \char"7A \font\if=cmex10mm[30,500] \f \char"7A \font\if=cmex10mm[30,700] \f \char"7A \font\if=cmex10mm[30,900] \f \char"7A obtaining the shapes \| Size \| Shape \| \|------\|-------\| \| 100 \| \f \char"7A \| \| 300 \| \f \char"7A \| \| 500 \| \f \char"7A \| \| 700 \| \f \char"7A \| \| 900 \| \f \char"7A \| (Only the second instancing parameter is used in long horizontal symbols.) Notice that the symbols are built from single glyphs and thus do not suffer from the problems listed at the beginning of this paper. Since TeX supports overbrace and other long horizontal symbols entirely through macros, switching TeX to supporting MM instances instead requires only changes to the macros. One of the tasks of the mathexmm style is to therefore redefine these macros. Supporting vertical delimiters and radicals requires more radical changes: the .tfm mechanism of extensible characters needs to be replaced by an MM alternative. We accomplish this as follows: Firstly, we prepare an alternative metrics file, cmex10m, which is mostly equivalent to cmex10, except that - The encoding specified in the .tfm is MMEXTENSION; this is the signal to the TeX compiler that what normally would be interpreted as exten instructions in the .tfm instead should be seen as pointers to MM glyphs. (It is unfortunate that the .tfm syntax does not provide any space for new flags; this is what forces us to use the comment field.) In a .PL file, this would appear as (CODINGSHEME MMEXTENSION) - Each exten specification in the .tfm is replaced by the glyph number of the character to use in the cmex10mm MM font. For example, whereas the cmex10.pl listing contains (CHARACTER C 0 (CHARWD R 0.875003) (CHARHT R 0.039999) (CHARDP R 1.760019) (VARCHAR (TOP C 0) (BOT 0 100) (REP C B) ) ) specifying that the character 0 is to be built from glyphs 0, ‘100 and B; in cmex10m.pl we set (CHARACTER C 0 (CHARWD R 0.875003) (CHARHT R 0.039999) (CHARDP R 1.760019) (VARCHAR (REP 0 303) which means that the character 0 is to be built as an instance of the glyph ‘0303 in the corresponding MM font (cmex10mm). cmex10 and cmex10m are otherwise identical. The mathexmm style, when used, would load the cmex10m font instead of cmex10. Unless extensible characters are invoked, it would function in exactly the same way as cmex10; by when TeX is about to build an extensible character, it would instead build an appropriately-sized instance from the cmex10mm MM font. From the point of view of the user, this is all invisible, and no action is required except for including the the mathexmm style. This style currently exists for Plain TeX, LaTeX, and AmSTeX.
X-ray lithography Breaking through the micron line SPEED transceiver, audio or broadcast testing... With HP’s new 339A Distortion Measurement Set. Automatic frequency nulling and auto set level features of the 339A speed your total harmonic distortion measurements (THD). And true-rms detection means accurate measurements as low as 0.0018% (~95 dB) from 10 Hz to 110 kHz. Just select the frequency of the built-in oscillator and the 339A’s “turn signal” indicators show you how to make the proper range settings. Whether you’re testing transceivers, sophisticated audio equipment or broadcast performance, here’s how the 339A, priced at $1900, can help you make quick and accurate measurements. Transceiver testing. Automatic setting of the 100% reference level over a 10 dB input range means fewer critical adjustments. And true-rms detection lets you accurately determine thermal noise and harmonic components in making SINAD measurements. Audio testing. 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Circle 2 on reader service card Electronics Review MEMORIES: IBM introduces new family of RAM devices, 39 SEMICONDUCTORS: V-MOS gains in power, frequency, 40 LASERS: Computer and traffic lights linked with a laser, 41 HEALTH: Illness at National traced to gas leak, 42 BROADCASTING: TV station's customers to be given antennas, 44 BUSINESS: Industry seeks lower taxes, trade barriers, 46 Motorola shakeup shakes out Heikes, 46 SOLID STATE: Multitechnology chip is counter base, 48 AUTOMOTIVE: Cheap sensors coming from Texas Instruments, 48 NEWS BRIEFS: 50 MILITARY: Spending on space to lift off, 52 Electronics International THE NETHERLANDS: Vector-scanning electron-beam unit on sale, 68 EUROPE: Electronic mail service ready to take off, study says, 69 JAPAN: FET gate, bipolar base give high breakdown voltage, 70 GREAT BRITAIN: Software house seeks Viewdata expansion, 72 Probing the news COMPUTERS: New IBM architecture bows, 81 YOU AND YOUR CAREER: Is the activities board failing short? 85 ABROAD: Smiling Danes peer out of niches, 86 COMMUNICATIONS: That boom you hear is ham radio, 90 MEDICAL: Lab blends medical, IC know-how, 93 COMMUNICATIONS: TDMA is in the air at Montreal, 95 Technical Articles PACKAGING & PRODUCTION: X-ray lithography cuts VLSI costs, 99 SOLID STATE: Bit slices approach ECL speeds with TTL levels, 107 DESIGNER'S CASEBOOK: Counter yields magnitude and sign, 114 Demand-switched supply boosts amplifier efficiency, 114 Fast-acting voltage detector protects high-current supplies, 115 FIBER OPTICS: Estimating when it offers more 'value in use,' 118 COMPUTERS: Replacing hardwired logic with microcode, 125 COMPONENTS: Chip cuts parts count in error correction networks, 130 ENGINEER'S NOTEBOOK: Generators unite for long bit patterns, 134 Optically isolated scope probe eliminates ground loops, 136 New Products IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Scopes tailored for digital signals, 143 One-chip, 8-bit computer is bus-oriented, 148 INSTRUMENTS: $499 5½-digit meter is easy to use, 150 SEMICONDUCTORS: Phase-locked-loop chip tunes radios, TVs, 157 PACKAGING & PRODUCTION: PROM programmer sells for $995, 163 INDUSTRIAL: Amplifier-filter replaces expensive relays, 168 COMPUTERS & PERIPHERALS: Graphics unit made for PDP-11, 173 MICROCOMPUTERS: Development system works two ways, 184 Departments Publisher's letter, 4 Readers' comments, 6 News update, 8 People, 14 Editorial, 24 Meetings, 26 Electronics newsletter, 33 Washington newsletter, 57 Washington commentary, 58 International newsletter, 63 Engineer's newsletter, 138 Products newsletter, 189 New literature, 192 Services Employment opportunities, 194 Reader service card, 207 Highlights Cover: X rays aimed at VLSI mass production, 99 For the 1-micrometer-wide lines coming soon in very large-scale integration, X-ray lithography may win out over the electron-beam and optical processes. It yields the narrowest lines at reasonable defect densities, throughput rates, and cost. Cover photographed by John Ashworth. Conference looks at digital satellites, 95 How close are digital-communications satellites? Well, the talk at the fourth International Conference on Digital Satellite Communications focused on the practical problems that must be solved. Bit-slice chips boost system throughput, 107 Schottky-coupled logic combines the speed of ECL and the low power consumption of TTL in a 4-bit-slice family of chips. They will make a number of advanced computer designs possible for the first time. Putting fiber-optic data links to use, 118 Data links are beginning to feel the impact of fiber optics, and this start of a three-part series offers guidelines on assessing costs of optical versus cable links. Coming up: charts and graphs that will speed design decisions and a comparison of the do-it-yourself data links available. And in the next issue... Very large-scale integration: a special report on its status...a family of intelligent controllers for computer peripherals...part 2 of the fiber-optic data-link series. Fiber-optic applications are no longer experimental novelties. In fact, the fiber-optic revolution is here and now, prompting us to prepare the three-part series on this subject that starts in this issue (p. 118). Part 1, written by Jay Uradnischek of Du Pont Co., Wilmington, Del., is particularly important to engineers getting ready to use fiber optics. It presents the economics, or "value-in-use" calculations, that make it possible to put a numerical value on both the tangible and intangible advantages of fiber optics. In short, the first installment tells how to decide if fiber optics is for you. Part 2 of the series, to appear in the next issue, takes the designer to the next step. Written by Albert Bender and Steven Sirosum of ITT's Electro-Optical Products division, Roanoke, Va., it contains a series of design curves that allows a potential user to make the first pass at a system design without having a detailed understanding of fiber-optic components. Finally, communications editor Harvey Hindin will wind up the series with a special report on the most common fiber-optic applications—digital and analog data links. Part 3 will compare and contrast data links in operation today and will include an easy-to-use breakdown of all pertinent specifications. Although the applications are expanding, to many engineers fiber optics is still an unknown. This series is intended to overcome this new-product inertia. "Some engineers," says Harvey, "are resisting fiber optics because they never studied optics in school." As he points out in the introduction to the series, fiber optics is coming along not so much as a breakthrough but as an ooze-through. "Unlike some developments that never reach the marketplace, fiber optics offers such advantages that it is already being widely applied," Harvey adds. X-ray lithography has been a do-it-yourself proposition for General Instrument Corp.'s Microelectronics division. The Hicksville, N.Y., unit has not only built its own equipment, but it has been directly involved with a chemical company to develop more sensitive resists and has become involved in making its own masks. Gregory Hughes, senior X-ray lithography engineer for GI, has been through the process first hand. And his article, starting on page 99, presents the details of this experience. Actually, Hughes has been involved with X-ray lithography for only two years since he left his teaching job at Lawrence University in Appleton, Wis. But considering the state of the technology, this two years makes him senior in the technique. His next point of concentration is already clear. "The major problem after X-ray lithography is the ability to etch the fine line details and ensure reproducibility," Hughes comments. "This is going to be a production technique, not an R&D technique." Will your generator give you this? Krohn-Hite's 2200 lin/log sweep function generator with frequency marker will! Krohn-Hite's new generator delivers more flexibility than any other generator ever offered, including: - Choice of sine, square, triangle, ramp and pulsed waveforms - Lin/log sweep, up and down - Unique frequency marker - Nine operating modes: continuous, gate, trigger, burst, pulse, sweep, triggered sweep, triggered sweep burst, external VC - Frequency range .003 Hz to 30 MHz The exclusive marker/pause feature lets you interrupt the sweep for any duration from 0.1 ms upward, and gives you a bright marker blip at the marked frequency. These plus numerous other convenience features make the Model 2200 an ideal choice for amplifier gain/response checks, network and filter evaluation, communications equipment testing and many other recurring requirements. Pushbutton operation shortens test time in production operations. Priced at only $1295, Model 2200 is available today. Circle reader service number or contact KROHN-HITE CORPORATION Avon Industrial Park, Avon, MA 02322 • (617) 580-1600 TWX 710 345 0831 Circle 5 on reader service card SALES OFFICES: ALA., Huntsville (205) 534-9771; ARIZ., Scottsdale (602) 994-5461; CAL., San Jose (408) 292-3220; ING., Inglewood (213) 674-6850; COL., Denver (303) 773-1218; CONN., Canton Center (203) 525-7647; FLA., Orlando (305) 894-4470; GA., Atlanta (404) 455-1206; HAWAII, Honolulu (808) 941-5741; ILL., Chicago (312) 394-3380; IND., Indianapolis (317) 636-0845; KS., Wichita (316) 261-0133; LA., Lafayette (318) 984-2200; MD., Towson (301) 327-4114; MI., Ann Arbor (313) 764-5567; MINN., Minneapolis (612) 745-2650; MICH., Grand Rapids (313) 499-4499; PA., Philadelphia (215) 645-2116; MO., St. Louis (314) 731-3480; N.M., Albuquerque (505) 255-2330; N.Y., Cherry Hill (609) 482-0056; N.Y., Eimont (516) 488-2100; Rochester (716) 473-5720; Syracuse (315) 437-6656; Vestal (607) 785-9947; N.C., Burlington (801) 227-3639; OHIO., Chesterland (216) 729-2222; Dayton (513) 434-8993; OKLA., Tulsa (918) 299-2636; ORE., Portland (503) 297-2248; TEX., Dallas (214) 661-0400; Houston (713) 688-1431; UTAH., Sandy (801) 942-2081; VA., Falls Church (703) 573-8787; W.A., Bellevue (206) 454-3400; CANADA, Montreal, Quebec (514) 341-7630; Ottawa, Ontario (613) 235-5121; Toronto, Ontario (416) 445-9900; Vancouver, British Columbia (604) 253-5555; Halifax, Nova Scotia (902) 434-6321; St. John's, Newfoundland (709) 722-2111. Readers' comments Tantalum nitride vs nichrome To the Editor: We fully agree with the conclusion in "Why the design nod goes to resistors made as thin-film monolithic networks" [Aug. 3, p. 99] that monolithic thin-film networks are the best solution to many design problems, but several points made in the article about the prevailing thin films are misleading. For one, tantalum-nitride thin film was developed by Bell Laboratories after experiments revealed that nichrome would not survive its 20-year equipment life requirement. Increasingly, tantalum nitride is specified in systems where reliability, as well as resistor stability, is important—for example, the Trident I missile and the Defense Satellite Communications System III. The best passivation techniques to date have not eliminated the disappearing nichrome phenomenon which occurs in the presence of low moisture levels and low potential difference across the resistor. The military still traces system failures to nichrome corrosion, and this fault feeds the use of tantalum nitride. Semi-Films has both thin-film capabilities. However, we take great pride in knowing that we have extended Bell Labs' technology to its present state of the art and are the major supplier of reliable, self-passivated tantalum-nitride thin-film resistors and networks to hybrid manufacturers throughout the West. Frederick R. Maldeis Semi-Films Division National Micronetics Inc. West Hurley, N. Y. The authors reply: Hybrid Systems Corp. also has the ability to provide resistors of either tantalum nitride or nichrome. Hence, we supply our customers with what they specify, which today is usually nichrome. Present nichrome resistor networks are reliable. A very large majority of the resistors we manufacture are used where high reliability is required, and after exhaustive testing, virtually all these applications have specified the use of nichrome. In fact, a number of programs that previously employed tantalum nitride now call for nichrome. With regard to Bell Labs' original use of tantalum nitride, it should be noted that the attraction of this metal was based on the use of tantalum in a multifunctional system. This use included tantalum oxide for capacitors and tantalum metal for conductors (in RC filter applications). Also, tantalum provided the desired compatibility with beam lead structures. The long-term stability problems observed in early uses of nichrome are insignificant today. Hybrid Systems' largest volume chip customers are manufacturers of highly reliable military products. They use nichrome chips because of the performance benefits offered, and they consider risks of moisture contamination very minimal in a well-run hybrid house. Almost all current major military programs have designed in nichrome resistor networks. Further, after shipping millions of dollars worth of chips and packaged networks to this marketplace, we have not received a single return where the nichrome has "disappeared." The growth in thin-film networks has been substantial, and the growth in nichrome has been the chief contributor. Elimination of long-term stability problems, combined with a lower temperature coefficient, greater tracking stability, and ease of laser trimming, is why, today, nichrome is most often the material of choice. For the record To the Editor: Certain statements made in your Sept. 28 article, "Silicon growers try to cut cost/watt" [p. 97], were in error and should be corrected. The silicon-on-ceramic process was not developed in the 1960s and dropped, as stated; rather, work under Government contract was done in that period which predicted that a silicon-on-ceramic technology might be feasible. The actual silicon-on-ceramic work was not started, however, until 1975. Moreover, the article says that, for the silicon-on-ceramic process to be cost-effective, Honeywell must grow at a rate of 1.5 cm/s in a continuous grower. The number should be approximately 0.15 cm/s. Paul W. Chapman Honeywell Technology Center Bloomington, Minn. You can rent your electronic equipment... and save your company thousands [even tens of thousands]. REI makes it easy. Renting is tremendously dollar-efficient. No matter what type of electronic instrument you need, Rental Electronics, Inc. (REI) probably has it. In stock. And you can rent it for a very short period. 30 days, for example. Also, you pay only for the time you have the equipment. No wasted cash. No bulky, unused equipment sitting around taking up expensive space. No inventory to tax, because it isn't yours. You expense the rental cost and eliminate worries about depreciation. And — more important — you don't worry about paying as much as $50K or more for a piece of equipment and watch racehorse technology make it obsolete before the ink on your check is dry. Frankly, you let your friendly neighborhood rental company take the big money position in state-of-the-art capital equipment. And the biggest, friendliest rental company of them all is us, REI. You can choose from almost 14,000 pieces of rental equipment . . . and a couple of thousand used instruments for sale. From a dozen U.S. Rental Centers, three more in Canada, and a separate sales company, REI has more than $20-million worth of state-of-the-art equipment on-the-shelf. Instrumentation recorders, analyzers of all types, oscilloscopes, microcomputer development systems, and much more. And an on-line interactive REI computer system keeps track of all of it, all the time. So we're always ready to bring the equipment you need off-the-shelf quickly to take care of your needs. Plus we're adding better than $1,000,000.00 in the latest, brand new equipment per month. REI is the biggest, fastest-growing company in the rental business. We've gotten big, and grown fast, because we take care of our customers' needs. Also, buying as much equipment as we do gives us purchasing clout, so manufacturers come to REI first with their new products. This means you can get the newest, just announced equipment from REI fast. To find out for sure what a different breed we are — in terms of people, products, prices and performance — give us a call, or return the coupon now. We'll respond. Immediately. Rental Electronics, Inc. Another of the American companies CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS: Palo Alto, CA (415) 324-8000. REPAIR FACILITIES: Northridge, CA (213) 933-REI; San Jose, CA (415) 968-0845; Ft. Lauderdale, FL (305) 777-3500; Deerfield, IL (312) 946-6570; Burlington, MA (617) 273-2777; Gaithersburg, MD (301) 948-0620; Oakland, NJ (201) 337-3757; Cleveland, OH (216) 443-8000; Dallas, TX (214) 636-8262; Houston, TX (713) 780-7218; Seattle, WA (206) 641-6444. CANADIAN RENTAL FACILITIES: Rental Electronics Ltd., Rexdale, Ontario (416) 675-7513; Montreal, Quebec (514) 681-9246; Vancouver, BC (604) 682-5263. REI SALES COMPANY: Burlington, MA (617) 273-2777. CALL TODAY FOR IMMEDIATE ACTION, OR RETURN THIS COUPON TO REI, 19347 LONDELIOUS ST., NORTHRIIDGE, CA 91324. ☐ Send me your Rental Catalog. ☐ Send me your Used Equipment Sales Catalog. ☐ Have someone from your nearest Inventory Center phone me, please, at ____________________________ ☐ I'm particularly interested in the following equipment: ________________________________________________________ GSA #GS-04S-21963 Neg © 1978 Rental Electronics, Inc. PLEASE RUSH THE INFORMATION REQUESTED TO: Name_________________________________________ Title_________________________________________ Company_______________________________________ Address_______________________________________ City/State/Zip__________________________________ Phone_________________________________________ Thousands of state-of-the-art instruments . . . off-the-shelf, throughout North America PS News update - The first Canadian field trials of the all-electronic E-phone are underway in Ontario. A continuation of earlier technology trials conducted by Bell Canada [Electronics, Oct. 28, 1976, p. 113], the two-phase field trials will ultimately test 1,000 phones over an eight-month period. In the first phase, 400 phones will be installed in customers' homes, to test the technology and how users react to the instrument, which was developed by Bell Canada, Bell-Northern Research Ltd., and Northern Telecom Ltd. Phase two will involve an additional 600 installations. Produced by Northern Telecom, the E-phone has as its heart an integrated-circuit package, built with bipolar, integrated injection logic, that replaces electromechanical parts such as the ringer, transformer-coupled speech network, and dial-pad assembly. Also, the carbon transmitter found in conventional telephones is replaced by a linear transducer. According to a BNR spokesman, if the results of the field trials are satisfactory, Bell Canada will "gradually phase out the use of electromechanical push-button telephones." Bruce LeBoss - The Canadian electronics trade deficit has grown from $336 million to $1,267 million since 1966 and—despite the formation of the Canadian Advanced Technology Association to help reverse this trend [Electronics, June 22, p. 52]—it is still an uphill battle, according to Bell Canada. Bell has been "effectively discouraged" from seeking sources of foreign income by a decision of the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission that $165 million of net profit from a Saudi Arabian project must be treated as ordinary revenues for regulatory purposes. Bell Canada feels that the foreign work was "unconnected with the telephone service in Canada" and that the commission's attitude was detrimental to Canada's international prestige and ability to compete in foreign markets. Harvey J. Hindin Presenting The New 11T03-L® Featuring Dual RLO1 Cartridge Disk Drives - Latest 11/03-LC® 9 slot backplane. - Dual 5.2 Megabyte Disk - Provides more open slots. - Choice of LA36®, VT52®, or VT100® - DEC RT-11* (version 3B) software included. - Standard DEC® installation and on-site warranty. First computer is all the computer company you’ll ever need to know. . . . . . Attractive OEM and Educational discounts for systems and components. . . . Stocking a complete line of LSI-11®, LSI-11/2®, and 11/03® products for IMMEDIATE DELIVERY. . . . Custom configurations available. . . . Personalized service. . . . To order call 312/920-1050 Call First first for all your DEC® computer needs—312/920-1050 \| Standard 11T03 4 slot backplane \| New 11T03-L 9 slot backplane \| \|---------------------------------\|-------------------------------\| \| $17,930 \| FCC LIST $16,265 \| \| 30-60 Days \| 30-60 Days \| \| Included \| DEC® Installation \| \| On-Site parts & labor \| DEC® 90 Day Warranty \| \| RT-11® plus enhancements \| Operating System \| \| 32K bytes \| Memory* \| \| 1 Dual \| Number of open slots available\| Other memory modules available 16K, 32K, and 64K bytes. Registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass. Registered trademark of First Computer Corporation World Radio History GOOD NEWS TRAVELS FAST. ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES ANNOUNCES THE AM2901B. If you liked our Am2901 and our Am2901A, you’re gonna love our Am2901B. It does everything the 2901A does. Only 25% faster. The truest test of speed for a bit-slice MPU is the system critical path. And the Am2901B passes with flying specs. Its worst-case cycle time for a 16-bit add is under 125 nanoseconds over the commercial operating range, including external component delays. The Am2901B is a plug-in replacement for the 2901 and 2901A. So if you designed your system using either one, you can easily speed things up by plugging in the Am2901B. More good news: The Am2901B won’t cost you a penny more. Actual price: $9.95 in 100-up quantities. (As always, you get MIL-STD-883 for free.) Start with our data sheet and Price/Performance brochure. One reading and you’ll want to get the Am2901B into your system. Fast. Advanced Micro Devices Multiple technologies. One product: excellence. 901 Thompson Place, Sunnyvale, California 94086 Telephone (408) 732-2400 NOW THE NEW M-1 The Industry's First 25-MHz From the company that was first to introduce 10-MHz LSI test systems comes the industry's first all-new 25-MHz memory tester - the Macrodata M-1. With the advent of high-speed MOS Static RAM's and 16K/64K Dynamic RAM's with complex timing requirements, the need for a new high-speed memory tester is obvious and urgent. Looking ahead, Macrodata foresaw that need and developed its new 25-MHz M-1 Memory Test System. But there's more to the new M-1 than just speed. Here is a brief run-down of some of the outstanding features: True 25-MHz Device Testing Speed - tests 4K (and larger) fast Static MOS RAM's up to 25-MHz (40 nanosecond period) speeds - tests 16K and 64K Dynamic MOS RAM's up to 20-MHz (50 nanosecond period) speeds with full split-cycle timing - tests both bipolar and ECL RAM's at speeds up to 25-MHz Unique Device Interface - special hybrid comparator packaging allows measurement and error processing at end of cable - small lightweight test head provides easy interface to commercial probers and handlers Full Computer Control - full stand-alone software capability based upon DEC LSI-11 system, providing program generation, datalog, shmoo plot, edit, bin summaries, etc. - standard video terminal plus hard-copy print-out System Timing Accuracy - skew specification guaranteed over 20% to 80% of waveforms, not restricted to a single midpoint measurement - fully automatic software calibration without the use of pots - many times faster than any other system Designed for Reliability - efficiently designed with advanced IC technology to reduce hardware complexity and parts count - design rule of 10 watts per double board maximum allowable power dissipation to eliminate heat problems - maintenance by card replacement with guaranteed interchangeability to eliminate pots and minimize downtime Cost Advantages - provides the highest performance per dollar investment, resulting in the "lowest-cost-per-hertz" in the industry - single rack console minimizes floor space - simplicity of design maximizes system utilization The new Macrodata M-1 is not only the industry's fastest memory tester, but it is the precursor of a whole new generation of test systems. For more information on this advanced new system, send for a copy of the M-1 brochure or call us directly. Also ask about Macrodata's complete family of memory board and other LSI device testers. Macrodata Corporation, P.O. Box 1900, Woodland Hills, California 91365, Phone: (213) 887-5550, Telex: 69-8489 Griffith to push Xylogics beyond disk-drive controllers C. Wayne Griffith is a big man with big plans for a company that is small right now. The 6-foot, 4-inch, 240-pound Griffith was recently elected president and chief executive officer of Xylogics Inc., a Burlington, Mass., company whose main business is making microprocessor-based controllers for minicomputer disk drives, mostly for Digital Equipment Corp. and Data General Corp. systems. "The DEC- and Data General-related market is a good one to be in because it's growing at 35% or more per year," Griffith says. His biggest competitor is System Industries Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif., with sales in 1978 of some $22 million worth of disk controllers and subsystems, a figure that Griffith envies. A few years, Xylogics is nowhere near that size, but it could be in a few years, if Griffith's plans work out. The nucleus of the company was formed in late 1975 and evolved into Xylogics Inc. a year later. Revenues will reach about $3.2 million this year, Griffith says. He is used to running far larger operations. "I've run entities as large as $100 million, and I don't want to run anything much smaller," he asserts. While at Burndy Corp., for example, the 45-year-old Griffith, who has a bachelor's degree in economics, handled international operations—manufacturing, engineering, joint ventures, plus acquisitions in Brazil and Japan. "I took it from sales of $18 million to almost $70 million in four years," he says. And earlier, at Leeds & Northrup Corp., most recently as group vice president, he took an international operation that had lost money on $70 million in sales and made it profitable. Xylogics has been profitable, but Griffith wants more growth, through both acquisitions and an expanded product line. "We already see other hardware opportunities," he notes. "Our products do control, communications, command, and connection functions." Growth. Xylogics' Griffith looks to acquisitions and expanded lines. There are interesting segments in each of these, like factory remote data-acquisition networks." One of his first moves was to restructure Xylogics' board of directors, to give it more expertise. John W. Poduska, vice president for research and development at Prime Computer Inc., is a "superb technologist in the computer field," he points out. And Bruce E. Elmlab, a founder of both peripherals manufacturer Inforex Inc. and Prime "has a strong background of taking small companies and making them significant, worldwide companies," Griffith says. Hughes's Walker: pruning to get more profitable The reasoning behind the move is easy to understand. "We weren't profitable enough," is the way W. Scott Walker explains why much of Hughes Aircraft Co.'s microelectronics business is being reorganized. Walker, a 22-year veteran of Hughes, was recently named general manager of the new Solid State Products division, Newport Beach, Calif. It is the remnant of Hughes's Microelectronics Products division, an organization that had been committed to a hodge-podge of solid-state products, including integrated and hybrid circuits and discrete HOW COULD THE INDUSTRY STANDARD 5½-DIGIT DMM BE IMPROVED? The problem was, what could be improved? The 8800A already has made its reputation by providing the accuracy, stability and resolution usually found only in big, expensive lab instruments. And it has four-terminal ohms, 1000 MΩDC input resistance, and full guarding thrown in for good measure. Combine all this with autoranging, extensive overload protection, and a cost effective price, and it’s no wonder the 8800A is the industry’s most popular bench/portable 5½-digit DMM. Now look at the 8810A. It’s modular! You can buy the lab-performance DC mainframe for only $695. Add the six-range ohms converter for $175 any time you wish. It’s got true rms ac! Actually you can choose either the true RMS converter module for accurate measurements of most waveforms at $275, or the average-responding AC converter module at $150. Both are spec’d to 100 kHz. For data recording, there’s a data output option. It’s specified for one year! You know how much money you can save by eliminating the time and expense of shorter re-cal cycles. And this kind of long-term stability is just what you’d expect from Fluke. So now, in addition to the industry standard 8800A, you have your choice of application-oriented and cost-saving configurations of the new 8810A, choices you’d expect only from Fluke. Field-installable options snap-in when you need them. CALL (800) 426-0361, TOLL FREE. Or, contact one of the more than 100 Fluke offices or representatives, worldwide. In the U.S. and all countries outside of Europe, contact: John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc., P.O. Box 43210, Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043, U.S.A. Telex: 32-0013. In Europe, contact: Fluke (Nederland) B.V., P.O. Box 5053, Tilburg, The Netherlands. Tel.: (013) 673973. Telex: 52237. Prices U.S. only. Alaska, Hawaii, Washington residents please call (206) 774-2481. COMMAND PERFORMANCE: DEMAND FLUKE DMMs. FLUKE Circle 210 for literature Circle 15 for demonstration Delevan Power Chokes ...strike the perfect balance Our Series 3443 molded power inductors offer the optimum design balance in switching regulator systems. They combine low unit cost with the high reliability of a molded configuration. Rugged construction with heavy 18 gauge molded-in solder-coated radial terminals... ideal for printed circuit board applications. A broad spectrum of standard inductance values ranges from 1.0 to 15,000 µH. Current ratings up to 10 Amp. Delevan molded power chokes reduce ripple transients... and reduce incremental current effects at a lower cost than conventional toroid design. Inductance values will not change more than 10% with up to 70% of rated current. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS • Switching regulator power supplies • DC to DC converters • Suppression and decoupling chokes Get the details for your application. Ask for Data Sheet 3443. Delevan Division American Precision Industries Inc. 270 Quaker Rd., East Aurora, N.Y. 14052 Telephone 716/652/3600 Telex 91-293 Other divisions & subsidiaries include Atrion, Basco, Dustex, American Precision Industries U.K. Ltd., Dustex of Canada, Inc. Classical. W. Scott Walker hopes he will run a classic components company. devices, quartz crystals, electronic watch modules, audio switching systems for the military, and passenger entertainment systems for commercial airlines. The total gross seems healthy enough, although about half of last year's $60 million in sales went to other Hughes divisions. But apparently a clear-cut direction for the organization was missing. "We're now giving undivided attention to components," says Walker, who holds a Ph.D. in nuclear physics and spent most of his time at Hughes with missiles like Phoenix and Maverick. He sees his job right now as "pruning away technologies rather than launching new ones." No longer will the group hold to its original charter—developing state-of-the-art circuits for military and space systems, then finding commercial customers. Instead, Walker will keep what he regards as his best lines, not yet saying which he will drop. Perhaps most important will be complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor technology and the 1800 microprocessor family, together with C-MOS-on-sapphire technology, licensed from RCA Corp. Hughes will be expanding its peripheral chips starting with a new 16-kilobit electrically programmable read-only memory, Walker says. And bipolar products will also have a place, he continues. Staying, as well, will be the crystal and custom hybrid businesses and the watch modules. "If in a year or so people tell me we have built a classic components company here, then I'll feel I have been successful," Walker says. Data Communications at 4 million operations/second. The PC board shown is a good example. Our 8X300 is the heart of this compact Bell-compatible OEM modem. It's the first 4800 bps modem in its class to measure only 100 square inches. And it wouldn't have been possible without the 8X300. Put our 8X300 directly in your data path. And you'll get real-time data processing—even at T-1 data rates. You'll also benefit from bit-level control, unmatched programming ease and reduced parts count. So if throughput is important to you, it's time you got through to us. We've got a fact-filled, 100-page 8X300 Programming Manual reserved for you. It describes all the instructions you can easily put to work on your next datacom design. For your free copy, contact your local Signetics sales office. Or use the coupon. Make us prove that fastest is best, and the 8X300 is why. Here's the raw, uncompromising speed your datacom design demands: 20 instructions/byte on a T-1 carrier. Compare the 8X300's throughput with MOS devices, and the conclusion is plain: there is no comparison. The bipolar 8X300 with its 250ns instruction time leaves the rest at the starting gate. Whether used in modems, multiplexers or channel adapters, the 8X300's blazing speed can get your data—and your sales—moving. Fast. "Now we make 16 wire-to-post connections as fast as we used to make one. That's AMP MTS." One stroke is all it takes to make up to 16 terminations on .100" or .156" centers with the new AMP MTS—Mass Termination System. Compare that to ordinary cut, strip, terminate and hand insert systems and it's easy to see why MTS saves so much time, increases quality and reduces rejects. It's the modern wire-to-post interconnection system for .025 and .045 posts. MTS works with a wide array of wire sizes and types, ranging from discrete wire to ribbon cable, and all without wire stripping. It is compatible with present pin arrays and headers. And it includes a full selection of housings, post header styles and application tooling—from simple service tools to complete harness board tooling and cable makers. This kind of versatility means MTS can be used in a variety of applications—on radio and TV sets, photographic equipment, copy machines, instruments, appliances, etc. And with every one you can depend on AMP technical assistance, even when you're in the early stages of product development. In fact, that's when we prefer to help. Because then our worldwide product development experience can assist you the most. There are many more advantages to MTS, like the unique pre-loaded, dual beam, insulation displacement contacts, and a major advance in application technology and tooling selection. MTS can bring significant economies to your operations. Why not call AMP Customer Service today at (717) 564-0100, circle the reader service number, or write us directly. AMP Incorporated, Harrisburg, PA 17105. AMP has a better way . . . Mass Termination AMP pioneered the concept and today is the acknowledged leader with the industry's widest range of application experience. We have mass termination connectors for virtually any type of cable, ribbon coaxial, flat etched, twisted pair, round conductor, flat flexible and discrete wire. All have preassembled contacts, eliminate costly wire preparation and offer productivity savings and benefits never before possible. If you would like details on any of our other Mass Termination ideas, call Customer Service at (717) 564-0100. AMP is a trademark of AMP Incorporated SEE US AT BIAS, MILAN Circle 19 on reader service card Zilog gives you across the board coverage. Zilog’s famous Z80 powers a growing family of over a dozen boards designed to give you dramatic savings in time and money. Need a modest memory? Pick the Z80-MCB, microcomputer board with 4K or 16K bytes of RAM; sockets for another 4K bytes of PROM. Two eight-bit parallel I/O ports let you drive digital display, plotters and printers. On-board is a serial port with an RS-232 or 20 ma. current loop for interfacing with modems, other computers or CRT’s, plus baud rate clock and three user-programmable counter/timer channels. If 16K is all you need, the Z80-MCB can easily eliminate the need for a second, separate, memory board. Immodest memories too. The Z80-RMB, RAM memory board, lets you go from 16K to 64K bytes with automatically refreshed, dynamic memory. Add up to 8K bytes of PROM memory. Need more PROM? The Z80-PMB, PROM memory board, lets you add up to 32K bytes. Input/Output and then some. The Z80-I0B, a parallel I/O board offers you 64 programmable I/O lines and 16 handshake lines. For your serial interface needs, there’s the Z80-SIB. It gives you four independent, full duplex channels that can operate in either asynchronous or synchronous modes, as well as programmable baud rates independent of the system clock. Analog flexibility. Two powerful analog boards, the Z80-AIO, and the Z80-AIB, permit up to 16 differential input channels (or 32 single-ended) with 12 bit resolution, 35 µsec conversion times. The Z80-AIO adds two D to A channels to this configuration. The choices go on and on: There’s a drawer full of options to help complete your system: the Z80-MDC, a combined memory and disk controller; the Z80-VDB, a video display board; the Z80-PPB, a powerful PROM programmer board; the Z80-PPB/16, a 16K PROM programmer board; and new boards keep coming. Put the finishing touches on sooner. Zilog’s SCE-4 enclosure saves design and engineering time by combining power supply, fan and controls in one, handsome, efficient, off-the-shelf unit. Four card slots allow for expansion. No need to spend valuable hours re-inventing the wheel! Zilog can also supply you with matching card cages, a wire wrap prototyping board, an extender board, connectors and cables. Proven. Used around the world in Zilog's phenomenally successful microcomputer systems, these boards have proven themselves again and again. You are not alone. Zilog gives you practical support. At your fingertips are: Zilog's powerful development systems with text editor, relocatable assembler, linker and a powerful RIO operating system—plus in-circuit emulation. Backing them up is Zilog's powerful PLZ family of programming languages that lets you work interchangeably with high-level and assembly language commands. Best of all, available now. Zilog's across the board coverage is at your distributors today. It's what you'd expect from the company that's pledged to stay a generation ahead in microcomputers. 10460 Bubb Road, Cupertino, California 95014 (408) 446-4666 • TWX 914-338-7621 EASTERN REGION (617) 667-2179 MIDWESTERN REGION (312) 885-8080 SOUTHERN REGION (714) 549-2891 NORTH WESTERN REGION (+408) 446-4666 EUROPE (ENGLAND): (0628) 36131/2/3 WEST GERMANY, GMBH: +8106) 4035 JAPAN 03-476-3010 An affiliate of EXON ENTERPRISES INC. We want you to know more about microcomputer boards. Circle 21 on reader service card Parallel testing keeps your memory traffic moving. Your production line is probably spewing out a virtual river of memory devices: RAMs, ROMs, EPROMs up to 65K x 8 bits. Your test system can't be a bottleneck. It must pace the flow, not choke it. Fairchild developed the Xincom 5581 Parallel Operation Memory Tester specifically to speed throughput and help reduce the cost of testing. The 5581 is a high performance, functional and parametric memory tester. It can parallel test up to four 65K x 4 bit multiplexed address RAMs. And it's done with only two heads, each with two sockets or connectors for wafer probers or device handlers. Thus, the 5581 combines the throughput of a 4-head tester with the mechanical simplicity of a 2-head system. In its maximum configuration the 5581 will handle: - 65K x 4 bit RAMs with multiplexed addresses, four at a time with two at each test head; - 65K x 8 bit RAMs and 4K x 8 bit ROMs two at a time, one in each test head; - 65K x 8 bit RAMs or 4K x 8 bit ROMs time sequential with a different device at each head. On-the-fly timing edge control provides test accuracy and reproducibility for production testing of dynamic MOS and bipolar memories. The 5581 can be used as a stand-alone tester or as a satellite to the Xincom III distributed test system. As part of the Xincom III test system, it can store, analyze and process vast amounts of test data or prepare schmoo plots, wafer maps, or trend graphs. You also get compiling and test program editing capabilities. To really appreciate the accuracy and throughput speed of the 5581 you should see one in action. Since there are numerous systems already installed there's probably one close to you. We'll try to set up an appointment for you to see one. Just give us a call. Fairchild Test Systems Group, Xincom Division, Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp., 1725 Technology Drive, San Jose, Ca 95110 (408) 998-0123 Dealing with electromagnetic pollution Electromagnetic pollution, some observers believe, may become one of the top environmental problems of our time because of the rapid proliferation of electronic products worldwide. The scope of the problem has been increasing steadily for some time, so that today there are millions of sources of electromagnetic radiation causing interference with other electronic devices, as well as with biological systems. For starters, consider that there are 4,500 a-m and 4,000 fm radio stations in this country; 1,000 television stations, point-to-point microwave communications towers, and satellite ground stations; 40,000 circuit miles of overhead extra-high-voltage (345-to-765-kilovolt) ac electrical transmission lines; and 30 million citizens' band transceivers. Add to this list common sources of electromagnetic energy — electric motors, arc welders, high-voltage switches, microwave ovens, and intrusion protection systems among them — and the potential for electromagnetic pollution is huge. What's being done about the situation? One of the first steps has been the development of instrumentation for measuring and monitoring electromagnetic fields and power levels around the sources most likely to cause interference. In line with its charter to lead the coordination of measurement programs in the U.S., the National Bureau of Standards has taken a hand in this effort. It recently sponsored a workshop on electromagnetic pollution, aiming it at decision makers, rather than at laboratory researchers, and in fact bringing together manufacturers, consumer groups, and Government agencies for a common dialogue. For its part, the electronics industries have a stake in the development of consistent and compatible measurement methods to help determine the interference characteristics of electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, the start NBS has made should be encouraged. Right now it is hard to predict the levels for various electronic equipment at which deleterious effects occur, because the information available on the electromagnetic environment is limited. The heart of the problem is that there is an inadequate database for measurement techniques to establish either the total electromagnetic environment at any point or the susceptibility of a particular electronic system to that environment. The problems caused by electromagnetic pollution range from merely annoying — TV picture interference — to dangerous — cardiac pacemaker disruption. In between, there are headaches such as computer malfunctions. In addition, the nonthermal effect of low-level microwave radiation on living organisms is now a subject for much debate. Indeed, the potential biological hazards of low-frequency radiation from an antenna system used to communicate with submerged nuclear submarines led to its cancellation, leaving the Navy with no viable alternative. The list of direct and indirect dangers or suspected dangers is mounting. It is clear then that more attention has to be paid to the electromagnetic pollution problem in all its forms before the situation becomes worse. A 32K byte dual floppy microcomputer system for only $2900* complete. Standard Features: - Dual 8" floppys store 500,000 characters on line - 32K bytes of static RAM - RS-232 C at 75 to 19,200 baud - 16 line parallel I/O - Rack or tabletop mounting - UL-recognized power supplies - BUS oriented computer architecture - Four slots used — four slots open for expansion Comes complete with disk BASIC Includes Interactive Assembler/Editor Main processor is an ultra-fast 6502A Has auxiliary Z-80 and 6800 micros which allow execution of virtually all 6502, 6800, 8080 and Z-80 code! User programmable interrupt vectors on all three micros The C3-OEM is an ultra-high performance microcomputer system. Its powerful 6502A microprocessor (now triple sourced) out-benchmarks all 6800- and 8080-based computers in BASIC and machine code using the BASIC and assembler provided standard with this system. In fact, the C3-OEM executes standard BASIC language programs at speed comparable to small 16 bit minicomputers. Ohio Scientific has a vast library of low cost software for the high performance 6502A including an on-line debugger, a disassembler, several specialized disk operating systems and applications programs such as our word processor package and a database management system. However, the C3-OEM is not just limited to 6502 based software. This remarkable machine also has a 6800 and a Z-80 microprocessor. The system includes a software switch so that machine operation can be switched from one processor to another under software control! So, one can start with existing 6800, 8080 or Z-80 programs while developing new software for the ultra-high performance 6502A. The C3-OEM isn't cheap. It's a quality product with mechanical features like UL-recognized power supplies, a three-stage baked-on enamel finish and totally modular construction. It is the product of Ohio Scientific's thousands of microcomputer systems experience. In fact, all the electronics of the C3-OEM have been in production for nearly a year and have field proven reliability. And, best of all, this machine is available now in quantity for immediate delivery! A full spectrum of add-ons are now available including more memory, up to 16 serial ports, 96 parallel I/O lines, a video display, a parallel line printer interface and a 74 million byte Winchester disk drive. 25-49 unit price 1-4 $3590. 5-9 $3300. 10-24 $3100. Phone (216) 562-3101 or write for more information and the C3-OEM representative in your area. OHIO SCIENTIFIC 1333 S. Chillicothe Rd. Aurora, OH 44202 Circle 25 on reader service card A long time ago we found out that by starting with design excellence and innovative engineering, we could end up with a power supply that would be better. So that's what we did. And that's what we are still doing today. In a word: ingenuity. In another word: skill. One- and three-phase rack-mounted power supplies from 500 to 10,000 watts. Call TOLL FREE 800-631-4298 for complete information and prices, or write for our catalog. Except in New Jersey, Hawaii & Alaska ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS INC. 405 Essex Road, Neptune, NJ 07753 Phone: 201-922-9300. TOLL FREE 800-631-4298 Specialists in Power Conversion Equipment Meetings Eighth International Congress on Microelectronics, IEEE, Fairgrounds Congress Hall, Munich, Nov. 13–15. CompSac 78—Second International Computer Software and Applications Conference, IEEE, The Palmer House, Chicago, Nov. 13–16. Gomac-78—Government Microcircuit Applications Conference, U.S. Department of Defense (for information, contact Robert D. Larson, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio), Del Monte Hyatt House, Monterey, Calif., Nov. 14–16. 24th Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, IEEE, Stouffer's Inn, Cleveland, Nov. 14–17. Annual Assembly, Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics, Sheraton National Motor Hotel, Arlington, Va., Nov. 16–17. Symposium on Computer-Aided Design of Digital Electronic Circuits and Systems, The Commission of the European Communities (for information, contact Keness Belgium Congress SA, Brussels), Hilton Hotel, Brussels, Nov. 27–29. Digital Equipment Computer Users' Society (Decus), U.S. Fall Symposium, Digital Equipment Corp. (Maynard, Mass.), San Francisco Hilton, San Francisco, Nov. 27–30. Autotestcon 78, International Automatic Testing Conference, IEEE, Hilton Mission Bay Hotel, San Diego, Calif., Nov. 28–30. 10th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Applications and Planning Meeting, Naval Electronic Systems Command (Washington, D.C.) at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., Nov. 28–30. Annual Convention of the Association of Computing Machinery (Mountvale, N.J.), Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C., Dec. 4–6. International Electron Devices Meeting, IEEE, Washington Hilton Hotel, Mostek’s 32K RAM. Double up for system density. Mostek’s 32K RAM doubles system density without increasing package count. By utilizing the industry standard 4116 in a dual device package configuration, Mostek now offers a 32K X 1 Random Access Memory module that’s pin-compatible with 16-pin 4K, 16K and next-generation 64K dynamic RAMs. The MK4332D is manufactured by mounting two MK4116 RAMs in leadless chip carriers onto a standard 18-pin DIP mother board. The assembled module has the same package dimensions as an 18-pin cerdip package, permitting the module to be used with standard automated handling and test equipment. The two chips share common Address, Data In, Data Out, Write Enable, and Power pins. Separate RAS and CAS clocks for each MK4116 are provided for easy device selection and control. The MK4332D-3 features an access time of 200ns with a cycle time of 375ns. And operating power is just 482 mW active and 40 mW standby (max). It requires a ±10% tolerance on all power supplies (+12V, ±5V). The MK4332 offers 4116 performance and ease of use but allows greater memory density. Samples of the MK4332 are available now. Full production is scheduled for the 4th quarter, with optional pin configurations available. For more information on Mostek’s 32K RAM, contact Mostek, 1215 West Crosby Road, Carrollton, Texas 75006; Telephone 214/242-0444. In Europe, contact Mostek Brussels; Telephone (49) (0711) 701045. MEASURE ANY ELECTRICAL LOAD simultaneous amps/volts/watts readout with display hold fast · easy · precise Here is a rugged, versatile instrument that easily and accurately performs countless test and analysis operations on anything that uses electrical power: motors, transformers, appliances, resistance units, even light bulbs. By simultaneously displaying amps, volts, and watts, it does the work of three conventional power-measuring units; and with its easy-to-read digits and pushbutton display hold it minimizes chances for operator error — almost anyone can handle its simple setup and equally simple operation. True RMS readouts, high surge capability, no need for burden compensation or other correction, many other advanced features. Ranges 0-50 amps, 0-600 volts, 0-30,000 watts. Typical accuracy better than .5 percent. Analog and digital outputs optionally available. The unit can also be used as a secondary standard for testing other instruments. Request information today. MAGTROL, INC. 70 GARDENVILLE PARKWAY WEST BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14224 716-668-5555 Circle 28 on reader service card HOPE The project a ship launched. First there was the hospital ship S.S. HOPE, now retired. Today HOPE is an established project which has carried its goal of improving health through education to 84 developing countries of the world and the United States. Give to: PROJECT HOPE Department A Washington, D.C. 20007 Meetings Washington, D. C., Dec. 4–6. National Telecommunications Conference, IEEE, Hyatt Hotel, Birmingham, Ala., Dec. 4–6. Winter Simulation Conference, IEEE, Deauville Hotel, Miami Beach, Fla., Dec. 4–6. Midcon 78 Show and Convention, Electronic Conventions Inc. (El Segundo, Calif.), Dallas Convention Center, Dallas, Dec. 12–14. Computer Networking Symposium, IEEE, the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md., Dec. 13. Third Biennial University/Industry/Government Microelectronics Symposium, IEEE, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, Jan. 3–4. Winter Consumer Electronics Show, Electronic Industries Association, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nev., Jan. 6–9. 17th Conference on Decision and Control, IEEE, Islandia Hyatt House, San Diego, Calif., Jan. 10–12. Conference on Reliability and Maintainability, IEEE, Shoreham Americana Hotel, Washington, D. C., Jan. 23–25. Communication Networks Conference & Exposition, The Conference Co. (Newton, Mass.), Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D. C., Jan. 30–Feb. 1. Wincon—Aerospace & Electronic Systems Winter Conference, IEEE, Sheraton Universal Hotel, Los Angeles, Feb. 6–8. International Solid-State Circuits Conference, IEEE, Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Feb. 15–17. ICE 79—International Computer Expo, Marcom International Inc. (Tokyo) and Golden Gate Enterprises Inc. (Sunnyvale, Calif.), Tokyo Harumi Fairgrounds, Tokyo, Feb. 28–March 2. Move over 2114s. Mostek's 8K static RAM is moving in! Double your system density by replacing two 2114s with Mostek's new MK 4118 8K static RAM. In addition, you gain significant improvements in speed, power, and design flexibility over older generation 2102 and 2114 static RAMs. Organized as 1K X 8 bits, the MK 4118 is designed to interface directly with all present and future generation microprocessors. A Chip Select control is provided for easy memory expansion and decoding, and internal latches are available to latch the Address and Chip Select inputs, further simplifying system design. If the Latch function is not needed, it can be bypassed by connecting the Latch control input to +5V (the only power supply needed for the MK 4118). A fast Output Enable function (50% of address access) allows easy control of the data bus in all bus configurations. All inputs and outputs are TTL compatible, and the MK 4118 is pin compatible with standard 24-pin ROMs, PROMs, and EPROMs, such as the MK 2716. Advanced circuit design and Mostek's Poly R™ process technology are combined to pack 8K bits of static RAM on a chip comparable in size to 4K static RAMs. Performance, reliability, flexibility, compatibility. The 4118 is the obvious choice. For information contact Mostek, 1215 West Crosby Road, Carrollton, TX. 75006. Telephone 214/242-0444. In Europe, contact Mostek, Brussels; Telephone (32) 02/6188.8.131.52013. MOSTEK © 1978 Mostek Corporation System 45: Our friendly computer could speed through your tough technical problems... if the boss would just get finished with his. He has problems, too. The versatile System 45, along with HP-created management programs, can help him with forecasting, project management, basic statistics — even payroll and inventory control. He can also create and access departmental data bases for administrative chores. But you won’t wait but a couple of minutes because the System 45 is a speedy workhorse. When it’s your turn, you, too, can take advantage of HP programs for applications as diverse and as valuable as differential equations, waveform analysis, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, regression analysis, linear equations and numerical integration to name a few. You’ll get answers fast. System 45 will display a 20 variable, 20 constraint linear programming solution in under five minutes. And tackle a Fast Fourier Transform of a set of a 1,024 full precision data points in less than a minute. Anyone in your department can easily create and run their own special programs using System 45’s enhanced BASIC language. You can generate charts and graphs, interface with your instruments, add peripherals for extra storage, input and output. You can solve problems needing up to 62K bytes of Waveform Analysis Regression Analysis Bar Chart memory. Stated simply, System 45 is powerful, versatile and friendly: a productive, cost-effective tool for practically everyone in your department, even the boss. For brochures describing System 45 and the HP programs of interest to you, call the HP Literature Center toll-free day or night. The number is 1-800-821-7700, extension 302. (In Missouri, call 1-800-892-7655, extension 302.) HEWLETT PACKARD 3400 E Harmony Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521 For assistance call: Washington (301) 944-6370, Chicago (312) 255-9800, Atlanta (404) 955-1500, Los Angeles (213) 877-1282 Ask for Desktop Computer Sales Department. Andres Plot Active Filter Design RIA QC Plot Circle 31 on reader service card Ours: TCR equals ±35 PPM/°C typical. Theirs: Extra cost or unavailable. New cermet resistive element gives A-B trimmers a standard TCR of ±35 PPM/°C typical. Plus a typical 1% CRV. Easy "set-and-forget" adjustability and unmatched stability over a wide temperature range. 6 trimmers, 10 ohms to 2.5 megs., 41 terminal options, variety of sizes, shapes and enclosures. Satisfies the majority of your trimmer applications. We have what you need. Our distributors have them when your need is now. Ask for Publications listed below. \| TYPE \| TCR LESS THAN 500 OHMS \| RESISTANCE RANGE AND TOLERANCE \| POWER RATINGS \| OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE \| PUBLICATION NUMBER \| \|------\|------------------------\|---------------------------------\|---------------\|-----------------------------\|--------------------\| \| A \| \| 10 ohms to 2.5 megs ±10% \| 0.5 W @ 85°C \| −55°C to +150°C \| 5238 \| \| D \| ALL ±35PPM/°C TYPICAL \| 10 ohms to 2.5 megs ±20% \| 0.5 W @ 70°C \| −55°C to +125°C \| 5240 \| \| E \| \| 10 ohms to 2.5 megs ±10% \| 0.5 W @ 70°C \| −55°C to +125°C \| 5219A \| \| S \| \| 50 ohms to 1 meg ±10% \| 0.5 W @ 85°C \| −65°C to +150°C \| 5208 \| \| MT \| \| 100 ohms to 2.5 megs ±20% \| 0.5 W @ 70°C \| −55°C to +125°C \| 5241 \| \| RT \| \| 10 ohms to 2.5 megs ±10% \| 1.0 W @ 40°C \| −55°C to +125°C \| 5237 \| 20 turns nominal. All others single turn. Quality in the best tradition. ALLEN-BRADLEY Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204 Circle 32 on reader service card Eyes of 64-K RAM world are on Texas In terms of dynamic MOS random-access memories at least, it looks like Silicon Valley may take a back seat to Texas. Next to join Texas Instruments Inc.'s 64-k dynamic RAM may well be two competing Texas-bred products. Motorola's MOS integrated-circuit operation in Austin is planning introduction of its 64-k part next month, with Carrollton-based Mostek Corp.'s MK4164 expected in early 1979. The Motorola contribution to the budding Texas triumvirate is scheduled in sample quantities in the first quarter next year, offering access times of 150 ns and a single 5-v supply requirement. IC equipment makers cautioned on cost in 1980s Alarmed by projections of spiraling production costs for very large-scale integrated circuits in the 1980s, semiconductor manufacturer Intel Corp. is admonishing process-equipment makers to hold down prices. "There will be an upper limit to even the largest VLSI company's capital budget," Will Kauffman, director of component production, told a recent dinner meeting of the Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute in Palo Alto, Calif. He pointed out that the cost of an average wafer-fabrication module has increased five times since 1972 to $10 million and could jump to $50 million by the mid-1980s. Standard modem due in January from Rockwell Jumping into the standard, off-the-shelf modem market, Rockwell International Corp. will have samples of a 2,400-b/s unit ready in January. An entry from the Microelectronic Devices division in Anaheim, Calif., it consists of three modules—two receivers and a transmitter—and occupies only 25 in.² It is aimed directly at remote terminals. Fairchild readies 8-bit-slice ECL family Calling them the most advanced microprocessor building blocks, Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp., Mountain View, Calif., is preparing a family of 8-bit-slice, emitter-coupled-logic integrated circuits for a mid-1979 introduction. All four family members—the address and data interface unit, multifunction network, dual-access stack, and programmable interface unit—are bipolar, ECL chips ranging in density from 800 to 1,200 gates on chips approximately 47,000 mil², the company says. Millennium adds 8085 to analyzer's emulation list With interest growing in its Microsystem Analyzer field-service tool as a test instrument for original-equipment manufacturers, Millennium Systems Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., has broadened the analyzer's capabilities to include emulation of Intel's 8085 at both 3 and 5 MHz. In addition to the recently announced deal with Motorola Inc.'s Semiconductor Group, Millennium says it is negotiating with three other semiconductor makers. One-chip micros with built-in E-PROMs coming As semiconductor manufacturers gain confidence in processes for making ultraviolet-light-erasable programmable read-only memories, one-chip microcomputers with built-in E-PROM are appearing. Look for first-of-the year samples of E-PROM versions of Texas Instruments Inc.'s 16-bit 9940 and Mostek Corp.'s 3870. Fairchild, whose F8 chip set was turned into the one-chip 3870 by Mostek, will build an E-PROM 3870 as well, the F38E70, to be available in spring of next year. Mostek's own route is different: it will take the ROM off the chip and use an off-board E-PROM. Mostek Corp. has dropped the other shoe: the Carrollton, Texas, company, which second-sources Zilog Inc.'s Z80 microprocessor but won't be able to build the Z8000 because Advanced Micro Devices Inc. signed a contract with Zilog, will instead second-source Intel Corp.'s 8086. Rather than masks, Mostek will receive all the necessary logic specifications it needs to engineer its own functionally compatible version of the 16-bit chip. All Santa Clara, Calif.-based Intel will gain at this time is greater market acceptance; additional portions of the agreement, however, will be announced next month. A new company using flat-panel-display technology developed for Westinghouse Electric Corp. plans to have its first product ready within a year. Called PanelVision Inc., the firm is headed by T. P. Brody, who developed the electroluminescent technology for Westinghouse that he is taking with him with the company's blessings. The display in effect has individual drive circuits lined up behind each of the 25,000 display elements to eliminate time-multiplexing schemes. Now PanelVision will use that technique to build a 190-column-by-128-row liquid-crystal display. After having its own way in the market for high-speed 4,096-by-1-bit static random-access memories, Intel Corp., Santa Clara, Calif., is starting to draw competitors for its proprietary 2147 design. Advanced Micro Devices Inc., in nearby Sunnyvale, plans to have samples ready early in 1979 of its 9147, an edge-triggered device with equivalent 55-to-70-ns access times and comparable power-supply currents of 180 mA in the active mode and less than 30 mA in standby. Made on AMD's scaled-down n-channel MOS technology featuring 3-$\mu$m geometries, arsenic source drains, and projection printing, the 9147 measures less than 17,000 mil$^2$, or a third smaller than the 2147. Others reported readying parts are American Microsystems Inc., Fujitsu, Hitachi, Mostek, Motorola, and Texas Instruments. TI also is developing a vertical MOS version to check out that process. As interesting as IBM Corp.'s new chip technologies (see p. 39) is its highly automated production line. Air tracks move the serially processed wafers from one operation to the next under computer control. Because each wafer has a serial number, those containing 18-k, 32-k, and 64-k parts can be intermixed. Instead of quartz boats used to process batches of wafers, trays carry individual wafers through continuous diffusion furnaces whose parameters can be modified while in use. Look for General Telephone Co. of Indiana to install a GTE Lenkurt fiber-optics system to interconnect two switching centers that provide regular service to Fort Wayne customers. To be installed in 1979, this Indiana first will also be one of the few working optical telephone systems in the world. . . . McGraw-Hill Inc.'s annual survey of American industry's capital spending plans shows an increase of 10% above the anticipated 1978 figure. However, an 8% rise in the price of equipment will hold real growth to a modest 2%. Now, everything you loved about the 2114 plus 125mW power down. Memory retention at 2.5 volts Vcc — the 2114LV. 125mW stand-by vs. 350mW operating. Think of the power you save. And think of the complete 2114 family from Synertek. All fully static. No clocks or triggers using valuable system time. 200, 300 and 450nsec versions. The low power 2114L series — plus power down. And Mil versions soon-to come. The broadest family of 4K static RAMs available. From Synertek, now. For specs, samples and complete information, contact Larry Hester, Synertek, 3001 Stender Way, Santa Clara, California 95051. (408) 988-5600. TWX: 910-338-0135. Synertek Circle 35 on reader service card 202 minus 220 =60% savings. \| PART NUMBER \| FIXED POSITIVE \| FIXED NEGATIVE \| ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE \| ADJUSTABLE NEGATIVE \| \|-------------\|----------------\|----------------\|---------------------\|---------------------\| \| .5A \| LM341P \| LM320MP \| LM317MP \| LM337MP \| \| .25A \| LM342P \| LM320MLP \| \| \| \| .1A \| LM340LAZ \| LM320LZ \| \| \| Contrary to popular belief, a TO-220 voltage regulator package isn’t the only thing that will do the job in the less than 1 amp requirement. It may even be the least cost-effective. Because if you’re plugging in more amperage capability than you’re using, it’s overkill. That’s why we invented the TO-202. It increases efficiencies and decreases costs in low current electrical systems. And it’s pin-compatible with TO-220 sockets. By substituting the TO-202 for a TO-220 package, you can save up to 60%. And that kind of savings comes in both a .5A and a .25A output version. But only from National. In the .10 amp capacity, we’ve got a TO-92 package that’s also very economical. In fact, since we invented the first 3-terminal regulator 10 years ago, we’ve developed a whole range of cost-effective voltage regulators. Today, National has the broadest line in the business. For full details, send in the coupon. National Semiconductor Corporation 2900 Semiconductor Drive, M/S 520 Santa Clara, CA 95051 Sounds very interesting. Please send me your free data sheets and Voltage Regulator Guide. I’ve enclosed a $4 check for the Voltage Regulator Handbook. Name ____________________________________________ Title ______________________________________________ Company ___________________________________________ Address ____________________________________________ City __________ State __________ Zip __________ National Semiconductor Introducing the SMALLEST BROADBAND MIXERS available! 40 kHz - 3 GHz $11.95 ACT NOW TO IMPROVE YOUR SYSTEM DESIGNS, increase your packaging density, and lower your costs... specify Mini-Circuits new microminiature TFM series. These tiny units, 0.5" x 0.21" x 0.25", the smallest off-the-shelf Double Balanced Mixers available today, cover the 40 kHz - 3 GHz range and offer isolation greater than 45 dB and conversion loss of 6 dB. Each unit carries with it a 1-year guarantee by MCL. Upgrade your new system designs with the TFM, rapidly becoming the new industry standard for high performance at low cost. \| Model \| Frequency MHz \| Conversion Loss, dB \| Isolation, dB \| Cost \| \|---------\|---------------\|---------------------\|---------------\|------\| \| \| LO RF IF \| Typ Max Typ Min \| Lower Band Edge Decade Higher \| Mid Range \| Upper Band Edge Decade Lower \| Quantity Price \| \| TFM-2 \| 1-1000 DC-1000 \| 6.0 7.5 7.0 8.5 50 45 45 40 \| 40 25 35 25 \| 30 25 25 20 \| 6-49 $11.95 \| \| TFM-3 \| 0.04-400 DC-400 \| 5.3 7.0 6.0 8.0 60 50 55 40 \| 50 35 45 30 \| 35 25 35 25 \| 5-49 $19.95 \| \| TFM-4 \| 5-1250 DC-1250 \| 6.0 7.5 7.5 8.5 50 45 45 40 \| 40 30 35 25 \| 30 25 25 20 \| 5-49 $19.95 \| \| TFM-11 \| 1-2000 S-4000 \| 7.0 8.5 7.5 9.0 50 45 45 40 \| 35 25 27 20 \| 25 20 25 20 \| 1-24 $39.95 \| \| TFM-12 \| 800-1250 800-1250 \| 50 90 \| — 6.0 7.5 35 25 30 20 \| 35 25 30 20 \| 35 25 30 20 \| 1-24 $39.95 \| \| TFM-15 \| 10-9000 10-3000 \| 10-800 \| 6.3 7.5 6.5 9.0 30 20 30 20 \| 30 20 30 20 \| 10 20 10 20 \| 1-9 $59.95 \| Simple mounting options offer optimum circuit layout. Use the TFM series to solve your tight space problems. Take advantage of the mounting versatility—plug it upright on a PC board or mount it sideways as a flatpack. Mini-Circuits MINI-CIRCUITS LABORATORY A Division of Scientific Components Corp International Representatives: AFRICA: Altra (PTY) Ltd PO Box 9813 Johannesburg 2000 South Africa AUSTRALIA: General Electronic Services 99 Main Street, Strathfield, New South Wales Australia 2065 ENGLAND: Dale Electronics Dale House, White Road, Farnley Green, Camberley Surrey EASTERN CANADA: BD Hummel 2224 Maynard Avenue, Ullica NY 13502 FRANCE: Espace Electronique, 10, rue Georges Sand 91120 Palaiseau, France GERMANY, AUSTRIA, SWITZERLAND: Dornier Elektronik GmbH, Postfach 100 010, Frankfurt/Main Klubersstrasse 14 West Germany INDIA: Kansal Mahal M L Dananjukar Marg Bombay 400 026 India ISRAEL: Vectronics, Ltd 69 Gordon Street, Tel-Aviv Israel NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM, LUXEMBOURG: Corimex Veldweg II Hattem Holland NORWAY: Datamatikk AS, Ostensjovien 62 Oslo 6 Norway SINGAPORE & MALAYSIA: Electronics Trading Co (PTE) Ltd 87 Bukit Timah Road Singapore 9 Malay Peninsula SWEDEN: Integrated Electronics AB Box 43 S 18251 Djursholm Sweden U.S. Distributors: NORTHERN CALIFORNIA: PENNSTOCK Co Foothill Office Center, 105 Foothill Avenue, Los Altos CA 94022 (415) 948-6533 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: ARIZONA: Crown Electronics 11440 Cortez Street, Hollywood CA 91601 (213) 877-3550 NEW YORK MICROWAVE DISTRIBUTORS COMPANY 61 Mall Drive Commack N Y 11725 516 543-4771 Circle 38 on reader service card IBM shows off an unusual new family of dynamic RAMs Computer maker takes own route: chips use double-metal nitride process, redundant bits in 64-, 32-, and 18-K parts. From the first use of metal-oxide-semiconductor random-access memories in its mainframe computers in late 1972, International Business Machines Corp. has been content with 2,048-bit chips—even in the face of semiconductor industry progress to 4-k and 16-k devices. Now the computer giant has clambered to the head of the class with a new memory family that contains 18-k, 32-k, and 64-k versions. But IBM's designs break all the rules that semiconductor makers adhere to: they are large, slow, and power-hungry, and they use uncommon multiple power supplies. What's more, they have redundant storage cells and a built-in programmable read-only memory for masking out bad bits. The new chips were announced earlier last month as part of the 8100 [Electronics, Oct. 26, p. 88] and System/38 (see p. 81) computers, but IBM's General Technology division, Burlington, Vt., which builds the chips it began developing in 1976, delayed for a while before talking about them. Then, at a press conference held on Oct. 31 at its 1.3-million-square-foot semiconductor manufacturing facility, it divulged its unusual n-channel metal-gate technology. Different. According to James K. Picciano, manager of advanced memory products engineering, the chips are made by optical projection printing and use 2.5-micrometer design rules. But that is where the similarity to the approaches of high-density memory makers ends. For one, IBM is using a double-metal process—its transistors have metal gates, with a second layer of metal laid down over a polyimide insulating layer to form the interconnecting column lines. Most semiconductor manufacturers use two layers of polysilicon instead. The double-metal structure yields slower speed and larger cells: IBM's 64-k-by-1-bit device, at more than 63,000 mil², for example, is about twice the size of Texas Instruments' TMS 4164, and its worst-case access time of 440 nanoseconds is three times longer. (Also, its power consumption is 360 milliwatts, versus TI's 200 mw.) As for the other chips, the 18-k RAM (its odd size is due to a 2-k-by-9-bit organization) is a 40,000-mil² chip that is faster than the 64-k part—it's worst-case access time is 140 ns—but dissipates a whopping 690 mw. It has 500 redundant bits. The 32-k chip is 60,000 mil² and is organized as 8-k by 4 bits. Dissipating 612 mw, the part has an access time of 190 ns and packs 2,000 redundant bits. Edward M. Davis, vice president for development and manufacturing, says that to IBM the design is not as unorthodox as it might appear. "The chips are not designed to compete in the semiconductor industry, but rather to meet IBM's systems needs," he explains. For example, the three voltage supplies on the 64-k and 18-k chips (+8.5, +3.5 to 4.0, and -2.2 v) were chosen, he says, "because they are commonly used in IBM computers." The new memory-cell structure (shown in partial cross section below) uses a combined insulating layer of oxide and silicon nitride, a first for RAMs. The double insulator, says IBM, buys greater reliability and improved yields, since device defects are often attributable to pinholes in insulating layers. Yield. Apparently, the driving force in IBM's approach has been yield: incorporated into each of its Odd cell. IBM's 64-K RAM uses n-channel metal-gate transistors. Nitride-oxide sandwich for gate insulator and capacitor dielectric adds to the 63,000-mil² chip's reliability. Not shown is the second metal layer, which forms the column or bit interconnections. Electronics review three new chips are redundant bit cells to get more good die per 3$\frac{1}{4}$-inch wafer. Putting in such extra bits to serve in place of bad ones is not even being considered by semiconductor makers for their 256-kilobit designs. IBM's 64-k chip, for example, has about 2,500 extra memory cells. Fusible links, much like those in programmable ROMs, mask out the bad bits in the final testing stage of production. IBM blows the fuses in order to produce a fully functional 65,536-bit RAM. Not even in the package has IBM striven for compatibility with standard semiconductors. Instead, it is using a modular scheme to put four chips or more into a 1-in.$^2$, 51-pin ceramic package containing 256 kilobits. IBM uses a flip-chip technique that allows connections to the middle of each chip. It can also use partial chips—a 64-k RAM with only half that many good bits, for example. Two ceramic carriers, each with four such chips, can be piggybacked to make a 51-pin, 256-k package. What happens when 64-k parts from the semiconductor manufacturers drop in price? "We're not concerned about the uniqueness of our design cutting us off from outside procurement," says Thomas M. Liptak, president of the division. "We can always build a board with others' 64-k chips that will be compatible," he explains. IBM also has some unusual plans for its new chips. According to Picciano, the 64-k device is only 30% memory—the large nonmemory area in the chip's center contains a bidirectional data bus and an 8-bit buffer register that is independent of the 64-k array, plus "other functions we can't disclose, since they're not yet used in IBM products." Other computer vendors, primarily in the minicomputer area, are studying 64-k RAMs. However, since many have just started using 16-k parts, it is likely they will hold off switching. Mainframe vendors will wait for faster speeds before going to denser devices. Semiconductors V-MOS makes gains in power devices at General Electric, in frequency at Tektronix Ever since Siliconix Inc. introduced its first commercial vertical-groove metal-oxide-semiconductor power FET in 1976, V-MOS has been hailed as the process of choice for power devices. Now these field-effect transistors are proving their worth in applications that exploit their fast switching rate and low turn-on resistance—mainly in switching power supplies. At this year's International Electron Devices Meeting in December, researchers will reveal how they have extended the operating voltage and frequency of developmental V-MOS power devices in the laboratory. Power semiconductor manufacturer General Electric Co. and component user Tektronix Inc. have come up with some novel ways to get more out of V-MOS. Using what they call an ion-implant junction termination extension (JTE) technique, engineers at GE's corporate research and development center in Schenectady, N. Y., have extended V-MOS power FETs to a 600-volt breakdown level. This unusual ion-implant technique has enabled GE to attain from 85% to 95% of the ideal breakdown voltage at the block junction compared to the 50% to 80% possible with other passivation technologies. GE implants p-type material laterally into the device, thereby extending the pn junction area for 2 to 3 mils needed for the high breakdown voltage (see part a of figure). Balancing specs. As if that were not enough, GE has attained 7-ohm turn-on resistance from the transistor, a major accomplishment considering that for a device with a fixed breakdown electric field the ideal on-resistance is the square of the ideal breakdown voltage of the drain region. By extending the electric field through the JTE technique, GE was able to strike a balance to obtain an optimum on-resistance for a desired breakdown voltage. Another technique to reduce on-resistance was to have the gate region overlap the drain region so the gate current spreads from a larger area to the drain. The amount of overlap was determined by the desired cut-off frequency for this device—15 to 20 megahertz. GE's research engineer, V. A. K. Temple, wants "to be able to stretch the breakdown to a 700-v level, a comfortable margin for products powered off a 220-v ac line." Elsewhere in the GE research center, Jayant Baliga is working on another kind of FET; this one a surface-gate JFET for signal circuits that have breakdown voltages exceeding 200 v and differential blocking gains greater than 30. That is six times higher than previously attained blocking gains for surface-gate devices. Extensions. The superior gain, a ratio of drain-source voltage to gate-source voltage at breakdown, is accomplished by extending the gate walls vertically into the p-type material instead of using a conventional V-groove structure (part b of figure). The vertical walls provide better depletion-layer punch-through in the p channel because the channel walls are further apart than at the bottom of a V groove. The rectangular structure retards the penetration of the drain potential into the channel region, as well, to maximize switching control of the device. Also, the rectangular gate structure eliminates serious current-loss problems associated with metal discontinuities occurring at the edges of similar devices with V grooves. All of this, however, is at the expense of increased on-resistance. At a typical gate bias voltage of 4 v, the on-resistance is 16 ohms. Meanwhile, Tektronix Inc. of Beaverton, Ore., which produces many of its own components for its instruments product line, is developing a V-MOS device that can work at 1.5-gigahertz frequencies. Tektronix achieved this frequency by ion-implanting the submicrometer channel structure with boron and arsenic. On a 30-by-35-mil die, a 6-ohm-cm epitaxial layer is grown on a highly doped n⁺ 1, 0, 0 substrate (part c of figure). After a short initial oxidation and silicon nitride deposition, the channel is implanted with boron. In a sequential masking step, the source is implanted with arsenic and annealed. The fine-line V groove openings are etched anisotropically and an oxide layer is deposited in a pattern that results in lower gate capacitance. The breakdown voltage of 100 V at a 0.5-A drain current was reached by using gold contacts for wire bonding to the pads. Lasers Lasers link computer and traffic lights The digital computer in a traffic-light control system is usually coupled to the lights by leased telephone lines or dedicated city-owned cables. Either system is costly, disrupts traffic when it is being installed, and is often an eyesore. Now the first free-space-transmission laser link between the computer and the traffic signals is being installed at several intersections in Atlanta, Ga. Though it is difficult to make direct cost comparisons, the laser links will be far less expensive than buried cable at $15 a foot. "The system transmits information over an extremely low-intensity laser beam whose power is about that of a normal flashlight beam," says Ralph Mancuso, research section head of traffic and transportation systems at the Sperry Systems Management operation in Great Neck, N. Y. Simple. Furthermore, he says, the system is conceptually simple: "A master computer sends commands via the laser beams to the intersection controllers that govern the traffic signals. It is programmed to respond to changing traffic flow data received over wires from vehicle detectors buried in the roadway." The laser system can control traffic in urban grids ranging from 2 to 500 intersections. In Atlanta, four Duplexing is accomplished by combining each of the fiber-optic bundles separately connected to the transmitter and receiver diodes into a single bundle whose tip is at the focal plane of the lens. This eliminates the need for the two separate optics systems usually employed. Why lasers?* The Sperry system operates in the near infrared light range, which humans cannot see—a psychological advantage. But the main reasons for using the laser, rather than noncoherent light, are range and signal-to-noise ratio. According to Mancuso, these capabilities result from the laser transmitter's being able to produce relatively high pulsed output power compared with fairly low average power input (watts versus milliwatts). In addition, the narrow beamwidths of lasers allow simple lens optics and filters matched to the laser's wavelength. Such a filter rejects background light due to sunshine or artificial sources and contributes to the system bit error rate of 1 part in $10^6$. "The system is designed to be flexible," says Mancuso, pointing out that a segment of the link between two intersections may be connected with two-wire lines if the line of sight is obstructed. --- Health Illness at National traced to gas leak It took a week’s worth of investigation before a mysterious illness plaguing National Semiconductor Corp.’s Danbury, Conn., plant was diagnosed. Diborane, a p-type boron dopant used in making integrated circuits, had been leaking into the wafer-fabrication area of the plant causing nausea, dizziness, and headaches among National’s employees. The gas, an irritant to the central nervous system, can be lethal. The problem surfaced on Tuesday, Oct. 17, when seven employees became ill and were rushed to Danbury Hospital. A search by the Come to the specialist. We started out pretty small back in '61. But we were big on product quality and reliability. Had to be. Uncle Sam was our only customer. Over the years we stuck with our own technology. We grew. Became specialists. And we kept on improving our power supplies. It all paid off. Just look at Abbott today. Militarized Power Supplies — Our early bread-and-butter line has grown to over 1500 versions. Some we stock. Yet we're equipped to provide fast delivery on any number of high efficiency, hermetically sealed, single or dual output power supplies and switcher modules. That includes our popular 60 and 400Hz and DC versions with outputs from 3VDC to 740VDC, 1 to 250 Watts. And prices go as low as $174 for 2-4 units. For Catalog Circle Card Number 100 Industrial Power Supplies — Ours isn't a big line yet — only 279 models. But you won't find a better quality of OEM power modules anywhere. (It's just our hi-rel way of thinking.) We provide covered/open frame, AC to DC single, dual and triple output versions, with outputs of 5 to 36VDC, 0.5 to 320 Watts. Plus DC to AC converters with 50 to 60Hz outputs. Competitively priced? You bet. As low as $35 for up to 24 units. For Catalog Circle Card Number 101 Transformers — For the do-it-yourself power supply designer who wants our kind of quality for his own military, industrial and PCB application. If you're one of them, we offer over 800 standard transformers, with instructions on how to specify for your custom units. Included are 60 and 400Hz, single phase input versions. Prices start as low as $5.10 for up to 9 pieces. For Catalog Circle Card Number 102 See Power Supply Section 4000, and Transformer Section 5600, Vol. 2, of your EEM catalog; or Power Supply Section 4500, and Transformer Section 0400, Vol. 2, of your GOLD BOOK for complete information on Abbott products. Abbott Transistor Laboratories, Incorporated General Offices 5200 W. Jefferson Blvd., Los Angeles 90016 (213) 936-8185 Telex: 69-1398 Eastern Office 1224 Anderson Ave., Fort Lee, N.J. 07024 (201) 224-6900 Telex: 13-5332 Electronics review Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the local fire department uncovered no cause, but the plant was evacuated the next day when 13 more employees complained of similar symptoms. Initially, a team of health, safety, and industrial experts were confused about the source of the problem. In fact, suggestions were made that the problem was "psychogenic illness"—a mass hysteria phenomenon with no health-related cause. A few assembly-line workers may complain of labored breathing and nausea and the illness spreads through the plant simply by the power of suggestion. Uh uh. Dr. Samuel Epstein, an expert on occupational medicine from the University of Illinois who was brought in to check the Danbury situation, nixed this possibility. "Every time there isn't a clear answer to a problem, management figures that it couldn't be their fault, so they label it psychogenic illness and blame it on the workers. "National made tentative suggestions to that effect, but our results showed that the problem was caused by a leaking gas cylinder, which, coupled with poor ventilation, seems to be the logical cause of the illness." An unusual occurrence? Not really, says Dr. Epstein. "It could happen, and is happening, in industries all over the country. Generally, these incidents are a reflection of poor ventilation, gas leaks, and bad handling of toxic chemicals." Problems such as this have arisen elsewhere, from Litton Industries Inc. in Grant's Pass, Ore., where a leaking valve caused episodes of illness, to Essex International Co., Kittanning, Pa., where increasing the ventilation was enough to cure workers' ailments. "It occurs more often than not," says Ken Gerecke, an industrial hygienist for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, "but generally there's no publicity—the company brings in a maintenance man to fix that particular problem, and work continues." National Semiconductor is, however, taking strong remedial steps. On Dr. Epstein's recommendations, it plans to improve the ventilation system, put extra enclosures around furnaces, install an automated monitoring system, and also hire a company nurse. "I'm very pleased with the company's reaction to my suggestions," says Dr. Epstein. "They're going to a significant expense to make working conditions safer." Thus National employees, none of whom remains hospitalized, can expect to find better conditions at work and a smaller chance of being hit by a "mysterious illness." Employees at other electronics plants across the country may have to wait until such an incident occurs before they are accorded the same safety, says Dr. Epstein. "Companies need to develop anticipatory approaches—to practice basic industrial hygiene." □ Broadcasting Station's customers to get antennas Though common enough in other areas of communications, particularly fm radio, the transmission of circularly polarized signals has been approved by the Federal Communications Commission for television broadcasting only since May 1977. Because it boosts signal strength, more than 10 tv stations have been quick to adopt the approach, and the latest to do so—wqtv, Channel 68, in Boston—is equipping its pay-tv subscribers with circularly polarized receiving antennas as well. The first station in the ultrahigh-frequency band to go on the air, wqtv is new and will combine traditional programming with an over-the-air pay-tv service. It will outfit each subscriber with a decoder and the special antenna. Why the double-ended interest? When a tv transmission is restricted to the horizontal plane, some of it misses indoor or rooftop receiving antennas not aligned with the horizontal, so that the viewer may see a weak or "snowy" picture. A circularly polarized signal, in contrast, contains equally strong vertical and horizontal components, so that more signal is intercepted by an antenna, regardless of its orientation. Ghost-free. When the receiving antenna is also circularly polarized, picture quality improves still further because of the reduction in multipath distortion, or "ghosts." These occur when a tv set receives two or more identical but out-of-phase signals. The strongest comes directly from the source, but the others—reflections from obstacles like tall buildings or hills—can combine to degrade picture quality. Conventional, single-plane receiving antennas pick up all these signals. Circularly polarized receiving antennas, on the other hand, are selective—they accept only signals with a polarization pattern that matches GI EAROM, the reliable non-volatile memory. Interface our EAROM with your microprocessor for a low-cost memory that doesn’t need batteries. Why bother with RAMs and standby batteries to preserve data in your microprocessor based system? In appliance timers, metering pumps, controllers, calculators, data terminals and many other applications GI’s EAROM family gives you a better choice: a non-volatile, electrically alterable ROM with plenty of reliability. And there are millions of GI EAROMs in use to prove it! Our ER1400, lets you erase and reprogram individual words electrically. And data is stored reliably for 10 years regardless of how many times the power goes off. Organized as 100 14-bit words its serial address/data makes it ideal for MPU’s. You can access all 1400 data bits with only five I/O ports. This means a savings of nine ports over a 256 x 4 configuration. With the ER1400 you have more than a memory; you have a low-cost peripheral. And the best part is that we’ve worked out the application details (ask for Bulletin 1207) for interfacing the ER1400 with several popular 4-bit and 8-bit microprocessors and microcomputers, i.e. 8048, 6800, PPS 4/1 and PIC 1650. We also have an application note (ask for Bulletin 1208) on an 8K byte EAROM module using our ER3400. GI has a full line of EAROMs with bit densities from 512 to 8192. To find out how GI EAROMs can put your product in a class by itself, write or call General Instrument Microelectronics, 600 West John Street, Hicksville, New York 11802. Telephone (516) 733-3107 We help you compete. GENERAL INSTRUMENT CORPORATION MICROELECTRONICS their own. This pattern is clockwise or counterclockwise, referring to the direction of rotation of the signal's electric-field vector. When such a signal bounces off an obstacle, its polarization pattern reverses. A clockwise signal, for example, becomes counterclockwise, so it is rejected by a clockwise receiving antenna. Ghosts are reduced; thus picture quality improves. WOTV's general manager, Fred Horowitz, believes that the $4 to $6 the station expects to spend for each receiving antenna is money well spent. "We feel we owe our subscribers the full benefit of this newly available technology," he says. Also, he realizes, a better picture, especially in fringe areas, should mean more subscribers. Horowitz is considering three suppliers for the antennas, which will be installed with the decoder for a hefty $90 installation fee. Exactly what the antenna, which goes on the customer's roof, will look like is uncertain because the technology is so new and no such devices are yet available generally. The antenna could, however, be taller than a conventional TV rooftop receiving unit, with tuned, spirally shaped elements attached to a central mast. Boon to uhf. The supplier of the transmitting antenna, which is a three-section, 63-foot-high, omnidirectional unit, is equally enthusiastic about the future of circular polarization. "It can make uhf competitive with vhf, especially in troublesome receiving areas like cities and mountainous regions," says Robert A. Nelson, president of Cetec Corp., whose Jampro division in Sacramento, Calif., is installing a transmitting antenna with 1.2 megawatts of effective radiated power for WQTV. About the only drawback of the approach from a broadcaster's viewpoint is its higher power requirements. Since the signal has a vertical as well as a horizontal component, transmitter output power must be doubled. The additional radiated power is all in the vertical plane, so it does not interfere with horizontally polarized signals on the same or adjacent channels. --- Business Senate hears of industries' needs Looking for suggestions on how U.S. high-technology companies can maintain market dominance, increase overseas trade, and invest in the equipment necessary to keep up, Sen. Howard Cannon (D., Nev.) chairman of the Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee, got an earful recently from several key computer and semiconductor industry executives. But what may have been new for Cannon at the Oct. 30 hearing in San Francisco was what the electronics industries have been promoting for some time: that the Government encourage investment through lower taxes, enforce trade agreements to lower international market barriers, and create an environment for technological innovation. Specifically, Wilfred J. Corrigan, chairman and president of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp., Mountain View, Calif., said that the U.S. semiconductor industry generally recommends that the Government negotiate removal of the "most onerous barriers," such as the 17% tariff on integrated circuits entering the Common Market and exclusion of non-Japanese components from contracts with Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corp. He also called on the Government to enforce antidumping laws more vigorously, pressure Japan to import more U.S. products, and consistently promote export programs. VLSI subsidies. On the investment side, Corrigan called for special credits for a fast write-off of high-technology equipment used to manufacture ICs and for Government subsidies of very large-scale integration research by private industry, "but without restricting covenants." He also urged President Carter to sign the Revenue Act of 1978 lowering the maximum capital gains from 49.1% to about 25%, which Carter says he will do. Agreeing that barriers to free trade should be minimized, IBM Corp.'s Eric Bloch, vice president, Data Systems division, Hopewell Junction, N.Y., pointed out that "today more than 40 countries impose tariff rates on imported computer products that are at least double the U.S. rate." Furthermore, --- Motorola losing Heikes Motorola Semiconductor's year-long push toward an aggressive worldwide marketing stance has caused a major internal casualty. Vice president and assistant general manager Robert R. Heikes, the No. 2 figure in the Phoenix-based Semiconductor Group headquarters, is leaving. "The divisions are becoming more independent, by my own decision, but there was less and less use for me in [my] role," he says. Big winner in a recently announced realignment is vice president Pasquale A. Pistorio, who assumes the additional title of general manager of a new international division with total responsibility for technical development, manufacturing, and marketing in the international arena, says a company statement. Pistorio's former second in command, Charles E. Thompson, will move up to his old position, director of world marketing. The foreign marketing managers will report to Pistorio, and Thompson will be responsible for domestic marketing and strategic planning for worldwide marketing. Both report to John Welty, Semiconductor Group general manager. A source says there were disagreements between Heikes and Motorola chairman Robert W. Galvin and other top executives. The differences focused on the realignment. Says an industry observer: "Heikes didn't think that Pistorio should have authority over manufacturing and technical development." Kidder Peabody analyst Sal Accardo believes the departure of the 53-year-old Heikes "is a big loss to the company. He was a great talent, a conceptual strategic thinker the company sorely needs." Receiver NOISE measurements? No Problem. AILTECH has the box that can Measure The AILTECH 75 Precision Automatic Noise Figure Indicator (PANFI) is a problem solver. It measures amplifier and receiver noise figures with accuracy ($\pm 0.15$ dB) and precision (0.05 dB resolution) without compromising the convenience and ease of operation of a direct-reading noise figure indicator. Monitor For repeated measurements, there are the 7300 System Noise Monitors. These small, easy-to-use instruments come in a variety of analog and digital configurations and are ideal for amplifier production tests — including simultaneous gain measurements, on-line receiver noise monitoring — radars too, periodic earth-station performance checks — with full manual Y-factor capability, and automatic test systems requiring IEEE-STD-488 compatibility. Generate AILTECH's comprehensive line of noise sources include: broadband solid-state and gas-discharge devices for typical laboratory measurements; high-level narrow band units for systems monitoring applications; and, for those very high accuracy requirements, the 7009 Hot/Cold Standard Noise Generator. or Calibrate it. The accuracy of a noise figure measurement can be only as good as the noise generator accuracy. AILTECH's 82 Noise Calibration System is the only commercially offered equipment designed specifically for the calibration of RF and microwave noise sources. AILTECH also offers a low-cost calibration service for noise generators utilizing our own in-house 82 system. Ailtech knows noise — we pioneered the field of low-noise receivers. And today, Ailtech is still the leader in noise-parameter technology, with the widest range of instrumentation and accessories, and trained personnel to help solve your noise problem. Write or call us today. AILTECH A CUTLER-HAMMER COMPANY WEST COAST • CITY OF INDUSTRY, CA, 91748 • (213) 965-4911 EAST COAST • FARMINGDALE, NEW YORK 11735 • (516) 595-6471 FRANCE • LA GARENNE-COLOMBES • TELEPHONE [01] 780-73-73 UNITED KINGDOM • CROWTHORNE • TELEPHONE 5777 GERMANY • MUNICH • TELEPHONE (089) 5233023 JAPAN • TOKYO • TELEPHONE (043) 8703 (NIPPON AUTOMATIC) Circle 46 for Demonstration Circle 47 for Data he declared, "the Government can contribute even further by becoming a well-informed and sophisticated user of computers, as this would spur new endeavors and applications." No final exam. But "we don't need R&D for R&D's sake alone," cautioned George H. Heilmeier, vice president of corporate research, development, and engineering at Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas. Before joining TI, he directed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Defense Department research and development programs are generally successful because they are user-oriented, he said, but "few Government technical establishments have this incentive or 'final exam.'" Sen. Cannon said his committee also wants to find ways to counter some disturbing trends, among them that "basic research funds, the U.S. market share, and our favorable trade balance in components and computers all declined in recent years. The future of semiconductors and computers has... profound implications for our economic future." He also said that before his committee considers new investment tax breaks it would like to wait six months to see how the Revenue Act affects new investment. Solid state Multitechnology chip is counter base If there were a single integrated-circuit technology that is fast and dense and uses little power, Hewlett-Packard Co.'s multiple-register counter chip for its recently announced 100-megahertz counter would have been a trivial design project. However, fast technologies are typically not very dense, and dense technologies are not very fast, so HP's IC development team at its Santa Clara (Calif.) division had to combine technologies. Mixing technologies is not a new idea. After all, there are operational amplifiers built with bipolar and field-effect transistors, and National Semiconductor Corp. makes a 4-bit-slice microprocessor, the 2901, of emitter-coupled and integrated injection logic. But combining fast, dense digital logic with analog circuits on the same slice of silicon is like "trying to put several different species of animals into one cage harmoniously," says Bosco Wong, project leader for the counter chip. It was a full-fledged battle trying to deal with interfacing the various technologies while maintaining good noise control and balanced power allocation, he says. EFL + I²L. Wong's team spent a year and a half alone just experimenting with I²L circuits before it undertook the actual design effort, which lasted two years. To gain high speed, the least-significant-digit, or front-end, portion of the counter's register chains was laid out in emitter-function logic—a more dense offshoot of the fast emitter-coupled logic. The higher-order chain portions, needing density more than speed, were done in I²L, which is three times denser than EFL. Whereas the majority of the circuitry is made up of these two bipolar digital technologies, the remaining portions of the chip are a miscellany of conventional bipolar analog processes. During the chip's mask design, the team spent much effort to minimize "cross-coupling among the EFL signals, uneven power distribution for different areas of the chip, propagation delays in critical signal paths, and bias-line IR drops in the I²L circuit blocks," Wong says. Fast and versatile. The chip, which is 116 mils on a side, gains even greater density by the use of dual-layer metallization. Although its maximum frequency specification is 125 MHz, Wong says the front-end circuits can work at speeds up to 1 gigahertz. Though designed for HP's 5315A counter [Electronics, Sept. 28, p. 174], the chip's range and versatility strongly imply that it will be used in other applications. For one thing, in its 40-pin package the chip directly interfaces with an 8-bit microprocessor—a Mostek 3870 designed into the HP counter. On the bus, it performs like a standard random-access memory. Furthermore, its multiplicity of counting functions, low power consumption (600 milliwatts, typically), and self-calibration feature make it a likely candidate for use in future counters. Wong confirms this, adding, "It is too time-consuming and expensive to develop a custom LSI chip for a single product." Automotive Cheap sensors coming from TI When it comes to the new electronics systems for automobiles, not all the big bucks will be going for microprocessors, says Klaus C. Wiemer. The discrete products development manager at Texas Instruments Inc.'s Electronic Devices division in Dallas, Wiemer is leading TI's effort to capture discrete circuit sales in the huge automotive field. "The big gap today is in the lack of low-cost, mass-producible sensors, switches, and other components needed for automotive systems, as well as for other microprocessor applications," he says. Actually, only $1 out of every $10 to be spent on the new automotive systems goes toward the microprocessor itself, he notes. Sights set. Accordingly, Wiemer has his sights set on sensors—discrete components that provide the inputs to the complex electronic control systems being designed for the automobile. And things are already happening. During the first quarter of next year, TI plans to be in production of a planar silicon temperature sensor designed for use with automotive exhaust-gas recirculation systems, Wiemer says. With a 1-second response time in air that compares to 30 seconds for some exhaust-gas sensors now in use, the Minitherm device will use the same tiny, 15-by-15-mil chip employed in the company's TSP102 temperature sensor, introduced in April last year. But it will have a scaled-down plastic "For the Price of This Handler, You Can't Afford to Test ICs Manually!" ...It's MCT's Series 2604 Why test ICs manually when we make efficient, reliable automatic DIP handling available at such a reasonable price? Our MCT Series 2604 is the DIP handler designed and priced for users cycling a moderate volume of devices. Its 5000 DPH speed and four-track output assure efficient throughput for normal operation as well as peak load conditions. Its low price generates a fast return on investment even if your work load only requires that you run your handler part time. The Series 2604 offers the ruggedness of more expensive handlers at a reasonable price. Its quality components, wear-resistant materials, long contact life, and 'leads up' handling of devices reduce downtime and insure trouble-free operation. The Series 2604's proven reliability means that it will be earning its keep long after other handlers are down for repair. The Series 2604 is just one of our many fine IC handlers. It is fully supported with installation, service and operator training programs. Find out for yourself why we're the leader in IC handling equipment. Contact MCT, Inc., P.O. Box 43013, St. Paul, MN 55164 or call (612) 482-5170. package to permit its quicker response time. The Minitherm sensor employs the spreading-resistance function of silicon, used by the industry for years for materials characterization, but never to build a precision temperature sensor, Wiemer points out. The resistivity of the silicon is primarily a function of the diameter of a single metal contact placed on top of the chip. Since the contact diameter can be precisely controlled through photolithographic techniques, Wiemer explains, a much more accurate device is possible than with conventional methods of producing nonplanar silicon sensors, in which accuracy depends on controlling the physical dimensions of each silicon bar sawed from a crystal. Under the old approach, tolerance variations from target resistivity can be limited to ±20% at best, Wiemer says. By contrast, the Minitherm, like its larger relatives, will be available with tolerances of ±1, ±2, ±5, and ±10%. Such selectivity is possible because of high-volume automated testing techniques, Wiemer says. Each 3-inch-diameter slice of silicon contains some 25,000 of the tiny sensor chips, which vary in resistivity because of small lateral variations in the original crystal itself. Through a computer-controlled technique perfected by TI, the raw chips are automatically probed at a rate of 10,000 per hour and sorted into bins according to tolerance prior to device assembly. Parts such as the TSP102 and metal-packaged TSM102 are currently price-competitive with other types of temperature sensors that sell for 50 cents to $1, Wiemer indicates. But as yields improve and volume picks up, prices on the new spreading-resistance planar parts are expected to drop to as low as 10 cents each. Possibilities. "If you look at the fairly elaborate automobile that will be produced by 1985, you can come up with about 16 different functions to be performed by sensors," Wiemer figures. About half of those 16 are temperature sensors, while the others handle functions such as flow, position, and fluid-level detection, he says. The new TI temperature sensors are currently in the design-in stage at several automotive houses. As the next step, Wiemer plans a similar high-volume approach to production of a low-priced planar silicon flow sensor, for replacement of the relatively expensive mechanical devices currently in use. He also foresees the --- News briefs Tandem concept goes nationwide Tandem Computers Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., has extended its concept of operating computers in tandem for extra system reliability so that it can be applied to geographically dispersed systems. A new Guardian/Expand operating system available next March allows up to 255 Tandem model 16 computer systems to be interconnected over standard communications links. And a new programming language, called Enform, permits each network element to access data at other points. The operating system also includes software that automatically routes messages over the fastest path. Communications in the network use Tandem's packet-switching end-to-end protocol, which is compatible with the international X.25 standard. Australians show ultrasound system Ausonics Pty of Sydney, Australia, unveiled its new Octoson diagnostic ultrasound imaging system at the conference held last month in San Diego, Calif., by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. The programmable Octoson is the first commercially available system to scan and position the patient fully automatically. The patient lies on a membrane above a tank of warm water in which an array of eight transducers is immersed, so that he or she can be scanned from various positions instead of only from above. Octoson will be sold in the U.S. by the firm's New Berlin, Wis., subsidiary, Ausonics Corp. Amdahl, Itel add new mainframes Buttressing their plug-compatible product lines against IBM mainframe computers, two California companies plan to ship new higher-performing additions in 1979. Amdahl Corp. of Sunnyvale is to add a new top-end machine, the 470V/8, which has a 26-nanosecond machine cycle time, a new high-speed buffer, and a "prefetching" technique that predicts what is logically the most consecutive data likely to be called into the buffer. Lower down, Amdahl adds a -II version that performs 10% better than the 470V/5. Itel Corp. of San Francisco also adds a second model to its AS/6 computer that has 10% to 25% better performance. U. S. Awacs heading toward NATO buy The West German defense ministry has come out in favor of the Boeing Co.'s E-3A Airborne Warning and Control System, raising hopes that the year-long guessing game over whether European members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization will opt for the U.S.-developed aircraft may soon end. At stake is a $2-billion-plus purchase of 17 Awacs. What reportedly helped overcome the Bonn defense minister's earlier coolness is the promise of substantial subcontracts to West German firms. The contracts, extracted during negotiations with officials in Washington, D.C., are valued at about $260 million and are primarily for airborne electronic equipment. Nipper given broader role at RCA The famous trademark of the little fox terrier, Nipper, listening raptly to his master's voice on an old phonograph is being rejuvenated by RCA Corp. Nipper joined RCA in 1929 when it acquired the Victor Talking Machine Co., which had been using the trademark on phonographs and records since 1901. The company will now use it on a much wider range of products, as well as on its vehicles, advertising, and sales literature. Don't give up on your micro project: just put less into it. Find it hard to believe that FORTH software tools can short-cut microsystem development that much? Or that you don't have to give in to those old time/memory trade-offs which bog down so many microprocessor projects? Skeptics, take note: microFORTH software has turned the corner in microsystem implementation, for the likes of AT&T, G.E., Monsanto, RCA and Hughes as well as the U.S. Army and Navy (and more). Fully user-proven, microFORTH provides much more than an interactive multi-level language: a disk-based operating system, plus assembler, compiler, interpreters, text editor (and your entire program) are all concurrently resident. The more we could put in the package, the less you're put out. Less program development time. Save 60-90% in manhours, to get from drawing board to working prototype. microFORTH permits you to go directly to the point — instruct machines on your own terms — because it's fundamentally an extensible dictionary including a vocabulary you define for your specific application. And you debug interactively as you go, without the need for breakpoints and software traces. Less memory required: half the bite of assembler code; 60-80% less than other high-level languages. microFORTH's dictionary structure provides modularity of coding and uses precompiled definitions via indirect threaded code. Less overhead. microFORTH run time is not only faster than other high-level languages, it's controllable too — with full machine-speed capability available when you need it. Intersperse machine-code subroutines without calling sequence expense. And more transportable programs. microFORTH provides a consistent software interface between you and a broad range of different manufacturers' hardware. Application programs are easy to transfer to a variety of $\mu$P systems. But no matter whose microprocessor is in place, microFORTH minimizes your hardware investment, since it requires less memory capacity, permits simpler hardware logic. In short, FORTH softens your total investment. Off-the-shelf microFORTH is package-priced at $2500, plus options. (Contract application programming services are also available.) Get more to go on. For full details on microFORTH benefits and savings, send the coupon below. And let us know, in the space indicated, if you'd like to participate in a microFORTH Seminar in your locale. In the next few months we'll be conducting in-depth discussions and demonstrations of these new software tools nationwide — without cost or obligation to those attending. Minicomputer project managers: you can count on our miniFORTH tools for the same development savings and flexibility. --- Ok, I'm interested! ☐ Please rush full details for ___________microFORTH for $\mu$P applications ___________miniFORTH for minicomputers ☐ Contact us for immediate requirements Tel: (______)______________________________. ☐ Send dates and locations for your microFORTH Seminars. Name_____________________________________ Title______________________________________ Attach coupon to company letterhead, and return to: FORTH Inc., 815 Manhattan Avenue, Manhattan Beach, CA 90266. Or call: (213) 372-8493. day when advances in discrete technology will lead to low-cost solid-state switches that will be used in conjunction with a single fiber-optic cable to replace an automotive wiring harness and its associated electromechanical relays. Military Spending on space to lift off in next decade A steady 1.5% annual growth pace projected for U.S. military electronics neither surprises nor much excites suppliers. But for one equipment category, military space, indications are much rosier, according to the 10-year forecast for the Government electronics market unveiled by the Electronic Industries Association late last month in Los Angeles. Using constant 1979 dollars, the EIA projects the electronic content of space activities to grow from $1.2 billion in fiscal 1979 to $3 billion in fiscal 1987. "This represents an average annual increase of 11.6%," reports Wesley S. Sherman, coordinator of the requirements committee that put together the forecast. He is special assistant to the vice president of Government relations at GTE Sylvania Inc. Just last year, the EIA forecast put 1987 space funding at $2.7 billion. "The increase [to $3 billion] not only represents a better understanding of what lies ahead in space programs, but was a real eye-opener to us as well," Sherman says. Looking up. Why this unexpected upswing? Keen military interest in satellites for reconnaissance and defense is pushing the prospects, says Frank Forthoffer, an official with Lockheed Missile & Space Co. and the person mainly responsible for the projections. He points out that the increase over the next 10 years surfaced when the Department of Defense asked for more funds for space in the fiscal 1979 budget. The increase will go toward many projects at various stages of completion, says a spokesman for the Air Force's Space and Missile Systems Organization, El Segundo, Calif., which oversees space activities for the U.S. military. Included in these plans are DOD space payloads, slated to go into orbit on NASA's space shuttle from Cape Canaveral, Fla., beginning in 1980. These launches will peak in 1983–84, with Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., starting up in 1983. Also in sight are the global positioning system (Navstar) and the defense satellite communications system phase two and three. Communications projects may also include laser communications satellites and a dedicated Air Force system for nuclear command and control, in addition to highly classified reconnaissance birds. Cheaper launchings, made possible by the shuttle, could spur space work, sources say. Though these opportunities look good, Forthoffer cautions: "Because space starts at a lower dollar base than some other categories, the percentage increases seem more dramatic." Overall, the total electronic market for military equipment will grow from $17.3 billion in fiscal 1979 to $20.6 billion in 1983 and $25.1 billion through 1988, according to the EIA. Equipment categories in the forecast include electronics and communications, which will continue to account for about one fourth of total spending as military services push to add new communications systems. Missiles, too, will experience steady growth through 1985 when either a new missile or a variant of an existing one will be developed. The EIA also thinks the MX missile will go into full development in fiscal 1980. On the other hand, spending for aircraft electronics will drop from $3.8 billion in 1979 to $3.7 billion in 1988 owing in part to the B-1 cancellation and also because no new generation of aircraft is being proposed, Sherman notes. Ships, too, will have a low growth rate because of the lack of a shipbuilding program on which the Navy, the President and Congress can agree. New low prices and low noise. TL081 Series BIFET op amps. With the second price reduction in less than a year, Texas Instruments offers high performance BIFET op amps at close to the cost of μA741s. In addition, recent improvements have further lowered the noise level to 22 nV/√Hz. The TL081 family of op amps combine high-impedance JFET inputs with low-distortion bipolar outputs. And, what's more, prices are now lower than ever. TL081 now 29¢ each in 100's. This single, 8-pin plastic DIP compensated op amp is pin-equivalent to μA741 and others. Cost is very close. Yet it offers performance like this: - Input resistance – $10^{12} \Omega$ typical - Input bias current – 0.4 nA max - Input offset voltage – 15 mV max - Unity gain bandwidth – 3 MHz typical - Slew rate – 13 V/μs typical - Supply current – 2.8 mA max Just think how outstanding performance like this can upgrade your present and planned products without cost penalty. Duals and Quads You can save more in many instances, by using duals or quads. In addition to single op amps, the TL081 family has two duals and two quads in a selection of pinouts. Price per op amp is even lower. System costs are reduced. New TL087 with 0.5 mV offset This new monolithic op amp is designed to replace expensive discrete or hybrid amplifiers in precision instrumentation. Only $3.93 in 100 piece quantities, it features low noise – 18 nV/√Hz – as well as extremely low input offset voltage. Texas Instruments now offers the most complete selection of BIFET op amps in the industry. In addition to the TL081 series, TI has developed a low power TL061 series and a low noise TL071 series. All families offer duals and quads as well as singles. Send for data sheet Want more information? Ask for data sheets on TL081 op amps. Call your nearest TI distributor or write Texas Instruments Incorporated, P.O. Box 225012, M/S 308, Dallas, Texas 75265. © 1978 Texas Instruments Incorporated Electronics / November 9, 1978 TWELVE REASONS WHY THE L135 IS THE MOST PRODUCTIVE LSI BOARD TEST SYSTEM YOU CAN OWN. To compare productivity in LSI board testers, take their three common operations: diagnosing, testing, and programming. Now, to each operation apply the basic measures of productivity: cost, throughput, and quality of testing. 2. The L135 makes fewer diagnostic probes – by an order of magnitude. State-sensitive trace does it. Most LSI boards are loaded with multi-input LSI chips linked through “wired-and” bidirectional buses. These often require hundreds of diagnostic probes per fault. State-sensitive trace cuts the number dramatically. 3. The L135 produces immediate probe commands. The on-line circuit model with a large random-access memory does it. With circuit structure immediately accessible, the operator does not wait for commands between probes. Other test systems that use fault dictionaries often delay each command several seconds, adding minutes to each diagnosis. 4. The L135 mechanizes probing. The M150 Automatic Prober does it. Seven to ten times faster than a human operator, the M150 speeds up board diagnosis even more because its operation is both error-free and fatigue-free. The L135 has the highest diagnostic throughput, the lowest operating cost. No other test system comes even close. 1. The L135 finds bad LSI devices on long buses. The Electronic Knife does it. It takes just a few more probes after regular guided probing finds the failing bus. Without the Electronic Knife, you’re faced with trial and error replacement of LSI chips. Or skilled technicians tying up the system for an hour or more per bad IC. The L135 delivers the highest quality of testing, thereby slashing costs for diagnosis later at systems test and service out in the field. 5. The L135 emulates LSI-board operating environments. 5-MHz clock-rate testing does it. To ensure adequate board quality, you usually have to run LSI boards at clock rates as the last step in testing. Only the L135 provides test rates of up to 5-MHz, the speed of many microprocessors seen in today's products. 6. The L135 emulates and tests CPU sets. Multiple drive/compare phase control does it. During clock-rate testing, the test system must first replace the CPU set and then test it at speed. The associated microprocessors usually receive multi-phase inputs and generate multi-phase outputs. The L135 provides the necessary, easy-to-program, precise phase controls over driver inputs and comparator strobing. 7. The L135 tests and diagnoses analog circuits. Integrated ac-dc-parametric capability does it. The L135 offers many analog force-and-measure functions through matrix connections, all completely integrated into system hardware and software. If these capabilities aren't integrated into the test system, they must often be added to accommodate the increasing analog content of LSI boards. That prolongs test time and slows diagnosis considerably. 8. The L135 tests at dc and clock-rate on the same channel. All-speed pin compatibility does it. In clock-rate testing, high-speed tests are usually applied on the same pins tested earlier with dc. The L135 allows you to apply both types of tests at the same system channel, eliminating the need for awkward switching or extra channel capacity. 9. The L135 has enough clock-rate channel capacity for the big jobs. 444 I/O pins does it. Big LSI boards have upwards of 250 edge-connector pins, all active. In addition, you need simultaneous access to dozens of internal test points and devices invisible to the edge connector. The L135 offers the highest clock-rate channel capacity, enough for all foreseeable LSI boards. 10. The L135 cuts total programming time. The P400 Automatic Test Generation System does it. The P400 automatically generates all the dc patterns and diagnostic data for the toughest part of most LSI boards: the jungle of random digital logic, as well as those portions containing modeled LSI devices. Total programming time is shorter. The best of the so-called "automated test generation" techniques offered by other systems still require manual pattern-writing. That takes longer and costs much more. The L135 cuts the time needed to get products into the production line and out to the market place. 11. The L135 cuts system time for debugging. Immediate-response debug software does it. During test-plan debugging, the L135 responds to the test engineer's commands and displays results immediately. Total debugging time is cut to a fraction because the test engineer is not distracted by system delays; he can concentrate on his circuit and his test plan. 12. The L135 readily assembles the many parts of LSI test plans. Structure-merge programming does it. Test plans originate in many places: manual patterns and circuit models, learned data from known good boards, circuit and device simulators, automatic pattern generators, etc. The L135's structure-merge software and its straightforward protocol assembles them all into a coherent package, saving your engineers hours of tedious and costly work. For more information on these and other L135 features, write Teradyne, Inc., 183 Essex Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111. Your data acquisition tasks can be done quicker, easier and more efficiently with the TEAC R-61 and R-80 cassette data recorders. For field work take the R-61. It is extremely portable, easy to handle, and at the same time provides four channels of precision recording capability even under difficult conditions. In addition to the standard FM recording system, two of the R-61's channels are switchable for DR (Direct Recording) operation for high-frequency applications. Back at the lab you'll want to have an R-80. The R-80 is 100% compatible with the R-61 (FM mode), so it's perfect for processing recorded tapes for analysis. And four selectable speeds make time base conversion a snap. The R-61 and R-80 are a great team. Convenience, economy, flexibility and top performance make data recording better than ever before. Controversy rises over FCC docket on land-mobile radio The Federal Communications Commission docket on domestic public land-mobile radio service is being called "a prescription for multiple litigation" by 31 radio common-carrier companies. They say that Docket No. 18262's provision that only one system using cellular technology will be licensed in any local market represents "a certain death warrant for RCC [radio common-carrier] two-way business in that market," since Bell System companies are developing that technology and expect to apply for its exclusive use. "Every Bell cellular application will have to be opposed vigorously by the local RCCs, who cannot be expected to simply fold up their businesses," the carriers contend. TI setting up Dallas–London satellite link Texas Instruments Inc. will become the first U.S. company to establish a high-speed digital data link using communications satellites to an overseas location. To begin operation next spring are two duplex 56-kb/s channels between TI's offices in Dallas and London. American Satellite Corp., the Germantown, Md., domestic satellite operator, will provide TI with a 10-m earth station in Dallas for communications with an Etam, W. Va., earth station linked directly to an Intelsat station for the overseas hop. For domestic service, ASC says it has signed contracts to provide additional 5-m earth stations to Boeing Computer Services Inc. and Sperry Univac. Boeing's fourth station in the Washington suburb of Vienna, Va., will provide one 56-kb/s duplex channel to corporate headquarters in Kent, Wash., in addition to stations already on line in Philadelphia and Wichita, Kans. Univac's third station will link Salt Lake City with stations that began operation in September at its Minneapolis headquarters and Blue Bell, Pa. Cubic Corp. hit by Washington subway on fare system Malfunctioning automated fare-collection systems are driving riders and revenues away from Metro, Washington's new $5 billion metropolitan subway system, and the system's board is weighing legal action against its contractor, Cubic Western Data, a subsidiary of Cubic Corp., San Diego, Calif. Fare-card vending machines, which sell tickets in denominations ranging from 25¢ to $20, are out of order 15% of the time, Metro reports, and entrance and exit gates activated by the tickets malfunction about 10% of the time. Cubic says its system is meeting contractual requirements, but it is being challenged on that claim by the transit authority. The company is scheduled to deliver $53 million in electronic hardware by the time Metro is completed in 1983. DOE negotiating 45 photovoltaic awards totaling $8 million The Department of Energy is negotiating contracts with five companies and eight universities to investigate the photovoltaic potential of thin-film "emerging materials" for solar cells. The awards are part of a new DOE package of 45 awards totaling more than $8 million. Materials include boron arsenide, polyacetylene, copper selenide, indium phosphide, cuprous oxide, cadmium telluride, and arsenides of zinc and silicon and of cadmium and silicon. Thirteen other contracts cover thin-film amorphous semiconductor materials with the potential of making very low-cost solar cells because of inexpensive processing; 9 awards expand on current efforts to increase the conversion efficiency of thin-film polycrystalline silicon; and the remaining 10 studies deal with photovoltaic-mechanism theories and experiments. Teletext: getting America into the competition There is no final agreement yet on a generic name for what shapes up as the world's next big telecommunications market, although industry specialists seem to be settling on "teletext." Teletext services use the vertical blanking interval of a television broadcast signal to carry digitally encoded data to subscribers. Similar services using telephone lines or TV cables are being dubbed "videodata" for now, although it is widely believed that teletext will ultimately prevail as a single name for both techniques. Regardless of what they may be called, there is widespread agreement in the United States that it has fallen behind Great Britain, France, and Canada in developing consumer and commercial applications of such services. They embrace everything from electronic mail, shopping, and funds transfers to entertainment, education, home security, and appliance control. The leaders in Europe Neither the concept nor the technology is new, of course, even though the U.S. is only beginning to explore applications at the consumer level. Britain, on the other hand, has had a one-way broadcast system called Ceefax in operation for two years and is hard at work on two others. One is a two-way videodata system that the Government originally called Viewdata before renaming it Prestel; the other is an independent, two-way teletext system called Oracle. As for France, it is ready to inaugurate teletext experiments with a system called Antiope. Its goal is to make its digital signals compatible with both broadcast and wire transmission systems. Canada's Department of Communications said in August that it will develop a teletext system having graphics it believes superior to those used in Britain and France. Moreover, the department's John Madden says technology developed in Ontario field trials next year will be transferred to industry as quickly as possible to accelerate market growth. American concern for the nation's failure to apply much in the way of teletext technology got official recognition in late October during a day-long symposium at the National Academy of Sciences. The meeting, sponsored by the National Research Council's board of telecommunications-computer applications, featured 10 U.S. experts in teletext but drew fewer than 100 registrants, a good many of whom were from foreign companies and governments. There are many, many questions and unresolved issues for the U.S., said the teletext advocates. Over electronic mail, for example, does the U.S. postal service or the Federal Communications Commission have jurisdiction? Are videodata services properly defined as "data processing"? If so, should FCC rules be amended to permit telephone companies like AT&T that have the lines to offer such services? The FCC has scheduled its first serious look at teletext technology and the questions of policy it raises for Nov. 8. A telecommunications industry lawyer at the meeting, John Bartlett of Washington's Kirkland and Ellis, proposed a refreshingly novel approach that would speed up the resolution of these questions. The FCC, the postal service, and the Justice Department should begin working together to permit widespread competitive development of teletext services before industry lawyers become heavily involved and slow down the process. Besides limiting legal participation, Bartlett told the NAS symposium, the Government should permit the services to develop within as loose a framework as possible in order to let technical standards evolve competitively. NAS panelist Al Curril from Texas Instruments Inc. in Dallas said his company is promoting a broadcast standard of two TV lines using 20 rows of teletext with 32 characters each. TI is providing decoders for the British Oracle system, but its proposal stems from its work in the field with Salt Lake City's KSL-TV. The world marketplace Lawyer Bartlett's cautious approach to standards sounded eminently sensible to one French representative of the Antiope system in the NAS audience. He also called for work on a world standard so that automated language translators might be developed to facilitate worldwide data exchange and produce a truly international marketplace. But however the world market evolves, the certainty is that U.S. broadcasters and telephone companies, as offerers of teletext services, must accelerate their programs if they expect U.S. technology to have an impact in that marketplace. This time the U.S. communications industry cannot blame bureaucratic inefficiency for the country's failure to move quickly into a developing market. After the NAS symposium, one member of the audience likened America's slow progress in teletext to earlier horror stories of lost markets in transistor radios and video tape recorders. But those disasters need not be repeated. The U.S. telecommunications industry still has time to recoup—if it wants to. Ray Connolly NEW ACE IN THE INTERFACE RACE SPRAGUE SERIES ULN-2800A HIGH-VOLTAGE, HIGH-CURRENT DARLINGTON TRANSISTOR ARRAYS Now... 8 drivers in one package switch up to 4 amps at 50 volts... or 3.2 amps at 95 volts Designed for interfacing between low level digital logic circuitry and high-power peripheral loads, Sprague Series ULN-2800A Darlington transistor arrays feature peak load current ratings of 600 mA for each of the eight drivers in every device. Typical loads include relays, solenoids, stepping motors, and multiplexed LED and incandescent displays. All devices have open collector outputs and integral diodes for inductive load transient suppression. Outputs may be paralleled for higher load current capability. Furnished in 18-pin dual in-line plastic packages, similar Darlington transistor arrays can also be supplied in a hermetic or ceramic DIP for use in military and industrial applications. For application engineering assistance on these or other interface circuits, standard or custom, write or call George Tully or Paul Emerald, Semiconductor Division, Sprague Electric Co., 115 Northeast Cutoff, Worcester, Mass. 01606. Telephone 617/853-5000. For Engineering Bulletin 29304.3 and a 'Quick Guide to Interface Circuits', write to: Technical Literature Service, Sprague Electric Co., 35 Marshall St., North Adams, Mass. 01247. For the name of your nearest Sprague Semiconductor Distributor, write or call Roger Lemere, Sprague Products Co., North Adams, Mass. 01247. Telephone 413/664-4481. FOR FAST INFORMATION, CALL YOUR NEAREST SPRAGUE SALES OFFICE: ALABAMA, Sprague Electric Co. 205/883-0620 • ARIZONA, Sprague Electric Co. 602/279-5435 • CALIFORNIA, Sprague Electric Co. 213/649-2600 Wm J. Purdy Co. 415/347-7701 KCE Corp. 714/218-7640 • COLORADO, Wm J. Purdy Co. 303/217-1411 • CONNECTICUT, Sprague Electric Co. 203/261-2555 • DIST OF NEW ENGLAND, Sprague Electric Co. 617/853-5000 • FLORIDA, Sprague Electric Co. 305/288-8650 O Dollar Sales. 317/286-6200 • INDIANA, Sprague Electric Co. 317/253-4242 • MASSACHUSETTS, Sprague Electric Co. 617/859-9100 Sprague Electric Co. 413/664-4411 • MICHIGAN, Sprague Electric Co. 517/787-3834 • MINNESOTA, HHH Inc. 612/820-8200 • MISSOURI, Sprague Electric Co. 314/862-2000 • NEW JERSEY, Sprague Electric Co. 201/223-2000 • NEW YORK, Sprague Electric Co. 609/795-6000 • NEW MEXICO, Wm J. Purdy Co. 505/756-7999 • NEW YORK, Sprague Electric Co. 516/549-4144 Wm Purdy, Inc. 914/698-8600 • OHIO, Sprague Electric Co. 313/865-3111 MacCom Associates 215/437-7250 • OKLAHOMA, Sprague Electric Co. 405/232-2100 • PENNSYLVANIA, Sprague Electric Co. 215/487-5525 • TEXAS, Sprague Electric Co. 214/253-156 • VERMONT, Ray Pynch & Co Inc. 617/782-5114 • VIRGINIA, Sprague Electric Co. 703/463-9161 • WASHINGTON, Sprague Electric Co. 206/632-7761 • WISCONSIN, O Dollar Sales. 414/482-1111 • CANADA, Sprague Electric of Canada, Ltd. 416/166-6123 or 617/636-2542 Electronics/November 9, 1978 ...and you thought we only make great capacitors. Circle 59 on reader service card 59 Is your advertising more important when it runs in Electronics Magazine? Or does it just seem that way? The ability of a magazine to impart qualities like credibility and importance to advertising is one of the most neglected yet significant factors in advertising productivity. While this quality may seem subjective to the advertiser, it is very real to the electronics engineer. Item: When asked to rate the credibility of magazines in the field, electronics engineers rate Electronics the highest by a large margin. Item: When asked in which magazine they would prefer to see their own technical article published, electronics engineers choose Electronics. Item: When offered all the other magazines in the field free, electronics engineers choose to pay to read Electronics. Editorial and advertising do not compete in Electronics. One complements the other. The advertising adds to the interest and the service of the magazine — while the editorial imparts credibility and importance to the advertising. Electronics Magazine 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 Editorial importance. Another reason your ad sells best in Electronics. Learn MICROPROCESSOR OPERATION, INTERFACING and PROGRAMMING faster, easier and at less cost with the HEATHKIT MICROPROCESSOR SELF-INSTRUCTION PROGRAM and DIGITAL COMPUTER TRAINER Here's the newest, easiest and lowest-cost self-instruction microprocessor course ever! What's more, it's the fastest way to really learn about this fascinating field with applications in every phase of our everyday lives. From automotive diagnostics to the microwave oven in the kitchen to the computers that are taking on more jobs in the home, schools, government, business and industry every day! Working with the popular 6800 microprocessor, you'll explore this exciting field using proven self-instruction text materials. You'll learn about micro-computer basics, number systems and codes, computer arithmetic, programming, 6800 capabilities and interfacing and more. With the aid of audio visuals included, you'll go deeper into programming, designing with microprocessors and semiconductor memories. And you'll actually perform a whole series of "hands on" experiments with the optional trainer designed to reinforce the theory you've mastered to that point! The ET-3400 Trainer kit, designed to accompany your course, features a complete 6800 microprocessor. It is actually a miniature digital computer in itself, complete with a: 1K ROM monitor program; 6 digit LED display for address and data readout; 17-key hexadecimal keyboard for entering programs, data and control; 256 bytes of RAM (expandable to 512 bytes with the chips supplied in the course); breadboarding socket; 8 buffered LED's for display of logic states; 8 SPST switches for binary input plus an on-board power supply with +5, +12 and -12 volt outputs. The Course comes complete with 62 electronic components, including a 6820 PIA, two 2112 RAM's, a 1406 digital-to-analog converter, 741 and 301 op amps and more. Includes audio visual aids such as an audio cassette, colorful flip charts and programmed learning text material in two deluxe permanent binders. Complete the optional exam and receive a Certificate of Achievement and 8.0 Continuing Education Units (CEU's) — a nationally accepted means of recognizing participation in non-credit adult education. (Note: Microprocessor Course requires completion of Digital Techniques Course or equivalent knowledge.) ORDER ETS-3400 (Course and Trainer kit) ........................................ $269.95 (Add $3.06 shipping and handling) FOR THOSE WHO NEED DIGITAL TECHNIQUES TRAINING... Comprehensive Digital Techniques Course — the background you need to understand computer and modern electronics technology! Digital fundamentals, semiconductor devices for digital applications, Boolean algebra, flip-flops, and registers, sequential and combinational logic circuits, digital design and an introduction to computers and more! The course includes programmed instruction text, audio-visual aids, parts for experiments and more. Digital Design Experimenter/Trainer lets you perform all the experiments in your course, then develop and test your own projects. Features sockets, breadboard sockets, 8 binary data switches, 2 "no bounce" switches to pulse logic circuits, 3-frequency pulse clock generators, 4 LED's for visual indication of logic states plus 3 regulated power supplies. Upon completion of the optional final exam, you receive a Certificate of Achievement and 4.0 Continuing Education Units. ORDER EES-3201 (Course and Trainer Kit) .................. $129.95 (Add $3.64 shipping and handling) SAVE TIME ORDER BY PHONE! Call (616) 982-3411 anytime day or night Heath Company, Dept. 510-470 Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022 Gentlemen: Please send me the item(s) checked below and include my FREE Soldering Iron. ☐ Microprocessor Course and Trainer Kit (ETS-3400) . . .$269.95 (+$3.06 shipping & handling) ☐ Microprocessor Course only (EE-340) ......................$89.95 (+$2.23 shipping & handling) ☐ Digital Techniques Course and Trainer kit (EES-3201) ..$129.95 (+$3.64 shipping & handling) Prices and specifications subject to change without notice. Prices are mail order net F.O.B. Benton Harbor, Michigan. ED-117 I enclose ☐ check ☐ money order for $_____________; OR, (Michigan residents, add 4% sales tax) CHARGE to my ☐ VISA/BankAmericard ☐ Master Charge Account #__________________________________________ Exp. Date_____________ Master Charge Code #______________________________ Signature___________________________________________ (Necessary to send merchandise) NAME______________________________________________ (Please print) ADDRESS___________________________________________ CITY______________________ STATE_____ ZIP__________ Circle 61 on reader service card 61 Opening new frontiers with electro optics RCA data links help you move quickly into fiber-optic communications. In fact, we can do the whole job, point-to-point. With fiber-optic data transmission becoming more attractive every day, RCA just made it even more so. We're introducing prepackaged digital data links with a built-in shortcut: engineering and assembly work have already been done. Behind these ready-made systems is a unique package of experience. RCA made LEDs, injection lasers, photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes practical for optical communications. Now, using our coupling know-how, we've integrated components into compact, efficient transmitters and receivers. A choice of three systems lets you select the right one for the particular task, whether it be secure data transmission, high-voltage optically isolated systems, computer interface, or process control systems. Complete, compact modules. Inside the 3.5 cubic inch transmitter module is an RCA high speed GaAlAs LED and assorted electronics for the drive circuit. We've coupled the chip's emitting region to a DuPont PFXS120 fiber optic cable. With modification, the transmitter module will accept other fibers. The equally compact receiver contains a silicon p-i-n photodiode with amplifier and threshold drive circuits to reproduce standard TTL signals. From components to systems. RCA can modify these data links to meet almost any special requirement. Or we can go even further and engineer your system. We have the components — proven-reliable LEDs, injection lasers, p-i-n detectors, and silicon avalanche photodiodes. Add to that our systems expertise, and we can provide everything you need for an efficient, compact, cost-effective data transmission system. Typical performance characteristics. \| Transmitter Module \| C86003E \| C86004E \| C86005E \| \|--------------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Input digital signals — \| \| \| \| \| NRZ coding \| 20 \| 5 \| 2 \| Mb/s \| \| RZ coding \| 10 \| 2.5 \| 1 \| Mb/s \| \| Min peak optical output \| 100 \| 100 \| 100 \| µW \| \| Receiver Module \| \| \| \| \|-----------------\|---------\|---------\|---------\| \| Input optical sensitivity \| 0.50 \| 0.25 \| 0.10 \| µW \| \| Output digital signals — \| \| \| \| \| NRZ coding \| 20 \| 5 \| 2 \| Mb/s \| \| RC coding \| 10 \| 2.5 \| 1 \| Mb/s \| Calculated bit error rate $10^{-9}$ If electro optics can solve your problem, remember: EO and RCA are practically synonymous. No one offers a broader product spectrum. Or more success in meeting special needs. Call on us for design help or product information. RCA Electro Optics, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604. Telephone 717-397-7661. 1130 Brussels, Belgium; Sunbury-On-Thames, Middlesex TW16 7HW, England; Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada; Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Hong Kong. Philips manufactures test microcircuits with E-beam projector An experimental English electron-beam projector for VLSI lithography has produced its first microcircuits at the Philips Research Laboratories, Redhill. Philips believes the system can be developed to achieve 1-$\mu$m line widths and 0.2-$\mu$m mask alignment accuracies on the wafer. A flood electron beam projected onto a target wafer for 30 s has produced both bipolar circuits and precision bubble-memory masks. The circuit masks are fabricated by Philips' fast electron-beam pattern generator (see p. 68). Siemens plans new models to chase IBM With two families of large computers to be ready for delivery next year, Siemens AG is taking dead aim at IBM's markets. One family is the four-model 7700 series with central processing units that cover the computing-power range of up to 4 million operations per second. These CPUs will have 64-k memory chips from an as-yet-unnamed U.S. firm, as well as from Siemens, which is developing its own version. The other entry is the four-model IBM-compatible 7800 large-computer family. Its CPUs cover a range from 2.4 million to well over 9 million operations per second. With these processors from Fujitsu Ltd., the 7800 series is the first major result of the product and know-how exchange [Electronics, May 11, p. 63] that Siemens has with the Tokyo-based firm. Optical fibers may appear in array radars For improved tuning, linearity, and efficiency in phased-array radars, scientists at the Microwave Research Unit of University College in London plan to synchronize the microwave Impatt diode source in each array element with a common laser array-reference signal. This setup would replace complex synchronizing circuitry. Microwave-modulated illumination carried by an optical-fiber bundle would connect the arrays to the directly modulated semiconductor laser. It also appears that highly desirable electronic steering of the beam may be possible by selective delay of the signals along each fiber. NEC launches easy-to-operate office computer Aiming at users wanting office computers for unskilled operators, Nippon Electric Co. is launching its updated System 100 line with what is called an integrated tutorial operating system. As many as 16 work stations may be connected to the multitasking central processing unit. The system uses a newly developed 16-bit MOS microprocessor and comes in three models with a main semiconductor memory capacity up to 192 kilobytes. Among peripherals available are two 64-megabyte fixed disks with 48.3-ms average access times and a 1.2-megabyte/s transfer rate and four 1-megabyte double-sided, double-density floppy disks with 209-ms average access times and a 62.5-kilobyte/s transfer rate. Basic costs in Japan for the three models range from $36,000 to $66,000, with more extensive exports planned than with the version introduced five years ago. Free-trade zone in India grows; new firms come After four years of operation, Bombay's Santacruz Electronics Export Processing Zone (Seepz) has exported over $12.5 million of various electronics components, including integrated circuits, says the Indian Commerce Ministry's Department of Export Production. Most of the products from the free-trade zone [Electronics, Sept. 16, 1976, p. 89] go to U.S. Exports are growing at an annual rate of 22%, with new ventures crowding in to join the 26 there now, says P. A. Bhat, head of the Electronic Component Industries Association. Starting soon is a document-printer assembly operation, Tata Burroughs Ltd., a joint venture of the U.S. computer firm and the Tata conglomerate of India. A firm already established in Seepz, International Power Semiconductors Ltd., will be manufacturing sophisticated epitaxial power transistors for International Rectifier Corp. of Los Angeles. Philips unveils optical disks for mass storage Optical disks will eventually slash the cost per bit for mass data storage so drastically that computer makers will have to rethink their storage concepts. That is the conviction at Philips Data Systems, which is developing a laser-diode optical recording system. Based on techniques devised for video long-play hardware, the new system packs $10^{10}$ bits on a double-sided, grooved, 12-in. transparent disk, equivalent to some 500,000 typewritten pages and 10 times more than magnetic disk packs, Philips maintains. Bits written into the disk can be read out directly afterward; despite the high capacity, the mean access time for any address on the disk is 250 ms. Hughes develops technique for nonvolatile memories Add to the list of nonvolatile memory technologies a low-power complementary-MOS variant from Hughes Microelectronics Ltd., called Novram. The Glenrothes, Scotland, company is using its electron-tunneling floating-gate process in a six-digit car odometer that can store data indefinitely and can be read in the nonvolatile mode for up to $10^7$ operations without data degradation at a $\pm 5$-v supply voltage. The device behaves like a normal random-access memory until a 12-v pulse freezes data permanently. In this mode, the odometer consumes as little as 50 $\mu$w, and even less in the RAM mode. In the U.S., Hughes Aircraft Co.'s microelectronics operation is developing an equivalent n-MOS process for high-density data-storage applications. Addenda Siemens AG, which owns 80% of the California-based optoelectronic components maker Litronix, is bidding for the remaining 20% of the shares. . . . Olivetti is celebrating its first deal with China. It will sell some $500,000$ of communications-terminal concentrators to unspecified Chinese buyers through the Hong Kong-based trading company, China's Resources. . . . Sweden will pay $6.75$ million toward the $175$ million total cost of France's earth-observation satellite, SPOT. After the satellite is launched in 1983, Sweden will have the right to limited use for civil purposes. . . . The British Post Office is expected to order trunk and short-haul fiber-optic telephone systems within the next few months. It has issued specifications for three types, including a 140-mb/s trunk system with 10-km repeaters. . . . ITT says a merger of its UK subsidiary STL with Plessey Telecommunications [Electronics, Oct. 26, p. 63] is not in the cards now. . . . The West German glass maker Schott will start mass-producing communications optical fibers early next year. The range will extend from standard types to high-quality gigabit versions that can simultaneously handle more than 15,000 telephone channels or 30 color TV programs. For cost effective capacitance measurement One C-meter stands out of the darkness—the $130 B&K-PRECISION 820 For about one-third the cost of the most popular digital capacitance meter, you can own five times more measurement capability. The new B&K-PRECISION 820 reads from 0.1pF all the way to 1 Farad, in ten ranges. With 0.5% accuracy, the 820 resolves to 0.1pF for a maximum count of 9999. The 820 retains its high accuracy in freezing cold to blistering 100 degree heat, making it ideal for field use. The bright LED display is easily readable under all lighting conditions. It has the versatility needed for any application and the durability to stay on the job. The 820 can be powered by disposable batteries or optional rechargeable batteries. Unlike many specialized instruments, the 820 has almost unlimited applications in engineering, production line work, QC, education and field service. First time users are quickly discovering that the number of time-saving applications exceed their original expectations. For example, you can measure unmarked capacitors... Verify capacitor tolerance... Measure cable capacitance... Select and match capacitors for critical circuit applications... Sample production components for quality assurance... Measure capacitance of complex series-parallel capacitor networks... Set trimmer capacitors to specific amounts of capacity... Check capacitance in switches and other components. You can start discovering your own applications today by seeing your local distributor for immediate delivery. BK PRECISION DYNASCAN CORPORATION 6460 W. Cortland Street • Chicago, IL 60635 • 312/839-9087 In Canada: Atlas Electronics Ontario International Sales: Empire Exporters, Inc. 270 Newtown Road Plainview L I N Y 11808 Electronics / November 9, 1978 Circle 65 on reader service card Screened Image Displays are available now as custom designs or as standard products. Either way, it's the best, most flexible concept in display history for communicating your message in a single-package information display that's both reliable and cost-effective! How do we know? Our customers have told us so, repeatedly, about the literally hundreds of custom designs we've produced during the past three years. May we build one for you? Beckman Displays. The Visible Edge. This 7-segment numeric Screened Image Display is designed for use in applications requiring display of four digits (or, end-stackable multiples of four) at viewing distances up to 100 feet. The SP-431 can be used in either the Pulsed DC or multiplexed mode. Readability is assured by the 2.0-inch digit height and by 180 footlamberts of neon-orange brightness. Further application of the SP-431 is enhanced by a plus and minus symbol in the most significant digit; and, a colon between the second and third digits. The SP-491 is a standard Screened Image Display that is ideally suited for point-of-sale equipment, instrumentation and electronic games. Readability is assured at distances up to 50 feet by the 0.7-inch height of the six digits and 210 foot-lamberts of brightness. The SP-491 is a 7-segment display that is designed for multiplexed operation. It offers a wide, 130° angle of visibility; and, has a decimal point and comma in five digit positions. Here's a vivid demonstration of the suitability of the Screened Image Technology for producing large fields of versatile, 14-segment characters. The SP-452 provides 16 characters, each with its own decimal point and comma. The half-inch size is ideal for point-of-sale equipment and in other applications where large field, alphanumeric capability is needed. The 14-segment format makes possible a display set of the ten numerals and the alphabet plus special symbols — providing a character set that can be as versatile as you want to make it. Screened Image Displays. The Medium That Fits Your Message. For complete details and technical literature about Screened Image Displays, off-the-shelf standards or custom designs, write: Beckman Information Displays Operations, P.O. Box 3579, Scottsdale, AZ. 85257. Or, call (602) 947-8371. Vector-scan E beam aims for wafers as well as masks Electron-beam machine intended for production line achieves higher throughput with vector scanning Launching itself into the market for electron-beam lithography systems with a bang, Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken is beginning manufacture of systems that are much faster than most of those offered for sale by others. The Dutch-based firm's vector-scanning EBPG-3 can both make masks and generate patterns directly on the wafer. Philips appears to be somewhat ahead of its rivals in getting to market a vector-scanning system intended for writing patterns on chips. Most other production-line systems available for purchase are raster-scanning units, such as the new Toshiba EBM-105 [Electronics, Aug. 17, p. 70]. There are at least two other vector-scanning machines on the market. Japan's Jeol Ltd. is offering its JBX-6A, successor to an earlier, slower unit. The Tokyo company says it can expose wafers directly, but probably will be used primarily for mask making. The UK-based firm, Cambridge Scientific Instruments Ltd., offers its EBMF-2, which it says is suited for development work. Two prototypes are now going through their test paces at the Philips Research Laboratories in the UK, where the design was conceived. The first commercial version is being readied for use on the production line at Valvo, the components-making Philips subsidiary in Hamburg, West Germany. Performance. Under typical conditions, the EBPG-3 can produce lines with a minimum width of 0.4 micrometer with an accuracy determined by the alignment error between successive exposures, which is typically within ±2 μm. Under ideal laboratory conditions, the machine is capable of writing lines down to 0.1 μm, says Ronald A. Beelard, lithographic project leader in the Eindhoven, Netherlands, Science and Industry division, which is manufacturing the machine. The Philips machine can operate as much as three times faster than raster-scanning systems. The system throughput is 20 minutes for a 3-inch-diameter wafer with 2-μm lines in a medium-complexity pattern and Fast scanning. Philips' electron-beam lithography unit uses vector scanning for higher throughput on production lines. with 30% of the area exposed to the beam. With 0.8-$\mu$m lines, the time is about 65 min. Such a speed is a bit faster than the JBX-6A, but slower than that of IBM Corp.'s vector-scanning EL-1 [Electronics, Nov. 10, 1977, p. 96], which, however, is not for sale. Coming soon from Electron Beam Microfabrication Corp., San Diego, Calif., is a vector-scanning unit with a throughput that will at least equal that of the EBPG-3. Why vector? It is the choice of the vector-scanning method over the more common raster-scanning that boosts throughput. The beam scans only those areas requiring pattern exposure (see diagram), whereas the raster-scanning machines must scan the whole mask or wafer with the beam being switched on and off according to the desired pattern. However, the vector technique needs more elaborate control and deflection electronics to steer the beam. Another major advantage of vector-scanning machines is easy correction for proximity effects of electron scattering. The system can accommodate wafers or masks up to 6 by 6 in. with a maximum patterned area of 5 by 5 in., or 127 by 127 millimeters. That capacity is more than enough for the semiconductor industry's current requirements, points out Gary A. M. Janssen, marketing manager for lithography equipment. The price for the EBPG-3 is nearly $2 million. --- Europe Electronic mail service is poised for takeoff, consultants' study predicts European electronic mail service, now a drop in the mail bag, will boom in the 1980s, say two British consulting firms. About 50% of the mail may well be delivered by EMS within a decade, they predict. The postal services' study from Mackintosh Consultants Ltd., Luton, Beds., and Communications Studies and Planning Ltd., London, estimates that the 1987 installed base of EMS terminals could hit $4 billion, compared with $5 billion in North America then. A key factor will be sharply decreased equipment costs, says Mackintosh, while postal service costs rise. Cheaper. In fact, the consultants' break-even analyses suggest that by 1982 a good bit of Europe's correspondence could be mailed electronically more cheaply than by standard delivery systems. Major new market segments will unfold for electronics equipment makers, they say. The consultants believe it is still unclear what types of electronic delivery systems will prevail, but in the long run they are giving the edge to Teletex, a new German development. It is a high-speed digital Telex with word-processing capabilities, and it can communicate with the 250,000 European Telexes in place. Compared to facsimile systems or video delivery systems, Telefex has higher speed and lower transmission costs, and it may be able to combine characters and graphics. It could replace the electronic typewriter in offices: a secretary might type the letter and send it from her desk. The Bundespost is looking for draft Teletex standards from the international telecommunications consultative body, CCITT, by 1980, but it might go ahead with the service even though the lack of an international agreement could cut off a major share of business. Still, the new service could open up markets for the makers of semiconductor, bubble and floppy-disk memories. Equipment companies like IBM and Siemens are readying machines for intracompany use that will send both text and graphics. The study points out there is considerable work going on with facsimile systems. Mackintosh says Europe has 25,000 fax systems, compared with 150,000 in the U.S., most of them Group 1 analog systems that transmit one page of 2,000 characters in 6 minutes. However, interest is rising in Group 2 analog systems, which transmit a page in 3 minutes. Moreover, the CCITT has developed a standard for Group 2 that presages easy international message exchange. The West German telephone network will begin Group 2 fax transmission next year. Other postal and telephone authorities are planning --- Will European post offices go electronic? The course of electronic mail service in Europe will be greatly influenced by the role of the postal-telephone administrations, says the consultants' study. While it could mean increased telephone business, it probably would cause considerable job loss on the post-office side—and the postal unions are strong. Moreover, the government agencies are wary about committing themselves to untried electronic systems with unclear cost trends. However, the study notes that there is a high concentration of mail: in France and the UK, for example, some 30% of the mail flows between just 5,000 businesses and government units. Should these users shift to EMS, the impact on the postal authorities would be dramatic. Thus the post offices have two choices, the consultants say: they must develop their own EMS, or else they must streamline carrier service. With the first option, what the study envisions for various European countries is a three-stage development through the 1980s. The first, involving about 6% of total mail flow, would be terminal-to-terminal communications between business and government organizations. Next the governments would offer post-office-based EMS transmission with carrier delivery, adding another 19% of total mail flow. Finally, adding public input terminals with delivery to individual receive-only facilities or by carrier would insure that half of the total mail flow would go by EMS. similar systems, including France. Moreover, planning is already under way in Europe for Group 3 digital fax systems (a page in a minute). Service could begin by 1982, if CCITT standardization goes smoothly. U.S. Group 3 equipment is already on the market. Video impact. A key question beyond the 10-year period covered by the study is the impact of video systems, such as Viewdata, which is undergoing market trials. The British Post Office plans to extend Viewdata so that it will serve as a message service as well as for information retrieval and will also connect to Telex machines or line printers. Moreover, the Dutch and West German post offices have bought Viewdata know-how; France is working on a rival system. The immediate EMS market—the mail that flows between a relative handful of business and government units—will also open up new possibilities for equipment makers. For example, the value of the installed base of EMS terminals in the UK is expected to reach $200 million by 1982 and $800 million by 1987. However, Mackintosh says that for any market to develop, there must be terminal compatibility. Two solutions are possible, the firm says: conversion at the terminal, the private branch exchange, or in the phone network is one; or standards such as those under development for Teletex-Telex compatibility. --- Japan Structure reconciles power parameters Many switching applications require both a high collector-to-emitter breakdown voltage and a high gain-bandwidth product, a combination that often defeats bipolar power transistors. But these conflicting requirements are reconciled in a new structure devised by solid-state designers at Mitsubishi Electric Corp. They have grafted a field-effect-transistor gate structure onto the base of a standard bipolar transistor. The gate extends into the collector region and pinches off at a lower voltage than that at which the base punches through. Thus most of the supply voltage appears as a drop across the depletion region rather than extending into the base. Applications. The new structure will be especially useful in switching regulators and class D amplifiers where high voltage ratings and good pulse response are needed, says Yoshinori Yukimoto, development group leader at the company's semiconductor laboratory in Itami. Mitsubishi hopes to have a commercial device available in six months or so and says it has even better-performing devices in development. To form the gate of the device shown in the figure, two p⁺ diffused regions extend about 4 micrometers into the collector, with a center-to-center spacing of about 10 μm. In addition to preventing punch-through of the base, the extra diffusion reduces extrinsic base resistance and so improves the high-frequency and switching performance of the transistor. The new transistor has a higher breakdown voltage than the conventional transistor when both have the same base width: for example, 200 volts versus 20 v with a base width of 0.2 μm. Conversely, for the same breakdown voltage, the base width is thinner: 1 μm vs 10 μm for a 500-v breakdown voltage. The new structure increases the gain-bandwidth product to four times that of the conventional transistor: to 80 megahertz for the same 500-v breakdown voltage. The thinner base and the carrier lifetime control in the base decrease storage time from 2.6 to 0.24 microsecond. Fall time decreases from 0.34 to 0.07 microsecond because of the high gain-bandwidth product; similarly rise time drops. Also, dc current gain increases because a larger percentage of electrons injected from the emitter is transported across the thinner base region. Lifetime control. The dc current gain is only slightly larger for the new transistor: 36 vs 30. But this is because the control of carrier lifetime was used to obtain maximum reduction in base-charge storage, says Yukimoto. Without such control, the gain for the new device is about 100. The transistors under development are for switching circuits, but devices without the controlling process will be developed for linear circuits. Another feature of the new transistor is the increased emitter-to-collector voltage at second breakMany PDP-11 users prefer our I/O single board systems. Still others choose our front end system. Here are two economical approaches to PDP-11 data acquisition systems. If you prefer I/O single board systems that plug directly into the computer mainframe, our cards have the best specs around. High-speed 12 bit A/D converters include configurations with up to 64 channels of MUX, high-speed S&H, 35 or 100 KHz throughput rate. The 12 bit D/A systems have settling time of 5 microseconds, and capability for remote sensing. All at the lowest prices available. But maybe you would prefer our incredibly versatile System 1000. This remarkable front end system communicates in high speed parallel fashion directly to the UNIBUS and can provide up to 700 high level analog input channels or 128 analog low level input channels, or 700 digital I/O functions. For even greater capacity, a bus repeater card allows additional 1000 Systems to accommodate as many of the individual I/O modules as desired. So if you want PDP-11 compatible analog or digital I/O modules or a complete data acquisition system, come to ADAC—where you get the widest choice anywhere. Sales offices throughout the world GSA Contract Group 66 15 Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801 (617) 935-6668 Telex 949 329 down when an inductive load is turned off (see graph). With an on-state collector current of about 2.4 amperes, the new transistor with a 1-$\mu$m-wide base and a conventional 10-$\mu$m transistor would be destroyed at slightly over 550 v, whereas a 1-$\mu$m-wide transistor would be destroyed at about 450 v. The Mitsubishi device has the same low input and high output impedance as a standard bipolar transistor. One of its attractions will be that a circuit engineer can use it in the same manner as a bipolar device with the same voltage rating and gain-bandwidth product. Great Britain Software house seeks Viewdata expansion Small-business systems and domestic microcomputers are the targets of programs in a variant on the Cobol computer business language devised by the British software company, CAP-Microsoft Ltd. However, the firm seeks a novel delivery system: Viewdata, the British Post Office's computerized information service, going online in 1979. What CAP-Microsoft has in mind is much easier use of Viewdata's encyclopedic volume of data, plus the addition of several business-oriented data-retrieval and data-processing programs to the BPO's computer store. However, the post office has not yet endorsed the concept, although the firm says it is showing interest. The London member of the CAP-CPP group of companies has devised Viewdata Terminal Programming, an extension of its Microcobol [Electronics, May 25, p. 33]. This high-level programming language was designed for microprocessor-based systems having limited memory and processing power. Thus, VTP programs distributed via Viewdata's telephone links can run on any microprocessor-based terminal—with the aid of a resident interpreter program. The terminals could be Viewdata-equipped television sets with a built-in microprocessor or business minicomputer systems to which a full Viewdata interface is attached. The company has demonstrated the feasibility of its concept using a Zilog Z80-based terminal tied to a conventional Viewdata TV receiver. One byte of program replaces two hexadecimal characters of a standard Viewdata transmission. Error checks are performed and programs in intermediate code are loaded into a store for subsequent processing by the resident interpreter. The concept is similar to that devised by the rival Teletext information service for transmitting computer programs [Electronics, Sept. 28, p. 74]. A universal programming language such as Microcobol could be used in both applications. Easy access. With a properly equipped Viewdata terminal and VTP system, the user could much more easily gain access to the data he seeks. Present subscribers must work through a tree-structure index or else refer to a directory and call up the desired pages for viewing. However, CAP-Microsoft proposes to add VTP retrieval programs to Viewdata. "We have a very simple and useful key-word program that pulls out all the relevant pages," says project manager Edward C. Sedman. "You could call up British Rail timetables, type in Birmingham and London, and the computer program would pick up all the relevant pages." Own data bases. Businesses also could establish their own protected data bases within the BPO data bank. Both the firm's central operations and its offices around the country could feed information into the protected base. Moreover, processing programs could be distributed to the branches and could be updated or changed at will. Sedman says his company is collaborating with the Hirst Research Laboratories of the General Electric Co. Ltd., where an integrated terminal for business applications is under development [Electronics, Sept. 14, p. 63]. Further down the line, he says, a major software industry will open up to serve a new generation of microprocessor-based small-office computer systems. The vendors will use Viewdata because it provides low-cost program distribution and permits easy program updating. They will use VTP because it permits semiskilled operators to use the system. Information please. For Britain's fully interactive Viewdata information service, a software house is proposing modifications that could increase its versatility and ease of use. Which CRT family now includes a simple, character-mode terminal with bright, high-resolution display, two full pages of continuously scrolling memory, familiar typewriter-like keyboard with embedded numeric keypad, comprehensive character and line editing, eight preprogrammed function keys, self-test and optional built-in 120 cps hard copy? We took a long, hard look at how you use a simple CRT terminal. We applied 10 years of experience producing sophisticated, high-performance computer products, so the newest member of HP's terminal family is engineered from just one point of view: yours. If you used a CRT all day, you'd demand the brightest, sharpest display made. So we didn't take any shortcuts on the 2621's display. It's the same display with enhanced 9X15 character cell you see on every HP CRT terminal, even our top-of-the-line models. Interactive sessions go faster if you can look back at what you've already done. So we designed two full pages (48 80-character lines) of continuously scrolling memory into the 2621. Recognize the 2621's keyboard? It's a lot like the familiar typewriter almost everyone's used to. Which makes the 2621 easier to learn, faster to use. And to accelerate keying in numbers, we put the numeric keypad right in the middle of the keyboard. Then we increased the capability of the 2621's simple keyboard with eight special keys. In regular use, they control the cursor, rolling and scrolling. But they're also labelled on the screen with preprogrammed functions which, with a touch of the shift key, control self-testing, terminal configuration, display functions and editing. Editing? On a simple CRT? Sure, because editing gets more work done faster. The 2621's comprehensive editing includes character and line insert and delete, clear line and clear display. What's more, the 2621 keeps your input separate from your CPU's so you can edit data before sending it to your CPU. And all without rewriting a line of your system's software. And the 2621 is Bell 103A compatible and communicates with your CPU at 110 to 9600 baud through an RS232C interface. Which makes interfacing a snap. That's the 2621A. But we've gone a step further. How many times have you wanted just to hit a key and get hard copy of your CRT display without making a big project out of it? Now you can with the 2621P. Its built-in 120 cps thermal printer zips out a page of hard copy in seconds. With a single keystroke. And here's more good news: the 2621A costs only $1450; the 2621P with built-in hard copy costs only $2550. Surprised by all these features in a simple, inexpensive, character-mode CRT? We don't think simple has to mean unsophisticated. To prove it, we're turning HP's advanced technology and 40 years of manufacturing experience into products you need. Like the 2621: the simple CRT you'd expect from Hewlett-Packard. Try this on your favorite CRT: With the 2621P you just hit a key and walk away in seconds with hard copy of your CRT display. The built-in thermal printer prints upper and lower case at up to 120 cps. The 2621's bright, high-resolution CRT displays the full 128-character ASCII character set, including upper and lower case, control codes, and character-by-character underline, in 24 80-character lines. Eight screen-labeled preprogrammed function keys magnify the power of the 2621's keyboard. Preprogrammed functions include editing, terminal configuration, printer control and self-test. To make numeric data entry faster and easier, we put the 2621's numeric keypad right in the middle of the keyboard, instead of at one side. The 2621's familiar 68-key keyboard is almost as easy to use as a typewriter. --- ☐ I'd like to know more about HP's new 2621A and 2621P with built-in hard copy. ☐ I'd like to see HP's new 2621A and 2621P with built-in hard copy. ☐ I'd like to know more about HP's complete family of terminals. Name ____________________________________________ Title _____________________________________________ Company __________________________________________ Address __________________________________________ Phone ____________________________________________ Mail to Hewlett-Packard. Attn: Ed Hayes, Marketing Manager, Data Terminals Division. Dept. 639, 19400 Homestead Road, Cupertino CA 95014. U.S. List Price Circle 75 on reader service card HP 2621 FEATURES DISPLAY - High resolution CRT - Character by character underline - Tabulation and margin control MEMORY - Two full pages (400 lines) HANDWRITING (2621P UNIT) - 1/2 character per second thermal printing - UP/DOWN lower case letters, control codes, underline - Automatic data logging CASE OF USE - 8 screen indexed control keys - Soft configuration EDITING - Character mode editing (Modify Mode, Line Mode) - Character and line insert and delete - Clear line display FULL RANGE OF USE OF UNIT Our new AD590 IC Temperature Transducer is complete and self-contained. It offers you unparalleled absolute accuracy over a -55°C to +150°C sensing range. It's only $1.95/100s in the TO-52 can. Where size is a major factor, a miniature ceramic flat pack is available at $3.50/100s. The AD590 is the first two-terminal integrated circuit temperature sensor that's laser trimmed at wafer level to produce an output of 298.2 μA at 298.2°K (25°C) and you get 1 μA/°K up and down the entire range. Nothing could be simpler. Or cost less when you're all done. SENSING. TWO BUCKS. FORGET LINEARIZATION AND SUPPORT CIRCUITRY, THE AD590 IS ALL YOU NEED. Exclusive laser trimming and 100% final testing guarantee complete interchangeability without the need for circuit recalibration. In remote applications, the AD590's current output makes multiplexing easy. AT THIS PRICE, IT'S IN A CLASS BY ITSELF. Thermistors, thermocouples or expensive RTD's just can't compete with the AD590. Price alone is the biggest factor, only $1.95 in 100s for the TO-52 can, $3.50 in 100s for the miniature ceramic flat pack. But when you consider the things you get like absolute accuracy, ±0.5°C maximum non-linearity, easy interchangeability, versatility, and the fact that those costly "extras" are not needed, there's no comparison. The AD590 is in a class by itself. For specs and information, call Doug Grant at (617) 935-5565. Analog Devices, Inc., P.O. Box 280, Norwood, MA 02062. The hot news is that you can forget linearization, trimming and amplification circuitry. You know, the "extras" that always end up adding $7 or $8 to the cost of implementation with other devices. Costly transmitters, filters, lead wire compensation and support circuitry are all unnecessary. ANALOG DEVICES WAY OUT IN FRONT. Circle 77 on reader service card The longest in our long line of laser firsts... Bell Labs scientists Roger Stolen and Chinlon Lin work with a fiber Raman laser, one of a new class of light sources that use optical fibers—up to a kilometer long—to produce tunable laser light. At left, the laser's output—which contains multiple Raman-shifted wavelengths—is taken off a beam splitter and dispersed by an external grating to show the broad range of wavelengths that can be tuned. Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Bell Labs has developed some of the world's most transparent glass fibers to carry light for communications. We've also devised a way to make these highly transparent glass fibers generate light. In fact, they are the basis for a new class of tunable light sources called fiber Raman lasers. They're among the latest, and by far the longest, of many lasers invented at Bell Labs, beginning in 1957 with the conception of the laser itself. Since the new fiber lasers work best at wavelengths at which they are most transparent, we can make them very long. The longest active lasing medium ever built, in fact, was a fiber Raman laser over a kilometer in length. Studying the ways light and glass interact over such distances is part of our research in lightwave communications. In these new light sources, a glass fiber with high transparency and an extremely thin light-guiding region, or core, is excited by a pump laser. The pump light, interacting with the glass, amplifies light at different wavelengths through a phenomenon known as stimulated Raman scattering. This light is fed back into the fiber by a reflecting mirror. If gain exceeds loss, the repetitively amplified light builds up and "lasing" occurs. Fiber Raman lasers have conversion efficiencies of about 50%, operate in pulsed and continuous wave modes, and are easily tunable over a broad wavelength range in the visible and near infrared regions of the spectrum. We've used these lasers to measure the properties of fibers and devices for optical communications; and studies of the lasers themselves have revealed a wealth of information on frequency conversion, optical gain, and other phenomena. Such knowledge could lead to a new class of optoelectronic devices made from fibers, and better fibers for communications. Looking back These long lasers come from a long line of Bell Labs firsts: 1957: The basic principles of the laser, conceived by Charles Townes, a Bell Labs consultant, and Bell Labs scientist Arthur Schawlow. (They later received the basic laser patent.) 1960: A laser capable of emitting a continuous beam of coherent light—using helium-neon gas; followed in 1962 by the basic visible light helium-neon laser. (More than 200,000 such lasers are now in use worldwide.) Also, a proposal for a semiconductor laser involving injection across a p-n junction to generate coherent light emitted parallel to the junction. 1961: The continuous wave solid-state laser (neodymium-doped calcium tungstate). 1964: The carbon dioxide laser (highest continuous wave power output system known to date); the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser; the continuously operating argon ion laser; the tunable optical parametric oscillator; and the synchronous mode-locking technique, a basic means for generating short and ultrashort pulses. 1967: The continuous wave helium-cadmium laser (utilizing the Penning ionization effect for high efficiency); such lasers are now used in high-speed graphics, biological and medical applications. 1969: The magnetically tunable spin-flip Raman infrared laser, used in high-resolution spectroscopy, and in pollution detection in both the atmosphere and the stratosphere. 1970: Semiconductor heterostructure lasers capable of continuous operation at room temperature. 1971: The distributed feedback laser, a mirror-free laser structure compatible with integrated optics. 1973: The tunable, continuous wave color-center laser. 1974: Optical pulses less than a trillionth of a second long. 1977: Long-life semiconductor lasers for communications. (Such lasers have performed reliably in the Bell System's lightwave communications installation in Chicago.) Looking ahead Today, besides our work with tunable fiber Raman lasers, we're using other lasers to unlock new regions of the spectrum in the near infrared (including tunable light sources for communications), the infrared, and the ultraviolet. We're also looking to extend the tuning range of the free electron laser into the far infrared region—where no convenient sources of tunable radiation exist. We're working on integrated optics—combinations of lightwave functions on a single chip. Lasers are helping us understand ultrafast chemical and biological phenomena, such as the initial events in the process of human vision. By shedding new light on chemical reactions, atmospheric impurities, and microscopic defects in solids, lasers are helping us explore materials and processes useful for tomorrow's communications. Also under investigation is the use of intense laser irradiation in the fabrication of semiconductor devices. The laser light can be used to heat selective areas of the semiconductor and anneal out defects or produce epitaxial crystalline growth. Laser annealing coupled with ion implantation may provide a unique tool for semiconductor processing. We've played an important part in the discovery and development of the laser—an invention making dramatic improvements in the way our nation lives, works and communicates. Close encounters of the best kind, With Spectrol Special Pots! Anyone who has had first-hand experience with Spectrol special potentiometers knows that he has encountered a component of the best kind. Best in design, construction, and performance. That’s why a jet engine manufacturer asked Spectrol to design and build the industry’s first 1000° pot. That’s why a Spectrol pot helped our Astronauts control their Moon Rover. That’s why a Spectrol special was there when Viking explored Mars. Whether you’re building a luxury car or weighing a truck on earth, measuring the wind on the sea, or shooting for the moon—bring your special pot problems to Spectrol. We’ll design, build and package a special to meet your toughest applications. At Spectrol, our special capability is—in fact—special! Send for our “Special Designs” brochure. SPECTROL ELECTRONICS GROUP UNITED STATES Spectrol Electronics Corporation P.O. Box 1220, City of Industry, Calif. 91745, U.S.A. • (213) 964-6565 • TWX (910) 584-1314 UNITED KINGDOM Spectrol Reliance Ltd. Drakes Way, Swindon, Wiltshire, England • Swindon 21351 • TELEX: 44692 ITALY SP Elettronica SpA Via Carlo Piscane 7, 20016 Pero (Milan) Italy • 35 30 241 • TELEX: 36091 GERMANY Spectrol Electronics GmbH Oberauerstrasse 15, 8000 Munich 70 West Germany • (089) 7145096 • TELEX: 05-213014 Circle 80 on reader service card New IBM architecture bows System/38, succeeding System/3, has two types of microcode and a data-base management of 280 trillion bytes by Anthony Durniak, Computers Editor International Business Machines Corp. has moved to a dramatic new architecture and operating system—its first in almost 10 years—with the introduction late last month of the System/38 small-business line. Moreover, its introduction serves notice that IBM's General Systems division, which will make and market the new series, will not be outdone by its big mainframe marketing brother, the Data Processing division, which raised eyebrows earlier in October with the distributed-processing abilities of its new 8100 [Electronics, Oct. 26, p. 88]. Although the new architecture is shrouded in the corporate wrap of mystery, evidence of its existence is found in the 38's two types of microcode, both stored in random-access memories, and a sophisticated database management scheme estimated to control some 280 trillion bytes of logical address space. At its heart is a new programmable transistor-transistor-logic array (see "IBM marches farther into LSI"). The use of the 65,536-bit memories introduced with the 8100 last month [Electronics, Oct. 12, p. 33] and a new 36,768-bit RAM bring the price of its memory to new lows (see p. 39). With the power of a small mainframe computer, the System/38 also serves to increase the overlap between the two IBM divisions. Blueblood. As expected, the System/38 is taking over for the nearly 10-year-old System/3—with more than 40,000 installed, one of the most successful and widely used computers in the industry's history. Such healthy family bloodlines, industry observers say, will make the new system a strong contender in the increasingly competitive business-computer market, especially against machines from such companies as Digital Equipment Corp., Hewlett-Packard Co., and Prime Computer Co. Although William Becklean, the IBM watcher at brokerage house Bache Halsey Stuart Shields Inc. in Boston, says that the new machine is "underwhelming" when compared on a price basis, he admits it offers striking new functions. "IBM has decided to use technology to get an easier-to-use computer. As such, the System/38 is not particularly aggressive in the traditional price-performance comparison. But its key features are buried in its increased operational functionality." According to Donald H. Brown, research vice president at another... Probing the news broker, Dean Witter Reynolds Inc., New York, this approach is what makes the System/38 "the second major machine to define a computer architecture and functionality for the 1980s. It and the DEC VAX 11/780 [Electronics, Nov. 10, 1977, p. 36] are the first machines to capitalize on recent components advances and make major new definitions." The feature that provides most of the increased functionality in the System/38 is the single-level memory management scheme. According to an IBM spokesman, the machine has a virtual address 6 bytes long. At 8 bits per byte, that equals a 48-bit address—or enough for 280 trillion bytes of virtual storage. The company says that with the single-level memory, data is referenced by symbolic names, freeing the user from worrying about addresses, transient areas, program overlays, partitions, volume labels, or other storage-management considerations. Main and disk storage are managed by the System/38 to appear as a single virtually addressed storage space. Separation. Under the same unbundled software policy as the 8100, the new operating systems and software needed to manage the single-level memory are separately priced. The Control Program Facility operating system has a license fee of $400 a month, while the RPG III programming language, the only one supported on the System/38, has a fee of $60 a month. The data base utility fee is $30 a month. For users wishing to move programs and data files from their System/3s to System/38s, a conversion and recompilation is necessary; a conversion utility program to assist in the job is available for a one-time charge of $1,300. A spokesman says once the data is converted, tape, cards, or diskettes can be used to transfer it to the System/38. Although IBM will not discuss the bus size, or structure, of the System/38 or the size of its 16 general-purpose registers, more evidence of the machine's new architecture is seen in its extensive use of microcode. One type, called horizontal, is stored exclusively in control store, while vertical microcode resides in the single-level memory system. The firm will not specify what the two kinds do, but a spokesman says many of the traditional operating system functions are in microcode on the System/38. The System/38 central processing unit is available in two models. The model 3 can have 512 kilobytes to 1 megabyte of main memory with a cycle time of 1,100 nanoseconds using the new 64-k RAM; the model 5 can have from 0.5 to 1.5 megabytes of main memory but uses a new 32-k RAM for a memory cycle time of 600 ns. The model 3 uses IBM's new 18-k RAM for its 4,000 32-bit words of microinstruction control store with a cycle time of 400 ns, whereas the faster model 5 uses a 1,096-bit RAM for its 8,000 words of control store with a cycle time of 200 ns. Prices for the basic model 3 CPU range from $70,210 to $88,780; price tags on the larger model 5 go from $99,645 to $136,215. In comparison, DEC's VAX systems go from $130,000 to $185,000 and HP's 3000 Series 111 systems range from $115,000 to $250,000. A small model 3 configuration of the System/38 with 512 kilobytes of memory, one 64.5-megabyte disk drive, a printer, and two cathode-ray-tube terminals can be purchased for $115,345 or leased on a three-year contract for $3,444 a month. At the other extreme, a model 5 with the full complement of 1.5 megabytes of memory and 387.1 megabytes of disk storage, two printers, four tape drives, 32 locally attached CRT terminals, 8 workstation printers, and 60 remote CRT terminals is priced at $760,995, or $20,960 on lease. The price of memory increments is surprisingly aggressive: $20,000 a megabyte on the model 3 and $28,000 on the faster model 5. IBM's Data Processing division prices the same 64-k RAM in its 8100 at $18,000 a megabyte, yet charges $110,000 a megabyte for its System/370 mainframe computer add-on memory. Hewlett-Packard, with one of the lowest memory prices in the minicomputer industry, charges $32,000 a megabyte. Custom LSI Ten Facts That Can Improve Your Product and Save You Money at the Same Time. If you think you're saving money by putting standard ICs into your products, maybe you don't know the facts about custom LSI. 1. Custom LSI Can Move You Ahead Of Competition. Although volume buys of stock ICs may save money, you get little benefit on total system costs. That's because the major cost of any system is for assembly and related hardware. Since semiconductor component cost in many systems is only 20 percent of the total, you may not be saving money at all. 2. "Standard Components" Means Just That—Standard. If you can buy it for your application, so can the competition. Designs using standard ICs can be copied and pirated. Often overnight. Not so with custom LSI. Designed for your system application, custom LSI can give you a jump over the competition. And not just days either. Custom can propel you years ahead. 3. You Pay Only For What You Need. Nothing more. There's no waste built into a custom circuit. You get what you need. Not what a standard IC dictates you use. 4. Custom LSI Means Improved Reliability. By cutting the number of packages and interconnects, a custom LSI system increases reliability. Moreover, lower power requirements translate to reduced power supply costs. 5. Custom LSI Means Smaller Physical Size. This can mean greater savings in other materials that go into your product. For example, you get a smaller PC board count—plus portability. 6. In Volume, Secondary Costs Are Reduced. Custom photomasks and tooling may be more expensive initially. But in volume, cost reduction in component assembly and wiring usually tilts the balance in favor of custom LSI on the bottom line. And that's where it counts. 7. Micro Power's Custom Has Become The Standard. It took the people at Micro Power to develop the 1-volt CMOS process, now an industry standard for watch circuits. We also invented Hi-CMOS, our own high-density process with multi-layer interconnects and silicon nitride passivation. These proved that high production yields and tightly-packed logic can go hand-in-hand. 8. We Pioneered Micro-Bipolar LSI And On-Circuit Thin-Films. Our special product development gave birth to Micro-Bipolar LSI, a process with excellent amplifier characteristics and low power requirements. And our intensive work in thin-films has led to high-resolution thin-film resistors deposited directly on an LSI chip. Our thin-films let you "integrate" mega-ohm resistors in a space usually required by kilo-ohm values. 9. Over 300 Custom Circuits At Work. Since 1971, we've helped develop more than 300 custom LSI devices for many fields—including instrumentation, communications, timekeeping, security systems and medical electronics. Our technical expertise and analytical business skills have helped to improve our customers' products and save money at the same time. We'd like to do the same for you. 10. Time To Get All The Facts. Our knowledge of custom LSI can help you. And that's a fact. Begin a dialogue about custom LSI in your own terms by sending for our capabilities brochure. Or better yet, call Custom LSI marketing at (408) 247-5350. We sell more than circuits. We sell solutions. MICRO POWER SYSTEMS 3100 Alfred Street, Santa Clara, CA 95050, (408) 247-5350 Circle 83 on reader service card 5 COMMON MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS. SOLVED. 1. GROUND LOOPS. Low level signal processing in multi-channel data acquisition systems, especially in remote sensor applications such as strain gages and thermocouples, is often complicated by troublesome ground loop currents and ground disturbances. Our Model 288/947 Synchronous Isolator, with its fully floating two-wire input, complete galvanic isolation between inputs to output, and low nonlinearity error (0.05% max, Model 288K) is the answer. 2. HIGH COMMON MODE VOLTAGES. Accurate measurement of low level signals riding on high common mode voltages – such as current shunt measurements in motor control and series cell voltage monitoring in fuel cells – requires high isolation CMV/CMR ratings. Our economy Models 284J and 286J both offer CMV ratings to 2500VDC continuous operation and CMR ratings of 114dB min @ 60 Hz. 3. ELECTRICAL NOISE. The harsh, noisy environments often found in industrial process control and monitoring applications, can create high RF/EMI components which will mask the low-level process signals. EMI/RFI interference from motors, relays and power lines requires the guarded input stage and the high CMR performance of our isolators, of Model 284J/286J. 4. FAULT PROTECTION. Isolators protect monitoring and control systems against the detrimental effects of both voltage surges caused by inductive devices – relays, solenoids, transformers – and faults occurring in power transmission lines. In petrochemical manufacturing, raw aluminum processing plants and industrial motor controller applications, Models 284J and 286J protect against catastrophic surge damage with 5kV pk pulse (10ms) CMV ratings. 5. SAFETY. In biomedical and EKG patient monitoring, and in critical industrial interfacing, such as nuclear power system monitoring, reliable, safe isolation is essential. Our Model 284J offers built-in defibrillator protection (to 6.5kV pk pulse, 10ms), low leakage (2uA rms max. @ 60Hz 115VAC), low input noise (8uV pk-pk, .05 to 100 Hz), fault current of 10uA rms max – all at a low cost ($41-100's). The Isolation Amplifier is your best protection from high voltage surges, as well as isolation from ground disturbances. Whether your application involves process control instrumentation, data collection, patient and equipment safety, high voltage equipment, or whatever. Send for a free copy of our new Isolation and Instrumentation Amplifier Designers’ Guide. Write to Analog Devices, Inc., P.O. Box 280, Norwood, MA 02062. ANALOG DEVICES WAY OUT IN FRONT. Analog Devices, Inc., Box 280, Norwood, MA 02062; East Coast: (617) 529-4700; Midwest: (312) 894-3500; West Coast: (215)595-1783; Texas: (214) 231-5094; Belgium: 03/37 48 03; Denmark: 021 845800; England: 01/94 10 46 6; France: 686-7760; Germany: 089/53 03 19; Japan: 03/26 36 82 6; Netherlands: 076.879 251; Switzerland: 02/519704, and representatives around the world. Circle 84 on reader service card Is the activities board falling short? Many IEEE members want a push in bread-and-butter areas, but USAB chairman Weinschel favors broad approach by Gauri Bhatia, McGraw-Hill Publications Co. One of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' longest lasting headaches—what matters should concern its United States Activities Board—shows little sign of abating. Not only that, but to the familiar debate over whether the board should limit itself to professional matters such as pensions, age discrimination, and wage busting, a new accusation has been added this year: that the board has become too deeply involved in industry—rather than engineer-oriented matters. Not so, says USAB chairman Bruno O. Weinschel. The president of Weinschel Engineering Co. in Gaithersburg, Md., insists that the board is working on both professional and technical problems and that each deserves equal concern. "We are in no way neglecting the professional aspects of USAB," says Weinschel. "Industry and employment go hand in hand. Of course, we are concerned about economic benefits for our members, but we also want to use the IEEE's expertise to improve the quality of the world." Opposition from within. On the other hand, Robert A. Rivers, leader of the IEEE's manpower task force, maintains, "The USAB should be working on what interests and benefits the members, not the employer, or society as a whole, or the pure advancement of technology. The organization has become industry-oriented this year. There are enough others capable of addressing industry's interests. We should be serving our members' needs." Faith Lee, chairman of the IEEE's professional activities committee chapter in Princeton, N.J., agrees. "USAB doesn't understand the problems of the average engineer—the poor slob who's raising three kids on $18,000 and has no job security or pension plan. These are the issues that really matter." Although there is some agreement that bread-and-butter matters should come first, which of them should get priority is a point of contention. Opinions vary with the age, location, and experience of the particular engineer. Embattled. Bruno O. Weinschel, chairman of the U.S. Activities Board, answers critics by saying that the board can handle both professional and industry problems. Older engineers suggest that the board should be combatting age bias, those in the Cape Canaveral area worry about wage busting—the practice of threatening EEs with layoffs unless they take pay cuts when a service contract must be renewed—while engineer-owners recommend stepped-up lobbying to ease capital flow and taxes. "I hear a lot of talk," shrugs Weinschel. "But very few people seem to realize the amount of slow, plodding work one has to do to even make a dent in these problems. A bill has to go through Congress, the Senate, the White House—all of which takes a couple of years and a lot of lobbying. And it's changed so often along the way that it might not even resemble the bill you wanted." Who cares? Areas in which the board has been trying to exercise what muscle it has include wage busting and lobbying for the Investment Incentive Act and the Limited Employee Retirement Account Act. As for the former bill, the effort receives its share of disdain from professionally oriented members. "The bill is sure to benefit industry," says Robert Bruce, past chairman of the professional activities committee for Long Island, "and perhaps there will be some fallout to indirectly benefit the engineer." Of greater interest to members is the retirement bill, since it would permit mobile professionals not vested in employer-sponsored plans to create independent retirement accounts. The board has been pushing this bill for 2½ years. Members' response has been good, as it tends to be on matters that directly affect their well-being. Smiling Danes peer out of niches Policy of cultivating worldwide markets that are too small to attract the giants keeps electronics industries healthy by Alfred Pedersen, McGraw-Hill World News, Copenhagen There are very few melancholy Danes in the electronics business these days. In fact, as they take a deep breath after their triennial trade fair, Elektronik 78, held late last month, Danish hardware makers are exuding confidence. "Not since 1973 has optimism been so high among electronics companies," maintains Frede Ask, top executive officer of the Association of Electronics Manufacturers in Denmark. The numbers coming out of the government's statistical office justify their confidence. The latest figures for production of electronics equipment and components by the industries' 200-odd firms peg the output for 1977 at some $800 million, with nearly $600 million going to export markets. Judging from their order backlogs and their crystal balls, the major manufacturers see total growth of at least 10% in 1978. And they are forecasting much the same growth—albeit with some problems—for 1979. Ask almost any Danish electronics producer why business looks buoyant and likely he will credit his "niche policy." Because their home market is so small, Danish electronics companies have traditionally tried to develop products with a worldwide market that is big enough to keep a small company going but too small to attract the giants and their crushing competition. By specializing in one or two offbeat but high-technology products, a surprising number of Danish companies have won dominant world positions. Hospitals to hi-fi. Thus, Radiometer A/S is a world leader in blood-gas testing equipment for hospitals, Storno A/S is Europe's top exporter of portable radiotelephone equipment, and Soren T. Lyngso A/S has a major world share of maritime engine controls. Brüel & Kjaer A/S is probably the world's largest manufacturer of vibration-measuring instruments. Three Danish companies—Danavox A/S, Oticon A/S, and Topholm Westermann A/S—add up to an international force in hearing aids. And Bang & Olufsen A/S, the Danish leader in consumer electronics, has found its niche through styling and quality. Working in the niches, of course, means working worldwide: Danish electronics producers export about 70% of their output, and they are edging into second place—behind machinery—among Denmark's export industries. Their biggest customers are their neighbors: West IF TERADYNE’S N151 CAN TEST THIS BOARD IN TWO SECONDS, HOW MANY CAN IT TEST IN A DAY? Frankly, the daily output of this bare pc board test system is ultimately up to you. But whether you use the N151 one, two or three shifts a day, you’ll find it more productive than whatever method you’re using now. And not only because the N151 can test a bare board in two seconds or less. (Even with handling time, the total test cycle can take less than 15 seconds.) The fact is, Teradyne has refined every aspect of bare board testing, increasing throughput, reducing the cost of testing again and again. Menu programming is one such refinement. The N151 is so simple to use that a nontechnical person can prepare job plans. Better data management is a second refinement. The system’s data-base translation capability gives you advantages other bare board testers don’t. Fast CMOS testing, error messages in your own product language, reliable fixturing, and go no-go testing also contribute to the N151’s economical performance. Teradyne’s experience helps you in other ways, too. In fixture sizing, applications support, and field service. What’s more, the N151 is protected by a 10-year circuit module warranty. Teradyne has been steadily reducing the time, effort, and expense involved in bare board testing. And we’d like to share what we’ve learned with you. So, we’ve prepared a booklet entitled Some Whys and Hows of Testing Bare PC Boards. For a free copy — and more information on the N151 Interconnection Test System — simply return the coupon. TERADYNE Circle 86 on reader service card Germany, England, and Scandinavia. But next comes the United States, proof that the Danes can compete almost anywhere in their own special fields. Christian Rovsing A/S is a textbook example of a Danish company that succeeded by having the right high-technology product at the right time. A couple of years ago its CR 80 processor began to catch on with U.S. manufacturers, winning approval from Litton Data Systems division in 1977 as an assembly in Litton's own range of hardware. With this boost, last year's Electronics division sales of about $5 million represented a 130% increase over 1976. Says divisional vice president Jan Stig Nielsen: "A few years ago we were working to get our products accepted. Now we're reaping the benefits. I don't have to worry about sales any more—we've got orders for several years." To make doubly sure, the company has recently opened a sales office in Los Angeles to push its activities in California, where it finds most of its U.S. business. Another company whose future looks good in the U.S. is A/S Regnecentralen, which introduced its modular RC 8000 computer several years ago. The firm now has an agreement with Lockheed Electronics Co., Plainfield, N. J., to use this system for subscriber inquiry services in telephone systems. The first unit will be installed shortly by a Bell company. Regnecentralen's president, C.C. Sandberg, says that Lockheed assesses possibilities for sales at 30 units a year, which would almost double RC 8000 sales. A future. Even if Lockheed has overestimated the market, Regnecentralen will be doing well. In recent years, the company has logged sales increases of 35% a year for its hardware, its programs, and its services (the company started originally as a service center for Danish customers). Hardware sales were up during the 1977–78 fiscal year from the equivalent of $22.5 million to $35.5 million. "There's a future for a company of our size," says Sandberg. In consumer electronics, Danish flagship Bang & Olufsen now reports booming sales of its hi-fi gear in the U.S. Sales there shot up 40% during the 1977–78 operating year, and the company expects the trend to continue as Americans continue to spend on quality products. Ortofon Manufacturing A/S, a subsidiary of Harmon International, logged sale increases of 30% for its record-player cartridges this year and has hopes of another 25% increase in the year ahead. Ortofon is counting on a new low-mass integrated pickup. Mining, as they do, narrow veins of technology gives Danish electronics producers some sorely needed leverage. For one thing, they have close ties to customers that are willing to share research and development costs in order to stay on the leading edge. For another, their "niche" products are not particularly susceptible to the ups and downs of the world economy. And by eschewing volume-run, labor-intensive products, they can cope with the high wage levels in Denmark, where the worst-paid workers get slightly more than $5 an hour. "As long as we can continue to produce equipment that is little affected by the world economy, we can continue to operate in a high-wage area," says Soren Engle, president of AEMD and director of Vitrohn Elektroteknisk Fabrik A/S, a major resistor maker. Financing R&D. But there is always the problem of financing the R&D necessary to keep up front in technology. Most companies seem able to put back about 10% of their sales to generate new products. "We made an important decision two years ago to tighten up our spending to find the money we needed for product development," says Johan Schroeder, president of Radiometer. "We had been budgeting 10% of our sales [$28 million in 1977] for R&D, but we decided to increase this to 13% or 14%. We haven't reached this goal yet, but we're getting close." Another manufacturer says he gets the necessary R&D funds by trimming things like administration. Perhaps the most effective fund-raising method is reported by a Brüel & Kjaer spokesman: "We just go out and sell a little more." DRALORIC, located in W-Germany, Europe's leading manufacturer of passive components, with more than half a century of experience has opened a plant in Norwich/Connecticut. Why not improve the reliability of your products by incorporating DRALORIC SMA Metal Film Resistors? The advanced technology offered by DRALORIC provides outstanding characteristics, such as superior long term stability. The metal film resistors are in accordance with MIL-R-10509 (RN) and MIL-R-55182 (RNR). For further information and samples please contact: Mfg. facility: DRALORIC ELECTRONICS CORP. One Winnenden Road Norwich, Connecticut Phone: 203-886-0151 Sales representative: United Mineral & Chemical Corp. 129, Hudson Street New York, N.Y. 10013 Phone: 212-966-4330 Fueled initially by the citizens' band fever, a boom in ham radio is currently under way, much to the delight of manufacturers of communications equipment. Not only are many CBers turning to amateur radio, but the general Government deregulation policy has eased the requirements for obtaining a license, and the American Radio Relay League, the hams' spokesman, is successfully pushing a nationwide training program to expand the ham population. As a result, 28,000 new operators are expected to swell the total this year to 366,000 licensed hams, up from last year's 338,000, 1976's 288,000, and 1975's 276,000. While those numbers do not repeat the staggering growth of CB, they are impressive when measured against the no-growth, and even shrinkage, of the ham population in some recent years. More importantly, the reward for manufacturers is likely to be a solid, high-profit market, because most people involved in ham radio foresee long-term expansion, not the bottoming out of the market that proved so disastrous in CB. Scott Anderson of Jade Computer Products, Hawthorne, Calif., certainly believes so. In charge of exhibition-show coordination and outside marketing for the firm, which is perhaps the largest distributor of computer items to hams, he says: "The market is growing faster than our own company because our average ham customer is spending more on computer products than on transmitters and receivers per se. We foresee no change in this trend for a long time to come." Even one of the best-known consumer-based companies, which usually would be interested only in a high-profit situation, is taking a closer look at ham radio. Radio Shack (Tandy Corp.), Fort Worth, Texas, will introduce its DX-300 general-coverage receiver, with digital readout of channel frequencies, at the end of the year. Says a spokesman, "We will watch the sale of this receiver very closely in order to reevaluate our position with regard to manufacturing ham equipment at a future date." As for the companies that have ham product lines, a new cast of characters is reaping the rewards that old-time ham radio makers always sought, but never realized. The old names like Collins Radio Co., National Radio Co., Hallicrafters Co., and Hammarlund Inc. are all but gone. In their place are firms like Trio-Kenwood Communications Inc. of Japan, which made a name Whistles and bells. Typical of the new look in ham gear is the Astro 200A hf transceiver from CIR Industrie (part of Cubic Corp.). It is small, light, versatile, and expensive. We often work on products that don’t even exist. If your company is in the business of developing and manufacturing new products – you should talk to us first. We specialize in developing and manufacturing CMOS integrated circuits, using silicon or metal gate technology adapted to special products and requirements. And we are one of the few companies in our field that can provide integrated circuits with low supply voltage and extremely low current consumption. With our advanced technology and highly qualified staff we can carry out every step ‘in-house’. That means from concept through the mask making, to small, medium or large production runs. What’s more, our clients can choose the type of delivery that suits them best: mounted or unmounted chips, films, or mounted on other substrates. Many major European companies have already placed their confidence in us. Why don’t you, too? Come to see us in Switzerland. Your project will be handled reliably, fast – and discreetly. You can depend on it. And when you’re making products, dependability is one of the most important things of all. Probing the news previously in the hi-fi and stereo equipment field; Yaesu Musen Co., also Japanese, which has been marketing ham goods in the U.S. for about six years; Dentron, Twinsburg, Ohio, a company which prides itself on being "all American;" Wilson Electronics Corp., Las Vegas, Nev., a relatively new manufacturer of ham antenna systems; and Lunar Electronics, San Diego, Calif., a producer of very-high-frequency amplifiers that was started by a ham engaged in moon-bounce experiments several years ago. Quality. The equipment sold to hams is of very high quality, permitting excellent communications with any part of the world under the right ionospheric conditions. The technology and design sophistication of the gear approach what is found in commercial equipment: digital frequency synthesis and readout, broadband amplifier circuits that require no tuning, speech-processing circuits, noise blankers, receiver incremental tuning, and split-frequency operation (receiving on one frequency and transmitting on another). These features are already standard or fast becoming so. Today transceivers are the staple of the ham radio operator, rather than a separate transmitter and receiver, and most of them are solid-state, except for the final amplifiers and drivers, and mounted on printed-circuit boards that are sometimes of the plug-in variety and filled with many of the operating frills desired by hams. Microprocessor- or memory-based equipment (from Curtis Electro Devices, Mountain View, Calif., and HAL Communications Corp., Urbana, Ill.) is finding use in electronic keyers, repeater- and satellite-controlled applications, automatic loggers and terminals, and a myriad of other areas open to the ham. Slow-scan television systems are readily available, too. Needless to say, the gear is not cheap, for ham radio is big business now. Gone are the days of the one-tube transmitter and three-tube receiver that cost a few dollars but could occasionally span oceans on a single ionospheric hop. Most present-day hams do not build their own equipment, parts are expensive, and tubes (if ever used) are not made to the same high specifications they once were, anyway. The average amateur nowadays does one of two things: he (or she) either spends $700 to $800 for a high-frequency (1.8–30-megahertz, or 10–160-meter in ham circles) state-of-the-art transceiver, such as the Kenwood TS-520S, or Yaesu's FT 101, and a further $300 to $400 for antennas and accessories such as split-frequency controllers, microphones, phone-patching equipment, and signal-monitoring scopes, or he settles for a rig in the $300-to-$400 range (the HW-101 from Heath Co., Benton Harbor, Mich., or the Century 21 from Ten-Tec, Sevierville, Tenn.)—and considerably fewer operating conveniences. Running a 1-kilowatt linear amplifier (Yaesu FL-2100B or the Alpha 76A from Ehrhorn Technological Operations Inc., Canon City, Colo.) will set the ham back anywhere from $500 to $1,200. The alternative is to buy used gear, but even then, the cost can be high. Several outfits (Kenwood, Yaesu, and R. L. Drake Co., Miamisburg, Ohio) are now producing equipment for the very-high-frequency bands. The 420-MHz range is at present the one most manufacturers are shooting at. This is a big jump from just a few years ago, when most amateurs had to build their own equipment if they wanted to operate on 144 MHz and above. But the cost of using Oscar 7 and 8, two ham satellites operating in these regions, or in having moon-bounce or meteor-shower contacts, can be pretty high, too: a good transceiver for 144 MHz (2 meters) costs $700. Drake's UV-3 three-band vhf system, which can operate at 144, 220, and 440 MHz, costs about $1,500. Although most hams pride themselves on being special—separate from CB—the gap is fast closing both administratively, so far as the FCC is concerned, and commercially, so far as manufacturing interests are concerned. Those who would wish to preserve the spirit and self-image of amateur radio must now deal with the consequences of popularity. Lab blends medical, IC know-how Stanford unit is developing ultrasonic imaging systems and transducer packages for heart research by William F. Arnold, San Francisco regional bureau manager Although medical equipment manufacturers increasingly incorporate integrated-circuit technology into their products, it's often difficult for commercially oriented companies to support the broad interdisciplinary skills needed to develop advanced electronic instruments. So Stanford University's Center for Integrated Electronics in Medicine attacks this problem by combining the expertise of the engineers in the Stanford Electronics Laboratory and the physicians in the School of Medicine to develop instruments for a wide range of medical fields. The center, which has a new five-year $4.6 million grant from the National Institutes of Health, has two major focuses, according to its director, Prof. James D. Meindl: - Noninvasive, high-resolution ultrasonic imaging systems that enable a patient's organs to be examined without surgery, X rays, or radioactive dyes. One recent development is a microprocessor-based phased-array eye scanner [Electronics, Oct. 12, p. 41]. When necessary, the center designs and builds its own ICs, such as a monolithic cascaded charge-coupled device that acts like an ultrasonic lens. - Transducer packages, accessible through radio telemetry, that can be implanted in laboratory animals so that researchers can track the long-term results of disease or drugs to better understand pathological mechanisms. The transducer packages, a little larger than a wrist watch, monitor such things as blood flow, blood pressure, organ size, and heart beat. For research into fetal heart development, Meindl says, the center is working with the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center to implant a transducer into a sheep's womb. The center also has designed two low-power custom timing and radio frequency amplifier ICs for an implantable pulsed-doppler ultrasonic blood-flow meter. "There are opportunities to use sophisticated electronics to fulfill human needs, and this center is a way to meet them," declares Meindl, who came to Stanford 10 years ago with the idea of such an organization in mind. Pointing out the proximity of the Palo Alto, Calif., campus to technology-rich Silicon Valley, the 45-year-old professor says, "It would be difficult for a company to support the high technology we have available here." The center, with its budget of approximately $3 million a year, is part of the IC lab and the lab itself is one of six labs in the $10-million-a-year Stanford Electronics Laboratory. The IC lab, the largest of its kind in a U.S. university, has 100 persons working for it, many of them Ph.D.s or doctoral candidates, and has in-house access to any of the processing technologies used by commercial IC manufacturers. Imaging. Stanford decided eight years ago, Meindl recalls, that "one of the most promising areas to apply integrated electronics in medicine was ultrasonic imaging," which along with computerized axial X-ray tomography, has sparked an explosion in diagnostic instrumentation over the last five years. But available ultrasonic scanners generally could not combine high-resolution imaging with real-time scanning of moving organs. Although the ultrasonic program developed the eye scanner and a blood-flow meter, the main effort is to perfect what is called the theta phased array system, Meindl says. Shaped like the Greek letter theta, it consists of a horizontal array of ultrasonic detectors inside a circular array of emitters and it is designed to permit noninvasive examination of organs inside the rib cage. Called the C³D, the cascaded charge-coupled device employs the variable delay-line characteristics of CCDs to get the electronic focusing capability. The chip is a 20-input surface-channel device divided into four sections, two for beam steering and two for focusing, under the control of five independent clocks. It allows the scanner to form a pencil beam of sound and scan with it. How to get a jump on the future in microcomputer design. Don't wait for the future. It's here today with the 8086, Intel's advanced new 16-bit microcomputer. And now there's SDK-86, the System Design Kit that gives you valuable hands-on experience with 8086 hardware, introduces you to the "architecture of the future" and enables you to begin actual prototype development today. Everything you need to get started is included, from resistors and crystal to CPU. For data memory, there are 2K bytes of 2142 static RAM, with sockets to double that. And there's room for 8K bytes of program memory, using either or both of the keyboard and TTY CRT 4K ROM-resident software monitors included in the kit, or 2716/2316E EPROM/ROM. Plus there's a fully-buffered system bus and plenty of board space for your own prototype circuitry. To make it easy to use SDK-86, we've provided three separate ways to control the system and enter programs and data. There's a keyboard with LED display, a built-in serial communications interface, and we've provided a cable that connects the SDK-86 to any Intellec® microcomputer development system. In addition to the 8251A USART interface, there are two 8255A programmable peripheral interfaces, providing up to 48 I/O lines, and an 8279 programmable keyboard/display interface. You can assemble the SDK-86 in a day with a soldering iron and a few tools. Naturally, there are both Assembly and User's Manuals, plus an 8086 User's Manual. The kit is $780 in single unit quantities. You can order it, or any 8086 system components from your local Intel distributor. Or, for data sheets on our complete 8086 system, call your local Intel sales office or write Intel Corporation, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051. Telephone 408 987-8080. intel delivers. United States and Canadian distributors: Alliance, Almac Stroum Component Specialties, Cramer, Hamilton Avnet, Harvey Industrial Components, Plannet, Sheridan, Wylie Elmar, Wylie Liberty, L.A. Varah, Zentronics Europe: Intel International, Rue du Moulin a Papier, St-Biote 1 B-1160, Brussels, Belgium Telex 24813 Japan: Intel Japan K.K., Flower Hill Shinmachi East Bldg. 1-23-9, Shinmachi, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 153 Telex 781-28426. TDMA is in the air at Montreal Despite problems associated with the technique, representatives at world conference on digital satellites agree it is ready to arrive by Harvey J. Hindin, Communications & Microwave Editor Everyone in communications agrees that the day of digital transmission satellites is drawing closer. But they also agree that even as the technology moves ahead, there is a slew of practical problems that must be solved before the airline passenger over the Atlantic can expect to talk to, say, an associate in an automobile in Oslo. Those problems and their possible solutions formed the backdrop late last month for the Fourth International Conference on Digital Satellite Communications. Held in Montreal, the meeting attracted heavy hitters from around the world. Much of their conversation was of technological advances, such as clever coding and modulation techniques that increase reliability, flexibility, and channel capacity—and the technique most discussed was TDMA—time-domain multiple access. But TDMA is not just around the corner. Although as a concept it has been around for 10 years, and although it has been implemented in several places—most notably by Telesat Canada—it will be the mid-1980s before TDMA arrives throughout the world. Ken-ichi Miya, director general of Japanese communications conglomerate Kokusai Denshin Denwa Ltd., says it will take several years for systems such as Intelsat, the international satellite communications consortium, to even introduce the prime digital multiplexing technique of TDMA into its network. Problems remain. One reason for this delay and the paucity of operational TDMA systems is that not all of the problems have been solved in converting conventional frequency-domain multiple-access fm operation to TDMA, especially when it incorporates such new techniques as digital speech interpolation—which improves transmission efficiency by a factor of two or better. Some of the problems were summarized by A.K. Jefferis, head of the telecommunications department of the British Post Office (see "Time-domain multiple access"), who says that TDMA has nevertheless arrived and predicts that a voice channel will be had for about 7 cents per minute. However, to convince skeptics that the various government agencies and private companies around the world really believe demand will increase and TDMA and other digital techniques will come along, it is only necessary to look at the new services and systems proposed, under test, or in production. Examples are: - International computer communications to be provided by a proposed "broadcast packet satellite channel system" (from Comsat General Corp.). - Low-cost data transmission using demand-assigned TDMA, with the low cost the result of not pushing device-performance characteristics to their limits (from the European Space Research and Technology Center). - Linkage of a data processor in France with one in the U.S. at bit rates approaching those of a computer channel (from IBM France using the Symphonie satellite). - Heavy-route message service with the Telesat Canada Anik-C, a 90-megabit-per-second system using quadriphase-shift-key modulation (from Telesat Canada). - The advanced Westar satellite- TIME-DOMAIN MULTIPLE ACCESS \| Why? \| Why not? \| \|------\|----------\| \| Increases satellite capacity, so that fewer or simpler satellites and earth stations are needed \| Causes transition problems in satellites already operating \| \| Improves reliability because of digital technology \| Requires new investment in earth stations \| \| Provides a match to the introduction of terrestrial digital technology \| Requires new maintenance arrangements with economic complications \| \| Makes data transmission more efficient with less error \| Creates interface problems with earth stations due to different standards of various countries \| \| Improves circuit quality and hence reception \| Requires new techniques to be learned \| \| Allows for easy transition to satellite switched TDMA later \| Makes customers apprehensive because of its complexity \| switched TDMA satellite that will maintain interconnectivity with multiple spot beams (from Western Union). The systems indicate the optimism of their makers about the future of satellite communications. This optimism is based on both market and technological grounds. One of the biggest present and potential users, American Telephone & Telegraph Corp.'s Long Lines, is a case in point. In the words of Billy B. Oliver, vice president for engineering planning, "Bell no longer bad-mouths satellites." One reason is an acceptance of the facts of life. But Bell also has managed to solve a major problem: echoes on satellite circuits due to transit delays. Customer complaints had not been stopped by conventional solutions, and it was not until an adaptive echo canceler was developed that the problem went away. According to Bell surveys, the canceler makes satellite-based lines as good in quality as submarine cable lines. Reducing the rate. The Montreal conferees had another major concern: methods to save bandwidth. Interframe and interfield coding techniques have reduced the bit rate of broadcast-quality television signals to 20 to 30 Mb/s. Better still, picture coding for some teleconferencing systems has sufficient quality for practical use at a low bit rate of 6 Mb/s. Still, most authorities agree that voice transmission will continue to constitute a large part of future satellite communication traffic—but even this usage may end up with a lower required transmission rate. For example, though 16 kilobits/s is needed with adaptive delta modulation, a voice encoder may operate at 2.4 to 4.8 kb/s at an affordable cost, thanks to large-scale integration. The communications industry hopes that as prices go down because of increased channel capacity and the ever-falling price of LSI, overall usage will be stimulated, requiring overall higher capacities. Here again, digital techniques have advantage, since they also provide for increased flexibility of circuit operation and adaptability to new services. In the background, however, are recent advances that may make analog technology competitive even longer. Perspective. To provide some perspective on how much progress there has been in bandwidth capability, Santiago Astrain, director general of Intelsat, notes that in the century from 1850 to 1950, the rate went from the 10 bits/s of the Morse telegraph key to the computer-related 4.8 kb/s. And this 48,000% increase has evolved into a current rate of 80 Mb/s and even higher. Although this capacity will go a long way toward solving man's need for the acquisition, storage, and processing of information, the need is not universal. "It must be noted," he says, "that the great majority of Intelsat's 102 member countries are not planning a rapid conversion to digital transmission techniques. Many of them have extensive investments in analog frequency-division-multiplexing equipment and semiautomatic switching centers, and their current levels of traffic do not justify conversion." As a global service, Intelsat must be flexible enough to service all forms of traffic and interconnection systems regardless of the modulation used. This flexibility is inefficient from a technical and operating viewpoint, but it is necessary in order to provide demand service for real customers and their needs. Even worse, Intelsat's system bridges conflicting standards—for example, Europe's differ from Japan's and North America's in hierarchical grouping standards and companding law. For Intelsat, says Astrain, "the introduction of digital satellite transmission techniques that directly interface with digital terrestrial signals will necessitate having to meet these difficulties directly." Notwithstanding these difficulties, the new breeds of satellites are on their way and will eventually be adopted by all countries as they become cost-effective for each nation's special considerations. Evidence that the developing nations are vitally concerned comes from the attendance at the conference of representatives from Nigeria, Kuwait, Zaire, China, Tanzania, and Uganda. Head and shoulders below the competition DSD 110 5⅛" $3195 Bootstrap included DEC RX01 10½" $4300 Bootstrap $320 extra Data Systems’ new, floppy disk system offers performance and storage equal to DEC®’s RX01, but uses half the space and costs 25% less. Save money, save rack space and increase your system’s reliability by selecting the DSD 110 for use with any DEC LSI-11 or LSI-11/2. The DSD 110 provides 512K bytes of fully DEC-compatible storage in a 5⅛" cabinet. While the DSD 110 saves you rack space, it also uses one less Q-bus slot than DEC’s RX01. All this is possible because the interface, formatting and controller circuitry, and hardware bootstrap have been combined on a single dual-wide card. This card, which is available separately, eliminates the need for DEC’s REV-11 card. To find out more about the low-cost, low-profile DSD 110, contact Data Systems today. A data sheet and price list will be forwarded to you immediately. ® Registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation Data Systems Design, Inc. 3130 Coronado Drive, Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 249-9353 TWX 910-338-0249 Data Systems has combined interface, formatter, controller, and hardware bootstrap on this single dual-wide card. Available separately in OEM quantities. Say you've been doing some IF testing in the kHz range, and now you need to switch to the RF MHz range. With the high performance Model 3002, you just change the lever/indicator switches on the front panel. With anyone else's signal generator you reach for a different model—and drop a few thousand more dollars. So if your testing needs go from as low as 1 kHz to as high as 520 MHz, you should go with Wavetek's Model 3002. It's also programmable and GPIB compatible, so it knows its way around any automatic test system. Of course your primary concerns may be accuracy and stability. In that case, Model 3002's 0.001% accuracy and 0.2 ppm/hr stability will be two primary reasons to buy it. The unit also has internal and external AM and FM modulation capability and +13 dBm (1 Volt) of leveled output power. You can get into Model 3002 for as little as $3,400. The GPIB compatible version with an optional programmable attenuator and reverse power protection will set you back about $4,700. But think how far it'll take you. Wavetek Indiana, Inc., 66 N. First Ave., P.O. Box 190, Beech Grove, Indiana 46107. Telephone (317) 783-3221, TWX 810-341-3226. Now you can go from 1 kHz to 520 MHz by changing settings... instead of signal generators. FREQUENCY 1 KHz - 520 MHz 520.000 X-ray lithography breaks the VLSI cost barrier Relatively simple X-ray systems promise mass production of very large-scale integrated circuits with 1-μm line widths by Gregory P. Hughes and Robert C. Fink, General Instrument Corp., Microelectronics Division, Hicksville, N.Y. As the designers of integrated circuits struggle to cram more devices onto silicon chips, ever smaller geometries are called for. If present trends continue, lines 2 micrometers wide will be common after 1979 and 1-μm widths will be standard after 1982 (Fig. 1). To produce lines as fine as this, integrated-circuit makers will have to decide which lithographic process will be their best choice. And though the electron-beam and optical direct-step-on-wafer process are popular today, a third process in development, X-ray imaging, could be the most powerful technology yet (Fig. 2). X-ray imaging has produced lines as narrow as 0.16 μm and can do so at a cost that is relatively low compared with that of competitive methods. Already shown to be economically and technically viable for single-mask devices like surface-acoustic wave devices and bubble memories, it is on the way to becoming equally suitable for producing complex multimask devices of all types. Moreover, it is the one lithographic technology that is easily downward-compatible in device geometry: a system using X rays today to produce devices with 1-μm geometries will work just as well tomorrow for 0.5-μm geometries. Table 1 shows a Dataquest comparison of X-ray lithography with the other wafer-imaging techniques currently in use in either production or research: contact printing, projection lithography, and electron-beam lithography (see also "X-ray lithography's competi1. Narrowing lines. If minimum line widths for production large-scale integrated circuits continue to decrease, 1-micrometer-wide lines will be in production by 1982, followed by 0.16-$\mu$m-wide lines in 1986. Both widths are well within the capabilities of X-ray lithography. 2. SEM. This scanning-electron micrograph shows a grating with 1,600-angstrom line width in PMMA photoresist that has been exposed to a copper X-ray source. (Courtesy, P. X. Flanders, Lincoln Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.) As it shows, the X-ray approach yields the narrowest lines at reasonable defect densities, throughput rates, and cost. The figure of merit listed calculates the cost-effectiveness or profitability of a process and is determined by the empirical relationship: \[ \frac{\text{throughput}}{(1 + 0.15 \text{ defects})^8 \times \text{cost} \times (\text{line width})^2} \] In these terms, X-ray lithography is the most promising of all the choices available, one of the major reasons being the relative simplicity of the basic X-ray system. Basic X-ray lithography* An X-ray lithography system resembles an ultraviolet-light one in that it consists of a radiation source, mask, and wafer coated with a photoresist (Fig. 3). The radiation source is an X ray whose energy must be soft enough to be absorbed by and expose the photoresist yet great enough not to be absorbed by the X-ray window or the photomask substrate. The X-ray mask cannot be simply a glass plate because that would absorb too much of the X-ray flux; instead it must be a thin substrate that is relatively transparent to X rays, overlaid by a dark field area of a material that will absorb X rays. Gold is usually used for this absorber, the counterpart of the emulsion or chromium mask used in UV lithography. Lastly, the silicon wafer must be coated with a photoresist that will absorb enough of the X rays to be exposed in a short period of time. Figure 4 shows a basic system. The radiation source is mounted in a vacuum chamber and passes its X rays first through a thin window (usually 25-$\mu$m-thick beryllium), then through a helium atmosphere at standard pressure, and finally through the mask, exposing the resist on the wafer. Typical geometries that have been proposed for 3-inch wafers place the X-ray source 20 to 50 centimeters away from the wafer and keep mask and wafer 3 to 25 $\mu$m apart to avoid the damage to both that could result from contact between them. X-ray sources create a number of design problems unique to them. Since the wavelengths involved range from 2 to 50 angstroms, there are no convenient mirrors or lenses that can be used to collimate the rays. This means that the ideal X-ray source would be a point source far enough away from the target for the X rays to appear to arrive in a parallel beam. Unfortunately, a series of compromises with distance and divergence must be considered since the intensity from a source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from it. Moreover, the X-ray source is not a true point source. The size of the source and the divergence of the beam cause two types of distortion: penumbral and geometric, respectively. Penumbral distortion can be determined from the geometry of Fig. 3. Because of the gap, s, between the wafer and the X-ray absorber (mask), the definition of the X-ray absorber becomes blurred by the X rays arriving from the finite-source geometry. The following relationship results: \[ \delta = s(d/D) \] where $\delta$ is the minimum attainable line resolution, d is X-ray lithography's competition Conventional contact printing has long been the production mainstay of the integrated-circuit industry. This technique, which may be of the hard, soft, or proximity type, puts a photomask next to a wafer and an ultraviolet light source behind the mask. Resolution is excellent when the mask and wafer are placed in hard contact, but this causes many defects, such as abrading, spalling of resist films, plucking and transfer of resist film, scratching of masks, etc. A soft contact minimizes these defects but diminishes resolution. The proximity mode of contact printing, in which there is a slight mask-to-wafer separation, further reduces defects but also diminishes resolution and causes feature distortion because the transmitted light is diffracted. The magnitude of this feature distortion depends on the actual spacing variations across a wafer. To avoid these problems, projection wafer printing puts a large space between wafer and mask. It entered the production environment during 1973 in static systems that used refractive optics to flood-expose wafers. But the procedure's growth was limited by the impossibility of producing refractive lens systems with an effective spectral bandwidth for wafers larger than $2\frac{1}{4}$ inches. Scanning slit projection techniques with reflective optics yielded manufacturing systems capable of handling wafers up to 100 mm, or 4 in., across. These systems use the entire lamp output, and the optical system is inherently 1:1 because its design is telecentric. The masks used are the same as for conventional wafer printing. Step-and-repeat projection printing is based on refractive optics. In this method, a small area is printed from a mask which is photocomposed at $2\times$, $4\times$, $5\times$, or $10\times$. The process is then repeated many times to cover a single wafer. With far-ultraviolet, resolution will be better. Electron-beam technology is now generally accepted as the way to generate masks for fine-line lithography. Currently three approaches are being tried: flood exposure, raster scanning, and vector scanning. Flood-exposure electron imaging has reached only the prototype stage. It uses ultraviolet light to illuminate a photocathode layer that is deposited as a patterned surface on an optical mask. The photocathode then generates a patterned emission of electrons. This technique becomes prohibitively difficult because of field nonuniformities. Scanned electron-beam systems use raster- or vector-scanning schemes. In the raster-scanning schemes developed by Bell Labs [Electronics, May 12, 1977, p. 97], the scan lines are generated by periodically deflecting the beam over a line of limited length. The entire substrate is covered by moving it while the beam is scanning. In the vector-scanning approach, the electron beam is deflected on the substrate and modulated to draw a desired pattern [Electronics, Nov. 10, 1977, p. 96]. It is obvious that the demanding requirements of either raster- or vector-scanning electron-beam systems require an extremely large investment in the fabrication of precise, sophisticated equipment. the source diameter, and $D$ is the distance between the mask and the source. The effect of this distortion is to produce nonvertical walls in the photoresist and thus create an uncertainty for subsequent processing of the geometry being printed. In most X-ray lithography systems this is controlled to within 1,000 Å. Given a typical X-ray source 5 mm in size and a source-to-wafer distance of 20 cm, the gap between mask and wafer must be 4 μm or less for this control. The geometric distortion in X-ray lithography arises from the fact that it is a projection system: the image does not lie directly on the wafer but is a projection of the mask on the wafer by the X-ray source. The degree of this distortion, $\Delta$, is dependent on the location of the image on the wafer: $$\Delta = s(\omega/D)$$ where $D$ is the source-to-wafer distance and $\omega$ is the distance from any point of the wafer to the perpendicular projection of the X-ray source to the wafer, as shown in the left insert of Fig. 3. This distortion looks like an error in the image compared to the mask. It is a serious problem with circuits that require superposition of one photo level on the next, but is much less serious with single-level high-resolution circuits like bubble memories and surface-acoustic-wave devices. To be more precise, the problem is not the distortion but the variation in distortion from one photo level to the next. This variation arises from an inability to keep the gap spacing constant. If the variation in the gap is $ds$, the variation in the geometric distortion $d\Delta$ is: $$d\Delta = Ds(\omega/D)$$ To hold $d\Delta$ to 1,000 Å over a 3-in. wafer when $D$ is 20 cm requires a control of $ds$ to less than 0.5 μm. This is difficult mechanically for the mask-and-wafer holder and also requires the flatness of a wafer to be controlled with great precision through the various steps of high-temperature wafer processing. The main components of a basic X-ray system—X-ray sources, masks, photoresists, and mask-to-wafer alignment mechanisms—can be implemented in a variety of ways. To begin at the beginning, the choice of the X-ray source affects most of the rest of the X-ray system, and that in turn demands a consideration of the relative advantages of hard and soft X rays. Sources A wide range of X-ray wavelengths could in theory be used to improve upon the resolution of UV systems. They extend from very soft X rays, having approximately a 50-Å wavelength, to hard ones with approximately a 2-Å wavelength. Unlike sources in electron-beam or optical systems, none of these has any significant problem with diffraction. In fact, the diffractions in the exposures made with mask-to-wafer gaps as large as 1 millimeter barely differ from those made with a 1-μm gap. Hard X rays have the advantage of not being easily absorbed in the vacuum window and X-ray mask substrate—and the disadvantage of not being easily absorbed in the photoresist, so that it takes a greater flux 3. X-ray lithography. In X-ray lithography, the mask is kept out of contact with the wafer to avoid defects. But the mask-to-wafer gap gives rise to a geometric distortion that is variable from mask to mask (left, insert), as well as to penumbral distortion (right insert). to cause a satisfactory exposure of the resist. A further problem is created by the byproduct of the inelastic collision of X rays with matter: photoelectrons. These can have energies as great as the incident X rays but unlike them are not directional, so they can blur a mask pattern. This happens to the extent of the range of the photoelectron, which generally varies with the square of its energy and with the medium. Therefore, with hard X rays, photoelectron energy can significantly degrade pattern resolution—exactly the problem that causes the so-called proximity effect in electron-beam lithography. Soft X rays have the opposite kind of problem, being much too easily absorbed by a vacuum window and X-ray masks. This cuts the flux output to the point that vacuum windows are not considered feasible—although those X rays that do get through to the photoresist will have a greater chance of getting absorbed in it and thus the exposures will require less incident flux. Even this creates a problem, however, since soft X rays tend to be absorbed in only the top layer of a photoresist. Therefore most present-day systems are designed around a compromise, medium-energy X ray. Though systems have been designed around hard X rays from targets made of palladium ($\lambda = 4.3$ Å) and soft X rays from targets of carbon ($\lambda = 44$ Å), the aluminum X ray ($\lambda = 8.34$ Å) is generally favored today. The maximum range of photoelectrons from the aluminum X ray is 0.1 µm, so that resolution is good. Typical systems with the aluminum source will absorb 70% of the original X-ray flux in the vacuum window and mask and allow 30% to be transmitted to the wafer. Most resists will then absorb about 5% of the X rays incident on them. Once the X-ray wavelength is selected, a commercially feasible source with sufficient X-ray brightness must also be selected. A number of possibilities have been suggested and tested. These range from electron storage rings to the traditional electron-beam-generated source. The electron-beam-generated X ray is created as an energetic electron knocks a tightly bound electron out of the target material it strikes. This vacancy is then filled by another bound electron falling into the vacancy and giving off an X ray whose energy is dependent on the difference between the two electrons' energy states. The energy of this characteristic X ray is also dependent on the material with which the electron is interacting. A side effect is the so-called bremsstrahlung radiation coming from the electron-electron interaction when an incident electron is simply deflected, thus being accelerated and giving off electromagnetic radiation. Figure 5 shows a typical intensity versus energy curve of the characteristic peak superimposed upon the background bremsstrahlung when the incident electron has 20-kiloelectronvolt energy. Although the absolute intensity of the Al peak is two orders of magnitude greater than the bremsstrahlung, the bremsstrahlung still contributes about 10% of the power absorbed by the photoresist. To obtain a useful source from electron-beam-generated X rays, the beam must be focused to a small spot to limit penumbra distortion. The flux of the beam must also be high to make exposure times short. The trouble with this procedure is that the system acts like an evaporator melting the aluminum target. For the source not to evaporate, therefore, it must be water-cooled. But water-cooling it prevents it from handling more than 1.5 kilowatts of electron-beam power in a 6-mm-diameter spot. To handle more power, the source must also be continuously rotated out from under the hot spot to allow it to cool down. Typical systems with 10-cm-diameter rotating aluminum anodes can handle 15 kw. If a silicon-source X ray ($\lambda = 7$ Å) is used, though, the same rotating anode can handle 25 kw. 4. High power. Block diagram of a high-power X-ray lithography station shows the source mounted over the wafer-to-mask aligning mechanism. Optics for aligning are on a sliding mount so that they can be moved out of the way during exposures. \| TABLE 1 \| COMPARISON OF PHOTOMASKING TECHNIQUES \| \|---------\|--------------------------------------\| \| \| Typical line width (μm) \| Equipment cost (× $10³) \| Achievable defect level (per cm²) \| Throughput (wafers/hr) \| Figure of merit (× 10⁶) \| \| Contact \| 3 \| 30 \| 2.5 \| 50 \| 14 \| \| Projection \| 2 \| 185 \| 1 \| 65 \| 29 \| \| Ultraviolet projection \| 1 \| 200 \| 1 \| 50 \| 82 \| \| Step and repeat projection \| 1 \| 350 \| 1 \| 20 \| 19 \| \| Electron beam \| 0.5 \| 1,500 \| 0.5 \| 10 \| 15 \| \| X-ray \| 0.3 \| 300 \| 1 \| 20 \| 218 \| SOURCE: DATAQUEST \| TABLE 2 \| CHARACTERISTICS OF X RAY RESIST MATERIALS \| \|---------\|------------------------------------------\| \| Resist \| Type \| Sensitivity (mJ/cm²) \| Resolution (μm) \| \| PMMA \| positive \| 1,000 \| 0.1 \| \| PBS \| positive (electron-beam) \| 100 \| 0.5 \| \| FPM \| positive (electron-beam) \| 100 \| 0.5 \| \| PGMA-EA \| negative (electron-beam) \| 50 \| 0.5 \| \| DCPA \| negative \| 10* \| 0.5* \| \| TI XR79 \| negative \| 1.5 \| 0.5 \| \| Hunt experimental \| negative \| 8 \| 0.5 \| when exposed to palladium radiation 5. Electron-beam-generated X rays. An aluminum anode struck by a 20-keV electron gives off the characteristic radiation at 1.5 keV (8.34 Å) plus a background bremsstrahlung radiation. The bremsstrahlung contributes about 10% to the photoresist exposure. 6. Synchrotron radiation. The curve represents the unfiltered radiation from a 0.7-GeV electron storage ring with a 100-mA beam and 12-kilo-oersted magnetic field at a distance of 7 meters from the source. Note the peak intensity is in the very soft X-ray range. because the melting point of silicon is higher. Even with 15 kw of input electron-beam power, exposure time with some resists can be a problem. With a typical system, using a 15-kw rotating anode and a source-to-wafer distance of 20 cm, exposure will take 2 minutes with the fastest commercial photoresist PGMAEA—Bell's electron-beam negative resist. It should be noted that there are other proprietary resists under development by Texas Instruments and Hunt/General Instrument that improve this time significantly. The electron storage ring Synchrotron radiation has often been suggested as the ideal X-ray source. The synchrotron continuously accelerates a pulse of very energetic electrons around a circular path, creating radiation of a spectrum that is fairly broad, depending on the beam's energy and radius of curvature. Figure 6 plots the intensity versus energy of the X-ray radiation typically given off by a synchrotron. The integrated energy output of a synchrotron is mostly at the soft end of the spectrum, but is several orders of magnitude greater than that of the most powerful rotating anode. Synchrotron radiation also has the advantage of being very well collimated, since the electrons are traveling at a relativistic speed. When viewed from the laboratory frame of reference, the radiation from the accelerated electrons looks like a narrow cone emitted in the direction of the electrons' instantaneous velocity. In fact, the beam could be compared to a searchlight sweeping around a circle. However, though the extreme collimation of the beam means there are virtually no penumbral or geometric distortions, it does cause a problem when a large area like a wafer must be exposed. The beam can expose only 0.5-cm-high strips of wafer, and thus the exposure must be done in a scanning mode, strip by strip. With such an intense source of radiation, one would expect the exposure times to be very short. However, the exposure time is highly dependent on the system design. Using no beryllium vacuum window and a 4-μm Mylar X-ray mask, the soft radiation is very effective. On the other hand, when a beryllium vacuum window is used, the soft radiation is not as effective and the exposure times are increased by a factor of five. However, the cost of a synchrotron facility—$2 million after initial design—has by and large deterred industry from working with it as a production X-ray source rather than in its present research and development applications. X-ray masks Many different approaches have been taken in fabricating X-ray lithography masks. The primary problem is producing a thin substrate that is transparent to X rays. This generally requires a membrane that is 1 μm to 12 μm thick, for soft and hard X rays respectively. For aluminum X rays, a membrane thinner than 5 μm is typically desirable. Two basic types of membranes have been tried—organic and inorganic films. Organic materials include Mylar, Kapton, Pyrolene, and polyimide. Inorganic types include silicon, silicon oxide, silicon metals, aluminum oxide, and silicon carbide. In general, inorganic membranes are very difficult to fabricate and very fragile (although SiC is reported to be very durable), whereas organic films are durable and easy to make but sometimes have an undesirably rough surface. A primary question with both types of substrates is the dimensional stability of the masks with respect to temperature, stretching, and exposure to humidity. If superposition from one mask to another is to be within 0.1 μm, then the mask stability has to be better than 0.1 μm over 10 cm, or 1 part per million. (For the sake of comparison, low-expansion glass has a thermal expansion of 3.7 ppm/°C.) It is generally believed (although not proven) that the inorganic masks will be dimensionally stable enough, despite suffering from thermal expansion. Thick Kapton masks used with hard X rays have been shown to be stable to better than 1 ppm; and the thin polyimide masks, which are currently still under investigation, are at least as good as 10 ppm. X-ray masks are similar to standard IC masks, except that the materials and orders are changed. In general, the thin film is either stretched across a frame, as is the case with many of the organic masks, or deposited on a flat substrate. At this point, either the substrate can be etched away to leave a blank mask substrate, or the X-ray absorber pattern can be created on the substrate, which is then etched away. The X-ray absorber pattern can be created in a number of ways. Typically, it consists of two metal layers, first a thin layer of chromium for adhesion to the substrate and then a layer of gold. The thickness of the gold layer depends on the type of X rays and the contrast of the photoresist. For aluminum X rays, 5,000 Å of gold is typically used; for a softer X ray like copper, only 2,000 Å of gold is required, but for a hard X ray like palladium, 7,000 Å of gold will provide the same absorption. Patterns are created in the gold by one of four processes: ion-beam etching, electroplating, sputter etching, or liftoff. X-ray resists* The field of X-ray resists is very new. When researchers started to work with X rays as an exposure source, they used a resist of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) that had been popular with electron-beam patterning. This was not a bad beginning. The basic mechanism for X-ray exposure is to absorb X rays by exciting electrons, which then have the energy of the incident X rays. Thus, a resist that is sensitive to electron radiation should be sensitive to X rays. Since then, a number of good electron-beam resists have been developed for mask making, including Bell Laboratories' polybutene sulfone (PBS), which is a positive resist, and poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-co-ethylacrylate (PGMA-EA), which is a negative resist. These resists are relatively sensitive to X rays, but they are marginal from a direct wafer-processing point of view. Only recently have researchers begun to address the problem of producing a good X-ray resist. The first successful X-ray resist, poly(2,3-dichloro-1-propylacrylate) was designed for harder X rays like palladium. The chlorine in DCPA increases its absorption of hard X rays. Most electron resists absorb 2% of the palladium X rays, but 1 μm of DCPA absorbs 12% and is 10 times more sensitive than PGMA-EA. Recently, two other X-ray resists have also been fabricated successfully for use specifically with the aluminum X ray. Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of the various resists that have been used in X-ray lithography. Note that, with the new X-ray resists produced by Hunt/GI and Texas Instruments, exposure time for a 15-kw rotating anode system is well under 1 minute even when the distance from source to wafer is 30 cm. This will allow throughputs of better than 60 wafers per hour, a rate that is comparable to those of current UV contact and projection systems. X-ray alignment If X-ray lithography is to be used to manufacture a device requiring more than one precision mask, then precision alignment systems must be considered. Five approaches have basically been used in multiple-mask alignment systems. They are optical manual alignment, photoelectric reflection and transmission methods, the use of moiré patterns, and the interferometric technique. The optical technique of aligning an image on the wafer with another on the mask works well, except when the magnification of the microscope system needs to be increased. This increase reduces the depth of field, making it hard to align a mask and wafer separated by a finite gap. The photoelectric reflection technique is usually more accurate because it uses a photoelectric edge detector that has a greater depth of field and lets the system be automated. The detector and alignment system adjust the wafer so that the alignment marks on wafer and mask coincide. The limiting factor is the contrast of the image on the wafer. The photoelectric transmission method corrects this limitation by using a hole that has been etched into the wafer as the alignment mark. It has extreme contrast and has been demonstrated to be accurate to within 0.05 μm, or 500 Å. The moiré pattern has often been suggested as an accurate method of alignment. To automate such a system, however, computer pattern recognition is needed. An outgrowth of this method is the simpler interferometric alignment system developed at MassaThe basic idea here is that a monochromatic light beam can be diffracted into symmetric beams by a grating. If the mask and the wafer both have a grating, then two sets of diffracted beams occur and will interfere with each other. The interference is dependent on the phase relationship between the two patterns and causes an intensity difference in the symmetric beams except when the patterns are aligned with each other. This method has been demonstrated to be accurate to within 1% of the gratings' line width and has been used to superimpose one pattern on top of another to within better than 0.02 μm, or 200 Å (Fig. 7). Existing X-ray systems Although X-ray lithography alignment systems are not commercially available, many companies have built their own. All of these systems use the basic electron-beam-generated X-ray source but have different targets and power levels. Some are used for single-mask devices like bubble memories and thus do not require good alignment. The other systems have been used in a wide range of processes, from prototype fabrication of standard devices and to production of small test devices with line widths ranging from 1 to 2 μm. A system at Bell Laboratories is at the pilot-line stage. With DCPA resist and only a 4.5-kW source, throughputs on the order of 15 per hour are reported. Bell Labs is producing a device of standard size at present to prove that X-ray lithography is at least competitive with conventional optical lithography. A summary of the X-ray systems that have been described in the literature is given in Table 3. Most of these systems have high flux generated by rotating anodes. The three main fine-line lithography processes that seem viable for very large-scale integration in the immediate future are electron-beam, direct-step-on-wafer, and X ray. Each of these processes is a radical change for today's typical wafer fabrication facility and thus will undergo a substantial learning curve. The direct-step-on-wafer process will provide for small geometries of approximately 1 μm in pilot-line production. Because it allows for traditional geometries in the reticle, it will be particularly useful for manufacturers who do not have electron-beam masking equipment. The system is commercially available today and thus will allow development of processes that are compatible with 1-μm geometries. Electron-beam lithography has already established a market in mask making. It is also starting to be used to write patterns directly on wafers—a process that will always maintain a market of its own, since it gives quick turnaround on prototype devices. The defect density of the method will probably always be the lowest of all three. This makes it well suited for optical devices where large areas of zero defects are required. It will also dominate the market in low-volume high-cost parts where mass production is not required. X-ray lithography is now in the process of demonstrating itself as economically and technically viable not only for single-level mask devices but also for multimask devices of all types. Although X-ray lithography equipment is not commercially available today, it is nearly at a point of being so. Companies are already working on fabricating commercial equipment and commercial X-ray photoresists; interest has also been expressed in making commercial X-ray masks. X-ray lithography will require costly masks made by electron-beam patterning, so that it will not have the fast turnaround time needed for prototype device development. But, once a working device pattern is generated, X-ray lithography will be able to replicate the pattern at low cost and high throughput. Thus, the X-ray approach produces the one kind of system that keeps the cost of lithography down, thus allowing for the high-volume, low-cost production of complex VLSI circuits with very small geometries. Bit-slice parts approach ECL speeds with TTL power levels Schottky-coupled logic puts emitter-coupled and transistor-transistor logic on the same chip, making pipeline prediction techniques possible by Dale Mrazek, National Semiconductor Corp., Santa Clara, Calif. The dream of the computer designer is a system that operates at the high speeds allowed by emitter-coupled logic, yet has the low power consumption of standard, low-power Schottky transistor-transistor-logic parts. A technique called Schottky-coupled logic comes close to making that dream real. With this approach, bit-slice devices have been fabricated that are 30% to 50% faster than comparable LS 2900 family designs now available. At the same time, power consumption is slightly less than that used by present LS designs and only one third that required by ECL. The substantially increased system throughput made possible by the IDM2900 family, built with Schottky-coupled logic, or SCL, means a number of advanced computer designs can be considered that were impossible before. For example, advanced, pipeline prediction techniques of microprogram control design can be used to reduce microcycle times significantly. A bonus of this approach is that this is the first ECL-based 4-bit-slice family to meet military temperature requirements. The new series shows even less performance degradation over the military temperature range than some of the standard LS parts now available. A 60-ns slice Process and circuit improvements using SCL are most apparent in the IDM2901A, which boasts an average microcycle time of only 60 to 70 nanoseconds, a 100% improvement over existing LS designs. The device's power consumption, however, is about the same—only 800 milliwatts. Also available is an even faster version, the IDM2901A-1, with a microcycle time of only 50 to 60 ns—again, with no increase in power consumption. Designed as a high-speed cascadable element intended for use in central processing units, peripheral controllers, programmable microprocessors, and numerous other applications, the IDM2901A consists of a 16-word-by-4-bit two-port random-access memory, a high-speed arithmetic and logic unit, and associated shifting, decoding, and multiplexing circuitry (Fig. 1). Except for the most important parameter, speed, the IDM2901A is plug-compatible with any LS implementation of the same architecture now on the market. But plug-in replacement and raw speed improvements are just part of the story. The IDM2901A's read-modify-write cycle is 42% shorter than that of an LS 2901A. The maximum clock frequency is 68% greater. Execution time for a typical operation, such as an add-and-shift (multiply) is 95 ns maximum and 60 ns typical, a significant gain over previous 2900 implementations. In a typical application, system microcycle time is 100 to 150 ns, about one half to two thirds that of previous LS bit-slice designs. In addition to the IDM2901A, 14 other standard parts have been introduced, as well as 2 proprietary parts that allow system designers to take full advantage of the increased speed (tinted gray in the table). With the ### IDM2900 FAMILY OF BIT-SLICE PARTS \| Part Number \| Description \| Typical Uses \| \|-------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| IDM2901A \| 4-bit-slice microprocessor with two-port 4-by-16-bit RAM, arithmetic/logic unit, and shift, decoding, and multiplexing circuits \| in computer central-processing units, high-speed controllers, and programmable microprocessors \| \| IDM2902 \| high-speed carry-look-ahead generator that anticipates a carry across four adders or groups of adders \| to propagate carry terms to the most significant package when multiple 2901As are used \| \| IDM2909A \| 4-bit-wide address controllers. 09A-input word can be masked, 11A-input word cannot be masked \| to sequence through a series of micro-instructions in ROM or PROM \| \| IDM29702 \| 16-by-4-bit RAM, fully decoded with chip-enable input. 702 has three-state outputs, 703 has open-collector outputs \| as a file-extension register or memory stack \| \| IDM29704A \| 16-by-4-bit dual-port register file. 704A has open-collector outputs, 705A has three-state outputs \| for register file expansion or as a general-purpose register file \| \| IDM29750 \| 32-by-8-bit field-programmable ROM with on-chip decoding of a 5-bit binary address. 750 has open-collector outputs, 751 has three-state outputs \| for logic replacement or extension or as an external multiplexer \| \| IDM29760 \| field-programmable 1,024-bit PROM. 760 has open-collector outputs, 761 has three-state outputs \| for logic replacement, gate matrixes, or multiplexers \| \| IDM29803 \| branch controller with 16 instructions to branch 2, 4, 8, or 16 ways in one microcycle; uses variable input mask for systems employing the 2909A or 2911A address controllers \| in complex processors, controller systems, and address controllers \| \| IDM29811 \| next-state controller \| for microprogram control with the 2909A or 2911A \| \| IDM29901 \| octal, edge-triggered flip-flop with three-state outputs \| as a utility register or for temporary data storage \| \| IDM29902 \| -8-to-3-line priority encoder \| in interrupt-driven systems \| \| IDM29903 \| 16-by-4 bit clocked RAM organized as an addressable D-type register file \| mainly for file extension \| The IDM2900 family, a typical 16-bit controller can be constructed having a system microcycle time of about 140 ns. This represents about a 30% improvement over that possible with LS devices. With the high-speed IDM2901A-1, the microcycle time can be reduced further to about 120 ns. Moreover, if the 29901 and 29903 are used as well, the same operations can be done in even less time—about 120 to 100 ns. LS + ECL = SCL To combine ECL speeds with LS power consumption, several techniques are employed. One is the use of low-power Schottky circuitry at the periphery of the chip to interface the internal ECL circuitry with the external TTL world (Fig. 2), a technique commonly used in some bipolar memories. The input translators not only shift TTL levels to differential-ECL signals, they also enhance input-level sensitivity. As can be seen in the figure, the input translator is similar to a differential amplifier whose internal reference is stable. The result is very abrupt transfer characteristics on all input signals. Hence, very fast switching speeds ensue. Even more responsible for the performance of SCL devices are the output translators. Traditional ECL-to-TTL translators are slow unless considerable power is applied. With IDM2900 parts, however, ECL speeds are retained, yet no additional power is consumed, thanks to an improved three-state translator circuit that transforms the 0.7-volt ECL levels into 5-v Schottky-TTL levels. This technique eliminates the slow and power-hungry buffer transistors that usually do the job. The translators can also drop down to one third their active power with no loss in speed. With them, an extra 60% to 65% of the power that would have been consumed is instead pumped into the portions of the device that require it—the ECL-core circuitry. The output translators use both linear and digital techniques. Differential-ECL signals are translated by means of a differential-current amplifier. The differential output voltage is changed to a differential current and then back to an output voltage. The output voltage drives a phase-splitting transistor (Q₁ in Fig. 2), which, in turn, drives the peripheral output circuitry. The three-stage logic-buffer circuit is characterized by a current-mirror transistor (Q₂) having its base and emitter connected, respectively, to the base and emitter of the 2. TTL to ECL and back. In the IDM2900 family, translators interface internal ECL with the TTL world. The output translators have a phase splitter ($Q_1$) and current mirror ($Q_2$) with bases and emitters tied together. This considerably reduces power consumption. 3. Controller. The IDM2900 family can be used to build central processing units, programmable microprocessors, and controllers, like the one above. This state-sequencer uses the IDM2901A for its ALU data storage and the IDM2911A for sequencing through the states. An additional advantage of this current-mirror arrangement is a faster dynamic response in the conduction state of the pull-down-output transistor to a change in the input signal. The faster response results from selective use of the Miller feedback effect, in which the voltage gain of a bipolar transistor circuit falls at high frequencies as a result of a corresponding increase in base-collector capacitance. Miller feedback occurs on the phase-splitter transistor because its collector is coupled to the voltage supply through a resistance. But it is absent on the current-mirror transistor because its collector is directly connected to the voltage supply. Consequently, when the input switches, the current ratio between the current mirror and the phase splitter is even greater than the ratio of their respective emitter sizes. Figure 3 shows a versatile state-sequencing controller. It uses the IDM2901A for its data storage and arithmetThe history of the microcycle In the very earliest use of state sequencing—in microcomputers and larger systems—operations were performed in series, one after the other, and the microcycle was defined as the sum of the operations. In the first such technique, now called "non-pipeline microcoding" and still used today, a sequencer increments or branches to the next state, depending on the logic level of a test input. The controller timing is measured from the clock edge of the controller-register counter, through microcontrol storage (read-only memory) and the processing elements, then back through the next-state decision tree to the controller-register counter. When it was discovered that the time required to obtain the microcode from ROM and the time required to perform an operation in the arithmetic and logic unit could be made to overlap, serial approaches were abandoned for concurrent ones. Pipeline microcoding, the first of the new techniques, is commonly used in bit-slice systems such as those built with standard low-power Schottky transistor-transistor-logic parts. The microcontroller-loop timing operates in parallel with the execution of the processing section. While an arithmetic operation is being performed, the next microcontrol word is being set up for use by the microcode. A register between the output of the microcontrol store and the 2901 central processing units allows overlapped functioning of the two sections. The result is a faster machine cycle time than with the totally serial mode of operation. However, pipelining requires absolute knowledge of the next state, one cycle before the execution of the 2901A cycle. Therefore, it is difficult to implement several successive conditional next-state decisions. Using Schottky-coupled-logic components instead of LS bit-slice devices for pipelining reduces the register and ALU portion of the microcycle 65% to 75%. However, total microcycle time may only be reduced 40% to 50%, since the microcycle time is determined by the length of the longest operation, which in this case may be the delay in the microcode portion. To get the full benefit of the high speeds inherent in the SCL family therefore means abandoning the traditional approach to pipelining. Instead, a different technique—pipeline prediction—allows a reduction in the microcode portion of the microcycle so that it is equal to or less than the register-and-ALU setup time. The figure gives a rough timing comparison of the four schemes. Assume the problem is to perform a multiplication of two signed 16-bit values. Figure 4 shows a circuit using IDM2900 devices plus two multiplexers (a 74S153 and a 74S253) and a D-type flip-flop (74S74). This circuit performs the multiplication 30 to 70 nanoseconds faster per cycle than do standard LS bit-slice parts, for a total speed improvement of 480 to 1,120 ns. In addition, the design eliminates a special interval for the multiplication cycle. The result is a processor or controller with a less complicated clock-control circuit. Extra flip-flop Note, though, that there is an extra stage of register storage in the Q register, in the form of a D flip-flop (colored in the figure). As a result, Q is shifted one time without shifting the file register, since the partial-product register has to be cleared. The Q register is shifted first so as to get the least significant bit into the extra storage location. After the shift, the A and B register-file addresses do not change and therefore do not enter into the timing equations. The faster response resulting from the added D register saves a great deal of time in each microcycle of the multiplication's add and shift operations. Since the A and B inputs do not change, the critical path is from the D register output into the $I_0 - I_2$ inputs of the IDM2901As, which in turn perform a normal add4. Multiplier. This circuit multiplies two signed 16-bit values in 2's complement notation. It performs the multiplication 30 to 70 nanoseconds faster per cycle than if standard low-power Schottky parts were used, for an overall speed improvement of 480 to 1,120 ns. 5. Predictor. The high speed of Schottky-coupled logic allows pipeline prediction controllers to be built. This technique uses shorter microcycle times than standard pipeline microcoding techniques, because during any microcycle, the most probable next state is set up. and-shift operation. Using the D flip-flop saves 20 ns, and using the $I_0-I_1$ inputs saves 10 ns in each of the 16 cycles of the 16-by-16-bit multiplication. This is all the hardware necessary for a positive-signed multiplicand. If a negative result is required, an additional path must be added. Two are possible in the most significant IDM2901A package. One is from $C_n$ to the RAM$_0$ output. The other is from $C_n$ to the overflow or to $F_3$ (whichever is longer) and then through the additional exclusive-OR gate and multiplexer and back to the most significant RAM$_3$ input. The maximum time delay is 20 ns, from the overflow and $F_3$ outputs back to the RAM$_3$ input. With techniques standard to previous 2900 designs, 15 conditional additions, followed by a shift, one conditional subtraction, and another shift are required to do a signed multiplication in 2's complement notation. The resulting data paths for this solution would take 141 microseconds with the IDM2901A. Faster yet If IDM2901A-1s are used in the circuit, and if the A and B address lines are set up one cycle ahead of the multiplication sequence, the 16-by-16-bit signed multiplication takes only 116 $\mu$s, and a net savings of 25 $\mu$s per microcycle is thus achieved. Therefore it sometimes pays to add a flip-flop in certain locations to achieve higher performance and a simpler solution. Here, the multiplication cycle time was reduced 20% compared with standard techniques using LS bipolar components. The pipeline prediction controller functions in much the same way as the controller in a standard pipeline configuration except that it can also accept any number of successive conditional next-state decisions in a row (see "The history of the microcycle"). But shorter microcycles can be obtained, because during any microcycle the most predictable next cycle is being set up. Should the test of the next-state decision be different from the one predicted, the alternate state is set up and the microcontroller and the data system pass through a correction interval. This design makes next-state decisions within the same cycle as the microcontrol portion of the IDM2901A. Figure 5 shows a pipeline prediction technique in which the next state is a choice between two states. This means that one state is predicted, and if incorrect, the second choice is used. The microcycle is either delayed or an additional cycle is inserted. There is no real reason why the design must be limited to only two next-state conditions—any number may exist. It is necessary only to predict the most probable next state and correct it if required, and most next-state decisions are known to a high probability of occurrence. The extra cycle time added for the few times an incorrect prediction is made is extremely small compared with the total microcycle time saved. Moreover, since this technique minimizes the number of states through a control sequence, further time is saved. Finally, pipeline prediction requires no additional components to achieve these increases in speed. For the future The present components in National's IDM2900 SCL family are built with exceedingly liberal design rules. In spite of that, the chip area of the IDM2901A, for example, is equal to or less than that of some of its LS counterparts. This means that inherent in the SCL technique is the possibility of further improving density and integration—combining many bit-slice functions onto fewer and fewer chips—while maintaining speed. What's more, speeds of SCL-type bit-slice 2901A parts of 40 to 50 ns and system throughput of 80 to 90 ns may be expected by 1980. Even though SCL microcycle times at the component level may not match those of pure ECL parts, the system improvements allowed by the lower power consumption may ultimately result in systems with far faster throughputs than are possible with emitter-coupled logic—at much lower cost. Stay in total touch with d/pad three Total Telemetry Testing capabilities and real time flight decommutation are now available in one small portable package... designed for easy interface with people. The versatile d/pad three provides all the functions necessary for total telemetry data monitoring all the way from ground testing to inflight decommutation operations. Simply and accurately. No-sweat fingertip control features front panel keyboard programming and CRT visual display of feedback data, to keep an operator in total touch at all times. Fully computer compatible, the d/pad three is a complete PCM/PAM decommutation system with programmable analog and digital ports, in addition to the comprehensive data display. And it's all contained in one small, easily transported package. Engineering Conversion and Continuous Limit Checking The d/pad three converts and displays incoming data in engineering units, averages the data, does peak-to-peak computation and continuously limit checks up to 200 channels without the need for any additional programming. Data Displays Independent from Data Outputs Data selected for display is independent of other data outputs such as the analog or digital ports, giving the operator the option of observing the desired channels without affecting any of the programmable data ports. Software Flexibility and Hardcopy Conic Data Systems can provide additional software to perform such complex operations as FFT and 4th order polynomial conversion. The basic program can be altered by simply overlaying a new software package to change the system characteristics. The d/pad three is provided with an ASC II port for the purpose of interfacing with a printer to supply a complete print-out of all data. Or automatically print only channels that are out of tolerance. For the 'total telemetry touch' story, contact Russ Smith, Conic Data Systems, 9020 Balboa Ave., San Diego, CA 92123. Phone (714) 279-0411. CONIC DATA SYSTEMS A subsidiary of Loral Corporation Stay in Total Telemetry Touch with d/pad three Circle 113 on reader service card Zero-sensing counter yields data's magnitude and sign by Gary A. Frazier Richardson, Texas Upon sensing when an ordinary up-down counter is about to count down through zero, this circuit reverses the direction of the count to enable it to express a negative number by its magnitude and sign, instead of by the more usual but less convenient 2's complement. The circuit similarly represents positive integers, making it easy for any stored value to be handled directly by such data-system devices as digital-to-analog converters or microprocessors. The unit shown in the figure has been found particularly useful in a digital-averaging application. Data is sampled during an interval in which the ADD/SUB line is toggled at some frequency, which in this case varies with time, as shown. Any data in phase with the ADD/SUB signal will accumulate in the n-stage counter (count-up mode), and digital noise will be averaged out (subtracted). The output of the counter is sampled at the end of the data-collection interval. If the contents of the counter should ever decrease to zero, a borrow pulse is generated by the most significant counter, $C_n$, and toggles the flip-flop. In turn, the NAND gate connected to the clock-up port of $C_1$ is enabled. In this way, the output of the counter is mirrored about 0, as shown in the timing diagram, and is equal to the absolute value of the difference between the number of the add-to and the subtract-from counts. The sign bit is set each time the data actually drops below zero. Note that when using the up-down counter, it is necessary to keep the counter cleared while the BORROW is low to avoid difficulties should the clock-up line suddenly become disabled while the clock-down line is activated. Otherwise, a decrement will take place. The frequency and symmetry of the ADD/SUB waveform is arbitrary so long as the counter does not overflow on any half cycle of a sampling interval. About face. Circuit inhibits up-down counters $C_1-C_n$ from decrementing below zero, instead forcing them to count up and mirror the result of a negative-number addition in binary form. A negative-sign bit is also generated. Thus, all numbers are suitable for direct handling by a d-a converter or other data-system device. Demand-switched supply boosts amplifier efficiency by Jerome Leiner Loral Electronic Systems, Yonkers, N.Y. The efficiency of high-power audio amplifiers operating in class B will be improved by up to 80% at low power levels if the supply voltage can be switched from a low to a high value as the power demands on the amplifier increase. Using the automatic-switching circuit described here ensures a lower heat dissipation than would be possible with an amplifier that delivers a low-power output from a single high-voltage supply, which is the High efficiency. Audio power amplifier switches from Darlington pair $Q_1-Q_2$ and low-voltage supply to $Q_3-Q_4$ and high-voltage supply only when power output demands increase. Circuit thereby eliminates the need for amplifier to dissipate excessive heat, a condition that occurs when an amp with a single high-voltage supply is used to process a low-amplitude input signal. most common situation. The increased efficiency of this power amplifier can produce considerable savings in its weight and size and also reduces the amplifier's heat sink requirements. The amplifier is designed to switch from the low- to the high-voltage supply as the audio signal level passes up through the low-voltage supply level. The switchover is made with virtually no perturbation in the output current up to as high as 25 kilohertz. At higher speeds, any waveshape distortion can be reduced by implementing negative feedback around the amplifier. Both supply voltages can be derived from one source, with the low voltage taken from a selected tap on the power transformer. Several circuit configurations were tried, among them a cascaded emitter follower, a series transistor configuration, and the parallel transistor arrangement shown in the figure. The cascaded emitter follower and the series configuration performed adequately below 10 kHz. At higher frequencies, however, the effects of carrier storage produced by the first two arrangements caused large perturbations in the output current. The parallel arrangement finally adopted has virtually no storage problem and appears to be the most useful at higher frequencies. For simplicity, the operation of one half of a complementary-output stage (see figure) is described. A half-sine wave that swings from -1 to -20 volts is the input-signal source in this case. When the input level is at -1 v, current flows through $D_2$, $R_1$, and $D_1$. Thus the input base of Darlington pair $Q_1-Q_2$ is one diode drop lower than the base of $Q_3-Q_4$. As a result, $Q_1-Q_2$, which uses the -15-v supply, is on and $Q_3-Q_4$ is off. When the input signal reaches within one diode drop of the low-voltage power supply, $D_2$ begins to turn off and $Q_3-Q_4$, which uses the -30-v supply, starts to turn on. As $Q_3-Q_4$ moves into the linear region, $Q_1-Q_2$ begins to turn off, so there is a smooth transition of current in the load. $Q_3-Q_4$ stays on until the signal polarity reverses; when the signal passes through the low-voltage supply level, $Q_1-Q_2$ goes on and $Q_3-Q_4$ goes off. Fast-acting voltage detector protects high-current supplies by Jorge S. Lucas Engeletro, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Protecting a regulated, nonswitching power supply against both short circuits and overvoltages can be difficult, especially if the supply is to deliver high currents. Should either condition occur, this circuit will act quickly to protect the supply, and its load as well, by deactivating the series or shunt pass element in the regulator and thus forcing the output current and voltage to zero. A typical high-current power supply (5 volts at 5 Design ICs The Super Way Very large scale integration (VLSI) is forcing changes in IC design. The Applicon Super VLSI Graphics System is answering the new challenge of VLSI layout today. Bigger, denser chips mean that laying out a design manually and then digitizing it into a computer is becoming increasingly inadequate. The solution is putting the designer in front of a CRT from the start and eliminating the digitizing step. Applicon has evolved on-line design into a new graphics system with unmatched productivity. With the new Super VLSI System, designers can lay out a complex IC at a system workstation quicker than they can with colored pencils on Mylar. To make the Super VLSI System successful it had to be super fast. So we implemented new software with an intermediate data structure and new hardware with three high-speed processors. The system had to provide an interactive and easy to use environment that wouldn't slow the designer down. We did this with a workstation incorporating a video display with selective erasing, blinking components, patterned area filling, dynamic X-Y readout, and scrolling messages. In developing the Super VLSI System we kept the two most powerful features of earlier Applicon systems: stretchable components and character recognition. Character recognition is the key to on-line design - letting the designer communicate with the system through hand-drawn symbols while keeping his eyes on the CRT. And more. On-line design rule checks for catching errors at an early stage. An ink jet plotter for full-color checkplots in just 15 minutes. Software interfaces that run concurrently with graphics for developing special programs. Output interfaces to plotters and pattern generators, including E-beam machines, and communications links to mainframes. The Super VLSI System is supported by a dedicated customer service organization to carry you ahead into the Super VLSI age. Call us. Applicon Incorporated, 154 Middlesex Turnpike, Burlington, Mass. 01803 (617) 272-7070 Applicon Color Plotter Regional Headquarters San Jose, CA 408-287-9380 Schiller Park, IL 312-671-4337 Burlington, MA 617-272-7070 Fort Washington, PA 215-643-6464 Dallas, TX 214-783-8162 Paris, France 1-687-34-43 Manchester, England 099-64-32813 Munich, Germany 89-57-60-13 Representatives Tokyo, Japan 03-507-4490 Taipei, Taiwan 721-2203 Circle 116 on reader service card Power guard. Transistors $Q_1 - Q_3$ and SCR (within dotted lines) protect high-current power supply from short circuits and excessive output voltage. On occurrence of either event, $Q_2$ turns on, disabling $Q_1$ and enabling SCR to fire, shutting down supply's regulator. amperes), which is modified slightly to accommodate the protection circuitry (dotted lines), is shown in the figure. When a short circuit occurs at the output, $Q_2$ turns on, which in turn disables $Q_1$. The voltage at the gate of the silicon controlled rectifier then rises at a rate determined by the time constant of elements $R_1$, $D_1$, $D_2$, and $C_1$. This delay prevents the SCR from triggering when power is first applied to the circuit. The SCR then fires, disabling the BC141/BC139 transistors in the power supply and shutting down the regulator. $Q_3$, on the other hand, detects when the output voltage climbs above a user-set threshold. Once the threshold is exceeded, $Q_3$'s base voltage rises at a rate determined by the time constant of elements $C_2$, $R_4$, $D_3$, and threshold potentiometer $R_5$ (delay must be provided for the reason discussed previously). $Q_3$ then turns on. $Q_2$ and $Q_1$ react accordingly, and the SCR fires, as it did for the short circuit. Normal circuit operation may be restored simply by turning the power supply off and removing the abnormal condition, then switching on the supply again. Designer's casebook is a regular feature in Electronics. We invite readers to submit original and unpublished circuit ideas and solutions to design problems. Explain briefly but thoroughly the circuit's operating principle and purpose. We'll pay $50 for each item published. The much-publicized fiber-optics revolution is indeed here—but publicity notwithstanding, it will not put the traditional competition out of business for a long time. As experienced observers of electronics have learned, many new developments make their mark as ooze-throughs rather than breakthroughs, the only difference being in the ooze rate. Fiber is turning out to be no exception, and only sound engineering analysis will determine how quickly and where in particular it will be applied in new systems. Data links appear to be the first area in the industry at large on which fiber optics is having an appreciable impact. This is most probably because the links can be put together without a great deal of effort in house or purchased in varying degrees of ready-to-plug-in formats from more than a dozen or so suppliers. But even so, many first-time users of fiber-optic data links undoubtedly suffer from new product inertia. Who wants to risk specifying a strange and unfamiliar gadget? Ultimately they overcome their fears, but the process is usually painful and time-consuming. The following article is the first of a series that should help the readers of Electronics come to grips with this situation. The goal of these articles is to give engineers enough background to be able to make intelligent decisions on the usefulness and impact of fiber-optic data links in particular applications or systems. It has been said that, because a fiber-optic communications system has so many advantages over a conventional electronic one and by now is also cost-competitive with it, any system that is not designed to use optical fiber is obsolete before it has even been built. The only way to prove or disprove such a statement is with numbers, and the first article in the series (see below) addresses this question. By calculating the "value in use" of a particular system, the prospective user of fiber optics can put a numerical value on both its tangible and intangible Estimating when fiber optics will offer greater 'value in use' Kicking off a series on designing with fiber optics, this article tells how to calculate the economic advantage (or not) of using optical instead of wire cable in a system by Jay Uradnisheck E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. If it's no longer a question that fiber optics will become big business, it is still uncertain just which particular applications it will turn up in—except that they will be the ones in which its benefits compare most favorably with its costs. The engineer thinking of using the technology therefore needs to be able to evaluate more than just the cost of using it in a product. He must determine the value of its unique assets to the customer. He (or she) can do so by listing the various as-yet intangible benefits of fiber optics in a specific application, placing a dollar value on each in terms of either total system investment or annual operating costs (whichever the customer prefers), and combining these figures with the costs of manufacture into a value-in-use factor. The VIU figure will help him determine where and when optical fiber is economically feasible. Of course, the technology opens up some entirely new applications, but more often it will displace a conventional method of transmitting information, such as microwave transmission through air or electric-pulse transmission through wires. Thus a system's VIU will vary, not just with the application and the unique assets of fiber optics, but also with what alternative conventional equipment is available. The most successful applications, in short, will be where its value in use to the customer furthest exceeds its selling price. To repeat, VIU calculations are based on the fundamental reality of the business world: that customers ultimately judge the worth of new products. It is their economic criteria that measure product worth, and they judge the new product by comparing it with the best benefits. He can then compare it with conventional systems in terms of both the investment cost and cash flow. The result is a decision based on engineering economics as to whether or not fiber is feasible for a given application. The next article, which will appear on Nov. 23, shows how—once the decision has been made in principle to go to fiber—to check quickly that fiber optics can in practice satisfy specific design requirements and then choose the most applicable, lowest-cost components. All the key concepts are covered in a series of easily used design charts that do not require an extensive knowledge of details. Finally, to help decide whether to build or buy, a special report in the Dec. 21 issue will compare and contrast the various do-it-yourself fiber-optic data links that have become available in many forms from numerous manufacturers anxious to tap a growing market. A feature of the special report will be a detailed table of the specifications and capabilities of available products. conventional product they know about. The first step in calculating a VIU is to draw a schematic diagram of the application using conventional technology. It may be as simple as a single wire connecting the origin and destination of information that has to be transferred. Next, draw a boundary around the portions of the application that might be changed or replaced by fiber optics. Then diagram the fiber-optic solution for the application. Do not let the technical constraints of the conventional technology unnecessarily limit using fiber optics to its full advantage. Conventional auxiliary equipment, such as that needed to filter out interference, may be completely unnecessary with fiber-optic cables. Signals that are conventionally transferred with parallel channels might be multiplexed and transferred with only one fiber-optic channel. Compare and contrast When VIU calculations are made, the economics of everything inside the two diagrams is examined. Remember, a lower-priced product need not mean it is better than the conventional product. A less expensive fiber-optic cable may require more expensive terminations, connectors, or electronics equipment. Therefore, the overall economic diagrams should account for all of those that result from using fiber optics. One of the benefits of the VIU calculation is that it forces one to assign dollar values to the advantages of a new product so that they can be related to other economic considerations. Some of the advantages of fiber-optic 1. Clear case. To keep emi-induced transients from damaging microprocessors controlling a laser system, conventional cable link would need filters, amplifiers, even photo-optic isolators (a). Needing none of these, fiber-optic cable (b) would have a better VIU. ### Table 2: Investment Estimates for Information Transfer Through Severe EMI Environments \| Cost item \| Conventional \| Fiber optics \| \|------------------------------------------------\|--------------\|--------------\| \| Photo-optic relays \| 32 x 18 \| — \| \| Cable \| 2 x 3 x m* \| VIU** x m x 32 \| \| Cable ties \| — \| 0.05 x m \| \| Regulated power supply \| 2 x 60 \| 60 \| \| Connectors \| 4 x 7.5 \| 32 x 2.5 \| \| Filters \| 32 x 20 \| — \| \| Isolators \| 32 x 4.5 \| — \| \| P-i-n diode-amplifiers \| — \| 32 x 9 \| \| Conduit \| 3 x m \| 3 x m \| \| Back panel \| 200 \| 100 \| \| Labor (electronics) \| 96 x 1 \| 64 x 1 \| \| Labor (connectors) \| 64 x 1 \| 64 x 1 \| \| Soldering tools, crimp tools, splicers, etc. \| 0.1 x 100 \| 0.1 x 100 \| \| Electronic inventory \| 158 \| 30 \| \| Cable inventory \| 0.2 x 2 x 3 x m \| 0.2 x VIU x 32 x m \| \| Total investment \| 2,038 + 10.2 x m \| 696 + (38.4 x VIU + 3) x m \| m = transmission distance in meters VIU = value in use of the fiber-optic cable in dollars per meter Cables, such as to immunity to electromagnetic interference, dielectric isolation, improved safety, and increased bandwidth, have been given an indirect dollar value by being considered in the schematic diagram. But the others are taken into account when the overall economics is considered. A new product’s VIU is defined as the price that will cause no change in the end user’s overall economics relative to the best competitive product. Thus if fiber-optic cables are priced consistently with the application’s VIU, the end user will see no change in his overall economics as a result of switching to this new product. If they are priced below the application’s VIU, there should be a strong economic reason to switch. Moreover, if fiber-optic cables are priced below the application’s VIU for one end user, they may be priced above their VIU for another. This is because a product’s value in use depends not only on the specific applications, but also on who is using the system. In calculating a VIU, the economics to be considered should be the user’s favorite criteria. These may be total investment, percent return on investment, cash flow, percent profit margin, and so on. Most commonly used are total investment and operating cost. ### Total Investment Method Often the most important design variable that makes or breaks the economic incentive to use a fiber-optic system is the transmission distance and the environment between the sender and receiver of information. This involves two types of investment cost items. The first, fixed investment cost, shows little or no dependence on the transmission distance. Cable connectors are a good example, since in a point-to-point system, no matter how short or long the transmission distance, the number of connectors is usually constant. Variable costs are strongly dependent on distance. The cost of the cable itself, for example, is variable. This is included in Table 1, which lists some investment-cost items to consider in calculating the fiber-optic cable’s ### TABLE 3: INVESTMENT ESTIMATES FOR CPU AND PERIPHERAL INFORMATION TRANSFER \| Cost item \| Investment ($) \| \|----------------------------\|----------------\| \| \| 1,7 individually shielded twisted wire pairs \| Fiber optics \| \| Connectors \| 4 x 10 \| 4 x 2 \| \| Cable \| 2 x 3.5 x m* \| 2 x VIU x m \| \| Reference cable \| 0.3 x m \| – \| \| Multiplexers/demultiplexers\| – \| 2 x 50 \| \| Optoelectronics \| – \| 2 x 50 \| \| Labor (connectors) \| 68 x 1 \| 4 x 1 \| \| Connectorized cable inventory \| 0.2 x (2 x 3.5 x m + 4 x 10 + 68 x 1) \| – \| \| Total investment** \| 130 + 8.7 x m \| 212 + 2 x VIU x m \| * m = transmission distance in meters ** VIU = value in use of the fiber optic cable in dollars per meter This list should be expanded as necessary for a particular application. When setting up a comparison table, the would-be user of fiber-optics should list all the investment cost items for the conventional and fiber-optic solutions for the specific application (Table 2). The first step is to consider the cost of the equipment itself. In the fiber-optic version, a dollar value for the cable will not be available and an unknown variable, VIU, should be used in its place. To the equipment cost should be added shipping and other delivery costs, as well as the cost of all auxiliary equipment not directly involved in the application but required to support the main equipment, such as power supplies, conduits for the optical cable, or shielding for copper cable. Also, do not forget the cost of such tools as splicers or polishing equipment. Then add in labor costs, both for installation and testing. For instance, the cost of attaching connectors to fiber-optic cable varies with different types of cable and sometimes is more than the cost of the connector itself. Also necessary may be the additional labor costs required for testing the equipment before it is handed over to the end user, as well as the costs of supervision and material required for support. ### Spare costs Inventory is one of the more obscure items of investment cost. For each piece of equipment being used to transmit information, there is usually spare equipment on the site that could be put into action should portions of the original equipment malfunction. Estimate the inventory of equipment by finding out how many installations in the field might need to be replaced by a spare over a year’s period. The number of dollars to put into inventory is not the entire investment for the spares, but the fraction of this investment that is actually being used to support just one of the installations. The best course here is to split up the inventory into electronics and cable categories. For example, some installations will involve constant changes in the data transmission distances. These will require proportionally more cable to be in inventory than electronic equipment. Of course, inventory costs should be tabulated with other investment costs. When all the cost items are tabulated, add the investments, including inventory, for the competitive system and do the same for the fiber-optic system. Then equate the two summations and solve for the unknown VIU. If cable costs are kept in dollars per meter and meters of transmission distance is used as the variable m, the resulting equation looks like: \[ \text{VIU} = V_c + \Delta V_1 + \Delta F_1 / m \] where: - $ \text{VIU} $ = the value in use of the fiber-optic cable in dollars per meter - $ V_c $ = the selling price of conventional cable ($/m) - $ \Delta V_1 $ = the difference in dollars between all the variable-investment cost of the conventional cable and the fiber-optic cable - $ \Delta F_1 $ = the difference in dollars between all the fixed investment costs of the two kinds of cable. For very long transmission distances, the VIU of the fiber-optic cable approaches the selling price of the conventional cable, plus whatever differences there are between the costs of laying down the cable, adding conduits, and so forth. In other words, $ \text{VIU} = V_c + \Delta V_1 $. The equation also indicates that for applications where the fiber-optic system has reduced the cost of the electronics, there will be an especially high VIU for shorter transmission. For example, a carbon-dioxide laser system dubbed Antares is being built for fusion research at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and will have to operate amid severe electromagnetic interference. The laser amplifiers are pulsed with megampere electric discharges, and the laser control signals must traverse environments containing electromagnetic interference of up to 50 kiloamperes and 1.8 megavolts/m. Also, control information must be received with low error rates by 2. Talking peripherally. Instead of communicating with peripherals over two cables of 17 twisted-wire pairs each, a computer could use one fiber-optic cable with 17 time-multiplexed channels. Best VIU, though, might belong to time-multiplexed conventional cable. Microprocessors in shielded enclosures, and the computer interfaces must be protected from damage by voltage induced in ground loops and conducted interference. The essence of this application involves transferring a control signal over a distance of 5 to 20 m to a microprocessor parallel input. A conventional system (Fig. 1a) might transmit control information to the binary receiver over individually shielded, twisted-wire pairs. Unwanted voltages of a broad frequency range could be induced in the cable by electromagnetic pulses from the laser amplifiers. To prevent these voltages from being interpreted as control signals, a lowpass filter would attenuate alternating-current signals above 100 kilohertz. Only the direct-current control signal remains. The main problem The electromagnetic pulses are so intense, however, that low-frequency voltages passing through the filter could possibly damage the microprocessors. Therefore, photo-optic isolators might be used to reject these transients. Also, extra precautions might be needed to minimize control errors from low-frequency induced voltages. The currents from the signal source that control system status might be isolated from each other and from the cables by a photo-optic relay on each channel. In addition, a regulated dc power supply might be needed to operate the relays and deliver a clean signal to the cable. A fiber-optic system can readily accomplish the same control signal transmission (Fig. 1b). A large-diameter fiber-optic cable with a high numerical aperture would couple efficiently to an incandescent bulb. Since fiber-optic cable is a dielectric, there would be negligible induced voltages. Filters, relays, and isolators would no longer be needed, and the control signal would drive the lamps directly. Their wattage would be too high to be illuminated by incoming induced voltages in the control channels. Optical signals reaching the binary receiver would be converted by a diode-amplifier/comparator circuit to a logic-level signal for the microprocessor. The investment estimates for the two systems shown in Table 2 are for transferring 32 separate control signals. Two cables containing individually shielded, twisted pairs are replaced by 32 plastic-core fiber-optic cables that require conduits. It is assumed that for every 10 electronic units, one is put aside for inventory. The labor required to splice and solder 64 wire cables to the connector is assumed to be the same as that required to connect 64 separate plastic-core fiber-optic cables. It is also assumed that for every 10 m of cable, 2 m are in inventory. The equating of total investments yields a curve for the VIU versus transmission distance like the one plotted in Table 2. According to it, the VIU of the fiber-optic cable declines toward the price of the conventional cable as the transmission distance is increased. For this application, it was actually found that the environment was so severe that the shielding and isolation used for the conventional system was not enough to maintain the information error rate at an acceptably low level. More shielding, filtering, or extra isolators were required. This means the VIU of the fiber-optic cable was actually higher than calculated. To be truly rigorous, the VIU calculation should have compared conventional versus new technology for identical error rates in alternative systems. A different application A value in use that increases with transmission distance is possible when many information channels are replaced by a few fiber-optic channels. Consider a computer manufacturer who wants to transmit information between a central processing unit and peripheral units. The conventional method requires two cables to complete the information loop, each containing 17 individually shielded, twisted-wire pairs. A reference cable prevents potential differences between the devices from transmitting voltages into the data cables (Fig. 2). \| Cost item \| Investment ($$) \| \|----------------------------\|-----------------\| \| \| Shielded \| Fiber-optics \| \| \| twisted pair \| \| \| Connectors \| 4 x 4 \| 4 x 2 \| \| Cable \| 2 x 1.5 x m* \| 2 x VIU** x m \| \| Reference cable \| 0.3 x m \| – \| \| Multiplexers/demultiplexers\| 2 x 50 \| 2 x 50 \| \| Optoelectronics \| – \| 2 x 50 \| \| Labor (connectors) \| 8 x 1 \| 4 x 1 \| \| Total investment \| 124 + 3.3 x m \| 212 + 2 x VIU x m \| m = transmission distance in meters VIU = value in use of the fiber-optic cable in dollars per meter Because of past experience, the manufacturer has discovered it beneficial to have about a two-month inventory of cables already equipped with connectors for emergency replacement for customers' computer systems. The fiber-optic system would replace each cable of 17 pairs with one fiber-optic channel. The 17 driver channels would be time-multiplexed and processed through an electro-optic converter. The received optical signal would have to be converted to an electrical pulse by a detector/amplifier/comparator circuit and demultiplexed for the receiver. If the VIU calculation is based on the 17-pair wire cable as the best conventional system, the curve in Table 3 results. However, the fiber-optic cable itself is not competing against the wire bundle. The best competition might be a well-shielded twisted pair for carrying the multiplexed signal. In this case, the schematic for the twisted pair would look very similar to the fiber-optic schematic except it would have no optoelectronics circuits, and the VIU curve is lowered throughout the ranges of transmission distances (Table 4). It is necessary to calculate the VIU based on the truly best competition, for the prevailing conventional solution to an application is not always the best competition for fiber optics. Operating cost method* The economics of a product over its lifetime is not just a function of the total investment. Economics associated with the annual cash flow that results from the use of the product can sometimes be more important than the initial investment. For example, a customer would have considerable economic incentive to purchase an expensive data transmission system if it would save him enough money each year to pay back the entire original investment. Similarly, the VIU of fiber-optic cables may not describe the entire economic picture accurately unless cash flow is included. To determine when to start using cash flow in a VIU calculation, estimate the investment and operating costs in the schematic for the conventional fiber-optic systems. If the annual operating cost differences between the two are more than a tenth the initial investment, include the cash flow in the VIU calculations. VIU analyses based on cash flow employ economic criteria entirely different from those of total investment. A few of the more common are operating cost, annual cash flow, cash flow over the product's life, return on investment, and investor's method return on investment. Cash flow is the difference between the operating costs of a process and any income generated as a result of the operation. Return on investment is cash flow that has been normalized with respect to the investment. The user's accounting preference determines which method he should use. Just as for the total investment method of VIU analysis, the operating cost methods require that schematics be drawn of the best competitive system whose operating costs or investment would be altered should fiber optics be used. The next step is to set up a chart for both systems and list all the costs associated with the total investment. Once again, the actual selling price of the fiber-optic cable is replaced by an unknown-parameter VIU. The operating costs can be determined by making another chart for both systems. This requires entering two types of annual costs. Depreciation is first. This will be the total investment divided by the operating life of the data transmission system—typically 10 years. Since the total investments from the first step contain unknowns as variables, equations instead of dollars per year are now entered. The second group of operating cost items, such as research and development, fuel, and procurement, should be entered only if they have different values for the different systems. Table 5 lists some operating cost items that might be considered. In using these costs, the overall effect of the data transmission system on the economics of the entire process in which it is integrated must be examined. Adding it up Finally, the depreciation and other operating costs in Table 5 should be summed for both systems. Equate these summations and solve for the VIU parameter. If only unknowns were entered in the charts, the resulting 3. In flight. Heavily shielded 37-channel wire cable could weigh 4 kg/m as against 0.4 kg/m for same number of fiber-optic channels. Calculating VIU would show whether new fiber-optic system for aircraft would pay for itself within a year by reducing fuel costs. The equation for the value in use would then be: \[ VIU = L_f(\Delta V_o + \Delta F_o / m) - F_{ff} / m - V_{ff} + (L_f / L_c)(V_c + V_{fc} + F_{fc} / m) \] where: - $VIU$ = the fiber-optic cable VIU in dollars per meter - $L_f, L_c$ = life expectancy of the fiber-optic and conventional system in years - $\Delta V_o$ = the difference between all the variable operating costs of the conventional and fiber-optic system in dollars per meter per year - $\Delta F_o$ = the difference between all the fixed operating costs of the conventional and fiber-optic systems in dollars per year - $m$ = data transmission distance in meters - $F_{ff}, V_{ff}$ = fixed and variable investment costs of fiber-optic systems in dollars and in dollars per meter - $F_{fc}, V_{fc}$ = fixed and variable investment costs of the conventional systems in dollars and dollars per meter. This is the simplest form of the VIU equation. It holds for some applications, not all. Unfortunately, the first entry in the operating cost chart is often not as simple as dividing the entire total investment by one number. Should the fiber-optic emitter have a different operating life from that of the cable, the emitter's investment must be divided by its life expectancy. The cable's investment may be divided by still another number. Despite this complicating factor, the same procedure would still hold for calculating the VIU—once all the operating costs are added for the two systems, equate the costs and solve. The principle of value-in-use calculation based on operating costs is used on an aircraft application in Table 6. Assume there is a need to transmit 37 separate data signals through the interior of the plane with very low $(10^{-8})$ bit error rates, despite electromagnetic, radio-frequency, lightning, and nuclear interference. The conventional system might use individually shielded, twisted-wire pairs to transmit the data (Fig. 3) between the drivers and receivers. The fiber-optic counterpart might also use 37 separate channels. However, additional electronics would be needed on the front ends of the receivers and drivers. A value-in-use calculation that neglects the difference in operating costs between the two systems requires equating the total investment (Table 6) and solving for VIU. The result is: \[ VIU = 0.21 - 26/m \] Unfortunately, a heavily shielded wire cable containing 37 channels could weigh as much as 4 kilograms per meter while the fiber-optic cable with the same number of channels could weigh 0.4 kg/m. Also, the cost of operating aircraft per unit weight varies greatly, depending on the physical dimensions of the aircraft and its operating characteristics. In the light of previous studies, the total annual operating, procurement, and R&D costs per unit weight might be about $200/kg. Since the operating cost of the competitive system for all conceivable lengths is much less than a tenth the total investment, the VIU calculation for fiber-optic cables should also be analyzed according to operating cost. The operating cost components could be the sum of the fuel, procurement, and R&D plus depreciation. If the life expectancy of both the fiber-optic and wire cable systems is 10 years, the depreciation is a tenth of the total investment. By equating the operating costs (Table 6) and solving for VIU, the alternative equation results: \[ VIU = 295 - 80/m \] Either of these VIU equations could be correct. The choice of one over the other depends on the user's individual economics. If capital is tight, he may not want to spend more now to save money in later years, and the first equation is valid. But if enough money could be saved in one year to pay back the entire investment, the latter equation would have more meaning. Replacing hardwired logic with microcode Microprogramming a computer adds to its power but requires familiarity with its structure as well as software experience by Thomas M. Hedges,* Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. Interest in designing microprogrammed computers has flared as rapidly as the price of read-only memory has dropped. As an alternative to hardwired control, the approach has many advantages: it significantly reduces the parts count and hence cost of the machinery, it simplifies control structures and maintenance, and above all, it makes the instruction set more flexible—so much so that it is a popular means of allowing one computer to emulate another. Moreover, if used exclusively for program control, microcode can replace hardwired logic altogether in disk controllers, radar signal processors, high-speed telecommunications processors, and minicomputer front ends, to name just a few possibilities. However, microprogramming is not easy. Though conceptually microprograms are no harder to write than assembly-language routines, in practice they also demand an intimate familiarity with the structure and timing considerations of the machine involved. The microprogrammer therefore requires an understanding of both hardware and software and how they interrelate. (Incidentally, microprograms are not to be confused either with techniques for programming microprocessors or with assembly-language applications programs.) The overall picture Computer hardware generally has four functions: arithmetic and logic, memory, input/output, and control. Instead of hardwired logic, the control unit can have microprograms stored in the memory that is part of it. The other three functions are then controlled by the microinstructions. With such a microprogrammed computer, the user tells the control unit what to do through the applications program. Then the control unit, performing almost like a computer within a computer, tells the rest of the machine how to do it. This job the unit does by fetching assembly-language instructions (or op codes) from the computer’s main Now at SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif. How microprogramming started Credit for the original microprogramming concept is generally given to Britisher M.V. Wilkes of Cambridge University's Mathematical Laboratory. In a paper he presented at Manchester University's Computer Conference in July 1951, Wilkes discussed "The Best Way to Design an Automatic Calculating Machine." Wilkes' intention, ironically enough, was to simplify the design of a hardwired machine. Today microprogramming is used to replace hardwired logic altogether. As Samir Husson notes in his book "Microprogramming: Principles and Practices," the technique attracted little attention before the 1960s because it was too expensive to implement. The first commercial microprogrammed computer was IBM's 7950, introduced in 1961. Other early appearances of microprogramming were in such machines as the IBM System/360, the RCA Spectra/70, and the Honeywell H4200. A variety of memory technologies were used for the read-only memories needed for the microinstruction store. Among these were traditional ferrite cores, cores cut into an E-shape to create a transformer memory, and arrays of diodes or capacitors. A novel approach was taken by IBM, which devised a card capacitor ROM for several of its System/360 models. The same size as the traditional IBM punch card, the card is printed with horizontal lines of silver ink and placed next to a copper-clad epoxy-glass sheet with vertical lines etched in it. Capacitive coupling occurs between the vertical copper lines on the sheet and horizontal silver lines on the card, except where the silver ink has previously been removed by punching out locations on the card. The presence or absence of this capacitive coupling is what indicates either the presence or absence of a data bit. Microprogramming came to minicomputers early in the 1970s in units such as Microdata's Micro 800, which used diode arrays as ROMs, and the later 3200, Hewlett-Packard's 2100 family, and Digital Equipment's PDP-11 line. The increasing availability of low-cost and fast semiconductor ROMs, however, has recently caused the technique to boom in popularity. Virtually all mainframes and minicomputers today are microprogrammed. Many of the machines now use random-access memory to store the microinstructions, making it easier for the user or the manufacturer to change the machine. Also, the ease with which microprogramming allows one machine to emulate another has resulted in its widespread use in the IBM-compatible computer area. Anthony Durniak memory one at a time and decoding (or cracking) each one for execution by the arithmetic/logic unit. If the machine is hardwired, each instruction decodes into several machine states; in its microprogrammed counterpart, each instruction is decoded into several microinstruction statements. With a hardwired control section, however, the instruction set is rather inflexible, whereas a microprogrammed system, having all the intrinsic advantages of software, is more flexible. Changing the microcode is enough to change the instruction set. Moreover, frequently used instruction sequences, or subroutines, can be placed in microcode and labeled with a single assembly-language instruction. This speeds up execution of the subroutine because it eliminates the need for repetitive fetching and cracking of op codes. It is also possible to microcode an entire application program. In this case the main memory would contain no program steps. The question of timing All data manipulation operations in a microprogrammed computer are measured in terms of basic timing elements called microcycles. These are normally synonymous with and define system clock cycles. They can also be considered states of the machine. A microcycle is the time it takes to transfer information from one shift register to another and also, if desired, perform some function on the data during the transfer. The source and destination registers and the optional asynchronous or combinatorial function are selected by a microinstruction stored in the programmable control unit's memory. A microinstruction is the microcode for a single microcycle. In today's minicomputers, it is typically over 50 bits wide and divided into fields, each of which controls a different piece of the hardware that is activated during the microcycle (see Fig. 1). From these definitions it follows that the basic microcycle involves six events: - Selection of the source register. - Selection of the destination register. - Selection of the function to be performed. - Application of the data in the source register to the input of the function. - Performing the function. - Saving the output of the function in the destination register. Thus selecting the minimum system clock cycle time requires adding the maximum duration of each event in a microcycle. The first three events occur simultaneously as the current microinstruction is presented to the system. The delay associated with them is the delay through the microinstruction store or register. The fourth event requires a time period long enough for the data to propagate through the source register and for the associated buffer to turn on and drive the data bus leading to the function. However, since the entire system is clocked synchronously, the delay through the source register occurs in parallel with the delay through the microinstruction register. Therefore, delays associated with the first three events can be subtracted from the time required for the fourth if the delay through the source register is greater than the delay through the microinstruction store. The duration of the fifth event must be long enough for the longest asynchronous function to be performed. Finally, for the sixth, the set-up time for the destination register must be taken into account. In a 5-megahertz microprogrammed processor built at 2. Software control. The basic microprogrammable control unit (a) uses a counter to generate the address of the current microinstruction. By adding a microinstruction register (b), the data manipulation can be performed in parallel with the generation of the next microinstruction. Incorporating test conditions and the ability to do branch addressing makes the MCU even more flexible (c). The test-condition register once again allows address generation and data manipulation to occur in parallel, while the multiplexer permits multiple test conditions (d). The Georgia Institute of Technology, for instance, these six events last 197 nanoseconds, or less than the system cycle time of 200 ns. In this case, the microinstruction register has an 18-ns delay that overlaps completely with the 57-ns delay before the data is ready to be manipulated (see "RAIL timing" for timing diagram and more details about the processor). Controlling purpose The purpose of the control portion of the machine is to generate a particular sequence of microinstructions. Thus it needs another subsystem to generate addresses, called microprogram addresses or states, which the memory subsystem decodes by generating microinstructions. This address, or state, calculator plus the microprogram control store are the elements that together make up a complete microprogram control unit. The most basic MCU is a control store in receipt of the output of a divide-by-n counter (Fig. 2a). This MCU has n states and steps through them sequentially, decoding them into microinstructions. The microinstructions are used to control the data manipulations of the overall computer system inputs, producing the system outputs. From a timing standpoint, this basic MCU has three delays associated with it: the delay from the active clock transition to the output of the counter; the delay through the microprogram control store; and the time associated with the performance of the data manipulation. In most systems, the sum of the two delays associated with microinstruction generation is about equal to the time of the data manipulation. Thus, if the microinstruction generation can be performed in parallel with the data... 3. Jump to. The length of microprograms can be reduced by adding the subroutine capability to a microprogram control unit. To implement this operation, a branch-address multiplexer and return-address register are added to the basic control unit. manipulation, the cycle time for the machine can be about halved. This is done by placing a microinstruction register, which is sometimes called a pipeline register, between the microprogram control store and the hardware for data manipulation (Fig. 2b). With the addition of this register, the MCU becomes a next-address calculator instead of a current-address calculator—in other words, the MCU is one instruction ahead of the data manipulation of the machine. Test conditions* This basic MCU is still inflexible, however, because it cannot handle the test conditions implicit in conditional, or branching, instructions. To interpret these test conditions, the unit must be able to apply one of two addresses to the microprogram control store. One of the addresses will be used if the test condition is true or 1 and the other if the test condition is false or 0. Two convenient addresses to use are the next address in sequence and a branch address specified in the microinstruction. Then in the MCU, the branch address will be forced onto the control store if the test condition is true; if the test condition is false, the addressing will be sequential. As shown in Fig. 3c, this means replacing the divide-by-n counter by an incrementer, program counter register, and address-select multiplexer that can select one of two inputs. The program counter has changed in character because the next address should always be equal to the current address applied to the control store plus one, no matter whether the branch address or the program counter was selected as the current address. The controller shown in Fig. 2c does, however, have a disadvantage. The data manipulation and next-address calculation portions of the machine are once again coupled. This occurs because the address applied to the control store is dependent upon the status of the data manipulation. To solve this problem, the test condition is saved in a register that is clocked on the system clock. It is now necessary to wait at least one microinstruction before examining the appropriate test condition. But what if it is desirable to wait several microinstructions before checking a particular test condition? Then a register with a clock enable is used. Thereafter, if the status of the machine at the end of the current microcycle is to be saved, the register to be clocked is enabled, capturing the current status. The technique of changing states described here should be familiar to any engineer who has programmed a computer. In most general-purpose computers, if a branch such as JUMP, GO TO, or WHILE, is not specified, the next instruction executed is the one following the current one. If either a conditional or unconditional branch is specified, the branch address must be specified; if the branch is not taken, the next instruction in the sequence is executed. This technique can also be used with commercially available microprogram sequencers, such as Advanced Micro Devices' Am2909, Am2910, Am2911, Signetics' 8X02, Monolithic Memories' 67110, and Texas Instruments' 74S482. Now that the MCU has the ability to perform conditional addressing through the use of test conditions, a "real world" situation will be examined. In most systems based upon a register/arithmetic/logic unit, there are at least four test conditions: result = 0, overflow, sign, and... A representative general-purpose microprogrammable processor is the Radar and Instrumentation Laboratory Processor (RAIL) developed at the Engineering Experiment Station at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. Designed to process signals at 5-megahertz rates, the two-board-type processor can execute five million instructions a second—some five times faster than commercially available 16-bit minicomputers. The RAIL processor is designed around the 2900 series of large-scale integrated circuits introduced initially by Advanced Micro Devices and including parts like the Am2901A register/arithmetic/logic unit. The four Am2901A RALUs used obey the processor's writable control store, as do the 74S374s serving as the microinstruction register, 74LS377s serving as the microinstructions' source and destination registers, and 4LS224s serving as buffers. It is the maximum delays through all these elements that determine the 200-nanosecond microcycle time of RAIL's microinstructions. Thus the microinstruction register has an 18-ns delay, data timing leaves the source register and buffer 29 ns later, the longest asynchronous function performed by the RALU takes 120 ns, and the destination register a 20-ns set-up time, for a total of altogether 197 ns (see timing diagram). RAIL's writable control store and/or high-speed memory sits on one 7.5-by-10.3-inch printed-circuit board, and the central processing unit sits on the other. Each board holds 63 18-pin integrated circuits and has 110 edge connections. Four Am2901A RALUs are used for common arithmetic functions. Each of these devices contains an eight-function ALU and 16 general-purpose register accumulators. They also contain an additional general-purpose register for use in conjunction with the others to perform double-length shifts. Timing of Events Within Microcycle \| Time (ns) \| Event Description \| \|----------\|-------------------\| \| 0 \| Active clock transition \| \| 18 \| Microcode becomes available (Event 1, 2, 3) \| \| 57 \| Inputs applied to function (Event 4) \| \| 123 \| Function performed (Event 5) \| \| 20 \| Result saved (Event 6) \| carry-out. To these, the system designer will probably want to add other test conditions he considers pertinent. Obviously these multiple test conditions must be taken into account. The test-condition circuitry is thus completed with the addition of a multiplexer between the test-condition register and the select line of the address-select multiplexer (Fig. 2d). Each microinstruction must then specify the proper test condition to query. The final feature that will be added to this simplified microprogram control unit is subroutine capability. This capability is useful for implementing complex functions. Suppose a designer has to implement a state diagram with three complex states, each of which is made up of eight simple states. To implement it directly would require 56 states, or 56 microinstructions. But if it were possible to store the three distinct complex states as subroutines, the size of the control store could be reduced. In this example it would require a main microprogram of 7 microinstructions and three subroutines of altogether 24 microinstructions to represent the three complex states. This totals 31 statements instead of 56. When using subroutines, the main microprogram branches to the complex states or subroutines in the order desired. But since each subroutine is branched to more than once, the branch back to the main microprogram becomes ambiguous. The normal way to avoid this ambiguity is to assume that the subroutine will branch back to the address following the one that called it. Therefore when a subroutine is called, the next address in the main microprogram is saved in the return-address register shown in Fig. 3. When the subroutine is finished, the microprogram counter is loaded with the saved address and branches correctly back. When hardwired logic is used, the control portion of a machine is documented through the use of schematics, timing diagrams, state diagrams, and state tables. With a microprogrammed system, however, the operation is described by the microinstructions. As can be seen from the previous description of the elements of the microprogrammed control unit, however, every microinstruction controls two or more registers and sometimes also a function simultaneously. While this is what contributes to the power of microprogramming, it is also part of what makes it complicated. The job can be made simpler by dividing the microinstruction into fields and giving each a mnemonic. Each field describes a function or a source register or a destination register. Programs called assemblers can then be written to take statements made up of mnemonics and generate the appropriate bit patterns. Better self-diagnostics Finally, a microprogramming bonus not mentioned so far is that the technique improves a computer's self-diagnostic capability. Diagnostic programs have to assume that all the hardware that decodes and executes the instructions is in true working order. But for his diagnostics to be meaningful in a microcoded machine, the programmer must make assumptions about only a subset of hardware, namely the control portion. This subset, however, is much smaller than that required in a general-purpose computer and should allow microdiagnostics to isolate faults at least to the board level, and at times to the chip level. Chip cuts parts count in error correction networks 8-byte parity matrix implemented with LSI devices provides single-bit correction, double-bit error detection by Reinhard Schürba, Siemens AG, Data Processing Systems, Munich, West Germany Moving data around in large memory banks at high speed can lead to bit errors. Circuits that constantly monitor chunks of data and correct inverted bits on the fly are used in mainframe computers for implementing high-speed error correction networks in the main memory control logic. Until now, such networks have consisted of many discrete logic devices in cumbersome and unreliable configurations. An error correction circuit has now been built using large-scale integration to minimize the number of devices needed. As a result of these improvements, error correction can now be applied even to relatively small systems. From the outset, the Heccs-LSI (shown in Fig. 1) was designed by Siemens AG to be an integral part of a network based on an 8-byte parity matrix with single-bit error-correcting and double-bit error-detecting capabilities. The parity matrix, shown in Fig. 2, allows partitioning of the overall correction network into eight 8-bit slices of uniform logic construction. Configured as an 8-bit-byte device, the Heccs-LSI replaces some 25 medium-scale integrated circuit packages. Since each chip incorporates all logic functions needed for 1 byte, a complete 8-byte error-correction network can now be implemented with less than 20 ICs, using 8 Heccs-LSIs and from 8 to 10 MSI chips from the 100K family of emitter-coupled logic devices. The additional MSI chips are required to form a superordinate section that combines the error and syndrome signals from the eight byte slices. This section generates a central parity-error message from the byte-individual error lines for write operations and the no-error, single-bit-error, or double-bit-error message from the resulting syndrome bit pattern for read operations. In the case of a correctable error, it generates a signal that selects the byte with the incorrect data bit and enables the correction circuit in that byte slice. The 8-byte network will have a total power consumption of 30 W and take the same space as 37 standard 100K packages. This compares favorably with a network implemented by approximately 210 100K MSI circuits, which would consume about 120 W and almost 5.5 times the space. In addition, the network's simple wiring and greatly reduced number of devices assure substantially increased reliability over conventional MSI solutions. Byte slice—close-up The Heccs-LSI is designed to minimize the device count in 8-byte correction networks, but it is suitable for error correction networks with other than 8-byte data path widths. It is a member of the new Siemens Masterslice LSI family and is built using bipolar subnanosecond emitter-coupled-logic technology. It operates from a 1. Packed. This 64-pin Pinpack ceramic package contains all circuitry for single-bit error correction, double-bit error detection for 1 byte of an 8-byte network. A standard 68-pin Jedec ceramic package is being considered for the future. 2. Matrix. The Heccs-LSI was planned to be an integral part of an 8-byte correction network. The network is governed by this parity matrix for check bit and syndrome bit generation. Dashes in the bit number column indicate positions of parity check bits. -4.5-v supply and is compatible with the 100K family of ECL parts. In addition to the correction circuitry, the chip includes four registers, a data multiplexer for single-byte write operations, and circuitry for parity-error detection and various test and diagnostic operations. All of this is housed in a 64-pin ceramic package called Pinpack (Fig. 1). The on-chip logic requires 57 signal pins, of which 40 are for input and 17 for output. Another 6 pins are for power supply and ground. A 68-pin Jedec ceramic package is being considered for the future and Siemens plans to market the device in the U.S. Samples will be available within a few months. The circuit provides two separate data-input registers for 9-bit write- and read-data inputs (WD\textsubscript{IN}, RD\textsubscript{IN}) and one output register for 9-bit data outputs, (D\textsubscript{OUT}). A central multiplexer allows the selection either of the write or read data from the input registers or of the output data from the output register. In accordance with the selected data, an on-chip parity-bit/partial-check-bit generator generates the byte parity and six partial check bits, which are applied to the outputs, PC\textsubscript{OUT}. Each byte generates one parity check bit in an assigned position indicated by the dashes in Fig. 2. These check bits are stored in the main memory for write operations and read from the memory for read operations. For write operations, the byte parity is compared with the parity bit via the ninth write-data input bit, and the result is applied to the error output. The check-syndrome-bit generator uses the partial check bits at PC\textsubscript{IN} to generate a final check bit for write operations or a syndrome bit that appears at the output S\textsubscript{OUT} for read operations. Depending on the mode of operation, the output multiplexer (Data 8 mux) presents one of three possibilities to the appropriate data output for the ninth bit: a check bit, a chip-generated parity bit, or the ninth input-data bit or its inverse. The bit decoder is designed to decode a 3-bit input word from S\textsubscript{IN} to a one-of-eight-line output. The selected line will apply the appropriate data bit inverted to the data output. 8-byte correction network The division of the 8-byte correction network on a byte basis is shown in Fig. 3a. Seven control signals are provided for the write and read operations involved in transferring the bytes on WD\textsubscript{IN} and RD\textsubscript{IN} to the data outputs, D\textsubscript{OUT}. For write operations, the byte-parity-protected write-data lines (WD\textsubscript{IN}) are checked for odd parity. They are provided with check bits in place of parity bits according to the error-correction-code parity matrix and then applied to the data outputs, D\textsubscript{OUT}. For read operations, check-bit-protected read data is applied to the RD\textsubscript{IN} inputs. Comparison of the applied check bits with newly generated check bits yields a syndrome byte, which is instrumental in correcting single-bit errors and detecting double-bit errors. Correc3. Inside. An 8-byte error correction network is implemented with eight Heccs-LSIs (a) and some additional MSI chips that make up a superordinate section. Each Heccs-LSI (b) handles error detection and correction for 1 byte in the network. tion is done by inverting the incorrect data bit. In case of a single-bit error, syndrome bits 3 to 6 identify the incorrect byte by way of select signals, while the syndrome bits 0, 1, and 2 identify the incorrect bit within that byte. The resulting read data is transferred with odd parity protection to the $D_{OUT}$ outputs of all eight slices. The check bit is generated in two steps. The first step is to subtotal all bytes via the data information. Thus each Heccs-LSI slice generates six different byte-specific partial check bits ($PC_{OUT}$). In the second step, each slice takes account of the full data path width by combining selected partial check bits of all the assigned bytes into a final check bit, via the inputs $PC_{IN}$. The error correction network detects and reports write-data parity errors when the supplied parity does not match the newly generated parity bit. A test operation allows the byte-specific parity-error message to be checked via the signal output error. The Heccs-LSI processes the write-data bits 0 through 8. Modes of operation Each Heccs-LSI performs three groups of operations: write, read, and test. Four control signals determine the mode of operation. Besides the basic write-normal and read-normal operations, it is also possible through modification to select diagnostic operations such as write direct, read direct, etc., without additional logic circuitry. Altogether, the device is capable of performing 10 different operations. The various functions are best explained with reference to the block diagrams of the 8-byte correction network and of the Heccs-LSI (Fig. 3a and b). In all write operations each byte slice processes either a new write-data byte applied to the data inputs, $WD_{IN}$, or an old data byte already stored in its output register. The selection is made by a byte-select control signal. If new data information is desired at the data outputs, all byte-select signals are active (write-all-byte operation). If a mix of old and new data information is selected, only some byte-select signals are generated (write-single-byte operation). The various modifications of the write operation differ with respect to the significance of the ninth data-output signal, $D_{OUT8}$. Normally, the $D_{OUT8}$ output of each byte slice in the correction network supplies a respective check bit that has been formed according to the parity matrix from the selected 8-byte data information (write-normal operation). For diagnosis, however, the ninth data bits of the 8-byte data information can be directly applied, normally or inverted, to the devices' $D_{OUT8}$ outputs (write-direct/write-direct-inverted operation) For write-normal operations the new data bytes are checked for correct parity. If incorrect parity is detected, an error message will be sent out via the error outputs of the devices. Read operations Each slice in the correction network processes the read data applied to inputs $RD_{IN}$. The various modifications of the read operation, like those of the write operation, differ with respect to the significance of the data output signal $D_{OUT}$. For the read-normal operation, each slice supplies the corrected/uncorrected read data to the data outputs $D_{OUT}$ through $D_{OUT7}$ and generates the associated parity bit in $D_{OUT8}$. To this end the slice compares an externally applied check bit from external control circuits via $RD_{IN8}$ with an internally generated check bit and delivers a syndrome bit, $S_{OUT}$. If all syndrome bits equal 0, no error is present, and the slice applies the read data directly to the data outputs. If the syndrome-bit pattern indicates a correctable error, the syndrome decoder in the superordinate section (see Fig. 3a) generates a byte-selective signal that enables the error correction circuitry in the respective byte slice. From three input $S_{IN}$ bits, this correction circuitry decodes the data bit to be corrected (that is, inverted) in the selected byte. For a complete read cycle, each slice has three operations to perform: 1. accept data inputs and generate partial check bits, 2. generate a syndrome bit, 3. correct the error if necessary and output the data. For a read-direct operation each slice applies the input read data $RD_{IN6}$ through $RD_{IN8}$ directly to the data outputs $D_{OUT10}$ through $D_{OUT13}$. Furthermore, a read-direct-corrected operation applies a corrected check bit to the data output $D_{OUT8}$ in the case of an incorrect check bit. 8-byte network — how fast? The table lists some typical delay times of the Heccs-LSI device. Accordingly, an 8-byte error correction network realized with Heccs devices will operate with typical delay times of about 22 ns for error detection and 30 ns for error correction. To increase the repetition rate for chained operations and allow single-byte write operations, an additional latch stage between the data-input and data-output registers buffers all data bits and relevant partial results within the device. The data of the next cycle can be processed as soon as the syndrome bit of the current cycle is available. Thus it is possible to realize cycle times on the order of the error-detection delay time. This eliminates additional timing-compensation circuits used to align the delay and cycle times. References 1. W. Brückelmann, H. Fritzsche, F.-K. Kroos, W. Trinkl, and W. Wilhelm, "A Masterslice LSI for Subnanosecond Random Logic," IEEE ISSCC Digital Technical Paper, 1977, pp. 1DB 109. Uniting number generators for long bit patterns by Leonard H. Anderson Sun Valley, Calif. The length of a pseudo-random bit pattern can be predictably extended if the rules for combining two or more available sequence generators of given length are known and applied. Fortunately, the interface required for combining number generators is extremely simple, often consisting of no more than one logic gate. Maximal-length sequence generators that use shift registers normally have periods of $2^n - 1$, where $n$ represents the number of registers used. Every such sequence has a numerical length that is odd, but few lengths are prime (that is, most often the number can be factored). It is a property of the register to have recurring factors that depend on the $n^{th}$ multiple. The table shows the maximum length for any $n$ and the factors common to every $n^{th}$ multiple from 2 to 47. These factors enable the designer to determine whether combining two or more generators of given length will increase the total sequence length: two generators having common factors tend to generate similar patterns during Extension. Nine-package circuit combines 33-stage and 25-stage pseudo-random sequence generators in order to extend pattern length to $2.88 \times 10^{11}$ clock periods. Generators' outputs are merged with one exclusive-OR gate. Combining generators of any length for long bit patterns is possible, provided rules for applying bit-pattern data (see table) to $n$-stage registers are known. portions of their individual cycles, causing a departure from the pseudo-random output expected. The factors for all sequence lengths have been found by first factoring $ n $, then finding all the possible products of any and all factors, and finally consulting the table for the $ n^{th} $-multiple sequence length. For a $ 2^{24} - 1 $ generator, $ n = 24 = 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 $. The $ n $-factor combinations of 2-2-2-3 are 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24; thus, sequence length factors are 3, 7, 5, 3, 17, 13, and 241, respectively. Now, if a $ 2^{24} - 1 $ generator is connected in series (cas- \| $ n $ \| Sequence length \| Sequence length factors common to every $ n^{th} $ multiple \| \|-------\|-----------------\|----------------------------------------------------------\| \| 2 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 3 \| 7 \| 7 \| \| 4 \| 15 \| 5 \| \| 5 \| 31 \| 31 \| \| 6 \| 63 \| 3 \| \| 7 \| 127 \| 127 \| \| 8 \| 255 \| 17 \| \| 9 \| 511 \| 73 \| \| 10 \| 1023 \| 11 \| \| 11 \| 2047 \| 23 89 \| \| 12 \| 4095 \| 13 \| \| 13 \| 8191 \| 8191 \| \| 14 \| 16,383 \| 43 \| \| 15 \| 32,767 \| 151 \| \| 16 \| 65,535 \| 257 \| \| 17 \| 131,071 \| 131,071 \| \| 18 \| 262,143 \| 19 \| \| 19 \| 524,287 \| 524,287 \| \| 20 \| 1,048,575 \| 5 41 \| \| 21 \| 2,097,151 \| 7 337 \| \| 22 \| 4,194,303 \| 683 \| \| 23 \| 8,388,607 \| 47 178,481 \| \| 24 \| 16,777,215 \| 241 \| \| 25 \| 33,554,431 \| 601 1801 \| \| 26 \| 67,108,863 \| 2731 \| \| 27 \| 134,217,727 \| 262,657 \| \| 28 \| 268,435,455 \| 29 113 \| \| 29 \| 536,870,911 \| 233 1103 2089 \| \| 30 \| 1,073,741,823 \| 331 \| \| 31 \| 2,147,483,647 \| 2,147,483,647 \| \| 32 \| 4,294,967,295 \| 65,537 \| \| 33 \| 8,589,934,591 \| 599,479 \| \| 34 \| 17,179,869,183 \| 43,691 \| \| 35 \| 34,359,738,367 \| 71 122,921 \| \| 36 \| 68,719,476,735 \| 3 37 109 \| \| 37 \| 137,438,953,471 \| 223 616,318,177 \| \| 38 \| 274,877,906,943 \| 174,763 \| \| 39 \| 549,755,813,887 \| 79 121,369 \| \| 40 \| 1,099,511,627,775 \| 61,681 \| \| 41 \| 2,199,023,255,551 \| 13,367 164,511,353 \| \| 42 \| 4,398,046,511,103 \| 5419 \| \| 43 \| 8,796,093,022,207 \| 431 9719 2,099,863 \| \| 44 \| 17,592,186,044,415 \| 397 2113 \| \| 45 \| 35,184,372,088,831 \| 631 23,311 \| \| 46 \| 70,368,744,177,663 \| 2,796,203 \| \| 47 \| 140,737,488,355,327 \| 2351 4513 13,264,529 \| Optically isolated scope probe eliminates ground loops by Yishay Netzer Haifa, Israel The infrared-light-emitting diode and optical receiver in this oscilloscope probe can detect an input signal while keeping the scope galvanically isolated from the circuit under measurement. In this way the probe eliminates any electrical interference caused by ground loops and by stray energy transmitted through supply lines. The probe has reasonable bandwidth and sensitivity, but is most useful for transferring signals in the audio range to the scope. As shown in the figure, the head of the probe contains the LED, plus a series resistor that determines the sensitivity. Unipolar input signals generate a current through the GE55C LED, causing it to emit light of an intensity that is linearly proportional for signals greater than 1.6 volts (the LED's voltage drop). If the measured signal has no dc component, an offset (bias provided by a battery) must be applied at the input, and the composite signal should be capacitively coupled to the LED. The LED's output is then coupled by a plastic fiber-optic bundle to the 539 receiver located at the scope end, where the light is converted back into a voltage and coupled to the scope. The probe's input impedance is understandably low. However, if a battery can be fitted into the probe head, it can serve as a supply for an active optical transmitter having high input resistance, high sensitivity, and wide bandwidth as well. The packaged unit is lightweight and on first glance appears to be an ordinary scope probe. The probe has a bandwidth of 10 kilohertz. Voltage gain for the unit is 1 for input signals exceeding 1.6 V. On the beam. Optically isolated probe transfers input signals to scope using light-emitting diode and light-sensitive receiver, thereby eliminating most electrical interference. Probe works over 10-kHz bandwidth, has linear response for input signals exceeding 1.6 V. WHAT A LIGHT SHOW! Litronix displays. They comprise one of the broadest and most dazzling product lines in the industry. We have sizes from 0.11" to 1.0". Standard to high brightness light outputs at 5 mA to 20 mA. Four different colors. Five different constructions. Available in DIPS or sticks. And a tremendous capability to produce in large volumes and at competitive prices. We've already sold over 40 million displays, and we're going stronger than ever. For the best display of lights in town, call or write Litronix, Inc., 19000 Homestead Road, Cupertino, CA 95014. (408) 257-7910. \| Character Size \| Part Number (Series) \| Product Description \| Colors \| Price* \| \|----------------\|----------------------\|--------------------------------------\|--------\|--------\| \| .11 \| DL-34M \| multi-digit magnified monolithic \| \| $1.58 \| \| 15 \| DL-44M \| multi-digit magnified monolithic \| \| 2.45 \| \| 27 \| DL-10A \| single digit hybrid \| \| 4.65 \| \| 30 \| DL-700 \| single digit light pipe \| \| 1.50 \| \| 30 \| DL-300 \| single digit reflector \| \| .90 \| \| .33 \| DL-7000 \| single digit filled reflector \| \| 1.30 \| \| .30 \| DL-500 \| single digit reflector \| \| .95 \| \| Character Size \| Part Number (Series) \| Product Description \| Colors \| Price* \| \|----------------\|----------------------\|--------------------------------------\|--------\|--------\| \| 50 \| DL-520 \| two digit reflector \| \| $1.25 \| \| 50 \| DL-4500 \| multi-digit array reflector \| \| 1.25 \| \| .510 \| DL-720 \| two digit light pipe \| \| 1.60 \| \| .630 \| DL-740 \| single digit light pipe \| \| 2.55 \| \| .80 \| DL-840 \| single digit reflector \| \| 1.75 \| \| .80 \| DL-6800 \| multi-digit array reflector \| \| 1.75 \| \| 1.0 \| DL-3100 \| multi-digit array reflector \| \| 2.30 \| Prices are per digit in red only for 1000 unit quantities. litronix AN AFFILIATE OF SIEMENS THE LIGHTS FANTASTIC Circle 137 on reader service card A spokesman for Eugen Beyer Elektrotechnische Fabrik points out that the transformer core-winding technique described by C. W. T. McLyman of Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., [Electronics, July 20, p. 148] has been used by his company since 1959, when the West German firm obtained a patent. In Beyer's process, the laminations are held stationary while a round bobbin of wire is wound onto a coil form. The form is friction-driven by a rubber wheel. When winding is complete, the bobbin is fixed by means of special plastic wedges. The technique, which uses an unbroken core, makes it possible to supply high-quality input transformers with very small dimensions. For further information, contact Eugen Beyer Elektrotechnische Fabrik, Postf. 1320, 7100 Heilbronn, or the company's sales representatives in the U.S., Hammond Industries, 155 Michael Drive, Syosset, N.Y. 11791. At present, most IC companies will not supply their LSI products in the leadless ceramic chip-carrier packages made by 3M and Kyocera. Now Sertech Laboratories will package LSI chips in the chip-carriers and test them for interested firms. Sertech will bond the chips into the carriers, hermetically seal the package, fully test the packaged chips to the manufacturer's specs on a Sentry 7 test system, and then screen the units in accordance with MIL-STD-883. For additional information, write to G. J. Estep at Sertech Laboratories Inc., One Peabody St., Salem, Mass. 01970, or call (617) 745-2450. Would you like to simulate the waveforms of an ideal oscilloscope? Wayne Hope of the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology has designed a program for the HP 9830A calculator and its peripherals to synthesize the operation of a dual-trace, delayed-sweep laboratory oscilloscope. The output provides a computer-plotted graticule and waveform in response to software-generated commands corresponding to the setting of each control found on this type of scope. The synthetic oscilloscope can be used in programmed learning of instrument operation. Copies of the 1,250-step program are available free; send an 8½-by-11-inch self-addressed, stamped envelope (Canadian stamps) to the author at Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, 11762 106 St., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5G2R1. Alpha particles emitted by minute amounts of radioactive material found in chip packages can cause nondestructive soft errors in random-access memories [Electronics, June 8, p. 42]. In an effort to prevent this complication, Ferro Corp., working with Coors Porcelain Co., has developed a sealing glass with lower alpha emission for ceramic-glass dual in-line packages. The new glass has alpha emission of 0.7 count/cm²/hour or less, which compares favorably with those of sealing glasses in current use, running as high as 68 counts/cm²/hour. In addition to low alpha emission, another objective was the development of a low-temperature (410°C) Cerdip and glass-lid sealing. Coors will supply glazed Cerdip, and Ferro glass ink samples of the low alpha-emitting sealing glass. For further information, write Bob White at Coors Porcelain Co., Golden, Colo. 80401, or Fran Merti, Ferro Corp., 60 Greenway Drive, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15204. SE 7000: Multiband performance — Multi-channel check-out SE 7000 Series Instrumentation Recorders give you 8 speed recording up to 2MHz Direct, 500 kHz FM and up to 30 k bpi HDDR. The SE 7000 has in addition a unique range of features essential to lab quality recording with a convenience, simplicity and reliability that no other recorder can offer. Consider, for instance, the versatile built-in calibrator module with DVM for “set and forget” control, and the unique simultaneous all-channel FM electronics to electronics facility without tape movement – the higher reliability of hard-wired, all speed active filters, equalisers and other tape speed sensitive components – the proven dependability of co-planer format resulting in more gentle tape handling and lower tape wear. Don’t accept second best. We would like to show you how the SE 7000 can match your requirements in instrumentation recording. Call us on 203-744-3500 or send reader card for details. EMI Technology Inc., 55 Kenosia Avenue, Danbury CT 06810. Tel 203-744-3500 T WX 710-456-3068 A member of the EMI group. International leaders in music, electronics and leisure. Nigeria has more people than any other nation in Africa. Indeed, it's one of the ten largest nations on earth. Yet, incredibly, vast stretches of its 357,000 square miles had yet to be adequately mapped. For years, the government of Nigeria tried to get the job done with conventional aerial photography. But much of this part of the world swelters under an almost continuous cloud cover. And in northern Nigeria, near the Sahara, a dust cloud twelve thousand feet high obscures the earth for months at a time. They turned the problem over to Motorola—and got the job done in only five months. ELECTRONICS SEE THROUGH CLOUDS.* The equipment that made the difference was Motorola's Side-Looking Airborne Radar: SLAR. It has three remarkable virtues. It can see through the cloud cover, day or night. It looks sideways, to allow simultaneous mapping from both sides of the aircraft. The images that result show the land in striking detail. And SLAR displays its images instantly to the sensor engineer aboard the aircraft. Instead of having to wait for pictures to be developed, he knows immediately whether or not he has to make another pass over the same terrain. ELECTRONIC EYES FIND TREASURES. SLAR mapping gave Nigeria a new assessment of her natural treasures. For instance, an inventory of her farmland and timber resources. Since SLAR can actually differentiate among several types of vegetation, it helped identify forests containing ebony, mahogany and rubber trees. And it helped identify geological structures that could mean... the presence of unexploited oil, gas and mineral deposits. THE ELECTRONIC MIRACLE: A MICROCOMPUTER. Further developments have been made on this remarkable system. At the heart of Motorola's most advanced SLAR is a tiny electronic miracle: a Motorola microcomputer. The microcomputer is one of the latest demonstrations of Motorola's fifty years of electronics expertise. And you'll find the technology that made it possible in many of the things we make today. For Motorola is no longer just the company that put radios into cars nearly fifty years ago—although we now market hundreds of models of two-way radios. Nor are we just the company that put popular-priced TV sets into American homes—in fact, we no longer make home TV sets here at all. AN ARRAY OF ELECTRONIC ADVANCES. Now, Motorola is not only one of the world's largest manufacturers dedicated exclusively to electronics, but also one of its foremost designers of custom and standard semiconductors. And Motorola microelectronics are working in a remarkable array of products. For instance, a coronary observation unit that enables paramedics at the scene of an accident to transmit a victim's EKG directly to a nearby hospital. A Digital Voice Protection system that keeps criminals from tuning in on police radio communications. Even lightweight pagers that help busy people keep in touch while they're on the go. And, of course, a device that's helping a nation like Nigeria take a realistic inventory of hidden natural resources. MOTOROLA Making electronics history since 1928. Circle 141 on reader service card For further information, write Public Affairs Office, Corporate Offices, Motorola, Inc., 1303 E. Algonquin Road, Schaumburg, Illinois 60196. You Get Much More When You Rent Test Instruments From GE: Tremendous Inventory Quick-rental® Instruments Over 15,000 instruments available for rental by the week or month! . . . And more are being added every day. You get the test instruments you need for short-term projects or rush situations from General Electric because we stock in depth. Immediate shipment of the newest and most up-to-date equipment from all of the top manufacturers like HP, Tektronix, Honeywell, Gould Brush, Fluke, and hundreds of others, all calibrated to manufacturers' specs and thoroughly checked out. General Electric has six stocking inventory centers and over 40 rental sales offices; you are never more than a phone call away from the instruments you need. For your FREE RENTAL CATALOG Call Collect (518) 372-9900 or your nearest sales office listed below or write General Electric Company, Apparatus Service Division, Building 4, Room 210, Schenectady, N.Y. 12345. \| ALA. BIRMINGHAM \| (205) 925-9449 \| \|------------------\|----------------\| \| ARIZ. PHOENIX \| (602) 278-8515 \| \|------------------\|----------------\| \| TUCSON \| (602) 294-1139 \| \|------------------\|----------------\| \| CALIF. SAN FRANCISCO \| (415) 642-5350 \| \| SALES BLDG. \| (916) 383-4986 \| \|------------------\|----------------\| \| CONY. BOSTON \| (617) 456-8260 \| \|------------------\|----------------\| \| COIL. DOWNEY \| (213) 405-4055 \| \|------------------\|----------------\| \| FLA. JACKSONVILLE \| (904) 751-0615 \| \| MIAMI \| (305) 696-0811 \| \|------------------\|----------------\| \| GA. ATLANTA \| (404) 457-5563 \| \|------------------\|----------------\| \| ILL. 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MILWAUKEE \| (414) 744-0110 \| \|------------------\|----------------\| \| PUERTO RICO \| (809) 843-4225 \| GENERAL ELECTRIC Electronics / November 9, 1978 Scopes tailored for digital signals Philips introduces two 100-MHz units: an instrument with delay-by-event and time-interval capabilities, and a high-speed storage scope by John Gosch, Frankfurt bureau manager Suppose you have a stream of pulses of the kind often encountered in communications or data-processing equipment and want to examine a specific pulse. Or maybe it's necessary to measure, and possibly photograph, a single-shot signal or a spike such as may occur in, say, a nondestructive-testing or a digital application. For both tasks, instrument makers can offer a variety of oscilloscopes. But none, says Philips in the Netherlands, can handle those jobs as conveniently and accurately as can the two scopes that its Test and Measuring group is now introducing. One is the microprocessor-equipped, 100-MHz PM3263 "whose prime feature is the combination of time interval measurement and delay-by-event facilities," says Gerard Imbens, product manager for oscilloscopes at the Eindhoven-based group. This, Imbens explains, means that users can measure a certain pulse or event after any number of pulses or events—up to 99,999—have passed. The measurement is thus independent of any previous jitter or clock pulse instability, the Philips man says. The other instrument is the PM3266, a 100-MHz storage oscilloscope that can write at speeds up to 1,000 divisions per microsecond, with one division measuring 0.9 cm. Unlike competitive scopes that write only over a reduced area of the screen, the Philips scope writes at full speed over the screen's entire useful area. This enhances the accuracy with which a stored signal can be read. Both new instruments evolved from Philips' dual-channel 100-MHz PM3262 [Electronics, Feb. 2, p. 132], which has become something of a hit on the market in the brief time since its introduction because of its combination of trigger-view mode and alternate time-base mode. The two successors will be shown in public for the first time at the Electronica components show in Munich, West Germany. They are slated for delivery in the U.S. and elsewhere next March or April. The PM3263 is a portable dual-trace instrument with a dual-delay time base, a digital delay capability, and automatic triggering on transistor-transistor logic levels. Its sensitivity is 2 mV/division up to 35 MHz and 5 mV/div up to the full 100-MHz bandwidth. In addition to measuring time intervals and frequencies, the scope can count events before the delayed or main time base starts. And, like its predecessor, the new model boasts an alternate display of the main and delayed sweeps to allow direct comparisons of the displayed signals. It also has a trigger-view facility that can serve as a third display channel. One significant detail Imbens points to is the built-in six-digit red light-emitting-diode display. It indicates the delay, the time interval, the frequency, and the number of events, with time and frequency measurements shown in engineering notation (for example, -3 is milliseconds, '3 may be kilohertz, etc.). To facilitate using the equipment, Philips has added a feature that tells the operator when he has made an error. For example, if the user is measuring frequencies with too small a resolution, the LED display will read "uncal" (meaning "uncalibrated"). To incorporate all of these measuring and fault-monitoring funcELEC-TROL BLUE BOY REED RELAYS FULLY-SEALED Elec-Trol's new commercial grade Blue Boy Reed Relays are now offered in production quantities for as low as 59¢, and both commercial and instrument-grade units are available from distributor stock. Although completely sealed against hazardous environments, production cleaning solvents, and rough handling, these Blue Boys cost far less than standard sealed units. For pricing and product information, contact your local distributor. Ask about free samples. AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTORS ALABAMA HUNTSVILLE Component Distributors, Inc (205) 883-7501 CALIFORNIA IRVINE Acacia Sales, Inc (714) 549-0954, (213) 971-2428 CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Acacia Sales, Inc (714) 566-4365 CALIFORNIA SUNNYVALE Acacia Sales, Inc (408) 745-7200 CALIFORNIA VAN NUYS Patane Electronics, Inc (213) 988-4455 CANADA DOWNSVIEW, ONT Squad Electronics Ltd (416) 635-9880 COLORADO LAKEWOOD Acacia Sales, Inc (303) 232-2882 FLORIDA CLEARWATER Diplomat/Southland, Inc (904) 443-4514 FLORIDA FORT LAUDERDALE Component Distributors, Inc (305) 971-4950 ILLINOIS ELK GROVE VILLAGE Diplomat/Lakeland, Inc (312) 595-1000 MASSACHUSETTS HOLLISTON Diplomat/Electro Com, Inc (508) 429-4121 MICHIGAN FARMINGTON Diplomat/Northland, Inc (313) 477-3200 MINNESOTA MINNEAPOLIS Diplomat/Electro Com, Inc (612) 788-8601 MISSOURI ST LOUIS Diplomat St. Louis, Inc (314) 645-8550 NEW JERSEY EDISON Brothers Electronics, Inc (201) 985-3000 NEW YORK MT VERNON Sonkin Electronic Distribution, Inc (914) 668-9809 OHIO CLEVELAND Repco (216) 248-8900 OREGON Beaverton Parrott Electronics, Inc (503) 641-3355 PENNSYLVANIA HUNTINGDON VALLEY Solid State Electronics Co, Inc (215) 698-9550 TEXAS DALLAS Solid State Electronics Co of Texas, Inc. (214) 352-2601 TEXAS HOUSTON Harrison Equipment Co. (713) 652-4750 Solid State Electronics Co of Texas, Inc. (713) 785-7850 UTAH SALT LAKE CITY Diplomat/Alta-Land, Inc (801) 486-4134 NOW TWO GRADES OF LOW-PRICED SEALED RELAYS Elec-Trol now offers its Blue Boy Reed Relays in both an instrument and a commercial grade. The instrument grade provides low and stable contact resistance over a large number of operations, for use in such applications as ATE systems, data acquisition and telecommunications. The new commercial-grade units have a higher contact resistance and a lower life expectancy but are well suited for applications where contact resistance is not critical, such as switching into high impedance loads, for use in such end-products as microwave ovens, water heaters, and TV’s. Both grades are totally encapsulated in rock-hard epoxy, and the reed switch contacts and coil are secured to a rigid internal lead frame which incorporates the PCB terminals. These little inch-long units incorporate a 1 Form A hermetically-sealed reed switch, and can switch low-levels up to 10W with 5-48 VDC coils. For prices or samples, contact your local Elec-Trol distributor. Elec-Trol, Inc., 26477 N. Golden Valley Road, Saugus, CA 91350, (213) 788-7292 (805) 252-8330. TWX 910-336-1556. A keyboard is only as strong as its weakest switch. That's why we build Wild Rover® keyboards with a switch designed for over 10,000,000 cycles. Multiple contact points distribute circuit energy, provide more positive switching action and reduce contact wear. Our PCK switch has excellent noise characteristics, too. Less than 5 milliseconds bounce on leading and trailing edge. REFAC offers standard 12 and 16 key keyboards. We'll also build custom keyboards to your specification with special legends or encoding. Or, if you prefer, we can supply our PCK switch as a component for your own keyboard assembly operations. For more information on our keyboards and PCK switches, give us a call. We can have literature in the mail today. REFAC electronics corporation PO BOX 809 • WINSTED, CONN. 06098 • 203-375-2731 Circle 145 on reader service card 1978 EBG! Completely new listings of catalogs, new phone numbers, new addresses, new manufacturers, sales reps, and distributors! The total market in a book—four directories in one! To insure prompt delivery enclose your check with the coupon now. Electronics Buyers' Guide 1221 Ave. of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 Yes, please send me ______ copy(ies) of 1978 EBG. ☐ I've enclosed $25 per copy delivered in the USA or Canada. ☐ I've enclosed $35 per copy for delivery elsewhere ($47 if shipped by Air). Full money-back guarantee if returned in 10 days. Name ____________________________________________ Company _________________________________________ Street ___________________________________________ City __________________ State ______ Zip ___________ Product Power Rockwell Micropower means a broad choice of microelectronic solutions that assures you the right fit at the right price. For example, 11 one-chip microcomputers with I/O and other options will match most controller needs. For high-performance applications, the third generation NMOS R6500 family has 10 CPU options and a full list of support chips. Micropower is also telecom devices, high speed data micromodems, SAWD and mechanical bandpass filters, custom MOS, military MOS and custom subsystems. And now bubble memories. Support Power Rockwell Micropower is the power to support the products we sell. The inexpensive AIM 65 board computer gives hard copy listings and allows program development with assembly language. SYSTEM 65, the versatile development tool for the R6500 family, is now more powerful with a PL/65 high level language compiler. It's still the lowest cost system with dual floppy disks. And backing-up all Rockwell equipment and software support is a worldwide network of product-oriented applications engineers. Technology Power Rockwell Micropower is a commitment to technology leadership. Our first bubble memory products have just been announced. We are phasing in NMOS-VLSI and CMOS-SOS-VLSI production. And many new devices are in development, including the 16-bit SUPER 65. For the full story on Rockwell Micropower and how you can use it, write: D/727-F1, Micro-electronic Devices, Rockwell International, P.O. Box 3669, Anaheim, CA 92803 or phone (714) 632-3729. Rockwell International ...where science gets down to business One-chip computer is bus-oriented 8-bit machine for RAM-intensive applications features fast hardware multiply and divide by William F. Arnold, San Francisco regional bureau manager With the plethora of microcontrollers and microprocessors entering the marketplace, design engineers might feel they have enough to work with. But National Semiconductor Corp. says it has found a useful niche for one more device configuration. At the Electronica exhibition, which begins in Munich, West Germany, today, the company is unveiling a family of single-chip, 8-bit microcomputers that are targeted for low-end processing applications but have features equaling those of mid-range and high-end performers. Called the INS8070 series, the microcomputers are unique in the marketplace because unlike other single chippers, which are input/output-oriented, they have a bus-oriented architecture, according to Philip Hughes, microprocessor marketing product manager. Consequently, National is aiming the chips toward applications that need the economy of single-chip operation and the high flexibility of a multiprocessing bus architecture, he says. Moreover, National packs some 16-bit power into the 8070 series by including a comprehensive set of directly executed 16-bit arithmetic operations. Also, the 8070 devices communicate with external memory and peripheral devices over a 16-bit dedicated address bus and an 8-bit bidirectional data bus. Overall, designers should find the instruction set well suited for control system applications and high-level languages. The multiprocessing bus architecture should prove useful in direct-memory-access applications such as terminals, home-computer and work-processing systems, and intelligent peripheral controllers, Hughes says. These applications would include dumb and smart terminals, as well as small business computers, cash registers, television controllers, or "anything with lots of RAM," adds Thomas D. Dugan, senior product engineer, low-end marketing group. Dugan places the 8070 family "between the I/O-oriented microprocessor like the [Intel] 8048 and [Mostek] 3870 and the mid-range byte-oriented products like the [Zilog] Z80." However, as an example of its 16-bit power, he says the 8070 performs a hardware multiply and divide faster than other 8-bit devices and as fast as any 16-bit chip. Especially designed for very fast arithmetic operations, the 8070 executes a 16-by-16 multiply operation in less than 37 microseconds, for example. Operating from an on-chip 4-MHz clock, the devices execute an average instruction in 7µs from an internal read-only memory. First members of the family, made with n-channel, silicon-gate, depletion-load technology, are: the 8070, a minimum system containing 64 bytes of random-access memory and no on-chip ROM; the 8072, having 64 bytes of RAM and 2.5 kilobytes, or 20,000 bits, of ROM; and the 8074, containing 64 bytes of RAM and 4 kilobytes, or 32 kilobits, of ROM. The instruction set is mask-programmable in high-volume applications only. This means that an operating system could be programmed onto the chip; if it were for a home computer, "you could put Basic in there," Dugan explains. Samples of the devices are due out in December and production is slated for the first quarter of 1979. When they appear, designers will find the 8070 members marshalling some flexible and easy-to-use features. For example, National aims at simplified programming, with multiple addressing modes including counter-relative, immediate data, indexed, auto-indexed, and implied functions. They also include stack operation, with a comprehensive set of 16-bit instructions, including load, store, add, multiply, divide, exchange, shift, and stack push or pop. For system flexibility, the devices can handle up to 64 kilobytes of memory and will interface with memories or peripherals of any speed. In addition, they have on-chip control of handshake bus access. Also on the chip are the clock generator, two interrupt-sense inputs, and three control flag outputs accessible by the user. The 8070 devices have separate strobe inputs to indicate when valid input/output, memory, or peripheral data are present on the 8-bit data bus. The rest of the input/output signals are dedicated to such general-purpose control and status functions as initialization, bus management, microprocessor halt, interrupt request, I/O cycle extension, and functions specified by the user. Housed in standard 40-pin dual in-line packages, the devices have 16 address and 8 data lines and use a single +5-v supply. Price of the minimum 8070, in 1,000-piece lots, will be $9.90 each. Price of the 8074, in 1,000-piece lots, is expected to be no more than $15. National Semiconductor Corp., 2900 Semiconductor Dr., Santa Clara, Calif. 95051 [339] Best by test after test. You're doubly sure of quality with twice tested Buss fuses. This small dimension glass tube fuse may look good to you. And to us. But looks aren't enough at Bussmann. That's why Bussmann quality control involves more than a quick visual inspection. Or testing a random sample from our production line. Instead, Bussmann tests every one of these fuses twice. Once for resistance, to measure electrical performance. Then again for dimensions, to make sure the length and diameter are right. Few manufacturers test each and every small dimension glass tube fuse they make. Even fewer test each fuse both physically and electronically. Our tougher testing assures that the Buss fuses you buy will perform exactly the way you want them to. When you want them to. It also explains why Buss fuse quality is in a class by itself. McGRAW-EDISON Bussmann. The Protection Experts. Bussmann Manufacturing Division McGraw-Edison Company P.O. Box 14460 St. Louis, Missouri 63178 Instruments 5½-digit meter is easy to use Microprocessor-based unit employs digital measurement to reduce complexity, price Mentioning microprocessor-based, 5½-digit multimeters usually conjures up images of front panels like the bridge instrumentation on board the Battlestar Galactica, not to mention astronomical prices. Such DMMS, usually destined for automatic test systems, feature more bells and whistles than the average bench jockey wants or needs. Addressing that potential user, Keithley Instruments has produced a 6802-based bench meter, the model 191, designed not for full programmability but for simplicity of operation. The 200,000-count, manual-ranging unit performs many analog measurements using digital conversion and clever microprocessor manipulation, thus eliminating many costly components, simplifying maintenance, and keeping the unit's basic price to a low $499. The DMM has five dc voltage ranges, spanning 200 mV to 1.2 kV, and six resistance ranges, from 200 Ω to 20 mΩ. Accuracy varies with function, range, temperature, and interval between calibrations. A representative specification is a maximum error of 0.01% of reading plus 2 counts for the 20-v dc range from 18° to 28° C for one year. By combining charge-balance and single-slope-conversion techniques, the combination of analog-to-digital converter and microprocessor makes it possible to take five readings per second in the dc voltage mode. Resistance measurements may be taken from two input terminals or changed to four-terminal readings by simply connecting an additional set of leads to the extra two terminals: no terminal links or settings need be changed. An optional, field-installable ac voltage card provides average response readings calibrated in rms for an additional $175. It adds four ranges, from 2 V to 1 kV full scale, accepting signals in the 20-Hz-to-100-kHz band. An optional radio-frequency probe lets readings range to 100 MHz. The microprocessor uses digitally stored autozero and autocalibrate values after each measurement to compute corrected values for display. It also performs nonlinear digital filtering automatically on the Our Wildest Card Yet A programmable 16-line multiplexer that beats everything in its class PDP-11 users, we have another winner for you. This time it's DMAX/16™, our new programmable multiplexer for connecting your PDP-11 to 16 asynchronous serial communications lines. DMAX/16 makes the most of the 11's DMA capabilities to establish computer overhead at a level far below that of competitive units like the DJ11 and DZ11. It also offers software compatibility with the DH11...in one-fourth the space! Now, for the first time, you don't need an expansion box or special back planes. DMAX/16 consists of two hex boards which install easily into standard SPC slots units and connect to the current loop or EIA/RS-232 panel by separate flat ribbon cable. As many as 16 can be placed on a single PDP-11 for a total of up to 256 lines. A DMUX/16™ option allows modem control for 16 channels. DMAX/16 provides complete program control of the lines, each of which operates with several individually programmable parameters, such as character length and number of stop bits. Parity generation and detection are odd, even or none. The operating mode is half duplex or full duplex. Fifteen software programmable baud rates: 0 to 9600 baud—plus 19,200 baud—and an external baud rate. Breaks may be generated or detected on each line and the unit can echo received characters without software intervention. Play the wild card now. You'll get top performance and a competitive price advantage of at least $1000 along with delivery from stock as usual. Write for details and find out why we consider ourselves the leader among manufacturers of DEC enhancements. Able Computer Technology, Incorporated, 1751 Langley Avenue, Irvine, California 92714. (714) 979-7030. TWX 910-595-1729 Able, the computer experts DEC, DJ11, DZ11, DH11 and PDP-11 are registered trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. New products 200-mV and 200-Ω ranges so that noise is suppressed to the microvolt level using continuous averaging. Should an improper function-range combination be selected or an overload occur, an error message is displayed. The meter's push-button-null feature permits instant nulling of external input offsets on any scale reading. When the button is pushed, the displayed reading is stored in memory; thereafter, readings are displayed as deviations from that reading. Optional accessories include a 50-A shunt, a 200-A clamp-on current probe, and a 40-kV probe. Keithley Instruments Inc., 28775 Aurora Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44159. Phone (216) 248-0400 [351] Phase-angle voltmeter needs no filters over wide band The model 321 wideband phase-angle voltmeter is remarkable for what it does not have: vacuum tubes or plug-in modules. The solid-state instrument measures phase angle in four ranges that cover the bandwidth from 10 Hz to 100 kHz without the need to change filters; it maintains accuracy to within 0.5°. Voltage measurements can be made in four different modes: total, fundamental, in-phase, and quadrature; thirteen ranges from 300 μV to 300 V, full scale, are provided. The reference signal's voltage can vary from 150 mV to 150 V without any need for recalibration or adjustment. The model 321 is priced at $3,598. North Atlantic Industries Inc., 60 Plant Ave., Hauppauge, N.Y. 11787. Phone (516) 582-6500 [355] Instrument monitors, analyzes IEEE-488 bus operations The model 488 is intended for use with the IEEE-488 bus, but how it is so used is largely up to the individual designer. It may be employed as an ordinary bus monitor for troubleshooting minicomputer- or calculator-based systems. But it may also be used to evaluate compatibility and characterize instruments or subsystems, as a bus exerciser for use in development, or as a low-cost bus controller in small systems. The programmable instrument is capable of driving up to 14 devices simultaneously at data transfer rates of up to 250 kHz. It can be Now...a new source for a .5mA input high gain optoisolator. WE'VE JUST BECOME "THE OTHER COMPANY" WITH A SPECIAL LINE OF HIGH QUALITY HIGH GAIN OPTOISOLATORS. OUR NEW MCC670 SERIES IS DIRECTLY COMPARABLE TO THE HP 5082-4370/4371 SERIES ...BUT WITH IMPROVED PERFORMANCE. You get high sensitivity to low input currents. These new high gain split-darlington optoisolators give you greater design control in such applications as CMOS logic interface, telephone ring detector, low input TTL interface and power supply isolation. Minimum current transfer ratios of 300% to 400% are achieved at TTL-compatible saturation voltages of 0.4-volt and at gate-level drive currents (1.6 mA). All are UL recognized at 3000 volts isolation. Typical response time is 1.5 microseconds. With the MCC670 Series you'll have fast switching capability at logic loads. Maximum turn-on/turn-off speeds range from 7 to 35 microseconds. Temperature compensated for greater reliability. You get assured operation over a wide temperature range. The specifications listed above for the MCC670 Series hold from 0°C to 70°C. Storage temperature is −55°C to +125°C. And the best gain is how much they cost. Compare the price structure of these optoisolators with those of our competitors and you'll find us more than competitive. And you still get Monsanto quality and high performance along with technical assistance. Write or call today. For more technical data or price information, contact Monsanto Commercial Products Co., Electronics Division, 3400 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94303. FIRST IN LED MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY Monsanto Circle 153 on reader service card ELORG FERRITE DEVICES WILL NEVER LET YOU DOWN UNDER WIDE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS HIGH HUMIDITY VIBRATION SINGLE OR REPEATED IMPACTS Ring magnets of "3.1 BA" Grade ferrite for moving-coil speakers: - minimum residual induction 0.38 T (3,800 Gs) - minimum induction coercive force 167 kA/m (2,100 Oe) - minimum magnetizing coercive force 171 kA/m (2,100 Oe) - maximum specific magnetic energy 12.3 kJ/m³ (3.1 MGs²Oe) \| Magnet standard \| Dimensions with tolerance, mm \| \|-----------------\|-------------------------------\| \| size \| Outside dia. \| Internal dia. \| Axial length \| \| K 45 x 22 x 10.5\| 45 ± 1 \| 22 ± 0.6 \| 10.5 ± 0.1 \| \| K 51 x 24 x 9 \| 51 ± 1.2 \| 24 ± 0.6 \| 9 ± 0.1 \| \| K 56 x 24 x 12 \| 56 ± 1.2 \| 24 ± 0.6 \| 12 ± 0.1 \| \| K 56 x 24 x 8 \| 56 ± 1.2 \| 24 ± 0.6 \| 8 ± 0.1 \| \| K 61 x 24 x 8 \| 61 ± 1.5 \| 24 ± 0.6 \| 8 ± 0.1 \| \| K 61 x 24 x 13 \| 61 ± 1.5 \| 24 ± 0.6 \| 13 ± 0.1 \| \| K 72 x 32 x 10 \| 72 ± 1.5 \| 32 ± 0.7 \| 10 ± 0.1 \| \| K 72 x 32 x 15 \| 72 ± 1.5 \| 32 ± 0.7 \| 15 ± 0.1 \| \| K 86 x 32 x 10.8\| 86 ± 1.5 \| 32 ± 0.8 \| 10.8 ± 0.1 \| Antenna cores E-shaped, U-shaped, ring and pot cores Yoke cores for deflection systems Sole exporter — 32/34 Smolenskaya-Sennaya 121200 Moscow, USSR Telephone 251-39-46, Telex 7586 New products programmed from the front panel in its machine code or in IEEE bus language, or by plugging an erasable programmable read-only memory programmed in the machine code into a ROM slot. In addition to its 255-byte program storage capability, the unit can store 511 bytes of data. Error messages, recorded data, and run state can be shown on a 16-character light-emitting-diode display. Prompting guides the operator through all the step sequences needed to activate the model 488's various modes. The instrument is priced at $3,500 and is available now. Interface Technology, 852 N. Cummings Rd., Covina, Calif. 91724. Phone Stan Kuboda at (213) 966-1718 [354] Voltage standard resolves 7 digits from 0.1 to 1,000 V Call it a dc voltage standard and calibrator or a portable ultrastable source, what the model 1030A does is provide a highly stable voltage output in four ranges—1,000 v, 100 v, 10 v, and 100 mv—with a resolution of 0.1 ppm. Calibration accuracy is within 0.002% of the setting plus 0.0005% of full scale plus 5 µv. The standard can provide currents of up to 50 mA and is stable to within 0.00075% over an 8-hr period. Worst-case accuracy is within 0.003% of setting plus 0.001% of range plus 5 µv. Weighing 13 lb and measuring 5.22 by 17 by 14.5 in., the model 1030A can be powered from a 115 or 230 v ac source. It costs $2,095. Delivery is within 45 days. Electronic Development Corp., 11 Hamlin St., Boston, Mass. 02127. Phone Bob Ross at (617) 268-9696 [356] ON THE BENCH, THE MOST ADVANCED DVM. IN SYSTEMS TOO. The new 8502A digital voltmeter—the precision DVM just right for both systems and bench applications. It's right because it brings all the power of the 8500A, the world's most advanced system DVM, to the front panel. Press SCALING and enter any multiplier to scale volts, ohms or amps to temperature, percent, engineering units, or any scale of convenience. Press OFFSET and add or subtract any numerical value to set your prescaled units to the right reference point. If you're looking only for a good/bad indication, use LIMITS and key in both high and low tolerance values on any function. After that you'll get a friendly "Hi, Pass or Lo" reading at full accuracy. The 8502A remembers its highest and lowest readings. Leave it unattended on a stability test, for example, then touch PEAK, HI and LO later to observe the amount of drift that occurred. Want 6½-digit resolution? Press HI RES and get it on all functions. This lets you utilize the full instrument accuracy—6 ppm on DC volts. The 8502A is fast—up to 250 readings/second on the bench, 500/second in a system. This speed is put to work to provide noise rejection through digital averaging. Adding analog filtering gives you up to 100 dB NMR. Calibration memory is a Fluke exclusive that saves time and money. Without removing the voltmeter or taking off covers, simple recalibration is done from the front panel in a few minutes. Lab calibration is recommended only once a year if calibration memory is used. The five FUNCTION pushbuttons are evidence of another exclusive. Besides volts and ohms, the 8502A can have AC and DC current capability installed, a feature not available in any other precision DVM. We even provide diagnostic error codes to keep you out of trouble by identifying programming mistakes and hardware errors. For systems use, we offer more interface options than anyone: IEEE 488, RS-232 or full parallel. And, a switchable front/rear input option is available. U.S. base price: $2595. For more information, contact any one of the more than 100 Fluke offices or representatives, worldwide. In the U.S., CALL (800) 426-0361. TOLL FREE. Residents of the U.S.A. and all countries outside Europe, contact: John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc., P.O. Box 43210, Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043, U.S.A. Telex: 32-0013. In Europe, contact Fluke (Nederland) B.V., P.O. Box 5053, Tilburg, The Netherlands. Telephone: (013) 673973, Telex: 52237. Alaska, Hawaii, Washington residents — please call (206) 774-2481. Circle 218 for literature Circle 155 for demonstration Sleek, modular and Optima Introducing a selection of starter module desks with extension modules and wedges in standard and keyboard heights. Arrange them in a straight-line or return combination. In any sequence. And as your needs change, rearrange them. Send for our catalog and let us help make your office smarter. We make you look better OPTIMA® Scientific - Atlanta 2166 Mountain Industrial Blvd., Tucker, GA 30084 • Tel: (404) 939-6340 Europe: McKettrick — Agnew, Macmerry, East Lothian, Scotland, EH33 1EX • Telex: 72623. See us at Midcon - Booths 210-212 Circle 156 on reader service card Unlike beer, tires, and Italian actresses, C&K's Flatted Toggle Switch is appealing because it's flat. Engineering samples on request. Flat can be flattering! That's why we built the Flatted Toggle as a contemporary-looking alternative to the standard toggle. SPDT, DPDT, 3PDT, and 4PDT models feature C&K's time-tested toggle mechanism. Give your instrument panel a face-lift. Go flat. The Primary Source Worldwide. C&K COMPONENTS, INC. 103 Morse St., Watertown, MA 02172 Tel: (617) 926-0800. TWX: 710-327-0460 TELEX: 92 2546 Visit C&K at Wescon '78 Booths 765 to 767 and Nepcon Central '78 Booth 350 Circle 219 on reader service card BY POPULAR DEMAND! MS-215 Dual Trace Miniscope With Rechargeable Batteries & Charger Unit. $435 • 15-megahertz bandwidth. • External & internal trigger. • Auto or line sync modes. • Power usage — < 15 W. • Battery or line operation. • 2.9" H x 6.4" W x 8.0" D. Non-Linear Systems, Inc. Originator of the digital voltmeter. Box N, Del Mar, California 92014 Telephone (714) 755-1134 TWX 910-322-1132 Circle 253 on reader service card New products Semiconductors Chip tunes radios, TVs Microprocessor-oriented phase-locked-loop circuit is almost a complete tuner Like switches and relays, mechanical tuners are prime candidates for replacement by all-electronic alternatives wherever it is economical and practical. The use of varactors to replace mechanically variable capacitors in radio and television tuners is growing, and now Fairchild has developed a chip that simplifies the linking of varactor-based tuners with complex microprocessor-based receivers. Called the FEX 2500, the chip provides nearly all the subsystems required for a processor-controlled phase-locked-loop tuning system. "An external varactor tuner, integrator, and crystal are all that is needed to complete the entire loop," states Donald M. Staub, Fairchild's c-MOS products division marketing manager. The bus-oriented device can be used in simple tuners or in complex units that, in addition to tuning the receiver, control information display (time, date, and channel selection on a TV set, for example). The major difference between the two applications is software, explains Staub. In a typical television-tuner application (see diagram), the FEX 2500 forms a loop with the TV's varactor tuner, a prescaler realized in emitter-coupled logic, and an integrator. Addressed to a selected channel by the microprocessor, the FEX 2500 adjusts the voltage on the varactor tuner until the tuner locks to the reference frequency established by the external crystal and the modulus of a divide-by-N counter built into the chip. The modulus, N, is determined by data words sent to the chip through the microprocessor's data bus and stored within the 2500. The divide-by-N programmable counter is constructed in two sections—a program counter and a so-called swallow counter. This configuration serves a pulse-swallowing function that allows digital fine tuning of the receiver despite the inherently large steps associated with a phase-locked loop operating at radio frequencies. The FEX 2500's standard coarse-tuning increments are 1 kHz for a-m broadcast receivers, 25 kHz for fm, and 62.5 kHz for TV. For frequencies from 100 kHz to 4 MHz, the varactor tuner can be connected to the 2500 directly. However, for higher frequencies, up to 1 GHz, the ECL prescaler is needed. The 28-pin IC is made with complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor technology and can operate from supply voltages between 7.8 and 12 V dc. Available now in sample quantities, the chip will sell for between $5 and $6 in large quantities (50,000 pieces), according to Staub. Evaluation kits containing the FEX 2500, a 3870 microprocessor, a 11C82 prescaler, a nonvolatile memory, and miscellaneous display... The No.1 Choice Anritsu’s All-New Selective Level Meter ML38A With a frequency range from 20 Hz to 6.4 MHz and frequency stability of $\leq 1 \times 10^{-5}$, the new ML38A is bound to be your best choice in selective level meters. Its level measuring range of $-120$ dBm to $+30$ dBm (BW 70 Hz) is complemented by other standout features such as a 7-digit LED frequency display and a selection of three bandwidths—6 Hz (option 01), 70 Hz and 3.1 kHz. Make the right choice—pick the ML38A. Other Major Specifications - Input impedance: 75 $\Omega$ unbalanced, 75 $\Omega$, 135 $\Omega$, 150 $\Omega$, 600 $\Omega$ balanced - Intrinsic distortion attenuation: $\geq 68$ dB (f: $\geq 2$ kHz), $\geq 60$ dB (f: 200 Hz to 2 kHz), $\geq 55$ dB (f: <200 Hz) - Power requirements: 100V ±10%, 50/60 Hz, $\leq 50$ VA - Dimensions: 195 (H) x 426 (W) x 350 (D) mm - Weight: $\leq 19$ kg For comprehensive literature on Anritsu’s Selective Level Meter, contact— Anritsu ANRITSU ELECTRIC CO., LTD MEASURING INSTRUMENTS DIVISION SALES DEPARTMENT: 12-20, Minamiazabu, 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan Phone: (03) 431-1111, Ext. 2353 Cable: ANRITDENKI TOKYO New products drivers, among other things, are being offered for $15 each in large quantities, he adds. Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp., Integrated Circuits Group, 464 Ellis St., Mountain View, Calif. 94042 [411] Analog multiplexers lower channel resistance to 270 $\Omega$ The MV series of analog multiplexers consists of four devices: 4- and 8-channel differential input models and 8- and 16-channel single-ended input models. All members of the series have typical resistances of 270 $\Omega$ or less in the on state. Individual channels are addressed with a 2-, 3-, or 4-bit word, depending on the model, and each device has an inhibit input that allows users to connect several devices in parallel and address each one separately. With complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor switches that are dielectrically isolated, channel switching is performed in a break-before-make mode so that no two channels are ever momentarily shorted together. When switching from channel to channel, the output settles to within 0.1% of final value within 1.2 $\mu$s and to within 0.01% within 2.8 $\mu$s. Break-before-make delay is 100 ns or less, turn-off typically 250 ns, and turn-on 350 ns. When the units are used with a high-impedance load, such as the input of an operational amplifier, transfer accuracies of 0.01% can be achieved at channel sampling rates up to 350 kHz. The devices accept analog inputs in the ±15-v range and digital address and inhibit inputs are compatible with C-MOS and TTL levels. ACTUALIZE YOUR GREAT IDEA WITH A CUSTOM LSI CIRCUIT FROM SOLID STATE SCIENTIFIC You are involved in a challenging electronic project for your company. Your design ideas are to be incorporated into a product that demands state-of-the-art innovation. You are looking for the right supplier with proven capability of designing and producing custom LSI circuits. You need to meet a deadline. Introduction delays which could cost your company thousands must be avoided. You have a budget. You will accept only the highest reliability and quality. You may need MIL SPEC level of performance - whether or not for military application. Delivery dates must be met. You are both concerned...and responsible. You can't take the time to muddle in big company bureaucracy: you need to get right to the person doing the work. You want design expertise that's been demonstrated, not speculation and promises. You want agreements that will be kept. Here's where SOLID STATE SCIENTIFIC works for you. We have the track record. We get the job done for you. And when the job is done, you get the praise you deserve. You have an open line to the top. Actualize your great idea. Call me now, Al Hyman TOLL FREE 800-523-2344 CUSTOM MOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS In Pennsylvania CALL COLLECT (215) 855-8400 In Europe - TWX: 510-661-7267 SOLID STATE SCIENTIFIC MONTGOMERYVILLE, PENNA. 18936 INC. THE MANY SIDES OF SOLID STATE SCIENTIFIC. For more information, call (215) 855-8400. μP Circuits, Memory Circuits, 4000 Series Circuits, Hi-Rel 38510,883B, Watch Circuits, Clock Circuits, Smoke Detector Circuits, RF Power Transistors. THE ONE AND ONLY BOOK OF ITS KIND! The unique, First Edition of the most complete and definitive compilation of data on the reliability experience of nonelectronic parts ever assembled under one cover... NONELECTRONIC PART RELIABILITY DATA, 1978 - Failure rates, failure modes and mechanisms - Generic failure rates for diverse environments - Data on sixty major part families...Hundreds of detail line entries - Far exceeds the scope and content of RADC-TR-75-22 • 250 pages - Switches, relays, connectors, IC sockets, LEDs, NiCd batteries, etc... - Ordering No. NPRD-1. $50 per copy, $60 non-U.S. RAC Reliability Analysis Center RADC/RBRAC • Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 • Tel. (315) 330-4151; Autovon: 587-4151 RAC is a DoD Information Analysis Center Operated by IIT Research Institute Circle 160 on reader service card New products The 8-channel differential and the 16-channel single-ended devices operate from ±15-v supplies and are priced at $19.50 in small quantities. The 4-channel differential and the 8-channel single-ended devices require an extra +5-v supply and cost $16.00. Datel Systems Inc., 1020 Turnpike St., Canton, Mass. 02021 [413] Schottky diode passes high current even when hot Intended for use in high-power switching and linear power supplies, the SD-75 is a Schottky-barrier power diode that offers low forward voltage at high currents. At a junction temperature of 125°C, the device exhibits a forward voltage of 0.60 v with a forward current of 60 A. The diode, which can operate at junction temperatures of up to 150°C, handles 75 A with a forward voltage of 0.70 v at 25°C. The SD-75 is rated for a peak reverse voltage of 45 v and has a thermal impedance of only 0.8°C/w, allowing it to be operated at full rated load up to 150°C. Packaged in a standard DO-203AB can (formerly referred to as DO-5), the device is priced at $6.75 in original-equipment-manufacturer quantities and is deliverable two weeks after receipt of order. TRW Power Semiconductors Division, TRW Inc., 14520 Aviation Blvd., Lawndale, Calif. 90260. Phone Don Penn at (213) 679-4561 [414] Formula for memory metamorphosis High-speed Static NMOS memory from EMM Are you condemning your system to dynamic memory speeds? It's time to move up to high-speed static NMOS memory technology. The EMM MICRORAM 3420 is your formula. It contains 32K by 21 bits of memory on a single pluggable module. Yet it accesses in 200 nsec, and cycles in 300. And it incorporates a Late Data Control which allows a delay in the execution of a write cycle pending the arrival of data. The 3420 saves power, too. Typically it draws less than 30 watts in standby, less than 40 watts in operate mode. System design is very simple, as the static RAMs require no charge pump or refresh circuitry. And they don't generate soft-bit errors, so reliability is much higher than with dynamic RAM systems. Other versions of the MICRORAM 3400 Series are available in 13 to 22 bit configurations, 8 to 32K capacities, and access times as low as 130 nsec. Transform your system from sluggish dynamic to reliable high speed static NMOS memory. Call or write today for full technical details as well as price and delivery information. EMM CSD The OEM Systems Division of Electronic Memories and Magnetics Corp. 12621 Chadron Ave., Hawthorne, Calif. 90250 • (213) 644-9881 CMOS power at PMOS prices. That's Rockwell Micropower. Don't pay the premium for CMOS controller microcomputers before comparing them power-for-power and price-for-price with Rockwell's PPS 4/1. Often, for less than one third the cost, you can use one of 10 PMOS one-chip microcomputers from Rockwell to meet your low power specs. Of course, designers choose Rockwell one-chip computers for other reasons. A single-byte instruction set provides ROM efficiencies of typically 2-to-1 over other microcomputers. Bidirectional ports, counters and other features increase options and eliminate costly interface circuitry. Vacuum-fluorescent displays, for example, can be driven directly. Saving power, and money. That's Rockwell Micropower. For more information contact D/727-F3, Microelectronic Devices, Rockwell International, P.O. Box 3669, Anaheim, CA 92803 or phone (714) 632-3729. Rockwell International ...where science gets down to business New products Packaging & production Programmer sells for $995 Dedicated unit for 2758 and 2516/2716 PROMs makes eight copies in 2 minutes There are basically three routes to take when the development of a microprocessor-based product reaches the point at which programmable read-only memories must be programmed: use the development system as a production tool, make a special-purpose PROM duplicator, or purchase a general-purpose programmer plus any necessary personality cards. Now Kaye Instruments is offering an inexpensive, dedicated programmer that can handle PROMs of the Intel 2716 and 2758 and Texas Instruments 2516 types. Called the model PC16K PROM Cloner, the instrument sells for $995. The price is one third to one half that of most general-purpose machines, or about the price of a single personality card. The unit's speed and simplicity of operation suit it well for the production line, with operator training completed in a matter of minutes. Besides the on-off switch, there are only two push-button controls—one for a full duplicating cycle, the other for a verification-only cycle. The duplicating cycle, which takes only 2 minutes, checks blank PROMs for proper erasure, duplicates the master PROM on as many as eight other memories at a time, and verifies the copies. The verification cycle can be used simply to check a programmed PROM or ROM against a master PROM. Three signal lights plus one above each copy PROM keep the operator informed about the stage of the cycle and about any problems that develop. Any memory whose lamp is lit at the end of the cycle has failed to be verified when checked against the master PROM. The PC16K has a novel bit-test feature that automatically allows erased PROMs with single-bit faults to be used if the fault matches the corresponding bit on the master PROM. Normally, memories with such a single bit fault would fail on other units. The programmer will be available from stock starting on Dec. 1. The OVENAIRE... ...now, more than ever, your best bet for crystal oscillators. Ovenaire's oscillator capabilities have been enhanced by the acquisition of W.H. Ferwalt, Inc. • STATE-OF-THE-ART HIGH STABILITY CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS with stabilities to $5 \times 10^{-10}$/day and $7 \times 10^{-11}$/°C. • OVENIZED CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS $3 \times 10^{-9}$/°C at low cost. • TCXO's with temperature stabilities to $\pm 1 \times 10^{-7}$ 0 to 50°C. • DIP HYBRID CIRCUIT CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS with temperature stabilities to $\pm 20$ ppm. ...and, as always, your best bet for crystal and component ovens. • ELECTRONIC CONTROL MINIATURE OVENS FOR: HC-18U, HC-25U, HC-42U, HC-43U crystals TO6 & TO8 crystal, transistor or IC 14 Pin & 16 PinDIP IC. Plus a complete range of ovens for commercial and military applications. OVENAIRE-AUDIO-CARPENTER Division of Walter Kidde & Company, Inc. 706 Forrest St., Charlottesville, Va. 22901 804/977-8050 TWX 510-587-5461 KIDDE $995 price applies to quantities of 10 units or fewer. Kaye Instruments Inc., 15 De Angelo Dr., Bedford, Mass. 01730 [391] Flexible hybrid probe lessens contact pressure and tip wear The IC-2000 variable-pressure probe is designed for high-volume production testing of both thick- and thin-film hybrid-circuit modules. By simply placing a small insert between the flex members of the probe, users can minimize contact pressure as well as horizontal travel. The probe comes with a tungsten-carbide needle for greater tip life; needle depth is screw-adjustable. Planarization screws adjust the probe for use with standard probe-card mountings. Vertical tolerances of up to 0.100 in. are achievable, while horizontal travel can be controlled to within 0.005 in. per 0.020 in. of lift. In single quantities, the IC-2000 is priced at $19.90 and is available for delivery from stock. I.C. Industries Inc., P.O. Box 104, Altamonte Springs, Fla. 32701. Phone (305) 339-8298 [395] Self-supporting connector takes strain off LCDs The self-supporting Zebra connector consists of a Zebra strip—a laminate of vertical conductive and nonconductive elements with 0.04-in. center-to-center spacings between conductive elements—to which nonconThe new DigiTec Datalogger 3000 takes an open-minded approach to data acquisition. Open-minded because it is a comprehensive microcomputer system dedicated to data acquisition; not just a microprocessor based, hardware-oriented datalogger. The Datalogger 3000 provides standard capabilities not even optionally available on other dataloggers; for example: - A built-in CRT display prompts the user in programming and displays more information than possible with conventional dataloggers. - A mini cassette loads the system program, provides absolute memory back-up, and records data. - Unique linearization capability. Six linearization tables; 4 preprogrammed and 2 completely open. You're free to define both open tables with any 16 points along any curve to linearize your specific inputs. And since the Datalogger 3000 is truly a computer, it actually interpolates measurements that fall between points you've entered. The result: the most accurate measurements possible. - The 3000 can be programmed from the front-panel, a remote CRT terminal or even a host computer. - And of course an alphanumeric printer, alarm limits with relay outputs and English messages, scaling & offset factors, engineering units, composite video output and other features also come standard on the Datalogger 3000. So, if you're open-minded and interested in a revolutionary approach to data acquisition, contact us. Find out how the Datalogger 3000 can take an open-minded approach to your application. Call Daryl Barnaby, (513) 254-6251 collect Circle 165 on reader service card "…a new-generation data acquisition system that unites the capabilities of a precision datalogger with the intelligence of a computer." DIGITEC: Precision measurements to count on. 911 Westolley Road, Dayton, Ohio 45403 (513) 254-6251, TWX (810) 459-1728 Circle 225 on reader service card WE MAKE COMPLEX SWITCHING EASY! “SM” P/Rel Series™ Subminiature Programmable Rotary Encoded Logic Switches for Digital Applications - Test and medical instrumentation - Air—land—sea communications - Digital Controls - Computer peripheral - Automotive It’s small—only 1¼" by 1¾" ... an economical alternative to conventional rotary and thumbnail switching! Standard Grigsby, the originators of P/Rel Bio-Mechanical Interface Switches, offers the broadest range of programmable rotary encoded logic switches available today. The SM “P/Rel” features up to 40 Truth Table positions and 12 lines of information per module (up to 60 positions and 20 lines in our standard “P/Rel”) • Concentric shafts • Dual ball starwheel drive • PC or solder terminals • Fully programmable to any Truth Table, and more. WRITE TODAY for “SM” P/Rel Literature “The switch experts” standard grigsby, inc. Dept 014, 920 Rathbone Ave. Aurora, IL 60507 312: 844-4300, TWX 910/232-3138 IN EUROPE: W. Günther GMBH Virnsberger Strasse 51, D 8500 Nürnberg 1, West Germany Phone: 0911/65521 TWX: 622351 wigu d Circle 166 on reader service card 1978 EBG! Completely new listings of catalogs, new phone numbers, new addresses, new manufacturers, sales reps, and distributors! The total market in a book—four directories in one! To insure prompt delivery enclose your check with the coupon now. Electronics Buyers’ Guide 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 Yes, please send me _______copy(ies) of 1978 EBG. ☐ I’ve enclosed $25 per copy delivered in the USA or Canada. ☐ I’ve enclosed $35 per copy for delivery elsewhere ($47 if shipped by Air). Full money-back guarantee if returned in 10 days. Name ____________________________________________ Company ___________________________________________ Street _____________________________________________ City State Zip _______________________________________ New products ductive silicon sponges are applied on one or both sides. When the connector is placed between a printed-circuit board and a liquid-crystal display or between two pc boards, it provides a conductive path between the contacts of the two units. A small amount of pressure holds the compressible device in place, ensures good contact, and minimizes stress. Individual conductive elements in the connector have nominal resistances between 1 and 6 kΩ, depending on the thickness of the unit. Three standard models are available in lengths from 0.5 to 4 in. and in various thicknesses (board spacings) and widths. A connector 1 in. long and 0.085 in. wide and thick is priced at 20¢ in quantities of 5,000. Delivery is about two weeks. Technical Wire Products Inc., 129 Dermody St., Cranford, N. J. 07016 [394] Socket-carrier systems take 24- to 44-lead flat-packs Designed to test most nonstandard integrated-circuit packages, a series of adjustable flat-pack carrier and socket systems introduced by Textool accepts packages with from 24 to 44 flat or formed leads. The carrier design includes wiping contacts to provide firm nondamaging connection. The socket’s lid will not short against the contacts. Flat-pack systems are available from stock at prices that vary according to the number of contacts and systems required. A 24-contact socket and a carrier, for example, are priced at $12.82 and 80¢ respectively, in quantities of 100 or more. Textool Products Inc., 1410 W. Pioneer Dr., Irving, Texas 75061 [396] The newest development in development systems. Universal: 8086, 8085, 8080, 6802, 6800, Z-80. Introducing the universal AMDS. Just what your expanding world of microprocessor-based product design needs now...a compact station with CPU, CRT, keyboard and your choice of processors. Our new Advanced Microcomputer Development System puts universal hardware and software development capabilities at your fingertips: real-time in-circuit emulation to 5 MHz, real-time 48-channel logic analyzer, up to 2 megabytes of disk memory and every software aid, including high level language compilers, relocating macro-assemblers and disassembling debuggers. Additional processors will be supported soon to help you keep up with this constantly expanding world and protect your investment. Make your development system as convenient, useful and enduring as your scope with the universal AMDS...the only way to go µP. Futuredata, 11205 S. La Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90045 (213) 641-7700 TWX: 910-328-7202 futuredata Circle 167 on reader service card Industrial Amplifier-filter replaces relays Unit's high isolation makes relays unnecessary in low-level systems Multichannel data-acquisition systems that have to handle low-level inputs, like those generated by thermocouples and strain gages, typically employ front-end multiplexers made up of mercury-wetted relays. These relays are not only expensive, they are also often the least reliable part of the system. Now Analogic is offering a combination isolation amplifier and filter that allows these low-level relays to be replaced by a cheap and reliable high-level solid-state multiplexer. Designated the MP227, the amplifier is intended to be used on a one-amplifier-per-channel basis. Matthew V. Mahoney, group manager for a-d-a modular products, explains that "it's desirable to put the amplifier-filter near the input of each channel." In this position, the chopper-stabilized unit eliminates almost all common-mode interference. Also, because it puts the gain at a point in the system where the bandwidth is lowest—before the multiplexer—it reduces total system noise. The MP227's isolation specifications are particularly impressive. They include a minimum common-mode rejection ratio of 166 dB (176 dB typical) from 50 to 800 Hz at gains of 50 to 1,000 and for source imbalances up to 1 kΩ. Common-mode voltage rating is 1,000 v dc or 750 v rms. Common-mode input impedance is $10^{10} \Omega$ in parallel with 80 pf. The differential-mode input impedance is 100 mΩ shunted by 22 kΩ and 1.5 μF in series. The unit's temperature coefficient of gain is a maximum of ±20 parts per million of full scale per °C for gains between 10 and 500; at a gain of 1,000, it is 30 ppm/°C. The standard filter is a low-pass unit with a 6-db frequency of 5 Hz; however, other cutoff frequencies between dc and 100 Hz can also be supplied. Two filters are employed in the MP227: a one-pole RC input filter and a two-pole Butterworth output filter. Between them they provide a roll-off rate of 60 dB per decade. The standard 5-Hz response is 60 dB down at 50 Hz. The filter nodes are externally accessible so that the user can modify the frequency-response characteristics. Completely self-contained, the amplifier needs no external drivers. It has an internal power oscillator and an isolated power supply. The isolated supply, which can be used for open-thermocouple indication, supplies a nominal ±4 v dc with respect to the low input terminal and can deliver 3 mA. Power requirements are +15 v at 5 mA and −15 v at 3 mA. Housed in a package with dimensions of 1.2 by 2.8 by 0.5 in., the MP227 operates from 0° to 70°C. It sells for $39 in original-equipment quantities and has a delivery time of four to eight weeks. Analogic Corp., Audubon Road, Wakefield, Mass. 01880. Phone Dick Ferrero at (617) 246-0300 [371] Piezoelectric unit measures speed, acceleration directly The model 1018 piezoelectric sensor provides acceleration and velocity information directly and simultaneously. The unit has no moving parts and can measure acceleration or deceleration of up to 14 g and velocity up to 500 in./s. When used to take measurements at 70°F and at a rate of 100 Hz, the unit provides an output of 100 mv/g ±10% for acceleration measurements and one of 10 mv rms/in./s peak ±11% for velocity measurements. Maximum sensitivity temperature coefficients are 0.03%/°F and 0.06%/°F for acceleration and velocity measurements, respectively, and 3-db pass bands are 0.3 to 7,000 Hz and 0.4 to 7,000 Hz, respectively. The unit can survive shocks of up to 5,000 g. The 1018 has a maximum dynamic output impedance of 50Ω and works from a 15-v dc supply with a maximum ripple of 1 mv for specified response. It measures 2 in. in length, has a 1-in.-wide hex head, and a body diameter of 0.88 in. In single quantities, the model 1018 is priced at $450; delivery is approxiPLUG OUR SOLUTION INTO YOUR TOUGH MEASUREMENT PROBLEM. Only Gould offers a complete range of plug-in signal conditioners to handle your toughest measurement problems. Three of our plugs-ins are exclusive. Our high voltage DC amplifier measures voltages up to 1500 volts. With 100% calibrated zero suppression, you can examine complex wave forms with much better resolution and measure millivolt level signals that are up to 1500 volts DC off-ground. True RMS is critical for fast rise time AC measurements. So only Gould gives you a true RMS plug-in amplifier with calibrated zero suppression. You measure both voltage and current wave forms at crest factors as high as 10 to 1. A unique frequency deviation converter allows you to select center frequencies of 50, 60 and 400 Hz. Four measurement ranges for each center frequency are front panel accessible. With this plug-in you can measure frequency deviations as small as 0.01 Hz. But no matter how specialized or how simple your measurement problem, count on Gould to plug in the right solution. Contact: Gould Inc., Instruments Division, 3631 Perkins Ave. Cleveland, OH 44114. Or Gould Alco S.A., 57 rue St. Sauveur, 91160 Ballainvilliers, France. For brochure call toll-free: 800-325-6400, ext. 77. In Missouri: 800-342-6600. High flexibility Pragmatic. Aesthetic. From hard use lab assignments to easy going office jobs — the flexibility of Cramer Hi-Models is unlimited. Cramer offers the options on a complete line of Hi-Models. Choose footings, posture backs, casters. All Hi-Models are available in a vast selection of decorator fabrics. Frames and legs in mirror, or brushed chrome. We offer Auto-Lift for immediate height changes — Posi-Lok for less frequent height adjustments. Whatever the job type or individual need — Cramer is high in design and practicality. CRAMER Cramer Industries Inc. 625 Adams Street, Kansas City, KS 66105 Phone: 913/621-6700 Toll Free: 800/255-4096 Showrooms in spaces 982 to 985 Chicago Merchandise Mart Kansas City, Los Angeles Circle 170 on reader service card New products mately six to eight weeks. BBN Instruments Co., 50 Moulton St., Cambridge, Mass. 02138. Phone Thomas Glynn at (617) 491-0091 [379] Tachometer generator tells slow-speed tale directly Developed for measuring slow speeds in commercial and industrial operations, the Classic series of permanent-magnet dc tachometer generators deliver outputs of up to 60 v per thousand revolutions per minute, making direct meter readings of very slow rates possible. The continuous-duty device requires no excitation current, connects directly to a dc motor, and can be calibrated for any rotational surface speed or volume measurement required. Its maximum power output is 15 w at 3,600 rpm and it can operate to either 10,000 rpm or 200 v with a capacitor filter. At 25°C, output is linear to within 1% in one direction, 3% in either direction. Carter Motor Co., 2711 W. George St., Chicago, Ill. 60618 [374] Proximity sensors react quickly to all metals The FY series of cylindrical two-wire proximity sensors responds to all types of metals at rates up to 330 operations per minute. The sensors are available with diameters of 18 or 30 mm in shielded and unshielded versions. An individual device's sensing range varies from 5 to 15 mm depending on its diameter and whether or not it is shielded. The units operate with a nominal supply voltage of 120 v at 50 to 60 Hz. Load current is 0.23 A continuous, 3 A maximum inrush, and 20 mA minimum. Priced at approximately $50 in 100-piece quantities, the units are available from stock. Micro Switch Division, Honeywell Inc., 11 W. Spring St., Freeport, Ill. 61032. Phone (815) 235-6600 [376] Berg Quickie Connectors are the logical cable interface for Digital minicomputers Berg Quickie™ Connectors rapidly, reliably terminate multi-lead, flat, round conductor cable—without pre-stripping. Quickie designs allow for visual inspection before and after assembly. Digital Equipment Corporation likes the Quickie connector’s ease of termination and how its askewed tines strip away insulation to assure positive electrical contact. They like the way Quickie Headers latch to maintain connection integrity through vibration and impact. Digital has found it can rely on Berg . . . to supply the products and the application machines that precisely meet its demanding interconnection needs. Berg is experienced. We read interconnection needs like Digital computers read data. We have the products, the background, and the back-up to do the job. Your job. Let’s work on it, together. Berg Electronics, Division E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., New Cumberland, Pa. 17070—Phone (717) 938-6711. We serve special interests—yours! Graphics unit made for PDP-11 High-resolution 16-bit processor has 65,536-word refresh memory The number of suppliers of graphics processors for PDP-11 minicomputers has just increased by one. Computer Design & Applications Inc. is offering a programmable processor on two hex-size boards that slide into the PDP-11 chassis. The MDP-3 is tailored to driving both black-and-white and color monitors to display data derived from systems such as radars, sonars, and computerized axial-tomography scanners. The processor board is a general-purpose 16-bit computer microprogrammed with an instruction set "similar to that of a popular minicomputer," says CD&A president Robert Caspe. The graphics processor is built with the bipolar 2903 bit slice. The refresh memory, on a separate board, consists of 65,536 words by 17 bits. Sixteen bits of each word contain the images to be displayed on the cathode-ray-tube monitor; the 17th bit is for graphic overlays, such as lines for highlighting certain data. Two formats are provided: 512 by 512 interlaced picture elements (pixels) or 256 by 256 noninterlaced pixels. In the former format, 4 bits per pixel are available; in the latter, 16 bits per pixel. Interfacing between the MDP-3 and the host PDP-11 is by means of a programmed input/output interface and a direct-memory-access interface. In the programmed I/O mode, one of two switch-selectable I/O device codes emulates the host's teletypewriter controller to gain access to the host. The DMA interface, Caspe says, provides a "window" for the graphics processor into the host's memory. This allows substantial expansion of the graphics processor memory, but at some cost in memory-accessing speed. Other features of the MDP-3 include an ASCII character generator, memory for 1,024 characters, and zoom capability. Caspe points out that the MDP-3 is part of a family that also includes the recently introduced MIP-3/A, a dual-port, intelligent 12-bit analog-to-digital-converter input processor that can perform conversions without interrupting the PDP-11's central processor. Combined with an earlier product—the MSP-1 floating-point array processor—the input and display processors yield a line of building blocks for data acquisition, processing, enhancement, and display applications. The MDP-3's price is $14,500 in single quantities, dropping to $7,800 each in lots of 50 to 99. Delivery time is 30 days after receipt of order. Computer Design & Applications Inc., 377 Elliot St., Newton, Mass. 02164. Phone Dennis Fennelly at (617) 964-4320 [361] Commercial mini halves entry price First-time buyers of minicomputers for commercial data-processing application will probably be interested in the Eclipse C/150 system. The newest entry in Data General Corp.'s commercial data systems series, the C/150 lowers the entry-level price tag from the $100,000 neighborhood to about $54,000. That price buys a small C/150 system, including 128 kilobytes of main metal-oxide-semiconductor memory; a 10-megabyte cartridge disk; an 800-b/in., 75-in./s magnetWE WIN! 87% of all low-voltage switching power supplies use Schottkys instead of ordinary P-N Diodes. TRW's high power Schottky diodes automatically boost power-conversion efficiency by 10% to 15%. This is because they feature only half the forward voltage drop of ordinary p-n diodes and thus dissipate only half the power for the same amount of forward current. You get less heat, which provides more reliability, less maintenance, and lower overall cost... that's why Schottky diodes are favored eight-to-one over ordinary p-n diodes. We introduced our first high power Schottky in 1973. Since then, we've expanded our product line to the industry's broadest selection of power Schottkys that range from 25 amps to 75 amps, and "Reliability" has become our middle name. Our Schottkys have accumulated over 25 billion (25 x 10^9) device-hours in the field, with less than .018% field unit failures for all causes combined—not bad for a product that some people consider as being frail. And to top that, we're the first Schottky diode supplier to specify the reverse energy capability of our products. With the recent introduction of our 75 amp Schottky diode, the SD-75, we have established yet a higher standard of quality for the industry, which extends to our entire product line. Nobody specifies Schottky diode tolerance to inductive spikes as we do. Before shipping we drive each part into avalanche thousands of times with the reverse energy test. It's your assurance of added design margin. But don't just take our word for it—see for yourself. When you clip and send us the attached coupon, we'll include our application note number 131 which gives all the facts on our reliability and design considerations. TRW Schottky Diodes \| Part No. \| I_F \| Rating \| V_R \| T_J \| Package \| \|------------\|-----\|--------\|-----\|-----\|---------\| \| SD-75 \| 75 \| 45 \| 150°C \| DO-5 \| \| SD-51 \| 60 \| 45 \| 150°C \| DO-5 \| \| SD-5171 \| 60 \| 45 \| 150°C \| DO-5* \| \| SD-41 \| 30 \| 45 \| 150°C \| DO-4 \| \| SD-241 (Dual) \| 30 \| 45 \| 150°C \| TO-3 \| \| 1N6098 \| 50 \| 40 \| 150°C \| DO-5 \| \| 1N6097 \| 50 \| 30 \| 150°C \| DO-5 \| \| 1N6096 \| 25 \| 40 \| 150°C \| DO-4 \| \| 1N6095 \| 25 \| 30 \| 150°C \| DO-4 \| With flex lead For immediate information on TRW Schottky diodes, call John Power at (213) 679-4561. TRW Power Semiconductors An Electronic Components Division of TRW Inc. 14520 Aviation Boulevard, Lawndale, California 90260 ☐ Please send me data sheets on TRW's Schottky diodes. ☐ Please send sample. Current requirement ________ amps. Name ____________________________ Position ___________________________ Company Name ______________________ Address ____________________________ City __________________ State ______ Zip ______ TRW POWER SEMICONDUCTORS ANOTHER PRODUCT OF A COMPANY CALLED TRW Electronics / November 9, 1978 New products ic-tape drive; a 60-character-per-second printer; and the company's real-time disk operating system (RDOS), and Infos and RPG II software packages. For larger configurations, the price ranges up to about $150,000, depending upon the amounts of main and mass storage and upon the peripherals added. In introducing the C/150, Robert Kiburz, manager for Eclipse data systems, strongly emphasizes the unit's compatibility with other Data General minicomputers. He says this means optimum use in distributed data-processing applications, such as inventory control, product distribution, and credit management. Deliveries will begin in January. Data General Corp., Rte. 9, Westboro, Mass. 01581. Phone (617) 366-8911 [362] Function modules tailor computers for laboratory Designed for the researcher who is not a computer expert, the MINC modular computer system performs engineering and scientific computation, laboratory data acquisition, and general-purpose computation. Up to eight function modules of seven different types can be combined: analog-to-digital converter, digital-to-analog converter, digital input, digital output, multiplexer, preamplifier, and programmable clock. To move the system to different lab locations, the user can mount it on an instrument cart. In addition to these modules, MINC employs the RX02 double-density dual-diskette unit for program and data storage and the VT105, a video graphic terminal with full alphanumeric capabilities and a graphic facility of 512 horizontal by 190 vertical positions. Also standard for all MINC configurations is a PDP-11/03 processor with 30 kiloword memory capacity, extended and floating-point instruction sets, three serial-line channels, and an IEEE-488 standard interface that can support as many as 14 laboratory instruments. Software used is MINC Basic, an extension of PDP-11 Basic. The system is priced from $12,500, and deliveries are to begin next month. Digital Equipment Corp. Maynard, Mass. 01754 [364] Military display terminal designed for tight spaces Designed for use in small, harsh areas such as submarine compartments and mobile gun platforms, the PD 3500 is a bulkhead-mountable computer terminal with a 6-in.-thick plasma-display head that contains a plasma panel, panel driver-electronics module, driver timing, and a control-logic module. A separate control unit contains the display processor and power-supply modules; a third unit houses the rugged terminal's keyboard assembly. Standard features of the $14,400 PD 3500 include seven-by-nine-dot and five-by-seven-dot character fonts with an alpha cursor and complete incremental and vector graphics capability. The unit has 5400J integrated circuits or optimal screened parts and includes an RS-232-C serial-communications port and a full alphanumeric, solid-state keyboard. Also included is a 16-bit parallel high-speed microprocessor with a 330-nanosecond execution... New products time that enables the terminal to write a worst-case (that is, longest) vector in 10 milliseconds. On a 512-by-512-element display, the graphics address rate is 50,000 dots/s. Interstate Electronics Corp., P. O. Box 3117, Anaheim, Calif., 92803. [366] Add-in unit puts 256-K bytes in a single PDP-11 slot A single-card memory designed specifically for use with PDP-11/04 and PDP-11/34 minicomputers, the NS11/34Q supplies up to a full 128-k by 18 bits of storage. The dynamic n-MOS random-access memory has a read access time of 300 ns. Depending on memory capacity, options, and quantity ordered, the cards are priced from $2,895 to $7,995 each. Delivery is four weeks. National Semiconductor Corp., 2900 Semiconductor Dr., Santa Clara, Calif. 95051 [368] Display terminal emulates other popular emulators To help original-equipment manufacturers fill user needs regardless of existing equipment configurations, the new I-100 display terminal uses a Z80 microprocessor and programmable read-only memories to emulate the control code sets of other replacement terminals. Priced at $849, the I-100 offers users a wide range of operating features that include computer control of keyboard scanning, screen formatting and editing, paging, and line drawing with a 32-character set. A 1,920-character screen (80 characters/line) offers a 25th line for status displays, as well as a full 96-character ASCII set, switch-selectable baud rates up to 19,200 bits/s, block-mode transmission with protected/unprotected fields, and up to 8 programmable function keys and a 15-key numeric cluster. Infoton Inc., Second Avenue, Burlington, Mass. 01803. Phone (617) 272-6660 [365] New 40 volt, 2 amp monolithic dual power driver. It can drive a relay in a control system. A solenoid in a printer. And light the lamps on a pinball machine. INPUT TTL µP MOS CMOS LAMBDA DUAL POWER DRIVER 40 VOLT 2 AMP LPD 4100 SERIES LOAD STEPPER MOTORS SOLENOIDS LAMPS RELAYS LAMBDA SEMICONDUCTORS LET LAMBDA'S 4100 SERIES MONOLITHIC DUAL POWER DRIVER SOLVE YOUR HIGH CURRENT INTERFACE PROBLEMS THE OLD WAY INPUT TTL µP MOS CMOS DISCRETE CIRCUITRY LOAD LAMBDA'S 40V, 2A DUAL DRIVER A BETTER WAY BETTER BECAUSE: - Two Drivers Per Package - Three Functions—AND, OR, BUFFER—Eliminate External Logic Functions - Two Amps Per Driver Output - Non Darlington Output Transistor For Low VSAT - 100% Compatible With TTL, Low Power Schottky, CMOS. - Duty Cycle Up To 100% (D.C.)—Both Outputs - Hermetic TO-3 Type 8 Pin Package ABSOLUTE MAX RATINGS: Supply Voltage — (VCC) 10V Input Voltage — (VIN) 30V Output Voltage — Output High (VOH) 40V Output Current — Output Low (IOL) 2 Amps Operating Free Air Junction Temperature -55°C to +150°C Storage Temperature -55°C to +200°C Power Dissipation (TOTAL) 6 Watts Power Dissipation (Each Driver) 3 Watts Thermal Resistance-Junction to Case (θJC) 3.5°C/Watt Derating Factor 285MW/°C (From Tc of +104°C) DESCRIPTION: The LPD 4100 Series of Dual Power Drivers are Monolithic bipolar integrated circuits capable of switching load currents of up to two (2) Amperes. The input characteristics of these power drivers are fully compatible with TTL, Low Power Schottky TTL, and CMOS operated at an appropriate power supply level. The functions available in the 4100 series include Dual 2 input AND a Dual 2 input OR, and a Dual buffer. The output of each power driver consists of an open collector transistor which is capable of sustaining 40 volts. The devices are assembled in a hermetic 8-pin TO3 package for low thermal resistance and high reliability. The device is specifically designed to interface TTL logic levels to high current drive requirements, such as relay drivers, lamp drivers, solenoid drivers and stepper motors. RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS: Supply Voltage Maximum (VCC MAX) +5.5 Volts Supply Voltage Nominal (VCCN) +5.0 Volts Supply Voltage Minimum (VCC MIN) +4.5 Volts ORDERING INFORMATION \| MODEL \| LOGIC FUNCTION \| PRICE QTY. \| \|-------\|----------------\|------------\| \| \| \| 1 100 1000 2500 \| \| LPD4101 \| AND \| 6.00 4.00 3.50 3.25 \| \| LPD4104 \| OR \| 6.00 4.00 3.50 3.25 \| \| LPD4106 \| BUFFER \| 6.00 4.00 3.50 3.25 \| ## ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS, 4100 SERIES DUAL AND, OR, BUFFER \| CHARACTERISTIC \| SYMBOL \| JUNCTION TEMPERATURE \| VCC \| DRIVEN INPUT \| OUTPUT \| LIMITS \| OTHER INPUT \| \|---------------------------------\|--------\|----------------------\|-----\|--------------\|--------\|--------\|-------------\| \| "1" INPUT VOLTAGE \| VIH \| 0 - 125° C \| MIN \| \| \| 2.0 \| \| \| "0" INPUT VOLTAGE \| VIL \| 0 - 125° C \| MIN \| \| \| 0.8 \| \| \| "1" INPUT CURRENT \| IIH \| 0 - 125° C \| MAX \| 2.7V \| \| 20 \| \| \| "0" INPUT CURRENT \| IIL \| 0 - 125° C \| MAX \| 0.4V \| \| -50 \| \| \| INPUT CLAMP DIODE VOLTAGE \| VCD \| 0 - 125° C \| MIN \| -12mA \| \| -1.5 \| \| \| "1" OUTPUT REVERSE CURRENT \| IOH \| 0 - 125° C \| MIN \| 2.0V \| 40V \| 100 \| \| \| "0" OUTPUT VOLTAGE \| VOL \| +25° C \| MIN \| 0.8V \| 0.5A \| 0.5 \| \| \| "0" OUTPUT VOLTAGE \| VOL \| +25° C \| MIN \| 0.8V \| 1.0A \| 0.8 \| \| \| "0" OUTPUT VOLTAGE \| VOL \| +25° C \| MIN \| 0.8V \| 2.0A \| 1.5 \| \| \| "1" OUTPUT LEVEL SUPPLY CURRENT \| ICCH \| 0 - 125° C \| MAX \| VCCN \| \| 30 \| \| \| "0" OUTPUT LEVEL SUPPLY CURRENT \| ICCL \| 0 - 125° C \| MAX \| OV \| \| 400 \| \| \| TURN-ON DELAY \| tPD- \| +25° C \| VCCN\| SEE TEST FIGURE \| 350 n Sec \| \| \| \| TURN-OFF DELAY \| tPd+ \| +25° C \| VCCN\| SEE TEST FIGURE \| 2.0 µ Sec \| \| \| PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE ## APPLICATIONS DATA ### Basic Driving Circuit C₁ may be necessary to slow the 4100 slew rate during turn off to prevent overvoltages due to stray inductance. C₂ should be added to prevent ringing in applications where long B⁺ lines are used or when the B⁺ supply has poor transient load regulation. ### Inductive Drive Circuit L is an inductive load such as a relay, solenoid or DC motor. Diode D₁ is necessary to protect the 4100 output transistor from overvoltage switching transients during turnoff. D₁ should be a fast switching diode. ### Parallel Connection of Driver Outputs Outputs from each driver may be connected in parallel to increase load current to 4 amps. OPERATIONAL DATA TYPICAL SWITCHING SPEED WAVEFORMS TYPICAL COLLECTOR Emitter SATURATION VOLTAGE VS COLLECTOR CURRENT (VOL) TYPICAL SUPPLY CURRENT VS AMBIENT TEMPERATURE TYPICAL COLLECTOR-EMITTER SATURATION VOLTAGE VS AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (VOL) TYPICAL PROPAGATION DELAY VS TEMPERATURE TYPICAL PROPAGATION DELAY VS TEMPERATURE PACKAGE CONFIGURATIONS LPD 4101 DUAL AND DRIVER VCC (PIN =7) INPUT 1 (PIN =1) INPUT 2 (PIN =8) INPUT 3 (PIN =4) INPUT 4 (PIN =5) OUTPUT 1 (PIN =2) GROUND (PIN =3 & CASE) OUTPUT 2 (PIN =6) VCC (PIN =7) POSITIVE LOGIC OUTPUT 1 - INPUT 1 INPUT 2 8 PIN TO 3 TYPE PACKAGE (BOTTOM VIEW) .159 DIA .154 .188R .450 .250 .875 DIA MAX .100 .085 .042 DIA .039 500 PIN CIRCLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .40 SWITCHING TEST CIRCUIT PULSE GENERATOR 50 OHM NODE A + 5 VOLTS FOR 4101 AND DRIVER 0.0 VOLTS FOR 4104 OR DRIVER 150 PF +40V LPD 4104 DUAL OR DRIVER VCC (PIN =7) INPUT 1 (PIN =1) INPUT 2 (PIN =8) INPUT 3 (PIN =4) INPUT 4 (PIN =5) OUTPUT 1 (PIN =2) GROUND (PIN =3 & CASE) OUTPUT 2 (PIN =6) VCC (PIN =7) POSITIVE LOGIC OUTPUT 1 - INPUT 1 & INPUT 2 LPD 4106 DUAL BUFFER VCC (PIN =7) INPUT 1 (PIN =1) INPUT 2 (PIN =4) OUTPUT 1 (PIN =2) GROUND (PIN =3 & CASE) OUTPUT 2 (PIN =6) VCC (PIN =7) POSITIVE LOGIC OUTPUT 1 - INPUT 1 SWITCHING WAVEFORMS INPUT WAVEFORM: Tr = Tl ≤ 100 ns Duty Cycle = 10% New 2 amp monolithic dual power driver replaces 5 circuit components. Input compatible with TTL, μP, MOS and CMOS. This... instead of this: Lambda staffed sales and service offices ATLANTIC REGION Melville, New York 11746 515 Broad Hollow Road Tel: 516-694-4209 TWX: 510-224-6484 NORTH-EASTERN REGION Lexington, Massachusetts 02173 2 Mill Street Tel: 617-861-6028 TWX: 710-326-7558 SOUTH-WESTERN REGION Corpus Christi, Texas 78410 121 International Drive Tel: 512-883-6251 MID-WESTERN REGION Arlington Heights, Ill. 60005 2420 East Algonquin St., Unit Q Tel: 312-593-2560 TWX: 910-222-2856 FAR-WESTERN REGION Carson, Calif. 90746 20601 S. Annalies Ave Tel: 213-537-2890 TWX: 910-345-7649 NORTH-WESTERN REGION Sunnyvale, California 94086 550 West El Camino Real Tel: 408-245-0380 TWX: 910-339-9243 FOR TECHNICAL INFORMATION CALL JIM ARNOLD AT (512) 883-6251 121 INTERNATIONAL DRIVE CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS 78410 Lambda Electronics Electronics Magazine Book Series 1. Microprocessors What you must know about available microprocessor technology, devices, information, 4th printing. $8.95 2. Applying Microprocessors 2nd and 3rd generation technology. 26 detailed applications from data networks to video games. $9.95 3. Large Scale Integration Covers the basic technology, new LSI devices, LSI testing procedures, plus system design and applications. $9.95 4. Basics of Data Communications Includes 47 articles from Data Communications magazine covering more than 11 key areas. $12.95 5. Circuits for Electronics Engineers Contains 306 circuits arranged by 51 functions from Amplifiers to Voltage Regulating Circuits. Saves design drudgery. $15.95 6. Design Techniques for Electronics Engineers Nearly 300 articles drawn from "Engineer's Notebook." A storehouse of design problem solutions. $15.95 7. Memory Design: Microcomputers to Mainframes The technology, devices, and applications that link memory components and system design. $12.95 8. New Product Trends in Electronics, Number One From "New Products," state-of-the-art materials and equipment, arranged according to function. $14.95 Discounts of 40% on orders of 10 or more copies of each book. Electronics Book Series P.O. Box 669, Hightstown, NJ 08520 1. Microprocessors Send me ______ copies at $8.95 per copy. 2. Applying Microprocessors Send me ______ copies at $9.95 per copy. 3. Large Scale Integration Send me ______ copies at $9.95 per copy. 4. Basics of Data Communications Send me ______ copies at $12.95 per copy. 5. Circuits for Electronics Engineers Send me ______ copies at $15.95 per copy. 6. Design Techniques for Electronics Engineers Send me ______ copies at $15.95 per copy. 7. Memory Design: Microcomputers to Mainframes Send me ______ copies at $12.95 per copy. 8. New Product Trends in Electronics Send me ______ copies at $14.95 per copy. If after my 10-day free-trial examination I am not fully satisfied I understand that my payment will be refunded. Payment enclosed Bill firm Bill me Charge to my credit card: American Express Diners Club BankAmericard/Visa Master Charge* Acct No. ___________________________ Date Exp. ________________ On Master Charge only, first numbers above name_____________________ Name ____________________________ Title _________________________ Company _______________________________________________________ Street _________________________________________________________ City __________________ State ______ Zip ____________ Signature _______________________________________________________ Electronics / November 9, 1978 Circle 183 on reader service card The Volksmeter Has it All!! LM-3A $134 1% Accuracy • Measures VDC, VAC, Ohms, DCmA & ACmA. • Auto zero & Polarity. • Battery powered with charger unit included. • 1.9"H x 2.7"W x 4.0"D. • Large 0.3" LED display. Non-Linear Systems, Inc. Originator of the digital voltmeter Box N, Del Mar, California 92014 Telephone (714) 755-1134 TWX 910-322-1132 Circle 184 on reader service card New products Microcomputers & systems Development unit works alone or with computer Bit-slice microprocessors are used for their versatility and high speed: their word lengths and instruction sets can be tailored by the designer and, because they are made from bipolar logic, they can operate at clock speeds in excess of those used by metal-oxide-semiconductor microprocessors. Although these devices are fast and flexible, all too often the hardware and software development that is required to incorporate these parts into systems is slow and constraining. To aid designers working on high-speed processors and controllers, the Bipolar Development System acts as a stand-alone, real-time firmware test and integration station, interfacing with a central computer or a development system for code generation. Compatible with all major bit-slice processors and sequencers, the BDS lets users work with their existing software bases. The basic system, which sells for $4,950, includes 32 kilobits of high-speed memory, an object-code editor, and a communications interface. The memory works at cycle rates of up to 20 MHz and can be switch-configured for word widths of 8 to 32 bits. Real-time breakpoints and triggers can be set on the unit's front panel. Instruction modification, problem location, and patching are performed by the BDS editor, which displays words in octal or hexadecimal, while showing selected fields in binary code. A fill command initializes the memory, and an enter command examines or modifies it on a word or bit basis. Other commands initiate scanning of memory sections for a specified bit pattern and duplicate subroutines prior to modification. To simplify system testing, the BDS uses read-only-memory simulation modules that plug directly into the socket of the user's programmable read-only-memory. Standard organizations include 512, 1-k, or 2-k depths by 4- or 8-bit widths for latching and non-latching memories. The ROM simulation modules are priced at $500 to $1,000 depending on quantity and type. The computer used to generate code interfaces with the BDS in a half- or full-duplex mode, with parity, baud rate, and code format selected at the BDS. The 20-mA current-loop or optional RS-232-C interface eliminates the need for tape or other storage and transfer media. Software for use with an Intel development system is offered for $800, including the price of a meta-assembler, and a Fortran-based meta-assembler costs $1,200. Also For OEM: All kinds of memory; one kind of quality. Control Data offers a complete line of semiconductor and core memory. Enclosures, too. And all are precision-engineered and built with the same concern for quality that goes into every product we manufacture. Now with Error Checking and Correction Expanding on our popular 94550 line of Semiconductor Memory, the "94552" is available as a single 64K x 22 array card (16 bit word with 6 bits of ECC). A single Timing/Control Card permits you to expand to 512K words by adding more storage module cards. All mount in an EIA 19" rack only 5¼" high. New Core Compatible Semiconductor Memory Available as a single board system, the 94553 with timing and control on one board is compatible with our multi-sourced industry standard 94300 core memory. Options are 32K or 128K of storage per board and variable word-lengths of 16 to 20 bits. With expandability and modular field expansion of up to eight boards, system storages of 256K and 1024K are possible. Ideal for Byte-Wide Minicomputers Utilizing Unitemp temperature independent core, stable over the entire 0°—90°C MT range, the 94432, 94433 core memory is available as a 32K x 8/9 bit word. Offering a respectable 350 nanosecond access and 1 microsecond full cycle, the memories are compatible with many popular minicomputers on today's market. Put quality behind your nameplate. Call us at 612/830-6135 or if in Europe, contact one of our European representatives. Or return coupon to: Len Muehleisen, Product Sales Manager Computer Memory Manufacturing Division 8001 East Bloomington Freeway Bloomington, Minnesota 55420 Please tell me more about your ☐ Semiconductor ☐ Core Memories Name ____________________________ Title ____________________________ Company __________________________ Phone ____________________________ Address ____________________________ City ____________________________ State ______________ Zip ____________ CONTROL DATA CORPORATION More than a computer company Electronics / November 9, 1978 Volksmeter + A Little Extra For Less LM-3.5A $155 0.5% Accuracy • Measures VDC, VAC, Ohms, DCmA & ACmA. • Auto zero & Polarity. • Battery powered with charger unit included. • 1.9"H x 2.7"W x 4.0"D. • Large 0.3" LED display. Non-Linear Systems, Inc. Originator of the digital voltmeter Box N, Del Mar, California 92014 Telephone (714) 755-1134 TWX 910-322-1132 Circle 186 on reader service card Now a Triac, SCR & Diode Tester for under $4,000! Call Collect John W. Bailey (214) 234-4173 Control & Information Systems, Inc. 10 Spring Valley Village • Richardson, Texas 75080 Circle 228 on reader service card New products for $1,200, an Advanced Communications/Processor Control package will provide RS-232-C, modem, and PROM programmer interfaces, as well as the following additional programming controls: run, step, halt, halt or breakpoint, and cycle. Delivery of complete BDS systems is 30 to 45 days after receipt of order. Step Engineering Inc., P.O. Box 61166, 714 Palomar Ave., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086. Phone Steve Drucker at (408) 733-7837 [341] Desk-top computer built with printer and drive Since desk-top computers are most frequently used with peripheral line printers and floppy-disk drives, designers of the 625 Mark II decided to wrap those components up with their computer in a compact 9.5-by-20-by-28.5-in. package. The Z80-based unit is offered with an extended Basic-language operating system and up to 60 kilobytes of internal random-access memory. The unit's dual floppy-disk drives can be used to store up to 630 kilobytes of program information or processing data. A number of software packages (including a word-processing and text-editing module) are offered on flexible disks. Data can be entered on the standard "qwerty" keyboard, or a 15-key numerical keypad, or a set of 20 keys that can be defined for any of 60 functions. Information can be read from the Mark II's 80-character-by-16-line cathode-ray tube and copied on the integral 40-column line printer. The CRT's 64 graphic characters give the microcomputer a limited graphics capability, and the printer's character sizes can be varied. Five internal board slots accept optional boards that provide interfaces to the IEEE-488 bus, dual serial communications links, and the S100 bus, to name a few. Prices for the 625 Mark II start at $8,000 and delivery takes approximately 60 days. Compucorp, 1901 S. Bundy Dr., Los Angeles, Calif. 90025. Phone (213) 820-2503 [343] Software adds 9900 support to Intel development systems The first in a line of software development products that will link Intel Corp.'s Microprocessor Development Systems and Texas Instruments Inc.'s 9900 16-bit microprocessor family, Pivot 9900 software provides cross support for the TMS 9900 and the SBP 9900. The software runs on any Intel MDS-800 or Series II system with 48-kilobyte memory and ISIS-II software. The Pivot software provides the ability to create and assemble source code, link and locate machine code, simulate and debug programs, and create firmware. It also provides a quantitative measurement of the 9900's performance and, since all editing, file management, and PROM programming remain functions of ISIS-II, it is not necessary for users to learn a new operating system to employ the package. Pivot 9900 is available in single- or double-density floppy-disk versions and comes with complete documentation, including installation and user's manual, assembly language programming manual, and simulator programming manual. Priced at $1,500, the package is available immediately. After purchase, software updates will be provided free for one year. Processor Innovations Corp., 118 Oakland St., Red Bank, N.J. 07701. Phone (201) 842-8110 [344] Instant access to all American and International Data Communications Standards Data communications standards are undeniably necessary and helpful. But...the proliferation of standards by the many committees and groups has left the data communications equipment user and designer searching through numerous publications to find the applicable standards for each job. Now: that time- and effort-wasting trial is over. With the publication of this landmark resource, you can quickly and accurately determine exactly which standards apply to the project at hand, and speedily integrate those standards into your own network requirements. Presents all relevant data communications standards promulgated by: • Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) • International Organization for Standardization (ISO) • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) • Electronic Industries Association (EIA) • Federal Telecommunications Standard Committee (FTSC) Need to know the latest standards for... • data transmission over public data networks? • computers and information processing systems? • peripheral equipment? • signal quality and analog and digital interfaces? It's all here, and more, complete with introductory descriptions of the groups that promulgate the standards... and relational charts of similar interfacing standards produced by different groups. Edited by HAROLD C. FOLTS, data communications standards consultant; and HARRY R. KARP, Editor-in-Chief, Data Communications, McGraw-Hill Publications Company 1133 pages Design Engineers Find the technical specs you need instantly. Planning Engineers Determine which standards apply to a vast range of networks and components. Operations Managers Learn whether the equipment you're buying will operate at all applicable standards. Order today using this coupon! Return coupon to: Data Communications Standards P.O. Box 669 Hightstown, New Jersey 08520 Send me ______ copy (copies) of DATA COMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS (099782-9) on a 10-day money-back guarantee. I understand that if I am not absolutely satisfied, I may return the book(s) within ten days at no further obligation. Otherwise, McGraw-Hill will bill me $165. for each copy, plus applicable sales tax, shipping and handling charges. Name ____________________________________________ Title _____________________________________________ Company __________________________________________ Address ___________________________________________ City ______________________ State ________________ Zip ____________ SAVE MONEY! Enclose payment in full, plus local sales tax, and McGraw-Hill pays all regular shipping and handling charges. Ten-day money-back guarantee still applies. Check enclosed ______ Bill me ______ Bill my company ______ Company purchase order # This offer subject to acceptance by McGraw-Hill Du Pont slashes fiber-optic prices The realization of large-quantity production orders, coupled with anticipation of even higher volumes, has led the Du Pont Co. of Wilmington, Del., to make substantial price reductions on its plastic- and silica-core fiber-optic cables. In effect immediately, the reductions average approximately 35% on orders of 50,000 meters and up, with smaller reductions available on lower-quantity orders. The firm's single- and double-channel standard plastic-core cables, PFX-P140 and PFX-P240, are reduced 17% to $1.25 per meter and $2.50/m, respectively. Also, lower-attenuation plastic-core, single-channel cable PFX-PIR140; is lowered 22% to $1.75/m; single-channel PFX-S120 and two-channel PFX-S220 silica-core cables are reduced 40% to $1.35/m and 48% to $2.70/m, respectively. Hughes adds to C-MOS line Hughes Aircraft Co., Newport Beach, Calif., is beefing up support for its 1800 microprocessor family with the addition of three new complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits: a read-only memory, a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter, and an input/output decoder. All three units are compatible with the HCMP 1802 microprocessor. Organized as 2,048 by 8 bits, the HCMP 1835 ROM typically draws less than 2 mA at 5 v. Its 16-bit address is time-multiplexed into two banks of 8 bits; access time is about 750 ns. The UART has two modes—one for operating with such standard UARTs as the TR1602, the other for compatibility with the 1802. The HCMP 1853 decoder provides control for up to 14 I/O devices. DEC rounds out printer line With an announcement early last week, Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass., rounded out its line of printers to include table-top and tractor-feed models. Two DECwriter IV models—the LA34 and LA38—have a baud rate of 300 (or 110), print using a nine-by-seven dot matrix, and have a full 128-character ASCII set. The LA34—a table-top unit with roll-type feed—will sell for $975 in quantities of 100. The table-top LA38, which offers tractor and roll-type feeds, has a separate 18-key pad for fast entry of numbers; it will be sold as part of digital systems starting late next spring for $1,700 in single units. At the top of the DECwriter line is the bidirectional LA120, with its 180-character-per-second printing rate and baud rates of 50 to 9,600. The tractor-feed DECwriter III will sell for $1,830 in hundreds starting in January. Intel's 32-kilobit EPROM draws little power Although Intel Corp. is behind Texas Instruments in launching a 32,768-bit ultraviolet-light-erasable programmable read-only memory, the Santa Clara, Calif., firm is expected to unveil, at Electronica in Munich, its 2732 device whose singular pinout [Electronics, Sept. 14, p. 85] gives it a chip-enable function to power it down for standby operation. In the standby mode, power consumption is cut from 24 to 4 μW per bit. The memory operates from a single 5-v power supply. Maximum access time is 450 ns. The U.S. price will be $147.30 for single units; in lots of 100 or more, the part will sell for $91.65 each. Get a quote on economical precision KL-3 coldweld crystals. You may be happily surprised. Because today our coldweld crystals cost no more than solder seal crystals for ± .001% calibration tolerance, and are only slightly more expensive than solder seal crystals with looser tolerances. The specs are definitely better. Frequencies in 11 ranges from 8 to 160 MHz. Drift ± 20 ppm/-30 to +70° C. Maximum aging from 3 ppm/year to 5 ppm/year depending on frequency ordered. Good specs at unbeatable prices. See the Gold Book, EEM, or write: CTS Knights, Inc., 400 Reimann Ave., Sandwich, IL 60548. Phone (815) 786-8411. CTS KNIGHTS, INC. Circle 190 on reader service card $6500 The Intecolor 8080 Development System Gives You Total In-House Control. You probably already realize that an in-house development system would give you a lot more control, flexibility and efficiency. You may not realize that now you can afford one. Our new low-cost 8080 development system features a 19-inch, 8-color data entry terminal with an Intel 8080 micro computer. A 110 CPS bi-directional desk top printer. A dual mini disk drive and our 2708/2746 PROM programmer. It also includes a sophisticated ROM-based Text Editor and Assembler. And as an option, a FORTRAN compiler with double precision by Microsoft®. Call 800 241-9699 toll-free for a demonstration. (In Georgia, call 404/449-5961.) Color Communicates Better Intelligent Systems Corp. 5965 Peachtree Corners East/Norcross, Georgia 30071 Telephone 404/449-5961 TWX: 810-766-1581 Circle 231 on reader service card Why should I pay for Electronics when other magazines in the field are free? Think of it this way: Would the other publishers in the field give away their magazines if they could sell them? Another question: Would 93,067 worldwide subscribers pay to read Electronics if it weren't a far better magazine than the "giveaways"? And finally: If Electronics is worth your time (which you are investing in the magazine right now), isn't it worth 58 cents? That's the cost per copy based on a one year U.S. subscription. Based on our long-term subscriptions, the cost is even less. Send in a subscription card from this magazine. If someone has beat you to them, write subscription department, Electronics, McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. ABC Publisher's Statement—June 1978 Electronics Magazine. The one worth paying for. EDP books you can't afford to be without MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS MANUAL by Motorola, Inc. 435/278 Pub. Pr., $32.50 Club Pr., $24.00 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES by A. B. Tucker, Jr. 654/158 Pub. Pr., $19.95 Club Pr., $14.95 MICRO-ANALYSIS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE by B. Beizer 785/058 Pub. Pr., $22.50 Club Pr., $17.25 DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING SYSTEMS by J. Breslin & C. B. Tashenberg 783/926 Pub. Pr., $19.95 Club Pr., $16.96 AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING HANDBOOK edited by The Diebold Group, Inc. 168/075 Pub. Pr., $34.95 Club Pr., $23.75 A DISCIPLINE OF PROGRAMMING by E. W. Dijkstra 770/115 Pub. Pr., $19.95 Club Pr., $15.75 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE & ORGANIZATION by J. Hayes 273/634 Pub. Pr., $21.50 Club Pr., $16.50 THE COMPULATOR BOOK Building Super Calculators & Minicomputer Hardware with Calculator Chips by R. P. Haviland 783/578 Pub. Pr., $10.95 Club Pr., $9.30 MICROPROGRAMMING PRIMER by H. Katzan, Jr. 333/874 Pub. Pr., $20.95 Club Pr., $15.70 DIGITAL COMPUTER DESIGN by R. Kline 784/450 Pub. Pr., $19.50 Club Pr., $15.75 MINICOMPUTERS: Structures and Programming by T. G. Lewis & J. W. Doerr 773/009 Pub. Pr., $13.95 Club Pr., $11.75 COMPUTER DATA STRUCTURES by J. L. Palitz 497/435 Pub. Pr., $19.50 Club Pr., $14.60 MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS by G. V. Rao 783/659 Pub. Pr., $24.50 Club Pr., $19.50 THE 8080A BUGBOOK MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACING AND PROGRAMMING by P. R. Rony, D. G. Larsen & J. A. Titus 783/845 Pub. Pr., $9.95 Club Pr., $8.45 PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS by C. Sippl 784/493 Pub. Pr., $13.95 Club Pr., $11.50 ERROR-DETECTING CODES, SELF CHECKING, CIRCUITS, AND APPLICATIONS by J. Wakerly 784/574 Pub. Pr., $18.95 Club Pr., $15.50 Introductory offer to new members of the Computer Professionals' Book Club Special $1.89 bonus book comes to you with your first club selection THIS professional club is designed to meet your day-to-day on-the-job needs by providing practical books in your field on a regular basis at below publisher prices. If you're missing out on important technical literature—if today's high cost of reading curbs the growth of your library—here's the solution to your problem. The Computer Professionals' Book Club was organized for you, to provide an economical reading program that cannot fail to be of value. Administered by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, all books are chosen by qualified editors and consultants. Their understanding of the standards and values of the literature in your field guarantees the appropriateness of the selections. How the Club operates: Thirteen times a year you receive free of charge The Computer Professionals' Book Club Bulletin. This announces and describes the Club's featured book for that period as well as alternate selections available at special members' prices. If you want to examine the Club's featured selection, you do nothing. If you prefer one of the alternate selections—or if you want no book at all—you notify the club by returning the card enclosed with each Bulletin. As a Club Member, you agree only to the purchase of four books (including your first selection) over a two-year period. Considering the many books published annually, there will surely be at least four you would want to own anyway. By joining the club, you save both money and the trouble of searching for the best books. VALUES UP TO $34.95 WITH MAJOR DISCOUNTS ON ALL OTHER CLUB SELECTIONS. Your bonus books come with the first selection, and you may choose both of them from the books described in this special introductory offer. EXTRA SAVINGS: Remit in full with your order, plus any local and state tax, and McGraw-Hill will pay all regular postage and handling charges. NO RISK GUARANTEE: If not completely satisfied return selections for full refund and membership cancellation. MAIL THIS COUPON TODAY COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS/Book Club P.O. Box 582 Princeton Road, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520 Please enroll me as a member and send me the two books I have circled on the bonus book selection section of this coupon. I will pay the bonus book selection price of $1.89 plus my first selection, plus tax, postage and handling. If not completely satisfied, I may return the books within 10 days and request that my membership be cancelled. I agree to purchase at least two more books from the additional books during the next two years at special Club prices. I also agree to the discount offered when I receive the Club Bulletin 13 times a year. If I want to examine the featured selection, I need take no action. If I want an alternate selection, no book is billed. I simply notify the Club. Returning the coupon is easy; always mail promptly. I will always have minimum of 10 days in which to return the card and you will cancel my membership if I don't buy the featured book. In any case, Membership in the Club is continuous but cancellable by me at any time after the four-book purchase requirement has been met. This offer is open to residents of the United States. Orders from outside the continental U.S. must be prepaid. Company, business, or institutional tax exemption status is not applicable to purchases made through individual Club memberships. All prices subject to change without notice. Offer good to new members only. Postage and handling charges will be added to all subsequent shipments. Write Code # of $1.89 bonus book selection here Write code # of first selection here NAME ____________________________________________ ADDRESS _________________________________________ CITY _____________________________________________ STATE _______ ZIP ___________ P39313 New literature Rentals. "I/O Terminals and Data Test Instruments," an eight-page brochure, lists a wide range of data communications equipment with the manufacturers, model numbers, descriptions, and rental rates. Some of the devices offered include calculator systems, acoustic couplers/modemously with the growth process (real-time process monitoring), including the reflection electron diffraction system and the quadruple mass spectrometer; and those for use sequentially with growth, including the auger electron spectrometer. Varian Palo Alto Vacuum Division, 611 Hansen Way, Palo Alto, Calif. 94303 [423] Solar power products. Seven data sheets provide information on the electrical characteristics, typical performance curves, dimensions, environmental performance, and applications of a terrestrial solar power product line. The Concentrator solar power module is suited for low-power remote-battery trickle-charging applications, while the 20-watt solar module is ideally suited to charge 12-volt batteries and may be interconnected in series-parallel configurations to meet high-power requirements. OCLI Photoelectronics Division, Marketing Department, 15251 E. Don Julian Rd., City of Industry, Calif. 91746 [424] Semiconductor selection. Presented in an eight-page brochure are typical applications for Schottky, p-i-n, silicon step recovery, and limiter diodes, along with specifications and package recommendations. The "Semiconductor Selection Guide" can be obtained from Aerotech Industries, 825 Steward Dr., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086 [422] Molecular-beam epitaxy system. Described in a 12-page brochure is the MBE-360 molecular-beam epitaxy process and its applications. The parts that make up the system are explained thoroughly—the vacuum system, the work chamber, the epitaxy equipment, and the specimen load lock. Two types of analytical instruments are offered with the MBE-360: those for use simultaneously with the growth process (real-time process monitoring), including the reflection electron diffraction system and the quadruple mass spectrometer; and those for use sequentially with growth, including the auger electron spectrometer. Varian Palo Alto Vacuum Division, 611 Hansen Way, Palo Alto, Calif. 94303 [423] Microwave. "Microwave Transistor Designer's Guide," a 136-page booklet, is meant for the circuit designer working with the complex problems of this technology. It provides information on amplifier and oscillator design characteristics—specifically, S-parameters, gain, stability, noise figure, and noise-figure measurement. In addition, a section on reliability profiles processing sequences, failure rates versus time, and conditions of operation. This guide can be obtained from Microwave Associates Inc., South Avenue, Burlington, Mass. [430] Buy and rent. The "Continental Equipment Sales Catalog Summer 1978" lists over 500 electronic test instruments for sale, rent, or lease by manufacturer and model number along with the price. Specifications are also given. Continental Resources Inc., 175 Middlesex Turnpike, Bedford, Mass. 01730 [425] Electronic switches. Three types of electronic switches that cover the range from 0.5 to 1,000 MHz are described in a 12-page catalog. One type has a balanced design without integral drivers, the second has integral TTL-compatible drivers, and the third integral TTL drivers. Specifications and diagrams of each type of switch are provided. Order catalog ES-788 from Lorch Electronics Corp., 105 Cedar Lane, Englewood, N.J. 07631 [426] Metals, materials, and processes. Designed for those who use precious metals in components, films, and electroplating processes, this 23-page booklet describes electrical contact materials for switches, thermostats, appliances, telephone relays, voltage regulators and circuit breakers. It also discusses thick-film conductor materials and systems for use on conductors, capacitors, resistors, and hybrid circuits. Engelhard Industries Customer Service, 2655 U.S. 22, Union, N.J. 07083 [427] Ac and dc motors. Specifications and information for a line of precision miniature ac and dc motors, gearmotors and blowers are given in a 24-page catalog. It is available from TRW Globe Motor Division, 2275 Stanley Ave., Dayton, Ohio 45404 [428] Tachometers. Presented in a 12-page brochure is a line of Zero-Max tachometers that can be used to measure any production value that depends on rotary or continuous-linear motion. "Tachometers" discusses the features, operational characteristics, specifications, and dimensions of fixed and portable analog tachometers and the Maxi-Tach digital tachometer. The units are designed to indicate speed accurately from 0 to 2,000 revolutions per minute, as well as such rate functions as parts per hour, percent of capacity, and gallons per minute. Zero-Max Industries Inc., 2845 Harriet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 55408 [429] Ion-implanted diodes. A 24-page catalog gives information on a line of diodes that includes: ion-implanted, hyper-abrupt- and abrupt-junction; p-i-n; and low-voltage zener diodes. The "Implion Semiconductor Catalog" provides selection guides and electrical characteristics for each diode series. KSW Electronics Corp., South Bedford Street, Burlington, Mass. 01803 [431] The Solar Energy Research Institute located in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains near Denver, Colorado has an immediate requirement for a Digital Engineer. Position involves heading the hardware efforts in support of research oriented data acquisition, and control systems using distributive data processing techniques. Requires MSEE or BSEE with a minimum of five years experience in the following areas: computer telecommunications, real time mini and micro computer hardware and software, discrete and microcomputer based logic interfaces. Qualified applicants are invited to submit detailed resumes (no phone calls) including professional references and salary history. SERI will only consider applicants who provide materials requested above. Faculty Position in Electrical Engineering. The preferred area is Power Systems, but all others considered. An earned doctorate in Electrical Engineering is preferred but an M.S.E.E. with considerable industrial experience should apply. You will be expected to teach undergraduate and graduate level courses. Salary commensurate with qualifications. Assistant Professor position renewable 9-month contract to begin August 16, 1979. Applications accepted until position filled. Contact Dr. Virgil Ellerbeuch, Head, Electrical Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007. Phone 605-688-4526. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Research Opportunity in Low Noise Electronics—National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Postdoctoral Regular or Senior Associateship for one year at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. Studies are being conducted in low noise amplifier design and operation. Laboratory measurement of characteristics of devices and circuits based on semiconductor physics will be investigated in order to aid the development of silicon devices designed and produced at Goddard. Emphasis of work will be on Charge Transfer Device and photoconductor readouts requiring the application of basic principles of noise theory. The preamplifiers usually will be cryogenically cooled and will be used with IR CID's, CCD's, and photoconductors. In a separate program, emphasis is also sought for IR heterodyne (GHz) systems. Theoretical knowledge and laboratory experience is required for this position, which will help set the course for future investigations in IR astronomy. Contact Dr. John F. Arens, Mail Code 693.2, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771. 301-982-2865/4679. Application materials should be directed to: Associate Executive Office, NH 608Gj National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W., Washington D.C. 20418. The Electrical Engineering Department, University of Utah, has a faculty position opening January 1979, for a person with a Ph.D. and a strong digital hardware background. The successful candidate will receive an Assistant Professor rank, and will be responsible for the undergraduate and graduate programs in the digital area. Opportunity exists for generation of new courses in both areas and research will be strongly encouraged. Also, there will be job opportunity for participation in the expansion of computer science department and a new facility and staff capable of fabricating large-scale digital integrated circuits. Send resume to Dr. Carl H. Durney, Chairman, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Utah is an equal opportunity employer. If you're not enjoying your career, we have a proposition for you. Join us in the beautiful, suburban community of Canoga Park. Here, at Hughes Missile Systems Group, we can offer you the casual lifestyle many people seek, plus the challenge of exciting research and development projects. Why not look into our opportunities today? MISSILE SYSTEMS ANALYSTS Company-funded programs plus exciting long-range contracts have created several truly fine career opportunities, at both entry and senior levels, in our Advanced Program Laboratory for systems analysts to engage in the conceptual design and development of advanced Radar and Electro-optical Missile guidance systems. Task assignments of requirements, functional design, analysis and operational software development/integration. Our experience suggests that incumbents most comfortable on the job are those with BS, MS, PhD degrees in E.E., ME, Aerospace, Computer Science or Physics, combined with a background in one or more of the following disciplines: - Detection estimation theory - Advanced signal processing techniques - Classical or modern control theory - Target signature analysis - Optical design analysis - Pattern recognition - Real time software design - Waveform analysis - Kalman filter and estimation theory RF ENGINEERS Experienced in microwave circuit design. Duties will involve Circuit Analysis; Design for automatic test station and writing programs for automatic test units and circuit subassemblies. A background on equipment operating at frequencies up to 16 GHz is desirable. Computerized Test Equipment Engineers - Experience in digital logic and analog circuit design. To perform digital and analog circuit design for an automatic test station and write programs to automatically test circuit cards. Power supply design/analysis experience desired for some positions. - To design software/hardware for minicomputer-based automatic test equipment. Required: Experience on digital systems. I.H.F., 21MK, RTE experience highly desirable. Systems Test & Evaluation Engineers To perform developmental test of missiles at systems/subsystems level; plan tests and evaluate results. Experience desired in guided missiles, avionics, or airborne radar technology. Digital hardware and software helpful. BSEE desired. Circuits Design Engineers With recent relevant experience in the design and development of RF/IF, digital, or analog circuits for communication systems. BSEE/software hardware application experience also desired. Must be familiar with applicable state-of-the-art components—phase and frequency lock loops, wide and narrow receivers, use of microprocessors. Systems Engineers These positions require system engineering for missile systems using radar and electro-optical technologies. This includes defining design characteristics, interfacing test requirements, and performing trade studies. Weaponry experience not required, but previous systems engineering, servo analysis, or circuit or logic design experience in the above technologies is desirable. Systems Analysts To perform design and analysis for state-of-the-art electro-optical missile seekers. Job assignments require ability to develop mathematical models for missile guidance systems performance evaluation. Proficiency in advanced one and two-dimensional signal processing techniques desired. Digital Systems Design Engineer To participate in digital systems analysis and designer trade offs on RF-components, subsystems and systems. Write design requirements, specifications and test requirements. Do RF modeling, hybrid missile flight simulation. Knowledge of Machine Languages, Basic and Fortran. Familiarity with microprocessor use in analytical and control systems. Interface equipment to systems. Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) Systems Engineers Several openings in our ROLAND Division for system test engineers with a background or interest in computer based automatic test equipment, for testing L band and K band radar units. Must be familiar with Basic or Atlas programming. Will be responsible for unit application software development, maintenance, and tasks related to production test stations. Product Engineers Experienced in CAD, including interactive graphics; ability to do product design for high-rated production and knowledge of hybrid microelectronics and circuit partitioning required. Design experience in hybrids and electronic subassemblies desirable. Microwave Engineers Growth in microwave and in microwave product development requirements for radar missiles has created immediate openings in: - Microwave Antennas - Solid State Transmitter - Microwave Sources and Receivers - Missile Radomes - RF/Microwave Mechanical Systems Engineering PLATFORM DESIGN ENGINEERS To perform design analysis and/or development test of components/subassemblies in gyro stabilized platforms (i.e. motors, bearings, pickoffs, mechanisms). Background in CAD of devices, finite element analysis, and mass properties desired. Openings for both senior and junior-level candidates. LSI DESIGN ENGINEERS - LSI Design Engineers needed for analog and digital circuit design for MOS/CCD and bipolar custom LSI. Positions require complete design responsibility including partitioning, establishing design requirements and directing layout and evaluation testing. - IC Manufacturing Support Engineers to interface between LSI design group and IC production facilities. Positions require knowledge of IC production and assembly techniques and the ability to schedule and monitor IC prototype and production manufacturing. LSI/DESIGN AUTOMATION FOR THE 80'S - Simulator Design to develop and maintain functional, logic and circuit verification. Responsibilities will include algorithmic development, software implementation, and user interface design, as well as Design Engineer one-to-one assistance. - Automated Artwork Generation and Checking. You'll develop and maintain artwork design rule checking and mask level circuit regeneration software. Responsibilities will include algorithmic development, software implementation and user interface design, as well as user assistance. - Semiconductor Modeling and Analysis. You'll develop and maintain circuit-level semiconductor models, and use those models to determine process design rules and standard LSI cells. Responsibilities will include model development, model parameter determination, software implementation, and circuit analysis, as well as Design Engineer one-to-one assistance. - Scientific Programmers with background in high level languages, structural programming and data structures. You will develop new programs in support of interfaces, including graphics as well as design and implement automation hardware. Our offers include an excellent salary and benefits package. For immediate and confidential consideration, please send your resume and salary history to: Employment Manager, Hughes Missile Systems Group, Fallbrook at Roscoe, Canoga Park, CA 91304. HUGHES HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY U.S. citizenship required • Equal opportunity M/F/HC employer MULTIPLE MIRROR TELESCOPE ENGINEERS The Multiple Mirror Telescope Observatory now nearing completion on Mt. Hopkins, near Tucson, Arizona, requires two electronic engineers. Electronic Servo Field Engineer Electronic Digital Field Engineer The servo and digital engineers provide field skills related to the completion, system development, operation, maintenance and improvement of the Multiple Mirror Telescope. This state of the art observatory includes: - A rotating building - A computer controlled alt-azimuth mount for the telescope. - The six 72-inch diameter primary mirrors that make this the third largest telescope in the world. - The many laser control servo systems that are a part of the active optics control of the telescope place this telescope at the forefront of modern technology. The field engineers should have a B.S. in electrical engineering or equivalent and prior experience in their fields. It is desirable that the digital engineer have experience with the operation and interfacing of Data General minicomputers. Sales experience is not essential. Reply to: Staff Employment Center, 1717 East Speedway, Tucson, Arizona 85721. Or call: Dr. W. F. Hoffmann at (602) 626-1558. An Equal Opportunity, Affirmative Action, Title IX, Section 504 Employer. EASTERN REGIONAL SALES MANAGER The rapid growth of a well established minicomputer peripheral manufacturer has created an outstanding sales management opportunity. This unique position requires an experienced professional to: - Select, train and motivate a field sales force. - Supervise and evaluate sales reps. - Participate directly in key OEM sales. - Participate in new product decisions. If you have a proven record of sales management success in the computer industry, we are interested in having you as part of our fast growth marketing team. Please send resume and salary requirements to: George Fink Data Systems Design, Inc. 3130 Coronado Drive Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 249-9353 CABLE TV FIELD ENGINEER A.S. or B.S. in E.E. First class FCC license. CATV experience desirable. Considerable travel required. Headquartered — Schenectady, NY. Salary negotiable, commensurate with experience. All replies confidential. Send resume to: Employee Relations Office General Electric Cablevision Corp. 1400 Balltown Road Schenectady, NY 12309 An equal opportunity employer HOUSTON, TEXAS ELECTRONIC DESIGN AND PROJECT ENGINEERS The automatic control systems segment of our industry is expanding and is currently in need of individuals with analog/digital design capability. Microprocessor experience is a major plus on both R & D and product design. Competitive salaries and benefits. For further information, contact Russell Ballentine or John O'Dell at (713) 621-9050 All Fees Assumed By Client Companies Job-seekers... be the first to know with McGraw-Hill's Advance Job Listings By having our weekly ADVANCE JOB LISTINGS sent to your home every Monday you can be the first to know about openings both in and out of your field. AJL will enable you to contact anxious recruitment managers BEFORE their ads appear in upcoming issues of 21 McGraw-Hill publications. To receive a free sample copy, plus information about our low subscription rates, fill out and return the coupon below. ADVANCE JOB LISTINGS / P.O. BOX 900 / NY 10020 PLEASE SEND A SAMPLE COPY OF ADVANCE JOB LISTINGS TO NAME ____________________________________________ ADDRESS _________________________________________ CITY _____________________________________________ STATE / ZIP _______________________________________ Electronics / November 9, 1978 IT'S HAPPENING AT FAIRCHILD: State-of-the-art test systems technology in an employee-oriented environment. Fairchild's fast growing Test Systems Group in San Jose can offer you the chance to work in a highly creative atmosphere emphasizing advanced systems design technology and innovative computer-controlled integrated test systems. In short, a total systems environment from concept to hardware, using the most advanced design techniques. At Fairchild's Test Systems Group, you'll enjoy a small-company atmosphere which encourages and rewards individual efforts and achievements. Plus an outstanding salary/benefits package and unique career advancement and education aid programs. We'd like to tell you more about what's happening at Fairchild's Test Systems Group. And hear about what's happening with you. Contact us by sending a resume or filling in the coupon and we'll send you an application. Or spend just a couple of minutes calling our toll-free number (800) 821-2280 extension 916 for a quick review of your background. Fairchild is an equal opportunity employer m/f. Our long-term growth plan includes new product introductions for VLSI and high-speed component test systems. These efforts have created openings in these areas: Test Engineers/All Levels This is your opportunity to work directly with design engineers involved in developing state-of-the-art circuitry for advanced ECL designs. You'll design and work with the latest automatic testing equipment and develop manufacturing test programs. To qualify, you should have related experience and familiarity with Assembly and FORTRAN languages. (We'll train you in more advanced software languages.) Systems Test Technicians/All Levels You'll be involved in subassembly and final test of large-scale digital/analog systems. These positions offer excellent advancement potential and require an AA in electronics or BSET or equivalent experience. Production/Materials Planner To qualify, you should have production/materials planning experience in an electronics instrumentation manufacturing environment. Position interested in ____________________________________________ ☐ Resume attached ☐ Please send application Contact phone # ______________________ Name ___________________________________________________________ Address _________________________________________________________ City, State, Zip ___________________________________________________ 1725 Technology Drive San Jose, California 95110 Attn: Elaine Nelke, Employment Manager FAIRCHILD TEST SYSTEMS GROUP The SYSTEMS division of Litton has DOUBLED its size in the past four years, and TRIPLED volume in SALES creating one of the more STABLE environments in industry. Positions of uncommon potential are now available in Defense and non-Defense contracts. Ask us about them! ANALOG OR DIGITAL PROCESSING • LSI application • High speed data conversion • Power supplies TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS DESIGN • Advanced digital subsystems including TDM • RF and analog subsystems including frequency synthesis and FDM techniques • Microprocessors and related real-time operating systems software • Voice switching systems ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEMS • State-of-the-Art, ESM/ECM • Signal processing ELECTRONIC WARFARE PROCESSING – HARDWARE • Microwave subsystem design • Circuit design — RF, video, analog, high speed A/D converters • EW digital subsystem design — signal sorting, microprocessors/microcontroller design, computer interfacing RF • Microwave communications and receiving systems • High Sensitivity DF Receivers • Solid state microwave component design We are located in a pleasant college town in Maryland with rolling hills, and the Chesapeake Bay and nation’s capital less than an hour away. If this sounds like the opportunity you seek, please send your resume including salary history in confidence to: W.L. McAmis Amecon Division LITTON SYSTEMS, INC. 51115 Calvert Rd., College Park, MD 20740 An equal opportunity employer: M/F/H Send your resume to the good people company. Signetics, MS 300, 811 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086. We are an equal opportunity employer m/f. The Good People Company. Signetics a subsidiary of U.S. Philips Corporation Analog Engineers San Francisco Peninsula Hewlett-Packard Corporate Laboratories located in Palo Alto, California, has immediate openings for Senior Electronics Engineers. Research opportunity to design and build analog electronics to probe the bandwidth limits of digital disc and tape recording technologies. The electronics will be used to write and read data with advanced heads and media. MS/PhD and experience with state-of-the-art analog design at high data rates is required. Hewlett-Packard provides a stimulating work environment and outstanding compensation and benefits. Please send resumes to George F. Corkins, 1501 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304. We are an equal opportunity employer dedicated to affirmative action. HEWLETT PACKARD Electronics / November 9, 1978 Join a people-oriented TELECOMMUNICATIONS company that is not only stable, but also growing rapidly to meet the expanding demand for a variety of communication systems. Our customers depend on us for excellence in design, manufacture, and service of sophisticated video, voice and data communication systems. We offer a rewarding career, excellent advancement potential, interface with the best and brightest people in the industry, and personal growth and development in a dynamic organization. OTHER ENGINEERING OPENINGS . . . SEMICONDUCTOR TEST ENGINEER We seek an Engineer with a BSEE (or equivalent) and 2-5 years experience testing and evaluating low and high frequency semiconductor components such as Diodes, Transistors, Linear and Digital Integrated Circuits. Knowledge of component failure analysis, Sentry II programming and some circuit design experience is desirable. (Job #HM-007). TEST EQUIPMENT ENGINEER Position requires experience in analog and digital circuit design, preferably in the area of test equipment. Some programming background desirable. Ability to convert engineering test requirements into finished production test equipment. You must be able to analyze existing test facilities and processes, and design and implement cost effect improvements. BSEE or equivalent experience required. MSEE preferred. (Job #JC 1). APPLICATION ENGINEER Responsible for analyzing customer orders and determining exact detailed requirements. This requires performing varying amounts of System Engineering, scheduling, contract interpretation and direct customer or sales contact plus factory support. Must have a BSEE or equivalent and prior technical exp in the following areas: microwave radio, multiplex, supervisory and control and switching systems. SYSTEMS ENGINEERS Determine the proper configuration of radio, FDM or PCM multiplex and data equipment to meet customers' communications requirements. System problems such as electrical interfacing with existing networks, calculation of channel signal-to-noise ratios, and analysis of potential microwave radio interference situations will be solved. BSEE or equivalent degree and some experience required. Positions are in our E.F.I. Engineering Group. (Job #RW1) MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION ENGINEER Utilize topographic and other maps to select radio repeater sites, determine tower heights and antenna equipment needed to meet customers communications requirements. You will also calculate system noise performance, predict radio propagation reliability and analyze potential microwave interference situations. BSEE or equivalent degree and experience required. (Job #WE1). MECHANICAL DESIGNER Develop instrumentation interface equipment (vacuum operated fixtures, manual adaptors, etc.) and printed circuit card handling equipment at test stations. (Job #TS1). PRODUCT ASSURANCE FOR INCOMING INSPECTION Will be responsible for the automatic testing area, involving the supervision of 4 people, automatic handler adjustments, and the debugging & operation responsibility for Fairchild Santry II and Lorelin test equipment. (Job #HW1). RELIABILITY ENGINEER (ELECTRONICS) We are seeking an Engineer to perform Reliability Analysis and testing of communication equipment including reliability predictions, assessment allocation, and circuit stress analysis. Requires BSEE and some related experience. (Job #PY-1). We are an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. GTE Lenkurt benefits are an outgrowth of a feeling of responsibility toward the employee that has always prevailed. Some benefits are entirely at the option of the Employee — as they should be. Others are automatic. Taken as a whole, they represent a comprehensive, competitive package that can offer a distinct advantage to the user. Consider the following: Excellent salaries; Relocation Reimbursement, paid vacations and Holidays; Medical, Dental, Life and Disability Insurance; stock purchase; savings and investment program; 100% tuition refund; pension plan; Employee Store, Credit Union and Recreation Center privileges. ENVIRONMENT... Is What Makes Itek Different! In our multiproduct, multidimensional environment, talented professionals explore their own ideas and applications to the limit. It is through the input of Itek's creative people that we've attained and maintained leadership in sophisticated optical systems. If your current environment is stunting your career or professional growth, you owe it to yourself to explore the opportunities awaiting you at Itek. Environment. It's crucial to professional success. At Itek, it makes all the difference. Digital Engineers Openings exist at various levels for engineers who wish to become involved in digital design from system to final hardware design in a combined hardware/software atmosphere. Working with mini and micro computers, you will develop special purpose digital computer hardware to process data from electro-optical camera systems. Successful candidates should have from 1-8 years of experience, and a BSEE or MSEE or equivalent, and have experience in TTL and ECL design. Circuit Design Engineers Opportunities exist at various levels for circuit design engineers with experience in signal processing, and timing and control circuits for state-of-the-art electro-optic imaging systems. BS/MSEE or the equivalent degree with 1-8 years experience in design and development of digital and analog circuits. Send resume to Employment Manager. An Affirmative Action Employer M/F U.S. Citizenship required for these positions. A Division of Itek Corporation 10 Maguire Road Lexington, MA 02173 Infrared & Radar Technology Opportunities Diverse new research staff positions are immediately available at The Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) to qualified individuals with an aptitude for and a general interest in creative research and development work. Openings are primarily in the area of modern sensor technology—specifically electro-optical scanners and laser systems, coherent (synthetic aperture) radar measurements and instrumentation, systems analysis, data processing, modeling and simulation, and computer hardware and software development. Recent graduates at all levels, engineers with substantial experience in R&D contract work, and engineers who are well-established in the management of federal contract research programs of national importance are encouraged to reply. ERIM is an independent, non-profit corporation whose major objective is to serve as a catalyst agent among government agencies, industries, universities and other research institutions for the application of advanced scientific methodologies and associated technologies to society's problems. ERIM is located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, adjacent to the University of Michigan campus. The area has exceptional cultural, academic, recreational and entertainment activities and facilities. ERIM salaries are competitive, and fringe benefits are well above average. All inquiries are kept confidential. Send a detailed resume to John Malik. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MICHIGAN P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107 An Equal Opportunity Employer PROJECT ENGINEERS $18-28,000 Blue chip growth client company needs numerous EE's for their Corporate Engineering function: SR. SYSTEMS ENGINEERS to provide leadership in systems control and instrumentation technology for complex manufacturing processes. SR. ENGINEER - EQUIPMENT to install, debug and run equipment for the production of thin film SIP and DIP resistor networks. PROCESS ENGINEER - NETWORKS to develop process and control systems for production of resistor networks, select subordinate engineers. Clearly demonstrated professional and or academic achievement required. Location: small Northeast city. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT ENGINEER Electronics Engineer with BSEE, minimum 4 years experience, including 2 years in Microprocessor applications and programming. In addition to a thorough understanding of Microprocessors, the successful candidate should also be skilled in digital circuit design. Knowledge of volume production design requirements for electronic equipment, a plus. This is an exceptional opportunity with project responsibility to design and carry into volume production unique and complex traffic signal control equipment. Good communications and analytical skills plus creative problem solving abilities are important. Excellent salary and benefits. Please send resume in confidence with salary requirements or call Professional Employment—Crouse-Hinds Company. Wolf and 7th North Streets Syracuse, New York 13221 315-477-5284 WETERRINGS & AGNEW PROFESSIONAL PLACEMENT CONSULTANTS 425 MIDTOWN TOWER ROCHESTER, NEW YORK 14604 • 716 451 3888 CROUSE-HINDS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER M/F ADVANCED COMPUTERS That’s why we’re at the leading edge of MOS and bipolar technology. Burroughs is one of the world’s leading computer manufacturers. So we can’t afford to depend on semiconductors that were designed and produced for the mass market. For Burroughs products, only the best, most advanced semiconductors are acceptable. That’s why in 1971 we established our Micro-Components Organization (MCO) in San Diego. Today, MCO consists of three main groups: MOS, bipolar and R&D. Together, these groups provide Burroughs with its own advanced IC design, process development and manufacturing. If you join MCO in San Diego, you’ll become involved in state-of-the-art programs including: - Product engineering - Manufacturing engineering - IC packaging development (plastic, ceramic, multi-chip) - Advanced device technology (high performance MOS, VLSI, and high performance bipolar devices) - Advanced interconnect structures (including unique dielectric materials and multilayer structures) - Amorphous semiconductor process development And your environment will be different. There will be much more engineering and scientific emphasis than at a semiconductor house. You will have a broader, more visible role to play as a generalist rather than a specialist. Of course you’ll have more responsibility, with the accompanying rewards. And as part of a $2 billion company whose profits are ranked in the top 50 nationally, you’ll have a feeling of security that you may never have felt before. So if you have a technical degree, a record of accomplishment in your field, and a desire to work at the leading edge of semiconductor technology, send your resume to Professional Staffing, Burroughs Corporation, 16701 West Bernardo Drive, San Diego, California 92127. We are an equal opportunity employer m/f. Come work with us in San Diego. NEED ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTORS. The grass is greener You're a systems professional, and you're probably at work in the field of secure communications, airborne information handling, command and control, or data processing. But you know there just has to be something better. Check this. YOURS OURS ☐ ☑ The vitality of Florida's east coast ☐ ☑ Fortune 500 company ☐ ☑ 35% growth in fy 78, $872 million in sales ☐ ☑ Advancing careers, creative challenges ☐ ☑ Nearby graduate schools ☐ ☑ R&D of $89 million, more than 10% of sales ☐ ☑ Professional Opportunities • Systems Engineers • Program Managers • Programmers • Digital/Analog Designers • Mechanical Engineers • RF Designers For additional information on these opportunities, forward your resume in confidence to: Mgr., Professional Staffing, Harris Government Systems Group, P.O. Box 37, Dept. EL-1, Melbourne, Florida 32901. \| Company Name \| Page Numbers \| \|--------------------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| Abbott Transistor Labs \| 43 \| \| Able Computer Technology \| 151 \| \| ADAC \| 71 \| \| Advanced Micro Devices \| 10-11 \| \| AEG Teletunken \| 9E \| \| Alitex \| 47 \| \| Allen-Bradley \| 32 \| \| AMP Inc. \| 18-19 \| \| Analog Devices \| 76, 77, 84 \| \| Anritsu Electric Co. Ltd. \| 158 \| \| Applicon Inc. \| 116 \| \| Beckman Instrument, Inc. IDO Division \| 66-67 \| \| Belden Corporation \| 171-173, 175 \| \| Bell Laboratories \| 78-79 \| \| F.W. Bell Inc. Div. of Arnold Eng. & Allegheny Ludlum \| 96 \| \| Berg Electronics Division of Dupont \| 172 \| \| Bishop Graphics \| 187 \| \| BAK Precision, Division of Dynascan Corporation \| 65 \| \| Bourns Inc. \| 4th Cover \| \| Burr Brown Research Corporation \| 5E \| \| Canadian Thermostats & Control Devices \| 204 \| \| Chicago Miniature \| 10E \| \| Citizen America Corporation \| 176 \| \| C Itoh & Company, Ltd. \| 141 \| \| C&K Components \| 156 \| \| Computique \| 6 \| \| Conic Data Systems \| 113 \| \| Continental Specialties \| 206 \| \| Control Data Corporation \| 185 \| \| Control & Information Systems \| 186 \| \| Cramer \| 170 \| \| CTS Corporation \| 190 \| \| Data Systems Design Inc. \| 97 \| \| Datron Electronics Ltd. \| 13E \| \| Deleven Division American Precision Industries Inc. \| 16 \| \| Ebauches SA C/O McCann-Erickson \| 91 \| \| EH International \| 187 \| \| Elec-Trol Inc. \| 144 \| \| Electronic Measurements \| 26 \| \| Elevam Electronic Tube Co. Ltd. \| 176 \| \| Elorg Electronorgtechica \| 154 \| \| EMM/CMP \| 161 \| \| Emerson & Cuming Inc. \| 163 \| \| EMI Technology \| 139 \| \| Erie Technological Products \| 192, 193 \| \| Fairchild Systems Technology (Camera & Instr.) \| 22, 23 \| \| First Computer Corporation \| 9 \| \| John Fluke Manufacturing Co. Inc. \| 15, 155 \| \| Forth Inc. \| 51 \| \| Futuredata Computer Corporation \| 167 \| \| Ganz Measuring Works \| 6E \| \| General Electric Instrument Rental Division \| 142 \| \| General Instrument Microelectronics \| 45 \| \| Gould Inc. Instrument Systems Division T & M \| 169 \| \| Heath Co. Schlumberger \| 61 \| \| Hewlett Packard Company \| 1, 2, 30-31, 73, 74, 75, 2nd Cover \| \| Hipotronics Inc. \| 88 \| \| Intel Microcomputer Components \| 94 \| \| Intelligent Systems Corporation \| 190 \| \| Jepico Co. Ltd. \| 4E \| \| Johanson Manufacturing Corporation \| 150 \| \| Krohn-Hite Corporation \| 5 \| \| Lambda Electronics Corporation \| 177-182 \| \| Litronix \| 137 \| \| Macrodata Corporation \| 12, 13 \| \| Maqtrol \| 28 \| \| Marconi Instruments Inc. \| 2E \| \| Micro Components Technology \| 49 \| \| Micro Power Systems \| 83 \| \| Mini-Circuits Laboratory \| 38 \| \| Mitel Semiconductor Inc. \| 52 \| \| Monsanto Company \| 153 \| \| Mostek Corporation \| 27, 29 \| \| Motorola Corporate \| 140, 141 \| \| McGraw Edison Co., Bussmann Manufacturing Division \| 149 \| \| Murata Mfg. Co. Ltd. \| 14E \| \| McGraw Hill Computer Professional Book Club \| 190A-190B, 191 \| \| National Semiconductor Corporation \| 36, 37 \| \| Non-Linear Systems Inc. \| 156, 184, 186 \| \| Ohio Scientific \| 25 \| \| Optron Inc. \| 14 \| \| Oscilloquartz \| 9 \| \| Ovenaire Division of Walter Kidde & Co. \| 164 \| \| Peterborough Development Corporation \| 7 \| \| Philips Elcoma Market Promotion \| 66, 67 \| \| Philips Elcoma \| 7E \| \| Philips TMI \| 1E \| \| Philips Industries \| 78, 79 \| \| Piezo Technology \| 160 \| \| Preh Vertriebsgesae \| 142 \| \| Reliability Analysis Center \| 160 \| \| RCA Electro Optics \| 62 \| \| Reflec Electronics Corporation \| 145 \| \| Rental Electronics Inc. \| 7 \| \| Rhone Poulenc Chimie Fine \| 16E \| \| Rohde & Schwarz \| 65, 11E \| \| Rockwell Microelectronic Device Division \| 146, 147, 162 \| \| Royal CoAuctioneer \| 186 \| \| Schoeller & Company \| 7E \| \| Scientific Atlanta, Optima Division \| 156 \| \| Seacor Inc. \| 8 \| \| SEPA S.p.A. \| 140 \| BI-METALLIC Temperature Switches - Extensive temperature range coverage (-30°C to +400°C) - Large selection of mechanical configurations - Snap-action normally open or normally closed contacts - Excellent stability, High reliability - Small physical dimensions with high current handling - UL, CSA, and many European approvals for most types CANADIAN THERMOSTATS AND CONTROL DEVICES LTD, 2255 Dandurand St. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Tel: (514) 270-7135 Telex: 05-25277 Also manufacturers of the MOXE and TFT solid state temperature monitoring devices. Circle 204 on reader service card COLOR TELEVISION AND RADIO FM ANTENNA Patented rollable slotted array design with PERFECT COLOR BAND-WIDTH. Uses no masts, no dangerous Rabbit Ears or plumbing to AC lines, and NO SIGNAL SPLITTERS. Both the TV and FM channels are available (AND USABLE) at the same time, CAN BE USED OUTSIDE IF YOU GUN TO SURFACE FACING BROADCASTING STATION'S ANTENNA. Made of heavy decorative plastic burlap, metal slots reinforced, rugged enough for YACHT or RV. OPTIONAL plain plastic or with acrylic painting of a GALAXY pattern. 18" wide x 18" - 48" long side hangs vertically. Standard TV 'twistline' coaxial ohm furnished. NOTHING ELSE TO BUY OR NEEDED TO INSTALL, just hang on wall and enjoy a 40 mi. range. 6 db. short dipole antenna. ORDER POSTPAID, C.O.D., insured, airmail, GUARANTEED, for $30 for plain model or $50 for antenna with hand-made GALAXY OR LANDSCAPE OR HANDLING BRANCH. Send check or M.O. to: SKY-SLOT ANTENNA DESIGN CO. 11621 Hughes Ave. NE Albuquerque, NM 87112 PS: Antenna can be DC grounded for SAFETY!!! ALSO: Corner reflector slotted paraboloidal outside antenna, 12 db., $10 post paid. (For UHF single channel only). Circle 232 on reader service card 1978 EBG! Completely new listings of catalogs, new phone numbers, new addresses, new manufacturers, sales reps, and distributors! The total market in a book—four directories in one! Electronics Buyers' Guide 1221 Ave. of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 Yes, please send me _______ copy(ies) of 1978 EBG. I've enclosed ☐ $35 per copy for surface mail ☐ $47 per copy for air mail Full money-back guarantee if returned in 10 days. Name ____________________________ Company _________________________ Street ___________________________ City ____________________________ Country ________________ From Electronics Magazine Book Series. Zero-risk trial offer. Design Techniques for Electronics Engineers. Nearly 300 articles drawn from "Engineer's Notebook." A storehouse of design problem solutions. $15.95 Electronics Book Series P.O. Box 669, Hightstown, N.J. 08520 Send me ______ copies of "Design Techniques for Electronics Engineers" at $15.95 per copy. Discounts of 40% on orders of 10 or more copies. I must be fully satisfied or you will refund full payment if the book is returned after ten-day trial examination. ☐ Payment enclosed ☐ Bill firm ☐ Bill me Charge to my credit card: ☐ American Express ☐ Diners Club ☐ BankAmericard ☐ Master Charge Acc't No __________ Date exp. __________ On Master Charge only, first numbers above name __________ Name ____________________________ Title __________ Company _________________________ Street ___________________________ City ____________________________ State Zip __________ Signature _________________________ For more information of complete product line see advertisement in the latest Electronics Buyers Guide Advertisers in Electronics International ‡ Advertisers in Electronics domestic edition ABOUT MAILING LISTS... an important notice to our subscribers. 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McGraw-Hill, Inc. P.O. Box 555 Hightstown, N.J. 08520 Attn: Mailing List Dept. ☐ Please remove my name from your mailing lists. Title of this publication Name Address (exactly as shown on mailing label, please) City/State/Zip Advertising Sales Staff Advertising sales manager: Paul W. Reiss 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020 [212] 997-4371 Atlanta, Ga. 30306: Michael Charlton 100 Peachtree Square, 1175 Peachtree St., N.E. [404] 892-2900 Boston, Mass. 02116: Frank Mitchell 607 Boylston St. [617] 262-1160 Chicago, Ill. 60611 645 North Michigan Avenue Jack Anderson [312] 751-3739 Robert M. Denmead [312] 751-3738 Cleveland, Ohio 44113: William J. Boyle [216] 586-5040 Dallas, Texas 75201: John J. Uphues 2001 Bryant Tower, Suite 1070 [214] 742-1747 Denver, Colo. 80203: Harry B. 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[716] 248-5620 San Francisco, Calif. 94111: Don Farris Lindley House, 225 Battery Street, [415] 362-6600 Paris: Patrick Mouillard 14 Rue des Petits Bizez, 75116 Paris, France Tel: 420-73-01 United Kingdom & Scandinavia: Robert Ghey 34 Dover Street, London W1 [01] 481-148 Scandinavia: Andrew Karrig and Assoc. Kungsholmsgatan 10 112 27 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: 86 68 70 Telex: 179-51 Milan: Luigi Rancati Via Baracchini, Italy Phone 85-90-656 Brussels: 23 Chaussee de Wavre Brussels 1040, Belgium Tel: 3-37-77 Frankfurt/Main: Fritz Krusebecker Bürgelstrasse 27c, Germany Phone 72 01 81 Tokyo: Takeshi Katagiri, McGraw-Hill Publications Overseas Corporation, Kosumisaseki Building 2-5-3, chome, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan [581] 9811 Business Department Thomas M. Egan Production Manager [212] 997-3140 Carol Gallagher Production Manager International [212] 997-2045 Betty Preis Production Manager Domestic [212] 997-2908 Roberta Cummings Production Manager Related Products [212] 997-2044 Thomas Kazich, Production Assistant [212] 997-2843 Franco Valles Reader Service Manager [212] 997-6057 Electronics Buyers' Guide M.T. Howland, General Manager [212] 997-6842 Regina Hera, Directory Manager [212] 997-6844 Roberta Cummings, Production Manager [212] 997-2044 Thomas Kazich, Production Assistant [212] 997-2843 Franco Valles, Reader Service Manager [212] 997-6057 Classified and Employment Advertising Frank Eberle, Manager [212] 997-2557 Spend less. Test more. Faster, easier and more economical digital testing. That's what CSC's Logic Probes are all about. And that's what engineers, technicians and hobbyists need, to deal with the increased use and complexity of digital circuits. Unlike oscilloscopes, meters and other conventional test equipment, CSC probes are logic-state oriented: Just touch the probe to a circuit node and instantly read logic state, detect level transitions, check duty cycles. And store high-speed, low-rep-rate events that even fast scopes miss. By accurately detecting the state of individual logic elements without removing ICs or cutting copper paths, CSC's circuit-powered, multi-family Logic Probes locate over 95% of circuit problems in minutes instead of hours. And they're easy to use. Simply connect two clip leads across the power supply, touch the probe tip to a node and watch the LEDs. LP-1 LOGIC PROBE. $44.95* LP-1 has a minimum detectable pulse width of 50 nanoseconds and maximum input frequency of 10 MHz. This 100 K ohm probe is an inexpensive workhorse for any shop, lab or field service tool kit. It detects high-speed pulse trains or one-shot events and stores pulse or level transitions, replacing separate level detectors, pulse detectors, pulse stretchers and pulse memory devices. All, for less than the price of a DVM. LP-2 LOGIC PROBE. $24.95* LP-2 performs the same basic functions as the LP-1, but for slower-speed circuits and without pulse memory capability. Handling a minimum pulse width of 300 nanoseconds, this 300 K ohm probe is the economical way to test circuits up to 1.5 MHz. It detects pulse trains or single-shot events in TTL, DTL, HTL and CMOS circuits, replacing separate pulse detectors, pulse stretchers and node state analyzers. LP-3 LOGIC PROBE. $69.95* Our LP-3 has all the features of the LP-1 plus extra high speed. It captures pulses as narrow as 10 nanoseconds, and monitors pulse trains to over 50 MHz. Giving you the essential capabilities of a high-quality memory scope at about 1/100th the cost. LP-3 captures one-shot or low-rep-rate-events all-but-impossible to detect any other way. All without the weight, bulk, inconvenience and power consumption of conventional methods. Use CSC's highly versatile logic probes for testing, debugging or servicing any type of digital circuit. They give you a lot of information about IC circuit conditions...and help you do more in less time. For less money. NEED MORE INFORMATION? CALL TOLL-FREE: 800-243-6077 to order, or for the name of your local distributor. Prices slightly higher outside U.S.A. © 1978, Continental Specialties Corporation. Prices, specifications, subject to change without notice. *Manufacturer's suggested retail. TRW Cinch PC Edge Connectors You get what you want, When you want it. The Connectors You don’t have to wait and you don’t have to wonder. It’s virtually a cinch that the edge connector you need is part of the TRW Cinch line, and available off-the-shelf from your local TRW Cinch distributor. We don’t think you’ll find anybody else with a broader edge connector line! In standard 0.156” contact spacing, for example, we make MIL specification, commercial, and economy types, single or double readout with solder tab, dip solder or wire wrap terminations. In 0.100” center spacing, there’s almost as broad a selection; and TRW Cinch offers the only 0.050” center series available through distributors—the Tykon™ connector. The Company TRW Cinch puts its customers first. To provide immediate local availability, we were the first connector manufacturer to make distributors an important part of our marketing team. We’ve maintained this leadership by providing you and your distributor with the information, product knowledge, and complete back-up you need to specify connectors. Similarly, we were first to develop and perfect the selective gold plating techniques that help you maintain edge connector performance standards in the face of ever-increasing gold prices. We take a back seat to no one in putting you first by making it easy for you to select and get products. When you’re looking for a dependable source of dependable edge connectors, look first to any TRW Cinch Distributor listed in EEM . . . and you’ll need to look no further. TRW Cinch Connectors, 1501 Morse Avenue, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007, (312) 439-8800 TRW CINCH CONNECTORS ANOTHER PRODUCT OF A COMPANY CALLED TRW Find Your Trimmer Application Here... And incorporate trimmers and resistors in a single MFT™ package! All trimmer applications require a fixed resistor or resistors to either divide a voltage or limit a current. The revolutionary MFT trimmer/resistor package, pioneered by Bourns, combines cermet trimmers and fixed resistors into a single JEDEC DIP package. More than just a DIP trimmer, the MFT trimmer/resistor contains the total trimmer circuit in one DIP package. Nine different MFT trimmer/resistor models, available in a broad range of resistance values, provide both multi-trimmer versions and various combinations of fixed resistors and trimmers that will satisfy almost any trimmer application. Increased Reliability — Fewer PC board connections and pre-tested circuitry provide increased reliability. MFT trimmers/resistors are manufactured simultaneously on a common substrate, resulting in better temperature tracking than discrete components. Standard tempco tracking is 50ppm/°C at −55°C to +125°C. Saves Time, Space and Money — Auto- or hand-insertion of one component instead of many; less components to purchase, stock and handle; simplified circuit design; and less PC board space required. A multitude of advantages means increased productivity and lower on-board cost. Worldwide Availability — MFT trimmers/resistors are now available throughout the world from Bourns authorized representatives, distributors and international marketing affiliates. For new applications, or your next generation of design, join the growing number of engineers who are specifying MFT trimmers/resistors. Call or write today for your MFT catalog. Or, see the EEM directory (Volume 2, pages 3791—3801). TRIMPOT PRODUCTS DIVISION, BOURNS, INC., 1200 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507. Phone: 714 781-5204. TWX: 910 332-1252. European Headquarters: Bourns AG, Zugerstrasse 74 6340 Baar, Switzerland. Phone: 042 33 33 33. Telex: 78722. For Immediate Application—Circle 120 For Future Application—Circle 220
Fire Safety & Prevention Smoke Detectors Extinguisher For Your Manufactured Home & Community Did you know that in 1999, according to the National Fire Protection Association, 3,570 Americans were killed and another 21,875 were injured as a result of fire? Direct property loss due to fires was estimated at $10 billion. Fire killed more Americans than all natural disasters combined, and 82% of all fire deaths occurred in residences. What can you do to reduce the risk of becoming one of those statistics? This brochure highlights steps you can take to protect your family, home and community. Included are tips on preventative home maintenance, kitchen safety, fire drills and smoke detectors. Also included are ways for a community owner to conform to the Uniform Fire Code without incurring great expense. Remember, protect yourself; prevention is the best way to keep your property and your family safe from fire. Several mechanical systems in a home require maintenance. These systems include heating equipment such as furnaces, flues, fireplaces, space heaters, wood stoves, water heaters, kitchen stoves as well as electrical systems and electrical appliances. The bad news: if these systems aren’t properly maintained, the potential for fire increases. The good news: fires in all these systems are easily preventable. - Be careful not to overload electrical circuits. Lights that flicker or dim indicate trouble that must be corrected. When replacing fuses, install only recommended fuses. Use fuses and breakers that are the proper size for the wire. A ground monitor is a valuable tool for locating any shorts or other problems in the electrical system. If you are inexperienced in working with electricity, don’t try to correct electrical problems yourself. Call a qualified electrician. - Don’t overextend or overload an electrical outlet. In many older homes, the capacity of the wiring system has not kept pace with today’s modern appliances and overloaded electrical systems invite fire. Replace frayed or broken electrical cords. Make sure all appliances are properly installed. Buy electrical appliances and equipment approved by a certified testing laboratory. Never use a light bulb with wattage that is too high for the fixture. Never run a cord under rugs or twist it around nails or hooks. Keep dust from accumulating on televisions, electrical equipment and appliances. - Give Space Heaters Space. Keep electric portable space heaters at least three feet from everything – including you! Just brushing against one could set your clothing on fire. Don’t leave space heaters on when you’re not in the room. Don’t use extension cords with electrical space heaters. The high amount of current they require could melt the cord and start a fire. Never use a gas or electrical range or oven as a substitute for a furnace or space heater. - Dangerous heat can build up in a dryer. Never leave home with the clothes dryer running. Dryers must be vented to the outside, not into a wall or attic. Clean the lint screen frequently to keep the airway clear. Never put in synthetic fabrics, plastic, rubber or foam because they retain heat. - Check for worn spots on any heat tape that covers water pipes. - Check stove pilot light and wiring periodically. - Ground your TV antenna to prevent damage from a lightning strike. Be Kitchen Wise - Never leave cooking unattended. Do not leave pots on hot burners. Wear clothes with tight fitting sleeves when you cook. An electrical coil on the stove reaches a temperature of 800°. A gas flame goes over 1,000°. Your dishtowel or potholder can catch fire at 400°. So can your bathrobe, apron or loose sleeve. Always set a kitchen timer to remind you to turn off the burners and oven. Keep children’s toys and crafts away from stove tops and ovens. - Keep one fire extinguisher in the kitchen and another near the furnace. Small home fire extinguishers operate for only five to ten seconds, so be sure of your aim. Keep it ten feet away from the stove on the exit side of the kitchen. Learn how to use your fire extinguisher before there is an emergency and use it on small fires only. If there is a large fire, get out immediately and call 911 from another location. - Never pour water on a grease fire. Instead turn off the stove and cover the pan with a lid or close the oven door. - Clean the exhaust hood and duct over the stove regularly. - Operate your microwave only when there is food in it. Smoke Detectors - Install smoke detectors on every level of your home and outside of sleeping areas. Test every detector at least once a month. Change batteries twice a year. An easy way to remember is to change the batteries in the spring and fall when you change your clocks for daylight savings time. - Keep smoke detectors dust free. - Inexpensive smoke detectors are available for the hearing impaired. - Install carbon monoxide detectors next to your smoke detectors. Test these and change the batteries the same as your smoke detectors. Make an Exit Plan - Prepare a floor plan of your home. Show at least two ways out of each room. - Hold fire drills at least two times a year. If you have very young or elderly people in your home, assign someone to help them. Children will find it easier during a real emergency to remember what they did during the fire drill rather than just what Mom or Dad told them to do. - Sleep with your bedroom door closed. A closed door will help to hold back heat and smoke. However, if a door feels hot, do not open it, escape through another door or window. It is a good idea to keep a pair of old shoes near the bed. They will protect your feet from embers, hot objects and broken glass that may be encountered during an evacuation. It is also easier to climb out of a window and jump with shoes on instead of bare feet. Exit windows. Make sure that at least one window in every bedroom can be used for easy and fast escape in case of fire. Don’t attempt to reach the front or rear door during a fire when you have close access to a nearby window; attempt to use a window as your exit. Easy-to-use window escape ladders are available through many catalogues and outlet stores. Agree on a fixed location out-of-doors where family members are to gather for a head count. Stay together away from the fire and make certain that no one goes back inside the burning structure. Call 911 from another location. Keep corridors and stairways free of obstructions and combustibles. One-fourth of all fire deaths of children are from fires started by children. Never leave children unattended with fire, space heaters or ovens and stoves that are in use. Keep all lighters and matches out of reach of children. Children are naturally curious about fire. Keep an eye on them, but if a child repeatedly plays with fire or seems to have an unusual fascination with fire, seek professional help at once. Be sure they know the exit plan. Review your emergency exit plan and practice the fire drill with your youngsters. Again, an easy way to remember to practice is to do so when the time changes in the spring and fall. SMOKING - Never smoke in bed. Never smoke while drinking alcohol or while you are on medication that could make you drowsy or disorientated. Smoking in bed remains the most common scenario for fatal house fires. - Use large, deep, non-tipping ashtrays. Do not dump cigarettes or ashes directly in trash can. Empty ashtrays often and wet the contents before dumping into the trash. Hazardous Material - Store flammable liquids only at approved locations. - Keep in a safe place. Store household cleaners on separate shelves. Store those items in a secure cabinet with a child-safety lock that is out of reach of their little hands. - Don’t fill a lawn mower, snowblower or other motor with gas or oil while it is hot. Let it cool first. Gas up equipment outside, away from enclosed areas and any source of sparks or heat. Start the equipment 10 feet from where you filled it with fuel. - Never clean floors or do other general cleaning with gasoline or flammable liquids. Landscape Maintenance - When combustible, follow manufacturers’ instructions when using fertilizers and pesticides. - To provide a fire break around your home, mow and irrigate your lawn frequently. - Mow your lawn regularly. Be sure the irrigation system is well maintained. Dispose of cuttings and debris promptly, according to local regulations. Keep trees and shrubs pruned and remove leaf clutter and dead and overhanging branches. - Store firewood away from the house. The Uniform Fire Code '91 edition states the following: 1. No parking within 15 feet of a fire hydrant, both directions from the hydrant. 2. 25 feet clearance in front (curb side) of a fire hydrant. 3. 3 feet clearance on all other sides of a fire hydrant. 4. Standard annual maintenance consists of opening the hydrant valve to ensure water availability, oiling the stems, keeping the hydrant freshly painted (check with your local fire department for the correct color) and cleaning the threads of the caps and outlets. 5. Protection barricades are required if the hydrant is within 2 feet of a street without a curb. 6. A flow test is required every five years and must be done by a certified fire equipment technician. - It would be wise to assume that the local fire station has a map of your community showing hydrant locations and/or other sources of water (i.e., standpipes, streams, ponds, pools, garden hose, wells, etc.). Also, the map should show access to and exit from the community. Automobile parking on any street of less than 32 feet wide is not allowed per Title 25 of the California Health and Safety Code. The street must be over 40 feet wide before parking on both sides is permitted. If you add or repair a hydrant, make sure that you first obtain all of the appropriate permits and approvals from the authorities and make sure that you use a qualified, licensed contractor to do the work. If you have an inoperative fire hydrant, you should have the hydrant properly repaired as soon as possible. On the subject of fire safety … do your employees know the location of and do they have the ability to use a fire extinguisher at the time of an emergency? Does the manager check your extinguishers on a monthly basis and does a state-licensed technician service them annually? Do you have a safe refuge area where your employees will meet for roll call and task assignments in the event of an emergency? Make sure that all employees know what to do if a fire occurs. A simple plan would be: 1. Call 911 2. Perform necessary First Aid 3. Meet at pre-determined locations or “rally” points 4. Activate sprinkler system and/or fire fighting equipment 5. Assist in any required evacuations Make sure that the perimeters of your community are free from dry brush or other flammable materials. Make sure that your sprinkler systems are working and that all sprinklers are working at full capacity. If the system is on an automatic timer, make sure that all employees know how to de-activate the timers so that the sprinklers can be turned on at any time if a fire approaches your community. Buy the donuts, put on the coffeepot and invite your local fire station for a walk-through (pre-plan) so you can view your community through the eyes of the personnel that will be responding to your community in case of an emergency. Remember, the most important words in fire safety are: “ALWAYS BE PREPARED.” Fire Safety and Prevention for your manufactured home Produced by Western Manufactured Housing Communities Association 455 Capitol Mall, Suite 800, Sacramento, CA 95814 916/448-7002 ■ 916/448-7085 fax ■ www.wma.org
St Gabriel's Catholic Primary School Inspection report Unique Reference Number 124373 Local Authority Staffordshire Inspection number 292977 Inspection dates 11–12 July 2007 Reporting inspector Brian Holmes This inspection of the school was carried out under section 5 of the Education Act 2005. Type of school Primary School category Voluntary aided Age range of pupils 4–11 Gender of pupils Mixed Number on roll School 355 Appropriate authority The governing body Chair Katherine Hetherington Headteacher Julie Collins Date of previous school inspection 30 September 2002 School address Wilnecote Lane Belgrave Tamworth B77 2LF Telephone number 01827 475045 Fax number 01827 475048 Age group 4–11 Inspection dates 11–12 July 2007 Inspection number 292977 © Crown copyright 2007 Website: www.ofsted.gov.uk This document may be reproduced in whole or in part for non-commercial educational purposes, provided that the information quoted is reproduced without adaptation and the source and date of publication are stated. Further copies of this report are obtainable from the school. Under the Education Act 2005, the school must provide a copy of this report free of charge to certain categories of people. A charge not exceeding the full cost of reproduction may be made for any other copies supplied. Introduction The inspection was carried out by three Additional Inspectors. Description of the school St Gabriel’s is a larger than average primary school. Pupils travel from all over the town because of the school’s distinctive Catholic ethos. The proportion of pupils with learning difficulties and/or disabilities is above average. Key for inspection grades \| Grade \| Description \| \|--------\|-----------------\| \| Grade 1\| Outstanding \| \| Grade 2\| Good \| \| Grade 3\| Satisfactory \| \| Grade 4\| Inadequate \| Overall effectiveness of the school Grade: 2 This is a good school with outstanding features. It provides good value for money and, under the outstanding leadership of the headteacher, supported well by the deputy headteacher and the leadership team, has a good capacity to improve further. As one parent commented, ‘St Gabriel’s is our little secret! A truly lovely school for our children.’ Throughout the school, pupils achieve well and make good progress. From broadly average attainment on entry to Reception, nearly all children reach the goals expected by the end of the Reception Year and a significant minority exceed them. Standards are above average at the end of Key Stage 1 in reading and mathematics. In writing, boys do not attain as well as girls. In Key Stage 2, pupils’ standards are above average in English, mathematics and science, although in writing, girls still perform better than boys. Initiatives to interest boys in writing through careful choice of texts and writing topics are too recent to have had a full effect. Pupils’ personal development and well-being are outstanding. Their attitudes to and enjoyment of school are excellent. Pupils are confident and mature learners who demonstrate high levels of care and consideration for others and are inspired by their teachers. Pupils say that ‘teachers give you lots of support and encouragement’. As a result of the outstanding care, support and guidance they receive, pupils demonstrate outstanding spiritual, moral and social awareness. They feel valued by the school and make a positive contribution to its life in different ways. For example, older pupils act as ‘playground buddies’ for younger pupils. They have an excellent understanding of how to stay safe and live healthily and are well prepared for the next stage of their education. Pupils achieve well because leadership and management, teaching and learning and the curriculum are all good. The leadership team have an extremely clear vision for the school and have focused both staff and pupils on raising achievement. Teachers enable pupils to approach their learning with high levels of confidence and the extent to which pupils are able to evaluate their own work is exemplary, even amongst the youngest children. The school provides a wide range of activities and clubs that enriches pupils’ experiences and adds value to their education. The headteacher, governors and staff at all levels, have all worked well to support learning and improve the achievement of all pupils. There is good use of assessment to check and keep track of pupils’ progress and then to improve learning. The academic guidance pupils receive is outstanding and results in them having an excellent understanding of their targets and what they have to do to achieve them. What the school should do to improve further - Raise the standards of boys’ attainment in writing to be more in line with those of girls, by consistently stimulating their interest through different texts and topics of interest. Achievement and standards Grade: 2 Pupils’ achievement is good. They attain good standards that are above average across the school. Children’s attainment on entry is broadly in line with national averages, but a minority of children, mainly boys, enter the Reception class with skills that are below the level expected. Most children make good progress in the Foundation Stage and nearly all reach the goals expected, with a significant minority exceeding them. In Key Stage 1, good progress continues and pupils attain standards that are above average in reading and mathematics by the end of Year 2. Standards in writing are in line with the average at the end of the year because the standards boys attain are not as high as those reached by the girls. In Key Stage 2, pupils continue to make good progress and achieve well in all year groups. At the end of Year 6, pupils achieve above average standards in English, mathematics and science. More able pupils do particularly well in English and science. However, boys do not attain as well as girls in writing. Learners with difficulties and/or disabilities make good progress and achieve well across the school. Personal development and well-being Grade: 1 Pupils' spiritual, moral, social and cultural development is outstanding. Pupils have positive attitudes to learning and are proud of their school, speaking enthusiastically about 'a friendly school where you can have fun'. They demonstrate its values by respecting and caring for others and through their contribution to the school community. The school council makes good suggestions about how to improve their school and organised a successful anti-bullying week to increase awareness as well as raising funds for charity. Relationships within the school are excellent and contribute to pupils' progress in lessons through work with others in pairs and groups. Older pupils feel the school has made them 'more responsible and mature'. Thanks to good work by the school, attendance has improved since the last inspection and is now average. It is still adversely affected by parents taking their children on holidays during term-time. Pupils have an excellent knowledge of how to keep healthy, for example, by eating fruit, drinking water and taking part in a wide range of sporting activities. They have a well developed understanding of how to keep themselves safe and feel confident about approaching staff if they have any concerns. They report that bullying is rare and is 'straight away dealt with'. Pupils' outstanding personal skills and good achievement in literacy and numeracy prepare them well for the future. Quality of provision Teaching and learning Grade: 2 Teaching is good in the Foundation Stage because well-organised activities in a stimulating setting encourage the children to develop their self-confidence to become independent learners. Pupils are keen learners because activities are interesting and relevant. Relationships between pupils and teachers are excellent and contribute to the harmonious and purposeful atmosphere in classrooms. The good pace of learning stems from well planned lessons in which teachers give clear guidance to help pupils reach their objectives. Teachers have high expectations of what pupils can achieve and they tell pupils exactly what they are learning and why. Good marking throughout the school indicates how pupils can improve their work and reach their targets. Pupils from the youngest to the oldest are encouraged to check their own work and that of others. Teaching assistants make a good contribution to pupils' learning and help the pupils with whom they are working to make good progress. The school itself has recognised the need to sharpen aspects of teaching to raise the standards of boys' writing further by stimulating their interest through careful selection of texts and writing topics. Curriculum and other activities Grade: 2 The curriculum enables all pupils to achieve well. In the Foundation Stage, pupils are encouraged to develop their communication and independent learning skills well. The school makes good provision for learners with difficulties and/or disabilities so that they achieve well. There is a strong emphasis on equipping pupils with skills in literacy, numeracy and information and communication technology (ICT). The process of giving pupils opportunities to use these skills in other subjects has been effectively planned but is not fully embedded across the school. Religious education, music, art and sport are strong and increase pupils’ enjoyment of learning. There is an outstanding range of exciting extra-curricular and enrichment activities which serve to make learning stimulating and develop pupils’ self-confidence and self-esteem. Pupils eagerly participate in musical, sporting, creative and leisure activities. Many of them enthuse about Irish dancing, cross-country and the French club. Good personal, social and health education and circle time give valuable opportunities for pupils to understand the importance of their emotional development and well-being. Care, guidance and support Grade: 1 Outstanding provision in this area is at the heart of the school’s success. Staff know the pupils well and provide excellent role models to help them feel secure and able to flourish. Pupils respond very positively to being treated with consistent fairness and respect. The care and concern shown to pupils are greatly appreciated by their parents. There are very rigorous procedures for safeguarding pupils and ensuring that all adults who come into contact with them are suitable. Child protection and health and safety systems are robust and risk assessments are comprehensive. The academic progress of all pupils is closely checked and those who experience problems in learning are quickly identified and receive outstanding support. Staff use the information gained well to identify pupils who are underachieving in order to give them a boost. All pupils are aware of their targets and know precisely what they need to do to improve their work and move on to the next stage. Leadership and management Grade: 2 Leadership and management are having an increasing effect on enabling pupils to achieve well and attain high standards, both in their academic achievement and in their personal development and well-being. The work of the headteacher and the leadership team in developing the school’s mission and self-review process has been outstanding. This emphasis on developing the leadership skills of all staff has led to increasingly effective checking of teaching and learning and pupils’ performance towards their targets. The role of subject leaders has been reviewed to focus more on developing whole-school approaches to improving achievement, for example, in making the curriculum more creative and enjoyable. These more recent developments are beginning to have a positive impact on pupils’ achievement. The governing body fulfils its duties well. It checks on the work of the school through its committees and visits to school by governors. Parents have extremely positive views of the school and are very supportive of its work. Any complaints about the inspection or the report should be made following the procedures set out in the guidance ‘Complaints about school inspection’, which is available from Ofsted’s website: www.ofsted.gov.uk. ## Inspection judgements Key to judgements: grade 1 is outstanding, grade 2 good, grade 3 satisfactory, and grade 4 inadequate \| Overall effectiveness \| School Overall \| \|-----------------------\|----------------\| \| How effective, efficient and inclusive is the provision of education, integrated care and any extended services in meeting the needs of learners? \| 2 \| \| How well does the school work in partnership with others to promote learners' well-being? \| 2 \| \| The quality and standards in the Foundation Stage \| 2 \| \| The effectiveness of the school's self-evaluation \| 2 \| \| The capacity to make any necessary improvements \| 2 \| \| Effective steps have been taken to promote improvement since the last inspection \| Yes \| ### Achievement and standards \| How well do learners achieve? \| 2 \| \|-------------------------------\|---\| \| The standards reached by learners \| 2 \| \| How well learners make progress, taking account of any significant variations between groups of learners \| 2 \| \| How well learners with learning difficulties and disabilities make progress \| 2 \| ### Personal development and well-being \| How good is the overall personal development and well-being of the learners? \| 1 \| \|----------------------------------------------------------------------------\|---\| \| The extent of learners' spiritual, moral, social and cultural development \| 1 \| \| The behaviour of learners \| 2 \| \| The attendance of learners \| 2 \| \| How well learners enjoy their education \| 1 \| \| The extent to which learners adopt safe practices \| 1 \| \| The extent to which learners adopt healthy lifestyles \| 1 \| \| The extent to which learners make a positive contribution to the community \| 2 \| \| How well learners develop workplace and other skills that will contribute to their future economic well-being \| 2 \| ### The quality of provision \| How effective are teaching and learning in meeting the full range of the learners' needs? \| 2 \| \| How well do the curriculum and other activities meet the range of needs and interests of learners? \| 2 \| \| How well are learners cared for, guided and supported? \| 1 \| --- 1 Grade 1 – Exceptionally and consistently high; Grade 2 – Generally above average with none significantly below average; Grade 3 – Broadly average to below average; Grade 4 – Exceptionally low. ## Leadership and management \| Question \| Score \| \|--------------------------------------------------------------------------\|-------\| \| How effective are leadership and management in raising achievement and supporting all learners? \| 2 \| \| How effectively leaders and managers at all levels set clear direction leading to improvement and promote high quality of care and education \| 1 \| \| How effectively performance is monitored, evaluated and improved to meet challenging targets \| 2 \| \| How well equality of opportunity is promoted and discrimination tackled so that all learners achieve as well as they can \| 2 \| \| How effectively and efficiently resources, including staff, are deployed to achieve value for money \| 2 \| \| The extent to which governors and other supervisory boards discharge their responsibilities \| 2 \| \| Do procedures for safeguarding learners meet current government requirements? \| Yes \| \| Does this school require special measures? \| No \| \| Does this school require a notice to improve? \| No \| Text from letter to pupils explaining the findings of the inspection 13 July 2007 Dear Pupils Inspection of St Gabriel's Catholic Primary School, Tamworth, Staffordshire B77 2LF Thank you for being so welcoming and helpful when we visited St Gabriel's. We enjoyed talking to you and listening to what you had to say about your school. We know that you are proud of your school and like all the activities it provides for you. We think that St Gabriel's is a good school with some outstanding strengths. These are the main things that we found out about your school: - You make good progress and achieve good standards in English, mathematics and science, although the boys do not do as well as the girls in their writing. - You behave well and have good attitudes to your learning. - You really enjoy your time in school and you know how to keep yourselves safe and healthy. - Your teachers do a good of teaching you and helping you to become confident learners. - The school provides you with a lot of interesting activities and clubs. - Your teachers take outstanding care of you to keep you safe and healthy, and to support your learning. - The school is well led and managed by the headteacher and the other staff in school. In order to make the education you receive at the school even better, we have asked the headteacher and the rest of the staff to: - Help the boys to do as well as the girls in their writing by choosing books and topics that will interest them. You can help your teachers by continuing to work hard to do your best all the time and by continuing to enjoy your time in school. Best wishes Brian Holmes Lead inspector
Optical nonlinearity versus mechanical anharmonicity contrast in dynamic mode apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy Alpan Bek, Ralf Vogelgesang,a) and Klaus Kernb) Max Planck Institut für Festkörperforschung, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany (Received 26 April 2005; accepted 28 August 2005; published online 13 October 2005) We show that the contrast mechanism in dynamic mode apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy is in general a combination of both spatially nonlinear optical interaction and temporally anharmonic mechanical cantilever motion. Mechanical factors are found experimentally to easily overshadow the optical signal, leading to artifacts not yet well documented in the literature. Our algebraic analysis provides a systematic framework to identify and control the relative influence of the competing contrast origins. © 2005 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2108125] Free-space optics using conventional far-field lens or mirror objectives for local excitation of light-matter interaction affords a spatial resolution which is limited by diffraction effects, typically to about half the wavelength, that is, a few 100 nm for visible radiation. Even though Synge suggested already in 1928 to utilize optical near fields at a subdiffraction size aperture to go beyond this limit, only after 1970 was his idea realized. By now, a great variety of aperture-based scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) techniques has been established, yet the quest for ever-better resolution has recently introduced a novel type of nano-optical instrument. The scattering type or apertureless SNOM (aSNOM) has been demonstrated to offer local-field mapping and also material contrast. The majority of aSNOM implementations so far are based on dynamic mode atomic force microscopes (AFMs), that is, the tip-sample distance is modulated periodically while an optical excitation field interacts with the tip–sample system. The strong nonlinear dependence of the scattered optical field on the tip-sample distance in the sub-10-nm range allows to extract near-field optical information at higher harmonics of the cantilever vibration frequency (Fig. 1). Here an essential assumption is that the local potential $ U(d) $ of the cantilever motion is parabolic and its power spectrum $ d(\omega) $ shows just a single peak at $ 1\Omega $ (solid) with no anharmonic contributions (dashed). Ideally, $ I(\omega) $ contains purely near-field optical signals detectable at $ 2\Omega, 3\Omega, \ldots $, due to the nonlinearity of $ I(d) $; other optical interactions such as reflections or shadowing are suppressed as they vary linearly with the tip position and are detectable only at $ 1\Omega $. In general, however, the cantilever motion will always be somewhat anharmonic, leading to higher harmonics contributions to $ I(\omega) $ generated by the mechanical properties of the tip-sample system. Indeed, contrast in material surface properties can be obtained entirely nonoptically by deliberate excitation of anharmonic AFM cantilever motion and observation at higher harmonic frequencies. In the context of dynamic mode aSNOM, this mechanical influence constitutes an important source of artifacts—hitherto underappreciated in the literature. For ideal measurements of optical contrast only, mechanical anharmonic contributions must be suppressed by careful choices of AFM drive and set point. Under suboptimal conditions, to recover the optical information, one needs additional measurements (varying mechanical or optical experimental parameters or tracing the cantilever motion separately) and an analytical model such as the one we develop in the following. To analyze the essential features of the intricate interplay of mechanical anharmonicity and optical nonlinearity in dynamic aSNOM, we combine a Taylor and a Fourier expansion of the experimental signal. We do not consider directly the scattered radiation field $ E_z $ that carries the near-field optical information from the sample to a suitable detector. Instead, we focus on the electric photocurrent $ I $ generated in the detection process because different varieties of aSNOM setups may translate the optical into electric information quite differently. [For instance, $ I \propto \|E_z\|^2, \quad E_z, \quad E_z \exp(i\Omega t) $ for direct, homodyne, and heterodyne interferometric detection, respectively.] Common to all of them is that the photocurrent is modulated by the AFM tip oscillation $ d(t) $ at an eigenfrequency $ \Omega/2\pi = 50–500 \text{ kHz} $. The $ I(d) $ dependence can be rather nonlinear for distances less than the effective radius of the tip apex (typically a few nanometers). A Taylor series expansion about a conveniently chosen reference distance $ d_r $ allows to keep only lowest-order terms, \[ I(d) = I^{(0)} + (d - d_r)I^{(1)} + \frac{1}{2}(d - d_r)^2I^{(2)} + \cdots . \] Here, $ \{I^{(n)}\} $ are the real-valued $ n $th derivatives of the scattered amplitude signal, which contain only optical information—about the tip-sample interaction and also the spatial behavior of the excitation field. Care must be taken in... choosing the reference location $d_r$. In the present context, as we discuss an oscillating tip, the average tip location $d_0$ is a natural choice, leading to low-order convergence. However, when the tip approaches the sample surface from afar or when the oscillation amplitude changes while in contact, the variable $d_0 = d_r$ indirectly changes the coefficients $\mathcal{T}^{(n)}$ as well. Therefore, while in contact, an alternative choice is the fix, lower point of the tip oscillation $d_r = 0$. In this case, we may consider variations in the oscillation amplitude and still the $\{\mathcal{T}^{(n)}\}$ remain constant. In incorporating the time dependence of the AFM tip moving in a nonharmonic potential $U(d)$, an appropriate ansatz is the Fourier analysis into harmonics of the oscillation frequency $\Omega$, where we expect only the lowest orders to be relevant. We chose the complex representation $d(t) = \sum_k d_k \exp(i k \Omega t)$, where the complex-valued coefficients fulfill $d_{-k} = d_k^*$ for real-valued $d(t)$. They contain strictly information about the mechanical properties of the tip-sample system. Notice that the average location $d_0$ of the tip and the amplitude of vibration $\|d_1\|$ are kept constant by the feedback loop of the AFM. The phase of $d_1$ reflects the lag between drive and tip oscillation. The anharmonic coefficients $d_k$ for $k > 1$ contain information about the total potential (with contributions from the tip-sample interaction potentials as well as the intracantilever potential associated with bending its beam) and require a detailed model and the solution of the corresponding differential equations of motion for any more specific interpretation. The resulting complete expansion of the electrical signal generated by the optical detector, $$\mathcal{I}(t) = \sum_k e^{i k \Omega t} \left[ \mathcal{T}^{(0)} \delta_{0k} + \mathcal{T}^{(1)} d_k + \frac{1}{2} \mathcal{T}^{(2)} \sum_m d_{k-m} d_m + \frac{1}{6} \mathcal{T}^{(3)} \sum_{m,n} d_{k-m} d_{m-n} d_n + \cdots \right],$$ contains a mixture of optical and mechanical informations. (We absorb $d_r$ in $d_0$, to ease the notation.) Evidently, there will be sidebands in the frequency domain at all integral multiples $k \Omega$ of the tip vibration frequency, which, with appropriate electronics to generate the corresponding electronic reference signals, can be recorded with a lock-in amplifier independently of each other. The action of a two-phase lock-in amplifier can be represented in the complex domain by $(T \to \infty)$ $$S_k^+ = \frac{1}{T} \int_0^T \mathcal{I}[d(t)] e^{\pm i k \Omega t} dt.$$ Note that the identity relations $\overline{S_k^+} = S_k^- = S_{-k}^+$ afford us with redundancy that compresses all obtainable information—optical and mechanical—into a reduced subset, say, $\{S_{k=0}^+\}$, of all complex coefficients. An actual dual-phase lock-in amplifier measures, of course, simultaneously the two real-valued quantities $\Re(S_k^+)$ and $\Im(S_k^+)$, from which the amplitude and phase of $S_k^+$ can be determined. One extreme case is the perfectly linear dependence of photocurrent and tip-sample distance for all $d(t)$, $$S_{k>0}^+ = \mathcal{T}^{(1)} d_k,$$ which yields purely mechanical information. This can be the case, for instance, if the excitation focus is misaligned not at the apex but at the bulk of the oscillating tip. If the Fourier spectrum of the tip oscillation is perfectly harmonic, we have the opposite extreme case for obtaining purely optical information. In the leading order, the signal recorded at $k \Omega$, $$S_{k>0}^+ = \frac{1}{k!} \mathcal{T}^{(k)} d_1^k,$$ arises from the expansion coefficient $\mathcal{T}^{(k)}$. For aSNOM, we are interested in the nonlinear contributions generated by near-field optical tip-sample interactions at the tip's apex. Note that it is also possible to generate such signals solely with optical excitation fields that vary nonlinearly in space, which can be utilized to map eigenfields of nanometric structures.\textsuperscript{22} Indeed, in the absence of any sample, the oscillating tip may be used to characterize the focus volume of the exciting radiation and to subsequently align the tip's apex with the exact center of the focus. The undesired effect of intermixing anharmonic mechanical contributions with the nonlinear optical information in the measured signal arises when the tip-sample motion is excited beyond the perfectly harmonic motion ($d_k \neq 0$ for $k > 1$). For example, when observing at 2Q, there is in general a competition between $\mathcal{T}^{(1)} d_2^2$ representing mechanical information, the term $\frac{1}{2} \mathcal{T}^{(2)} d_1^2$ related with optical information, as well as the mixed term $\mathcal{T}^{(2)} d_0 d_2^2$. As mentioned above, there are two main sources for undesired mechanical anharmonicities: When the cantilever is overdriven, the anharmonic beam-bending potential gives... rise to a sample-independent signal, setting an upper limit to the vibration amplitude. Second, the tip-sample interaction potential may be anharmonic due to, e.g., snap in, intermittent contact, or too low set point (i.e., the ratio of surface engaged to free-space cantilever oscillation amplitude). Snap in was found empirically to occur when the product of the spring constant and the vibration amplitude is less than $\sim 200$ nN.\textsuperscript{23} This implies a minimum amplitude for harmonic vibration of a given cantilever. If instead of the necessary true noncontact mode the AFM is operated in intermittent contact mode, many higher harmonics of the cantilever oscillation can be excited. An empirical rule of thumb,\textsuperscript{24} which we verified by and large through independent checks (see below), ensures harmonic cantilever motion when the set point amplitude is kept above $\sim 90\%$ of the free-space amplitude. It is imaginable that these upper and lower limits already contradict each other and prohibit the use of a given cantilever in aSNOM. In Fig. 2 we illustrate effects of the competition between optical nonlinearity and mechanical anharmonicity with aSNOM studies of gold nanostructures on glass. For (b)–(d) we increased the drive voltage but kept the set point at $\sim 96\%$ of the free-space amplitude, that is, $\|d_1\|$ grows proportionally. In (b) the signal is still below detectability, in (c) proper conditions for optical material contrast are met as predicted by Eq. (2), and in (d) the anharmonic cantilever potential gives rise to overwhelming contributions to terms involving $d_2, d_3, \ldots$. In the series [(b) and (e)–(g)] we again increase the free-space amplitude but keep the AFM feedback amplitude $\|d_1\|$ constant and thus decrease the set point to the free-space amplitude ratio. The dominant optical term of Eq. (2) remains below the detectability level as in (b) and any contrast that evolves is mechanical in origin. In (e) first signs of anharmonic motion are discernable at the topographical sample edges. In (f) we observe a nonoptical material contrast according to Eq. (1). Similarly to (d), in (g) sample-material- and topography-independent contrast due to anharmonic cantilever motion overwhelms the image. These findings underline the importance of avoiding mechanical contamination of the optical signal and call for independent checks of the optical image contrast mechanism. Besides keeping the AFM vibration amplitude and set point in the limits already discussed, several approaches are possible to verify near-field optical contrast. As the desired optical information results from the tip-sample interaction only, off-apex illumination of the tip provides an effective means of identifying any remaining mechanical motion artifacts. In fact, the beam deflection signal used in the AFM feedback electronics is such a signal and testing for higher harmonics contributions to this signal may even be done simultaneously with optical data acquisition. Another essential check is the variation of the optical excitation properties, such as wavelength, polarization, or phase. Without alteration of the mechanical setup, any change in the image contrast obtained in this way will be due to the optical properties of the system. In conclusion, we have shown that knowledge of the mechanical cantilever motion is crucial for true optical contrast in dynamic aSNOM. Experimental results demonstrate how contrast due to anharmonic motion may mimic or even eclipse nonlinear near-field optical contrast in a subtle way. The algebraic analysis of the relative influences we provide allows to identify and suppress undesired signal sources systematically. \textsuperscript{1}E. H. Synge, Philos. Mag. \textbf{6}, 356 (1928). \textsuperscript{2}J. Osterberg, J. Opt. Soc. Am. \textbf{46}, 359 (1956). \textsuperscript{3}L. E. Aspnes and G. Nicholls, Nature (London) \textbf{237}, 510 (1972). \textsuperscript{4}D. W. Pohl, W. Deak, and M. Linnik, Appl. Phys. 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Stark, W. Heckl, and R. Guckenberger, Appl. Phys. Lett. \textbf{76}, 3293 (2000). \textsuperscript{15}R. Hillenbrand, M. Stark, and R. Guckenberger, Appl. Phys. Lett. \textbf{76}, 3478 (2000). \textsuperscript{16}S. I. Lee, S. W. Howell, A. Raman, and R. Reifenberger, Phys. Rev. B \textbf{66}, 115409 (2002). \textsuperscript{17}R. Garcia and R. Perez, Surf. Sci. Rep. \textbf{47}, 197 (2002). \textsuperscript{18}S. Lee, J. Howell, A. Raman, and R. Reifenberger, Ultramicroscopy \textbf{97}, 63 (2003). \textsuperscript{19}R. W. Stark and W. M. Heckl, Rev. Sci. Instrum. \textbf{74}, 5111 (2003). \textsuperscript{20}R. W. Stark, Nanotechnology \textbf{15}, 347 (2004). \textsuperscript{21}T. R. Rodriguez and R. Garcia, Appl. Phys. Lett. \textbf{84}, 449 (2004). \textsuperscript{22}R. Hillenbrand, F. Keilmann, P. Hanarp, D. S. Sutherland, and J. Aizpurua, Appl. Phys. Lett. \textbf{83}, 368 (2003). \textsuperscript{23}F. J. Giessibl, Habilitation thesis, Universität Augsburg, 2000. \textsuperscript{24}R. Hillenbrand, Ph.D. thesis, Technische Universität München, 2001.
SECTION IMPEDANCE HEATING 1.00 GENERAL 1.01 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Impedance heating system(s) shall meet the requirements of the National Electrical Code Article 427, in which heat is generated in a pipeline or vessel wall by causing current to flow through the pipeline or vessel wall. 1.02 WORK INCLUDED Provide the impedance heating system(s) to be connected to the pipeline or vessel, per NEC Article 427, and as shown on the related work specified elsewhere and as specified herein. 1.03 RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE Pipe or Vessel Size, Length, and Material Composition: Electrical Isolation Details of Pipe or Vessel: Thermal Insulation Specifications: Piping Layout Drawing: Installation, Operating, and Maintenance Instructions: Submittal Data Including Customer Specified Process Variables: 1.04 REFERENCE STANDARD A. National Electrical Code (NEC) 2.00 PRODUCT 2.01 ACCEPTABLE MANUFACTURERS If it complies with these specifications, products manufactured by the following manufacturers will be acceptable. HEATREX 2.02 IMPEDANCE HEATING SYSTEM A. General [Choose one or both as required] - END-POINT SYSTEM – A defined length of pipe or vessel to be heated shall be established. System shall be a series connection with isolation kits provided for return conductors back to the transformer. - MID-POINT SYSTEM – A defined length of pipe or vessel to be heated shall be established. The electrical mid-point of the system shall be established for supply conductors placement. System shall be a parallel connection with grounded system ends provided for return conductors back to the transformer. B. Piping Piping or vessel should be of continuous weld construction, fabricated according to applicable standards. Branch connections, equipment connections, and at heated section separations, isolation kits or isolation conductors should be utilized. C. Electrical Isolation of Piping or Vessel The impedance system must be electrically isolated from end to end. Pipe supports and hangers must also be electrically isolated from the impedance heated piping or vessel. Care must be taken at support points to insure that the pipe expansion will not cause accidental grounding of the circuit. Following is a list of acceptable isolation materials and maximum rated temperatures to be used: [Choose one or multiple as required] - PVC ........................................... 180° F - Neoprene Rubber ......................... 225° F - Silicone Rubber .......................... 400° F - Non-Asbestos Fiber Gasket ............ 700° F - Mica ............................................. 1000° F D. Standard System Hardware - Control Panel – Contactor controlled system with on/off process temperature control. The control panel includes the following components mounted into a UL LISTED, NEMA 12 enclosure: - Electronic process temperature controller with thermocouple input and digital temperature indication - Electronic high-limit /overtemperature controller with manual or automatic reset and thermocouple input - 2-Pole definite purpose controlling contactor - Control circuit transformer with fused secondary - Door interlocking disconnect switch - Heater circuit fusing, dual element time delay class RK5 - Illuminated ON/OFF pilot switch - “OVERTEMPERATURE” indication pilot light - System Transformer - A step down system transformer designed for the appropriate KVA rating of the impedance heating system will be mounted in a ventilated NEMA 3R enclosure. Transformer shall be suitable for operation up to 104° F ambient and shall be mounted so that air circulation is not impeded. Transformer will have dual-windings and a grounded shield between the primary and secondary windings. The skin temperature of the transformer must not exceed OSHA limits, so the transformer can be located within reach of personnel. Transformer will be of the single-phase, dry-type unit which will reduce the primary supply voltage to a maximum of 30 volts applied to the pipe to generate heat. The transformer will be a multi-tap design and have six available taps starting at 100% capacity to 50% capacity. - Cable – Secondary conductors ampacity shall be at least 100% of the total load of the heater. The cable is to be run in free air and strapped externally to the thermal insulation jacket, equally spaced around the circumference of the pipe and held in place every 6 to 9 feet, using aluminum or similar strap of non-ferrous material. The cable is not to be run in conduit, unless specified by HEATREX. The appropriate total length of cable for the designed system shall be provided. - Electrical Termination Hardware – Standard termination hardware includes stainless steel or copper-plated carbon steel terminal plates. The terminal plates will be of the perforated design, specifically designed for the temperature, pipe size, and shape of the system. Crimped or bolted connectors shall be provided for field cable attachment. Care should be taken to insure the connectors are clean and free from foreign material before the connections are made. - Flanged Isolation Kit – For systems with “tees” where current divides, and where grounded equipment is connected to pipes, isolation kits shall be provided for installation at the flanged connections. Each isolation kit shall provide a flange gasket, a set of non-conductive bolt sleeves and washers and the required bolts, washers, and nuts. Isolation kits shall be rated for the proper temperature/pressure ratings of the system. Thermocouple Sensor – Standard type J thermocouples, with custom designed mounting hardware, are provided to be mounted directly to the outside of the pipe, under the thermal insulation. A process and high-limit thermocouple shall be provided. E. Optional System Hardware [Choose options to be included] - Control Panel – Contactor controlled system with on/off process temperature control. The control panel includes the standard components mounted into a UL LISTED, NEMA 4 enclosure. - Control Panel – Contactor controlled system with on/off process temperature control. The control panel includes the standard components mounted into a UL LISTED, NEMA 4X enclosure. - Control Panel – Contactor controlled system with on/off process temperature control. The control panel includes the standard components mounted into a UL LISTED, Purged, NEMA 4 enclosure, suitable for Class I or II, Division 2 locations. - Control Panel – Contactor controlled system with on/off process temperature control. The control panel includes the standard components mounted into a Cast Aluminum, NEMA 7 enclosure, suitable for Class I or II, Division 2 locations. - Control Panel – Silicone Controlled Rectifier (SCR) controlled system with proportional process temperature control. The control panel includes the following components mounted into a UL LISTED, NEMA 4 enclosure: - Electronic process temperature controller with the thermocouple input and digital temperature indication - Electronic high-limit /overtemperature controller with manual or automatic reset and thermocouple input - Phase angle fire, single-phase SCR with soft strt (current limit) - 2-pole definite purpose safety contactor - Control circuit transformer with fused secondary - Door interlocking disconnect switch - Fan/filter assembly as required for heat dissipation - Heater circuit fusing, dual element time delay class RK5 - Illuminated ON/OFF pilot switch - “OVERTEMPERATURE” indication pilot light - Control Panel – Contactor controlled system with on/off process temperature control. The control panel includes the following components mounted into a UL LISTED, NEMA 4X enclosure: - Electronic process temperature controller with thermocouple input and digital temperature indication - Electronic high-limit /overtemperature controller with manual or automatic reset and thermocouple input - Phase angle fire, single-phase SCR with soft start (current limit) - 2-pole definite purpose safety contactor - Control circuit transformer with fused secondary - Door interlocking disconnect switch - Panel cooling as required for heat dissipation - Heater circuit fusing, dual element time delay class RK5 - Illuminated ON/OFF pilot switch - “OVERTEMPERATURE” indication pilot light - Control Panel – Contactor controlled system with on/off process temperature control. The control panel includes the following components mounted into a UL LISTED, Purged, NEMA 4 enclosure, suitable for Class I or II, Division 2 locations: - Electronic process temperature controller with thermocouple input and digital temperature indication - Electronic high-limit /overtemperature controller with manual or automatic reset and thermocouple input - Phase angle fire, single-phase SCR with soft start (current limit) - 2-pole definite purpose safety contactor - Control circuit transformer with fused secondary - Door interlocking disconnect switch - Panel cooling as required for heat dissipation - Heater circuit fusing, dual element time delay class RK5 - Illuminated ON/OFF pilot switch - “OVERTEMPERATURE” indication pilot light - Built-in Control Relay – Defines control logic by interlocking safety devices to the system power or can provide remote alarm indication to the customer. - Panel Mounted Volt Meter – Provides voltage indication on either the primary or secondary side of the step down transformer. - Panel Mounted Amp Meter – Provides amperage indication on either the primary or secondary side of the step down transformer. - MODBUS Serial Connection – Allows remote control of system through the electronic process controller. - System Transformer - A step down system transformer designed for the appropriate KVA rating of the impedance heating system will be mounted in a non-ventilated, NEMA 4 enclosure. - System Transformer - A step down system transformer designed for the appropriate KVA rating of the impedance heating system will be mounted in a non-ventilated, NEMA 4X enclosure. - Electrical Termination Hardware – NEMA 7, Class I, Division II, termination hardware includes stainless steel or copper-plated carbon steel terminal plates. The terminal plates will be of the perforated design, specifically designed for the temperature, pipe size, and shape of the system. Crimped or bolted connectors shall be provided for field cable attachment. Care should be taken to insure the connectors are clean and free from foreign material before the connections are made. Termination hardware shall include a perforated cover for arcing/sparking protection, specifically designed for the system environment. - Thermocouple Sensor – Type K thermocouples, with custom designed mounting hardware, are provided to be mounted directly to the outside of the pipe, under the thermal insulation. A process and high-limit thermocouple shall be provided. - RTD Sensor – RTD sensors, with custom designed mounting hardware, are provided to be mounted directly to the outside of the pipe, under the thermal insulation. A process and high-limit sensor shall be provided. ### F. Testing Control panel shall be functionally tested by manufacturer. ### G. NEC and UL Requirements Systems shall be constructed so that installation may be accomplished in accordance with the local authority and provisions of the National Electrical Code (NEC). The control panel shall be listed by Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc., bear the appropriate UL label, and comply with all applicable requirements of NEC. ### H. Capacity Heating systems shall have KVA and voltage ratings as specified by the manufacturer. ### 3.00 EXECUTION ### 3.01 GENERAL The installation shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s Installation, Operating and Maintenance Instructions with regard to application, mechanical and electrical requirements. It shall be the responsibility of the contractor to carry out proper installation in accordance with the local authority and the National Electrical Code (NEC) and guarantee operational status.
Life Is Like Cheese When to Stop Being a Christian Haiti: God's Role? Earthkeeping in Action What if everyone forgot your birthday? You’d feel alone. Forgotten. Unloved, even. Celebrations remind people that we care for them. It’s true in our families—and it’s true in our churches. When we celebrate our faith milestones together, we build a sense of community, connection, and belonging. In Celebrating the Milestones of Faith you’ll learn why and how to build a milestone. You’ll also get hundreds of practical, creative ideas for celebrating baptism, profession of faith, first communion, and many other faith milestones. DORDT COLLEGE Faculty Positions Dordt College is seeking applications for the following openings beginning August 2010: - Construction Management - Engineering - Fine Arts & Graphic Design - Physics Application reviews will begin immediately. Qualified persons committed to a Reformed, Biblical perspective and educational philosophy are encouraged to send a letter of interest and curriculum vita/resume to: Dr. Erik Hoekstra, Provost Dordt College 498 4th Avenue NE Sioux Center, IA 51250-1697 Fax: (712) 722-6035 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Web site: www.dordt.edu/offices/academic_affairs Dordt College is an equal opportunity institution that strongly encourages the applications of women, minorities, and disabled persons. --- A New Place To Call Home MEADOWBROOK VILLAGE CHRISTIAN RETIREMENT COMMUNITY - 50 Cottages - 54 Apartments - Full Service Dining - Walking Paths - Game Room - Operational Dutch Windmill - Gated Community - 24/7 Security - Planned Activities - Spacious Floorplans - Full Kitchens - Chapel/Movie Theater Located in North Escondido CA, Meadowbrook Village is a brand new Christian retirement community of spacious cottages and private apartments with wide streets and abundant green spaces. Our 25 acres of secure, gated property offer numerous amenities for an active senior lifestyle. Visit us today to find out how you can make Meadowbrook Village a new place to call home. Pending Lic #306004040 For a private tour or more information call (760) 746-2500 or visit www.MeadowbrookVillage.org --- 4th Annual CHRISTIANS & MONEY CONFERENCE FOR PASTORS AND CHURCH LEADERS NEW! NOW AT 5 LOCATIONS ACROSS THE COUNTRY Grand Rapids, MI Chicago, IL Chino, CA Orange City, IA Wyckoff, NJ Practical Ideas and New Resources to Grow Good Stewards! Growing Generosity: The Challenge Stephen Grabill, PhD., General Editor, NIV Stewardship Study Bible Highlights from recent CRC Church Survey Rodger Rice, PhD., Barnabas Foundation Stewardship Consultant Revolutionary Stewardship Resource Facilitated by Stephen Grabill, General Editor, NIV Stewardship Study Bible Impact of a Stewardship Initiative (Panel) Mike Koetje, Pastor, Second CRC, Grand Haven, MI Rich Westmaas, Stewardship Co-Chair, Cadillac CRC, Cadillac MI Lyle Ahrenholz, Stewardship Chair, Third CRC, Zeeland, MI TO REGISTER, LOG ON TO www.barnabasfoundation.com Co-Sponsored by: BARNABAS FOUNDATION CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY CHRISTIAN REFORMED CHURCH Check out our new blog at www.NurtureKidsFaith.org! Our popular Nurture newsletter has moved online. It’s full of free, fun faith-building activities, articles, and family devotions. Anyone who raises or teaches kids will love this great resource. And now that it’s online, it can reach families around the world! FEATURES 16 When to Stop Being a Christian According to the apostle Paul, there’s one really good reason to forget about our faith. by Stephen De Wit 20 Cremation Is it OK for Christians? by Al Hoksbergen 34 Earthkeeping in Action Inspiring stories of Christian Reformed folks caring for creation by Banner news correspondents DEPARTMENTS Editorial: Numerical Nonsense? by Bob De Moor 6 The Banner editor reveals his inner nerd. Catch Your Breath: Life Is Like Cheese by Jay Knochenhauer 7 What’s your terrorro? IMHO: Ending the U.S. Embargo of Cuba by Catherine Cooper 8 It’s a matter of obeying Jesus’ Great Commission. Letters to the Editor 8 CRC News: More on the CRC’s response to the Haiti earthquake 10 Leadership: Becoming Earthkeepers by Kate Kooyman 19 Advice from churches to churches Just for Kids: Eggsellent Easter by Christin Baker 30 ► What do eggs have to do with Easter? Tuned In: Farewell, Amazon by Phil Christman Jr. 32 Virtual bookstore or online monopoly? On the Journey: Palm Sunday in Jerusalem by Susan Vanden Berg 38 A taste of ancient and future times Frequently Asked Questions 39 The days of showing up on people’s doorsteps with a “plan for their life” are over. True Confessions: The Apostles’ Creed by Scott Hoezee 40 WEB O’S Why it’s still important to know it by heart Punch Lines 47 CHURCH@WORK Haiti Earthquake 22 What was God’s role? Dear Reader: What Do You Want to Be? by Jerry Dykstra 26 Cover: No, they’re not fishing. From left, Nate De Koster, Rick Duimstra, Troy Boeskool, Sherwin Koning, and Dave Duimstra from Trinity CRC in Grandville, Mich., donned waders to clean up a portion of Rush Creek, which runs through the church’s property (see “Earthkeeping in Action,” p. 35). PHOTOGRAPH BY GERRY KONING Numerical Nonsense? AT THE STOVE, WAITING FOR THE RICE TO BOIL. Just finished Stephen De Wit’s article “When to Stop Being a Christian” (p.18). The rice still isn’t done. Now what? Can’t leave the stove. Eureka! A calculator is within reach. Let’s see what feats of numeric legerdemain can be accomplished before dinner’s on. De Wit quotes the apostle Paul: “If for this life only we have hoped . . .” Hmm. Subtract the years I can’t remember from those I can, the result is 54. Subtract the years I don’t want to remember, and I get 52. Park that number in Memory Plus. Now calculate the average life span of all my immediate family members: 78. Take the stored number and divide by that average. Tadah! I’ve blown through 0.66666666 percent of my anticipated conscious earthly existence. Interesting number. The simple division defeats my calculator’s ability to provide an accurate result. It’s a never-ending, repeating number: 0.6666 . . . spiraling off into infinity. Yet “6” is the biblical number for anything but infinity. It’s the number of humanity, that being the day on which Adam was created. Adam comes from adamah, Hebrew for earth—from which Adam was created and to which he returned, as we shall too, if Jesus tarries. Symbolically, 6 is the number that approaches but never reaches the number of perfection (think Psalm 8). It approaches God’s number, the number 7, the number of a fully complete and hallowed week. That’s a surprisingly good numerical reminder for me “to count [my] days” (Ps. 90:12). Our culture thinks it’s morbid to reflect on our death. It cowers beneath tons of feel-good entertainment focusing on the here and now. Yet the “forever young” generation is inexorably moving into the winter of life. We need more reminders—for wisdom’s sake (Eccles. 7:2). See Al Hoksb ergen’s article on cremation (p. 20). The rice has boiled and needs to sit. Now what to calculate? Hmm. Jesus gives us what we cannot hope to achieve ourselves: eternal life. Can he deliver? He’s the Son of Man, the best man who ever lived. So let’s assign him the highest possible human number, 6,9999 . . . repeated to infinity. The Greek letter chi starts the word Christos, meaning Christ. It’s our letter X. So let’s let X = 6.9999. . . . Now let’s play with that number. Multiply both sides of the equation by 10 and we get 10X = 69.9999. . . . Now subtract the former equation from the latter and we get 9X = 63 (the repeating 9’s all cancel out). Now we divide 63 by 9 and we get X=7, the number for God! That proves that one number, 6.999 . . . actually equals another: 7. The highest number of man equals God’s number. So it is with Christ. This greatest man is also God, and, therefore, able to defeat death. Amazing how a bit of meaningless play away from screens and earbuds allows our minds to wander into things eternal. The rice is done. Christ has risen. Time to tuck into the first of 20,805 meals I can reasonably expect to consume before joining him for dinner. Rev. Bob De Moor is editor of The Banner and pastor of preaching and administration for West End CRC, Edmonton, Alberta. Life Is Like Cheese If I were an atheist (you’ll be pleased to know I am not), I would scan my fellow lumps of biomass and conclude, “Human life is the highest form of cheese.” It would be hard to conclude otherwise. Each person is unique, each flavored by a lifelong accumulation of moments, each person best enjoyed when surrounded by things that complement and contrast. Just like cheese. Brad Kessler writes about cheese in his marvelous book Goat Song: A Short History of Herding and the Art of Making Cheese. He talks about the fact that no two cheeses are alike: Every raw-milk cheese is an artifact of the land; it carries the imprint of the earth from which it came. A cheese—even the fresh chèvre—is never just a thing to put in your mouth. It’s a living piece of geography. . . . Winemakers talk about the terroir of a particular wine, how a place’s geology, drainage, soil, plants, and weather all contribute to its vintage. You can’t create terroir artificially. It’s the gift of a place. . . . Everything around us contributed to our terroir. I like that. As human beings, everything around us, every moment of each day, contributes to our terroir, resulting in what we call a life. But unlike cheese, we don’t age on a shelf as inactive bystanders in our own progress. We are a living piece of geography, our story shaped by where we have been, who our traveling companions are, and what we bump into and chase each day. Maybe the apostle Paul smelled the pungent aroma and watched the curds separate from the whey as goat’s milk was poured into molds at a stall next to his tentmaking shop. Perhaps it prompted him to say, “Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind” (Rom. 12:2). Paul knew that either the world will flavor us or Christ will. Everything contributes to our terroir. It is amazing how tragedy can deepen faith in one person while ransacking it from another. The death of an infant moves one parent to cry out, “How can I believe in God?” Another asks, “How can I not?” Everything flavors us—joy and sorrow alike. But how, exactly? Why does faith sour with age in some individuals while it ripens in others? It’s amazing that the same universe that causes one person to fall down before God in worship causes another to just keep looking. Carl Sagan spent a lifetime gazing at the stars. He once gave a lecture at Cornell University where he showed the fantastic portrait of Earth shot from Voyager 1 at a range of 4 billion miles. In that photo the earth appears as a single pixel against the empty black of space, a pale blue dot. Sagan commented, “There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another, and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we’ve ever known.” Yes, we ought to deal more kindly with each other. But what a wonder that a little lump of cheese on a dot in space could contemplate such thoughts! Thank God for his loving work of molding us into his image, day by day, grace upon grace, each person meticulously handcrafted by the Artisan, just like cheese. Rev. Jay Knochenhauer is enjoying his first year as senior pastor of Third CRC, Zeeland, Mich. He and his wife, Machelle, dream of a sizable grant that will enable them to tour Europe to research a book on the historic relationship between Christian monasteries and the art of making wine and cheese. Where God has given you God’s intimate name, you also have been given your own name. It takes awhile; it takes some listening, some silence, some suffering, probably. It takes some waiting, desiring; it takes some hoping. But finally we discover that place where we know who we are; we know what God said. — RICHARD ROHR Ending the U.S. Embargo on Cuba “This is an injustice that causes suffering for the very weakest people.” FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY our denomination has maintained a close bond with the Christian Reformed Church in Cuba. As the February Banner highlighted, through God’s faithfulness the Cuban churches have grown and flourished despite years of oppression by the Castro regime (“The CRC’s Cuban Bond”). But an important addition to that story is how the U.S. embargo has continued to hurt Christian ministry in Cuba. Although the Christian Reformed Church in North America almost never takes official stances on specific policy reforms, the denominational leadership began advocating to end the embargo in 1998, believing it detrimental to the ministry of the church in two ways. First, the embargo restricts the ability of U.S. members to fulfill the great commission of Matthew 28. Although Canadian members can engage in ministry in Cuba without restriction, the U.S. government denies its citizens the freedom to travel to and give financial support to Cuban churches. Missionaries face criminal prosecution by the U.S. government for visiting without a permit. In 2004 the U.S. Treasury Department increased restrictions on religious organizations and denied Christian Reformed World Missions a travel license altogether. Although the license was regained after substantial lobbying, the Treasury whittled it down to only a handful of predetermined names. Second, the embargo hurts the people of Cuba. So great is their concern that our brothers and sisters in the Cuban CRC formally requested our assistance in advocating for reform: “As a church, the feeling of the majority is that this is an injustice that causes suffering for the very weakest people,” they stated. “For this reason, we condemn it and pray to God that it disappears very soon. . . . We request that our churches . . . use their good relations with the government of the United States to let it know our desire. It is inadmissible that such a noble and giving nation, where there are so many Christians, could allow a law that greatly harms the children, the elderly, the sick, and the most weak.” After prayerful consideration, the boards of World Missions and the Christian Reformed World Relief Committee, along with the CRCNA Board of Trustees acting on behalf of Synod, approved this powerful request in 1998. More than a decade later, our advocacy efforts continue. God calls us to spread the gospel, to nurture Christ’s church, and to work for the removal of barriers that prevent the fulfillment of that mandate. The U.S. embargo of Cuba is one such barrier. To learn how to take action to stop the U.S. embargo of Cuba, visit crcjustice.org. Kudos Seldom do I read The Banner and come away greatly blessed and encouraged, but with the March 2010 issue I certainly did. Several articles were just great, among them “Studying the Belhar in Iowa,” “The Journey of Grief,” and the piece to be framed by all of us: “Our Great Treasures.” The piece on “True Confessions” was pretty good also. Keep up this kind of work, and I will read with much anticipation. —George McGuire Springville, Ala. Thank you for “Decoding Our Good News” (February 2010). So often I find myself caught up in jargon when explaining the gospel. This was brought home to me in our GEMS club, when, after a particularly moving time of worship, one little girl came up to me and asked in a concerned tone, “I’d like to let Jesus into my heart, but if I do, will he be able to get out again?” Bryan Berghoef’s article “How (Not) to Talk About God” was also a great reminder. Like the apostle Paul, we need to “become all things to all people, that some might be saved” (1 Cor. 9:22). —Valerie Van Kooten Pella, Iowa In his excellent article “Be Perfect?” (February 2010), Shiao Chong gives us the kind of helpful insight into the Scriptures that we need more of. For many of us, the Bible contains lots of passages that are hard to understand. Well-trained, clear-headed ministers can help a lot. Thank you. —W.S. Vanderploeg Grand Rapids, Mich. Invisible Disability As the parent of an adopted FASD child, I feel compelled to respond to Joan Rinker’s article on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (“An Invisible Disability,” February 2010). Rinker described my son perfectly. However, as sad and grief-laden as the article is, my story has a lovely twist: God placed my son into my life to teach me some priceless lessons through the horrific effects of FASD. Through my son, I learned not only to lean on God like never before, but above all discovered the unconditional love God has for each one of us—even during the years I was blamed for nearly all my son’s troubles. My son is a gift from above, but I need my heart near God’s to carry on. —Theresa Bakker Townsend, Ontario I am an obstetrician with subspecialty training in maternal-fetal medicine and complicated pregnancies. That training was at Wayne State University, which has done long-term research into FASD. While it would seem common sense to avoid all alcohol during pregnancy, no science suggests that small amounts can cause injury to fetuses. To suggest otherwise puts undue burden on those who have special-needs kids and who had an occasional drink during pregnancy. —Dr. Russ Jelsema Grand Rapids, Mich. In all my work in child welfare, alcohol was the consistent part of the picture—I estimated it to be in at least 90 percent of the cases. More sophisticated measures today cite 90 percent of cases as stemming from all forms of addiction, but alcohol is still believed to be the leading cause of family breakdown. And generally other drugs don’t cause permanent damage the way alcohol consumption does. Even a small dent in these numbers would be great and well worth the cost. —Jake Terpstra Grand Rapids, Mich. Peace Talks I was heartened to read that both the CRC and the Mennonites agreed on a Remembrance Day service that focuses on all war dead, rather than on only those who have died in military service (“CRC, Mennonites Discuss War and Peace,” February 2010). According to Johns Hopkins University, the Iraq war has caused the deaths of more than 500,000 children. And that figure does not include the hundreds of thousands of Iraqis and Americans—men, women, and children—who have been injured and psychologically traumatized. —Dave Thomas Paterson, N.J. Neglected Training Christian Reformed World Missions’ vision “to walk alongside local congregations” can’t happen unless the churches also want that (“Ministry Shares Promote Missions,” p. 29, January 2010). The attendance at all three missions-training conferences I attended was atrociously low. CRWM and the Christian Reformed World Relief Committee are sending out staff to lead full-day gatherings, but apparently the churches don’t see the worth. Encouraging speakers go unheard; excellent workshops, unattended. In my experience, only well-prepared short-term missions teams should be sent out, so come and get training! Delegate deacons and mission committees to attend. See the online schedule at crwm.org, under Resources: Missions Education & Engagement. —Rev. Lou Wagenveld (retired missionary pastor) Grand Rapids, Mich. Corrections The Banner apologizes to Howard Van Dam, especially, for giving him the wrong spouse and employer in the March 2010 news feature “Horror, Hope, and Help in Haiti” (the title of which we also messed up). Howard is married to Ruth Van Dam, and both work for Christian Reformed World Missions. You may also be amused to know that the error in the March corrections (p. 9) was not intentional. Helping Haiti From a spaghetti supper in a church basement to a lavish dinner for high society, Christian Reformed people have been raising money to help Haiti rebuild following the Jan. 12 earthquake that devastated Port-au-Prince. By the end of February, donations to the Christian Reformed World Relief Committee topped $6.7 million, the most ever raised by CRWRC from churches and individuals after a natural disaster. More than half of that came from Canadians, which means the Canadian federal government will match each dollar. In addition to the food-aid distribution well underway, CRWRC recently worked with a local group to distribute 900 tarps in one day, crucial as Haiti’s rainy season begins. CRWRC U.S. director Andrew Ryskamp said the outpouring of support for CRWRC was both overwhelming and humbling. “It confirms the trust that our supporters and churches have in our strategy of supporting the local economy in our relief purchases, and rebuilding the communities with the resources already present,” he said. Rocking It for Haiti Within days of the earthquake in Haiti, students at Southern Heights Christian Reformed Church, in Kalamazoo, Mich., organized a rock-a-thon to support the ministry of a Christian orphanage located just outside of Port-au-Prince. For nine hours, 18 middle- and high-schoolers rocked non-stop in chairs at the church. They raised nearly $4,600 for God’s Littlest Angels, the Haitian orphanage where a young member of Southern Heights spent the first part of his life. The orphanage’s building survived the earthquake, but the orphanage anticipates working with many more newly orphaned children who will need love and assistance. It is also helping the surrounding community with clothing, medical supplies, and more. Ken VanderLugt, director of student ministry at Southern Heights, sees the call of God’s Spirit in the effort of the young rockers, whom he characterizes as mission-minded with a passion for service to others. “They are truly the hands of Jesus for our hurting world,” he said. —Henry Huijsen Concert of Prayer When local pianist Serge Mazerand wanted to offer his musical talent in aid of Haiti, Betsy Gesch, a deacon at Telkwa Christian Reformed Church in British Columbia, came up with a creative solution: a prayer concert. For 75 minutes, while Mazerand played his quiet, healing music in a lamplit sanctuary, people offered prayers to God for the people of Haiti and for the world community, guided by psalms and written prayers. Mazerand and participants received information about the work of the Christian Reformed World Relief Committee in Haiti, especially regarding CRWRC’s disaster response following the Jan. 12 earthquake there. “We are small and need to do things in our own way,” said Gesch. “Music and prayer move us to give, even though giving was not the intent of the concert.” —Jenny deGroot Vancouver Foodies Dine and Donate There was strength in united culinary efforts as chef Jeff Van Geest and fellow chefs and musicians pulled off a gala dinner in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia. Van Geest, who grew up in the Christian Reformed Church and has been a chef in Vancouver for 15 years, said he “was moved to do something” to help after the Jan. 12 earthquake hit Haiti, and his friends and colleagues jumped at his idea. A seven-course meal, which included seared Pacific scallops, coconut cream braised pork cheek salad, and local wines, was complemented by local musical talent. With only 10 days from idea to reality, Van Geest was pleased with the final result. “Social networking, Facebook, Twitter, and old-fashioned email were huge in making this event happen,” he said. “It was a mix of CRC folks, local ‘foodies,’ and well-heeled socialites.” Van Geest suggested Christian Reformed World Relief Committee as the beneficiary of the dinner because of the assurance that funds raised would go directly to relief and rebuilding in Haiti. The $31,000 raised at the dinner will be matched by the Canadian government to total $62,000. Van Geest’s brother, Matthew, who has worked for CRWRC and is presently in Haiti, challenged the diners to make a difference by “considering your own lifestyle and its impacts, by caring. And you do care. That is why you are here, and I thank you for that.” —Jenny deGroot Crazy Horse Raises Funds Crazy Horse, a popular eatery in Holland, Mich., is usually closed Sundays, but on Feb. 21, the restaurant opened its doors for a fundraiser buffet featuring Haitian food. Heather Laninga, a manager at the restaurant, knew her boss would support the idea. Laninga and Mark Herman, owner of Crazy Horse, are both members of Watershed, part of Harderwyk Christian Reformed Ministries. Laninga, who has been on six mission trips to the Dominican Republic and has connections with Haitian children, wanted to serve Haitian food. Some 20 volunteers helped put on the buffet, which included griot (marinated, fried pork), Haitian pulled pork, fried plantains, red beans and rice, and some items that are on the restaurant’s regular menu. The restaurant received “an overwhelming outpouring of people wanting to help,” Laninga said. Crazy Horse server Sarah Bolman was happy to donate her time. “Why not? We are all on board and can give back to Haiti,” she said. During the three hours the restaurant was open that Sunday, 612 people came through the doors, donating $9,800. The money went to GLOW Ministries International. According to Amber Snyder of GLOW, the money is enough to send 280,000 meals to Haiti. —Karen Gorter Holland, Mich., residents enjoy Haitian food in support of Haiti. Singing for Haiti On a snowy evening in early February, 300 people basked in the warmth of the music of Supremacy 4, a group of four vocalists and a pianist, all born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. The benefit concert was held at Trinity Christian College in Palos Heights, Ill., and included the college’s gospel choir and a student group. A $5 admission charge plus a free-will offering raised $5,700 for the work of the Christian Reformed World Relief Committee, Elim Christian Services, and two other charities. —Ruth Moblard DeYoung Alberta Girl Hosts Benefit Concert for Haiti Susanna Heystek, 11, knew she had to do something when she watched news of the devastating earthquake in Haiti. “I knew lots could be done, and I wanted to be a part of it,” she said. Susanna and her parents, Neels and Dina Heystek, members of First Christian Reformed Church in Rocky Mountain House, Alberta, organized a benefit concert—since Susanna plays the violin—and auction. Neels and Dina said they were humbled by their daughter’s actions. “We became aware of God’s hand in leading us to deeper compassion for others through the faith and obedience of a child,” explained Dina. Nearly 600 people attended the concert held at the church, raising almost $12,000 for a Christian school in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and the Red Cross. —Rachel deKoning Kraay GEMS’ Gift to Haiti The annual spaghetti supper hosted by the GEMS girls club of Grace Christian Reformed Church in Grand Rapids, Mich., had a different outcome this year. The supper is usually a fundraiser for the club’s activities. “We were planning the supper when Briannea Mansfield raised her hand and asked if we could give the money to Haiti,” said Marie Ippel, one of the counselors. “Briannea told us, ‘I saw on the news that thousands of kids lost their homes and thought that this would be a good way to help them.’” Ippel said the 30 other girls in the room erupted with a cheer of agreement. They received $400 for Haiti, double the amount their supper usually raises. —Gayla R. Postma Chaplaincy Gets New Director, New Name Rev. Ron Klimp has been appointed director of the Christian Reformed Church’s Chaplaincy and Care Ministry by the denomination’s board of trustees. Klimp, ordained in the CRC in 1977, has a decade of chaplaincy experience, in addition to more than 20 years in parish ministry. Klimp told trustees that a big part of his work is to recruit more chaplains. “The opportunities [for ministry] are tremendous,” he said. “When people go through crises, that’s when chaplains are there.” Klimp began his new role on March 1. The office, formerly known as Chaplaincy Ministries, was renamed Chaplaincy and Care Ministry, as its mandate includes facilitating care ministry in congregations and other mission agencies. Klimp describes the additional aspect as the intersection of clinical care and pastoral care, taking the experience of chaplains and using it to help local churches and the broader church better care for people. —Gayla R. Postma Canadian Justice Group Accused of Anti-Semitism KAIROS, an ecumenical social justice organization that includes the Christian Reformed Church, was accused of being anti-Israel or anti-Semitic, a suggestion that caused a media firestorm in Canada. The controversial comments came from Jason Kenney, Canada’s Minister of Citizenship, Immigration, and Multiculturalism, shortly after the Canadian government cut funding to KAIROS. (See The Banner’s web article at [http://tinyurl.com/yds6p7h](http://tinyurl.com/yds6p7h).) Kenney was speaking in Israel when he said that KAIROS has taken “a leadership role in the boycott, divestment, and sanctions campaign [against Israel].” The CRC has been on the KAIROS board since its inception in 2001. The CRC’s director of Canadian Ministries, Rev. Bruce Adema, said the charges made about KAIROS are false. “We continue to urge the government to reconsider the funding cut to KAIROS,” he said. “The accusation that KAIROS, and therefore all member churches, is anti-Semitic is absurd. Together we have affirmed the state of Israel’s right to exist, encouraged a two-state solution, and prayed for justice and peace for all—both Israelis and Palestinians.” KAIROS responded to the allegations by condemning the apparent politicization of aid that led to its funding being cut by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). “Minister Kenney’s charge against KAIROS is false,” KAIROS’s media release stated. “Criticism of Israel does not constitute anti-Semitism, and CIDA was developed to fund international aid and not to serve political agendas. “Minister Kenney’s statement … raises very disturbing questions about the integrity of Canadian development aid decisions.” —Rachel deKoning Kraay Colorado Minister Seeks Release from CRC Rev. Mark Tidd Rev. Mark Tidd is resigning from ministry in the Christian Reformed Church because the church he leads in Denver, Colo., does not comply with the denomination’s position on homosexuality. Tidd leads Highlands Church, a nondenominational church that welcomes persons involved in same-sex relationships to full participation in church life, including leadership roles. Tidd does not accuse the Christian Reformed Church of being homophobic or hateful, and he is grateful for his many years in the denomination. “However,” he said, “I cannot in good conscience keep my credentials with the church that first grounded me as a young man in the gospel and taught me well at Calvin [Theological] Seminary.” The official position of the CRC is that homosexual orientation is not a sin, and that the church should lovingly support persons of same-sex attraction—but that explicit homosexual practice is incompatible with obedience to God as revealed in Scripture. The denominational position can be read in full at [www.crca.org/pages/positions_homosexuality.cfm](http://www.crca.org/pages/positions_homosexuality.cfm). —Henry Huisjen IN MEMORIAM Rev. Peter Ipema 1922-2009 Rev. Peter Ipema, 87, a gracious missionary and linguist, died Oct. 29, 2009. Ipema graduated from Calvin Theological Seminary and entered ministry in the Christian Reformed Church in 1948. He spent much of his career in Nigeria among the Tiv people, teaching their language to many missionaries and establishing a reputation as a world authority on Islamic thought. He was greatly loved by the Tiv people, who addressed him as “Baba” (Father). In 1974 Ipema was seconded to be the general advisor to the “Islam in Africa” project. In 1981 he became the director of the Mid-East Fellowship Center in Chicago. In 1986 he became pastor of Terra Haute CRC in Indiana. He retired in 1987. Ipema was predeceased by his first wife, Alice Jean Steenmeyer, in 1989. He is survived by his wife Martina “Tina” Van Staalduinen, three children and their spouses, nine grandchildren, and 12 great-grandchildren. —Louis M. Tamminga For more on the life and ministry of Rev. Ipema, please visit [www.thebanner.org](http://www.thebanner.org). In addition to being posted online, further information on recently deceased ministers is available each year in the front pages of the Christian Reformed Church’s annual Yearbook. Olympic Fever Captures Canadians Olympic fever captured the hearts of many Christian Reformed Canadians in February as the 2010 Winter Games came to Vancouver, British Columbia. But some did more than just watch the Games on television. They carried the torch, housed guests, and even won gold for Team Canada. Dave Alexander (photo at left) Heidi Siebring (above), and Rebekah Posthuma (right) were each honored to carry the Olympic Torch before the 2010 Winter Games. Eric Staal, a member of First Christian Reformed Church in Thunder Bay, Ontario, won a gold medal with Canada’s men’s hockey team. Rebekah Posthuma, Heidi Siebring, and Dave Alexander each took a turn carrying the Olympic torch as it wound its way across Canada. Posthuma, a member of Maranatha CRC in Edmonton, Alberta, was chosen for being physically active and environmentally green. Siebring, a member of Terrace (B.C.) CRC, was nominated for her work with the Canadian Wildlife Federation. And Alexander, a member of Immanuel CRC in Langley, British Columbia, was nominated for his environmental efforts, including selling his second car and cycling to school. Others volunteered for the Games, providing rides, security, lodging, or fulfilling other duties. Tim VanHemert, a member of Willoughby CRC, Langley, offered his computer skills. “I was statistician during the men and women’s gold-medal curling events,” he said. “It’s a thrill.” Roommates Meghan Mast and Sheri Poelman, both members of First CRC, Vancouver, opened their apartment to Olympic guests. “We’d heard so much about the negative aspects of the Olympics, about all the people being displaced in the Downtown Eastside, and this was a tangible way we were able to turn that into a positive.” The young women are donating the money they will receive to two charities. The Olympics were literally in Rev. Mary-Lee Bouma’s backyard. Bouma, the pastor of “downtown friends,” a CRC church plant in Vancouver, participated in silent vigils held at strip bars and hockey games, organized by a group seeking to raise awareness of the harm done to women and children in the sex trade. “This campaign [was] not anti-Olympics but anti-exploitation of women and children,” she said. —Jenny deGroot Hockey Stars Build Rink for Christian School Brothers Jared, Jordan, Eric, and Marc Staal, all members of First Christian Reformed Church in Thunder Bay, Ontario, recently donated an outdoor hockey rink to their alma mater, Thunder Bay Christian School. They also all happen to be hockey stars. Eric, Marc, and Jordan play in the National Hockey League, while Jared, the youngest, plays in the Ontario Hockey League. Both Eric and Jordan have both won Stanley Cup Championships. “It was a different way to give back to the school,” said Eric. “[I hear] the rink looks great. The kids love it—that’s the main thing.” The school and the church were important foundations for the Staal brothers. “We learned a ton growing up going to Christian school and First CRC,” Eric said. “We became close to God being in those places.” The brothers still live in the Thunder Bay area during the off season. “We are all very close,” Eric said. “We train together every day in the summer.” The new $40,000 rink was unveiled in January. —Paul Delger CRC Signs Climate Change Declaration At its February meeting, the Christian Reformed Church’s Board of Trustees voted unanimously to sign a declaration on creation stewardship and climate change that was written last July by evangelical leaders from around the world at a meeting in Kenya. It states that humans have not always been faithful stewards of creation and have harmed the earth through ignorance, neglect, arrogance, and greed, causing the current environmental crisis that is leading to climate change and a rise in global temperature. Peter Vander Meulen, director of the CRC’s Office of Social Justice and Hunger Action, presented the declaration to the trustees. “This is not about policy, about mitigating climate change,” he said, “it’s about agreeing that it is happening and that humans have something to do with it.” Vander Meulen said that making this a CRC priority is not about policy and legislation but education. “We need to wait for more reports before coming out with opinions on policy,” he said. “We need to take the rhetoric down and talk about the ethics of this.” Some trustees worried about the fallout of signing the declaration. Trustee Rev. Dan Mouw said, “My concern is the CRC taking a precise stand on an issue so widely debated, with strong opinions. If we endorse this, we risk politicizing it even more.” Vander Meulen pointed out that the declaration was drafted by 156 leaders of evangelicals from around the world, not just people in North America. “We have to read it in that context,” he said. “This is a moderate statement that reclaims the middle ground, without falling into the right or left ditch.” Trustee Rev. Ken Boonstra agreed that the declaration is moderate. He quoted from the CRC’s own Contemporary Testimony, “Our World Belongs to God.” “We’ve already endorsed a document that laments our abuse of creation that has brought lasting damage to the world we’ve been given,” he said. “Now that is a dangerous declaration.” Trustees endorsed the statement and agreed that it should be a denominational priority. —Gayla R. Postma Colorado Church Repents and Reconciles “What God has led us through is an extremely precious gift. It was a beautiful thing,” said Adie Johnson. She was referring to a service of reconciliation held at Crestview Christian Reformed Church in Boulder, Colo., where she is an elder. Back in 2004, the church made some program and schedule changes that some members found exciting, but others found too drastic. The church abandoned the changes the following year, but wounds lingered. Elder Marty Huisjen explained, “What really hurt a lot of us was that people who worshiped together, who were close friends in Christ, were now starting to doubt each other’s motives.” Last fall Crestview’s elders decided that reconciliation needed to be made with members both past and present. They contacted more than 80 families who had been affected—some still with the church, others who had left. Through telephone calls and face-to-face meetings, they attempted to right past wrongs. The final act was a service of reconciliation, held Jan. 31. On their knees, the leaders led a prayer of repentance. “We want to confess to those times when we as a church have held too tightly to that which is not ours, the church itself,” Huisjen prayed. “We acknowledge that when we put anything, even good things, before loving You and loving others, we have stepped outside Your will.” The service concluded with communion and a prayer led by both the former pastor Rev. Mark Tidd and current pastor, Rev. Art DeBruyn. A former Crestview attendee, Karen Boelts, reflected, “Crestview taught us a lot about love and held us up when we needed it. I don’t think I ever grieved the loss of that community until the service. I am grateful to have been able to be a part of it.” —Sarah Boonstra Redeemer Appoints New President Hubert Krygsman was recently appointed president of Redeemer University College in Ancaster, Ontario. Krygsman comes to Redeemer from Dordt College where he is associate provost and director of the Andreas Center for Reformed Scholarship. Ray Penning, chair of Redeemer’s board, said, “Dr. Krygsman has a demonstrated understanding of both teaching and research at the university level, which are the two pillars of Redeemer’s mission.” Krygsman, Redeemer’s third president, will succeed Justin Cooper, who retires in June 2010 after 16 years in that position. —Sophie Vandenberg When to Stop Being a Christian One really good reason to forget about our faith I was about 12 years old. I woke up on a Sunday morning, trying to process a dream from the night before. In my dream the sky broke open (in the biblical sense) and everyone on Earth saw the silhouette of a person coming down out of the sky. For a few hours, the silhouette hovered, descending very slowly. The world panicked. But I was pretty sure I knew what was going on. It was Jesus! He was coming back to Earth just like he’d said in the Bible. After a few hours, the silhouette landed. But immediately I could tell something was wrong. It wasn’t Jesus! And he was very clear about that. He wanted our allegiance, he wanted our praise, but he didn’t want to be called Jesus. It even seemed to offend him that some of us assumed that’s who he was. He wasn’t the God of the Bible, he said. He was the true god. I woke up from this dream and didn’t know what to think. For the first time ever it occurred to me that my faith, my Lord, the religion of my family, might not be true. It was a cruel epiphany. From where I stood, Christianity couldn’t have been more authentic. It was as real as an apple in my hand. I’d never had a reason to doubt the validity of Christianity because nothing in my world had exposed me to the possibility that my belief might be misplaced. My mail carrier was a Christian. My teachers were Christians. The mayor of my town was a Christian. Our newspaper, the Sioux Center News, had Bible verses on the front page. Everything in my life reinforced the unquestioned reality that God is the one true God, the Bible is his Word, and Jesus is coming again. This was the first time I faced the intellectual possibility that Jesus was a farce. After throwing on my church clothes and scanning my memory verse one more time, I ran upstairs to tell my parents about my dream. I looked them in their eyes and asked, “What if that really happened? What if God showed up and he wasn’t our God? What would we do?” Duped? “Is there ever a good reason to stop being a Christian?” I asked my parents. The apostle Paul says, “Yes.” There is at least one perfectly good reason not to become or to stop being a Christian. In 1 Corinthians 15, Paul writes to the Christians in the city of Corinth: “If there is no resurrection of the dead, then not even Christ has been raised. And if Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith” (vv. 13-14). During Paul’s time in history, a popular philosophical argument centered on whether it was possible for someone to be raised from the dead. (Socrates and his colleagues, in fact, fought this battle long before Jesus was born, let alone resurrected.) The debate remained at the heart of what made a Pharisee different from a Sadducee. And the Corinthians, too, clearly had questions about it. “If Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith,” Paul tells them. In other words, “This conversation you so casually debate is the foundation of your entire belief system!” If not for the resurrection, our faith, according to Paul, is “useless.” Later in the chapter he uses the word “futile.” If the resurrection did not actually, physically, literally happen, then Christianity is worthless. If the resurrection did not actually, physically, literally happen, you and I should stop following Christ right now because we’re wasting our lives. If the resurrection did not actually, physically, literally happen, we Christians should be pitied more than anyone else because we’ve been duped (v. 19). Paul makes a very aggressive claim—that without the resurrection, everything Christians have ever done in the name of Christ is useless. Is that true? Think about all the good things Christianity has given to the world. I’m not suggesting that everything Christians have given to the world has been good—that’s not the case—but there have been many good things. Think about the millions of hungry people who’ve been fed by people who believe in Jesus. Think about all the good art that came from the church—from Beethoven, Bach, Michelangelo. Though I’ve never seen it, I’m told Michelangelo’s statue of David is one of the most beautiful manmade objects on earth, carved out of stone by a Christian person for the Church—but useless, Paul says, without the resurrection. Think of all the Christians who’ve contributed so much to the world—Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Mother Teresa, Martin Luther King Jr.—don’t their efforts and successes mean anything without the resurrection? If you’re like me, you want to argue with Paul and say, “But Michelangelo’s statue is still beautiful and Mother Teresa was still loving and Augustine was still a genius, even if there were no resurrection. Why would their work be pointless?” If the resurrection did not actually, physically, literally happen, then Christianity is worthless. Yet I think Paul would say, “If Michelangelo’s Savior is dead, the life and passion of his art is based on a lie. And if Mother Teresa’s Savior is dead, she only gave suffering people bread to live another day. If Augustine’s Savior is dead, he wasted his genius wrestling with a God who doesn’t exist.” Christians are the most pitiful people on earth if the resurrection isn’t true. Why? Because we’ve got all our spiritual eggs in one basket, and if that basket tips over we’re left with nothing. It seems strange, but the validity of Christianity hinges on the authenticity of one weekend of events. Dumb Investment? It’s not like us to invest everything we’ve got into something we can’t know for sure—something we can’t prove. We’re smarter than that. We diversify our financial portfolios. We don’t put all our money, if we have any, in the same place. We buy insurance policies so that if things take an unexpected turn we’ve got a Plan B. We value stability. We plan for the worst-case scenario. So why would we put our faith in one thing? That would be so unlike us. But even more so, it would be so unlike Paul. Let me explain what I mean. There’s a great story in Acts 25–26 where Paul is standing trial in front of Festus and Agrippa for preaching the gospel. Paul is making his case, talking about the actual, physical, literal resurrection of Jesus, when Festus interrupts him: “Paul, you’re out of your mind . . . all of your great learning is driving you insane.” From the perspective of Festus, someone as brilliant and reputable as Paul was the last person who should believe all that resurrection nonsense. Paul was a scholar. He was a poet; he was a philosopher; he was a Roman citizen. Even though Festus knew Paul was a Pharisee, and therefore believed in resurrection, he was aghast to think that such a person would stake his life on something so unbelievable. So are there legitimate reasons to believe in an actual, physical, literal resurrection? In 1 Corinthians 15, Paul gives us three brilliant ones (with thanks to the exegetical work of N.T. Wright and Tim Keller): 1. Verse 4 says, “Jesus was buried, and he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures.” There is a certain amount of information about Jesus that is believed by almost everyone to be historical fact. Nearly everyone agrees that Jesus was crucified on a cross, placed in a tomb, and three days later was no longer in that tomb. Something happened to him—something. After three days, his body was gone. 2. Think about verses 5 and 6: “Jesus appeared to Peter, and then to the Twelve. And after that, he appeared to more than five hundred of the brothers at the same time, most of whom are still living.” This is Paul’s second argument: many people saw Jesus—and not only his followers, who might be tempted to fabricate a story together. Paul wrote his first letter to the Corinthians only 16 to 18 years after the resurrection of Jesus, so many of the people who saw Jesus and touched Jesus and ate with Jesus after his resurrection were still alive. Paul tells the Corinthians that if you would find these people and ask them about the resurrection, they would grab you by the shoulders, look you in your eyes, and say, “It’s true!” 3. In verses 9–10, and really throughout the rest of the chapter, Paul writes, in effect, “There are hundreds of people who say they interacted with the resurrected Christ, and all of them to this day, myself included, are willing to die for what we saw. How can that be unless the resurrection is true?” Those who said they saw the resurrected Jesus were willing to endure torture and death. They certainly had no earthly motivation to make up a story about Jesus and then get killed for it. The Greatest Evidence In summing up his arguments, Paul writes, “And why are we putting ourselves in danger every hour? I die every day! That is as certain, brothers and sisters, as my boasting of you—a boast that I make in Christ Jesus our Lord” (15:30, NRSV). Again, my interpretation of what Paul is saying: “Look closely at my life, and you’ll find two things that are objectively true of me. The first thing you’ll see is that my life is worthless—I die every day. Nobody wants to be me. The second thing you’ll notice is that my joy is off the charts.” The greatest evidence of the actual, physical, literal resurrection of Jesus is Paul or you or me saying “It is well with my soul” when something goes wrong. The greatest evidence of the resurrection is you when your seemingly monotonous 9-5 existence becomes your canvas for a brilliantly grateful life. The greatest evidence of the resurrection is when a Christ-follower prioritizes her life by putting worship, sacrifice, and love over security, power, and appetite. Why? Because if Christ is resurrected, the physical world and our monotonous lives have divine significance. If Christ is resurrected, the cosmos has already seen a glimpse of the glory to come, and we can prioritize accordingly. The reality of the resurrection changes everything. Look again at Michelangelo’s David and Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s ministry. Look again at Martin Luther King’s fight for justice. Apart from the Scriptures, these people and their lives are the greatest evidence of the resurrection we will ever find. And that same opportunity to live the resurrection is ours every day. Rev. Stephen De Wit is co-pastor of Alger Park Christian Reformed Church, Grand Rapids, Mich. Becoming Earthkeepers With budgets facing ongoing strains, saving money isn’t a tough sell in most congregations these days. We’re all looking for ways to be better stewards of what we’ve got. But what about the gifts that don’t come with dollar signs in front of them—especially the raw materials that God has given us “dominion” over? Today lots of congregations are seeking ways to be more responsible with God’s gift of creation (see pp. 34-37), though they might admit it can be a challenge to get everyone on board. We asked congregations who applied for the denomination’s 2009 Green Grant—$500 of seed money to help a church “green their corner of the CRC”—what creation care practices they’d tried so far, and what advice they had for others. Here is some of their collected wisdom: 1. There’s strength in numbers. Start by finding out who is “on your team.” Is there a farmer, professor, landscaper, vegetarian, college student, or a master gardener who might have some passion, expertise, and extra time to share? Maybe a home-schooling mom, a heating-and-cooling specialist, or an accountant in your congregation is looking for a meaningful ministry opportunity and can impart some wisdom. Try announcing in the bulletin that all are welcome to a meeting for coffee and conversation about how to care for creation. 2. Pray. Your group might have great ideas—but God might have better ones. When we forget to pray, it’s easy to see creation care as a project rather than as a ministry or a spiritual discipline that stems from a grateful heart. A prayerful walk around your church’s space might open up new ideas. For instance, some churches have discovered that their buildings are located near the mouth of a threatened salmon stream. What an opportunity! God calls each church to be and do something unique. Prayer helps us see how our heart for creation care fits in with God’s unique call for each church as a whole. 3. Be worshipful. It seems the dearest truths in our lives are the ones we lift up in worship through song. Is there a way to integrate themes of creation care into your church’s hymns and praise songs? Or might you make a point to pray together for environmental issues? Would your pastor consider a sermon series on being earthkeepers? Creation is one of God’s most lavish gifts, worth remembering and giving thanks for through our Sunday morning worship. 4. Find and include all stakeholders. Is your pastor the gatekeeper to real congregational change? Is it the coffee committee? The deacons? The custodian? Once you have an idea of where to begin (maybe switching to non-toxic cleaning products, for example), discover who has been lovingly caring for that part of the church’s ministry. Invite those people to learn and grow with you, rather than demanding change. It’s easy to see why someone would resist washing 200 mugs every week based on the no-more-Styrofoam demands of a new group that never seemed to care about the logistics of coffee fellowship before. 5. Don’t get discouraged! Changes, even seemingly small ones, are difficult for churches. Take your time and encourage one another. Celebrate small victories—a 6-year-old switching off the lights in an empty room, a rousing second verse of “Great Is Thy Faithfulness,” someone who brings their own mug to coffee after the service. Thank people for those small efforts; make it fun to join the cause. After all, being named as caretakers of God’s creation is a gift, not just an obligation, so work on being a gracious recipient of that gift. For more ideas, helpful hints, and success stories, see the Creation Care page of the CRC’s Office of Social Justice: www.crcna.org/pages/osj_creationcare.cfm. Kate Kooyman is congregational justice mobilizer with the CRC’s Office for Social Justice. When older folks get together, the conversation often drifts toward ailments, surgeries, and medications. But it’s also become rather common to talk about cremation. Today many of us have had friends or family members who were cremated, and cremation is sounding more and more like something we might consider for ourselves. But is cremation an acceptable option for Christians? Historically, cremation has not been part of the Christian tradition. Early Christians agreed with their Jewish ancestors that cremation was not an option they would consider, even though the Bible includes no specific mandate prohibiting it. Pagans practiced cremation. Christians did not. In 1886 the Roman Catholic Church officially banned cremation. There does not appear to be a formal rule against cremation in the Orthodox tradition, but there is a heavy weight of custom and sentiment in favor of burial. Most Protestant churches, including the Christian Reformed Church, have made no official ruling on the matter. Perhaps the CRC made no study of it because burial was long the common practice. But now a growing number of Christians, including CRC members, are opting for cremation. In view of that, let’s take a look at each practice and consider how each relates to our understanding of Scripture. Traditional Burial The first biblical account of burial is found in Genesis 23. Abraham and Sarah believed the promises God gave them about receiving a new land and having descendants beyond number. Sadly, they had no children until nearly the end of their lives, and they remained foreigners in the land they thought God had promised them. When Sarah died, Abraham did not own a burial place. So he bought the cave of Machpelah from the Hittites. He used that cave as the burial place for Sarah’s body. When Abraham died, he was buried in the same cave (Gen. 25:7-10). When Moses died, God buried him in a gravesite that was never revealed (Deut. 34:6). King David was buried in the “City of David” (1 Kings 2:10). The burial of Jesus is recorded in all four gospels. Had Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus not asked for the body of Jesus and buried it, his body might have been discarded along with the bodies of other crucified criminals. The burial of Jesus is so significant that it is one of the important points of the Apostles’ Creed. After Herod murdered John the Baptist, John’s disciples buried his body (Matt. 14:12). And friends of Stephen buried his body after he was stoned to death (Acts 8:2). The apostle Paul used the sowing of seed as a metaphor for burial and eventual resurrection: “Someone may ask, ‘How are the dead raised? With what kind of body will they come?’ How foolish! What you sow does not come to life unless it dies. When you sow, you do not plant the body that will be, but just a seed, perhaps of wheat or something else. But God gives it a body as he has determined, and to each kind of seed he gives its own body” (1 Cor. 15:35-38). Cremation It’s challenging to evaluate cremation from a Christian perspective, especially since the practice is relatively new to us. One of the first things we should consider when it comes to either burial or cremation is the matter of respect. Burial is thought to show respect for the deceased, whereas the use of fire at the time of death may convey an image of destruction, disrespect, and judgment. But Christians who opt for cremation point out the following: - While fire was used at times to convey the judgment of God, it was also used to convey the presence of God. Think of the burning bush out of which God called Moses to be his servant, the pillar of fire that led Israel through the desert, and the tongues of fire that rested on the heads of the disciples on the day of Pentecost. - It’s true that the body God gives us must be respected because we are made in the image of God. But cremation need not be a destructive act. Even an embalmed body buried in a vault decomposes within a relatively short time; cremation only hastens an inevitable process. - The ashes that remain after cremation can be dealt with in a respectful manner by survivors. When choosing between burial and cremation, we should also consider the matter of cost. Traditional burial may be a financial hardship for some. Even in biblical times it could be expensive. Abraham paid an exorbitant price for the cave of Machpelah. Only a few people in his day could afford that. Even the body of Jesus was buried in a rich man’s tomb. In the Middle Ages, only the wealthy could afford to be buried in a church building. (The very wealthy paid to be buried as close to the altar as possible.) Today the average cost of a funeral is between $12,000 and $15,000. That does not include the cost of a burial plot in a cemetery nor the opening and closing of a grave nor the cost of a gravestone. Yet there is the matter of allowing grieving survivors time to deal with the passing of a dear one. Many believe the services offered by funeral homes provide needed time for closure. In recent years, some churches have begun setting aside space for memorial gardens. These gardens usually include a wall on which to attach plaques that state the name and dates of birth and death of people whose remains were cremated. When considering cremation, sometimes Christians ask about the wisdom of it in light of our belief in the resurrection of the dead. Burial does conform to the imagery Paul uses in 1 Corinthians 15. However, we should not assume from Paul’s metaphor that we are required to bury a body and provide an identifiable grave before we can count on God’s promise to one day raise the dead. After all, most bodies buried throughout history have decomposed, and no remains can be identified by anyone. Many bodies have been destroyed at death; many have been buried in unmarked graves. It’s important to remember that God does not need material with which to work when the day of resurrection arrives. We don’t know what is involved when God gives someone a spiritual, glorified body. All we know is that Jesus could do things in his resurrected state that were beyond human ability or comprehension. When Paul reflects on this, he writes: “And just as we have borne the likeness of the earthly man, so shall we bear the likeness of the man from heaven” (1 Cor. 15:49). Grief is a difficult process. We each deal with it in different ways. Whether burial or cremation is the better option for a loved one or for ourselves should be left to personal decision. Whichever choice we make, believers can look ahead with confidence to “the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting.” --- Cremation Options When Christians opt for cremation rather than burial, they may ask a funeral home to embalm the body, provide a casket for viewing the body, arrange for visitation by relatives and friends, and be on hand to supervise the funeral service. When such services are provided by a funeral home, cremation takes place after the funeral. However, family members may decide to use the services of a funeral home only minimally. In such instances, their loved one’s body may be taken soon after death to the crematorium. Afterward the ashes are placed in a container and given to the family. The family may then choose to bury the ashes in a cemetery or scatter or bury the ashes in some other place significant to them. If the family chooses not to use the services of a funeral home, they may hold a memorial service several days after the death. Rev. Al Hoksbergen is a retired minister in the Christian Reformed Church. He lives in Spring Lake, Mich. Haiti Earthquake What Was God’s Role? I know what a place like Haiti is like. I came from a torn place myself: the Congo. I grieve like everyone else over this terrible tragedy. I also ask, as do many others, “What was God’s role in this?” The main biblical question we ask after a terrible tragedy such as the Jan. 12 earthquake in Haiti is, “How can a good God allow such a bad thing to happen to his people?” Some say, “Satan allowed it; not God.” But the Bible says disaster cannot come to a city without God allowing it (Amos 3:6). We Christians believe in providence—that everything is within God’s control. We are dealing here with evil. Biblical teaching says that evil disrupts nature. If evil becomes prevalent, sometimes it brings pain beyond understanding. By the same token, it is foolishness to say that the Haitian people are the most sinful on earth. They are no different from the rest of us. But tragedy can be a time for people to examine themselves, to see if there is a spiritual reason for such pain. In the Bible, rebellion and belief in the occult are two main sins that always bring disturbance in the lives of people and nations. A situation like this earthquake calls on the whole world to reflect. What are we doing to ourselves to lessen or weaken our well-being? Was the earthquake a punishment from God? We don’t know. We don’t know why it happened. But, whatever it was, as human beings and Christians we must pray for God to put his protective hand over the people of Haiti and the whole world. It is easy to blame, to say that there is voodoo in Haiti. Voodoo is evil. But abortion is also evil. Injustice is evil. As it says in Psalm 130:3-4, if God counted all of our sins against us, who would be left standing? Instead of judging Haiti, let us encourage Haiti to work toward what brings God’s blessings. Like the rest of us, Haitians should seek justice, stay away from idol worship, and embrace Christ. Back to God Ministries International had just started to expand its work in Haiti before the earthquake. Many FM stations carry our broadcasts. Our new follow-up center, where people can go for pastoral counseling, discipleship, and spiritual assistance, is still standing in Port-au-Prince. In the countryside, we have contact people who can help. We have tools to minister to people at this time of their direst need. In the messages I will be giving to Haitians over the radio, I will talk about voodoo, rebellion, about those who kill others, and how evil things contribute to weaken a nation, not to build it up. But I will do it in a calm way, after people have had a chance to mourn and get settled. My message to the people of Haiti will be to ask them to reflect on their lives and their spiritual well-being. I will do this without judging. But I will ask people to face reality and ask themselves if they have profound spiritual changes to make. If so, they need to make them. Without self-examination, there can be no real healing or growth. This is the time for us to challenge and encourage the people of Haiti to move to a new place, to a place of shalom, of Christlikeness. My prayer is that this earthquake will be the last of the troubles Haiti has seen over the years. Because the capital of Port-au-Prince was struck, rebuilding will begin from the nation’s heart. My prayer is also that as the nation rebuilds materially, it will rebuild spiritually as well. The Haiti situation has highlighted for me how fragile we all are. We really don’t have our own destinies in hand. God is our only refuge of safety and meaning. This situation helps us to fall into God’s hands. In human terms, the process of rebuilding will give Haitians a chance to get out of the mess of poverty and violence. In the end, though, Christians also have to deal with the spiritual aspect of things. We will need to plant the cross very high in Haiti, so that a new light of God can shine there. Rev. Paul Mpindi is the French-language ministry leader for Back to God Ministries International. We can only begin to imagine what it must be like these days to be a Haitian citizen. But we must try. The people of Haiti have experienced deep trauma piled on top of poverty. The thought of being crushed inside falling concrete buildings gives us shivers. Many surviving Haitians know this horror—they themselves were in those buildings. Many lost parents, husbands, wives, sons, or daughters. All this seems like pain too awful to know. How do people cope in the midst of such an apocalypse? The Spirit of God has ways to help us handle the incredible pain that sometimes comes our way. Especially with trauma of this magnitude, God helps us first by numbing us to the pain. It’s very automatic, this way of entering shock and not feeling a thing. “Denial” does not quite capture the strength of the numbing force that adrenaline sometimes offers when trauma strikes. Not unlike the manner in which our bodies go into shock when we break a leg, so the human heart becomes numb when there is pain and suffering too awful to know. The Throbbing Begins This numbness wears off slowly and the throbbing begins as men, women, and children start to face the reality of their huge losses. Numbness gives way to sadness and anger, fear and despair—and to tears. Trauma has its own mind and runs its own show. People wake up in fright from nightmares that are true; they startle at the sudden feel and sound of aftershocks. Feeling post-traumatic stress does not mean that a person is past the trauma; bodies and minds and hearts can remain stuck inside the trauma for years. Offering help in the context of such horrendous experiences has to do with presence. We human beings, created as we are in the image of God, do not do well “walking through the valley of the shadow of death” by ourselves. We usually freeze up to some degree; we shut down to manage our distress. We then exist off-balance, fearful of remembering the tremors of trauma. The presence of another is critically important to moving forward to higher emotional ground and redeemed spiritual well-being. Being present with survivors of trauma means sharing the load and “so fulfilling the law of Christ.” Caring for those in deep sorrow means committing ourselves to suffer along with them, to join in the hurt and pain of their stories. Naming the Suffering After tears come words. As long as things go unspoken, they may seem not quite real. But putting language to our suffering brings both the sting of reality and the hope of relief. Moaning the words “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?”—the cry of the cross, the lament of our Lord—is the road to redemption. Talking about what happened, over and over and over, names and tames the suffering. People who will not speak of trauma will keep it, sometimes to their graves. But lament—putting pain in language, crying out to God, even holding God accountable in anger and defiance, sorrow and despair—is the human path to recovery. As one teacher of ministry put it, “It took Job 39 chapters of complaint and lament, of wrestling with God, before he could get to the profession of reconstructed faith that finally begins in chapter 42.” Enduring such lament takes time. Our neighbors in Haiti will be living in a world of hurt for years to come. Theirs is a spiritual challenge that God puts before all of us in the global community. How soon will Haiti become relegated to the back pages of our newspapers? All of us are heartened by the massive response we have witnessed thus far. God is to be praised for the good that has been done. Our challenge is to endure this lament side by side with the people of Haiti in their suffering. Rev. Ron Nydam is professor of pastoral care at Calvin Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids, Mich. Next Steps for Haiti by Leanne Talen Geisterfer Even before the Jan. 12 earthquake brought much of Haiti’s infrastructure tumbling to the ground, many people wondered how sustainable communities could ever be built in such a poor country. Now the question has become even more urgent. Our hearts break at the devastation we see in Haiti, but when we think of rebuilding the country we wonder how it can be done in a way that also addresses the country’s endemic poverty. How can we respond to the needs of the earthquake survivors in a way that builds communities and helps them to become strong and self-sufficient? The lessons learned by the Christian Reformed World Relief Committee (CRWRC) in its 48-year history and applied during its five-year response to the devastating 2004 tsunami can provide some insight. Rely on God First and foremost, we need to rely on God. When people experience a disaster of this magnitude, they think seriously about their worldview. How they hold to their faith and express it in the wake of such a disaster speaks to those around them. In Haiti, the vibrant faith of Haitian Christians was evident in the days immediately after the earthquake. Believers marched through the streets, singing praises and trusting God to care for them. If the rest of the church can model this kind of faith and can also reach out to meet people’s physical needs, it can play a key role in rebuilding Haiti. This was the case in Indonesia, where predominantly Muslim communities were hit by the tsunami. In responding to the needs, Christian churches had an opportunity to explain that they were doing it as an expression of Christ’s love. Muslims and Christians learned to trust each other and work together. Rebuild Community Fostering a sense of community is also important. Many Haitian neighborhoods have lost large numbers of people. This includes the thousands who were killed by the quake and many more who left to stay with family elsewhere. These losses can shatter the sense of community. On the other hand, those who remain have shared the experience of surviving this disaster and can unite around common goals. If people in Haiti can intentionally share their stories, cry together, and reach out to each other, a new sense of community can be built. Take Ownership Taking ownership of the rebuilding process is the third important lesson to consider. Instead of seeing themselves as victims, it’s important for the earthquake survivors to be active contributors in the planning and the work. CRWRC used this community-centered approach in Indonesia. Staff invested a great deal of time in community planning meetings and encouraged homeowners to participate in selecting the housing designs and making other important decisions. Homeowners also participated in the reconstruction. Since they invested their own sweat and resources in the rebuilding, the people of Aceh have a sense of pride in what they accomplished. Find New Leaders Very little will happen without solid leadership. In Haiti, many community leaders perished in the quake. Their knowledge and skills perished with them. Haitians must select new leaders, who must be given plenty of support and on-the-job training. They, in turn, can equip their communities to respond on their own to future needs. For example, in parts of Indonesia, CRWRC distributed rice seed following the tsunami. First, however, it helped farmers organize themselves into groups and elect leaders. When people needed more seed, they went to their group leader. As a result, the seed was used where it was most needed, and the community had a system in place for addressing future needs as well. With these lessons in mind, Haiti and the international community will be able to tackle the tough challenges ahead. This will include rebuilding Haiti’s infrastructure—roads, markets, health centers, and schools. It will also include strengthening people with programs in areas such as literacy, improved agriculture, small business development, and health care. If the rebuilding is handled well, it may actually provide Haiti with an opportunity to overcome poverty in a real and lasting way. Leanne Talen Geisterfer is the Latin America team leader for CRWRC and currently lives in Honduras. Previously, she lived and worked in Haiti for 12 years. What Do You Want to Be? Recently my 5-year-old granddaughter Nettie came home from school with a paper that read, “When I grow up, I want to be __________.” Nettie’s response: “When I grow up, I want to be Nettie.” And she drew a picture of herself. As a loving grandfather, I chuckled. It was only later that I felt the full impact of her simple response. I could not help but wonder how I, at age 60, would respond to the same question. What do I want to be when I grow up? The answer seems quite obvious: I have grown up and I am a pastor. But is that all there is to the question? As a boy growing up, at different times I wanted to be everything from a firefighter to an astronaut. I dreamed of being a preacher and a teacher. I considered becoming a doctor or a lawyer. But I don’t recall ever wanting simply to be me. My world was less about who I was than about what I would do. One of the first questions we ask when we meet someone for the first time is “What do you do?” We judge people by their vocational status, and we respond to people differently based on their answer. Don’t believe it? Ask any pastor what happens when he or she responds to that question. Why is it that we put so much value on what we do? In some ways, I suppose, what we do sheds light on who we are. After all, our actions nearly always speak louder than our words. Trust is formed or broken by our actions. Jesus himself said, “By their fruit you will know them” (Matt. 7:16, 20). Often as I visit with Christians from around the world, the discussion centers on what the Christian Reformed Church is doing. Together we celebrate the transformation of lives and communities. We talk about our opportunities for service in response to God’s call to proclaim his love and grace. We share stories of our experiences as relief workers, community developers, teachers, agriculturalists, entrepreneurs, and missionaries. The agencies and related ministries of the church form the heart of what we do together as a denomination. The Christian Reformed World Relief Committee is saving lives and rebuilding communities in Haiti and elsewhere. World Missions is proclaiming the gospel on the ground; Back to God Ministries International is doing so through radio waves, the Internet, and print media. Home Missions is coming alongside church planters, college and university chaplains, and existing churches. Faith Alive is publishing excellent educational and discipleship material. Local churches are united in supporting these ministries and others, even as they reach out into their communities with the good news of Jesus Christ. Can there be any doubt that what we do speaks volumes about who we are? Yet we can never forget that all the activity of ministry springs from the hearts of men and women who are children of God, followers of Jesus. It is God who has made us and we are his. He has redeemed us and equipped us for acts of service. First and foremost, life is not about what we do, but about who we are. In her simple response, Nettie had it right all along. Shortly after Nettie brought that paper home, her story was posted on Facebook. When a friend saw Nettie’s story, he responded by writing, “Beautiful—that is so much her! And in truth the more dissatisfied among us (including me at times) would do well to be as satisfied to be who God made us!” God has made us—each one of us—to be his children. Each person is unique. Each person was created with God’s purpose in mind. So what do you want to be when you grow up? Rev. Jerry Dykstra is executive director of the Christian Reformed Church in North America. South Olive CRC’s Broader Vision A lone steeple serves as a reminder of where South Olive Christian Reformed Church stood for more than 100 years. Nearby, however, is the new church building, built in the late 1990s. Stained-glass windows, wood trim, and the belfry bell from the old church are part of the new structure. Located north of Holland, Mich., South Olive is emblematic of many small- to medium-sized Christian Reformed congregations. Generations have worshiped here, yet new people have been drawn as well. As with every church, South Olive CRC wrestles with the balance between supporting local ministries and paying the ministry shares that support the denomination’s national and global ministries. The recession has made this tougher in recent years. The CRC’s ministry shares program raises about $25 million a year to help support ministries across North America and around the world in places such as Haiti. Congregations are asked to contribute based on their number of active adult members. In the past, South Olive paid 100 percent of its ministry shares to the local classis (regional group of Christian Reformed churches) and to the denomination. Recently, the congregation has kept up their commitment to the classis, but their ministry shares to the denomination have dropped somewhat. However, they remain committed to the CRC and do what they can to support the mission of the broader church. “We are not a well-heeled congregation, but we are generous,” says Rog Brandsen, whose family roots go back to the church’s founding. “The CRC has done a great job over the years by reaching out to the world,” says Brandsen. “We are proud to be part of that. Denominational identity is very important to the people of this church. We are part of something bigger than just our church.” About 330 people belong to the church, and many of its ministries exist to reach young people who will form the next generation of the church. Rev. Jerry Dykstra, executive director of the CRC, visited South Olive CRC recently for its 125th-anniversary service. He says he was pleased to see how healthy and vibrant the church is. There are many churches in the denomination like this one, Dykstra noted, saying he was moved by the “engaging spirit” of South Olive. —Chris Meehan, CRC Communications CRC, RCA Launch ‘Groundwork’ The media ministries of the Christian Reformed Church and the Reformed Church in America have combined resources to launch “Groundwork” on April 18—a new half-hour audio program that teaches the Christian faith. ReFrame Media, the English-language ministry of Back to God Ministries International, and Words of Hope, the media ministry of the RCA, are leading this project. Recognizing the changing needs of today’s audiences, the programs known as “The Back to God Hour” and “Words of Hope” have been reformatted and combined under the new name. Rev. David Bast, president of Words of Hope, and Rev. Robert Heerspink, director of BTGMI, will host “Groundwork,” exploring Scripture from a Reformed perspective. “Groundwork” is meant to turn the soil of Scripture and cultivate growth in faith,” says Heerspink. “We’re excited about a program that continues the teaching ministry of ‘The Back to God Hour,’ but in a format that will attract new listeners.” “We are working to broadcast ‘Groundwork’ on many of the same stations that currently air ‘The Back to God Hour’ and ‘Words of Hope,’” notes Rev. Steven Koster, ReFrame Media ministry leader. Fans of “The Back to God Hour” will still be able to access archived programs on BackToGodRadio.net. A new “Groundwork” website is being developed for Web listeners and for those wishing to ask follow-up questions about the Christian faith. GroundworkOnline.com will also feature a look at future topics and a site for listeners to share prayer requests. Before “Groundwork” launches on Sunday, April 18, the April 11 episode of “The Back to God Hour” will both look back on 70 years of media ministry and look forward to the new “Groundwork” format. —Nancy Vander Meer, Back to God Ministries International Calvin Authors Win Awards Two Calvin college professors have received awards for recently published books. Calvin professor of philosophy James K.A. Smith has been honored by Christianity Today for Desiring the Kingdom: Worship, Worldview, and Cultural Formation. Smith’s book was honored in the 2010 Book Awards theology/ethics category. Meanwhile, The Wednesday Wars, a book for young adults by English professor Gary Schmidt, will travel the world this year as part of an international library after being selected as the U.S. winner of the 2010 International Board on Books for Young People award, which honors books considered representative of the best in children’s literature from each country. Calvin in Top 10 in Study Abroad, International Students Calvin College is in the top 10 in the United States in two categories, according to the 2009 Open Doors report, a survey of both U.S. students who study abroad and international students who study in the U.S. The report, from the Institute of International Education, honored Calvin for offering numerous off-campus programs. The school had 606 students studying abroad in 2007-2008. Noting a record number of international students studying in the U.S., Calvin was highlighted for having 357 international students on campus during 2008-2009. Roels Named NetVUE Coordinator Shirley Roels, director of Calvin College’s Van Lunen Center, will coordinate a new initiative by the Council of Independent Colleges called NetVUE: the Network for Vocation in Undergraduate Education. NetVUE will encourage the theological exploration of vocation on college and university campuses across the continent. Along with regional gatherings, it will host a large national conference on the theological exploration of vocation in undergraduate education, a NetVUE website, and a mentoring and consulting service to match institutions with successful programs to institutions developing similar programs. Roels will work with an advisory panel as she provides part-time direction to NetVUE. —Calvin College Communications Seminary President Reflects on Job When he became president of Calvin Theological Seminary in 2001, Rev. Neal Plantinga Jr. thought fundraising would be hard. Plantinga had taught many years in the seminary and written many articles and books, including Not the Way It’s Supposed to Be: A Breviary of Sin. He also served as the first dean of the chapel at Calvin College. Reformed theology and finding ways to express it were his foremost preoccupations. It turns out that Plantinga, who steps down in 2012, found fundraising and meeting donors delightful. “It has been such a joy to go out and represent the seminary to our constituency,” says Plantinga. CTS supporters he’s met have been “really interesting, resourceful people—risk takers and hard workers,” he says. It’s also been a pleasure interacting with trustees and colleagues, especially in revamping the seminary curriculum to be more responsive to students while maintaining CTS’s rigorous Reformed character. Getting the Bible message into a person’s heart, soul, and head defines the new approach. “We’ve made some small turns over time and have gotten some pretty dramatic results,” he said. Plantinga graduated from Calvin College, Calvin Theological Seminary, and Princeton Theological Seminary. Before teaching, he served as a CRC pastor in Webster, N.Y. After earning his Ph.D. at Princeton, he came to CTS. Plantinga says the next president will face challenges. Tuition revenue has been shrinking as students attend seminaries closer to home, often for financial and family reasons, although fall enrollment this year was up. Making the faculty more ethnically and racially diverse and nurturing the new curriculum will also be challenges, he said. Once he leaves, Plantinga hopes to write a book about biblical virtues. But his first project will be to prepare six B.B. Warfield Lectures to present at Princeton Theological Seminary in March 2012. He will also continue to preach, teach, and lecture. In addition, he plans to return to one of the great loves of his life: playing the violin. To read a longer version of this story, visit the newsroom at www.crcna.org. —Chris Meehan, CRC Communications Call to Missions Runs in the Family Growing up in Japan, Ben Spalink always knew the importance of mission work. That’s because his parents, Larry and Ruth Spalink, had been called by God to work with Christian Reformed World Missions in Tokyo. Larry and Ruth have planted and overseen the growth of Christian churches in Japan for more than 30 years. Larry Spalink serves as a field director for World Missions, while Ruth is a school nurse at Christian Academy in Japan. “We believe it is critically important to build a thriving church in this nation that has the potential to impact so many other countries,” says Larry. Their work has had a big impact on their son. “From a very young age, I had a strong sense that being a Christian means reaching out and caring for the lost,” says Ben, who lived in Japan until he left to attend Calvin College in the mid-1990s. After graduating from Calvin Theological Seminary, Ben went through a church-planting assessment with Christian Reformed Home Missions. “I was drawn to be a church planter by my desire for freedom and adventure, and also by the strong emphasis that new churches place on evangelism,” Ben says. He was also influenced by the fact that his great-grandfather had been a church planter years before. After an internship at Bridgeway Community Church in New Jersey, Ben and his wife, Christy, moved to New York City in 2007 to help fellow church planters Steve and Dana Wolma start City Grace Church, a Home Missions-supported ministry in lower Manhattan. The church focuses on reaching young urban professionals. As community pastor at City Grace, Ben shares preaching duties with Steve Wolma and also manages the church’s growing network of small groups. Ben says he sees many similarities between the mission fields of New York and Tokyo. For instance, less than 1 percent of the 1.6 million people living in Manhattan claim to have a relationship with Christ. Similarly, less than 1 percent of metropolitan Tokyo’s 13 million people follow Christ. “People in New York City are often very successful and focused on their careers,” Ben remarks. “They seem to have everything they need, but they don’t have the hope of the gospel in their lives.” His father adds, “In Tokyo, breaking the first and second commandments is not only commonplace, it’s virtually expected in this land of ‘8 million gods.’” God has worked through Ben and his parents, though, to make an impact in both places. City Grace Church now averages close to 70 people in worship each Sunday. “We’ve doubled our number every year since we started,” he says. “And our small groups continue to grow and attract new people.” The work in Japan has shifted from outreach to developing the ministry capacities of Japanese churches to effectively proclaim the gospel. “World Missions offers a variety of training programs for Christian school teachers, Coffee Break Bible study leaders, and those who can mentor young people to help them develop new skills and confidence,” says Larry Spalink. “We believe we can offer new tools and paradigms to help our partner churches experience richer worship and develop their ability to draw more seekers to the God we love.” —Ben Van Houten is a senior writer with Christian Reformed Home Missions. Eggsellent Easter Have you ever wondered what eggs have to do with Easter? Or why we hunt for Easter eggs? (Why not painted rocks or marbles instead?) Many centuries ago, Christians began celebrating a special time in our church calendar called Lent—the 40 weekdays before Easter Sunday. Millions of Christians today still honor this sacred season. During Lent the early Christians stopped eating (fasted from) foods like meat and eggs. Any eggs that chickens laid during Lent were boiled and stored away. On Easter Sunday, Christians cooked special dinners to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus and the end of the Lenten season. They served eggs and meat as part of these elaborate feasts. Some parents hid the eggs for their children to find throughout the home. Some even boiled the eggs with certain flowers and plants to give the eggs a special color. These festivities eventually became the Easter traditions we observe today. —information from www.theholidayspot.com/easter World’s Largest Easter Egg Hunt What do 9,700 children plus 510,000 candy-filled Easter eggs equal? If you answered 519,700, think again. It really equals the largest Easter egg hunt in the world! According to www.guinnessworldrecords.com, Cypress Gardens, a theme park in Winter Haven, Fla., hosted the world’s largest Easter egg hunt in 2007. Nearly 10,000 kids and their parents ran around the lawns of the park searching for more than a half-million brightly colored Easter eggs. One thousand of those eggs contained special prizes from local businesses. One egg even held a scholarship (money) to attend a community college! Did You Know? The word Lent comes from the word “lengthen,” which refers to spring—when the days get longer. Fasting means to give up something important for a length of time in order to pray to and think about God instead. Many Christians today still choose to give up something of value during Lent (certain foods, television, video games, etc). What are you willing to sacrifice? Happy Hunting! Looking for candy-filled eggs is tons of fun. The same way we eagerly search for Easter goodies, we can also search for God. He doesn’t hide from us. If we want to know who God is, all we have to do is search in his Word to us, the Bible. In Jeremiah 29:13, God tells us, “You will seek me and find me when you seek me with all your heart.” Try This Plan an Easter egg hunt with your friends and family. Fill plastic eggs with lots of goodies, but set aside four special eggs to be prize eggs. Write the following verses on strips of paper, and put a verse along with a special prize in each egg. Hide the all eggs in your home or yard and enjoy the hunt. Invite those who found the Scripture eggs to read the verses to the whole group. Remind everyone that the best prize we can ever hunt for is Jesus! • “I sought the Lord, and he answered me; he delivered me from all my fears.” (Psalm 34:4) • “Look to the Lord and his strength; seek his face always.” (Psalm 105:4) • “Blessed are they who keep his statutes and seek him with all their heart.” (Psalm 119:2) • “Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will find; knock and the door will be opened to you.” (Matthew 7:7) Christin Baker teaches 4th and 5th grade at The Potter’s House Christian School in Grand Rapids, Mich. She is a member of Resurrection Fellowship Church. An Eggsellent Treat Try making these delicious Easter “eggs”! What You’ll Need: • ½ stick of butter • 1 10-ounce bag of regular marshmallows • 6 cups of Rice Krispies cereal • small bowls of colorful sprinkles • small tubes of colorful frosting (optional) What to Do: Ask a parent to help you make Rice Krispie treats using the following instructions: • Melt ½ stick of butter in a large pot on medium heat. Pour the bag of marshmallows in with the butter and stir until melted and smooth. • Stir in six cups of Rice Krispies. • Butter your hands, then take handfuls of the cereal mixture and shape them into egg shapes. Place each “egg” on a plate. • Roll each egg in a small bowl of colorful sprinkles. (Make sure to do this while the eggs are still warm!) Set the eggs on a plate until cool. • When your eggs have cooled, you can decorate them with frosting or just wrap them in colorful sheets of plastic wrap. Happy Easter! Farewell, Amazon I FIRST HEARD OF AMAZON.COM in 1997 from a library-science student I had a crush on. At the bottom of all of her emails ran an automatic signature: “AMAZON.COM: World’s Largest Bookstore.” That was a bit of cheekiness, as Amazon was not a true “bookstore” at all. Rather—and rather revolutionarily—it was a cyber-hub from which books could be ordered anywhere and sent anywhere. Like every book lover I know, I came for the convenience—and stayed for the prices, the customer reviews, the “So You’d Like To . . .” guides. Amazon combined the coolness of a great bookstore with the ghost-convenience of Internet shopping. One knew, quaint fact, that they were headquartered in Seattle, but Amazon seemed the perfect emblem for an era whose buzzwords were multinational, network, and globalize. And if this new era had its dangers—maquiladoras in Juarez, plant closings in the Midwest—hadn’t it also given activists the tools to plan uprisings like the 1999 protest in—all places—Seattle? Time passed. Amazon moved into e-books, and things got complicated. There were whispers of monopoly, of the strong-arming of publishers. Some e-books, notably George Orwell’s, were abruptly deleted from the Kindles of people who’d paid for them. Then in January, as part of a spat over e-book pricing, Amazon stopped offering new copies of all Macmillan titles. So if you want to buy Marilynne Robinson’s next book, you might have to get it from an actual brick-and-mortar store—or you can buy a used copy, to neither publisher’s nor author’s profit, from, yes, Amazon. In the age of globalization, nothing seems quainter than calling for a boycott. But those worries about monopoly don’t seem quaint at all now, and this customer, at least, is walking away. For good. Phil Christman Jr. is a student in the MFA-Fiction program at University of South Carolina. Angel Time by Anne Rice reviewed by Sonya VanderVeen Feddema Throughout his violent childhood, Toby O’Dare dreams of becoming a priest. However, in the wake of tragedy, he rejects God and becomes an assassin. Spiritually lost, Toby prays to his guardian angel for help, and Malchiah answers. The Seraph offers Toby a chance to help Jews in 13th-century England who have been accused by Christians of ritual murders. Carried back in time, Toby becomes a priest who fights for justice on behalf of a Jewish couple, and, in doing so, seeks God once again. (Knopf) Web 3.0 reviewed by Lloyd Rang You’ve got the whole world in your hand: Web 3.0 is here. That’s the buzzword experts use to describe the ability to surf any site on the Web using a cell phone or BlackBerry. You can take the power of Wikipedia, YouTube, or Facebook with you wherever you go. And, for the first time, virtually any information is available to anyone, anytime. What this means for our culture is still an open question, but to paraphrase a Web expert, “a technology doesn’t truly transform our lives until it is everywhere and invisible.” The Life of the World to Come by The Mountain Goats reviewed by Elizabeth Gonzalez The Life of the World to Come is a curious tour through singer-songwriter John Darnielle’s own troubled life as told in the context of well-loved stories. These songs don’t shy away from the moments when God is silent, as with Rachel and Jacob in “Genesis 30:3,” or when the future is uncertain, as in “Deuteronomy 2:10.” With a near-encyclopedic knowledge of the Bible as the backbone, the Mountain Goats create a collection that, as diverse as the book it draws its titles from, depicts mercy in the midst of chaos. (4ad Records) Everything for a Dog by Ann M. Martin reviewed by Sonya VanderVeen Feddema Three lives—a stray dog named Bone, a boy named Charlie who suffers two painful losses, and Henry, a lonely boy who wants a dog more than anything else—are masterfully woven together in this juvenile novel, which movingly portrays the healing role dogs play in people’s lives. Author Ann Martin hopefully, sensitively, and age-appropriately deals with the theme of loss in its different manifestations—aging, death, separation, depression, and loneliness. (Feiwel and Friends) Lost Channels by Great Lake Swimmers reviewed by Ron DeBoer The Great Lake Swimmers’ latest album is what is referred to as an “atmospheric creation.” Lost Channels continues a tradition of recording music in isolated places. The band traveled to the Thousand Islands region of Ontario and was inspired by the mystery and history of the area. Lead singer Tony Dekker’s ethereal voice is perfect for this project. The hypnotic sound of “She Comes to Me in Dreams,” “River’s Edge,” and “Still” is like nighttime waves singing hauntingly against the groaning hull of a docked ship. (Nettwerk Records) Green Revolution: Coming Together to Care for Creation by Ben Lowe reviewed by Robert N. Hosack Environmental evangelist and activist Ben Lowe, a 20-something recent Wheaton College grad, presents an informative and inspirational case for Christian involvement in climate change and creation care issues. Sharing real-life stories from churches, communities, and particularly Christian college campuses, along with plentiful research case studies, the author shows how we can make a big difference when we all work together. Lowe issues an impassioned call for an “incarnational earthcare.” Particularly relevant to youth groups and college students wanting to go green. (InterVarsity Press) Earthkeeping in Action Rain Garden Witness John Ausema, a high school biology and environmental science teacher, spearheaded the installation of a rain garden at Silver Spring (Md.) Christian Reformed Church in 2008. In a grant application to the Chesapeake Trust, Ausema explained that the purpose of the rain garden is to capture rainwater from the roof and dramatically reduce runoff into a nearby stream. This trust, partially funded by “Save the Bay” license plate fees, approved the grant for $3,311 and the rain garden was built with volunteer labor provided by church members. The volunteers planted herbaceous, water-tolerating plants selected on the bases of native status, water tolerance, shade tolerance, and resistance to deer browsing. Ausema explains that a secondary objective of the project is to teach the surrounding neighborhood something about rain gardens, low impact development, problems caused by storm water runoff, and the importance of landscaping with native plants. The church communicates these concepts with an attractive sign near the sidewalk that runs by the site. “This information helps the community to make the connection between the actions they take on their property and the larger watershed that surrounds them,” Ausema said, “from Sligo Creek, to the Anacostia River, to the Chesapeake Bay.” —Calvin Hulstein Grocery Bags Boston Square CRC in Grand Rapids, Mich., gives out reusable grocery bags that church members can use in place of the disposable paper or plastic bags found at grocery stores. The bags promote both sustainability and the church at the same time. “They’re a lot more popular than magnets,” said Rev. Jay Blankespoor. —Christian Bell Let's Talk About It For Westwood Christian Reformed Church in Kalamazoo, Mich., a focus on creation care has led not only to the development of a community garden on church grounds, but to serious discussions about a Christian approach to climate change, the environment, energy efficiency, and economics. The 10-plot garden provided fresh produce for individual families and the church’s food pantry last year. Discussion during the Sunday educational hour has addressed global climate change issues as well as local concerns, including sustainability and practical ways to reduce personal energy use. Bob Fegan, a Westwood CRC member and certified energy manager, led the Sunday morning sessions. He said that whether you believe climate change is caused by humans or by other forces, it is a fact that toxic and unsustainable consumption threatens creation. “Creation cannot support the entire world population today, not to mention in the future, if consumption continues at the same rate in developing countries as in already developed countries like the United States,” he said. Churches and individual Christians must use resources responsibly, Fegan said, and guard against being abusive or wasteful. “It is inconsistent to say that we love God but not to care for his creation,” Fegan said, “or to say we love people but then not care about the condition of the environment in which they live.” —Henry Huisjen Vancouver’s Prize-winning Garden Church potlucks are not unusual. But when members of First Christian Reformed Church in Vancouver gathered for a meal this past fall, much of what was served came directly from community garden plots on the church’s property: carrots, onions, potatoes, kale, salad greens, and squash. “The garden started from a few seeds,” says Joel Pel, a member of First. The idea for the garden itself began with a door-to-door survey two years ago that placed a community garden high on the list of neighborhood needs. The first year the church created two garden boxes. Last spring the garden grew by six more plots, which the community gardeners hope to expand again. The garden plots have become a prominent part of the property. “Most of the gardeners are young people under 35,” says Pel, a 27-year-old elder in the church. “But everyone wanders there before or after church, encouraging us as gardeners, giving us seeds and garden advice. As a whole church we are excited about the garden.” The gardeners dreams for expansion will be realized in part by receipt of a CRC Green Grant of $500 (see "CRC Awards Second Annual Green Grants," February 2010). The funds will go toward adding a garden shed, expanded beds with flowers, and places to sit and enjoy the garden. Sarah Nicolai-deKonings, another young gardener, describes how the garden supports the church’s mission statement: “Our community garden is one way we explore our call to be stewards of God’s good gifts to us. We hope this stewardship continues to be a focus of our church. The garden also acts as a connecting point for our church to be a hospitable neighbor.” —Jenny deGroot » Mugs vs. Styrofoam Cups Instead of using and throwing away Styrofoam cups each week, members of Boston Square CRC in Grand Rapids, Mich., sip their Sunday morning coffee from “Mugs with a Mission.” The mugs were hand-painted by children in the church’s Vacation Bible School program. In addition to being reusable, many mugs have the name of a child painted on the bottom of them, and church members are encouraged to pray for the children after enjoying a beverage. —Christian Bell Give Us Your Garbage When the junior high youths from Friendship Christian Reformed Church in Byron Center, Mich., knock on their neighbors’ doors, they’re not selling candy or collecting pop cans. Every spring they invite neighborhood people to give them their garbage. The young people gather truckloads of trash from about 300 homes, separating the items that can be recycled from those destined for a landfill. They also clear trash from streets and vacant lots in a designated area. Their “treasures” have included tires, appliances, wood, paint, yard waste, and even an old organ. Although there’s no charge for this service, some people offer donations, which the youths put toward funding mission trips. In another cleanup project for a summer SERVE program, the 60 teens the church hosted visited about 400 homes on a two-day trash hunt. They sorted out metal, batteries, and electronics, and also toured an electronic recycling company called Comprenew. —Carolyn Koster Yost Restoring Rush Creek: from left, Adam Vander Stelt, Kevin Quist, Gabriel Quist, Nate De Koster, Rick Duimstra, Troy Boeskool, Sherwin Koning, and Dave Duimstra A Creek Runs Through It Members of Trinity Christian Reformed Church in Grandville, Mich., didn’t mind getting wet and dirty last year in order to clean up a creek that runs through church property. They hauled out slimy cans, Styrofoam, bottles, discarded carpet, and other junk. “Why is it so easy for some to dump their garbage into waters that flow?” mused Rev. Gerald Koning, on his blog. “Perhaps it is not thoughtlessness that leads people to pour their garbage into running water, but rather an unspoken idea that once in the water it is gone. The trouble is that what was once our mess now becomes the mess of somebody else living just a bit farther downstream.” Trinity volunteers who call themselves the “Stream Team” restored a 2-mile portion of Rush Creek’s serenity and beauty last summer and fall. In April the volunteers partnered with the West Michigan Environmental Action Council to assess habitat conditions and inventory aquatic organisms in the creek, a tributary of the Grand River. “There is a sense of accomplishment in cleaning up a stream. Somehow it makes sitting on the bank and watching it flow a little more peaceful,” Koning said. —Carolyn Koster Yost Churches Clean Up 'Reformed' Watershed Calvin College biology professor David Warner jokingly calls the Plaster Creek watershed in West Michigan “the most Reformed watershed in the world.” That’s because its boundaries include the U.S. headquarters of the Christian Reformed Church, Calvin College, Calvin Theological Seminary, numerous Christian Reformed churches, and the homes of many CRC people. It’s also heavily polluted—so much so that the water is unsafe for human contact. In response to that paradox, four Grand Rapids churches are teaming up with professors at Calvin College, the State of Michigan, and a local nonprofit group to clean up the water and, in the process, learn how even a small body of water can speak profoundly to the way we interact with creation. The Plaster Creek watershed encompasses 58 square miles (151 sq. km.) in Kent County. Runoff from urban, suburban, and agricultural sources has contaminated the water, affecting the wildlife population and causing a buildup of bacteria—particularly E. coli—that makes the water dangerous. The polluted waters of Plaster Creek empty into the Grand River, and eventually into Lake Michigan. “The condition of the stream is an expression of our influence on creation,” said Randy Van Dragt, professor of biology at Calvin College. “Water is so intimately connected with life and the Father and Son. I hate to think of dead streams as acceptable.” Van Dragt is one of a group of Calvin professors who have worked with area churches to raise awareness of Plaster Creek’s problems and to develop solutions to them. The four churches—Woodlawn CRC, Madison Square CRC, Alger Park CRC, and Roosevelt Park CRC—took part in workshops last summer to learn about Plaster Creek and are encouraging members of their congregations to get involved. Rev. Mike Abma of Woodlawn said his church is planning a spring cleanup of part of the watershed and hopes to have church members learn how to plant rain gardens and take home rain barrels, both of which help to contain excess water and prevent it from draining into the creek, carrying with it contamination. “Plaster Creek is a real issue, and when we talk about it, other creation care issues come to the fore,” Abma said. “It leads to a conversation about many different things.” —Christian Bell Ringing Bells for Climate Justice At the height of the global climate talks in Copenhagen, the World Council of Churches coordinated an ecumenical celebration for climate justice. Churches around the world rang their church bells at 3 p.m., creating a 24-hour chain of sound that proclaimed, “There is only one world, and in order to preserve it, bold action needs to be taken now.” Good News Church in London, Ontario, has no church bells, but with a little creativity they found a way to participate. From the youngest to the oldest, church members gathered outside with pots, pans, cowbells, whistles, and drums, making some joyful noise to promote caring for God’s creation. —Raquel Flores Lunshof Plotting for the Future In surveying their neighborhood, Fellowship CRC of Barrhaven, Ontario, near Ottawa, heard several times about the desire for fresh, good quality food. Looking at their own two acres of property, they knew God was leading them to grow a community garden. Church members created three large beds, and technology students at Redeemer Christian High School helped design and implement a rainwater collection system. “There were many ‘God moments,’” said Andrea Norg, the church’s office administrator, such as when a greenhouse was donated. A mother who lives in the area, Sandy O’Connor, helped out and said her children loved snacking on the fresh vegetables and watching the beautiful caterpillars and adorable toads attracted to the garden. She shared her extra produce with friends. Everything harvested was given to people of the local community or to church members who took it home to share with neighbors. This year neighbors will be able to sign up for their own plots. —Brenda Visser Palm Sunday in Jerusalem IT WAS PALM SUNDAY 2009, and instead of sitting in a pew in my home church watching the Sunday school children walk down the aisles waving palm fronds, I was standing on the edge of a crowded processional in the sunny streets of East Jerusalem. My brother, then a Jerusalem resident, led my husband and me boldly into the center of this stream of celebration. We were quickly surrounded by the energetic crowd on the Mount of Olives as they headed toward the ancient city gates. This was no humdrum scene. Palestinian boys played trumpets, tubas, and drums with all their might, singing loud praises in Arabic. American nuns sang familiar hymns in English, and everywhere there was excitement and joy and conversation in many languages. Pilgrims from around the world waved the flags of their countries. Many waved palm branches high above their heads. My brother waved his hands, greeting many friends. The Dome of the Rock, the famous Muslim shrine, glistened in the sun. We made our way down the sometimes steep, curvy streets toward the ancient city gates, past photographers wielding large cameras, past one tourist-ready camel, past an enormous graveyard, and past several heavily armed members of the Israeli army. Perhaps an hour later, we entered St. Stephen’s Gate. The narrow stone streets grew even more crowded, busy with commerce and tourism. I felt energized and blessed especially by the enthusiasm of the local Christians, a minority group living among one of the most long-lasting and violent of family feuds—Arab vs. Jew. Sometimes caught in the crossfire, Christians have dwindled to a minute percentage of the population. Yet here they were, boldly proclaiming Christ’s name. Later that week my husband and I toured many religious sites, including Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, and multi-denominational churches and chapels. Fascinated, we eagerly soaked up the culture, the beauty, the history, and the rituals, such as the Greek Orthodox service with centuries-old black lanterns hanging from cavernous ceilings, the scent of incense, the hidden priests reading the ancient text in a foreign tongue. Those experiences and others highlighted again for us the vast and passionate differences in belief and practice of those who call themselves followers of Christ. It’s not often that we get to join fellow Christians of different garb, different church practices, and different languages to celebrate the one overarching thing that unites us. A year ago on Palm Sunday, I experienced it. I look forward to someday walking together toward a different gate, again boldly singing praises to our King—who this time sits not on a donkey, but on a throne. Susan Vanden Berg is a member of Fourteenth Street CRC, Holland, Mich. A former English teacher, she is now a stay-at-home mom and freelance writer. Outreach Q: I often wonder if I’m a genuine Christian because I’m not actively sharing my faith. My attempts at outreach or evangelism seem phony and inappropriate. What should I do? A: If you’re trying to talk to someone about your faith because you feel pressured to or because of some misconception about what a genuine Christian is, your attempts will be phony and inappropriate. In our cultural context today, relationships are the most fertile ground for the gospel. The days of showing up and knocking on people’s doors with a “plan for their life” are over. Think of the last time a Jehovah’s Witness or Mormon knocked on your door. What was your reaction? Exactly. Now think of the last time someone shared with you a favorite recipe or a story about how his child just learned to ride a bike or about a great movie she just watched—no doubt it was natural and unrehearsed. Sharing a story about God can and should be just like that. A true Christian witness doesn’t need to think about saying the right thing or inserting the right verse because his or her life is focused on following Jesus and living out the kingdom of God. This kind of authentic faith speaks for itself. Develop friendships with people outside of your Christian circle—people you meet at the bookstore, a favorite restaurant, or at the office. Invite a casual acquaintance over for dinner. Offer to help him with a house project. Get to know her over coffee. Seek such a person out as a friend rather than as a target, and your words and life will be seen and heard differently. In this context faith issues can become a natural part of your conversations, rather than a forced and sudden presentation. Relax and entrust the whole thing to God. As you do, you’ll find that God has a way of arriving in unsurprising ways and places. —Bryan Berghof Rev. Bryan Berghoef is pastor of Watershed Church, a Christian Reformed church plant in Traverse City, Mich. Christian Morality Q: At the checkout in a store I pointed out to the cashier that I had been given too much change, and as a result she was fired from her job. Now I am reluctant to point out errors in my favor. Am I right to keep silent? A: Are you sure that what you said was the sole cause of the cashier’s being fired? Might it have been the final straw in a series of errors? In any case, you cannot keep silent in situations when you realize that an error is in your favor, even if your intent is to protect an employee. But point out errors in a way that is charitable and does not cause a commotion or attract the attention of a manager. If you discover an error after leaving a cashier’s work station and you are still on the premises, you must return, even if it means getting back in line to do so. It is simply unacceptable to do otherwise; depending on the precise circumstances, it can qualify as a form of theft. If you suspect there might be an error in your favor but don’t actually check to make sure, that is also wrong. As Aristotle taught us, willful ignorance cannot spare us from bearing responsibility for wrongdoing. —Gregory Mellema Dr. Gregory Mellema is a philosophy professor at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Mich. Bible Q: Because of the increase in identity theft, terrorism, and natural disasters, some have suggested having our social insurance or social security number imprinted on our bodies. Should I say no to that in view of Revelation 13:16-17, regarding the “mark of the beast”? A: While most of us would probably applaud efforts to monitor mad cow disease, some Christian farmers appealed to this passage when they refused to place computer chips in their cattle to assist in tracking this disease. While most of us probably can’t imagine a legitimate reason for doing something similar to humans, such proposals should be decided on their own merits, not by an appeal to this text. A note in the NIV Study Bible (Zondervan 2006, p. 2136) indicates that “the mark of the beast apparently symbolized allegiance to the demands of emperor worship. In the final days of the antichrist it will be the ultimate test of loyalty.” Christians should say no to any “mark” that indicates that our primary allegiance is to someone or something other than our Savior. —George Vander Weit George Vander Weit is a retired pastor in the Christian Reformed Church. The Apostles' Creed MANY PEOPLE MAKE THE HONEST MISTAKE of referring to the most famous creed as the “Apostle’s Creed” (note the placement of the apostrophe). Having made the mistake myself during my first several years of ministry, I do not typically point it out to others. After I printed it incorrectly in the church bulletin one week, a member of my second congregation asked, “Just which one of the apostles is responsible for this creed?” His wry question reminded me that this creed is properly the creed of all the apostles. This is not merely a matter of grammatical nitpicking. Even though this creed came into its final form seven centuries after the last of the apostles died, the Church has always called it the “Apostles’ Creed” because the truths contained within these brief lines represent the gospel faith as it was handed down through the witness of our Lord’s chosen apostles. In one form or another, this creed goes back to the very earliest days of the Christian Church. It appears to have its most ancient origin in three questions asked of those being baptized: “Do you believe in God the Father?” The one being baptized would reply (in Latin), “Credo” (“I believe”). “Do you believe in Jesus Christ, the only Son of God?” “Credo.” “Do you believe in the Holy Spirit?” “Credo.” This is the basic Trinitarian formula that undergirds the Apostles’ Creed to this day. Over time, pastors and theologians added content under each of the headings of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in order to give believers a handy way to summarize the basics of the Christian faith. So God the Father was described as the almighty Creator of heaven and earth. The Son’s work was summarized by tracing out the essentials of his virgin birth, sacrificial death, and resurrection from the dead. The Spirit’s work was filled in along the lines of the Spirit’s work in the Church, assuring us that the Church is finally one body that preaches a forgiveness of sins and a resurrection of our bodies that will usher us into everlasting life. When we recite the Apostles’ Creed today, we can read it from a page in our hymnal or projected onto a screen. Much has changed since the creeds were first written. For nearly 1,500 years prior to the invention of the printing press, there were no books, pamphlets, or screens. Knowledge had to be carried around in people’s memories. Relatively brief creeds were easy to memorize and provided a tool for witnessing in case someone in the marketplace or at work would ask, “I hear you’re one of those Christians. So tell me, what do you believe?” We 21st-century Christians can easily look up doctrinal and biblical teachings on our BlackBerries, iPhones, and the like. We’re no longer limited to our memories. But in our increasingly diverse and religiously pluralistic world, we do well still to know the basics of our faith by heart so that we can speak those truths from the heart in case we are asked, “So, what do you believe?” Side Note Because of uncertainty about what the creed really means by “[Jesus] descended into hell,” some church traditions have dropped that line. Recite the creed with them, and they’ll finish ahead of you. The Apostles’ Creed I believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth. I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary. He suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried; he descended to hell. The third day he rose again from the dead. He ascended to heaven and is seated at the right hand of God the Father almighty. From there he will come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic* church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. Amen. that is, the true Christian church of all times and all places Rev. Scott Hoezee is director of Calvin Theological Seminary’s Center for Excellence in Preaching in Grand Rapids, Mich. Advertising Information Deadlines: May 2010 issue is 4/5/10; June issue is 5/3/10. Visit www.thebanner.org for complete details. Prices: Most ads are $0.33\textsuperscript{16} per character (min. 150 characters including punctuation and spaces). A discounted rate of $0.26\textsuperscript{16} per character applies to Anniversaries, Birthdays, Obituaries, Denominational and Classical Announcements, and Congregational Announcements. Photos are $22\textsuperscript{16} extra. To Advertise: Place your classified ad online at www.TheBanner.org/classifieds. If you are unable to submit your ad online you may continue to email it to email@example.com or fax it to 616-224-0834. If you have questions, call 616-224-0725. Publication of advertisements implies neither endorsement nor approval by The Banner, Faith Alive Christian Resources, or the Christian Reformed Church. We reserve the right to refuse or edit any ad for appropriateness. Denominational and Classical Announcements General ANNUAL DAY OF PRAYER—Wednesday, March 10, 2010 Synod has designated Wednesday, March 10, 2010, as the Annual Day of Prayer. All CRC congregations are requested to assemble to ask for God’s blessing upon the world, our nations, for crops and industry, and for the church worldwide. Councils are reminded that if it is judged that the observance of the Annual Day of Prayer can be more meaningfully observed in conjunction with the National Day of Prayer (U.S.), they have the right to change the date of service accordingly (Acts of Synod 1996, p. 578). The National Day of Prayer (U.S.) is May 6, 2010. Gerard L. Dykstra, Executive Director CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY BOARD TO MEET The board of trustees of Calvin Theological Seminary will meet in the Seminary on Thursday, April 22, 2010 at 8:30 A.M. and the following days. Kevin J. Adams, Secretary NATIONAL DAY OF PRAYER (U.S.) In May 1988 the President of the United States signed into law a bill establishing the first Thursday of May as a National Day of Prayer. This year the National Day of Prayer falls on Thursday, May 6. The synod of the CRC has urged churches in the United States “to observe faithfully any national day of prayer which the United States President publicizes to the nation” (Acts of Synod 1969). “Our churches must be open to our congregations and our fellow countrymen on such occasions, when God in his providence leads those in civil authority to call our citizenry to pray. We must pray for and with our country” (Acts of Synod 1958). Gerard L. Dykstra, Executive Director Financial Aid Students from Classis Rocky Mountain preparing for ordained/non-ordained ministry in the CRC are invited to apply for financial aid to the Classis Ministry Leadership Team for the 2010-2011 academic year. For information, contact Bob Westenbroek, 18474 E. Columbia Circle, Aurora, CO 80013 (303)400-6723 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org. All requests to be received by May 31, 2010. Meetings of Classis CLASSIS KALAMAZOO will be meeting in its regular session May 11, 2010 at Third CRC, Kalamazoo, 9:30 AM. Please send materials or requests to email@example.com or Jake Weeda, 1782 5th St, Martin, MI 49070. CLASSIS ZEELAND will meet on Thursday, May 20, 2010, 4PM, at the Bethel CRC of Zeeland. Agenda deadline is April 8. Rev. Ronald J. Meyer, S.C. Congregational Announcements General FIRST CRC OF DETROIT will celebrate its building addition with a reunion and dedication on Sunday, May 16, 10:00 am. We welcome friends and former members to join us. Dinner will be provided following worship, for which a RSVP is requested (313-824-3511 or firstname.lastname@example.org). Informal tours and refreshments will be provided on Saturday evening, the 15th. Please send First Church memories to email@example.com. GRAND OPENING German Valley CRC, German Valley, IL announces the Grand Opening of our new worship center. Friends and former members are invited to help celebrate on Sunday, May 2. Worship service begins at 10:00 a.m. followed by the open house until 2:00 p.m. For more information please e-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.org or call 815-362-6601. Church’s 75th Anniversary The Christian Reformed Church of Morrison, IL will be celebrating its 75th anniversary June 12 & 13, 2010. We are planning a special program Saturday evening followed by a service of celebration on Sunday Morning. All former members and friends of our congregation are invited to be a part of our celebration. For information contact the church at 815.772.4657. CHURCH’S 75TH ANNIVERSARY Newton CRC of Newton, IA. will be celebrating its 75th anniversary Aug. 8. We invite all former members, pastors, and friends to join us! For more information, E-mail email@example.com. Church’s 25th Anniversary SONRISE CRC PONOKA, AB hopes to celebrate its 25th anniversary. Friends and former members are invited to join us for events on May 29 and 30. For more information and to register contact Jan Star 1403-783-4279 or firstname.lastname@example.org Retirement FIRST CRC OF PRINSBURG announces the retirement of their pastor, Rev. David A. Zylstra, after 36 years in the ministry of the Christian Reformed Church. A dinner and farewell program will be held at the church on Saturday, April 17. His farewell message will be on Sunday, April 18. Please join us, friends and former parishioners, in honoring Pastor Dave and Claudia. For additional information please contact the church at email@example.com, or call Tim Slagter, 320-664-4212 Oakdale Park CRC, GR, MI announces the retirement of their pastor, Rev. William Vanden Bosch. Pastor Bill began his ministry in Lake City MI and celebrated his 30th Anniversary at Oakdale Park Church in October 2009. His farewell message will be on May 2, 2010 at the 10:15 am service. A reception and dinner will follow the service. We give glory to God for His blessings on Pastor Bill and Lyn’s many years of service and wish them His continued blessings in retirement. Announcements MILLBROOK CHRISTIAN SCHOOL’S CLOSING CELEBRATION: Join us on Friday, April 16 to honor our retirees and celebrate God’s faithfulness to our school for the past 55 years as we are moving to our new campus next year. The evening begins at 6:30 pm with a service of Praise and Worship at Millbrook CRC. This will be followed by an Open House at Millbrook Christian School honoring Janina Grimberg, Bruce Joldersma and Kathy Miedema and our history. The evening will conclude at 8:30 p.m. 125TH ANNIVERSARY The members of the Luctor Christian Reformed Church of Prairie View, Kansas invite you to their 125th anniversary celebration July 24-25, 2010. Please call (785) 973-2793 or email firstname.lastname@example.org for more information. UNIVERSITY OF IOWA SCHOLARSHIP Geneva Campus Ministry is receiving applications for the Jason Chen Faith and Learning Scholarship. For freshmen and transfer students starting UI in the fall of 2010. For information: email@example.com or 319-594-2621. Deadline: May 1. Birthdays DR. JERRY BULTHUIS, SE.8th Ave, Holland, MI 49423, celebrates his 95th birthday on April 23. His children, Mary & Neil Van Regenmorter, Sally Bulthuis, Linda & Tom Spaman, George & Trudy Bulthuis, Gayle & Ron Byker, his 10 grandchildren & 10 great grands wish him God’s continued blessing. His life & faith are an inspiration for us all. We love you, Dad. Perhaps no other gift gives more joy and encouragement than the establishment of a scholarship or award at Calvin Theological Seminary A community of faith. A center of learning. A life of ministry. We welcome your support. For confidential, no-obligation information, contact Richard Eppinga: firstname.lastname@example.org • 616.957.8592 • 800.388.6034 • 3233 Burton SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 www.calvinseminary.edu/development 90th Birthday EDWIN W. HOOGSTRA of 2500 Breton Woods, Grand Rapids, Mi. 49512 celebrated his 90th birthday on Feb. 17. Wife: Betty Children: Ed and Joyce, Don and Louise, Ron and Mary, Pam and Roger along with their Grandchildren and Great Grandchildren give thanks to God for continued good health. Anniversaries 65th Anniversary GEELHOED, Martin and Beatrice (Herrema), 7440 Ambler Lane SE, Calendonia, MI 49316 celebrate 65 yrs of marriage on March 22, 2010. Children Pat Kooienga, Tom & Linda Wierenga, Tim Geelhoed (dec.), Terry Geelhoed & Barbara Lenemann. 12 grandkids (2 dec), 24 great-grandkids. Great is thy faithfulness! 60th Anniversary FRIDSMAN, Bill & Audrey (Cok) 2500 Breton Woods DR SE #2047, Grand Rapids, Mi. 49512 will celebrate 60 years of marriage on March 29. SCHOLTEN, William & Shirley (Gorzenman), 1801 Kok Road, Lynden, WA 98264 will celebrate their 60th wedding anniversary April 17, 2010 with their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. We give thanks to God for his blessings and faithfulness. 50th Anniversary BEEZHOLD Joe & Judy (Stob) of Chicago, IL will celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary on April 16. Congratulations with much love from your family. We have been abundantly blessed and continually thank God for His faithfulness! Church Positions Available NEW CHURCH SEEKS PASTOR: Living Water Community Church is a new and vibrant congregation in Orange City, IA, eager to share the Living Water with all who thirst. We are searching for a full-time pastor with a vision for outreach and a passion for teaching God's Word. To view our church profile, visit the Christian Reformed Website. For inquiries please e-mail or call Scott Groeneweg at 712-548-8131 email@example.com or Al Schulteman at 712-441-6352 firstname.lastname@example.org. FIRST CRC OF EDMONTON, ALBERTA is seeking a senior pastor. We are looking for a pastor who is a strong preacher and mentor, with the ability to relate well to the many generations represented in our church while challenging and aiding us as we move forward in the calling God has for our congregation. If you have any questions, or to forward us your resume or profile please contact Melissa at email@example.com. WESTVIEW CRC located in Grand Rapids MI is seeking a full time Minister of Worship. The Minister of Worship is the primary leadership position for all ministries at Westview but most particularly for those related to worship and will work in coordination with our Minister of Congregational Life, Director of Music, Senior High Youth Directors, Middle School Youth Director, church Secretary and other staff at Westview. In addition to preaching 75% of the services, he will want to diligently promote evangelism and outreach through dynamic leadership of the 166 families / 485 professing members of Westview. For more information or to receive a Church Profile please contact the search committee (Bob Zwiers - Chair) at firstname.lastname@example.org or call the church office 616-453-3105 www.westviewcrc.org CAMPUS MINISTER AT GVSU, Allendale, MI. Classis Zeeland is inviting applications for this full time position at Grand Valley State University. Email email@example.com for a detailed position description. Deadline for submission is April 30th, 2010 or until position is filled. SENIOR PASTOR Northern NJ: America's Best Kept Secret? Are you adventurous enough to consider a new location for your life and ministry? Contrary to popular stereotypes, Northern NJ is a beautiful area conveniently proximate to nature, New York City and everything in between. A mid-size congregation situated on a 10 acre suburban campus, Covenant CRC is seeking an intelligent and energetic Senior Pastor with strong preaching skills, leadership ability, and passion for engaging the lives of those within our walls and in our community. The Lord has blessed our church with robust youth ministry programs and an active congregation diverse in age and talents but united in the goal of becoming more like Christ. If he puts us on your heart, we would love to hear from you. Please visit our website www.covcrc.org and contact Mark Reitsma at firstname.lastname@example.org or 666 Godwin Ave., Suite 210 Midland Park, NJ 07432. A copy of our Church Profile is filed with the Office of Pastor/Church Relations. SENIOR/LEAD PASTOR Christ Community Church of Plainfield (CRC) is seeking a dynamic pastor who will lead our staff and congregation in solid biblical teaching. Our mission is: "To draw unchurched and previously churched people into a maturing relationship with Christ." We live and worship in the fast growing Chicago suburb of Plainfield, IL. We have 206 families in membership with an average of 500 people attending each week. Our worship style is contemporary with some traditional elements. We are seeking the person God has chosen to lead our congregation. For more information please visit: http://www.plapacetocom.net/pastor LEAD PASTOR Wolf Creek Community Church in Lacombe, AB is seeking a Full-time Lead Pastor. Are you gifted to preach in an engaging and authentic style? Do you have strong leadership gifts that enable you to work well with other staff and lay leaders? Do you have a love for people ranging in spiritual maturity from seeker to mature believer? Can you help us to live out our vision of reaching and enfolding others for Jesus? If the Spirit is nudging you, please call or email our Search Team Leader for more information: Gary Barnes at 403-885-5187 or email@example.com OCHVEDYAN CRC (IA) is seeking a full time pastor. Please contact Ken Haack at (712)331-4151 or firstname.lastname@example.org VICTORIA CHRISTIAN REFORMED CHURCH in the capital city of British Columbia on beautiful Vancouver Island is looking for a pastor who, with the members, can fulfill our vision to become more inclusive, inspire and teach from a reformed Biblical perspective to all ages, both members and the surrounding community. Our goal, with God's help, is to become a welcoming and enfolding culture. We seek to provide inspiring worship, a structure that provides opportunity for all members to use their God given gifts and to become more effective communicators, leaders, and coordinators of our ministries. If you feel God challenging you to work with us as we seek to become the kind of church God wants us to be, please contact: Joyce Masselink, Chair Search Committee, email@example.com; or call 250-721-0066 SENIOR PASTOR The town of Grimsby is a rapidly growing community located on the southern shores of Lake Ontario in the heart of Niagara. Mountainview Christian Reformed Church of Grimsby, ON is seeking a full-time ordained Pastor. We need a caring and visionary leader with a commitment to our vision of Reaching Up, Reaching In and Reaching Out. The Pastor God has selected for us will be able to dynamically preach and teach the word of God, embrace the members of the congregation, welcome visitors and provide strategic leadership to the congregation, to the Council and to the Pastoral Staff. We are an 800+ multi-generational congregation led by a staff ministry team which presently includes a Youth Pastor and the newly filled position of Pastor of Congregational Care. Inquiries can be sent to: Search Committee, Mountainview CRC, 290 Main Street East, Grimsby, ON L3M 1P8 or email firstname.lastname@example.org. Further information can be obtained by visiting our website at www.mountainviewcrc.org or by contacting Harry DeVries, chair of Search Committee, at 905-945-1872 (evenings 7pm – 10pm EST). CAMPUS MINISTRY DIRECTOR Arepaguas, a campus ministry in Ames, IA, is seeking a leader to work with Trinity CRC in reaching out to students at Iowa State University. For information contact email@example.com. FORT WAYNE COMMUNITY CRC, IN, is seeking a part time lead pastor. We are a small congregation but are committed to a ministry that is outward focused and mission based. We are looking for a pastor who is strong in preaching the Word and has the ability to rally us and teach us to share Christ's love in our community. If interested please submit your pastoral profile or resume to firstname.lastname@example.org, also to obtain more information or our church profile, please contact Rick Van Laar at the above email or call me at 260-486-2461 MUSIC/WORSHIP LEADER Missional church (600+ attendance) reaching the unchurched is looking for a gifted musician and worship leader. Must have a growing relationship with God, the ability to build and develop a team, and good stage presence. Excellence on keyboards and/or guitar and experience with a praise band is essential. Call or e-mail for an application, Crossroads Church, 1538 Janice Drive Schererville, IN 46375 — 219-322-6400 www.aboutcc.com — email@example.com DIR. OF CHRISTIAN FORMATION Christ Presbyterian Church in Madison, Wisconsin has opened a search for a full-time Director of Christian Formation for Children and Youth. We're seeking an individual who is committed to Jesus Christ and has a heart for children in an active, diverse community. Director will oversee all aspects of Youth Ministry for ages 0-18, working closely with church staff and volunteer teams. Prefer college degree plus experience in teaching or children's ministry. Required skills include: Administration (implement programs, plan activities/events); Leadership (train, discern, delegate, support parents/volunteers); Communication (write, speak, report, recruit); and Mentoring (form relationships, guide spiritual growth of youth/families). 608-957-4897 ALLISTON CRC, located 1 hour north of Toronto, ON is seeking a full time pastor with strong leadership qualities and effective preaching skills. Successful candidates must have the ability to incorporate both traditional and contemporary worship styles in service planning, and must be able to apply sound biblical preaching to daily life. Alliston is best known for farming (potatoes) and manufacturing (Honda), and being the birthplace of Sir Frederick Banting. Alliston is centrally located, and is close to a multitude of cultural and physical activities. Please contact John VanLoenen at 905-936-2550 or firstname.lastname@example.org to obtain more information. WILLARD CRC located in the quaint village of Celeryville just south of Willard OH is actively seeking a full-time pastor. We are a congregation of about 70 families who are involved with active church life and Christian education. We are looking for a caring leader who will lead us in Bible-based preaching, nurture our multigenerational members and encourage and enable our congregation to continue in spiritual and congregational growth. We are a rural community in the heart of agricultural Ohio. We are not far from Lake Erie and are on the edge of an industrial community. For more information and to obtain our church profile, please send inquiries to Willard Christian Reformed Church, attn: Allison Wiers, Secretary of the Search Committee, 4163 Broadway Rd, Willard, OH 44890. MINISTRY COORDINATOR Shawnee Park CRC in Grand Rapids, Michigan has an exciting opportunity for a MINISTRY COORDINATOR. This FULL TIME staff member will recruit, equip and organize volunteers in worship and music leadership, youth ministry, education, evangelism, service and fellowship. Preference will be given to candidates with administrative and worship leadership experience. For position description and to apply, contact Pastor Everett Vander Horst at (616) 452-6971 ext. 101 or email@example.com. Applications will be accepted until the position is filled. ASMA, Lois Doreen, age 77, December 26, 2009. 6031 Bradford St. Portage, MI 49024. She was preceded in death by her parents, George Wilkinson and Myrtle Wilkinson (Macdonald), and infant sister Margaret, brother Donald and many relatives in Canada, U. S. A. and the Netherlands. Surviving are her husband, Nick, to whom she was married for almost 35 years; two sisters and their husbands: Carol (James) Lyons, Audrey (Patrick) Greaves. Several in-laws in North America and Europe. Lois was born in Cheltenham, Ontario, where she was an elementary schoolteacher and library supervisor in Peel County. She was an active member of Third CRC in Kalamazoo, MI where she served as deaconess, deacon, and in the Coffee Break ministry since its inception. Her favorite Bible passage was Proverbs 3:5-6 KJV. Her Godly life was an inspiration to all of us. BEUKEMA, Herman, aged 85, of Grandville, went to be with the Lord on Wednesday, September 23, 2009. Mr Beukema was a teacher at Cutlerville Christian and Calvin Christian High School where he was the Athletic Director for 23 years. He was a lifelong Cubs fan. He was preceded in death by his son, Corky; grandsons, Ed Burdick and Jeffrey Blake. He is lovingly remembered by his wife of 62 years, Gertie; children, Jan Baker, Sandy and Tom Jelinski, Chris and Jerry Black, Judy Beukema; 15 grandchildren; 14 great-grandchildren; brothers and sisters-in-law, Cork and Grace DeForn, Audrey and George Hiskes; Sas Cooper; several nieces and nephews. BOS, Hermina H. (Uiterdyk), age 96, of Manhattan, MT, entered peacefully into her eternal Heavenly Home on Feb. 18, 2010. She was preceded in death by her husband John J. Bos in 1993. She is survived by 5 sons & their wives: Ken & Marlene, Harry & Millie, Al & Joan, Loren & Gwen, & Glenn & Kathy; 14 grandchildren & 10 great grandchildren. BRINK, Mrs. Alta Mae; age 89; February 08, 2010; She was preceded in death by her husband, Rev. William P. Brink in 1999. She is survived by her children: Paul and Karen Brink, Esther and Daniel Bos, John and Merri Brink, Daniel and Cheryl Brink, Stephen and Rhonda Brink; 18 grandchildren; 15 great grandchildren; brother-in-law - John Boss. BRONKEMA, Ethel Louise; 79, died suddenly February 8, 2010. She was for 57 years the wife of Rev. Ralph W. Bronkema, 421 Eagle Drive, Satellite Beach, FL. Louise founded the Orlando Christian School in 1961 while her husband was pastor at the Orlando Christian Reformed Church. Messages of condolence may be sent to firstname.lastname@example.org, and memorial gifts may be sent to the Shalom Christian Reformed Church, 4100 Southeastern Drive, Sioux Falls, SD 57103. BROUWER, John, age 77; Feb 7, 2010; Duncan, BC. Survived by his wife of 57 years, Jennie (Meindersma); children: Gloria, Doug (Diane), Ken (Debby), Rob (Karen), Randy (Wilma), Darren and Jane (Rob), foster daughters, Wendy and Lorrie, plus many grandchildren. A memorial service was held at the Duncan CRC on Feb 13, 2010. BUURSMA, Althea; age 86; February 13, 2010. Predeceased by daughter Sheri. Survived by husband of 59 years, Rev. William Buursma; sister, Dr. Corrine Kass; 3 sons, Bruce, Dirk, Mark; 12 grandchildren; 3 great-grandchildren. BYKER, Rev. John J.; age 85; February 4, 2010; 4070 Leonard St. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49525; He was preceded in death by his son, John and granddaughter Christina Kennedy. He is survived by his wife of 63 years: Dorothy; children: Cynthia and Christopher Kennedy, David A. and Reelie Byker, Barbara and Peter Guttert, Ruth and Calvin Long, Paul Byker, Mary and Dr. Larry Arnhart, Deborah Byker Benson, Rachael and John Bouma; 30 grandchildren; 16 great grandchildren; sisters: Stephena Scholten, Beth Jansen, and Dorothy Van Manen. DAVIDS, John. Age 84 of St. John, IN and Ft. Myers Bch, FL. Went to be with our Lord Feb. 3, 2010. Survived by his wife Jean (Doot), son Jack (Nancy) Davids, daughters Claudia (John) Littleford, and Patricia (Craig) Menninga, 12 grand children and 13 great grandchildren. Also survived by brother Ted (Marilyn) Davids, sister Helen Noort, sister-in-law Rita Davids. Preceded in death by brother Jacob Davids and brother-in-law Clarence Noort. DOEZEMA, Rev. Lambert, age 97, passed from this life on February 23, 2010, in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Lamb was born on December 8, 1912, to Riner and Reka Doezema in Grand Rapids, MI. He graduated from Calvin College in 1935 and from the Theological School of the Protestant Reformed Churches in 1938. He and Joanne Hoeksema were married on December 21, 1938, in Grand Rapids and soon thereafter moved to California where he served a church in Bellflower. From 1954 to 1956 he studied theology at the Free University of Amsterdam, where he received the Doctorandus Degree in 1955. Lamb subsequently served churches in Grand Rapids, MI; Drayton, Ontario, Canada; and Parchment, MI. He retired from the ministry in 1977. After retirement Lamb and Jo served two years in mission schools in Nigeria and one year in the Philippines. Lamb was preceded in death by his wife Jo, a son Tom, and by his brothers Charles and William. He is survived by his children Ryan (Mary Ellen), Herman (Frances), David (Linda), Ruth (Carlos), Lambert Lee (Sarah), and Mary (Joel) and by 19 grandchildren and 7 great grandchildren. He is also survived by brothers and sisters Angie VanderWal, Harriet (Edward) Knott, Edward (Betty) Doezema, Annette (Herman) Hoeksema, Katherine Doezema, and by many nieces and nephews. Lamb is remembered in gentle love by family, friends, and former parishioners. GROENENDYK, (Van Dyk) Wanda, of Leighton, ia. went to be with her Lord on February 15, 2010. She is survived by her husband of 55 years, Edwin, her sons, Bruce (Lisa), Mike, Keith (Neva), a daughter Marsha (David) Workman, and seven grandchildren. HELMUS, Martin A., age 51 went to be with our Lord on January 29, 2010. He was preceded in death by his mother, Marilyn Helmus. He is survived by his father, Tunis; his brother Tunis Jr. (Sheryl); his sister Cindy (Bill) Engelsman. Loving uncle to Jena (Rey) Phillips, Shelly and Tracy Helmus, Donelle, Carissa and Billy Engelsman. KEUNING, Evelyn, 3/4/41-2/7/10 Survived by husband Bruce, son Dan/Lisi and daughter Julie/Robert Poindeexter plus six grandchildren. P. O. Box 4385, Pagosa Spring, CO 81157 KINGMA* James (Jim), 78, of Wheatfield Indiana, passed away February 15, 2010. He is survived by wife Betty (Vankeppele), children: Joan Keown, Mark (Linda), David (Brenda), Cathy (Jim) Dykstra, and daughter-in-law Brenda Boelens, and 8 grandchildren. Also surviving are siblings: Dr. Roy E. (Sonya), Harold (Eleanor), and Henrietta Kingma. Jim was preceded in death by his son Chris and brother Sam. Jim was a Korean war veteran and was buried with full honors. Thanks Dad for being a lifelong example of a humble servant of God. KORTLEVER, Casey A., age 84; Nov. 3, 2009; 1096-2 Fountain View Cr., Holland, MI 49423. Survived by his loving wife of 62 years, Jane (Texer); 3 daughters Donna (John) Van Noord, Mary (Dean) Duistersmans & Judy (Rob) Wilson; 9 grandchildren & 15 great-grandchildren. He was preceded in death by his parents Tony & Marie Kortlever; & sister, Jean Potts of Belgrade, MT. Case was born in Helena, MT on Feb. 14, 1925 & raised on a 600 acre farm in Conrad. He enlisted in the Navy in 1942 & was assigned to the 6A Division of the USS Colorado Battleship and discharged in May, 1945. Case received the greatest spiritual guidance from traditional, Scripture based hymns of praise that he played on his guitar. A Memorial service was held on Nov. 7 in the Chapel at Christ Memorial Reformed Church. MAATMAN, Rebecca Jean, age 55, February 24, 2010, Columbia, MO. Becky fought a life-long battle with Juvenile Diabetes. She will be remembered for her dry sense of humor and uncanny ability to say just the right thing. Becky is survived by her parents, Russell and Jean Maatman; one brother and sister-in-law, John and Anne Maatman of Sioux Center, Iowa; two sisters and brothers-in-law-Sue and Larry Meyers of Sheldon, Iowa, and Ruth and Roger Carter of Columbia as well as numerous nieces and nephews. She is preceded in death by her grandparents and a sister and brother-in-law, Deborah and Steven Baker. NOTEBOOM, Lanay; age 80; December 7, 2009; South Sioux City, NE. Loving and devoted wife & mother is survived by husband of 56 years, Marvin; Children: John & Frances Noteboom, Terry & Dawn Noteboom, Marla & Brian Moore, David Noteboom, Jack & Barb Noteboom, Dawn & Chris Conover and Julie & Trent Stulich; 20 Grandchildren and 8 Great-grandchildren; Sisters Nell Piersma & Teri VanWyk RIETKERK, Irene (nee Elders), 101, on Feb. 23, 2010, Ontario, CA. Preceded in death by husband, Bill, and son-in-law, Elmer Meendering. Survived by daughter Betty Meendering of Ontario, CA; daughter Willene and her husband Walt De Groot of Grand Rapids, MI; son Bill and his wife Eleanor Rietkerk of Mill Creek, WA; sister Sarah Wigboldy of Ontario, CA; 12 grandchildren, 22 great-grandchildren, and 2 great-great-grandchildren. SCHOLTEN, Hilda, age 82, Lynden, WA went to be with her Lord on Sept 5, 2009. Survived by her husband of 62 years Evert. Children: Arlene(Dave), Marilyn(Ron deceased), Carol(Dwayne), Ali(Laura), Dwayne(Lisa), 11 grandchildren, 14 great-grandchildren. STAAT, HERMAN F. Safe in the arms of Jesus at age 87, Feb.9, 2010, Artesia, CA. Survived by children Charlotte, Harold, Paul, Dorothy(Luke) Bruining, sister Johanna List, numerous grandchildren and great grandchildren. Predeceased by wife Charlotte, and son Robert. Memorials to Salem Christian Home,6921 Edison Avenue, Chino, CA 91710-9057 --- PRISON NEED NOT BE A WASTE OF TIME Scientific research shows that recidivism rates drop dramatically for those who participate in faith-based programs during incarceration. You can participate in Crossroad Bible Institute's discipleship program by correcting the Bible study lessons of people in prison, as well as with donations and prayer. You can donate your tax-deductible gifts in the U.S. and Canada online, by phone, or by mailing your gift to CBI. CBI HEADQUARTERS P.O. Box 900 Grand Rapids, MI 49509-0900 CBI CANADA P.O. Box 5037 Burlington, ON L7R 3Y8 800.668.2450 \| www.cbi.fm www.thebanner.org \| April 2010 \| THE BANNER 43 Employment AJIJIC, MEXICO 10,000 retired Americans and Canadians live on the shores of Lake Chapala, near Guadalajara. One year ago, King of Kings Presbyterian Church daughtered Lakeside Presbyterian Church to make disciples among these expatriates and now is looking for new pastoral leadership for this ministry. If you have relative financial independence (a retired or semi-retired pastor might be ideal) and sense God prompting you to inquire into this opportunity, please contact Ray De Lange at email@example.com. KANAWHA CHRISTIAN SCHOOL, located in Kanawha, ia is seeking a full-time teacher/administrator for the 2010-2011 school year. This position includes full health benefits and a pension plan. Contact Kanawha Christian School at 641-762-3322 or firstname.lastname@example.org for an application form. LOOKING TO FILL TWO POSITIONS: 1. GM-trained service manager; 2. Experienced technician (prefer GM certified), for dealer in beautiful Conrad, MT. Excellent hunting & fishing, 65 miles from Glacier Nat’l Park! Visit www.vanmotors.com call 800-368-7575 or email: email@example.com MISSION FIELD: NOVA SCOTIA Target: Young people grades 3-12. Impact: Share the good news of Jesus Christ. When: July/August 2010. How: Head Cook, 4 days a week. Benefits: accommodation, salary beachfront, sunshine. Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org; 902-257-2838 Volunteers VOLUNTEERS ARE NEEDED to serve in the Lighthouse Variety Store at Mississippi Christian Family Services in Rolling Fork, MS for the months of May thru September. Air conditioned housing and store. This is such a rewarding area of service to those so much less fortunate than we. We ask for a minimum of two weeks. Call or email Cliff & Huddy Doombos, (616)453-1984 or email@example.com. Real Estate: Sales and Rental ANNA MARIA ISLAND, FL Condos pool, beach access, linens, fully equipped. 1 and 2 bedrooms. $650-750/wk. D. Redeker, 941-778-1915, redekercondos.com HOUSE SWAP Pastor on sabbatical looking to swap CA home (1.5hrs from Tahoe, 2 hrs from SF) with W. MI area vacation home. 3-4 wks during Jn, Jly 2010. 916-543-3506 KISSIMMEE HOME FOR RENT new, 6 bedroom, 4 bath, fully furnished home with private pool, 3 miles from Disney, www.floridavacahome.com. 708-372-2586 VACATION RENTAL Oceanfront 2BR deluxe at Panama City Fl Apr 3-10, 2010. 616-452-1152. OCEANFRONT CONDO RENTALS, 2BR/2BA New Smyrna Beach, FL (Units 403, 501, 503), Daily, Weekly, Monthly rates. Reference Banner ad for 10% discount. 800-874-1931 or OBCRETNALS.COM. FT. MYERS POOL HOME FOR RENT 2 bed, 2 bath, sleeps 10, heated pool, hot tub, bikes, quiet cul-de-sac. 9 mi. to beach. Photos available. 905-332-6711 NEW 2000 SQ FT LOG COTTAGE on Reed lake, Baldwin, MI. Sleeps 10. Dock w/ boats. Near golf course, river & town. $675 per week April -October. 616-335-0119. firstname.lastname@example.org. Brochure available. LAKEFRONT LOG CABIN Priv. frontage. sandy swim area. Sleeps 6-8. 30 min N of GR. All sport lake. Kayak, fishing boat, swim raft, call for photos $695. 616-583-0407 COTTAGE FOR RENT Hess Lake, Newaygo, MI. 4 bedrooms, 3 baths. Sleeps 12. $1300/wk. Call Lonnie at 616-942-0048. WEEKLY RENTAL: Douglas/Saugatuck, MI: Walk to the beaches of Lake Michigan from this Newly remodeled Vacation Home, 7br, 4Ba—comfortably sleeps up to 14. Very close to downtown Saugatuck & Douglas. Call 630-268-1531 or email email@example.com for info & reservations. PENTWATER COTTAGE & EFFICIENCY On Lake, with boat dock, near village, furnished, sleeps 6-8, $895-/1300/wk. 616--299-4294 COTTAGE FOR RENT: Hutchins Lake in Fennville Mich. Summer weeks available 3BR near Saugatuck / Holland/ S. Haven All sports lake. $750/wk (630)782-5261 FOR RENT, Big Star Lake, 4 bedroom, 2 bath home, sleeps 8 for $875/wk or up to 12 for $1225/wk. Great beach, many weeks available. 616-669-9130 or 616-813-5972. LAKE MICHIGAN COTTAGE FOR RENT Holland MI, near Tunnel Park. Lake view, 2/3 bedrooms, pvt beach access, $1000/wk. 616-455-2850 or firstname.lastname@example.org COTTAGE FOR RENT Peaceful lakefront cottage on beautiful Winfield Lake - 45 min north of Grand Rapids, MI. Completely remodeled. 2 bedrooms. Sleeps 6. Deck/RoWboat. Great fishing. $650/wk OR $400/Mon thru Fri special. Call 616-669-2714 or email email@example.com for info or pics NORTHERN MI RENTAL- On Burt Lake 4 BR 3 bath, sleeps 12 Boating, fishing, skiing, fall colors, Inland Waterway. Weeks in Aug still available. firstname.lastname@example.org BIG STAR LAKE Cottage for rent. 2 bedroom sleeps 8. $800 weekly in June and $850 weekly in July and August. Call Amy at 616-662-9659. HOLLAND MI nice 1 bedroom guest house with kitchen and living area, near South Lake Macatawa. $375wk $80nt www.hollandplace.com 616-335-8766 SUMMER WEEKLY RENTAL Grand Haven cottage two blocks from waterfront and downtown. Sleeps 8. 616-846-6229 GRAND HAVEN COTTAGES - Summer Weekly Cottage Rentals in Lovely Grand Haven. MI Just two Blocks from downtown shopping and restaurants. We have 1-five bedroom cottage, and 1-three bedroom cottage. Please visit our website for pictures/pricing @www.grandhavensummerbreeze.com or www.grandhavencottagecharm.com or call 616-204-8500 for more info and availability. COTTAGES on Selkirk Lake, 30 min. south of Grand Rapids, MI. 2-3 bedrooms, 600-700/wk. 616-335-5202 COTTAGE RENTAL Very nice 3 BR/2BA Cottage on Stony Lake. Private 75 foot of beachfront w/dock, rowboat and paddleboat. Great lake for fishing, skiing or swimming. Approx. 2 miles from beautiful sandy Lake Michigan beach. For info and photos e-mail request to email@example.com or call (231)861-4004 for available dates. COTTAGE FOR RENT Big Star Lake, sleeps 8 plus loft, kayaks, canoe, boat for use, sliders with beck decks. $625 June, $700 July and August. Call Bill at 616-516-0548. FOR RENT BIG STAR LAKE cottage sleeps 10, $750 p/w. Guest cottage sleeps 7 – $250. additional. 616-886-2839 CONDO FOR SALE Whispering Springs III Grandville, MI. End Unit. 2 stall garage, 2 decks, 3 seasons porch, 2 Bed, 2 Bath, Living room with gas fireplace, Kitchen/Dining. Plenty of Storage. $119,900. 616-374-0913 COTTAGE FOR RENT: Upper Silver Lake, Mears, MI. sleeps up to 8. $750 per week June 2010, $800 per week July/August 2010. Contact firstname.lastname@example.org or 616-490-1623 for more info. GUN LAKE COTTAGE FOR RENT - Gun Lake (Wayland, MI) 3brdms/1bath, sleeps 6, no pets, no smoking, $750-$850. Call Sally (616)531-5545 FOR SALE/LEASE: 20K industrial/commercial building, Holland, MI 415 West 21st St. Good location/office. Looking for new, very affordable location? Call owner Bill Vogelzang 616-392-2200 COTTAGE RENTAL Miner Lake, Allegan, MI. All sports lake. New 2 Lrg BR/2BA, sleeps 7-8. $700-$800/wk. 616-669-6534 or email@example.com COTTAGE RENTAL Mi. lakefront on 800 acre Little Platte Lk. fully equiped 3br near TC and Sleeping Bear dunes. Beautiful view/private lot. $825/wk incl. boat/cano. 616-914-7811 COTTAGE FOR RENT: Upper Silver Lake, Mears, MI. Like new, four bedrooms, 2 baths, clean, quiet, waterfront, sandy beach. Call (616)669-6774. GREAT FAMILY COTTAGE RENTAL on Miner Lake, Allegan, MI. 3 bdrm. Available weeks of June 18, 25 July 9,16; Aug 20, $850/wk, call to reserve at 616.786.9031 today! LAKEFRONT COTTAGE FOR RENT, Silver Lake, Oceana County. Sleeps 6, West of Shelby, Michigan, call 231-744-2659. CONDO SANTA FE NM MLS #903382 pics Ground level Gated patio Bamboo/tile floors Washer/dryer Heat incl Clubhouse pool sauna weight room. Quiet Centrally located One resrvd parking space Contact Karren Sahler Sotheby's International Realty 505-501-1385515OK firstname.lastname@example.org ELKHORN CABIN: Fully equipped, 3-level Arts/Crafts log cabin vacation rental, Asheville, NC; sleeps 9. Sauna, views, screen porch. www.elkhorncabin.com 828-298-3848 BEAUFORT, NC: 1 br furnished cottages for wkly/mo rental in historic coastal town, near beaches, w/d, TV, internet, grill, bikes. 252-504-6262 FISHING CAMP Unique fishing lodge in NW ON accommodates small and large groups. All cabins private with dock. www.manitouweatherstation.com KIAWAH ISLAND, CHARLESTON, S. 3 Bedroom/2 bath cottage, near ocean, golf, tennis, fishing, bike paths. Rent by week or month. Call 989-2741201 or email@example.com LYNDEN, WA 1 bdrm., sleeps up to 4. $210/wk, includes utilities. Country-style. 360-220-3342. Travel Holiday In Holland in our self-contained cabin or suite. We also offer vehicle rentals and tours, www.chestnutlane.nl CRUISE Join Ken & Pat Vander Kodde on a 14-day Canada / Colonial America Cruise Oct 17-30, 2010. For info see www.kvk-travel.com or call 1 866 974 1964 ALASKA, NORTH CENTRAL BC Traveling? Need B&B for an overnight stay? Check out Chickadee Acres. near Smithers. www.chickadeeacres.com 250.847.3065 Miscellaneous WANTED TO BUY—standing timber in Michigan only. Cutting on sustained yield policy. Write or call Burt Moeke Hardwoods Inc., PO Box 500, Mancelona, MI 49659; ph. (231) 587-5388, firstname.lastname@example.org. OAKDALE REUNION WEEKEND! Oakdale Christian School in Grand Rapids (MI) is planning a final reunion weekend for April 30 and May 1, 2010. Friday includes a dinner and show (tickets required) and Saturday a community carnival (free). For more information, please contact email@example.com or call 616-574-5700 Products and Services ABSOLUTELY BEST PRICES paid for religious books. Contact Credo Books, 1540 Pinnacle East SW, Wyoming, MI 49509, ph. (616) 249-9291. firstname.lastname@example.org KUIK COMPUTER SERVICES Custom software, training, and problem solving. 616-914-0486 A. A. A. Professional Air Duct Cleaning - Providing superior air duct cleaning for 7 years using the latest equipment and technology. For a free estimate call 616-534-6710 or 616-887-7925. BOERS’ TRANSFER & STORAGE, INC Approved mover of the Christian Reformed Church! Offering professional moving services within the United States and Canada. EXCELLENT CLERGY DISCOUNTS! 13325 Riley Street, Holland, MI; 1-800-433-9799 or 616-399-2690 email: email@example.com; www.boerstransfer.com Agent for Mayflower Transit, LLC. Caring for aging parents? Visiting Angels offers in-home assisted living. Our caregivers will prepare meals, do light housekeeping, run errands, provide transportation to appointments, and joyful companionship. Whether you need a few hours a day or live-in care, for assisted independent living in your home anywhere in West Michigan call Trish Borgdorff at 616-243-7080 or toll free at 888-264-3580. TRIP Participant. DRIED BEEF OR HOLLAND METTWURST 10% off with this ad and 15% off with a current church bulletin. If bulletin is outlined, receive additional 2%. Vanden Brink Smoked Hams, 1330 Leonard NW, Grand Rapids, MI. Expires 4/31/10. A GREAT WAY TO GIVE “You may be able to create a significant donation to your favorite charity without impacting your estate” If you have an investment account with at least $200,000 and you’re between the ages of 45 and 85, call Sustainable Finances at 1-866-561-3754 to speak with a licensed agent. GRAND RAPIDS AREA REALTOR Calvin Grad ready to work hard for you. Call Diane (Dykstra) Ebbers at Greenridge Realty. 616-974-6706, firstname.lastname@example.org ROOFING Quality West Michigan, Family Owned Business. New roofs, tear-offs, shingle overs, repairs. Licensed and insured. Free estimates. Call Brent at 616-299-7469 DOWNTOWN CHICAGO SUMMER COURSES College Credit for High School Upperclassmen www.trnty.edu/chicagoquest 866.TRIN.4.ME 4 WEEK STRUCTURED PROGRAM Copyright means “copy” . . . right? Wrong. We like to believe the best of our customers. Maybe you just didn’t know that copying our books and curriculum is illegal. (We all make mistakes.) But if you’re copying Faith Alive materials to save money, you should know that it’s not only against the law, it hurts our ministry. As a non-profit ministry of the church, we can only recover our costs and produce more resources if customers pay for what they use. So if you’ve been given photocopied material or if you’re the one thinking about pushing the “copy” button, please call us at 1-800-333-8300 to place an order instead. We’ll be happy to help you! A man called 911 and frantically exclaimed, “Quick, quick, send an ambulance. My wife’s having a baby. Tell them to hurry!” “Sir, please calm down a moment,” the dispatcher said. “Is this her first baby?” “No, of course not!” the man replied. “This is her husband.” —George Vander Weit Troy, Mich. During the summer of 2009, Pastor Bill Tuininga joined our church. At one of the Sunday services he stated that before he preached, he would pray for God’s leading. Lauren, our 4-year-old, didn’t hear that quite right and yelled out, “WHAT?! God’s LEAVING?!” —Michelle Drost Bethel CRC Edmonton, Alberta I look forward to November, when the Christian Reformed World Relief Committee sends out its gift catalog. I enjoy looking through it and donating to purchase different aid items each year. The day I decided to go to town to mail my gift, it was raining. I put the envelope in my coat pocket and went to the end of the porch closest to where I had parked my car. There are no steps there, just a vertical drop of a few feet. A large puddle had formed, so I watched carefully where I jumped. That’s when I saw that the envelope had fallen into the puddle. I grabbed it immediately, tearing a small hole in it as it was all wet. In my car I saw through the tear that the contents were dry. I seriously considered making out a new envelope—until I came up with the brilliant idea of turning the heater all the way up and placing the wet envelope over one of the vents. By the time I got to the drop-off box behind the post office, the envelope was dry but had lots of wrinkles in it. As for the tear, I put a piece of black electrical tape over it. Again I seriously considered going home and making out a new envelope. But in the end I decided it didn’t look that bad and, since I was already at the post office, I dropped it in the box. Two-and-a-half weeks later I got a letter from CRWRC. Inside was a return envelope, my order form with the end of my check poking out, and a note. Deeply puzzled, I read, “Please sign your enclosed check and mail it back to us.” —Ronald Dean Rutgers Lynden, Wash. An old painter named Smokey MacGregor was very interested in making a penny where he could, so he often thinned down his paint to make it go a wee bit further. As it happened, he got away with it for some time. But the day came when the Lutheran Church decided to restore the outside of one of its biggest buildings. Smokey put in a bid, and because his price was so low, he got the job. So he set about erecting the scaffolding, setting up the planks, and buying the paint—and, yes, I am sorry to say, thinning it down with turpentine. Well, Smokey was up on the scaffolding, painting away, the job nearly completed, when suddenly there was a horrendous clap of thunder, the sky opened, and the rain poured down—washing the thinned paint off the church and knocking poor Smokey to the ground among the gravestones, surrounded by telltale puddles of the useless paint. Smokey looked up to see the church’s pastor looming over him. He knew he was busted. “Reverend,” Smokey whimpered, “Forgive me! I’m so sorry for what I did. What should I do now?” The pastor replied, “Repaint! Repaint! And thin no more.” —Sue Beattie Lewiston, Mich. Send Us Your Photos! Dean Koldenhoven, a member of Palos Heights (Ill.) CRC, sent us this unposed photo of his great-granddaughter. Stella Foster, age 1 at the time, is obviously engrossed in some very compelling reading. We’ll take it as proof that our young readers believe The Banner’s worth chewing on. Meditations for Moms Busy moms need to feel God’s presence every day! Treat your mother, wife, grandmother, or any mother you know to this classic devotional—now newly updated! Daylight challenges and inspires readers as it explores what it means to live day to day in the promises of God. Over 50,000 copies sold! Also available from Faith Alive: Sixty at Sixty: A Boomer Reflects on the Psalms Popular author James C. Schaap presents 60 comforting devotions based on the psalms. It’s All Grace A thought-provoking collection spanning 40 years of Jacob D. Eppenga’s beloved “Cabbages and Kings” column in The Banner.
GENERAL SCIENCE Blindfolded 'Seeing' Claimed to Be Peeking > THE EXTRAORDINARY ability of some blindfolded people to "see with their fingers" is nothing but a peek down their nose, reports Dr. Martin Gardner of the Scientific American. Many scientists, reporters and gullible people have been tricked by those who claim to "read" newspaper headlines or colors with their fingers on their skin while they are "tightly" blindfolded, Mr. Gardner said in Science, 151:654, 1966. Tighter controls are finding that these claims are not true. Even with scientific reporting in the United States is more accurate and free from sensationalism than ever before, many reporters tell Science of "seeing-with-fingers" of a blindfold bound up in 1964. Subsequent tests were negative when made with tighter controls due to better understanding of the ways in which a person can see past a blindfold. The hoodwinker's reports turned out to be no better than chance guesses. Russian newspapers and popular magazines have been reviving old claims about certain people who could read sensational science stories, much as the U.S. Sunday supplements did in the 1920s. However, Russian scientists are now beginning to report that certain sensational claims are hoaxes. The ability to see with fingers is really an ability to peek down the nose under the blindfold into the ingrown nostril, Mr. Gardner said. He pointed out that the nasal protrusion always permits a sliver of light to reach the subject's eye, no matter how many layers of bandages, wool, cotton or mesh are covering the eyes. One can even manage a peek by moving the head slightly to sniff, scratch the back of one's head or make some other gesture. A box of aluminum foil that fits over the subject's head would put an end to all chances of peeking. With holes at the top and back for breathing, the box would cover the sides of the subject's head with solid metal that would extend completely under the chin and fit snugly under the neck. So far, scientists have not used such equipment. * Science News Letter, 89:132 March 5, 1966 OCEANOGRAPHY New Radar Device Probes Antarctic Ice > A NEW RADAR sounding device was used to record the depths of ice and the profile of rock surface beneath the ice for 830 miles across the lonely Antarctic plateau. The new instrument was mounted on one of three ice-tracked sledges that recently arrived at the new U.S. station. One Norwegian and nine U.S. scientists, with their Belgian leader, completed the second stage of a program, 5,000 miles (8,000 kilometers) from the South Pole to a point near the coast of Queen Maud Land. The first stage, completed last year, extended from the South Pole to the pole of inaccessibility. The radar instrument, which had been tried out briefly last year, automatically took soundings to the ice depth and rock surface. These were recorded on tape. From them, scientists could determine the ice cap depth only on a "spot" basis by means of slow and cumbersome methods of seismic explosions and gravity profiles. Scientists' investigations are ongoing at Antarctica in continuous study of the depth of the ice cap and the nature of the land beneath, as well as of the regional weather and the earth's magnetic field. Research projects of the United States are conducted under the U.S. Antarctic Research Program (USARP), part of the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Navy. * Science News Letter, 89:132 March 5, 1966 MEDICINE Epilepsy Drugs Have Bad Effects on Some > THE DECISION of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Commissioner, Dr. James L. Goddard, to allow physicians to continue treating epilepsy patients with the drug Elipent, now withdrawn, is being hailed as good news by a number of neurologists. One physician told Science Service he had been treating a great number of epileptics with Elipent for two years with no observable side effects. "None of the well-known epilepsy drugs such as Dilantin, Mebaral, Phenobarbital and Myoline, to name only a few, are entirely without complications in some patients," this authority stated. "This is true of any drug for any ailment unless it might be some vitamins. Aspirin cannot be excluded as possibly harming some individuals with a sensitivity of some kind." Justification of continued research for drugs, even when many others are licensed for marketing and seem to have positive effects, has been voiced by researchers and physicians. All patients, especially those affected by epilepsy, should check with their physicians to be sure they are not being harmed by the medication which has been prescribed. During an inspection, FDA investigators uncovered information of Elipent, produced by Ciba Pharmaceutical Co., Summit, N.J. They found a report of female rat studies involving the drug which showed serious toxic effects were produced in the thyroid ovaries, adrenals and uterus. Atrophy and mottling of the adrenals of some male rats were also found. No such information was not included in the materials submitted to FDA with Ciba's application for a new drug in the winter of 1959. Ciba officials told Science Service the company did not intentionally withhold any material information, and had reported side effects in 1964. Dr. Goddard said FDA scientists would not have recommended approval of the application of the adverse rate research had been reported. * Science News Letter, 89:132 March 5, 1966 SOCIOLOGY Police Officers Get Courses in Psychology > POLICE OFFICERS from the Youth Division of the New York City Police Department, have begun special psychiatric training aimed at improving their handling of troubled juveniles. Training consists of 12 sessions and covers methods of dealing with narcotics addiction, violence, stealing, family conflict and neglected children, among other problems. Children affected by the new approach are not necessarily getting trouble, but those offenses are not serious enough to warrant arrest. The 131 officers of the Youth Investigation Bureau, which handled 40,000 cases last year, will be taught how to diagnose a youngster's troubles, spot problems in his background, school and neighborhood, and refer him to the appropriate agency. The object is to head off serious crimes by helping delinquents early. In addition to this education, the youth officers requested guidance help in establishing rapport across ethnic barriers and in motivating hostile children to accept assistance. The training is being conducted by the Postgraduate Center for Mental Health, one of the country's largest mental health clinics. * Science News Letter, 89:132 March 5, 1966 MEDICINE Some Cancers Could Be Second Embryonic Cells > EVIDENCE has been reported raising the possibility that some cancers may be an adult reappearance of embryonic tissue. Dr. Phil Gold, a teaching Fellow at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, who has been awarded a Grant Medal in Medicine of the Canadian Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons for his significant work, is investigating human applications of his laboratory studies of cancer cells. He already has worked with human tissues. Investigation of 20 specimens of colonic cancer obtained at operation, coupled with his animal research, led him to conclude that certain parts of the embryonic digestive system, which are lost in adults and do not reappear in the adult structures except during malignant transformation. Dr. Gold found "marker" antigens only in cancers of the digestive system. The investigation was so marked that it led him to investigate the appearance in embryonic intestinal tissue. The antigens appeared in the pancreas and liver, as well as the intestines, but only in the first trimester of pregnancy, after which they disappeared. * Science News Letter, 89:132 March 5, 1966 A supernova, a star that suddenly explodes to a brilliance many million times that of the sun, has been discovered in the eastern sky by the Russian astronomer Yakimov. News of his find is being telegraphed to astronomers in the Western Hemisphere by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass. The supernova photographs as 15th magnitude, too faint to be seen except with a fairly large telescope. Dr. Dimitri Marovtsev of the Astronomical Institute of the University of Moscow reported that the blazing star is near the celestial object known as NGC 4688. Its location is right ascension 12 hours, 46 minutes and declination plus four degrees, 30 minutes. * Science News Letter, 89:153 March 5, 1966 GENERAL SCIENCE Betting System Outlined To Avoid 'Going Broke' A BETTING SYSTEM for minimizing the chance of going broke in such gambling games as blackjack, or the game of life, has been outlined. But a person must be very rich to begin with for the method to work best. It also has to be interested only in survival. When these two factors hold, then the way to make money—slowly, but surely and steadily—is to gamble conservatively. Although most of the betting system is highly mathematical, Dr. Thomas S. Ferguson of the University of California at Los Angeles, has drawn this and other implications from his studies on "the probability of ruin." As an example of a conservative gambler, Dr. Ferguson cites a hypothetical rich man who pays $100,000 a year to live—the fixed price for playing the game of life—and who each day has a chance to make an even-money wager on a gamble offering him a two-thirds chance of winning money. However, if this rich man is interested only in survival, he should bet approximately $5,89 each day, and he would make money slowly but steadily. Another implication he drew from his studies is: "If you are poor and interested only in survival, be bold" in your gambling. Dr. Ferguson's betting system differs from the one widely publicized and developed years ago by Dr. E. O. Thorp, now at the University of California in Irvine, who proved the validity of his theories by a handsome profit at Las Vegas gambling tables. Dr. Thorp's system calls for changing the size of the bet depending on the financial resources of the better, whereas Dr. Ferguson's method calls for bets of a constant amount. In the Journal of the Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 13:975, 1965, Dr. Ferguson notes that such games as roulette or "craps" are always unfavorable to the player because the odds are against him. No matter how much money a player starts with, he will go broke or bankrupt if he sticks to such games long enough, a fact long ago proved both mathematically and by many unfortunate gamblers. * Science News Letter, 89:153 March 5, 1966 PSYCHIATRY Group Therapy Valuable Aid to Married Couples GROUP THERAPY for married couples appears to work in spite of its expected drawbacks. This optimistic note was sounded by two Cincinnati psychiatrists who treated four couples with neurotic marriages in once-a-week group meetings. Therapy lasted 20 months. Drs. Anthony Gottlieb and E. Mansell Pattison of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine said that the therapy was successful, in part, because the group exposed marital "games" or "bargains," which had been implicitly, perhaps unconsciously agreed upon by the couple, women to maintain their marriage in neurotic balance. For instance, one husband knew his wife was frigid, but claimed responsibility for this in order to preserve their relationship. By challenging this "bargain," the group forced the couple to find a better adjustment. Marital couple therapy reveals insights for individuals as well as for their marriages, the doctors reported. After a time, members of the group tried to establish the same relationships with others that they had with their husbands or wives. But the other men and women would have none of it. One man turned to a woman, not his wife, and another had of wanting him to fail at work. She asked him why she should want him to fail—the very act that his wife. In this way, the man discovered attitudes he held toward women in general. One thing the psychiatrists had feared was that by encouraging open expression between man and wife, they would release such hostility that marriages would be split. In no case did this occur. There were violent attacks between spouses but no overwhelming eruptions. The group became an open forum for working out arguments and setting up new lines of communication. It also acted as a kind of market, in which the couples provided each other with new and different solutions to conflict. Some marriages may not be appropriate for this type of therapy, however. It may not be recommended when one partner is the primary source of neurosis, reported the psychiatrists in General Psychiatry, 14:143, 1966. * Science News Letter, 89:153 March 5, 1966 MEDICINE Progress in Study Of Adrenal Hormones AN ADDITIONAL STEP has been demonstrated in adrenal hormone synthesis. Removal of the ovaries of albino rats does not lessen the overall production of adrenal hormones, but the production of the vital adrenal hormone, corticosterone, is decreased, a University of Virginia scientist reported in Nature, 202:100, 1966. Eventually application of laboratory findings to humans is the goal of Dr. Julian I. Kitay, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville. But he told Science Service that there is no assurance that his findings will be repeated if tried on people. What he has done so far is to inject a female hormone called estradiol-17 Beta, produced under the trade name of Estrace, into the largest laboratories, New York City, under the skin of Sherman-strain rats after removing their ovaries. The injection was given six weeks after the ovaries were removed, and two weeks later experiments involving an adrenal gland mixture with potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and other substances revealed these findings: In the untreated rats whose ovaries had been removed there was less corticosterone than in control animals which still contained their ovaries, or which had been injected. The total amount of hormone produced was unchanged, suggesting that the adrenal glands produce a hitherto unrecognized hormone in the absence of the ovaries or of estrogen. The name of the hormone and additional findings are to be reported soon, Dr. Kitay said. A next step with human tissue might involve taking a piece of adrenal gland immediately after human surgery, or testing a sample of blood from the adrenal vein to analyze the steroid hormone. Dr. Kitay's animal research findings are believed to be previously unreported by any other scientist. * Science News Letter, 89:153 March 5, 1966 TECHNOLOGY Microwave Used to Test Planet's Atmosphere A MICROWAVE method for studying the way radio waves travel through the synthetic atmospheres of other planets is under development. Microwave power at frequencies as high as 2,100 billion cycles per second has been obtained by scientists at Martin Company's Orlando Division, working under a contract directed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Electronics Research Center, Cambridge, Mass. The technique used was to mix two finely tuned microwave signals by means of a silicon crystal and tungsten wire. The development holds out the possibility of telecommunications at 2,100 billion cycles, with possible extension to even higher frequencies. * Science News Letter, 89:153 March 5, 1966
The West Bengal Government is acquiring agricultural land for private owned industry, mines, housing, services and for setting up Special Economic Zones. The Government is doing this as per land acquisition laws and it is then handing them over to private sector organisations. Land is being acquired on the plea that as per law the Government can do this in ‘public interest’. The West Bengal Government is not explaining as to how building factories, mines, housing etc. for personal profit by the upper class owners, on the land of the poor tillers, can be deemed to be in ‘public interest’. The Government does not explain such questions in its land acquisition policy. There is no such policy explaining whose land will be acquired, what sort of land will be acquired, why the land will be acquired, who will be given the land. However, deprived of any scope to discuss the matter, the concerned citizens observe that whoever asks for land for whatever reasons is being provided with land of their choice—irrespective of the protests of the original land owners. The concerned citizens, are asking for a fresh land acquisition policy in writing from the West Bengal Government. The other facet of the said policy on land relates to ascertaining the real value and usefulness of land. Land yields food grains and raw materials for industries and is also the source of fodder for cattle—at present and in the future. Land is a receptacle of living organisms. Various plants and organisms occupy the same piece of land and this biodiversity is invaluable for human life, for nature and for environment. A piece of land is not only a receptacle of earth but also of water, which is an invaluable natural resource. Land acts as a pasture for grazing cattle. Cattle are an important facet of the rural economy. Land is the main source of income for the rural populace. The livelihood of small land holders tilling their own land, agricultural labourers, sharecroppers, rural based workers involved in processing, storing, marketing and transporting of food is land dependent. The land acts as the storehouse of folk knowledge-based medicine collection and raw materials for the rural artisans. The poor gather and collect food, firewood, organic fertiliser, building / repairing material for their houses and implements of daily household use. Acquisition of land and the consequent change in land-use is alarming. The Government does not have any declared policy in this regard. Food security, water security, conservation of nature, preservation of environmental balance, security of the livelihood of the rural people should be considered. The concerned citizens urge upon the State Government for a written land related policy, which will not only deal with land acquisition but also address issues related to land use and land conservation. There are a large number of closed and sick industries in West Bengal. The West Bengal Government does not have any policy related to the land lockedup in such closed and sick industrial units. This land had been given to various industrialists to set up factories in the past. This land cannot be used for any other purpose, but residential complexes and shopping malls are coming up on such land and they are also being used for other non-manufacturing activities. Government had given the land on lease to factory owners. When such factories do not exist the land is supposed to come back to the Government. Such land is not being offered for setting up of new factories. This surplus land is either remaining unused, residential apartments are being built on them or it is being used for other non-manufacturing activities. Instead the Government is giving agricultural land for setting up factories. Land use maps of various locations, as per Town and Country Planning Act, have been prepared but the Government has not made it public. If published it would be evident that land for setting up industries are available. The absence of Government policy as regards industrial land is disconcerting and disturbing. The concerned citizens call upon the Government to come clean with a written policy concerning land lockedup in closed and sick factories. West Bengal Government is with great interest, ushering foreign and national capital investment in industry, mines, building satellite townships, service sector and agro-business. Whereas the Government is signing agreements with the investors, the terms of contract are not being made public. The citizens have the right to know the details of such agreements between the Government and the private investors as per the Right To Information Act. The Government is legally bound to make public the contents of such agreements. By not doing so the Government is undemocratically violating its own law. The significance of not making known the conditions of the contract, is that there could be certain clauses, which are detrimental to the interests of the citizens. The question of subsidy could be an example. It is understood that these investors are being invited to invest in the State by promising subsidy on various accounts. For example tax relief, free electricity connections, discount on electricity tariffs, free water connection and usage etc. These subsidies will be provided from the ordinary taxpayers’ money and / or loans. It is known from Governmental sources that the State has to take fresh loans in order to pay the interest of the loans it has taken in the past. Such critical debt servicing conditions are typical of a debt trap. After leading the state into a debt trap, the Government is giving agricultural land and taxpayers’ money as subsidy to private investors so that they can be assured of personal profit. The convention opined in favour of asking the Government to disclose the terms and conditions of the agreements it has signed with all the investors as per the Right To Information Act. In order to solicit eagerly in favour of investment in West Bengal the State Government, is declaring relief to the investors who will not have to abide by the labour laws. It is heard that contract labour will be allowed at the proposed Tata Motors unit at Singur. Labour Laws, will not be implemented in Special Economic Zones. The basis of such apprehension is based on experience in thousands of cases of locked-out and closed industries in which the Government sided with the employers and not with the workers. Workers were denied their legitimate dues. The State Government did nothing to protect their interest. Indifference of the Government of West Bengal towards the workers’ rights is also evident from the lack of political will to implement the minimum wages the State Government itself has announced for the agricultural labourers, biri workers and brick field labourers. The Government of West Bengal is being urged to formulate a policy in writing regarding labour employment, and implement it in all such proposed industrial units, which have the support of the Government. In support of its effort to bring in investment the West Bengal Government cites two reasons – application of modern technology and create employment. These two factors are inversely related. More modern the technology, the lesser is the requirement of labour. The industrialist in order to maximise profit would like to keep costs low. To do it the labour cost catches early attention. To reduce labour cost means replacing labour by using technology. Modern technology works in this direction. The Government has given this right to reduce employment to the investor by allowing the use of latest technology. It is the responsibility of the Government to implement proper norms to protect the environment when certain types of technology are being used in a project. Nobody is certain whether the Government is playing the right role in this direction, given the over-enthusiastic response it is showing to bring in fresh investment. In the interest of creating fresh employment, existing workers and the environment, the Government should come out in writing with its policy regarding the use of technology in industry. While allowing various private sector projects on agricultural land, the West Bengal Government is stating as a justification that there would be employment generated here. However it is not giving in writing as to how much will be invested in which project; what will be the amount of subsidy provided by the Government; how many will be employed in which category of jobs. Moreover it is not being computed as to how many are dependent on and how much they are gainfully earning from the parcel of land on which the industry is being set up. The calculations concerning how many jobs will be created against the total jobs destroyed are not being done on behalf of the Government, more people will lose their livelihood as compared to the number of jobs created in these projects. It is also observed that the entire spotlight somehow remains focused on such farmers who own land. The employment loss to the bargadars, the share croppers, the agricultural labourers and those involved in allied activities demands closer scrutiny. There is one more aspect to be considered in this issue. It is not just a question of more jobs or less jobs. It involves the nature of jobs created vis-à-vis nature of those destroyed. Why does a skilled tiller have to become a security guard of a factory? Why should a woman worker skilled in allied agricultural activities have to become a maid at a neighbouring housing complex? In this context an employment policy in writing from the Government of West Bengal is needed. That the ideal areas for creating fresh employments are small-scale industry, village-based industry, cottage industry, cooperative industry and industries based on appropriate technology and consumer goods for low-income groups. In its over-enthusiasm to attract big capital the West Bengal Government is ignoring these industries capable of generating huge employment. The Government is supporting the big capital, by allowing subsidy. On the other hand the small industries, where incentives could create employment, are being ignored. The Government is saying that in the interest of industrialisation, agricultural land is being taken away. Does industrialisation mean such capital-intensive factories alone or does it also encompass the healthy growth of other industries too? Does industrialisation mean ignoring the indigenous and local industries while supporting only capital-intensive large-scale industries? The West Bengal Government should declare in writing its industrial policy in the interest of employment and small capital based enterprises. When the farmers at Rajarhat (near Salt Lake) refused to hand over their land the Government, with the help of the police, had unleashed a reign of terror. Men, women, senior citizens of the families of farmers were recklessly arrested; many were harassed using the legal instrument of false cases; hundreds were physically tortured, jailed and fined. Similarly those who are trying to protect their agricultural land at Singur—men, women and children—are facing police torture, being arrested, being harassed with false cases, are becoming victims of forced disappearance by the police. Unbelievably thousands of police personnel are camping permanently at Singur. The Government systematically keeps away from discussions and consultations. The voice of victims and the concerned grassroot initiatives have been consistently ignored. The Government it seems is there only to proclaim its decisions. All democratic norms are being flouted. The West Bengal Government while acquiring agricultural land for private owned industries, mines, housing, services and for setting up Special Economic Zones are expressing opinions which are going against agricultural activities. Firstly, the Government is saying that fertile land is not being taken and only single-crop land is being taken. Without going into the debate / statistics on this issue, it demands attention that even unfertile land can in many cases be made fertile. A single-crop land can be transformed into multi-crop land without degrading its quality. Hence this logic is baseless. Secondly, the Government is saying that agriculture is no longer profitable, hence if the money received from land sale is kept in the bank the accrued interest will yield greater returns. In order to make agriculture profitable the small farmers working on small land-holdings need Government support. And this support has to be provided since these small farmers produce for their own consumption and also for market. It is now beyond doubt that small farms with Government support are most efficient as far as productivity is concerned. This is why there were many other recommendations in this direction during the land reform years, for example farmers cooperative dealing with implements, accessories and ingredients of production. The Government implemented the first three primary aspects of land reforms, and leaving the rest unimplemented, left the land reform process unfinished. Moreover it stayed away from supporting the small and marginal farmers in agriculture. As compared to its role of patronising the agricultural technology, based on cost-intensive seeds, chemical fertilisers / pesticides, water and machines, the Government could have supported the small and marginal farmers with the environment friendly, farmer friendly, health friendly, folk knowledge based agricultural process, which it didn't do. Having led agriculture into a cost-intensive anti-farmer livelihood it is now being said that agriculture is no longer profitable and land may now be sold off. Thirdly, the Government is now saying that economy of West Bengal will now have to be shifted from agriculture-dependency to a more industry-dependent state to ensure economic development. But how is agriculture creating obstacles to industrial development? It is not as if the necessary capital and labour for industry is tied up in agriculture alone. Countless numbers of people are unemployed; they can be employed in industries. Private and institutional capital is available, which can be invested in industries. Land earmarked for industry remains non-utilised. So why in order to develop into an industrial economy does agriculture, farmer, land and crop need to be destroyed?
Seacrets Weddings 117 49th St. Ocean City, MD. seacretsweddings.com 410-524-4900 Your Amazing Event Begins with the perfect location When you choose Seacrets as your event venue, the details surrounding your occasion are handled to perfection by our experienced staff. From music to food, we offer a variety of options and promise the end results will be amazing. In this packet you will find our most popular catering options and information to help plan your event. Whether your event is large or small, we are open to working with you to create a custom menu or party details that meet your needs and specifications. Tell us your dream, and we’ll bring it to life. Menu Packages Package A: Light Hors d’Oeuvres, $29 Choice of four hors d’oeuvres Package B: Heavy Hors d’Oeuvres, $39 Choice of six hors d’oeuvres Package C: Light Dinner, $49 Choice of two hors d’oeuvres & two entrée selections Package D: Heavy Dinner, $69 Choice of three hors d’oeuvres & three entrée selections All Dinner Packages Include: - Soda, coffee and iced tea - Choice of one vegetable, one starch, rolls & butter * Due to current fluctuation in the food market, each à la carte item will be quoted at current market price. * Packages are for parties of 30 guests or more and weddings of 100 guests or more. * Weddings must choose one menu & one drink package. A la carte Hors d’Oeuvres Spinach & Artichoke Dip Barbeque Shrimp (per pound) Beef Sliders (each) Buffalo Chicken Dip Chicken Salad Finger Sandwiches (each) Chicken Tenders Chicken Wings Clams Casino on Baguettes (each) Crab Balls (each) Crab Salad Crab Toast (each) Dotsy’s Crab Dip French Fries Hamburger Sliders (each) Hoagie Rollups (each) Jerk Chicken Lamb Chops Meat Balls (each) Mushroom Stuffed w/ Crab Imperial (each) Mushroom Stuffed w/ Spinach & Artichoke (each) Nacho Bar (per person) Pizza (each) Pulled Pork Sliders (each) Pretzel Dogs Salsa with Chips Scallops Wrapped in Bacon (each) Shrimp Cocktail (per pound) Smoked Salmon (per pound) Smoked Tuna (per pound) Spring Rolls (each) Steamed Shrimp (per pound) Tuna Salad Finger Sandwiches (each) Vegetable Rollups (each) Prices are based on 25 people unless otherwise specified A la Carte Entree Selections Meats - Beef Tenderloin* - Bistro Steak - Buffet Ham - Pork Tenderloin* - Prime Rib* - Pulled Pork Barbeque - Sirloin Round* - Whole Turkey Breast* Chicken & Seafood - Crab Cakes (4oz each) - Chicken Chesapeake (each) - Brown Stew Chicken - Chicken Parmesan - Fried Chicken - Grilled Jerk Chicken Breast (each) - Mahi Mahi (6oz each) - Salmon Filets (6oz each) - Tuna Filets (6oz each) Pasta - Pasta Marinara - Pasta Marinara with Meatballs - Pasta with Roasted Red Pepper Sauce - Shrimp & Scallop Rundown - Shrimp Scampi - Chicken Alfredo * Indicates it may be carved. Add $50.00 if you wish to have a carving station. Ala Carte Sides & Starches Asparagus Baked Potatoes (each) Broccoli & Cauliflower Fresh Green Beans Caesar Salad Garden Salad Garlic Mashed Potatoes Gluten-Free Biscuits (each) Jerk Cole Slaw Macaroni & Cheese Rice & Peas Roasted Fingerling Potatoes Roasted Garden Vegetables Roasted Red Potatoes Rolls & Butter (each) Salad Bar (per person) Stir Fry Vegetables Wild Rice & Black-Eyed Peas Trays Cheese & Fruit Tray (per person) Cheese & Vegetable Tray (per person) Cheese, Fruit & Vegetable Tray (per person) Fruit & Vegetable Tray (per person) Ala Carte Desserts Brownies Cookies Bar Selection Cash Bar by the Drink A stocked bar where your guests pay for their own drinks. Consumption Bar Fully stocked bar of your choosing with a running tab of alcoholic & non-alcoholic beverages consumed. Open Bar Offered for private parties of 30 or more. Liquor Breakdown Seacrets Distilling Company (SDC) & Calls SDC Vodka, SDC Gin, SDC White Rum, SDC Spiced Rum, SDC Gold Rum, SDC Orange Vodka, SDC Grapefruit Vodka, SDC Lemon Drop Vodka, Jose Cuervo Gold, Captain Morgan Premium & Frozens(Fro.) SDC Passion Fruit Vodka, SDC Bumbleberry Vodka, SDC Bourbon, SDC Whiskey, SDC WildFire Whiskey, Stoli O, Bailey’s Irish Cream, Dewers, Jagermeister, Fireball, Jack Daniels, Jameson, Tanqueray, Fro. Pina Colada, Fro. Rum Runner, Fro. Orange Crush, Fro. Pain in de Ass, and Fro. Electric Lemonade Cordials Johnny Walker Black, Crown Royal, Crown Apple, Grey Goose, Kettle One, Titos, Grand Marnier, Don Julio Silver Super Cordials Bulleit, Hennessy, Don Julio Reposado, Patrón Silver, Casamigos Wine and Beer Domestics Budweiser, Bud Light, Coors Light, Miller Lite, Michelob Ultra, Yuengling, Natural Light, Heineken 0.0 (non) Imports and Malt Beverages Corona, Corona Light, Heineken, Red Stripe, Tropicale, White Claw, Twisted Tea, Hoop Tea Crafts and Virgin Beverages Dogfish Head Blue Hen, Evolution Lot 3, Virgin Strawberry Daquiri & Virgin Pina Coladas Wines by the Glass Trinity Oaks Chardonnay, Beringer Moscato, Corte Fresca Pinot Grigio, Terrazes Malbec & Cabernet, Sycamore Lane White Zynfandel Champagne Bottles Asti, White Star Moet, Dom Perignon Beverages Sodas, Juices, Bottled Water, Ting, Red Bull Food & Beverage Menu selections should be received at least three (3) weeks prior to the event to ensure availability. Prices are subject to change. Dinner Buffets will be served for a maximum of 2 hours. For health and safety reasons, food and beverage left over from any event may not be removed from the property for personal consumption. Guarantees A minimum guarantee of attendance must be submitted two weeks prior to the event. We will accept no more than a 10% decrease in numbers from your original estimated attendance. Liabilities We are pleased that you are considering the use of our facility. Please be assured that we will do everything possible in the event of an unforeseen circumstance. In any event, Seacrets will not be responsible for any failure to perform actions that are attributable to federal, state, or municipal regulations, strikes, or other labor problems, fires, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, power outages, war, riots or any other act of god that is out of the control of Seacrets, that causes damages to or destruction in whole or part of the merchandise or facility of Seacrets. In the event one of the above contingencies takes place and the patron wishes to reschedule the event, performance shall be resumed at a specified and agreed upon date. In the event of one or the other above occurrences, and the event cannot take place or be rescheduled, all deposits will be returned. Seacrets has a strict underage drinking policy. If someone in your party is drinking underage they will automatically be removed from the premises. If someone in your party is assisting in serving underage guests they will automatically be removed from the premises. Your Event is subject to dismissal with no refund if underage drinking is occurring. Cancellation Policy You must cancel your Event 30 days prior to your event. Your deposit will be held if you cancel anytime after the 30 days. Service Charges and Taxes Venue Fee (required) is $12 per person. If the event requires wristbands, an additional charge of $0.10 per wristband will be added to the final bill. If you would like a coat check attendant, the price is $75 for the Event. $500 fee for Cash Bar or $100 bartender fee for Consumption Bar. For all food, add 20% Service Fee, 6% Maryland Sales Tax, plus a 1/2% Local Tax. For all alcohol please add 20% Service Fee, 9% Maryland Sales Tax, plus a 1/2% Local Tax. In order to receive exemption from taxation in Maryland, evidence of such exemption must be provided 14 days prior to the event to be relieved of its obligation to pay state and local taxes. Prices are Subject to Change. Payment Policy Minimum of 50% Deposit is required on total food selection when the menu is finalized. Final payment is due at the time of your Event. We accept all major credit cards and corporate checks. * $1,000.00 deposit required to hold date for wedding parties Vendors In order to maintain Seacrets standards, it is the client’s responsibility to advise any and all subcontractors, bands, florists, etc. of our requirements. We are also to be provided with their contact information fifteen (15) days prior to the event. Vendors may contact Seacrets for specific directions to the loading area, as well as to verify the approved arrival times for drop off, set up and pick up of all items. Please notify all vendors that they must follow all city ordinances as well as Seacrets policies or they may be asked to leave. What type of functions do we hold? Seacrets hosts a variety of events all year long. Our most popular events are weddings, fundraisers, business meetings, birthday parties, corporate parties, holiday parties, trade shows, wine tasting, anniversaries and condo meetings. We currently do not reserve any private space for Bachelor/ Bachelorette parties. What are the time requirements for events? No events may be longer than 4 hours. While hosting a wedding, the 4 hour period includes ceremony and reception. Outside weddings must be done by 5pm. Currently we are not able to host weddings in July, August or Holiday weekends. All events in the Morley Hall must be over by 8pm from May - October. All other events are dependent on where one would like them held, the day and the time of the year. What is our capacity? What types of areas do we hold functions? We can accommodate up to 2,000 of your guests. We have multiple areas throughout the property to hold an event during any time of the year. See chart on page eight. What types of chairs and tables do you have available? You may choose between banquet or high back chairs. We have 100 blue cushioned banquet chairs and 150 high back chairs as well as white folding chairs. We do not provide chair covers, however we can bring them in for an extra charge. For tables, you may choose between banquet tables (5 ft, 6ft, and 8 ft rounds), high top tables (cocktail) tables or dining tables. White linen tablecloths will be provided. If you would like a different color, we can do that as well for an additional charge. What type of advertising do we provide for fundraisers? We are able to provide web, radio and print advertising. What are the Audio Visual capabilities? For functions that occur inside or outside we can provide a microphone service, DJ or a Band for an additional charge. For fundraisers, we can provide an outside phone line in the club only for a credit card machine. Can a customer bring in their own entertainment, party planner or audio visual? Yes, you may bring in your own entertainment or party planners, however not any Audio Visual from an outside party. What will happen if the weather is bad? Any guarantee? Money back? Reschedule? There is no rescheduling or money back. If it is an outside function, we will make sure we have an alternate space to use if weather is bad. Do you have to put a deposit down? When is payment due? How can I pay? There is a 50% deposit on all food items once the menu has been decided. No deposit on alcohol. Final payment is due at the time of service and you may pay with cash or credit card. We do accept corporate checks but no personal checks. What is the venue fee? $12 per person. Can I have it catered? Do you provide everything, including desserts? No, you may not have it catered. We can supply everything but some items may not be in house. You may bring in your own outside desserts. Do you decorate? Yes, we will decorate and will work with groups to customize a party theme. \| Outside \| Seating \| Standing Room Only \| \|-------------------------\|-------------\|--------------------\| \| Entire Beach Dining \| 400 Booths \| 2,000 \| \| Under Tarp \| 500 \| 1,000 \| \| Sandbar \| 75 \| 125 \| \| Sandbar & Tables \| 150 \| 250 \| \| Sandbar & Vegas \| 200 \| 500 \| \| Vegas \| 30 \| 100 \| \| Beach Service \| 50 \| 100 \| \| Fun Bar (Summer) \| 75 \| 125 \| \| Inside \| Seating \| Standing Room Only \| \|-------------------------\|-------------\|--------------------\| \| Distillery Speakeasy \| 50 \| 100 \| \| Fun Bar (Winter) \| 40 \| 60 \| \| Main Bar \| 100 \| 150 \| \| Nite Club \| 250 \| 500 \| \| Hideout \| 25 \| 25 \|
When stock futures dominate price discovery Nidhi Aggarwal Susan Thomas∗ Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research July 2014 Abstract This paper revisits the role of leverage in price discovery, using one of the most liquid single stock futures markets in the world. Price discovery is analysed as a dynamic intra-day process. We find that the information share of the single stock futures is 55 percent during news arrivals. It increases to 61 percent, when the news is negative and the futures is preferred because of short-sales restrictions on the spot. A partial equilibrium analysis predicts that the trade-off between leverage and market liquidity will determine price discovery across securities. These predictions about the variations in price discovery are validated by empirical evidence. JEL classification: G12, G14 Keywords: Price discovery, Single stock futures, Liquidity, Leverage, Information arrival, Funding constraints ∗Email: email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org. URL http://www.ifrogs.org An earlier draft of this paper was titled “When do stock futures dominate price discovery?” We are grateful to the NSE for the data used in this paper and to the IGIDR Finance Research Group for research assistance and support. We thank Avanidhar Subrahmanyam for suggestions on identification. We thank Vihang Errunza and Pradeep Yadav for their detailed comments on the paper. We also thank Suprabhat Lala, Ajay Shah, Ram Thirumalal, Giorgio Valente, participants at the Emerging Markets Finance Conference, Bombay, 2011, the Australian Banking and Finance Conference, Sydney, 2011, and the International Conference on Futures and other Derivatives Markets, Beijing, 2012, for helpful suggestions. The views expressed in this paper belong to the authors and not their employer. ## Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 A clean microstructure setting 5 2.1 Settlement advantages of the SSF 6 2.2 Funding constraints of the trading community 6 3 Research questions 7 3.1 Cross-sectional variation in price discovery 7 3.2 Temporal variation in price discovery 10 4 Data description and measures 11 4.1 Identification of high information periods 11 4.2 Liquidity measures 12 4.3 Leverage estimation 13 5 Measuring price discovery: Methodology 13 6 Empirical analysis 14 6.1 Cross-sectional variation in price discovery 15 6.2 Temporal variation in price discovery 16 7 Reproducible research 18 8 Conclusion 18 1 Introduction When a security is traded in multiple markets, we expect that the market for derivatives will dominate price discovery for many reasons. The leverage in derivatives can be used to enhance returns while trading information, which will lead informed traders to prefer derivatives to the spot market (Black, 1975). Restrictions on short selling and problems with borrowing securities make it more costly to sell the spot when compared to the cost of selling derivatives (Miller, 1977). A new perspective is found in the more recent literature on funding constraints of financial market participants (Brunnermeier and Pedersen, 2009). It suggests that traders who face funding constraints can use derivatives as lower margin securities to improve the efficiency of their limited trading capital, compared to trading the spot. For these reasons, traders are likely to prefer derivatives over the spot, and derivatives prices are likely to lead spot prices in price discovery. However, the empirical evidence on this question points overwhelmingly in the opposite direction. Spot prices dominate price discovery in both single stock options (Stephan and Whaley, 1990; Chakravarty et al., 2004) and single stock futures (Shastri et al., 2008; Fung and Tse, 2008; Kumar and Tse, 2009). For example, Chakravarty et al. (2004) report that, on average, prices of single stock options contribute 17 percent to price discovery, while Shastri et al. (2008) find that single stock futures contribute 24 percent. It is only with equity index futures that derivatives are found to dominate price discovery (Fleming et al., 1996). A closer examination suggests that a potential resolution of this puzzle may lie in noisy measurement and difficulties in estimation. For instance, when trading is fragmented across multiple exchanges with different microstructure in different time zones, the precisely synchronous data that is required to capture the true nature of price discovery is missing. Most empirical results are based on options markets, where the use of the ‘implied price’ for traded options introduces estimation risk. Finally, price discovery has traditionally been analysed as an average, though if derivatives are used to trade information, these are likely to dominate spot prices only during periods of high information (Chen and Gau, 2010; Brogaard et al., 2012). A few papers analyse the price discovery of single stock futures with findings that are consistent with the rest of the literature (Shastri et al., 2008; Kumar and Tse, 2009). However, the liquidity of these contracts in most global exchanges is typically lower than that of single stock options or index derivatives. In this paper, we re-examine price discovery of single stock futures in a setting where the microstructure helps to eliminate the measurement problems listed earlier. These are the equity spot and single stock futures (SSFs) at the National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. (NSE), which are ranked among the most liquid exchanges in the world. The NSE has dominant market share in trading both equity spot and single stock futures in India, which minimises the measurement complexities that arise with fragmented trading. The spot and the SSF share a common trading platform at the NSE, giving us data that has minimal microstructure noise. Unlike most global exchanges, the SSF contracts on Indian equity are cash settled at maturity. Traders face constraints on short selling that cannot be mitigated through market mechanisms for borrowing securities which raises their costs of trading the spot, particularly during periods of negative information. For example, Suvanam and Jalan (2012) examine the securities lending and borrowing market (SLBM) in India, and conclude that regulatory constraints have inhibited the growth of the equity market, making it difficult for traders to borrow shares on the spot market. But this can be expected to emphasise the use of SSF. In this setting, we analyse price discovery as a process with two sources of variation. The first source comes from cross-sectional variation across securities. We conjecture that the two factors that drive a trader’s choice of a trading venue are liquidity and leverage on a security. We model the choice of a marginal trader who considers leverage and available liquidity of a security as endogenous, when deciding where to place a market order. Our partial equilibrium analysis predicts that the trader will choose the SSF when the gains from leverage are larger than the difference in market liquidity between the SSF and the spot markets. The second source of variation comes from temporal variation in information. We analyse price discovery of the SSF within the trading day by identifying periods of high information arrivals during which we expect derivatives to dominate price discovery. We differentiate the analysis when the news is negative, during which we expect that trader preferences would tend more strongly towards using derivatives because of short selling constraints on the spot. The empirical analysis uses the Hasbrouck (1995) Information Share (IS) as the primary estimator of price discovery. Inference is augmented using the Yan and Zivot (2010) approach which combines both the IS and the Gonzalo and Granger (1995) Component Share (CS). 100 securities are examined at intervals of one-second for 104 days between March 2009 to August 2009. This is a dataset of over 200 million records, making this one of the most detailed examinations of the price discovery process between equity spot and the SSF. The paper offers three findings. First, while the average IS of the SSF ($IS_{ssf}$) is 49 percent, it varies significantly across securities. Securities with higher liquidity on both the SSF and spot have a higher share of price discovery on the SSF, while the ones with lower liquidity on the SSF have a higher share on the spot market. Second, a firm fixed effects regression of $IS_{ssf}$ on leverage and difference in the market liquidity of the SSF and the spot market finds that the leverage coefficient is significant and positive, while the coefficient on the liquidity difference is significant and negative. Third, during periods of high information flow, the share of $IS_{ssf}$ increases to 55 percent, indicating the preference of SSF as the venue around such periods. We also find that the share of SSF rises even more when the news is negative. These findings contribute to our understanding of price discovery as being a dynamic process, which is an outcome of the choices made by traders who continuously respond to shifts in information flows and microstructure variations across securities. The price discovery of the SSF is highest when information arrives, showing that traders prefer leverage while trading information. The asymmetric increase in price discovery during negative news provides new evidence that traders use derivatives to overcome microstructure constraints while trading information. The partial equilibrium framework, based on the preferences of a marginal trader, reveals that they choose to trade the SSF of securities with higher levels of leverage as well as when there is higher liquidity in the SSF market compared to the liquidity in the spot market. These findings stand in contrast to the earlier literature, where the SSF is shown to have little contribution to price discovery. The paper is organised as follows: Section 2 describes the research setting within which we re-visit the question of which market, between single stock futures and equity spot, dominates price discovery. Section 3 presents the questions and testable propositions. Section 4 describes the data followed by a discussion on measurement of price discovery in Section 5. Section 6 presents the empirical analysis. Section 7 gives details of reproducible research. Section 8 concludes. 2 A clean microstructure setting A principal advantage of studying price discovery on the equity markets of the NSE is the presence of very liquid single stock futures (SSF) markets. Even though derivatives trading at the NSE started with index futures in 1998, it was the SSF markets in 2001 that became the first liquid contracts,\footnote{The SSF trading replaced a traditional market mechanism called \textit{badla} which gave traders access to leverage through forward trading (Berkman and Elewarapu, 1998). The familiarity of the brokers with the \textit{badla} system facilitated an easy transition into trading the SSF.} and made the NSE one of the top five exchanges ranked in terms of number of contracts traded. In addition to liquidity, the NSE has other advantages which makes it one of the cleanest measurement settings to understand price discovery between SSF and spot prices. Both equity spot and derivatives trade simultaneously\footnote{In India, exchanges are differentiated by asset classes (equity, fixed income, commodities) rather than spot and derivatives. This is unlike the better researched markets like those in the U.S., where the spot and the derivatives trade on different exchanges.} on anonymous, electronic limit order-book systems, where orders are matched on a price-time priority. Both trade during the same hours, between 9 am and 3:30 pm. The common platform ensures that the time-stamped trades and orders data for spot and SSF are precisely synchronised, eliminating measurement biases in the price discovery analysis. Out of the 1400 securities listed on the NSE, single stock futures and options traded on 223 of the most liquid securities during the period of the study. Further, unlike the U.S. markets, where fragmentation across multiple exchanges induces measurement errors in the price discovery analysis, equity trading in India is primarily concentrated on the NSE (NSE, 2009). In our sample, the NSE has a market share of 99 percent in equity derivatives, and a market share of 70 percent in equity spot. 2.1 Settlement advantages of the SSF Settlement issues also influence the trader’s decision when choosing between alternative venues. Equity spot trades, at the NSE, are settled on a $T+2$ basis. This is a shorter period than in most international markets, and imposes a greater pressure on the market participants to make timely delivery of funds or securities. Margin payments and mark-to-market profits and losses for the SSF transactions are done on a $T+1$ basis, but are settled in cash. Other features of the equity settlement process which affect the choice of traders are short-selling restrictions on the spot market. While all short positions on the spot must deliver the underlying equity on a $T+2$ basis, the short positions on the SSF need only deliver funds. Since there is no well developed market or exchange mechanism for lending and borrowing shares, short-sellers tend to face higher funding constraints while selling the spot, which do not exist when selling the SSF. 2.2 Funding constraints of the trading community Equity trading in India is dominated by relatively small financial firms, rather than the large institutions that dominate global markets such as banks, asset management, insurance and pension firms. 85 percent of the trades are from non-institutional sources which include retail, proprietary trades by brokerage firms, or hedge fund-like entities (NSE, Jun 2010). The low participation by institutions is partly the outcome of regulatory restrictions. Banks are constrained in how they can fund trading activity in the equity spot markets.\footnote{From the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Master Circular on Exposure Norms, DBOD No. Dir. BC/7/13.03.00/2011-12 dated July 1, 2011 at \url{http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/68MC010712EF.pdf}} They are not permitted to fund activity in equity derivatives, particularly arbitrage.\footnote{From the RBI draft comprehensive guidelines on derivatives at \url{http://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=457}} Insurance firms\footnote{From the website of the insurance sector regulator at \url{http://www.irdaindia.org/regulations.htm}} and pension funds\footnote{From the website of the New Pension Systems regulator at \url{http://pfrda.org.in/writereaddata/linkimages/investment%20guidelines%2030_04_092418358081.pdf}} face similar restrictions on investments in both equity spot and derivatives. Capital controls mean that foreign institutional investors (FIIs) have regulatory and operational restrictions on how they can participate in the equity markets (Shah et al., 2008). The unusually liquid SSF markets in India could thus be the outcome of choices of traders with funding constraints. In the sample period analysed in this paper, there are no designated market makers for either the spot or the SSF, but there are no restrictions on traders to place limit orders on both sides of the markets simultaneously. The amount of capital that is deployed into trading activity is relatively small compared to the larger, developed economies. Data from the NSE shows that the top 10 member firms account for 25 percent of the annual turnover.\footnote{From the NSE website at \url{http://www.nseindia.com/products/content/equities/equities/historical_topbrokersyearwise.htm}} Independent data from the balance sheets of listed securities firms shows that the top 10 firms had USD 160 million of equity capital. These are small numbers when compared against an annual turnover of USD 6.8 trillion on the NSE equity markets,\footnote{This is the sum of the annual turnover on the spot market and the futures and options contracts on equity, including both the index and the single stock products.} and suggests significant funding constraints for firms trading on the NSE. SSF traded volumes on the NSE are consistently higher than the spot market volumes. Further, according to the data from the World Federation of Exchanges, NSE has consistently been amongst the top five exchanges in the world that trades SSF, based on the number of contracts traded. In contrast, there is very little trading on the SSO at the NSE. During the sample period of this paper, SSO traded volumes was only 7.56 percent of total volumes traded on all single stock derivatives. While we do not offer any analysis or explanation about why this is the case, this has two implications for the analysis in this paper: 1) there is insufficient data to analyse the price discovery of the SSO market, and 2) price discovery is narrowed to just two markets: spot and SSF. \section{Research questions} We use the setting described above to answer the following questions about the process of price discovery between SSF and spot: 1. Is there cross-sectional variation in price discovery? What drives this variation? 2. Is there temporal variation in price discovery? Is the share of SSF higher around periods of high information? \subsection{Cross-sectional variation in price discovery} Research that examines cross-sectional variation in price discovery attributes leverage as a motive for using derivatives, but does not explicitly account for it. Leverage is determined by the margin rules of the exchange clearing house (Kupiec, 1989, 1998). Margins are calculated based on the volatility of the security such that higher margins are charged for securities with higher volatility and vice-versa. Then, volatility of the security can be used as a proxy for leverage. This is consistent with Chakravarty et al. (2004) who show that price discovery of the SSO markets tends to be lower when volatility is higher. Market liquidity can also affect the cross-sectional variation in price discovery. Shastri et al. (2008) find that price discovery on the U.S. SSF markets tends to be higher on days when they are more liquid, even though the spot market continues to dominate. Chakravarty et al. (2004) also show that price discovery by the SSO varies by both the liquidity in the market as well as with product features such as the strike and the maturity. In addition, Easley et al. (1998), Pan and Poteshman (2006) and Anand and Chakravarty (2007) show that traded volumes on the SSO market predict spot prices. In limit order book markets, traders observe available liquidity before they place their orders. This pre-trade liquidity of the security (henceforth referred to as “liquidity”) on alternative trading venues may influence where to trade. A simple model will help understand how a trader chooses between alternative trading venues for a given security. We focus on the decision of a marginal trader for whom the liquidity and leverage are exogenously given, restricting ourselves to a partial equilibrium analysis. In this setup, a security has price $P_0$ at time $T = 0$, that can either move up to $uP_0$ with probability $p$, or down to $dP_0$ with probability $(1 - p)$ at $T = 1$. This security trades on both the spot and the SSF markets. When information arrives, the trader who faces a cost, $r_f$, of borrowing funds, has the choice of either placing a market order on the spot market or the SSF market. For the trader, an order of size $Q$ in the spot market requires the same capital as an order of value $\lambda Q$ in the SSF market, where $\lambda$ is the leverage of the SSF. As an example, if $\lambda = 5$, and the security has a price of $100$, the trader can either invest $100$ into the spot market ($Q_s = 100$) or take a position worth $500$ ($Q_{ssf} = \lambda \times Q_s$) in the SSF. Both the SSF and the spot trade on an open electronic limit order book (OELOB) market. Since the limit order book is visible, the trader knows the transactions cost associated with the spot market $c_s(Q)$ and the futures market $c_{ssf}(Q)$ for all values of $Q$. For example, if the mid-quote price is $100$, and if a market buy order of value $100,000$ is executed at a buy price of $101$ per share, then $c_s(100,000) = 0.01$ or 1 percent of the value of the transaction. We assume that no-arbitrage holds in the relationship between the spot and the SSF, and there are no dividend payments. This ensures that a simple cash-and-carry model holds. We represent the preferences of the trader by assuming that he maximises the ratio of expected return per unit risk of the transaction, $[E(r_M)/\sigma_M]$, where $M$ is either “S” for the spot market or “SSF” for the single stock futures market. The expected return and risk of a spot market position of $Q$ is calculated as: $$E(r_s(Q)) = p[u - c_s(Q) - r_f] + (1 - p)[d - c_s(Q) - r_f]$$ $$= p[u - d] + d - c_s(Q) - r_f$$ $$= E(r) - c_s(Q) - r_f$$ $$\sigma^2_s(Q) = E(r^2_s) - [E(r_s)]^2$$ $$= p[u - c_s(Q) - r_f]^2 + (1 - p)[d - c_s(Q) - r_f]^2 - [E(r_s)]^2$$ $$= p(1 - p)[u - d]^2$$ $$= \sigma^2$$ Where $ E(r) $ is the inherent return on the security in the spot market for a position of size $ Q $, and $ \sigma^2 $ is the inherent risk on the security in the spot market. For the same cost of funding, the trader can take a position of size $ \lambda Q $ on the SSF market, which has a related trading cost of $ c_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) $. The expected return and risk of the SSF position is: \[ E(r_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q)) = p[\lambda u - c_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) - r_f] + (1 - p)[\lambda d - c_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) - r_f] \] \[ = \lambda(p[u - d] + d) - c_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) - r_f \] \[ = \lambda E(r) - c_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) - r_f \] \[ \sigma^2_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) = E(r^2_{\text{SSF}}) - [E(r_{\text{SSF}})]^2 \] \[ = p[\lambda u - c_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) - r_f]^2 + (1 - p)[\lambda d - c_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) - r_f]^2 - [E(r_{\text{SSF}})]^2 \] \[ = p(1 - p)[\lambda(u - d)]^2 \] \[ = \lambda^2 \sigma^2 \implies \] \[ \sigma^2_{\text{SSF}}(Q) = \sigma^2 = \sigma^2_s(Q) \] In the calculation of the risk of the two positions, we note that the payoff for both the spot and the SSF is linear but that the slope of the SSF market payoff is higher by the amount of the leverage, $ \lambda $.$^9$ This makes the SSF a riskier proposition than the spot for speculators on the same base of capital deployed. For a fair comparison in the problem of the trader’s choice between the two markets, we assume that the trader will choose to place a market order of the same size on both markets. We set this to be $ \lambda Q $, for the sake of convenient exposition. The transactions costs for a position of $ \lambda Q $ on the spot market will be $ c_s(\lambda Q) $, and the funding cost will be $ \lambda r_f $. The transaction cost for the same order size on the SSF market will be $ c_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) $ and the funding cost will be $ r_f $. The return to risk associated with the trader’s choices are: \[ \text{Spot: } \frac{E(r_s(\lambda Q))}{\sigma_s(\lambda Q)} = \left[ \frac{\lambda E(r) - c_s(\lambda Q) - \lambda r_f}{\lambda \sigma_s} \right] \] \[ \text{SSF: } \frac{E(r_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q))}{\sigma_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q)} = \left[ \frac{\lambda E(r) - c_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) - r_f}{\lambda \sigma_s} \right] \] The SSF market will be preferred if $ E(r_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q))/\sigma_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) > [E(r_s(\lambda Q))/\sigma_s(\lambda Q)] $. After removing the common terms, the condition under which the trader will prefer to trade on the SSF market rather than spot market is: \[ (\lambda - 1)r_f > [c_{\text{SSF}}(\lambda Q) - c_s(\lambda Q)] \] $^9$Since we assume there is sufficient arbitrage activity to eliminate basis risk in the current setting, it does not appear as a factor of risk. The trade-off shows that a marginal trader will prefer the SSF as long as the gain from leverage is greater than the liquidity difference. This is similar to Easley et al. (1998) who find that if the leverage effect of options is large enough, or if the liquidity in the spot market is poor, then at least some traders will use the SSO. Equation 1 implies that neither the expected returns $E(r_s)$ nor the risk of the security $\sigma_s$ matters. It is only the microstructure that influences the choice of trading venue. This analysis suggests two testable hypotheses for the cross-sectional variation in price discovery: H$^1$: Price discovery of the SSF is higher for securities where the liquidity difference ($\|c_{SSF}(Q) - c_s(Q)\|$) is relatively more negative, holding the leverage constant. H$^2$: Price discovery of the SSF is higher for securities when leverage is relatively higher, holding the liquidity difference constant. ### 3.2 Temporal variation in price discovery We identify two reasons for a trader to prefer leverage within the trading day: the arrival of information and funding constraints. Both make it more attractive for the trader to use the SSF which, in turn, is likely to affect price discovery in SSF. A small recent literature has used high-frequency data to detect intra-day changes in price discovery in response to information. Muravyev et al. (2012) analyse the price discovery of options markets during high information periods, and find that these prices do not contain significant information about future stock prices. They estimate an average information share of 6.25 percent for the options market. Dong and Sinha (2012) analyse the price discovery surrounding news events using SSO prices data at five-minutes frequency. They find that the information share of the option markets rises significantly, from 10 percent during the non-information periods to 27 percent during the high information periods. We identify time-series variation in price discovery in a manner similar to Muravyev et al. (2012). Price discovery is estimated over smaller time intervals within the trading day which are identified as periods of high information. However, unlike Muravyev et al. (2012) who identify such periods using violations of put-call parity in SSO prices, our identification approach uses periods of high information. One such period is during the start of the market, when traders respond to accumulated overnight news and information (Greene and Watts, 1996; Kalev et al., 2004). Another such period is the time around corporate announcements (Cao et al., 2005; Roll et al., 2010). We use such periods in the data to test the following hypothesis about the price discovery process of SSF: H$^3$: Price discovery of the SSF is higher within a trading day, during periods of high information as compared to other periods. H$^3$ tests whether the price discovery of the SSF rises during information arrivals, irrespective of the direction of the news. However, there are short-sales restrictions on the equity spot at the NSE. Such restrictions exacerbate the information asymmetry between the buy and the sell prices on the spot market, causing asymmetry in market outcomes such as market liquidity and price efficiency (Miller, 1977; Diamond and Verrecchia, 1987; Boehmer et al., 2013). When prices take longer to adjust to information in one direction, it imposes a greater cost asymmetrically on the traders ability to take positions in the market. This is exacerbated for traders with funding constraints. In comparison, there are no such restrictions on the SSF, even at contract maturity because the SSF are cash-settled on the NSE. Thus, traders will have a significantly stronger preference for SSF during periods of negative news, which leads to the next hypothesis: H\textsuperscript{4}: Price discovery of the SSF is higher when news during high information periods is negative compared to when it is positive. ## 4 Data description and measures We use high frequency limit order book data spanning from March 2009 to August 2009 for both the NSE equity spot and SSF market. The data are at one-second frequency and have information about the top twenty bid and ask quotes. This information allows us to estimate intra-day values of the price discovery measures, liquidity and leverage for all securities. We focus on the 100 firms which constituted the S&P CNX-100\textsuperscript{10} index during the study period. These securities account for approximately 82 percent of the total SSF market volumes and 51 percent of the total traded volumes on the spot market. Three out of the 100 securities did not trade in the SSF market during the sample period. Thus, the final sample comprises of 97 securities. Price discovery is measured using midquote prices of the near-month futures contracts and spot. Rollover to the next month futures contract prices is done two days prior to expiration. In total, we analyse 104 trading days for 97 securities. This adds upto 10,088 security days of data for both spot and the SSF markets. With 20,000 seconds per day, the data has over 200 million records. ### 4.1 Identification of high information periods The analysis requires identification of high information periods. We use two sets of periods which have been previously identified in the literature as being high information periods in financial markets: Market-wide information at the start of the trading day Intraday market volatility follows a U-shaped pattern, where the volatility peak at the start of the trading day is attributed to the inflow of overnight news into the market. Thomas (2010) tests for structural breaks \textsuperscript{10}CNX-100 is a 100 stock index covering 38 sectors in the economy, published by NSE. in the intraday market volatility using the S&P CNX Nifty\textsuperscript{11} index, and finds that the high volatility at the start of the trading day persists for half an hour on average. In this paper, we use the period from 09:55 am to 10:30 am for each day in the sample as a period of high information. We use the period between 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm as the low information period. Security-specific information during corporate announcements Earnings announcements are regular events of high information that are specific to a security. For listed securities, such announcements are notified ex-ante by the exchange, and can arrive anytime within a trading day. The date and time-stamps of earnings announcements for the securities in our sample are hand-collected from archives at the NSE website, and cross-validated with information about the same firms from the Bombay Stock Exchange website. Our sample period includes two seasons of earnings announcements for: a) The last quarter of the financial year (FY) 2009,\textsuperscript{12} announced during the months of April and May 2009, and b) The first quarter of (FY) 2010, announced during July and August 2009. The first half hour immediately after the earnings announcements is used as the period of high security-specific information. There are 158 such instances in our sample. ### 4.2 Liquidity measures Traditional measures of liquidity such as traded volumes and the bid-ask spread are readily observed from our data, but these measures are not useful to directly compare the liquidity across the two markets. This is because the minimum transaction size on the spot and SSF market are significantly different. For example, the average spot equity market trade on the NSE is USD 500 on average, while that on the SSF is USD 5000. The bid-ask on the SSF market is for quantities that are $10 \times$ larger than those on the spot market, on average. For this reason, we use an alternative, ex-ante measure of liquidity which can be used to directly compare liquidity costs across the two markets. This is the impact cost, which is the cost incurred for executing a market order of a transaction size $Q$. This is denoted as $C(Q)$ and is defined as: $$C(Q) = 100 \times \frac{P_Q - P_{MQ}}{P_{MQ}} \quad (2)$$ where $P_Q$ is the execution price on calculated for a market order of $Q$ and $P_{MQ}$ is the mid-quote price. For a liquid security, $C(Q)$ will be small whether the transaction size $Q$ is small or large. This implies that the execution price of a large order will be close to the mid-quote price. $C(Q)$ can be calculated for all values of $Q$ that are within the visible part of the LOB. For our analysis, we use $Q = \text{USD } 5000$, which is the average SSF transaction size. For each market, we compute $C(Q)$ for both the buy and sell side at the frequency of one-second, and use the average of the two as the liquidity measure. \textsuperscript{11}This is the market index comprising the 50 largest firms in terms of market capitalisation and transactions costs traded on the NSE. It is calculated and published jointly by S&P in India and NSE (Shah and Thomas, 1998). \textsuperscript{12}The Indian financial year is from Apr 1 to Mar 31. 4.3 Leverage estimation Leverage for security $i$ on date $t$, $\lambda_{i,t}$, is estimated from the margins set by the exchange. The exchange determines the margin based on the volatility of the security, $\sigma_{s,i,t}$. Leverage is inversely proportional to $\sigma_s$: when $\sigma_s$ is high, margins go up and leverage goes down, and vice versa when $\sigma_s$ is low. The daily leverage values are not archived beyond a month by the NSE. We design an empirical strategy to estimate a time series of leverage for all the securities used for the analysis. For this, we first obtain a sample of one month of daily leverage values from the NSE. Next, we compute the daily average $\sigma_s$ as the realised volatility of the security, which is computed as the sum of intraday squared returns at a frequency of five-minutes. Then, we estimate a linear relationship between the daily leverage and daily $\sigma_s$ using the following fixed-effects regression: $$\lambda_{i,t} = \gamma_1 + \gamma_2 \sigma_{s,i,t-1} + \gamma_3 \sigma^2_{s,i,t-1} + \epsilon_{i,t}$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) where $\lambda_{i,t}$ denotes the leverage on security $i$ at time $t$ for the month of June, which was obtained through a request from the NSE. $\sigma_{s,i,t-1}$ is calculated as the realised volatility of security $i$ on the spot market at $t - 1$. The estimation provides us coefficient estimates for the intercept values of each security ($\hat{\gamma}_1$), $\hat{\gamma}_2 = -0.59$ and $\hat{\gamma}_3 = 0.15$. We then use these coefficient values and estimates of the daily values of $\sigma_{s,i}$ to obtain a time series of $\hat{\lambda}_i$ for each security for the entire period of our analysis. Figure 1 illustrates the variation in the estimated leverage across the securities in the sample. The NSE sets a maximum level of leverage permitted for any security. There are very few observations at the maximum permitted value in our sample, which implies that it is not a binding constraint for our analysis. Table 1 provides descriptive statistics for the entire sample as well as for quartiles based on liquidity of the security. Liquidity quartiles are based on the average impact cost on the spot and the SSF markets. 5 Measuring price discovery: Methodology There are typically two approaches in measuring price discovery across multiple markets. One is the Information Share (IS), proposed by Hasbrouck (1995), and the second is the Component Share (CS), which is based on the permanent and transitory decomposition proposed by Gonzalo and Granger (1995). There has been a significant debate on the correct interpretation of each measure. Lehmann (2002) points out that problems of interpretation \footnote{The amount of leverage calculated at the NSE is the sum of the Value at Risk (VaR) and an Exposure Margin (EM). During the period of the study, the minimum VaR and EM imposed by the NSE was 7.5 percent and 5 percent, respectively. This implies that the minimum margin permitted at the exchange was 12.5 percent, and the maximum leverage permitted was 8×.} are inevitable when the measures are derived from a (reduced form) vector error correction model, but that the inference about the importance of any market for price discovery depends upon the parameters of the underlying structural model. Yan and Zivot (2010) attempt to resolve the confusion by proposing a structural cointegration model for the price changes in multiple markets. They re-interpret the IS and the CS measures in terms of the underlying innovations: permanent, information-related innovations $(\eta^P_t)$ due to the arrival of news and transitory, and non-information-related innovations $(\eta^T_t)$ due to trading frictions. Both measures are shown to adjust for the relative avoidance of transitory shocks. However, only the IS captures the relative informativeness of a given market. They suggest that a combination of both measures can be used to separate the effects of information $(\eta^P_t)$ and noise $(\eta^T_t)$, so as to strengthen inference about the dominance of price discovery. We build on this to compute the is-cs ratio as: \[ \frac{\|IS_1 \times CS_2\|}{\|IS_2 \times CS_1\|} = \frac{\|d^P_{0,1}\|}{\|d^P_{0,2}\|} \] where $IS_1$ is the information share for Market 1, $CS_2$ is the component share for Market 2. $d^P_{0,1}$ captures the contemporaneous response of Market 1 to a permanent shock, while $d^P_{0,2}$ captures the same for Market 2. The is-cs ratio captures the contemporaneous response of each market to permanent shocks. A value that is greater than one implies that Market 1 reacts to permanent shocks more strongly than Market 2. Thus, the earlier literature would infer that “Market 1 leads Market 2” from the result that “$IS_1 > 0.5$”. When the same result is used with the is-cs ratio, it can support one of three possible interpretations: 1. Market 1 leads Market 2 if $IS_1 > 0.5$ and is-cs ratio > 1. 2. Market 2 has a stronger response to transitory shocks due to which $IS_1$ is high, and it cannot be inferred that Market 1 leads Market 2, if $IS_1 > 0.5$ and is-cs ratio < 1. 3. Market 2 leads Market 1 if $IS_1 < 0.5$ and is-cs ratio < 1. In our analysis, Market 1 represents the SSF market, and Market 2 represents the spot market. Here, a value of the is-cs ratio greater than 1, along with an IS$_{\text{ssf}}$ greater than 50%, will indicate that the SSF market reacts to permanent shocks more than the spot market. This helps to strengthen the interpretation that the estimated values of IS for a market represent a stronger response of the market price to information rather than to noise (Putnins, 2013). ## 6 Empirical analysis We present our analysis of hypotheses, $H_1, \ldots, H_4$ in two ways. The first is a non-parametric approach of examining the average IS$_{\text{ssf}}$ for the full sample, and for sub-samples based on liquidity quartiles. The second is a parametric approach based on estimations from fixed effects panel regressions. 6.1 Cross-sectional variation in price discovery Table 2 shows the average IS\textsubscript{SSF}\footnote{Since IS\textsubscript{s} = 1 − IS\textsubscript{SSF}, we present only the IS\textsubscript{SSF} estimates in the rest of the paper.} and is−cs ratio estimates for the full sample as well as for sub-samples based on liquidity. For the entire sample, we find that the average IS\textsubscript{SSF} is close to 50%. The average sample is−cs ratio is 1.01, which implies that the SSF reacts as much to the permanent shocks as does the spot market.\footnote{The is−cs ratio is based on the assumption of uncorrelated contemporaneous residuals. In the sample, the average correlation is 0.05, which is not significantly different from zero, and supports the assumption of uncorrelated residuals.} This indicates that for the full sample, both the spot and the SSF have an equally dominant share in price discovery. For the sub-samples, we find that the average IS\textsubscript{SSF} is greater than 50 percent for liquid securities (Q1 and Q2). This validates H\textsuperscript{1} that the SSF market dominates price discovery where there is greater liquidity. In contrast, the IS\textsubscript{SSF} for the Q4 securities is less than 50 percent, showing that the spot dominates price discovery for those securities that have relatively lower liquidity on the SSF. These results are also consistent with Equation 1 which states that the lower are the transactions costs on the SSF market compared to the spot market (lower C(Q)), the more likely the trader is to use the SSF (higher IS\textsubscript{SSF}). The IS results are consistent with is−cs ratio estimates as described in Section 5, indicating correct inference. We now proceed to the parametric approach which involves estimating a cross-sectional relationship between price discovery, leverage $\hat{\lambda}_{i,t}$, and liquidity difference between the SSF and the spot market $C_{(ssf−s),i,t}$ using a fixed effects panel regression of the form: $$IS_{SSF,i,t} = \alpha_i + \beta_2 C_{(ssf−s),i,t} + \beta_3 \hat{\lambda}_{i,t} + \epsilon_{i,t}$$ (4) We test for the pair of nulls: $H^1_A : \beta_2 = 0; H^1_A : \beta_2 < 0$ and $H^2_A : \beta_3 = 0; H^2_A : \beta_3 > 0$ If the associated nulls are not rejected using a one-tailed test, we conclude that leverage and the liquidity difference explain cross-sectional variation in price discovery of the SSF. To eliminate the effect of outliers, we winsorise the data at the 99\textsuperscript{th} and 1\textsuperscript{st} percentiles.\footnote{An examination of Cook’s Distance suggested the presence of influential observations.} Table 3 presents the estimation results. The results validate the predictions from Equation 1 for how the trader chooses between the SSF and the spot market. $\hat{\beta}_2$ is negative and significant, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the more negative the liquidity difference between the SSF and the spot market, the higher will be the price discovery of the SSF. $\hat{\beta}_3$ is positive and significant, which is consistent with the prediction that the higher the leverage, the higher will be the price discovery role by the SSF. These results hold for price discovery at the level of individual securities, even when the SSF does not have a dominant role in price discovery for the market as a whole. ### 6.2 Temporal variation in price discovery In order to examine the share of price discovery of the SSF and spot markets around high information periods (HI), we estimate the IS of the SSF ($IS_{SSF,i,t,HI}$) for each security $i$ in the sample, for each day $t$, during such periods.\footnote{See Section 4.1 for details of how we identify high information periods.} We also estimate $IS_{SSF,i,t,LI}$ during periods of low information (LI). Table 4 presents the estimates for high information and low information periods for the full sample as well as for liquidity sub-samples. For the full sample, the table shows that during high information periods, the share of $IS_{SSF,i,t}$ increases to 56%. This is significantly higher than the full sample average of the IS during low information periods (49%). The $\text{is-cs}$ ratio is also significantly higher than 1, indicating SSF reacts to permanent shocks more than the spot market during periods of high information. We see a similar shift in the $IS_{SSF,i,t}$ across all liquidity sub-samples. The finding provides new evidence on the relative dominance of the SSF market in price discovery, especially around periods of high information. We further test the response of price discovery during high information periods using the following regression: $$IS_{SSF,i,t,j} = \alpha_i + \beta_1 \text{HIGH-INF}_j + \epsilon_{i,t,j} \quad \forall j = \text{HI}, \text{LI} \tag{5}$$ where $\text{HIGH-INF}_j$ is high information dummy variable, taking value 1 during periods of high information period, 0 otherwise. Using the regression estimates, we test the null: $H^3_0 : \beta_1 = 0; H^3_A : \beta_1 > 0$. If $H^3_0$ is rejected, we conclude that price discovery of the SSF market increases during periods of high information. Model 2 estimates in Table 5 presents the results. The results show that the value of $\hat{\beta}_1$ in Equation 5 is positive and significant. This indicates that the average price discovery of the SSF goes up by nearly 6 percent during periods of high information, validating $H^3_A$ that traders use the SSF market more during information arrival. This increase in $IS_{SSF}$ is similar to Dong and Sinha (2012), who report that the information share of the SSO market increases around news events. However, their estimated average $IS_{SSO}$ is much lower at 27 percent compared to our estimate of 56 percent for $IS_{SSF}$, a significantly higher number which may reflect the traders response to a combination of the arrival of information and high funding constraints. We next test for asymmetry between positive and negative news using the regression: \[ \text{IS}_{\text{SSF},i,t,j} = \alpha_i + \beta_1^+ \text{HIGH-INF}_j^+ + \beta_1^- \text{HIGH-INF}_j^- + \epsilon_{i,t,j} \] (6) where \[ \text{HIGH-INF}_j^+ = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } r_{m,t,j} > 0; \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \] \[ \text{HIGH-INF}_j^- = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } r_{m,t,j} < 0; \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \] where $r_{m,t,j}$ denotes returns on the market index from the previous closing price to the price at the end of the high information period of the trading day. There are two high information dummy variables, $\text{HIGH-INF}_j^+$, $\text{HIGH-INF}_j^-$, instead of one to differentiate between positive and negative news during high information periods. The union of $\text{HIGH-INF}_j^+$ and $\text{HIGH-INF}_j^-$ constitutes the $\text{HIGH-INF}_j$ dummy specified in Equation 5. $\beta_1^+$ is the coefficient that captures the effect on the IS of the SSF during periods when information is high and positive, and $\beta_1^-$ captures the effect when information is high and negative. We test the null: \[ H_0^4: \beta_1^+ - \beta_1^- = 0; H_A^4: \beta_1^+ - \beta_1^- < 0 \] If $H_0^4$ is rejected, we conclude that traders prefer the SSF even more when the news is negative compared to positive news. Model 3 estimates in Table 5 presents the results. $\beta_1^-$ is 6.9 percent while $\hat{\beta}_1^+$ is 5.5 percent, indicating that the increase in the share of the IS$_{\text{SSF}}$ when the news is negative is higher than when the news is positive. A significance test of the difference between the values of $\beta_1^+$ and $\beta_1^-$ indicates a rejection of the null hypothesis, $H_0^4$. This suggests that traders use the SSF even more when the information is negative, supporting the hypothesis that traders constraints play an important role in the high values of price discovery of the SSF in this market. In the previous subsection, we saw that the trade-off between liquidity and leverage play an important role in determining the share of SSF in price discovery. We add these two variables as to our Equations 5 and 6, and test if our results in Table 5 are not driven by these missing variables from the regression. Thus, our new regression specifications are: \[ \text{IS}_{\text{SSF},i,t,j} = \alpha_i + \beta_1 \text{HIGH-INF}_j + \beta_2 C_{(\text{SSF}-s),i,t,j} + \beta_3 \hat{\lambda}_{i,t,j} + \epsilon_{i,t,j} \] (7) \[ \text{IS}_{\text{SSF},i,t,j} = \alpha_i + \beta_1^+ \text{HIGH-INF}_j^+ + \beta_1^- \text{HIGH-INF}_j^- + \beta_2 C_{(\text{SSF}-s),i,t,j} + \beta_3 \hat{\lambda}_{i,t,j} + \epsilon_{i,t,j} \] (8) Table 6 presents the results. Both for Equations 7 and 8, the results hold for the high information dummy and liquidity differential variable. The coefficients with the high information dummies HIGH-INF\textsubscript{j} (Model 4), HIGH-INF\textsuperscript{+}\textsubscript{j} and HIGH-INF\textsuperscript{-}\textsubscript{j} (Model 5) continue to be positive and significant. Similarly, the sign of the coefficient with the liquidity differential variable $(C_{(SSF-\delta)},i,t,j)$ also continues to be negative and significant. However, the coefficient on leverage, though positive, turns insignificant. These results suggest that the extent of cross-sectional variation is largely related to the intra-day variation in market liquidity and information flow and not so much on the leverage of the SSF.\footnote{We also examine if conditional on high information period, whether liquidity and leverage matter more in determining the share of SSF in price discovery. To investigate this, we interact the dummy variables in Equation 7 and 8 with the leverage and liquidity differential variables. None of the interaction terms turn out to be significant. This indicates that liquidity differential and leverage do not have any special role during periods of high information per se.} \section{Reproducible research} An R package named \texttt{ifrogs} has been released into the public domain, with an open source implementation of the IS calculations used in this paper.\footnote{Information about this package and a subset of the data is available on \url{http://ifrogs.org/releases/ThomasAggarwal2013_priceDiscovery.html}} \section{Conclusion} Theory suggests that derivatives ought to matter a lot in price discovery, but this is not supported in the existing empirical literature. Using a high quality dataset from the liquid single stock futures market at the National Stock Exchange, this paper reverses the finding. The high frequency data is used in an analysis of price discovery as a \textit{process} with cross-sectional and temporal variation. We develop a partial equilibrium model of the choice of the marginal trader who trades based on differences in leverage and pre-trade liquidity. The empirical cross-section analysis validates the trade-off between leverage and pre-trade liquidity in the two markets: the higher the leverage and the higher the liquidity, the higher the price discovery in the futures. There is also evidence of significant temporal variation in price discovery. While the information share of the futures is 49 percent on average, it rises to 55 percent during high information periods. When the news is negative, it rises further to 61 percent because of the higher cost of borrowing securities to settle a short sale position in the spot market. Traders appear to efficiently use capital while responding to changes in information flows. This research design does not permit causal claims about the impact of funding constraints of traders upon the role of the futures in price discovery. However, two reasons suggest that it is a contributory factor. The first is that the price discovery of the futures is high on average at the NSE. This cannot be attributed entirely to news, since this tends to be sporadic and less frequent for a single security. On the other hand, funding constraints are present at all times, and can influence the average price discovery. The second is that the SSF dominate the price discovery even more strongly during the arrival of bad news. Constraints on short-selling the spot implies that the trader has a stronger preference to use SSF during such times, and this appears as higher price discovery in the SSF. This analysis opens up several questions for downstream research. If funding constraints influence trader’s choices, then the next step can be to develop models that incorporate these constraints. The analytical framework developed in this paper takes liquidity as exogenous. While the empirical validation of the trade-off suggests that these implications are useful, in equilibrium, market liquidity is endogenously determined by the decision of traders. This suggests a model where traders with varying degrees of funding constraints and access to information, jointly determine the liquidity in the limit order book. Such a model would helpfully explain why the SSF of some securities have better liquidity and price discovery while others in the same microstructure do not. This work may be usefully carried forward in other exchanges worldwide, going beyond broad averages to a more fine grained view about the role of derivatives trading, which varies in the cross section and across time. 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Leverage is estimated based on a sample of one month of daily leverage values obtained from the exchange. The details are described in Section 4.3. The estimated leverage values range from $2.5 \times$ to $8 \times$. There are very few securities with leverage at $8 \times$ which is the maximum permitted leverage for the SSF at the NSE. Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the sample The table presents descriptive statistics of the sample for both the SSF and spot market. Each statistic is computed as the cross-sectional mean for the full sample as well as liquidity quartiles. Liquidity quartiles are based on the average impact cost on the SSF and spot market $(c_{\text{SSF},i} + c_{s,i})/2$ for an order size $Q = 5000$. Q1 is the quartile with the highest values of liquidity or leverage, while Q4 is the quartile with the least. indicates that the difference between SSF and spot liquidity is significant at 5 percent. \| \| Market cap (Rs. Million) \| Price (Rs.) \| Liquidity (%) \| Leverage \| \|----------------\|--------------------------\|-------------\|---------------\|----------\| \| All \| 299,317 \| 523.66 \| 0.24 \| 0.13 \| 4.72 \| \| Q1 (Most) \| 779,074 \| 818.78 \| 0.04 \| 0.04 \| 4.44 \| \| Q2 \| 215,908 \| 497.88 \| 0.06 \| 0.07 \| 4.40 \| \| Q3 \| 115,605 \| 314.58 \| 0.13 \| 0.13 \| 4.57 \| \| Q4 (Least) \| 70,184 \| 458.60 \| 0.29 \| 0.74 \| 5.07 \| Table 2 Price discovery estimates for full and liquidity sub-samples The table presents the IS$_{SSF}$ liquidity quartiles, Q1…Q4, which are created based on the average impact cost on the SSF and spot market $(c_{SSF,i} + c_{S,i})/2$ for an order size $Q = 5000$. C$_{SSF}$ and C$_{S}$ indicate the average liquidity costs on the SSF and the spot market respectively. Statistics for the IS estimates for each quartile is presented as the average upper bound (UB), the lower bound (LB), and the midpoint of the two (MID). Q1 is the quartile with the highest liquidity, while Q4 is the quartile with the least. The table also reports the value of IS-CS ratio to augment inference. on the MID variable indicates that IS$_{SSF}$ is significantly different from 0.50 at 5 percent. on the IS-CS ratio indicates that the ratio is significantly different from 1 at 5 percent. \| C$_{SSF}$ \| C$_{S}$ \| Quartiles by Liquidity \| IS$_{SSF}$ \| \|-----------\|---------\|------------------------\|------------\| \| \| \| \| UB \| MID \| LB \| IS-CS ratio \| \| 0.24 \| 0.13 \| Full sample \| 0.53 \| 0.49 \| 0.47 \| 1.01 \| \| 0.04 \| 0.04 \| Q1 (Most) \| 0.66 \| 0.61\| 0.55 \| 1.14 \| \| 0.06 \| 0.07 \| Q2 \| 0.63 \| 0.59\| 0.55 \| 1.13 \| \| 0.11 \| 0.13 \| Q3 \| 0.55 \| 0.53 \| 0.51 \| 1.06 \| \| 0.74 \| 0.29 \| Q4 (Least) \| 0.25 \| 0.24\| 0.23 \| 0.68 \| Table 3 Fixed-effects panel regressions for changes in IS$_{SSF}$ across securities The table reports the estimates for Equation 4 specified as: $$IS_{SSF,i,t} = \alpha_i + \beta_2 C_{(SSF-S),i,t} + \beta_3 \hat{\lambda}_{i,t} + \epsilon_{i,t}$$ where $C_{(SSF-S),i,t}$ is the liquidity difference between the SSF and the spot markets, and $\hat{\lambda}_{i,t}$ is the estimated leverage in the SSF. indicates significance at 5 percent using a one tail test based on clustered standard errors. \| \| Model 1 \| \|------------------------\|---------\| \| \| Estimate \| Std. Error \| \| $C_{(SSF-S),i,t}$ \| -0.3093 \| 0.0853 \| \| $\hat{\lambda}_{i,t}$ \| 0.0618 \| 0.0335 \| \| Total obs. \| 8,890 \| \| Adjusted R$^2$ \| 0.22 \| Table 4 Price discovery estimates for high information and low information periods The table shows estimated IS\textsubscript{SSF} and IS\textsubscript{s} for the full sample as well as liquidity sub samples during periods of high and low information. High information period is identified as the first half hour of trading and the first half hour after the corporate earnings announcement. UB represents the upper bound of the IS estimate, and LB represents the lower bound. MID is the average of UB and LB. The table also reports the value of IS-CS ratio to help inferences on the IS estimate. Finally, the average impact cost (C) for a market order size of $5000 is calculated separately for these periods. indicates that the difference between SSF and spot values is significant at 5 percent level. \| \| IS\textsubscript{SSF} \| \| \| IS-CS ratio \| \|------------------\|-----------------------\|-------\|-------\|-------------\| \| \| UB \| MID \| LB \| \| \| High Information \| \| \| \| \| \| Full sample \| 0.60 \| 0.56 \| 0.53 \| 1.15 \| \| Q1 (Most) \| 0.72 \| 0.66 \| 0.61 \| 1.24 \| \| Q2 \| 0.71 \| 0.67 \| 0.63 \| 1.30 \| \| Q3 \| 0.62 \| 0.60 \| 0.57 \| 1.16 \| \| Q4 (Least) \| 0.35 \| 0.32 \| 0.30 \| 0.77 \| \| Low Information \| \| \| \| \| \| Full sample \| 0.52 \| 0.49 \| 0.45 \| 1.00 \| \| Q1 (Most) \| 0.65 \| 0.59 \| 0.54 \| 1.14 \| \| Q2 \| 0.61 \| 0.58 \| 0.54 \| 1.13 \| \| Q3 \| 0.52 \| 0.50 \| 0.48 \| 1.02 \| \| Q4 (Least) \| 0.28 \| 0.27 \| 0.26 \| 0.69 \| Table 5 Fixed effects panel regressions estimates of changes in IS$_{SSF}$ during high information periods The table presents regression results for a fixed effects model (Model 2) for Equation 4 specified as: $$IS_{SSF,i,t,j} = \alpha_i + \beta_1 HIGH-INF_{t,j} + \epsilon_{i,t,j}$$ where $HIGH-INF_{t,j} = 1$ for $j = HI$ for high information periods during the trading day $t$ and 0 for all other periods. A second fixed effects model (Model 3) given by Equation 5 additionally tests for any effects of the benefits of short selling to explain the variation in IS$_{SSF}$ during high information periods. $$IS_{SSF,i,t,j} = \alpha_i + \beta_1^+ HIGH-INF^+_{t,j} + \beta_1^- HIGH-INF^-_{t,j} + \epsilon_{i,t,j}$$ where $HIGH-INF^+_{t,j} = 1$ for $j = HI$ when the index returns are positive during the high information periods on trading day $t$, zero otherwise. Similarly, $HIGH-INF^-_{t,j} = 1$ for $j = HI$ when the index returns are negative during the high information periods, zero otherwise. % of OBS. indicates the percentage of observations when the dummy is 1. indicates significance at 5 percent based on clustered standard errors. \| \| Model 2 \| \| \| Model 3 \| \| \| \|----------------\|---------\|----------\|----------\|---------\|----------\|----------\| \| \| Estimate\| Std. Error\| % OF OBS.\| Estimate\| Std. Error\| % OF OBS.\| \| HIGH-INF \| 0.061 \| 0.005 \| 50.86 \| \| \| \| \| HIGH-INF$^+$ \| \| \| \| 0.055 \| 0.006 \| 23.36 \| \| HIGH-INF$^-$ \| \| \| \| 0.069 \| 0.006 \| 24.10 \| \| Total obs. \| \| \| 14,920 \| \| \| 14,920 \| \| Adjusted R$^2$ \| 0.20 \| \| \| 0.20 \| \| \| Test the null: $H_0^A : \beta_1^+ - \beta_1^- = 0; H_A^A : \beta_1^+ - \beta_1^- < 0$ t-statistic = -1.74 Table 6 Fixed effects panel estimates of changes in cross-sectional variation in IS$_{SSF}$ during high information periods The table presents regression results for a fixed effects model, (Model 4): $$IS_{SSF,i,t,j} = \alpha_i + \beta_1 C_{(SSF-s),i,t,j} + \beta_2 \lambda_{i,t} + \beta_3 HIGH-INF_j + \epsilon_{i,t,j}$$ where $HIGH-INF_j = 1$ for high volatility periods of the trading day, when $j =$ information arrival during the trading day $t$ and 0 for all other periods. The second fixed effects model, (Model 5), additionally tests for asymmetric behaviour in the variation in IS$_{SSF}$ depending upon the direction of the information: $$IS_{SSF,i,t,j} = \alpha_i + \beta_1 C_{(SSF-s),i,t,j} + \beta_2 \lambda_{i,t} + \beta_3^+ HIGH-INF_j^+ + \beta_3^- HIGH-INF_j^- + \epsilon_{i,t,j}$$ where $HIGH-INF_j^+ = 1$ for high information periods with positive returns on Nifty and 0 otherwise. Similarly, $HIGH-INF_j^- = 1$ for high information periods with negative returns on Nifty and 0 otherwise. indicates significance at 5 percent, based on clustered standard errors. \| \| Model 4 \| \| Model 5 \| \|----------------\|------------------\|----------------\|------------------\| \| \| Estimate \| Std. Error \| Estimate \| Std. Error \| \| $C_{(SSF-s),i,t,j}$ \| -0.770 \| 0.076 \| -0.769 \| 0.075 \| \| $\lambda_{i,t}$ \| 0.024 \| 0.033 \| 0.027 \| 0.033 \| \| HIGH-INF \| 0.055 \| 0.005 \| \| \| \| HIGH-INF$^+$ \| \| \| 0.049 \| 0.006 \| \| HIGH-INF$^-$ \| \| \| 0.061 \| 0.006 \| \| Total obs. \| 14,920 \| \| 14,920 \| \| \| Adjusted R$^2$ \| 0.21 \| \| 0.21 \| \| \| Test the null: $H_0^A : \beta_1^+ - \beta_1^- = 0; H_A^A : \beta_1^+ - \beta_1^- < 0$ \| \| \| t-statistic = -1.72 \|
FIG - 1 INVENTOR, WESLEY S. LARSON BY ATTORNEY PLASTIC ARTICLE MAKING Original Filed Oct. 13, 1961 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG-2 FIG-3 FIG-4 FIG-5 INVENTOR, WESLEY S. LARSON BY AT TORNEY FIG-6 FIG-7 FIG-10 INVENTOR, WESLEY S. LARSON BY ATTORNEY FIG-8 FIG-9 INVENTOR, WESLEY S. LARSON BY ATTORNEY PLASTIC ARTICLE MAKING Wesley S. Larson, Hazardville, Conn., assignor, by mesne assignment, to Plastic Ammunition Products, Inc., Abington, Va.; and Corporation of Virginia Continuation of application Ser. No. 506,361, Nov. 4, 1965, which is a division of application Ser. No. 144,919, Oct. 13, 1961, now Patent No. 3,377,951, dated Apr. 16, 1968. This application Sept. 27, 1968, Ser. No. 768,608. Int. Cl. B29d 23/02; B29c 17/07 U.S. Cl. 264—97 2 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method of fabricating a biaxially oriented one piece plastic article by drawing out a reservoir of material formed at one end of a cylindrical molded preform. This application is a continuation of my U.S. application Ser. No. 506,361 filed Nov. 4, 1965 and now abandoned, which case is a division of my U.S. application Ser. No. 144,919, filed Oct. 13, 1961, now Patent No. 3,377,951, issued on Apr. 16, 1968. This invention relates to the fabrication of strengthened thermoplastic articles in general and more specifically to making unevenly sectioned articles and hollow articles such as shotshells from suitable crystalline thermoplastic material by a novel process. Hollow thermoplastic articles such as bottles and cups and many shell shaped plastic articles are usually made by injection molding the plastic material to shape while in the molten condition. This involves the disadvantage that the strength of materials is not fully realized with crystalline materials such as polyethylene particularly that of the linear high density type. For example, a shot shell made by injection molding of such linear high density plastic does not have the highest strength attainable and need in the tubular side wall where the shell is relatively thin and subjected to the greatest stress. To realize more strength in the thin elongated tubular part of the shell, one approach has been to make substituting an open ended tube of linear high density polyethylene for the conventional paper tube after the polymer has been oriented. This approach lacks the advantage of molding the shell case in one piece. One object of this invention, therefore, is to provide seamless hollow bodies of plastic of improved strength. Another object is the provision of a novel process for making plastic articles by combined molding and plastic deformation. Another object is the fabrication of tubular vessels of a crystalline polymer of a suitable synthetic resin formed in novel apparatus in such a way that exceptionally high strength is developed in the tubular part of the article made integrally with the rest of the vessel. Another object is to provide plastic articles having thin elongated sections of satisfactory formation and of improved strength by a combination of molding and afterworking in a portion of the article. Still another object is a novel combination of molding and solid plastic drawing or stretching to effect an improvement in the fabrication of articles from crystalline plastics. A still further object is the provision of a novel process of making a seamless plastic ammunition case all in one piece. Other objects and advantages will be evident from this description of the invention when taken together with the accompanying drawing wherein; FIGURE 1 is a side elevational view in cross section showing a preferred embodiment of the apparatus devised for practice of this invention; FIGURE 2 is an enlarged cross sectional view in elevation of one place slug as molded in place at an intermediate stage of the process performed in the apparatus of FIGURE 1; FIGURE 3 is an enlarged cross sectional view in elevation showing another form of slug at the intermediate stage; FIGURE 4 is a fragmentary view of part of the apparatus of FIGURE 1 in a further stage of operation upon the slug of FIGURE 2; FIGURE 5 is an enlarged and view of the core tip of the apparatus of FIGURES 1 and 4 taken on line V—V of FIGURE 2; FIGURE 6 is a view comparable to FIGURE 4 but at a still further stage where the process is completed and the shell casing is shown being ejected; FIGURE 7 is a side elevational view in cross section showing another form of tubular article which is adapted to be made according to this invention; FIGURE 8 is an enlarged fragmentary elevational view partly in cross section showing another embodiment of the invention involving a modification of part of the apparatus of FIGURE 1 and showing another disposition of plastic in the slug; FIGURE 9 is also an enlarged fragmentary view comparable to FIGURE 8 showing a still further modification in the apparatus in a stage comparable to FIGURE 4 and showing still another disposition of plastic in the slug and deformation of part of the slug occurring in that stage; and FIGURE 10 is an enlarged cross sectional view showing still another form of slug where the plastic is disposed in the reservoir in a way for varying the afterworking. In accordance with this invention plastic material is first injection molded to a special shape of preform, herein called a slug, and then while it is in place in the same apparatus, part of the slug is subjected to an afterworking. This involves deformation by drawing or stretching to increase the strength in this part by orientation while simultaneously maintaining the plastic in finished shape and size in this part. Generally there is afterworking or motion of a part of the injection molded slug while it is in the mold in which it is formed. The solidified or solidifying plastic material is plastically deformed while plastic to assume a new shape to obtain the desired finished size while in the same cavity in which it is molded. The formed article is removed as a one-piece product of relatively complex shape having one part formed to shape by molding while another part of it is integrally molded therewith and reshaped by such stretching or drawing of the material while both parts remain in the integrated condition. The manufacture of cup or shell shapes is contemplated, any shape having one relatively closed or headed end and the other an open end of a tube. A typical article is an ammunition case or shotgun shell, for example. In general, this invention involves provision of a tubular slug having opposing ends and an enlarged or thick headed end portion next to a median thin or undercut portion and using at least one of these ends as a reservoir out of which a thin and relatively thin walled section of the tubular. The deformation is applied in a part of generally tubular shape adapted for movement of the plastic material longitudinally in the axial direction from the molded reservoir portion. In this portion the material is simultaneously subject to either an inward or preferably an outward movement in the radial direction complementing the primary movement which is longitudinal or axial. The thick beaded end is thickened preferably radially inwardly so that drawing can provides the greatest circumferential orientation along with the largest radial increase in strength of the finished tube at least twice and preferably three times that of the molded plastic. Drawing occurring from such an end portion involves preferably an increase in the median diameter to more to increase the strength in the circumferential direction. Where rotation of this portion is permissible for design, the beaded end of the slug is thickened radially outwardly to force the material to draw in while being drawn longitudinally as it is metered out of the reservoir. For an exceptionally long drawn tube part, outward displacement of the bead along with the addition of more material in a shorter reservoir than the inward disposition with which a longer reservoir would be needed. For the greatest reservoir, both outward and inward disposition of it may occur with suitable modification in the apparatus to provide a back-up sleeve or core as a replacement after either the outwardly disposed material is first metered away or the inwardly disposed material is first metered away, respectively. One disposition may be converted to another before final drawing occurs. For example, a relatively long but thin inward disposition, which is easier to bring up hold to a given temperature, may be changed to form a short outwardly disposition. Then, after replacing the inner draw core with a back-up mandrel, the resulting outwardly disposed head may be drawn inward while the plastic material is elongated by stretch deformation to the final finished configuration of tube wall in the beaded end. That is, material by inward and by outward disposition of the reservoir is shown in FIGURES 1-4 and in FIGURE 8, respectively. A severe inward disposition is shown in FIGURE 9. Molding occurs at suitable molten plastic temperatures and pressures for injection. For example, one type high density linear polyethylenes have been molded as a melt temperature of about 350° F. at a pressure of about 14,400 p.s.i. thereby filling the mold cavity in about 2 seconds to make a slug having a diameter, exclusive of its rim, of about 0.790 of an inch suitable for reshaping to a 12 gauge shot shell case. After a holding time of about 4 seconds, the molded article is then drawn from a thickness of about 0.077 of an inch on a slide to about 0.022 of an inch at an axial speed requiring from as low as about 7 seconds per axial inch of draw to as high as about 14 seconds for a very slow draw where the solidifying plastic is held at the desired temperature. The temperature and time of molding, cooling and deformation is adjusted for each configuration of article until the desired reshaping and super-orientation is achieved. By this invention it has been found possible to produce articles such as shot shells from crystalline plastics, such as from the linear high density polyethylenes and having a strengthened tubular body portion better resistant to shoot-offs and even to axial splitting because of the resulting super-orientation. By super-orientation is meant an orientation increasing the strength of the plastic of at least about two and preferably about three as compared to the strength of the plastic as molded before the after-working by drawing according to this invention. This is done at a relatively wide range of temperatures below the crystallization temperature of the plastic and at speeds of deformation limited to prevent the plastic being heated to this temperature. During formation the temperature is maintained preferably at an elevated range. For the type of polyethylene contemplated the working temperatures are held well below the range from about 257° F. to about 265° F., and working occurs preferably from about 150-200° F. to slightly below about 265° F. for available grades and makes of the thermoplastic made by various methods such as the Zeigler process and the Phillips process, for example. For polypropylene the limit temperature is somewhat higher and forming occurs below a range which widely ranges from about 275° F. to about 330-335° F. Drawing of this plastic is contemplated at temperatures from about 200° F. to about 335° F. The degree of crystallinity of the thermoplastic, as determined by various methods, such as the X-ray diffraction method, is preferably as high as possible; with polypropylene a high degree of isotacticity is also preferred. At the crystalline melt temperature the polymer appears clear when viewed through crossed Nicol prisms in a hot-stage microscope, since all crystallinity of the structure is gone. A fluid pressure hold-down action is preferably provided at a suitable temperature during all of the draw so that deformation occurs in a progressive manner in increments in a way maintaining the dimensions of the after-worked part of the articles to desired size. For example, by applying the fluid pressure internally, after-working is confined to the part adjacent to it not only to substantially final thickness but also final outside diameter with accuracy and with equality to the outside diameter of the base portion of the shell case. When the thinning action occurs from an outer reservoir as in FIGURES 1 and 8, it is controlled to leave a slight increase in outer diameter, taking into account the inward displacement occurring from incremental "necking," then the fluid pressure may be applied externally as shown in FIGURE 8 to maintain not only a progressive draw but also the desired outside diameter which must be that of the gage of shell made by sizing on pin 90 to inside diameter. By progressive drawing under the fluid holding action, after-working does not appreciably include the increments already deformed so that substantially no further necking occurs in them during drawing. Gases such as warm nitrogen under a pressure of about 200 p.s.i. have been successfully used for the purpose. The temperature of the hold-down fluid may be varied so long as the desired temperature of the plastic in the apparatus is not disrupted undesirably. The fluidized fluid acts on one side of the deformed and after-worked increment so as to press the plastic against a frictionally retentive surface. Hold-down action, therefore, is also affected by the condition of this surface of the mold cavity opposite the side to which the fluid is applied. This surface may be roughened by etching or sand blasting sufficient to increase the hold for the highest degree of after-working contemplated without being excessive as to create stress risers in the surface of the plastic article. In this way uncontrolled stretching is avoided. By selection of the shape and bulk of plastic in the reservoir bead of the slug to a desired degree of pre-thickening and thickness reduction, and of at least 2—3, the corresponding portion of the finished article is strengthened while being elongated to final length. In the apparatus shown in FIGURE 1, for manufacture of shot shell cases, a tubular mold 1 of the center gated type is mounted in a retainer plate 2 of a press in the conventional manner thereof and is connected to the core tip 10, the sprue bushing 15, and the retractable sleeve 20 to define a molding cavity 30 within the bore 5, of the mold. In the position shown, the cavity is adapted to receive plastic from a cylinder nozzle put into the nozzle seat 36 in bushing 15. The casing is filled through the seat 37 and after a holding time of a few seconds, the nozzle may be removed leaving a slug 70 shown separately for clarity in FIGURE 2. Slidably mounted between rod 12 and mold 1 is draw sleeve 20 for reciprocating movement imparted by the draw rack 25 threadedly coupled at 26 to one end of the sleeve. The hollow rack threaded on rod 10 is motivated from a suitable source of power through pinion 40 carried in the drive block 14 and is mounted for reciprocation in frame 401 of the drive block 14 and in the bore extension 42 of mold frame block 16 which is mounted together with drive block 14 on the base plate 13 by any suitable means such as a number of cap screws, one of which is shown at 59. Rod 10 is also fixed on base plate 13. Frame block 16 is provided with a number of guide posts such as 43 received in guide openings 50 in plate 2 for movably mounting the retainer plate 2 for a multipotent reciprocating movement between a position in abutment with the frame block 16 (FIGURE 1) to a position away from the same block for extraction (FIGURE 6) of the finished case 100 from the mold, fitted with zone band heaters 60 controlled through leads 61 to prevent uneven excessive cooling of the plastic. Retainer plate 2 is held bodily held forth by any suitable means such as the pair of air cylinders 44 and 45 mounted on the press and shown semi-diagrammatically with their pistons connected to the retainer plate drive rods 46 and 47, respectively, which are attached to the plate at the extensions 48 and 49 of the retainer plate and inserted into mold 1 and bodily held against mold frame block 16 by any suitable means such as by return springs 53 and 54 of the cylinders, but are clamped during molding between the press plates 13 and 17 acting through bushing 15 and frame 16. Mold 1 is held in plate 2 by screw 6. The end of retainer plate 2 opposite block 16 is provided with the conical extension 56 forming a male guiding and centering means for coaction with the locating ring 57 of the sprue bushing 15, which with ring 57 is fixed on plate 17 by locking ring 58. When this building up of the mold clamping plate 17 of the press is moved together with the locating ring 57 against mold 1, the mating concavity of locating ring 59 puts sprue 37 in concentric relationship with the mold cavity 30 and the guide pin 18 forming an extension of core tip 11, the latter of which forms with rod 12 and sleeve 20 the thin walled part of the completed mold. It is possible that pin 18 extends into sprue orifice 37 as shown in FIGURE 1 forms a centering and supporting bearing. It is provided with a number of longitudinal grooves uniformly distributed around it (FIGURES 1 and 5) which form the center gate for admission of the molten from the sprue 37 during injection molding. The mold 37 is clamped between sleeve bushing 15 and frame block 16 by the action occurring when mold plates 13 and 17 are pressed toward each other. Sleeve 20 at its inner end has a metering or doctoring lip 21 shaped to form in the back side of rod 10. In the cavity 30, the circumferential periphery 35 of tip 10 forms a restriction 31 together with the lip 21 which extends at an angle from the reduced end portion 22 of the draw sleeve 20. When the tip 10 and lip 21 are in abutment (FIGURE 1) the far end of the cavity opposite spring 37 is formed between the reduction 22 and the adjacent interior surface of mold 1 as a volumetric cavity area into which there is injected a beaded reservoir part 75 of the plastic slug 70 formed as a first step in the apparatus and process of this invention. During molding and drawing bushing 15 substantially closes one end of the cavity in sleeve bore 5 which is closed at the other end by sleeve 20. Remaining fixed in the cavity is core tip 10 mounted at threads 11 to a hollow support rod 12 threadedly at the opposite end to a mold base plate 13 at perforation 32. Rod 12 has a passage 33 to which fluid is admitted by inlet 34 by way of the perforation 32 at which rod 12 and inlet 34 are inter-connected. Core tip 10 has fluid outlet vents 39 communicating at one end to passage 33 and at the other end with the hollow back side of the core tip to cause lip 21 movable alternately away from and toward the vents. Opposite the lip, sleeve 20 has a threaded coupling 25 for connection with the draw rack 26 motivated by piston 40 driven by any suitable means and mounted in drive block 14. As shown in FIGURE 3, the molding step may be modified by the insertion first of a metal piece into cavity 30 to form another cup-shaped preliminary shape or slug 80 whose base 81 is encased in the inserted cup-shaped metal piece 82 having a rim 83 and a primer opening 84. Spring 81 is compressed against the insert 82 to substantially the finished shape and gage together with the thick reservoir head 85 with thin medial section 87 between them to form the under cut 88 at which reshaping of portion 85 begins. The next step of drawing of the slug is done as shown in FIGURE 4. For example, slug 70, of the shape shown in FIGURE 2, is adapted for formation of the tube wall of a shot shell case by after-working as shown. For this purpose, one end 75 beveled at 76 provides a reservoir while the other end 71 is characterized by the presence of an extraction rim 73 and a primer opening 74 making possible the complete removal of the head at the base end of the shell by extraction molding. The slug 70 is a thick bead of plastic as compared to the finished thickness occurring at the short, thin medial portion 77 of the slug at which bead 75 forms an undercut 78 against which lip 21 acts in the next step so that of drawing affecting the completion of the slug 70 as shown in FIGURE 4 almost to completion. Retraction occurs in the presence of fluid pressure admitted at vents 39 into the fluid chest 23 to hold the already drawn part 72 to the desired outside diameter and in axial retention pressed against the internal surface of the bore 5 of the mold 1. In this way, shown in FIGURE 4, a residual part 79 of the plastic reservoir remains for continued after-working to make the shell wall to a predetermined final finished length, thickness and gage. Upon completion of the draw the finished shell 100, shown in FIGURE 6 being pulled from core tip 10 and in pin 18, is ejected from mold cavity bore 5 in this way by the extraction thrust of retainer plate 2 moved to position A—A by rods 46 and 47 (FIGURE 1) when hydraulic or pneumatic fluid is applied under pressure at connections 51 and 52 of the cylinders 44 and 45. Plate 17 is shown returned under the action of springs 53 and 54. The finished shell has a base 101 substantially identical to part 71 of slug 70 while the thin elongated shell wall 102 corresponds to part 75 of the slug. Articles other than shells may be made in this way. For example, thin tubes 200 may be made as shown in FIGURE 7, having a base 201 with threaded nozzle molded to shape different from but corresponding part 71 of the shell slug and also having a thin tubular wall 205 drawn out of the rest of the slug to obtain strengthening of the thin wall by super-orientation. According to FIGURE 8 material may be made available in a modified slug 300 for a longer draw from an outer reservoir 305 integrated with a base 301 at the thin medial portion 307. The base 301 is molded between a heated core pin 90 and the tubular mold 91. The mold 305 is mold between pin 90 and the capped mold collar 92. The slug 300 is formed by lip 93 forming a conical extension at one end of the collar 92 and of which is attached to a reciprocatable draw sleeve 94 slidably mounted over core pin 90 between it and mold 1. Lip 93 extends in the mold to form medial portion 307 of the slug during injection molding and the lip mates with protrusion 36 of the mold at fluid pressure inlets 97 and 98. These correspond to inlets 39 of FIGURE 1 and for the same purpose, but serve for holding the drawn tube wall inwardly against core pin 90 which is provided with a heat exchange coil 99. In the arrangement of FIGURE 9 shown in an intermediate stage of draw of the plastic reservoir, of which a residue is shown at 401, is disposed inwardly beyond all of the relatively thin drawn portion 402 so that it must be displaced outwardly during drawing beyond all of the relative thick bead 401. This, like the arrangement of FIGURE 1 provides circumferential as well as longitudinal plastic deformation from the reservoir portion of the plastic slug integrated with the base end 403. Contrary to the arrangement of FIGURE 8, where circumferential stretch is minimized, FIGURE 9 provides the greater stretch. By resort to these arrangements, it is possible to obtain desired variation in the ratio and quality of axial and circumferential orientation in the reshaped part of the finished article. In FIGURE 9 the apparatus is very much like that of FIGURE 1, but is adapted to include a different draw sleeve 27 having a draw lip 28, terminating a hollow end portion 29 for formation of the plastic reservoir part 401 of a slug being drawn as shown. Otherwise, the same type of mold 9, retainer plate 2, core tip 10 oriented at 39, and support rod 12 with passage 33 are included. Each form of the plastic forming apparatus employed is vented to prevent entrapment of air and occurrence of voids. For example, in the apparatus of FIGURES 1 and 4-6, the cavity is vented at groove 38 on a side of sleeve 20. In FIGURE 9, venting occurs at 95. In FIGURE 9, venting occurs at 55. To obtain desired variation in orientation and resultant strength along the length of the reshaped part of the finished article, the slug reservoir portion may be made of non-uniform thickness. As shown in FIGURE 10, slug 500, having the same shell case configuration as used is provided with a bead 505 of variable radial thickness on the other side of the thin medial portion 507. The thickest part 508 next to 507 is designed to give the most super-orientation while the thin part 506 at the end gives the least, leaving the end very pliant for shell closure by crimping or the like. With the thin part 506 undergoing no drawing the resultant open end of the shell case is least likely to need trimming to a straight edge. In all instances, the thin portion of the shell is drawn to sufficient length and improved strength to provide a terminal rimmed capable of being trimmed or notary, and turned in to form a folded circumvent and closure to which the plastic tubed shell is especially adapted in combination with a skirted overpowder wad arrangement disposed in the fully loaded shell between the powder charge and the shot weight. In U.S. Patent No. 2,582,360 to R. S. Holmes, the tubular portion of the plastic shell structure is resistant to "shootoff," i.e. severing of at least a portion of the front part of the shell from the rimmed head portion or the rest of the tubular portion. By this invention, shell 100 is made of plastic such as of linear high density polyethylene or of polypropylene preferably of highly isotactic character, or the like polyolefin or similarly crystalline plastic susceptible of shaping by molding and deformation to final finished configuration not only of the base, but also of the tubular side wall all in one piece. What is claimed is: 1. A method of forming a one piece plastic article having a closed end and a side wall of substantially increased tensile strength from a molded blank, comprising the steps of: (a) molding a preformed slug of crystalline plastic material having a generally cylindrical configuration including a substantially closed head portion; (b) providing a radially enlarged portion on said slug, said beaded portion being spaced longitudinally from said head portion; (c) forming a relatively thin walled portion on said slug between said head portion and said beaded portion; (d) maintaining the temperature of said slug below the crystalline melt temperature of the plastic material; (e) radially confining said slug internally and externally at least in part by means of a frictionally retentive surface; (f) longitudinally drawing said beaded portion relative to said head portion, while maintaining said frictionally retentive surface in confining position with respect to said slug, to effect an elongation and thinning of said beaded portion into a thin walled tubular segment having an axial and circumferential tensile strength substantially greater than the tensile strength of said beaded portion; and (g) forming a sealed cavity adjacent to said thin walled tubular segment during said drawing step; and (h) introducing a pressurized fluid into said cavity during said drawing step to reinforce said walled segment against said frictionally retentive surface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the drawing step is performed by moving said beaded portion away from said head portion at a rate ranging from 1 axial inch per 14 seconds to 1 axial inch per 7 seconds. References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS \| Patent Number \| Date \| Inventor(s) \| \|---------------\|------------\|----------------------\| \| 2,706,308 \| 4/1955 \| Lorenz \| \| 2,854,694 \| 10/1958 \| Mumford \| \| 2,878,513 \| 3/1959 \| Slaughter \| \| 3,103,170 \| 9/1963 \| Covington et al. \| ROBERT F. WHITE, Primary Examiner. T. J. CARVIS, Assistant Examiner. U.S. Cl. X.R. 264—292, 296, 323
Dipole-dipole interaction in a photonic crystal nanocavity Yong-Gang Huang,1,2 Gengyan Chen,1 Chong-Jun Jin,1 W. M. Liu,2 and Xue-Hua Wang1,* 1State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China 2Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China (Received 22 January 2012; published 22 May 2012) We put forward a general classical approach to obtain the quantum dipole-dipole interaction (DDI) between two two-level “atoms” in arbitrary nanostructures, in which the transfer rate of the DDI is analytically expressed as the difference between the two classical dipoles’ total radiation power and the sum of the two individual dipole’s radiation powers. The radiation power can be calculated by the finite-difference time-domain method. We apply the theory to investigate the DDI in a photonic crystal nanocavity. It is found that strong DDI at a distance can be achieved under resonant conditions and with a high quality factor, and the attractive or repulsive properties of the DDI can be manipulated. Our results should be significant for solid-state quantum-information processing based on the DDI. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.053827 PACS number(s): 42.50.Ct, 34.20.—b, 37.30.+i I. INTRODUCTION Since Purcell predicted that the spontaneous emission rate could be changed by the electromagnetic environment in 1946 [1], the effect of electromagnetic fields on radiation properties has been thoroughly investigated [2–10] and classified in the category of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). The characteristics of QED have been much investigated both theoretically and experimentally [11–17], and many kinds of devices [18,19] based on this theory have been developed. Concepts such as enhanced and inhibited spontaneous emission [4,5], reversible spontaneous emission [8], photon blockade [13], the one-atom maser [20], low-threshold lasers [21,22], etc., have become very familiar. The quantum dipole-dipole interaction (DDI) could also be greatly modulated by the electromagnetic environment. Two two-level atoms with one excited and the other in the ground state can interact with each other through photon exchange. A photon emitted by the excited atom could be absorbed by the other atom in the ground state. The transfer rate and the DDI potential energy are determined by the rates of photon emission, transmission, and absorption. Many different kinds of electromagnetic environment have been used to control or change these characteristics, such as the vacuum [3,23–26], optical cavities [27–30], an optical lens [31], a dielectric droplet [32], photonic materials [33–39], metal surfaces [40–44], metamaterials [45,46], and so on. For example, optical lenses and waveguides have been designed to collect the emitted photon and transfer it to the other dipole. An optical cavity or metal surface can enhance the emission or absorption rate roughly by the ratio of the quality factor $Q$ and the mode volume $V$. Photonic crystal nanocavities are one promising platform to investigate the quantum DDI. It can tailor the local coupling strength between the dipole and electromagnetic field and is extremely convenient to integrate with the photonic crystal waveguide. A high quality factor $Q = 2.5 \times 10^6$ and small mode volume $V \sim (\lambda/n)^3$ have been realized for a photonic crystal cavity [47]. Numerical investigations show that an ultrahigh quality factor $Q \sim 10^9$ can be designed through finely tuning the scattering around the cavity with little change of the mode volume [48]. Furthermore, static and ultrafast dynamic control of the resonance frequency and the quality factor have been achieved [49–53]. On the other hand, temperature [9], tensile strain [54], electric fields [55], and magnetic fields [56,57] are more suitable for tuning the energy levels of semiconductor quantum dots located at a certain position in a solid system. Recent studies show that this kind of interaction could be used to implement quantum entanglement preparation and quantum information processing [58–65], cooperative radiation [29,66], Förster energy transfer [67,68], dipole nanolasers [69], and so on. Furthermore, some novel quantum phenomena have been found [70–74]. All of these applications and phenomena are related to the transfer rate or DDI potential energy. In previous theoretical studies, either the mode-expansion method [24,27,28,31–33] or the Green-function method [30,63–65,75,76] was usually adopted to obtain the transfer rate and DDI potential energy. These two methods work well for simple electromagnetic environments. Because of the extreme complexity of finding the complete eigenmodes, the mode-expansion method can be used only for simple cases such as the vacuum or a perfect-conductor planar cavity. In addition, the exact analytic Green function [63] is also very hard to obtain for complex electromagnetic environments. A numerical method is necessary for studying this kind of interaction in nanostructures with arbitrary geometry. In this paper, we present a general classical approach to obtain the quantum DDI in nanostructures with arbitrary geometry. We analytically derive the expression of the DDI by the difference between the two classical dipoles’ total radiation power and the sum of the two individual dipole’s radiation powers. The radiation powers are obtained by numerically solving the Maxwell equations with a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm. For two dipoles located in a photonic crystal nanocavity, the transfer rate and the potential energy of the DDI strongly depend on the atomic position, the atomic transition frequency, and the resonance frequency and... quality factor of the cavity. A fast transfer rate can be achieved if the atomic transition frequency is equal to the resonance frequency of the cavity. The higher is the quality factor of the cavity, the stronger is the DDI. By finely tuning the atomic transition frequency within the linewidth of the cavity mode around the resonance frequency, the potential energy of the DDI is varied continuously from the attractive to the repulsive case. This paper is organized as follows: The quantum model of the DDI is given in Sec. II. In Sec. III, we propose a general classical approach to obtain the quantum DDI. Utilizing the eigenmode-expansion method, we show that the transfer rate can be analytically expressed as a function of the emission power spectrum of classical dipoles. The emission power spectrum is obtained by calculating the rate at which a current density source does work against a surrounding electric field through the FDTD algorithm without any knowledge of the eigenmodes. In Sec. IV, we apply the theory to investigate properties of the DDI in a photonic crystal nanocavity. Finally, a summary is given in Sec. V. II. QUANTUM MODEL OF DDI BETWEEN TWO ATOMS The schematic diagram of the DDI is illustrated in Fig. 1. There are two two-level “atoms” $A$ and $B$ located at $\mathbf{r}_A$ and $\mathbf{r}_B$, respectively, and they both interact with the electromagnetic field with eigenfrequency $\omega_n$. Atom $A$ ($B$) has two states, the ground state $\|g_A\rangle$ ($\|g_B\rangle$) and the excited state $\|e_A\rangle$ ($\|e_B\rangle$), with a transition frequency $\omega_A$ ($\omega_B$). The Hamiltonian of the system in the rotating-wave approximation reads [77] $$H = H_0 + V,$$ $$H_0 = \hbar \sum_{i=A,B} \omega_i \|e_i\rangle\langle e_i\| + \hbar \sum_n \omega_n a_n^\dagger a_n,$$ $$V = \hbar \sum_{i=A,B} \sum_n [g_n(\mathbf{r}_i)a_n^\dagger\|g_i\rangle\langle e_i\| + c.c],$$ (1) where $a_n^\dagger$ ($a_n$) is the photonic creation (annihilation) operator, $g_n(\mathbf{r}_i) = i\omega_i(2\varepsilon_0\hbar\omega_n)^{-1/2}\mathbf{E}_n(\mathbf{r}_i)\cdot\mathbf{u}_i$ ($i = A, B$) is the coupling coefficient, $\mathbf{u}_i$ is the transition dipole moment of atom $i$, $\varepsilon_0$ is the vacuum permittivity, and $\mathbf{E}_n(\mathbf{r})$ is the electric field of the eigenmode. In Eq. (1), $H_0$ is the noninteraction Hamiltonian, and $V$ represents the interaction Hamiltonian. There are three states for the system considered: (1) atom $A$ is in the excited state and atom $B$ is in the ground state, without any photon, i.e., $\|a\rangle = \|e_A,g_B,0\rangle$; (2) atom $B$ is in the excited state and atom $A$ is in the ground state, without any photon, i.e., $\|b\rangle = \|g_A,e_B,0\rangle$; (3) both atoms $A$ and $B$ are in the ground state, with a photon of frequency $\omega_n$, i.e., $\|c_n\rangle = \|g_A,g_B,1_n\rangle$. The initial state is prepared in $\|a\rangle$. Then the state vector of the system evolves as $$\|\psi(t)\rangle = a(t)\|a\rangle + b(t)\|b\rangle + \sum_n c_n(t)\|c_n\rangle \equiv U(t)\|a\rangle,$$ (2) where $U(t)$ is the evolution operator and $a(t) = \langle a\|U(t)\|a\rangle$, $b(t) = \langle b\|U(t)\|a\rangle$, $c_n(t) = \langle c_n\|U(t)\|a\rangle$. From the Green-function expression of $U(t)$, one can show that [78] $$U(t) = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} d\omega[G^-(\omega) - G^+(\omega)]\exp(-i\omega t),$$ (3) where $G^\pm(\omega) = \lim_{\eta \to 0^+} G(z = \omega \pm i\eta)$ with the resolvent operator $G(z) = (z - H/\hbar)^{-1}$. The matrix elements of the resolvent operator read $$(z - \omega_A)G_{aa}(z) = 1 + \sum_n V_{ac}G_{ca}(z),$$ $$(z - \omega_B)G_{ba}(z) = \sum_n V_{bc}G_{ca}(z),$$ $$(z - \omega_n)G_{ca}(z) = V_{ca}G_{aa}(z) + V_{cb}G_{ba}(z),$$ (4) where $G_{aa}(z) = \langle a\|G(z)\|a\rangle$, $G_{ba}(z) = \langle b\|G(z)\|a\rangle$, $G_{ca}(z) = \langle c_j\|G(z)\|a\rangle$ and $V_{ac} = V_{ca}^* = \langle a\|V\|c_n\rangle/\hbar$, $V_{bc} = V_{cb}^* = \langle b\|V\|c_n\rangle/\hbar$. Eliminating $G_{ca}(z)$, we have $$G_{aa}(z) = (z - \omega_B - W_{BB})/\Xi,$$ $$G_{ba}(z) = W_{BA}/\Xi,$$ (5) where $\Xi$ is given by $$\Xi = [z - \omega_A - W_{AA}][z - \omega_B - W_{BB}] - W_{AB}W_{BA}$$ (6) with the local coupling between the atom and the electromagnetic field ($W_{AA}, W_{BB}$) or the dipole-dipole coupling between atoms $A$ and $B$ ($W_{AB}, W_{BA}$) denoted by $$W_{ij} = W_{ij}(z,\mathbf{r}_i,\mathbf{r}_j) = \sum_n \frac{g_n^(\mathbf{r}_i)g_n(\mathbf{r}_j)}{z - \omega_n}.$$ (7) Clearly, these terms can be written as $$W_{ij}^\pm(\omega,\mathbf{r}_i,\mathbf{r}_j) = \Delta_{ij}(\omega,\mathbf{r}_i,\mathbf{r}_j) \mp i \frac{\Gamma_{ij}(\omega,\mathbf{r}_i,\mathbf{r}_j)}{2},$$ (8a) $$\Gamma_{ij}(\omega,\mathbf{r}_i,\mathbf{r}_j) = 2\pi \sum_n g_n^(\mathbf{r}_i)g_n(\mathbf{r}_j)\delta(\omega - \omega_n),$$ (8b) $$\Delta_{ij}(\omega,\mathbf{r}_i,\mathbf{r}_j) = \frac{1}{2\pi} P \int_0^{+\infty} dz \frac{\Gamma_{ij}(\omega',\mathbf{r}_i,\mathbf{r}_j)}{\omega' - \omega}.$$ (8c) For simplicity, we use $\Gamma_{ij}(\omega)$ and $\Delta_{ij}(\omega)$ for $\Gamma_{ij}(\omega,\mathbf{r}_i,\mathbf{r}_j)$ and $\Delta_{ij}(\omega,\mathbf{r}_i,\mathbf{r}_j)$, respectively, in the remainder of this paper. To better understand the physics underlying these equations, we give some illustrations. In the extreme case that there is no DDI between the two atoms, i.e., $\Gamma_{AB} = \Delta_{AB} = 0$, Eq. (5) gives $A_{ba}(\omega) = 0$ and $[\Gamma_{AA}(\omega)/2 + \eta]/[(\omega - \omega_A - \Delta_{AA}(\omega))^2 + [\Gamma_{AA}(\omega)/2 + \eta]^2]/\pi$ with the matrix element of the evolution spectrum defined by $A_{mn}(\omega) \equiv [G_{mn}^{-1}(\omega) - G_{mn}^{-2}(\omega)]/(2\pi i)$. It clearly shows that the initial excitation cannot transfer to atom $B$, and atom $A$ evolves as an excited two-level atom. For frequencies inside the photonic band gap, we have $\Gamma_{AA}(\omega) = \Gamma_{BB}(\omega) = \Gamma_{AB}(\omega) = 0$. When $\omega_A$ and $\omega_B$ are deep inside the photonic band gap, we can self-consistently determine the roots of $\Xi = 0$ [Eq. (6)]. If these roots are inside the photonic band gap, they are the discrete eigenvalues of the total Hamiltonian $H/\hbar$. This self-consistent procedure gives the exact DDI potential energy $\hbar \Delta_{AB}$, which contributes to the energy level splitting. In this situation, the linear combination of $\|a\rangle$ and $\|b\rangle$ forms the discrete eigenstates of the total system, which is an entangled state. In the general case where $\Gamma_{ij}(\omega) \neq 0$ and $\Delta_{ij}(\omega) \neq 0$, the singularity for the resolvent $G(\omega)$ forms a cut. Under the usual Markov approximation method where $W_{ij}$ ($i,j = A,B$) are independent of $\omega$ and have been replaced by $W_{ij}(\omega_i)$ and $W_{ij}[(\omega_i + \omega_j)/2]$, we are also able to determine the roots of $\Xi = 0$ [Eq. (6)]. These roots represent the unstable states of the system for the two atoms. The real part is the energy level while the imaginary part is the lifetime. Different couplings $W_{ij}$ make the energy level splitting and the lifetime splitting different, and this is related to many novel quantum phenomena. Dipole blockade, which has been widely investigated in quantum information processing, needs a large energy gap. Efficient superradiant emission, steady-state entanglement preparation, and fast Förster energy transfer need a large lifetime splitting. However, for complex electromagnetic environments such as photonic crystals or photonic crystal nanocavities, $W_{ij}$ may vary sharply with frequency and a non-Markov method is necessary. Also, even under the Markov approximation, the integration part of Eq. (3) is equal to the residue of these roots minus the contribution of the other part that closes the contour, which means that some corrections should be taken into account in addition to the contribution of the poles to obtain the dynamic properties. By the method described by Eq. (5), we are able to overcome the above difficulties and treat the system exactly either in the strong- or the weak-coupling regime, once we know the function of $W_{ij}$. Furthermore, Eq. (7) shows that all of the photonic eigenmodes contribute to the local coupling and the DDI. Equation (8c) shows that $\Delta_{ij}(\omega)$ ($i,j = A,B$) can be obtained from $\Gamma_{ij}(\omega)$ ($i,j = A,B$). In the remainder of this section, we give the explicit expression for $\Gamma_{ij}(\omega)$. Insert $g_n(r_i) = i\omega/(2\varepsilon_0\hbar\omega_n)^{1/2}E_n(r_i) \cdot u_i$ ($i = A,B$) into Eq. (8b) for $i \neq j$, and define $s_{i,j}(\omega) \equiv \pi \omega_i \omega_j u_i u_j / (\varepsilon_0 \hbar \omega)$ ($i = A,B$), where $u_i$ and $\hat{u}_i$ are the size and the unit vector of the transition dipole $u_i$. Then we have $$\Gamma_{ij}(\omega) = s_{i,j}(\omega) \sum_n E_n^(r_i) \cdot \hat{u}_i E_n(r_j) \cdot \hat{u}_j \delta(\omega - \omega_n). \quad (9)$$ From Eqs. (2.12a) to (2.14a) of Ref. [79], it is easy to see that if $\{E_n(r)\}$ compose a complete set of eigenmodes, $\{E_n^(r)\}$ are also a complete set of eigenmodes. Then Eq. (9) can also be written as $$\Gamma_{ij}(\omega) = s_{i,j}(\omega) \sum_n E_n(r_i) \cdot \hat{u}_i E_n^(r_j) \cdot \hat{u}_j \delta(\omega - \omega_n). \quad (10)$$ So we have $$\Gamma_{ij}(\omega) = \frac{s_{i,j}(\omega)}{2} \sum_n [E_n(r_i) \cdot \hat{u}_i E_n^(r_j) \cdot \hat{u}_j + \text{H.c.}] \delta(\omega - \omega_n). \quad (11)$$ Equation (11) gives the explicit expression of the local coupling strength for $i = j$ and the transfer rate for $i \neq j$ with the method of mode expansion. In the next section, we present a classical approach to obtain them without calculating the complete eigenmodes. III. A GENERAL CLASSICAL APPROACH TO OBTAIN QUANTUM DDI According to Eq. (11), once we know the complete eigenmodes of the electromagnetic field, we can get the transfer rate. However, it is much more difficult to obtain the complete eigenmodes for complex nanostructures. In this section, we present a classical theoretical method to rigorously calculate the DDI based on the FDTD algorithm. We will show that the transfer rate of the DDI can be analytically expressed as the difference between the two classical dipoles’ total radiation power and the sum of the two individual dipole’s radiation powers. In order to find this connection between the transfer rate in Eq. (11) and the emission power spectrum, we make use of the eigenmode concept to describe the radiation power spectrum. However, we need not calculate the eigenmode. The radiation power is given by the rate at which a current density source does work against a surrounding electric field or the surface integral of the normal component of the Poynting vector on the closed surface containing the dipoles. This can be directly achieved by solving the Maxwell equations with the well-known FDTD algorithm. We begin with the Maxwell equations: $$\nabla \times E(r,t) = -\frac{\partial B(r,t)}{\partial t},$$ $$\nabla \times B(r,t) = \mu_0 \varepsilon(r) \frac{\partial E(r,t)}{\partial t} + \mu_0 \frac{\partial P(r,t)}{\partial t}, \quad (12)$$ $$\nabla \cdot \varepsilon(r) E(r,t) = \rho(r,t),$$ $$\nabla \cdot B(r,t) = 0.$$ Expand $E(r,t) = \sum_n \beta_n(t) E_n(r)$ where $E_n(r)$ are the same complete set of eigenmodes as in the quantum analysis section. If we let the polarization $P(r,t) = e^{-i\omega_0 t} u(r)$, then $\beta_n(t)$ satisfies the following equation: $$\beta_n''(t) + \omega_n^2 \beta_n(t) = \omega_0^2 e^{-i\omega_0 t} \int d r u(r) \cdot E_n^(r). \quad (13)$$ The solution of the above equation reads $$\beta_n(t) = \lim_{\eta \to 0^+} \frac{\omega_0^2 \exp(-i\omega_0 t)}{\omega_n^2 - (\omega_0 + i\eta)^2} \int d r u(r) \cdot E_n^(r). \quad (14)$$ For $u(r) = \sum_i \hat{u}_i \delta(r - r_i)$, the emission power is given by $$P(\omega_0) = -\frac{1}{2} \text{Re} \left[ \int d r \frac{\partial P^(r,t)}{\partial t} \cdot E(r,t) \right] \quad (15a)$$ $$= \frac{\pi}{4} \omega_0^2 \sum_n \left\| \sum_i \hat{u}_i \cdot E_n^(r_i) \right\|^2 \delta(\omega_0 - \omega_n). \quad (15b)$$ In the case of two dipoles, i.e., $i = A, B$, the total power is $$P^{AB}(\omega_0) = \frac{\pi}{4} \omega_0^2 \sum_n \left\| \sum_{i=A,B} \hat{u}_i \cdot E^_n(r_i) \right\|^2 \delta(\omega_0 - \omega_n). \quad (16)$$ If there is only one dipole, i.e., $i = A$ or $i = B$, then $$P^A(\omega_0) = \frac{\pi}{4} \omega_0^2 \sum_n \| \hat{u}_A \cdot E^_n(r_A) \|^2 \delta(\omega_0 - \omega_n), \quad (17a)$$ $$P^B(\omega_0) = \frac{\pi}{4} \omega_0^2 \sum_n \| \hat{u}_B \cdot E^_n(r_B) \|^2 \delta(\omega_0 - \omega_n). \quad (17b)$$ Combining Eqs. (16), (17a), and (17b), we define the cooperative emission power as $$P_{co}(\omega_0) \equiv P^{AB}(\omega_0) - P^A(\omega_0) - P^B(\omega_0)$$ $$= \frac{\pi \omega_0^2}{4} \sum_n [\hat{u}_A \cdot E^_n(r_A) \hat{u}_B \cdot E_n(r_B)] + \text{H.c.}] \delta(\omega_0 - \omega_n). \quad (18)$$ Comparing Eq. (18) with Eq. (11), we find $$\frac{\Gamma_{ij}(\omega)}{\Gamma^0_{ii}(\omega)} = \frac{\mu_i \mu_j \omega_i \omega_j}{\mu_i^2 \omega_i^2} \frac{P_{co}(\omega)}{2P_0(\omega)}, \quad (19)$$ where $\Gamma_{ij}(\omega)$ is the transfer rate for $i \neq j$ and the local coupling strength for $i = j$. Correspondingly, $P_{co}(\omega)$ is the cooperative emission power of two unit classical dipoles located at different positions and the same position, respectively. $P_0(\omega)$ is the emission power of a unit classical dipole in vacuum. $\Gamma^0_{ii}(\omega)$ is the local coupling strength for a two-level atom with transition dipole moment $\hat{u}_i$ and transition frequency of the bare atom $\omega_i$ in vacuum. Using the result of Ref. [8], we get $\Gamma^0_{ii}(\omega)/(u_i^2 \omega_i^2) = \omega/(3\pi \varepsilon_0 \hbar c^3)$. In order to determine the transfer rate more clearly, we define $$\eta(\omega) \equiv \frac{P_{co}(\omega)}{2P_0(\omega)},$$ $$\alpha_i \equiv \frac{u_i^2 \omega_i^2}{3\pi \varepsilon_0 \hbar c^3}, \quad (20)$$ where $\alpha_i$ is totally decided by the two-level atom $i$. Then Eq. (19) reads $$\Gamma_{ij}(\omega) = \sqrt{\alpha_i} \sqrt{\alpha_j} \eta(\omega) \omega. \quad (21)$$ Equation (21) is the central result of our theory. All the localized modes, guided modes, and extended modes are inherently included in the emission power spectrum. Although we have used the eigenmode concept to derive the connection between the transfer rate and the emission power spectrum, we emphasize that the complete eigenmodes need not be calculated. The emission power spectra $P_{co}(\omega)$ and $P_0(\omega)$ of the classical dipoles can be obtained from Eq. (15a) by calculating the rate at which a current density source does work against a surrounding electric field through the well-known FDTD algorithm. Once we get the transfer rate, we can obtain the DDI potential energy $\Delta_{ij}(\omega)$ through Eq. (8c). Furthermore, we find that our method may be generalized to study many-dipole interactions through a similar procedure. IV. DDI IN A PHOTONIC CRYSTAL NANOCAVITY In this section, the DDI in a photonic crystal (PC) nanocavity is numerically studied. A sketch of the photonic crystal cavity is displayed in Fig. 2. It consists of a thin dielectric slab with air holes arranged as a triangular lattice. The lattice constant is $a$, the radius of the air holes is $r = 0.3a$, and the slab height is $d = 0.6a$. The refractive index of the slab is 3.4. There is a defect hole in the center with refractive index $n_{\text{def}} = 2.4$. Its radius is the same as that of the air holes. The two dipoles are located at points $A$ and $B$ on the center plane of the slab, and the two transition dipole moments are parallel to the $x$ axis. FIG. 2. (Color online) Sketch of the photonic crystal nanocavity. It consists of a thin dielectric slab with air holes arranged as a triangular lattice. The lattice constant is $a$, the radius of the air holes is $r = 0.3a$, and the slab height is $d = 0.6a$. The refractive index of the slab is 3.4. There is a defect hole in the center with refractive index $n_{\text{def}} = 2.4$. Its radius is the same as that of the air holes. The origin of the axes is set at the center of the photonic crystal nanocavity. The two dipoles are located at points $A$ and $B$ on the center plane of the slab, and the two transition dipole moments are parallel to the $x$ axis. FIG. 3. (Color online) Frequency-dependent characteristics for the transfer rate and the DDI potential energy. (a) The transfer rate $\Gamma_{ij}(\omega)$ and (b) the DDI potential energy $\Delta_{ij}(\omega)$ versus $\omega$ for atom $A$ located at $(0, -11/15, 0)a$ and atom $B$ located at $(0, 11/15, 0)a$ in the photonic crystal nanocavity. $\Gamma_{ij}(\omega)$ and $\Delta_{ij}(\omega)$ are in units of $\alpha_{ij}$ ($\alpha_{ij} \equiv \sqrt{\alpha_i \sqrt{\alpha_j}} 2\pi c/a$). The frequency $\omega$ is in units of $2\pi c/a$. The two dipole moments are parallel and along the $x$ axis. The insets show the behavior around the defect frequency [$\omega_c = 0.3133(2\pi c/a)$] of the cavity. The two transition dipoles are parallel and along the $x$ axis. is the largest $\Gamma_{ij}(\omega_c)$ for two dipoles located in vacuum with the atomic separation $R = 0$. This large $\Gamma_{ij}$ is attributed to the enhancement of the photon emission and reabsorbance rates, which can be roughly characterized by the ratio $Q/V$. Aiming at quantum computation and quantum information processing [59,60], where large $\Gamma_{ij}$ or large $\Delta_{ij}$ is needed, we can increase the quality factor $Q$ through improving the nanocavity design. For $\omega \sim \omega_c$ (inset), $\Gamma_{ij}(\omega)$ varies sharply and is sensitive to the frequency, which implies that tuning $\omega_c$ of the cavity or $\omega_i$ of the dipole can both help to control $\Gamma_{ij}$. Figure 3(b) shows similar properties for the DDI potential energy. The inset shows that a repulsive or an attractive potential energy can be obtained around the resonance frequency of the cavity. The position-dependent properties have also been investigated. Figures 4(a) and 4(b) show the absolute maximum values of the transfer rate $\|\Gamma_{ij}\|$ and the DDI potential energy $\|\Delta_{ij}\|$ as a function of the atom separation $R$ [atom $A$ located at $(0, -11a/15, 0)$ and atom $B$ located at $(0, R - 11a/15, 0)$], where the maxima are calculated for $\omega$ around $\omega_c$. $\|\Gamma_{ij}\|$ and $\|\Delta_{ij}\|$ are also in units of $\alpha_{ij}$. The atomic separation is in units of the lattice constant $a$. The maximum values of $\|\Gamma_{ij}\|$ and $\|\Delta_{ij}\|$ vary in a similar way except for the amplitude. The above phenomena can be understood as follows: $\|\Gamma_{ij}\|$ depends greatly on the electric field of the defect mode. Equation (11) shows that $\|\Gamma_{ij}\|$ changes in the same way as the electric field of the cavity mode at the location of atom $B$. The cavity mode along the $y$ axis looks the same as Fig. 4(a) and we do not show it here. Further, we clearly see that $\|\Gamma_{ij}\| = \|\Gamma_{ii}\|$ and $\|\Delta_{ij}\| = \|\Delta_{ii}\|$ have been realized for atom $A$ and atom $B$ located at positions along the $x$ axis with the same electric field strength. V. CONCLUSION In summary, we have proposed a rigorous numerical method to investigate DDI in a photonic crystal nanocavity. We need not calculate the eigenmode. The transfer rate of the DDI is analytically expressed as the difference between the two classical dipoles’ total radiation power and the sum of the two individual dipole’s radiation powers [Eq. (21)], which is the central result of our theory. The radiation power is obtained from Eq. (15a) by calculating the rate at which a current density source does work against a surrounding electric field. This has been achieved by directly solving the Maxwell equations in real space with a free-space boundary condition through the well-known FDTD algorithm. Utilizing Eq. (8c), we have obtained the DDI potential energy. Further, the method can be applied for dipoles with different transition frequencies in both the weak- and strong-coupling regimes. It works well for dipoles located in photonic nanostructures with arbitrary shape and can be generalized to calculate many-dipole interactions. We have applied this theory to investigate the DDI in a photonic crystal nanocavity. It is found that the transfer rate and the potential energy of the DDI strongly depend on the atomic transition frequency, the atomic position, the resonance frequency, and the quality factor of the cavity. A large transfer rate at a distance has been achieved under resonant conditions. and with a high quality factor. Equal values of the transfer rate and the local coupling strength have been obtained for two equal dipoles located at proper positions. Attractive or repulsive properties of the DDI potential energy have been obtained around the resonance frequency. 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Non-linear advection–diffusion equations approximate swarming but not schooling populations Daniel Grünbaum\textsuperscript{a,}\textsuperscript{}, Karen Chan\textsuperscript{a}, Elizabeth Tobin\textsuperscript{a}, Michael T. Nishizaki\textsuperscript{b} \textsuperscript{a} School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 35180, Seattle, WA 98195-7940, USA \textsuperscript{b} Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA \textbf{Article history:} Received 1 January 2008 Received in revised form 2 June 2008 Accepted 4 June 2008 Available online 12 June 2008 \textbf{Keywords:} Social behavior Individual-based model Partial differential equation \textbf{Abstract} Advection–diffusion equations (ADEs) are concise and tractable mathematical descriptions of population distributions used widely to address spatial problems in applied and theoretical ecology. We assessed the potential of non-linear ADEs to approximate over very large time and space scales the spatial distributions resulting from social behaviors such as swarming and schooling, in which populations are subdivided into many groups of variable size, velocity and directional persistence. We developed a simple numerical scheme to estimate coefficients in non-linear ADEs from individual-based model (IBM) simulations. Alignment responses between neighbors within groups quantitatively and qualitatively affected how populations moved. Aoscal and swarming populations, and schooling populations with weak alignment tendencies, were well approximated by non-linear ADEs. For these behaviors, numerical estimates such as ours suggest that the ADE approach is a useful modeling method of social animal groups. Schooling populations with strong alignment were poorly approximated, because (in contradiction to assumptions underlying the ADE approach) effective diffusion and advection were not uniquely defined functions of local density. PDE forms other than ADEs are apparently required to approximate strongly aligning populations. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. \section{1. Introduction} An on-going development in mathematical biology has been the derivation of spatially explicit models that approximate population distribution changes across time and space. This development is driven by the central importance of spatial processes to many outstanding questions in basic and applied ecology. However, the models’ utility depends firstly on whether they represent sufficient detail of movement and other biological characteristics to capture key mechanisms, and secondly on whether they are concise and efficient enough to be implemented in ecologically relevant situations. These often involve large population sizes operating over large time and space scales. The two performance metrics – detail and efficiency – are often at odds in model design and suggest fundamentally different modeling approaches. Details of behavior, physiological state, genetics and other characteristics are easily implemented in stochastic individual-based models (IBMs). However, IBMs tend not to be efficient for large populations; computational effort usually increases at least in proportion to the number of individuals and in some cases much faster. Large populations can often be described very efficiently using partial differential equations (PDEs). However, PDEs do not explicitly represent many individual-level details. These two modeling approaches can be put to best advantage if a direct and quantitative association can be made between a detailed IBM and a PDE that approximates it. In that case, the large time- and space-scale consequences of changes in biological details can be practically explored using a two-level approach, with a microscopic IBM model explicitly representing biological details and a macroscopic PDE efficiently approximating the IBM for large-scale calculations (see [32] for an informative general discussion of multi-scale coupling between microscopic and macroscopic models). This dual approach is greatly facilitated in some cases by a large mathematical literature on the derivation of PDEs for individual behaviors, usually in the form of advection–diffusion equations (ADEs) for biased random-walks, e.g., [2,7,26]. The library of individual-level movement algorithms in which there exists a ready ADE translation is large, but is concentrated in a small subset of behaviors: behaviors are density-independent in that each which individuals respond to their environment but not to each other, and in which responses to the environment are explicit statistical functions of space. Many other biologically important behaviors have been investigated in much less detail, notably behaviors in which responses to environments are mediated by internal state dynamics (e.g., physiological states such as hunger, sensory processes such as adaptation, and cognition) [8,13], and those driven... by social responses and other direct interactions among individuals. Social behaviors are usually modeled at the individual level with non-local responses, such as interaction zones. For example, IBMs of swarming behavior typically assume attraction zones, within which organisms move towards each other, and repulsion zones, within which organisms are repelled (see [24,26] for some early examples; [5] for some newer ones). Usually these responses are modeled using a combination of curvature effects from longer-range attraction and shorter-range repulsion such that population density within group does not increase without bound. Schooling, which differs from swarming by the relatively higher polarity (i.e., correlation among heading angles) of members within a social group, is usually modeled by the addition of alignment responses in which group members actively match velocities to their neighbors [1,19]. Most continuum models of social grouping are partial integro-differential equations, in which the integral terms reflect the non-local character of neighbor-neighbor responses within groups. Often these are in ADE form, but with advective velocity expressed in terms of convolutions over population density within a local neighborhood [20,21,31]. Most such models are not explicitly derived from individual-level behaviors, in part because estimating fluxes due to social responses requires assumptions about higher order statistics of individual positions within population distributions that may be difficult to justify or complex to implement [11,22]. However, the convolution functional form appears a plausible model assumption, and provides useful theoretical insights into the dynamics of group formation and dispersal. The non-linear character of some social behaviors, in which populations move while tending to resist deviations above or below some ‘preferred’ density, is reminiscent of fluid flows. Several recent investigations have introduced potentially useful ideas from fluid mechanics to the investigation of social behaviors, notably decomposition of population fluxes into incompressible and potential motion components [30] and direct representation of pressure-like effects in auxiliary equations [4]. All of these approaches aim to explicitly represent the fine-scale distributions of individuals within and between each group. In practice, given the numerical demands of solving the relevant partial integro-differential equations, these approaches are suited to investigating the dynamics of single groups or interactions among small numbers of groups. They represent a computational savings over IBMs; however, many ecologically interesting applications involve many thousands of groups, spread over spatial domains that are very large compared to the extent of any single group. For these applications, the computational benefits of the IBM-to-PDE transition may not outweigh the difficulty of implementation of social behavior models at practical ecological scales. An alternative approach is provided by spatially implicit models that attempt to predict how size distributions of groups change over time (see the useful introduction in [24]). In this approach, assumptions are made about size-dependent rates of fusion and fission of groups, yielding a dynamical system for the number or frequency of groups of each feasible size [5,23,28]. There is debate about appropriate functional forms for fusion and fission rates, but typically fusion events are assumed to depend on encounter rates between groups, which are often approximately quadratic in frequency of groups. However, fission events often occur at an approximately constant probability per unit time, dependent on group size but not on the proximity of other groups. Hence, increasing population density results in a disproportionate increase in fusion rate relative to fission rate, causing a shift in the group size distribution towards larger groups. An opportunity exists to combine the spatially explicit approaches used to represent population distributions with the spatially implicit approaches that describe the subdivision of that population into groups within any given local area. The essence of this idea is to consider each group as a ‘meta-individual’, with movement characteristics that depend on its size and its local environment. Though interactions among individuals within groups are non-local and non-linear, these non-local responses operate only within a finite interaction distance. In many situations of ecological interest, groups spend most of their time separated from other groups by more mobile individuals, and during this time their movements are functionally independent. While they move independently, groups execute biased random walks. If biased random walk behavior occupies a sufficiently large fraction of their time, and fusion–fission events a sufficiently small fraction, the spatial distribution of groups of each size might be estimated as for other random walks with an ADE. So too could the distribution of the whole population, with appropriate weighting of size-dependent ADEs and accounting for fusion–fission dynamics. If random walk statistics of groups vary with group size, as most simulation results suggest they do, then shifts in the group size distribution correspond to changes in the random walk characteristics of the population of groups. It appears a plausible hypothesis that for a given population density, individuals have a characteristic distribution across group sizes, each of which makes a characteristic contribution to population-level advection and diffusion, and that the cumulative advection and diffusion therefore varies in a characteristic way with population density. This reasoning suggests a non-linear advection–diffusion equation of the form \[ \frac{\partial P}{\partial t} = \nabla \cdot (D(P) \nabla P - \chi(P) \nabla SP) \] (1) where the coefficients $D(P)$ and $\chi(P)$ are functions of population density, and $\nabla S$ represents directional environmental cues. Flierl et al. [10] used a similar heuristic argument to suggest, based on size-dependent geometry and movement characteristics of social groups in an idealized model of schooling behavior, that the effective diffusion coefficient was a decreasing function of population size. Okubo et al. [25] proposed an analytical procedure for rigorously deriving density-dependent diffusion coefficients, but implementing this scheme is difficult. Previous ecosystem-level models of social organisms such as tuna [15] and capelin [17] have assumed ADE forms, but without explicit functional dependence on population density. The overall goal of this paper is explore the potential of equations like (1) to endow these models with improved descriptions of social movement, without sacrificing a mathematical ability in analytical methods. A polynomial density-dependence is a convenient, though not unique, functional form in which to explore the potential of this approach. Therefore, our specific hypothesis is that IBMs of combined social and gradient-climbing behaviors can be approximated at very large space and time scales by (1) with coefficients that are polynomial functions of population density, \[ D(P) = D_0 + D_1 P + D_2 P^2 + \ldots + D_n P^n, \] \[ \chi(P) = \chi_0 + \chi_1 P + \chi_2 P^2 + \ldots + \chi_m P^m. \] (2) Lacking a practical analytical alternative, we consider in this paper whether simple empirically driven numerical approaches – essentially curve fits of our assumed functional forms – can yield useful approximations to spatially explicit IBM models of complex social behavior. If so, immediate progress might be made addressing biological processes that are of practical importance but presently intractable, and insights might be gained into which analytical simplifications can be justified. If not, the failure of our quick and easy numerical approach may indicate that a more laborious and complex analytical approach would also likely be unsuccessful. If (1) and (2) are adequate descriptors of complex IBM dynamics, a small number of simulation runs are sufficient to estimate the relevant coefficients. The objectives of this paper are: to carry out a set of IBM simulations with individuals exhibiting a range of social and gradient-climbing behaviors to serve as test cases (Section 2); to implement an efficient procedure to calculate best-fitting parameters of equations of the form (1),(2) (Section 3); to apply this procedure to the IBM results and assess how well the resulting PDEs approximate the IBM population distributions (Section 4); and, finally, to consider what the results imply for PDE approximation approaches for social behaviors (Section 5). 2. Individual-based simulations The IBM used to generate tests cases in this paper combines a taxis-type gradient climbing behavior with attraction–repulsion and alignment responses to neighbors. [12] used a similar model to show that social interactions can enhance gradient-climbing in noisy environments. Individuals move at constant speed, here normalized to unity, within the $x-y$ plane. At regular small time intervals, $\delta t$, individuals increment their direction by a small angle change $\Delta \theta$, given by $$\Delta \theta = \Delta \theta_{\text{taxis}} + \Delta \theta_{\text{attr}} + \Delta \theta_{\text{rep}} + \Delta \theta_{\text{align}}.$$ Here, $\Delta \theta_{\text{taxis}}$ is an angle increment due to taxis, which for the $i$th individual (with $x$-position $x_i$ and heading angle $\theta_i$) is $$\Delta \theta_{\text{taxis}} = \max(0, \Delta \theta_0 + g(x, x_i) \Delta \theta_2 \cos \theta_i) \|N_i\|,$$ $\Delta \theta_0$ is a heading-independent angle increment, and $\Delta \theta_2$ is the magnitude of response to a directional signal $g(x, x)$ that depends on heading angle, $\theta$. This angle-dependence results in larger increments away from some directions, and hence a reduced probability of individuals moving in those directions. For positive values of $\Delta \theta_2$, this results in tactic movement in the positive $x$-direction when $g > 0$ and in the negative $x$-direction when $g < 0$. The directional signal may be, but does not have to be, the gradient of an attractant distribution, $S(t, x)$, in which case $g = \partial S / \partial x$. $N_i$ is chosen from a standard normal distribution at each time step for each individual. $\Delta \theta_{\text{attr}}$ is the social attraction response. At each time step, each individual censuses the number of neighbors within radius $r_{\text{attr}}$ to its right or left. If the total number of neighbors is below a target density $N_{\text{attr}}$, then $\Delta \theta_{\text{attr}} = \pm \alpha$, the sign being chosen so that the increment is towards the side with more neighbors. Otherwise, $\Delta \theta_{\text{attr}} = 0$. The repulsion response is analogous: if the total number of neighbors within a radius $r_{\text{rep}}$ exceeds $N_{\text{attr}}$, individuals turn with increment $\Delta \theta_{\text{rep}} = -\alpha$, the sign chosen so that the increment is away from the side with more neighbors. The alignment response is $\Delta \theta_{\text{align}} = \gamma \beta$, with the sign such that angle increment is towards matching the heading of a randomly chosen neighbor within a radius $r_{\text{align}}$. Over many steps, individuals with this alignment response tend to approach the mean heading of their neighbors. Four parameter sets were used in the estimation procedures; an asocial behavior, in which there are no social interactions ($x = \beta = \gamma = 0$); a swarm behavior, that included attraction and repulsion but not alignment ($x = 4, \beta = 10, \gamma = 0$); a weak alignment behavior that included attraction and repulsion with a slight tendency to align with neighbors ($x = 4, \beta = 10, \gamma = 1$); and a strong alignment behavior that included attraction and repulsion with a strong tendency to align with neighbors ($x = 4, \beta = 10, \gamma = 3$). Note that for all the social behaviors, repulsion responses dominate both attraction and alignment, and attraction exceeds alignment. The interaction distances for all the social cases were $r_{\text{rep}} = 1$ and $r_{\text{attr}} = r_{\text{align}} = 1.5$. In all simulations, periodic boundary conditions were used in both $x$- and $y$-directions. Environmental variation, when present, was only in the $x$-direction. Individuals were initially distributed with uniform random distributions in $x$ and $y$, and with probability density functions in $x$ as described below. 3. Estimation of advection–diffusion coefficients The coefficients in (1) and (2) can be efficiently estimated from IBM simulations by considering the spatially uniform case, $P(t, x) = P$ and $g(t, x) = g(t)$. In this case, the coefficients $D(P)$ and $\chi(P)$ are constant across the simulation domain. Within this uniform distribution, a subset of ‘marked’ individuals that at time 0 is in the interval $[x_1, x_2]$ subsequently has the distribution $$\hat{P}(t, x) = \frac{\bar{p}}{2} \left[ \text{erf} \left( \frac{x - x_1 - U(\bar{p})t}{\sqrt{4D(\bar{p})t}} \right) - \text{erf} \left( \frac{x - x_2 - U(\bar{p})t}{\sqrt{4D(\bar{p})t}} \right) \right],$$ where $U(\bar{p}) = \chi(\bar{p})g(t)$. The expected number of individuals in the interval $[x_3, x_4]$ at time $t$ is then $$\hat{Q}(t) = \int_{x_3}^{x_4} \hat{P}(t, x) \, dx.$$ If individuals are assumed to move independently (i.e., if most marked individuals are in different groups from each other), then the probability of observing $k$ individuals move from $[x_1, x_2]$ to $[x_3, x_4]$ in an IBM simulation over time $t$ is the Poisson probability $$\text{Prob}(k\|\hat{Q}) = \frac{\hat{Q}^k e^{-\hat{Q}}}{k!}.$$ By subdividing the domain into vertical sectors with width $\Delta L$ and recording movements of individuals between sectors at time intervals $\Delta t$, each spatially uniform simulation provides many realizations of the random movements in which to evaluate the cumulative probability from (7) for assumed values of $D(\bar{p})$ and $\chi(\bar{p})$. Minimization of the negative log-likelihood of cumulative probability across a series of $\bar{P}$ values provides a convenient means of estimating coefficients for $D(\bar{p})$ and $\chi(\bar{p})$, assuming the functional forms (2). The IBM simulations used to estimate these coefficients employed $2^{16}$ individuals moving within a spatial domain of $L_x = 324$ in the $x$-direction. Domain sizes in the $y$-direction were $L_y = 2592, 1296, 648, 486, 324,$ and $216$ to obtain a range of population densities – $P = 0.0780, 0.1561, 0.3121, 0.4682, 0.6243,$ and $0.9364$. Individuals in tight hexagonal packing at the repulsion distance, $r_{\text{rep}} = 1$, have a population density of $p_{\text{max}} = 2/\sqrt{3} = 1.1547$; thus these simulations span most of the range between zero and maximum relevant population densities. Simulations were run with time steps $\delta t = 0.025$ for up to 500 time units, with the attractant increasing linearly in time as $g(t) = g_0 t / L_{\text{max}}, g_0 = 0.125$. Parameter estimates based on subsampled data suggest these simulations were adequate to achieve convergence (Fig. 1). Likelihood-maximizing parameters with $m = 2$ for the asocial, swarm, weak align and strong align behaviors are shown in Table 1, together with 95% likelihood-based confidence regions for these parameters. The corresponding non-linear advection and diffusion coefficients are plotted in Figs. 2 and 3. Comparisons of population fluxes predicted by (1) and (2) using best-fit coefficients to fluxes observed in the spatially uniform simulations (Fig. 4) suggests that the non-linear ADEs can reproduce the simulations to which they were fitted, for each of the asocial, swarm, weak align and strong align behaviors. Key features of these results, with possible interpretations, are as follows: in the asocial case, the estimation procedure correctly determines the absence of significant density-dependence in the Fig. 1. Variability of estimated coefficients in (2) as a function of dataset size for the weakly aligning social behavior. The entire simulation dataset consisted of 336 samples; each of which represented a realization of the stochastic process in (5)–(7). Asterisks represent parameter estimates based on all 336 samples (Table 1). Points represent estimates from subsets of the samples (without replacement), i.e., 7 estimates from 48 samples each, 21 estimates from 16 samples each, and 4 estimates from 84 samples each. These plots suggest that estimates based on the complete 336 sample dataset have converged close to their true values. Convergence for the other behaviors were similar to that for the weakly aligning behavior, except for the strongly aligning behavior in which convergence was faster. Table 1 Non-linear diffusion and taxis coefficients in Eqs. (1) and (2) with $m = 2$, estimated from IBM simulations of the four focal behaviors: asocial ($x - \beta - \gamma = 0$); swarm ($x = 4, \beta = 10, \gamma = 0$); weak alignment ($x = 4, \beta = 10, \gamma = 1$) and strong alignment ($x = 4, \beta = 10, \gamma = 3$) \| Behavior \| $D_0$ \| $D_1$ \| $D_2$ \| \|-------------------\|-------------\|------------------------\|------------------------\| \| Asocial \| 1.6041 \| (1.5896,1.6187) \| -0.0478 (-0.0758...0.0195) \| 0.0238 (-0.0112,0.0602) \| \| Swarm \| 0.4957 \| (0.4926,0.499) \| -0.9273 (-0.9322...0.9222) \| 0.5932 (0.5872,0.5994) \| \| Weak align \| 0.8911 \| (0.8874,0.8949) \| -1.9143 (-1.9198...1.9086) \| 1.2188 (1.2121,1.2257) \| \| Strong align \| 3.2129 \| (3.2034,3.2226) \| -6.6818 (-6.6944...6.6689) \| 3.8585 (3.8443,3.8733) \| \| Strong adjusted \| 7.2828 \| \| 5.5716 \| 3.7126 \| \| Behavior \| $\chi_0$ \| $\chi_1$ \| $\chi_2$ \| \|-------------------\|-------------\|------------------------\|------------------------\| \| Asocial \| 0.5214 \| (0.5478,0.5548) \| 0.0017 (-0.00529,0.0087) \| -0.0033 (-0.0112,0.00565) \| \| Swarm \| 0.2203 \| (0.2182,0.2223) \| -0.3700 (-0.3737...0.3661) \| 0.2703 (0.2656,0.275) \| \| Weak align \| 0.3994 \| (0.3972,0.4017) \| -0.6417 (-0.6547...0.6376) \| 0.4163 (0.4113,0.4213) \| \| Strong align \| 0.5170 \| (0.5131,0.5208) \| 1.7363 (1.7293,1.7433) \| -1.6664 (-1.6749...1.6578) \| \| Strong adjusted \| 0.5170 \| \| 1.7363 \| -1.6664 \| Numbers in parentheses indicate the likelihood-based 95% confidence interval [18]. These parameters were obtained with $\Delta t = 81$ and $\Delta r = 40$, for $40 \leq t \leq 600$. Also shown are the ‘adjusted’ coefficients used for additional comparisons in Fig. 9. Adjusted coefficients are not maximum-likelihood estimates, so confidence regions for them are not reported. See text for additional details. advection and diffusion coefficients. Swarming behavior, in which individuals aggregate into groups but do not actively align, leads to a dramatic decrease in effective diffusion and taxis compared to the asocial behavior. An interpretation is that an unpolarized group in some sense averages the random fluctuations of its members. It is then expected that individuals diffuse less if they constrain their movement to remain within the group. Increasing population density from near zero to approximately one-half the tight packing density $P_{\text{max}}$ decreases the effective diffusion rate. This may be because the group size distribution shifts from mostly small to mostly large groups, with larger groups exerting a stronger filter on random movements. It is less clear why the directional component is lowered by social behavior. One interpretation is that frequent heading adjustments to maintain appropriate degrees of crowding disrupt directional responses to the environment. Consistent with this interpretation, addition of weak alignment responses significantly increases the effective diffusion and taxis coefficients (nearly doubling them, in this case). Alignment behaviors dampen heading adjustments due to over- and under-crowding, thereby increasing group velocity, directional persistence and sensitivity to directional cues. These changes are expected to increase diffusion and advection. However, $D$ and $\chi$ are still decreasing functions of $\bar{P}$, probably reflecting the tendency of larger groups to have lower polarity and smaller velocities than smaller groups. An interesting transition occurs when alignment increases from weak to strong. Stronger alignment results in dramatically larger diffusion and taxis coefficients, and the diffusion coefficient decreases (as before) with $\bar{P}$. However, the taxis coefficient for the strong alignment behavior increases dramatically with $\bar{P}$, over the population density range between zero and $\bar{P} \approx P_{\text{max}}/2$. This rise is consistent with previous observations of social taxis [12], in which strong alignment tended to narrow angular distributions within polarized groups climbing noisy gradients. This narrowing tendency was more pronounced as groups increased from solitary individuals to $\approx 50$ members. In the present simulations, shifts in the group size distribution across the corresponding range may account for increases in taxis. At population densities above $\approx P_{\text{max}}/2$, $\chi$ decreases with $\bar{P}$. This may be due to repulsion Fig. 2. Graphical comparison of the non-linear diffusion coefficient, $D(P)$, estimated from IBM simulations of asocial, swarm, weak align and strong align behaviors (see Table 1). Simulations were run with $2^{17}$ individuals using time steps $\delta t = 0.025$ for $t_{\text{max}} = 1800$ time units, with spatial domains $L_x = 648$, $L_y = 486$, and with $g_1 = 0.125$. Spatial distributions from the two modeling approaches at three times are presented for asocial behavior (Fig. 5), swarming (Fig. 6), weak alignment (Fig. 7) and strong alignment (Fig. 8). Also shown in these figures are the instantaneous spatial distributions of $D$, $\chi$, $U$ and $\frac{\partial}{\partial x}$, and the time series of an $R^2$ goodness-of-fit metric. These results are typical of many IBM/ADE comparisons run at both smaller and larger spatial scales. In the first two of these comparisons – for the asocial and swarming behaviors – the ADEs derived from the estimation procedure are very good approximations to the corresponding IBMs. For the weak alignment behavior, the approximation seems to be useful. However, where the ADE model results are nearly indistinguishable from the IBMs in the asocial and swarming behavior, in the weak alignment case the ADE gives small but systematic overestimates at high densities, and underestimates of low densities. These errors become dramatic for the strong alignment behavior. In this case, the population in the ADE model quickly coalesces into a much tighter distribution than in the IBM, greatly overestimating the magnitude of the population density peak and underestimating its breadth. The reasons for the tight population concentration in the ADE model are indicated by the spatial distributions of $D$ and $\chi$; the peak corresponds to a significant local increase in $\chi$, and a very large local decrease in $D$. From the IBM results, it appears that this peak (and hence presumably the $D$ and/or $\chi$ distributions that cause it) are spurious. This suggestion can be easily confirmed by arbitrarily increasing the diffusion coefficient (see Table 1), whereupon the adjusted ADE provides a very close approximation to the IBM distribution for the strong alignment behavior (Fig. 9). We have confirmed that the adjusted ADE is then a poorer fit to fluxes in the spatially uniform simulations of Section 3. This result suggests that an ADE can accurately approximate the strongly aligning spatially non-uniform Fig. 3. Graphical comparison of the non-linear taxis coefficient, $\chi(P)$, estimated from IBM simulations of asocial, swarm, weak align and strong align behaviors (see Table 1). Fig. 4. Comparison of actual fluxes in spatially uniform IBM simulations with fluxes predicted from the non-linear diffusion and taxis parameters in Table 1. Shown are plots for asocial behavior ($R^2 = 0.9975$), swarm behavior ($R^2 = 0.9705$), weak alignment behavior ($R^2 = 0.9762$), and strong alignment behavior ($R^2 = 0.9870$). Note the differences in axes, which reflect overall differences in magnitudes of fluxes. In all plots, the dashed line represents a perfect match between actual and predicted fluxes. Fig. 5. Comparison of IBM vs. ADE spatial distributions for the asocial behavior, at $t = 0$ (a), $t = 60$ (b) and $t = 180$, (c). In each of these, the left subplot shows the spatial distribution of population density from the two models (IBM: solid; ADE: dashed). In the IBM, population density is estimated by censusing individuals in 32 bins equally spaced in the $x$-domain. The right subplot shows the spatial distribution of effective diffusion coefficient, $D(P)$ (solid line); effective taxis coefficient, $\chi(P)$ (dashed line); directional agent $k = -\nabla U/x$ (dotted line); and advective velocity $U = \chi(P)/g$ (dot-dashed line). Note changes in vertical scale. Also shown (d) is the time series of an $R^2$ goodness-of-fit statistic. See text for additional details. IBM simulation. However, our estimation scheme did not identify that ADE, because an IBM of the same behavior on a different spatial domain is better approximated by a different ADE. That is, in the strongly aligning case there does not appear to be a one-to-one correspondence between individual behavior and approximating population-level ADE. The suggestion is then that effective diffusion and/or taxis are not functions (only of) of population density for the strongly aligning behavior, though they appeared to be for the asocial, swarming and weakly aligning behaviors. We can assess this suggestion independently of our estimation scheme by calculating effective diffusion directly from individuals’ mean squared displacements in both spatially uniform and non-uniform environments (Fig. 10). These results reinforce the idea that the strongly aligning behavior differs qualitatively from the other behaviors: The effective diffusion from the spatially non-uniform IBM falls on the curves from the spatially uniform IBMs for asocial, swarming and weakly aligning behaviors. However, effective diffusion from the spatially non-uniform IBM is much higher than the curve from the spatially uniform IBMs for the strongly aligning behavior. 5. Implications for PDE approximations of social behaviors In this paper, we implemented a simple estimation procedure to approximate individual-based models (IBMs) of social and taxis behaviors with non-linear advection–diffusion equations (ADEs). We obtained approximating equations for four behaviors: asocial taxis, and taxis with three social behaviors (swarming, schooling with weak alignment, and schooling with strong alignment). The asocial behavior is density-independent. This behavior has linear dynamics, and in theory the constant coefficients for population movements can be derived using existing theoretical approaches. However, in practice, there is a mismatch in complexity and detail between the realistic behaviors typically employed in ecosystem-level IBMs and the more idealized behaviors for which analyses have been developed. For the social behaviors, which have inherently non-linear dynamics, some classes of population-level approximations have been investigated (usually with integral terms), but few theoretical methods exist for linking these explicitly to specific individual-level behaviors. For both asocial and social behaviors, there is an unmet need for population-level approximations to address complex spatial dynamics relevant to current problems in basic and applied ecology. By taking a numerical rather than an analytical approach, we sacrificed some measure of generality. However, we gained flexibility in applying our procedure not only to a wide variety of individual-based behavioral models, but also potentially directly to empirical observations of organism movements for which no adequate behavioral models exist. The results of our parameter estimation are consistent with the general expectations from previous work that social behaviors have dramatic effects on effective population-level advection and diffusion. All the social behaviors resulted in substantial density-dependent non-linearities at the population level. Furthermore, details of social interactions, especially alignment, had profound effects on population-level fluxes. In real organisms, alignment (along with many other behavioral choices of individuals) likely varies facultatively among individuals over short time and space scales [14, e.g., see for an example in fish schools]. It is to be expected then that population fluxes for these organisms also change over commensurate scales. We have two principal results. The first is that our estimation procedure yielded non-linear advection–diffusion equations that usefully predicted population distributions in IBMs of asocial, swarming and weakly aligning schooling behaviors. For two of those behaviors (asocial and swarming), population distributions were nearly indistinguishable between the IBM and ADE. For the weakly aligning case, systematic differences between the IBM and ADE results were evident. However, even in this case the approximation was good – almost certainly a significant improvement over constant-coefficient ADE descriptions currently used in most large-scale ecosystem models, which entirely neglect density-dependent effects. For these behaviors, useful non-linear ADE approximations were obtained easily and with little computational effort. The computer time required to estimate parameters from short-term, small-scale IBMs and then to integrate the ADE solutions was lower than the direct simulation of the larger IBM. Furthermore, this is a one-time cost: the non-linear ADE can be applied to many different population distributions and environments, without re-estimating parameters, as long as the underlying movement behaviors are consistent. For models addressing real-world ecological problems, which are much more complex and costly, we expect the computational gains to be substantial. From the reduced computational requirements, and the analytical advantages of ADEs (however obtained), it appears beneficial to employ simple numerical estimation schemes like ours where analytical derivations of ADE approximations to IBM behaviors are unavailable or impossible. Furthermore, for behaviors similar to those in which the estimation procedure produced an accurate approximation, our results suggest that analytical derivations would be useful if they were made available. Our second principal result is that our attempts to approximate population distributions that school with strong alignment with non-linear ADEs were not successful. For this behavior, we simulated IBM population distributions in two environments, one spatially uniform and the other spatially non-uniform. Each was well approximated by a non-linear ADE. However, we found no single ADE that adequately described population distributions in both environments. Whether poor predictive skill of the approximating ADE for the strongly aligning IBM model has broader pessimistic implications for using ADEs to approximate strongly aligning social behaviors depends on whether the estimation procedure failed, or whether these populations are in general not well described by any PDE that has an ADE functional form. A limitation of ADEs in general is that they describe population movements accurately only in the so-called diffusion limit. Essentially this means that environmental and population density gradients must be small at the correlation length scales of individual movements. This condition is not satisfied at the leading edge of a population spreading from an initially compact distribution. In this case, the leading edge can advance at no more than the maximum movement speed of individuals, but the diffusion approximation predicts that the tail of the population distribution instantaneously spans the entire spatial domain (that is, the ADE is parabolic). If at the appropriate diffusion rate individuals in the IBM spread more slowly than expected, our estimation procedure may compensate by lowering its estimate of $D$. Consistent with this, our procedure underestimated $D$. However, the magnitude of this error is dependent on the time and space intervals $\Delta L$ and $\Delta T$. The ADE coefficients estimated by our scheme were consistent across large variations in $\Delta L$ and $\Delta T$. Hence, though we cannot exclude the possibility that our estimates had small... Fig. 8. Comparison of IBM vs. ADE spatial distributions for the strongly aligning schooling behavior, at $t = 0$ (a), $t = 60$ (b) and $t = 180$ (c). In each of these, the left subplot shows the spatial distribution of population density from the two models (IBM: solid; ADE: dashed). In the IBM, population density is estimated by censusing individuals in 32 bins equally spaced in the $x$-domain. The right subplot shows the spatial distribution of effective diffusion coefficient, $D(P)$ (solid line); effective taxis coefficient, $\chi(P)$ (dashed line); directional signal $g = \chi S/\chi$ (dotted line); and advective velocity $U = \chi/P g$ (dot-dashed line). Note changes in vertical scale. Also shown (d) is the time series of an $R^2$ goodness-of-fit statistic. See text for additional details. Inaccuracies, it is unlikely that this type of error underlies the large discrepancies between the strongly aligning IBM and the best-fit ADE. We believe the alternative, more pessimistic explanation – that strongly aligning populations do not obey any sort of ADE dynamics of the form (1) – is more central to the poor accuracy of the approximation found by our estimation procedure. According to this explanation, the effective diffusion and taxis coefficients are not functions only of local population density (as they must be in (1)). Instead, strongly social populations with the same density can have different effective diffusion and taxis coefficients depending on non-local variations in population density and environment. To assess whether different effective diffusion can occur at similar population densities, we estimated diffusion from individual trajectories under comparable conditions in the two environmental configurations we used in our simulations (Fig. 10). Mean squared displacements of these trajectories gave inconsistent estimates of effective diffusion, with a higher effective diffusion in the spatially non-uniform than in the spatially uniform case. This is inconsistent with effective diffusivity being strictly a function of population density. Thus a key assumption underlying the functional form (1) appears to be violated. The simplest explanation for the differences we observed in effective diffusion is that, if individuals travel at constant speeds (as they did in our simulations), diffusion and advection velocity are not independent (e.g., [9]). For example, high population-level advection speed can occur only if the heading angle distribution is very tight. This necessarily implies a low diffusion. Hence diffusion and advection co-vary as a function of the heading angle distribution. However, this covariation is quantitatively small until advection velocities are quite close to individuals’ travel speed. We attempted to account for this co-variation by modifying (1)). Specifically, we assumed that the heading angles of individuals at each $x$-position followed Wrapped Cauchy distributions. We used local advection velocities to estimate the local-scale parameters for these distributions, from which we calculated the corresponding decrement in effective diffusion. Neither the best-fit coefficients nor the accuracy of the approximating ADE were significantly changed by this modification. This is probably because, in our simulations, advection velocity rarely approaches individuals’ Fig. 9. This IBM vs. ADE comparison is the same as that in Fig. 8, except that the coefficients have been ‘adjusted’ by arbitrarily increasing the parameter $D_0$ (see Table 1). This adjustment is not in any way optimized. Nonetheless, this comparison shows that an ADE approximation is possible that predicts spatially non-uniform population distributions in the strongly aligning schooling IBM much better than the parameters estimated from the spatially uniform simulations. travel speed (e.g., Figs. 5–9). Thus, we believe this explanation is not sufficient to explain the non-ADE dynamics we observed in strongly aligning populations. A fuller explanation probably centers around more complex differences in the underlying distributions of group size, polarity and heading angles in the two spatial configurations. Strong alignment has effects not only within groups; it also tends to produce alignment among groups at larger spatial scales. This is because groups that differ greatly in heading are likely to encounter each other frequently, and subsequently both assume intermediate heading angles. Thus groups with ‘minority’ heading angles tend to reorient more than groups with ‘majority’ heading angles, reinforcing the consensus direction. In our spatially uniform simulations, there was no extrinsic mechanism to limit the length scale of this larger-scale alignment. The result was a high degree of polarity across the entire population, reflected in small diffusion coefficients, and high fluxes, reflected in large taxis coefficients. In contrast, fluxes in the spatially variable case (Fig. 8) approached zero as the population distribution approached equilibrium. Zero flux is incompatible with population-wide polarity. If strong alignment promotes polarity at greater than small length scales, and zero flux precludes polarity at large length scales, the likely result would seem to be polarity at intermediate scales. The proposed explanation is then that, in the presence of strong alignment, coherent meso-scale polarized structures arise in the zero-flux case but not the constant flux cases. These meso-scale structures significantly increase effective diffusion (as in Fig. 10), in ways that cannot be predicted from local population density and environment alone. While our initial, simple ADE form appears inadequate to approximate population-level fluxes arising from social behaviors with strong alignment, it seems likely that a similar numerical approach using more suitable types of PDEs might prove successful. A possible experimental and theoretical analog for this has already been described in recent literature as ‘low Reynolds number turbulence’ arising in some dense populations of bacteria as a result of neighbor–neighbor contact and hydrodynamic forcing [3,7,16,29]. PDE forms abstracted from this and other fluid mechanics-inspired treatments of multi-scale spatial processes seem to be a good starting point from which to begin future approximation efforts. Fig. 10. Comparisons of the non-linear diffusion coefficient, $D/P$, estimated directly from mean squared deviations of movements in IBM simulations of asocial, swarm, weak align and strong align behaviors. Solid symbols represent estimates from the spatially non-uniform simulations (Figs. 5–8) from Section 4. Open symbols represent estimates from the spatially uniform simulations in Section 3. Effective diffusion is consistent between the uniform and non-uniform simulations for asocial, swarming and weakly aligning social behaviors. However, for the strongly aligning social behavior, the effective diffusion is much higher in the spatially non-uniform simulation than in the spatially uniform simulation. All estimates are based on individual movements over time interval $40 < t < 42$ s for individuals within the spatial interval $310 < x < 330$ at $t = 40$. In both spatial and non-spatial simulations, this time and space interval has comparable, approximately constant directional signal, $\|g\| \approx 0.125$. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (award EF-0434340 to D.G.). The manuscript was greatly improved by discussions with S.A. Levin, J.M. Moehlis, and Y.G. Kevrekidis; by insightful suggestions from an anonymous reviewer; and by stimulating lectures and discussions at the 2007 BIOCOMP conference. KC gratefully acknowledges support from the Sir Edward Youde Memorial Fund. E.T. and M.T.N. also acknowledge support from Washington State Sea grant (NA040AR170032 to D.G.). References [1] M. Adiou, J.P. Treuil, O. Arino, Alignment in a fish school: a mixed Lagrangian-Eulerian approach, Ecol. Model., 167 (1–2) (2003) 19. [2] W. 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This Agreement made and entered into this April 1, 2021, by and between the City of Clinton, Oklahoma, hereinafter referred to as “City,” and Sinor Emergency Medical Service, Inc., hereinafter referred to as “SEMS,” is as follows: In consideration of mutual covenants and agreements as hereinafter set forth, the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. SEMS agrees to provide for the City of Clinton, Oklahoma Basic Life Support (BLS) level ambulance service as defined by the licensing requirements of the Oklahoma State Health Department Protective Health Services Emergency Medical Services Division (PHS-EMSD), supported by a sufficient number of adequately trained staff inclusive of a minimum of one (1) paramedic per 24 hour shift, three (3) complete, centrally located, ambulance vehicles with equipment sufficient and necessary to meet most emergencies. 2. SEMS agrees to maintain the equipment and the service it provides in such a manner as to qualify for Medicare and Medicaid Benefits. SEMS Agrees to furnish complete twenty-four (24) hour ambulance service to the public as described in Paragraph 1 above. 3. The City agrees to provide, at its expense, emergency dispatch service for the ambulance service provided by SEMS. Said service shall be through the police department and E-911 dispatch of the City of Clinton, Oklahoma. SEMS agrees to furnish answering services at its expense where its representatives can be reached immediately at any time twenty-four (24) hours a day. 4. SEMS agrees to maintain liability insurance, property damage insurance, collision and comprehensive insurance coverage in such amounts as required by the laws of the State of Oklahoma. SEMS agrees to hold the City harmless for any and all liability claims relating to the ambulance service provided by SEMS except such claims caused by the negligent or intentional acts of the City. SEMS shall endorse the City on the automobile, professional liability and workers compensation policies as an additional insured and shall furnish the City a certificate of said insurance. 5. SEMS agrees to furnish and pay for any and all employees or drivers necessary to furnish twenty-four (24) hour ambulance service above described. SEMS shall pay all employees employed by it as well as all withholding or social security tax which may become due. 6. SEMS agrees to meet all Oklahoma Statutory requirements and licensing requirements and provide copies of all licenses to the City Clerk of Clinton, Oklahoma. 7. The City agrees to pay to SEMS on a monthly basis, a fee of $19,200. Said payments are to commence on April 1, 2020 and continue on the 1st day of each month thereafter during the term of this agreement. 8. All proceeds and income used in the operation of the aforesaid service shall belong to SEMS. SEMS agrees to maintain at all times a list of rates for normal and customary ambulance services on file with the City Clerk of Clinton, OK. Rates may be adjusted during the contract period as necessitated by changes in insurance allowables or the Medicare rate structure. Please refer to Example A for current ambulance service rates. Example A: \| Description of Service \| Rate \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| Basic Life Support (BLS) Non-Emergency Transport \| $600 \| \| Advanced Life Support (ALS) Non-Emergency Transport \| $750 \| \| BLS Emergency Transport \| $850 \| \| ALS Emergency Transport \| $900 \| \| ALS-2 Emergency Transport \| $1,000 \| \| Specialty Care Transport \| $1,100 \| \| Mileage (per loaded mile) \| $16 \| \| Treatment with No Transport \| $50 \| 9. It is further understood and agreed that in consideration and payment of the fees pursuant to this agreement, all City of Clinton, OK residents assign to SEMS all ambulance benefits they or any covered family member may otherwise be entitled to receive from any insurance or third-party payor for services provided under this agreement. SEMS will file insurance claims for services rendered at current customary rates. Ultimately, the patient will be responsible for full payment of ambulance services rendered at the current customary rates. 10. In the event the City believes that SEMS is not complying with the terms of this agreement, the City shall notify SEMS in writing of any problems or requirements, or its opinion that SEMS is not complying with this agreement or furnishing adequate service. SEMS shall then have thirty (30) days after receipt of such notice to correct any such problems or requirements. 11. SEMS agrees to provide a monthly report to the office of the City Manager which shall include information on the number of runs, response times, call type analysis, complaint record with resolution, and special activities. 12. As required by state law or statute, SEMS shall provide such financial records pertaining to EMS operations in the City of Clinton as may be necessary in the event of an audit of the City and/or its departments. The audit will be performed in accordance with Government Auditing Standards for Performance Audits. SEMS will not be responsible for the cost of the audit. 13. SEMS agrees to purchase, install and maintain passive GPS tracking devices in each unit garaged in Clinton. Records of GPS activity will be made available to the City Manager upon 48 hours written request. At no time will patient identifiable data be relinquished to the City. 14. The City agrees to protect the market exclusivity of its contract with SEMS as the exclusive provider of 911 emergency, non-emergency, and patient transfer requests originating within the City of Clinton. In exchange SEMS will maintain a response plan in the event SEMS becomes overwhelmed by calls for emergency service, which will include neighboring ground and air medical transport services. 15. SEMS and the City agree that the term of this agreement shall be for a period of one (1) year commencing April 1, 2021 and ending March 31, 2022, PROVIDED that this contract shall be automatically renewed for additional terms of one year if neither party gives written notice of intent to terminate at least 120 days before the expiration dates of March 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024. On or before March 31, 2024, the parties shall renegotiate a new complete contract. Any of the automatic renewals as herein set forth shall be subject to all terms and conditions of this contract. AMBULANCE SERVICE AGREEMENT Signature Page CITY OF CLINTON ______________________________ DAVID BERRONG, MAYOR DATE _______________________ ATTEST: ______________________________ AMY JONES, CITY CLERK SINOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE ______________________________ ANNE LAMBETH, PRESIDENT DATE _______________________ ATTEST: ______________________________ JOHNNY RED, VICE PRESIDENT SINOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE, INC. 1101 WEST FRISCO AVENUE CLINTON, OK 73601 PHONE: 580.323.1978-FAX: 866.369.2137 Robert, I believe this is ready. I have changed the start date giving the council the ability to start this term in April, given that we have actually been out of contract since September. Also attached is a chart that is a side by side comparison of the changes from the previous agreement to the new one we are proposing. Thanks, JR TEAM SEMS Sinor Emergency Medical Service 1101 Frisco Ave. Clinton, OK 73601 Johnny L Red 580.309.1555 \| Item \| Current \| Proposed \| Justification \| \|------\|---------\|----------\|---------------\| \| 1 \| ALS Service \| BLS Service \| This is a Licensing item, not necessarily a service-level item. The goal is to maintain flexibility with our 4th, non-contracted unit and remain in compliance with OSDH rules. Paramedic level service will continue. \| \| 7 \| $4.50/meter \| $19,200 Flat Rate \| The flat rate is a historical average. It simplifies the accounting and budgeting of the subsidy. \| \| 8 \| End of contract period. \| During contract period. \| Allows SEMS to be current with changes to major insurance carrier reimbursement rates. \| \| 10:9 \| Waives coinsurance and deductibles, gives discount structure \| Removes discounts \| Stabilizes billing. Discount will be available through a voluntary membership program. \| \| 11 \| ESB \| Removes reference to board \| Antiquated \| \| 12:10 \| 30 day notice. \| 30 day notice. Language is cleaned up. \| Housekeeping \| \| 14:13 \| Combined paragraph \| GPS is its own item \| Housekeeping \| \| 14 \| NA \| Market Exclusivity \| To insure that SEMS's commitment and utilization is protected. \| This Agreement made and entered into this May 15, 2018, by and between the City of Clinton, Oklahoma, hereinafter referred to as “City,” and Sinor Emergency Medical Service, Inc., hereinafter referred to as “SEMS,” is as follows: In accordance with Okla Stat § 23-105, and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements as hereinafter set forth, the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. SEMS agrees to provide for the city of Clinton, Oklahoma Advanced Life Support (ALS) level ambulance service as defined by the licensing requirements of the Oklahoma State Health Department Protective Health Services Emergency Medical Services Division (PHS-EMSD), supported by a sufficient number of adequately trained staff inclusive of a minimum of one (1) paramedic per 24 hour shift, three (3) complete, centrally located, ambulance vehicles with equipment sufficient and necessary to meet most emergencies. 2. SEMS agrees to maintain the equipment and the service it provides in such a manner as to qualify for Medicare and Medicaid Benefits. SEMS Agrees to furnish complete twenty-four (24) hour ambulance services to the public as described in Paragraph 1 above. 3. The City agrees to provide, at its expense, emergency dispatch service for the ambulance service provided by SEMS and shall route all requests for Emergency Medical Services to SEMS. Said service shall be through the police department and E-911 dispatch of the City of Clinton, Oklahoma. SEMS agrees to furnish answering services at its expense where its representatives can be reached immediately at any time twenty-four (24) hours a day. 4. SEMS agrees to maintain liability insurance, property damage insurance, collision and comprehensive insurance coverage in such amounts as required by the laws of the State of Oklahoma. SEMS agrees to hold the City harmless for any and all liability claims and shall endorse the City on the automobile, professional liability and workers compensation policies as an additional insured and to furnish the City a certificate of said insurance. 5. SEMS agrees to furnish and pay for any and all employees or drivers necessary to furnish twenty-four (24) hour ambulance service above described. SEMS shall pay all employees employed by it as well as all withholding or social security tax which may become due. 6. SEMS agrees to meet all Oklahoma Statutory requirements and licensing requirements and provide copies of all licenses to the City Clerk of Clinton, Oklahoma. 7. The City agrees to pay to SEMS on a monthly basis, a non-prorated sum equal to $4.50 times the number of connected, non-agricultural, water meters which deliver water to users within the city limits of the City as set forth in Ordinance No. 872. Said payments to commence on ____________, 2018, and continue on the 1st day of each month thereafter during the term of this agreement. A report of connected Clinton addresses shall be provided electronically to SEMS at the beginning of each calendar month. 8. All proceeds and income used in the operation of the aforesaid service shall belong to SEMS. SEMS agrees to maintain, at all times, a list of rates for normal and customary ambulance services on file with the City Clerk of Clinton, Oklahoma, and said rates shall not be changed by SEMS unless there has been a hearing before the City Council of the City of Clinton, Oklahoma, and they approve such proposed rate change. Rates may only be adjusted at the end of the contract period, or as necessitated by changes in insurance allowables or the Medicare fee schedule. 9. Customary rates effective June 1, 2018, for ambulance services shall be as follows: \| Description of Service \| Rate \| \|-------------------------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| Basic Life Support (BLS) Non-Emergency Transport \| $600 \| \| Advanced Life Support (ALS) Non-Emergency Transport \| $750 \| \| BLS Emergency Transport \| $850 \| \| ALS Emergency Transport \| $900 \| \| ALS-2 Emergency Transport \| $1,000 \| \| Specialty Care Transport Treatment with No Transport \| $1,100 \| \| Mileage (per loaded mile) \| $16 \| *Rate structure is determined by the criteria set forth by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. https://www.cms.gov/AmbulanceFeeSchedule/02_afspuf.asp 10. SEMS will file insurance claims for service provided to resident participants at current customary rates as listed in item 9. In consideration of the payments to SEMS pursuant to paragraph 7 of this Agreement, SEMS agrees that it shall accept payment from a resident participant’s primary, including any applicable secondary insurances, as payment in full for its services, and shall not bill resident for deductibles, coinsurance, or other cost-sharing amounts due under their insurance plan for covered ambulance services. SEMS further agrees that it shall not bill resident participants for emergency ambulance services to the extent such resident participant has no medical benefit coverage or their insurance should deny payment; provided, however, that the resident participant shall be responsible for a mileage fee equal to fifty percent (50%) of the current prevailing mileage fee to the extent the emergency ambulance transport originates or terminates outside the city limits. Non-emergency ambulance transports that are not approved by the resident participant’s insurance shall be billed to the resident participant at a discounted rate of fifty percent (50%) of the current prevailing non-emergency base rate charges and fifty percent (50%) of the current prevailing mileage charge. 11. SEMS Agrees to participate on an Emergency Service Board with Hospital Administrator, Mayor, City Manager, City Safety Director, Fire Chief and Police Chief. 12. In the event the City believes that SEMS is not complying with the terms of this agreement, the City shall notify SEMS of any problems or requirements or its opinion that SEMS is not complying with this agreement or furnishing adequate service. SEMS shall then have thirty (30) days after receipt of such notice to correct any such problems or requirements. Provided, that if SEMS believes that it is complying and that the City is incorrect, a special meeting of the Ambulance Emergency Services Board (Section 11) will be held to discuss whether or not SEMS is in compliance. At such hearing, either side may present testimony or evidence in support of their respective position. The Emergency Services Board will decide whether or not SEMS is in compliance. If the Ambulance Emergency Services Board determines that SEMS is not in compliance, SEMS shall have thirty (30) days to correct any such problems, and in the event SEMS fails to correct any such problems or requirements, the City may terminate this agreement. 13. SEMS agrees to provide a monthly report to the office of the City Manager which shall include information on the number of runs, response time, call type analysis, complaint record with resolution, and special activities. 14. As required by state law or statute, SEMS shall provide such financial records pertaining to EMS operations in the City of Clinton as may be necessary in the event of an audit of the City and or its departments. The audit will be performed in accordance with Government Auditing Standards for Performance Audits. SEMS will not be responsible for the cost of the audit. SEMS agrees to purchase, install and maintain passive GPS tracking devices in each unit garaged in Clinton. Records of GPS activity will be made available to the City Manager upon 48 hours written request. At no time will patient identifiable data be relinquished to the City. 15. SEMS and the City agree that the term of this agreement shall be for a period of one (1) year commencing ________________, 2018, ending ________________, 2019, PROVIDED that this contract shall be automatically renewed for additional terms of one year if neither party gives written notice of intent to terminate at least 120 days before the expiration dates of ________________, 2019, 2020, and 2021. On or before ________________, 2021, the parties shall renegotiate a new complete contract, any of the automatic renewals as herein set forth shall be subject to all terms and conditions of this contract. AMBULANCE SERVICE AGREEMENT Signature Page CITY OF CLINTON David Berrong, MAYOR 5-15-18 DATE SINOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES Anne Lambeth ANNE LAMBETH, PRESIDENT 5/18/2018 DATE ATTEST: Linda Sinor LINDA SINOR, SECRETARY (Seal) SINOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE, INC. 1101 WEST FRISCO AVENUE CLINTON, OK 73601 PHONE: 580.323.1978-FAX: 580.323.3138 -----Original Message----- From: Lisa Anders [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.org] Sent: Thursday, July 9, 2020 11:04 AM To: Johnny Red <email@example.com> Cc: Gene McCullough <firstname.lastname@example.org> Subject: SEMS Attached are the minutes from the May 15, 2018 meeting. It states that it will go into effect June 1, 2018. The document that is in the City's files has blank dates just like the document that you have. The only date filled in is the date of May 15, 2018 on the first page. Lisa Anders City Clerk City of Clinton, OK -----Original Message----- From: email@example.com [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.org] Sent: Thursday, July 09, 2020 11:00 AM To: Lisa Anders Subject: Attached Image ORDINANCE NO. 872 AN ORDINANCE MODIFYING THE FEE TO FUND EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE FOR CITIZENS OF CLINTON, OKLAHOMA AND BUSINESS USERS OF CITY OF CLINTON, OKLAHOMA WATER AND DECLARING AN EMERGENCY WHEREAS, The City of Clinton, Oklahoma and Clinton Public Works Authority desire to provide emergency medical services to the Citizens of City of Clinton, Oklahoma and Business Users of City of Clinton, Oklahoma water; and, WHEREAS, there is an agreement between The City of Clinton, Oklahoma and Sinor Emergency Medical Services, Inc., dated January 8, 2004, for emergency medical services; WHEREAS, said agreement designates certain fee increases; and, WHEREAS, the cost of said emergency medical services should be born by the private and business citizens. NOW THEREFORE, be it ordained by the City Council of The City of Clinton and Clinton Public Works Authority that a fee of Four Dollars and Fifty Cents ($4.50) for the period October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005 and a fee of Five Dollars ($5.00) for the period October 1, 2005 through September 30, 2006, shall be assessed and billed hereby to each user along with the regular monthly bill for water, sanitary sewer, solid waste, or other utility service provided by said Clinton Public Works Authority or City of Clinton together with such penalties as are now or may hereafter be established by said Clinton Public Works Authority or City of Clinton. PROVIDED FURTHER, in the event that any person, firm or corporation shall tender as payment of water service, sanitary sewer service, solid waste service, and ambulance service an amount insufficient to pay in full all of the charges so billed, credit shall be given first to delinquent charges from previous billings and then to the charge for the availability of ambulance service. The balance will be prorated to the balances of water, sewer, solid waste and surcharges. PROVIDED FURTHER, in the event that any utility account shall become delinquent, water services or any other city utility service may be terminated until all delinquent charges for water, sewer, solid waste, surcharges and assessment of ambulance service shall have been paid in full. The provisions of collection provided herein shall be cumulative to any rights or remedies, which the City of Clinton may have under the laws of the State of Oklahoma. Section 1. The charges herein established for the availability of ambulance service shall be billed to each user monthly along with the bill for water and other utility services and will carry the same due date, grace periods, and penalties as are now or may hereafter be established for water service bills. Section 2. Each individual residence shall be charged $4.50 for the period October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005 and $5.00 for the period October 1, 2005 through September 30, 2006. In the event a single residence has more than one (1) meter, such residence shall only be charged for one (1) meter. Section 3. Multi-Family residences shall be charged $4.50 for the period October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005 and $5.00 for the period October 1, 2005 through September 30, 2006 for each residence utilizing the fee schedule currently in use for the solid waste service. This schedule may be modified from time to time as may be necessary. Section 4. There will be no charge for Agriculture Meters. Agriculture meters are defined as meters that served as the water supply for animals rather than residences. Section 5. The Clinton Public Schools shall pay a flat fee monthly. Section 6. The Churches of Clinton shall each pay a single fee monthly of $4.50 for the period October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005 and $5.00 for the period October 1, 2005 through September 30, 2006. Section 7. Each Hospital on City of Clinton water service shall pay a single fee monthly of $4.50 for the period October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005 and $5.00 for the period October 1, 2005 through September 30, 2006. Section 8. The fee for all other non-residential uses of City of Clinton water shall be set at $4.50 per month for the period October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005, with a maximum charge of $9.00 per month, and $5.00 per month for the period October 1, 2005 through September 30, 2006, with a maximum charge of $10.00 per month. WHEREFORE, an emergency is hereby declared to exist and this ordinance shall be in full force and effect immediately from and after its passage and proof of publication. Passed and approved this 7th day of September, 2004. LYNN NORMAN, Mayor ATTEST: LISA ANDERS, City Clerk
Inquiring through the appreciative, interactive perspective of Situational Analysis Jean Annan & Anna Priestley ABSTRACT Situational Analysis is a framework for analysing complex situations and identifying key principles for effective action. It is one of many inquiry frameworks available to networks of professionals, within and across educational settings, who are collaborating to enhance the learning and wellbeing of all children in their schools. The Situational Analysis process is described in this article, making particular reference to interdisciplinary networks in which shared activity is the key driver for strengthening professional practice. The framework is an interactive, appreciative inquiry process that balances structure with flexibility to accommodate the range of sense-making processes present in diverse environments. Ten discrete steps are divided into four broad stages: setting up, data gathering, analysing and synthesising, and taking action. In this article, each step is detailed to guide the facilitation of inquiry or research projects. Key words: Inquiry, framework, positive, ecological, interactive, education, psychology INTRODUCTION Situational Analysis (Annan, 2005) is an ecological, appreciative framework used to formulate data-supported inquiries. The framework guides professionals to examine interaction across social and cultural contexts by structuring shared, inquiry activity in real-life situations. Applied in educational settings, contextualised frameworks such as the Situational Analysis illuminate the views, aspirations and cultural practices of those people involved with children’s learning and wellbeing and engender authentic knowledge exchange, shared sense-making and connected activity. Situational Analysis enables people working together to: » Inquire about learning and wellbeing across multiple settings from the perspectives of participants » Identify positive supports for learning and wellbeing » Engage in collaborative sense-making with others » Collaborate in planning of new action » Implement new activity within and across settings » Build effective new practices on the strongest foundations of learning and wellbeing. The framework was developed to guide positively-focused inquiries by psychologists whose work involves understanding situations from ecological viewpoints and facilitating new activity in the broad and unique contexts of people’s lives. Since its inception, we have observed that facilitated Situational Analysis is equally applicable for inquiries undertaken by teachers and school leaders. Although it has been regularly applied by psychologists to structure systems-level educational projects in schools and health facilities, extending Situational Analysis use to networked learning communities has the potential to reach significantly more students through the deprivatisation and continuous improvement aspects inherent in the process. Situational Analysis involves two interrelated aspects, both of which are integral to the framework. One aspect is the perspective, which encompasses the theoretical underpinnings of the framework, and the other is the structure that guides procedures. Perspective: Key Understandings Underpinning Situational Analysis The Situational Analysis framework is semi-structured to support predictability and integrity throughout the inquiry process and, being broad and open in terms of content, provides ample space for negotiation of the specific nature of activity within the frame. It is designed to encourage deep understanding of learning environments, appreciation of foundational supports and the design of new environments that are relevant for people, time and place. Four key ideas underpin the Situational Analysis. They are: » Appreciative view » Ecological perspective » Data supported decision-making » Negotiated participation and collaboration Appreciative view An integral component of the Situational Analysis is its positive, appreciative perspective. The focus of inquiry using this framework is not to identify and fill gaps but to move from a starting point, wherever that may be, in the direction of progress. Existing strengths, learning and environmental supports for learning and wellbeing are identified when embarking on Situational Analysis inquiries in order to identify strong foundations for new learning. When the current and past learning of students or teachers is acknowledged, and when their intentions to move to their next steps are not perceived as efforts to make up deficits, positive outcomes are promoted (Seligman, Ernst, Gillham & Linkins, 2009). Without knowledge of those events and relationships that are sound, effective or nurturing, freshly planned educational activity may inadvertently interfere with vital supports. Positive approaches have at times been misunderstood as practices that ignore difficult circumstances but this has never been the intention of positive psychology (Peterson, 2008). When a positive view is taken, events and situations are simply considered from different angles. The appreciative view, an integral part of the Situational Analysis, extends across the contexts involved, for example, identifying and building on supportive relationships and teaching practices. While these helpful aspects of situations are foregrounded, presenting challenges are not ignored; the focus moves from what we don’t want to what we do want. Programmes of change consider the direction of progress and identify possible ‘next steps’. In a nutshell, positive approaches work to make shifts from ‘This is where we are now’, to, ‘What will help moving forward’. Ecological perspective Contexts of learning are living systems comprising learning and teaching interactions across social and cultural environments. Interactive theorists such as Bronfenbrenner (1979), Vygotsky (1978) and Engeström (1983), Klemenčič (2015), Feuerstein (2010) and Siemens (2006) have described the social complexity of learning and the development of children and all learners, proposing that children and adults do not learn in isolation but in relationship with others. Learning environments are depicted as complex and dynamic, with ongoing new learning assuring their continual reshaping. Interactive theories underscore the value of schools and communities learning about children’s environments from the multiple perspectives of children, families, communities and schools before making hasty changes. And, as all parts of ecological systems impact on one another, understanding interactive learning environments involves academic learning along with physical, social and psychological wellbeing (Anderson & Graham, 2016; Lee, 2010). Today, this includes the cyber world. Siemens (2006) observed that, in the information age, longstanding boundaries are in constant flux, with the social environment, connected globally through the internet, introducing ever-increasing opportunities for social connection. The influences on children’s stories of themselves and the world is now impacted more directly by local and global socio-political environments. Data-supported decision-making Situational Analysis provides predictability in circumstances that call for a wide range of participant-determined interpretations and actions. Predictability, generated through mutual understanding of the broad framework and the sequence of stages and tasks, enhances levels of trust and perceived integrity of the process (see Fisher & Brown, 1989). Data threads through the Situational Analysis in a coherent way, with each step being shaped by the findings of the previous step. The focus of the inquiry (e.g. wellbeing, engagement, social relationships, learning) is justified on the basis of information at hand. This information generates hypotheses, or hunches, about possible influences on the focus topic, these hypotheses being used to shape the collection of further data. An integral aspect of the Situational Analysis is the requirement to collect multiple sets of data from various sources and different settings to strengthen the internal validity of the analysis. This allows data to be triangulated and to generate broad and deep understandings though the integration of diverse perspectives on the same situations. Sense is made of the data collected through identification of themes and the relationships among the themes. This sense-making gives rise to principles that guide the planning of changes and their subsequent implementation. The outcomes of the implementation provide data on which the cycle of inquiry can be evaluated. Negotiated participation and collaboration In most cases, the Situational Analysis is facilitated by a leader or core team for an inquiry. The facilitation and coordination role in inquiries helps check that the process remains focused on its purpose, is carried out collaboratively, proceeds with integrity and is meaningful for everyone involved. However, while key analyses may be made by a core group of a team or community, decisions must reflect the data collected and represent the voices of those who have contributed information. Structure: The Situational Analysis Process in Action The Situational Analysis progresses through four major stages. These are: 1. Setting up 2. Data Collection 3. Sense-making - analysis and synthesis 4. Taking action. Within each of the four stages are steps, or ‘tasks’. Steps may occur simultaneously during the setting up stage when the inquiry is focused, reframed and negotiated. The three following stages generally proceed in a more linear way although, particularly during data gathering, they may loop back and forth. Threaded through all activity in these stages are the four theoretical aspects of the Situational Analysis; the inquiry is appreciatively focused, ecologically conceptualised, negotiated and collaborative and systematic (see figure 1). Although the majority of inquiries begin at the first step, the cyclic framework can also be applied in a ‘hop on, hop off’ way. For example, if participants have, at the outset, decided to test and then refine a particular approach to suit their learning environment, they would begin at Step 8, planning to take action. The review of action at Step 10 would lead to and inform Step 1, the focusing of a more in depth inquiry in which the approach would be refined. 1. Setting up The setting up stage is critical because it largely determines the way each subsequent stage proceeds. A key role for facilitators is to negotiate and communicate with participants about the process ahead so that the process can be shaped to align with particular cultural contexts and broad tasks can be predicted, even though specific actions of the inquiry are yet to be detailed. During the setting up stage, participants focus the inquiry (Step 1 on the Situational Analysis diagram), ensure the perspective is appreciative (Step 2) and negotiate the process ahead (Step 3). Facilitators or coordinators of inquiries consider the following: a. The purpose and focus of the inquiry A Situational Analysis inquiry begins when a group of people want to find out more about a topic of interest or a mutual challenge. The shared interest or challenge becomes the focus of the inquiry (e.g. student-teacher inter-agency, school-wide systems to support children’s wellbeing, student engagement in learning activity, providing learning support for individual children) and may emerge in a variety of ways. For example, the focus may reflect participants’ observations of teaching practice, review of students’ achievement scores, or parent reports of their children’s interactions at home. Since, most often, each participant enters the inquiry with a particular view... of the topic and reason for wanting to be involved, the inquiry focus is always negotiated and refined to ensure that it is mutually understood, valued and relevant to the participants. The process of negotiating the focus of the inquiry means exchanging and examining the multiple and diverse views the inquiry group members have of the same topic. This exchange of views contributes greatly to the quality of the inquiry because shared understanding of the focus binds the participant group. It is worth spending time clarifying, and even documenting, the focus and outlining the procedures ahead. The negotiation of the focus results in collaboratively scripted inquiry questions. For example, teachers may ask, “How can we support children to take agency in their learning?”, “How can we differentiate the writing programme for all young people?”, or, “How can we develop a school-wide system of support for the wellbeing of all students?” b. Appreciative reframing The appreciative framework encourages participants to view presenting situations as starting points; it supports those involved to advance from where they are to where they wish to be. Although inquiries are often precipitated when problems are noticed, once the problems have been acknowledged, the inquiry focus can be reframed to centre on what is desired. That is, very quickly, the group begins to focus on finding out about what supports a good outcome. Facilitators work to ensure that this positive, appreciative view is maintained throughout the inquiry and does not default to a search for deficits. What we are looking for, will largely determine what we see. As Cooperrider and Whitney (2007) observed, ‘People grow in the directions in which they inquire’. c. Participation Participation of those who will be involved in and inform the inquiry is determined by the specific precipitating circumstances. For example, an inquiry about children’s wellbeing would call for the participation of children and those whose actions influence their wellbeing. The participant group may, however, extend to include new people as the inquiry progresses. Shared and negotiated understanding of participant roles within the inquiry can help streamline procedures and maintain relationships. d. Baseline information Baseline information must be gathered early as views of any presenting situation change from the moment an inquiry is initiated. Baseline information may comprise various forms ranging from individuals’ stories to quantified achievement data. Information available at the beginning of the inquiry is recorded early and stored so that it can be compared with end-of-inquiry data. e. Ethical, professional and cultural considerations. Ethical principles relevant to the professions or workplaces of participants are discussed and articulated at the setting up stage (e.g. respect for participants and cultural safety, voluntary participation). f. Timetable. Although the specific detail of activity in a Situational Analysis is determined during the course of the inquiry process, an outline of the inquiry cycle and tasks at each stage is helpful for predicting and scheduling events. An estimated time frame makes it easier for potential participants to make decisions about their availability. ### 2. Data Gathering The data stage begins with the facilitator or inquiring team planning the collection of information, deciding on the types of information to be gathered and selecting the methods to be used (Step 4). It involves scoping, or determining the parameters of data collection, and actively collecting, recording and storing data (Step 5). a. Planning for data collection: Areas to explore through data collection With the topic of the inquiry clarified, decisions are made about ways of exploring possible influences. The scope and nature of data collection is guided by the initial hypotheses generated through participants’ professional knowledge about what may impact on the topic area. The rationale for the selection of areas to be examined must be clearly articulated. g. The breadth of the inquiry Gathering multiple sources of data across a variety of settings helps to understand the ecology of children’s learning and wellbeing in relation to the focus topic. Inquiries may be informed by the many views of children, teachers, family/whānau/aiga and the wider community. Interaction among those who are invested in children’s learning, including children, provides opportunities to create common ground, ultimately informing the development of learning environments that are culturally and socially relevant to children. An ecological understanding does not necessarily lead to change activity directed at every level. It means that changes in close and immediate learning environments take into account the systems surrounding them. Of course, as ecological learning systems are dynamic, any changes made may, in turn, create ripple effects across the wider systems. h. Methods of data collection Methods of data collection are detailed and clarified before information is gathered. Data collection may include interviews, surveys, visual or audio techniques, observations, focus groups, meetings/hui/fono or more formalised assessment. Multiple data sources help to establish rich meaning in context rather than focusing on data in isolation. An essential element of data collection in the Situational Analysis is information about the positive supports and resources currently available. Without information about strengths, interests, aspirations, supportive relationships, effective systems and helpful artefacts in the learning environment, there is no platform on which to build new solutions. i. Planning of recording, analysis and data storage arrangements A key question to ask when planning to collect data is, “How will we as a group analyse the information?”. Careful planning of questioning, recording and storing responses supports more straightforward processes of analysis and reliable measurement. Some questions are easy to record as they call for quantitative measures (e.g. mathematics scores) while others are qualitative and do not lend themselves as easily to being captured. However, they are of at least equivalent value. The hard-to-measure life experiences of children are often the most relevant to their learning (e.g. children’s sense of identity, child well-being). j. Collecting the data Data collection is a busy period of interaction with people contributing information in multiple settings. Checking with participants that the recorded data reflects what they have said helps to ensure that the eventual analysis will authentically take into account their views. Data collection is often an iterative process as, at times, information collected gives rise to further questions and, therefore, extended data collection. Initial data collection may foreground what we already know or can easily access; it can also shed light on data that is missing or obscured by dominant discourses (e.g. expectations of groups of people, particular notions of wellbeing). It is also not unusual to find that positive changes occur even before the data is fully analysed and any plan is implemented. This is because learning and change occur in the same moment (see Cooperrider & Whitney, 2007). As new insights gained from exchange of information lead to learning and the beginning of change, facilitators are advised to collect baseline information sooner rather than later. From the very first question asked, the situation changes, maybe a little, maybe a lot. 3. Analysing and synthesising the data – making sense Data analysis in the Situational Analysis involves layers of processing. The first is the analysis of each set of data and the identification of dominant themes emerging across all data sets (Step 6 - see a. b. & c. below). This is followed by a process of synthesis in which the dominant themes are linked to produce succinct, overview of the newly understood situation. From this synthesis, principles to guide new practices or solutions are derived (Step 7 - see d. & e. below). This stage of the Situational Analysis is pivotal and requires strong facilitation to ensure systematic processing of information. The process is described below. a. Analyse each set of data individually Initially each set of data collected (e.g. from interviews, surveys, focus groups) is analysed or summarised. For example, key messages provided by parents, teachers and children in surveys may be identified through coding and/or grouping of items that are conceptually similar. It is most likely that sets of data are analysed as interviews, surveys and other collection activities finish. b. Identify dominant themes emerging across all data sets Identification of dominant themes through the data is the pivotal point of the inquiry process. In this stage, those conducting the analysis (e.g. leaders and representatives of the participant group) look across the data collected from various sources through various means to identify the dominant themes. These become the dimensions of the analysis. Large amounts of data are crunched down in the process to produce a manageable number of key dimensions that will drive the remainder of the inquiry/research process. There is no right or wrong number of dimensions, they emerge from the data. However, as the purpose is to make the set of dimensions manageable and useful to the group, it is unlikely that the number would exceed seven, the estimated number, according to Miller’s law, of items to which people can attend simultaneously (Miller, 1956). As each of the dimensions, being all parts of one whole, relate to the others, they can usually be merged to form fewer dimensions that are more easily managed. This does not mean that inquirers will want to intervene in every dimension identified. As explained later in this document, the synthesis of dimensions supports identification of pivotal dimensions that, if changed, will have either a direct or indirect impact on other dimensions. c. Practice-based evidence illustrated with examples from data Each dimension is illustrated with representative items from the data sets to justify the inclusion of the dimensions (e.g. convergence of children and teacher perspective as well as attendance information). This process assembles examples of evidence that led to the selection of each dimension and produces illustrations that can be helpful when communicating with the wider group of inquiry participants about the full meaning of each dimension. The purpose of data analysis is to identify the actions, interactions, events, thoughts and feelings that impact on the learning and wellbeing of participants in specific environments. The resulting practice-based evidence, that is, the evidence of activity that is effective in the situations being examined, informs the creation of new practices and improvement. Restricting analysis to only those practices that have proved to work in previous times or in other settings serves to restrict innovation and contextualisation. Practice-based inquiry and interactive research differs from experimental research in that it does not isolate variables and seek to partial out those that are ‘extraneous’ or ‘confounding’. That is not to say that previously observed successes cannot inform the inquiry, it simply means that they are insufficient alone. Findings from experimental research can help to inform interpretation and consequent practice change but must be supplemented with contextualised information regarding activity in a real world that is complex, interactive and dynamic (Green, 2008). Contextual variables and the interactions among them frequently offer the most relevant information about ways of making positive changes. The Situational Analysis process is expected to generate practice-based evidence through analysis of observations in context. d. Synthesis: Linking of dimensions to form the succinct overview. Related dimensions are linked to show the connections and interconnections of the overall analysis. Each situation is viewed in its unique and different ways. Links made between dimensions are based on understandings gathered through the inquiry as well as relevant research, theory or cultural knowledge. While there is no single cause identified and all dimensions are seen to play a part in the dynamic situation depicted, the process of linking facilitates the prioritisation of the dimensions. This means that the most useful places to intervene, hubs or pivotal points, can be identified and affirmed by those involved. Participants’ energy can then be focused where it can make the greatest difference, identifying those dimensions best addressed directly while others benefit indirectly and/or areas that might be valuable to target but not immediately. Targeted intervention ensures that activity is least-intrusive and most likely to preserve helpful supports. In the synthesis diagram below (Figure 2), the focus is on presence and engagement in school activity. The links between dimensions show how intervening in one dimension can lead to changes in others. In this particular situation, inquirers may select to attend to both perceived relevance of learning activity for life and health while effecting change in the other dimensions. ![Figure 2: Synthesis of dimensions.](image) e. Extract principles for practice The final part of the analysis and synthesis of data is to articulate the theory of action that will inform the ‘taking action’ stage. This means identifying the principles from the analysis above. These guide new practices. The principles represent the main theory or ‘message’ about effective action from the overall synthesis as well as each individual dimension. They can be presented as sets of phrases that indicate the elements that would be present were the changes to be effective. For example, “Student agency is increased when students have opportunities to take responsibility for learning”, or, as in Figure 2 above, “Student engagement is supported when students perceive the relevance of learning activity”. 4. Taking Action The taking action stage is driven by principles that emerge from the synthesis of the data as explained above. This stage involves planning new activity (Step 8), implementing plans (Step 9) and checking for effectiveness of the inquiry activity in relation to the foci (Step 10). Conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of the actions, new learning that has emerged, unexpected outcomes observed and whether or not a new cycle of inquiry will follow. a. Create a plan Where possible and appropriate, participants take an active role in planning. New planned activity is detailed and builds on the supports identified in the ‘setting up’ and ‘data gathering’ stages. At this time, participants also note how they will later determine whether or not there have been changes in activity or practice (e.g. more teaching about reflective practice or greater opportunities to make choices). The distinction between the foci, which constitute desired outcomes or improvements, and the dimensions that will be developed must be kept in view when planning. b. Implement the plan Plans are implemented and, in the main, practices or strategies are carried out as planned. Although in different environments (e.g. home and school or across various classrooms) practices that reflect particular principles may differ, the common principles continue to drive practice. The principles constitute an inquiry’s strengthened theory of change and the implementation period allows that theory to be tested. c. Review the plan Once the plan has been implemented, participants review the progress made in relation to the focus topic and note current practices. At this stage, participants make decisions about whether another cycle of inquiry is required or if the topic has been suitably addressed. Making inquiry frameworks work Selecting frameworks The selection of frameworks of inquiry and research by practitioners is dependent on the theoretical perspectives of facilitators or leaders, the nature and size of inquiries and the sense-making processes of the people who participate. Inquiry frameworks may be problem-based, solution-focused and appreciative, highly controlled or more random and meandering. There is no one right way to inquire. Situational Analysis is most likely to be selected by those who view learning as something that happens within dynamic social and cultural contexts and are seeking a framework that encourages authentic, data supported decision-making. They may select this framework if they wished to build on strengths and supports, actively involving participants in the process. There are many frameworks of research and inquiry such as Action Research, Appreciative Inquiry, Spirals of Inquiry and an array of frameworks designed for children’s inquiries. Most structured frameworks of inquiry reflect elements of the scientific method and can be devised specifically for inquiries by facilitators and participants. As some frameworks are more suitable for particular types of inquiries than others, facilitators may wish to become familiar with a range of those available. Scoping an inquiry The pivotal point of an inquiry is the analysis/synthesis stage and this can be made manageable and meaningful by prior care with scoping. The scoping of the inquiry starts at the outset of the process and determines the parameters through each stage. There is no one right size for an inquiry, but one thing is sure, what appears to be a narrowly focused topic at the beginning, most often expands and leads to a larger inquiry than anticipated. Inquiries can be large and operate at across-school or agency systems level. They can also be lighter, carried out as part of regular professional practice to learn more about supporting individuals or groups. While circumstances may require practitioners to carry out large analyses over time and involve sizable participant groups, grand inquiries are not always necessary or suitable. There is much to be gained by carrying out smaller, focused inquiries, particularly when trialling new frameworks and methods or where topics are specific. Topics must be genuinely interesting to participants in order to maintain steady levels of energy for inquiries as they progress and inquiry processes must be meaningful and manageable for those facilitating and participating in them. A typical inquiry environment may comprise a range of broad and light examples. Relationships and understandings Inquiry frameworks are not processes that ‘work’ or ‘don’t work’. The understandings, actions, interactions and relationships associated with the use of frameworks determine success. Successful inquiry is largely a function of the actions occurring at the beginning of an inquiry. These actions include selection of applicable frameworks, careful negotiation, focusing, planning overviews of inquiry procedures, and detailing first steps, even though the findings cannot be foreseen. Successful professional collaboration also relies heavily on the relationships among participants. Effective relationships are dependent on several conditions, including the following. » High levels of trust, safety, mutual respect » Genuine, shared passion for and commitment to learning and growth sought through the inquiry » Optimism for what the inquiry will produce » Common expectations among colleagues about processes » Familiarity with the framework selected. A successful inquiry demonstrates two clear features for its participants: new learning and a gratifying sense of having added value, making a difference. Summary Situational Analysis is an inquiry framework for research and professional practice and is one of many available for collaborative inquiry. It has broadened from its original application in psychologists’ practice to accommodate the processing of information related to collaborations among various professional groups, including those in education and health. The framework is broad and open, balancing key practice features with flexibility to allow each inquiry to adjust for various contexts of practice. The four principles of Situational Analysis - appreciative view, ecological perspective, data supported decision-making, and negotiated, collaborative participation - underpin every aspect of the inquiry cycle. The ecological perspective encompasses participants’ interlinked, personal, social, and cultural connections at multiple levels, while the appreciative lens brings into view foundational supports on which to create new activity. Each step of the inquiry process calls for collaboration, appreciation and power-sharing. A critical operation within the Situational Analysis is analysis and synthesis, the identification of dimensions and understanding relationships among them. This operation generates a set of principles that represents a strengthened theory of action that underpins, and is assumed in, future practice. It enables practitioners-as-researchers to plan new activity in unique, unforeseen and data-informed ways. New practices and strengthened relationships emerge from practice-based evidence gained through the integration of information from within and outside of participants’ immediate environments. Situational Analysis is a framework that, used with integrity, can produce unpredicted solutions in complex social situations. However, frameworks do not work by themselves. The success of inquiries guided by the Situational Analysis, or any other form of inquiry selected, is supported when facilitators are confident about using the framework, are passionate and optimistic about finding solutions through the process and work collaboratively and respectfully with those who participate. REFERENCES Anderson, D. L., & Graham, A.P. (2016). Improving student wellbeing: having a say at school. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 27(3), 348-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2015.1084336 Annan, J. (2005). Situational Analysis: A framework for evidence-based practice. School Psychology International, 26(2), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034305052909 Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Cooperrider, D. L. & Whitney, D. (2007). Appreciative Inquiry: A positive revolution in change. In P. Holman & T. Devane (Eds.), The Change Handbook, pp 73-88. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Engeström, Y. (1987). Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research. Helsinki: Orienta-Konsultit. Feuerstein, R., Feuerstein, R. S., & Falik, L. H. (2010). Beyond smarter: mediated learning and the brain’s capacity for change. New York: Teachers College Press. Fisher, R., & Brown, S. (1989). Getting together: Building relationships as you negotiate. New York, NY: Viking. Green, L.W. (2008). Making research relevant: if it is an evidence-based practice, where’s the practice-based evidence? Family Practice, 25(Suppl. 1), i20-i24. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmn055 Klemenčič, M. (2015). What is student agency? An ontological exploration in the context of research on student engagement. In M. Klemenčič, S. Bergan, R. Primožič (Eds.). Student engagement in Europe: society, higher education and student governance (pp. 11-29). Council of Europe Higher Education Series No. 20. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. Lee, C. D. (2010). Soaring about the clouds, delving the ocean’s depths: Understanding the ecologies of human learning and the challenge for educational science, Educational Researcher, 39(9), 643-655. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X10392139 Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97. Peterson, C. (2008). What is positive psychology and what is it not? Retrieved August 20, 2017 from Psychology Today https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-good-life/200805/what-is-positive-psychology-and-what-is-it-not Seligman, M. E. P., Ernst, R. M., Gillham, J. E., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive Education: Positive Psychology and Classroom Interventions. Oxford Review of Education 35(3), 293-311. Siemens, G. (2006). Knowing knowledge. Retrieved from www.knowingknowledge.com Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). In M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, (Eds.). Mind in Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Author contact information Jean Annan, PhD Registered Psychologist Positively Psychology Ltd Auckland, New Zealand. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Telephone: +64 21 688 533 Note: The views, opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views and opinions of the Ministry of Education. Cite this article as: Annan, J. & Priestley, A. (2018). Inquiring through the appreciative, interactive perspective of Situational Analysis. Paper presented at the 40th International School Psychologists Association conference, Tokyo, Japan, July 25-28. Conference draft. Available from www.positivelypsychology.co.nz © Positively Psychology
XIV INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGRESS Excursion no. 59 The flora, vegetation and monuments of classical Greece Organized by Prof. Dr. S. Diamantoglou and Prof. Dr. U. Kull EXCURSION GUIDE by Prof. Dr. U. Kull and Prof. Dr. S. Diamantoglou Berlin 1987 XIV International Botanical Congress Excursion No. 59 The flora, vegetation, and monuments of classical Greece 2 to 10 August, 1987 Organizers: Prof. Dr. St. Diamantoglou, Athens, Greece Prof. Dr. U. Kull, Stuttgart, FRG Excursion Guide prepared by Ulrich Kull and Stergos Diamantoglou 1987 Contents Introduction 3 Greece 3 Greek Temple 5 Geology 6 Climate 11 Floristics and Vegetation 13 Floristics 13 Mediterranean Vegetation 16 Altitudinal Zonation (synopsis) 18 Vegetation Units 18 Itinerary 25 Monday, August 3 : Athens-Delphi 25 Tuesday, August 4 : Delphi-Olympia 31 Wednesday, August 5: Olympia-Tripolis 39 Thursday, August 6: Tripolis-Mistra 44 Friday, August 7 : Tripolis-Athens 49 Saturday, August 8: Kaisariani/Mt. Parnis 53 Sunday, August 9 : Bot. Garden/Sounion 57 Literature 63 Acknowledgements and remarks: Thanks are due to Mrs. B. Schreiter for correction of several parts of the English text, to Mrs. M. Bühler-Kull for producing the typescript and to Mr. U. Bächle for some graphics. Because of lack of time a full correction of the English text was not possible; for grammatical and idiomatic mistakes the senior author alone is responsible. Ulrich Kull and Stergos Diamantoglou INTRODUCTION Attica, Central Greece ("Roumeli") and the Peloponnese ("Morea") form the heart of classical Greece. In this area, the landscape, vegetation and human history are intimately associated and interwoven. All three will be given equal consideration during this excursion, where the visit of the sites of Greek Antiquity will each time provide insights into the flora of the past and present. Among and around the ruins, the different types of the characteristic sclerophyllous vegetation of the Mediterranean, including the products of its degradation by man, may be studied. The altitudinal zonation of the vegetation will also be demonstrated, e.g. on Mt. Parnassus and in the central Peloponnese where relatively undisturbed Abies forests still cover extensive areas. GREECE Greece, with an area of 132,000 sq.km (50.965 sq.miles) and a population of about 9.9 million, is divided into 51 nomoi (administrative units). Since the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974 and the referendum on the monarchy, in which the great majority of the population voted for the abdication of the exiled king, Greece has been a democratic Republic. The new constitution of 1975 gives wide authority to the President, who is elected by Parliament for a term of five years. He appoints and dismisses the head of the government, can dissolve Parliament in certain specified circumstances and in a situation of national emergency has the power to legislate. Parliament, elected for a four-year term has 300 members. The most important political parties are the New Democracy (Nea Dimokratia, ND) party and the Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). The Union of the Centre, the Communist Parties (KKE) and the National Movement of the military dictators (EPEN) are confined in present circumstances to a subordinate role. An associate member of the European Community since 1962, Greece became a full member on 1 January 1981. Some data: Population: Greek 98.5% Bulgarians 0.3% Turks 1 % Armenians 0.2% Language: Modern Greek. - About 3 million persons of Greek mother-language are living abroad. President of the Republic: Christos Sartzetakis, elected March 1985 Prime Minister: Andreas Papandreou (PASOK), since 1981 Parliament: PASOK 161 seats (election 1985: 45.8%) ND 125 seats (election 1985: 40.8%) KKE 13 seats (election 1985: 9.9%) (from Area Handbook of Greece, 1977) Religion: In spite of regional differences resulting from the circumstances of history and of the country's extreme geographical fragmentation, the Greeks have preserved a deep national awareness. One great unifying force, particularly in times of trouble, has been the Orthodox Church, which has preserved its full authority in both private and public life. Since 1833 the Greek Church has been autonomous, since 1850 it has been recognised by the Oecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople (Istanbul) as autocephalous (i.e. as being governed by its own patriarch), and since 1864 it has been the established State church; its supreme head is the archbishop of Athens. Only the Dodecanese and the monastic Republic of Athos are still subject to the jurisdiction of the patriarchate of Constantinople, while Crete occupies a special position as a semi-autonomous province of the church. - Some 94% of the population profess the Greek Orthodox faith; the rest are Mohammedans, Jews, Roman Catholics (a relic of the Venetian occupation of the Cyclades) and Protestants. Types of Greek Temple. A Temple in antis, B Peripteral temple, C Prostyle, D Double anta temple, E Dipteral temple, F Amphiprostyle temple, G Tholos (from Baedeker's Travel Guide, modified) Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Order (from Baedeker's Travel Guide, modified) Byzantine Church and its articulation of space 1 apse, 2 altar (bema), 3 dome, 4 narthex, 5 exonarthex, 6 prothesis, 7 diakonikon, 8 northern transept (with barrel-vault), 9 southern transept, 10 western transept, 11 + 12 corner-rooms (often domed), 13 pillars, 14 columns, 15 pendentifs, 16 ikonostases, 17 trivalon (entrance with three arches) (from Melas, modified) GEOLOGY General: The mountain ranges and massifs of Greece form a pattern of great variety. In the W they are usually comprehended under the term Hellenides, which means the southern part of the Dinarides. In the Greek peninsula the Hellenides run from NNW to SSE and then extend in a wide arc by way of Crete to Asia Minor. They are folded mountains of Alpine structure, formed in the Alpidic orogenesis, mainly from Cretaceous to Upper Tertiary. The mountains consist mostly of Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks, in particular limestones and dolomites, sandstones, marls and conglomerates. During the orogenesis, large overthrusts were formed, therefore several nappes are lying, at least partly, upon another, somewhat like roof-tiles. Continuing into quite recent periods the territory has been subjected to violent uplifting and subsidence, which caused the occurrence of many faults and trenches (graben-structures). In the PeloponPeloponnese, late Tertiary deposits laid down by the sea are found at an altitude of about 1800 m (5900 ft). The faults and fractures produced a mosaic of hills of varying height and countless little basins and plain areas, forming deep bays, long promontories and peninsulas, a scatter of islands, cliffs and a much patterned coastline. In some of the fault zones there was violent volcanic activity. In limestone areas, karstic phenomena caused by percolating groundwater are frequent. They are intensified by the folding and faulting of the limestones. Application of the model of plate tectonics shows that the overthrusting in this area of the Mediterranean is still going on west of the Peloponnese and south of Crete, caused by subduction of the African plate, which further in the East is colliding with Asia. The subduction in its part causes the earthquakes, which are frequent especially in Southern Greece. Block diagram showing the disruption of the African plate (from Nur and Ben-Avraham, 1978) Major Earthquakes in Greece: - 464 B.C. destruction of Sparta - 6th c.A.C. destruction of Olympia - 1856 Crete - 1886 Messenia (South.Pelopon.) - 1926 Rhodes - 1928 destruction of Corinth - 1944 West coast of Mani - 1953 Ionian Islands - 1975 Aetolia and Acarnania - 1978 damage in Saloniki - 1981 (Feb.) South.Greece, Athens - 1986 (Sep.) Kalamata (Peloponnese) Tectonics: The Hellenides as alpinotype mountains originated from overthrusting in several orogenic phases of a pile of nappes from the internal zones on to the external zones of the mountain ranges. In our excursion area, the external zones are situated in the west, the internal zones in the east. The nappes mostly consist of mesozoic limestones and dolomites. At the front of the folding and overthrusting parts deep-sea trenches were formed, in which debris of the neighbourhood was deposited as sandstones, marls, conglomerates and breccias, often in a way of distinctive rhythmic sedimentation. These sediments are called flysch. The orogenic activity migrated outward, from east to west. Thus, the flysch sediments which were deposited in the eastern regions are older than those in the west, and the same is true for their deformation by folding and overthrusting. The crystalline areas of Attica and the islands - formerly assumed to be the metamorphic basement of the Alpidic sediments - are now divided into several nappes which were overprinted by metamorphism during the Alpidic orogenesis. Regarding the area of this excursion, the following sequence of nappes is characteristic (according to JACOBSHAGEN et al., 1978): \| Inner Hellenic Nappe \| Ophiolithic (Eohellenic) outliers \| \|----------------------\|----------------------------------\| \| Central Hellenic Nappes \| Pelagonian Nappes (including Subpelagonian, Argolicum and Boeotic areas) \| \| \| Median Crystalline Belt \| \| \| Blueschist units (Attican metasediments) \| \| Parnassus Nappe \| \| \| Pindus Nappe \| Basal Units (with marbles of Attica) \| \| West Hellenic Nappes \| \| \| Upper Unit: \| Ionian / Gavrovo-Tripolitza-series \| \| Lower Unit: \| Phyllite series \| \| Autochthonous: \| Pre Apulian foreland Talea Ori-series = Plattenkalk-series \| * According to other authors the Ionian series has the same position as the Talea Ori-series Parts of the Central Hellenic Nappes have been affected by Alpidic metamorphism due to an early orogenic phase and now form part of the Median Crystalline Belt of Attica and the Cycladic Islands. The upper units in this area are called the Blueschist units, the lower units, containing the marbles of Attica (Hymettos marble, Pentelism marble), are the Basal units. Both of these were overridden by the Pelagonian nappes. This displacement of the units may reach large extents: the Pindos nappe is overthrusted more than 100 km in the Peloponnese and in NW Greece. Some Sub-pelagonian outliers override the Parnassus nappe by more than 20 km (e.g. in the Parnassus area). Geology and history of vegetation during the Upper Tertiary: The multitude of geological substrates on the one hand and the mosaic of mountains, basins, plains, peninsulas, promontories and islands on the other are the factors which have created a great variety of habitat conditions which form the basis for great diversification of the flora. The history of the vegetation of the Mediterranean is heavily affected by the paleogeography of the area and climatic events during the Upper Tertiary and Quaternary. STEININGER and ROGL (1984) published some maps from which can be seen that the Mediterranean functioned as an Indic-Atlantic seaway until the beginning of the Miocene. Throughout this period the tectonic instability of the area during the orogenesis gave way to recurring marine connection between the Eastern Mediterranean and the Indic, but also provided gateways for exchanges of floral and faunal elements. Fossil floras from Greece are known from the Middle Miocene, most important is the flora of Kumi on the island of Euboea (Evvia). Nothing of this Arcto-Tertiary subtropical lowland flora of that time has remained. The main cause is the Messinian event, which took place during the uppermost Miocene, about 7-5 Mio years b.p., and is characterized by repeated cycles of evaporation and inundation of the Mediterranean within a short time-span of about 1-2 Mio years. The dessication of the Mediterranean sea must have been connected with a dry climate, which was of great importance to the evolution of the vegetation (GREUTER 1970, BOCQUET et al. 1978) Many species of the subtropical flora disappeared and the flora became impoverished. Orophytic and steppic plants of eastern origin immigrated, their extension was facilitated by the continuing formation of the alpine chains of the Hellenides. Multiple paths between the various Mediterranean areas opened up and led to an explosion in migrations. The result was a thorough re-distribution of floristic elements. During the Messinian event the alpine vegetation zones and also montane forest zones were lowered; in the basins now covered by the sea (e.g. the Tyrrhenian Basin) evidence of a vegetational cover has been found from drilling-cores. Perhaps the first period of the Messinian event was hot and dry and during the second, the climate got cooler. During the first period, grass-lands must have had a vast extension and the forests may have been restricted to higher mountains. When the climate got cool, species of steppic areas could invade the area. Thereafter, a new transgression (Pliocene transgression) caused a humid and warm climate and created the modern Mediterranean sea, extending as far as the Euxinian basin (Black Sea). The pattern left by the floristic connections during the Messinian became disrupted. Then, during the Pliocene period the climate got cooler and during the Quaternary the phases of glaciation in Northern Europe were Paleogeography of the Mediterranean during the late Miocene (Messinian event) and during the Pliocene (from Steininger and Rögl, 1984) times of a cool and dry climate in the Mediterranean, which again caused the extension of a steppic vegetation and a reduction of the areas of Mediterranean evergreen sclerophyllous vegetation and also of the refuges of the species of central European nemoral deciduous forest. But, in general, Greece was largely shielded from severe effects of the ice ages by the Balkanian mountains and, therefore, much of the pre-glacial flora has survived. The relative isolation of some high mountain ridges and of many islands has produced isolated populations, where species threatened with extinction could persist and where the development of endemic species took place. From pollen-diagrams it may be concluded, that during the early Holocene (postglacial period) a forest of (mainly deciduous?) oaks developed, which beginning from Neolithic times was influenced and then part by part destroyed by man. Soils: Pedogenesis in the Mediterranean area has been continuous and without such serious disturbances by strong climatic changes as is characteristic for central and northern Europe. The rather high mean temperature and the alteration of dry and humid seasons may accelerate the weathering of the parent materials and also the disintegration of the organic matter. The principal feature of many soils is the development of an oxic B-horizon with red colours, due to unhydrated Fe3+. Especially on limestones in lower areas, red soils are frequent, which are called terra rossa ("red mediterranean soil"). Where the duration of the dry season is shorter, the soils are brown, not red (terra fusca). According to the classification of FAO-UNESCO, the terra rossa is classified either as ferrasol or as humic ferrasol. The soils derived from crystalline rocks and schists are more varied in nature and may be basic, neutral, or acid in reaction and often poor in mineral content. Soil reaction has some influence on the occurrence of species in Greece. Many Ericaceous genera have a preference for acid and neutral soils. Therefore in some non-limestone areas, one may see large areas of Erica arborea, sometimes growing with Arbutus species, covering hill sides. After disturbance of the protective ground cover, the top soil layers often were removed by erosion. Then, rendzina soils develop from terra rossa. Continuous erosion eventually removed all soil, bare rocks with only very sparse vegetation or badlands remained. CLIMATE The Mediterranean climate is characterized by rainfalls during the cool seasons (October to April) and a hot and dry summer period. For Athens, the average annual temperature is 17.4 C (69 F). The winters are not cold, frosts only episodic and in lower areas snow is rare. The average winter temperatures range from 4 C (40 F) to more than 10 C (50 F) over much of the area during the coldest months (January average: Athens 9.3 C = 48 F; Patras 11 C = 52 F). During the summer, mean temperatures of 25 C to near 30 C (86 F) are reached (Athens 26.5 C = 79 F; Sparta 27.5 C = 80 F). The lowest and highest recorded temperatures from Athens are -5.5 C = 22 F and 43 C = 109 F. The average sunshine during the months of June to August is more than 10 hrs/day. Plant growth is restricted or ceases during the hot seasons and only begins again when the first copious rains arrive, usually in October. The distribution of rainfall is conditioned by the mountain ranges and the prevailing winds. The west winds which blow in winter cause heavy rainfall in western Greece, decreasing in intensity towards the south. Particularly in the Peloponnese and in Western Crete, a Rainfall and temperature in Athens 1978-1980, as an example for typical mediterranean climatic conditions Klimadiagramme according to Walter characterizing the Mediterranean climate (from Horvat-Glavac-Ellenberg). The dry period on the average lasts about 6 months in Athens as well as on the island of Kythera, where the annual rainfall is much higher. High winter rainfall is produced by moist and frequently stormy winds from the SW. In the rain shadow of the west winds the winter maxima and therefore the average annual values are considerably lower (e.g. in the area of Athens). In summer, the weather is determined by the etesian wind (dry winds from the N and NE). The summer becomes increasingly dry towards the S. Typical also is the wind called reteri (Turkish word), a dry wind which blows from NW during the summer period, rising to considerable violence in the afternoon and so sometimes creating problems for shipping. In the mountainous inland region, there is a noteworthy rainfall during the summer, with frequent thunder showers. While the winter maxima on the whole decrease only gradually from N to S, the summer drought is much more marked towards the S, which may be seen from the number of dry months. In northern Greece in 3 to 4 months evaporation exceeds rainfall, in central Greece this is true for 4 to 5 and in southern Greece for 5 or 6 months. In the south 3 to 4 months are practically rainless. Snow is rare at sea level, but lies for a long time on mountains above 1000m (3300ft). The climate in the mountain region is therefore closer to the Central European pattern. The contrast between summer and winter is accentuated by the fact that Greece has a short spring and no autumn, summer being immediately followed by the cool rainy season. Many people think the olive tree (Olea europaea var.sativa) to be the plant indicator of the Mediterranean climate, since it can only flourish in a typically Mediterranean environment. The main objections to the above presumption are that the olive tree is probably not a native of the Mediterranean, but originates from its eastern border, and that it is a cultivated species. Also other single species, such as Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis and others are not suitable as indicators. However, where one sees the Olea europaea, Quercus ilex or Qu. coccifera, Pinus halepensis growing, and particularly where any two of these grow together, one can be fairly certain to be in a Mediterranean climate. FLORISTICS and VEGETATION A floristic or vegetational as well as a geographical or climatical definition of the Mediterranean region is not easy to propose. Different authors have offered different interpretations. As already mentioned (comp. "Climate"), it is not possible to define the extent of the Mediterranean region precisely by using one single species; furthermore, the area shows a considerable climatic and even bioclimatic heterogeneity. FLORISTICS Concerning floristics, the mediterranean region is very rich: there are approximately 20 000 - 25 000 species when the region is defined in a comprehensive way (QUEZEL). That is more than in other areas of Mediterranean climate in the world (California, Australia, Southern Africa, Chile). About 3000 species may be considered as exclusively Mediterranean. At present, it is almost impossible to supply a precise floristic inventory for the Mediterranean region. A "Med-Checklist" is being prepared under the auspices of OPTIMA and its Distribution of the olive, Olea europaea var. sativa (from Polunin and Huxley, 1965): secretary W.GREUTER which will give us a first accurate estimate. A rather rough estimate for Greece was presented in 1975 by GREUTER, PHITOS and RUNEMARK: they mentioned about 5500 species in total and 4000 thereof in the Mediterranean region of the country. For peninsular Greece, about 320-350 endemic species are reported; from these, about 25 are endangered and 5 seem to be extinct. History of flora and vegetation (comp.also p.8): the flora of the Mediterranean is regarded as heterogeneous in its way of origin. Some taxa are of tropical or subtropical provenance and others are autochthonous or of northern origin. Taxa of the group mentioned first are e.g. the Anacardiaceae (with Pistacia, Rhus) and the genus Vitex. Because the same taxa are present in California, they must date back to a period before the wide opening of the North Atlantic Ocean and therefore to the Cretaceous or lowermost Tertiary. Already important in the pre-Messinian flora of the Mediterranean region were some taxa of probably palaeo-tropic origin, from which e.g. Asparagus, Capparis, Ceratonia, Olea, Nerium, and Phillyrea are descendants. The well known floristic connections between the Mediterranean and tropical resp. southern Africa (e.g. the occurrence of Erica arborea in the Mediterranean and in East African high mountain areas) perhaps originate from the climatic changes during the Messinian event in the uppermost Miocene. The greater part of the Mediterranean flora is determined by autochthonous or northern taxa. Some autochthonous Mediterranean taxa must have originated during the Tertiary in rather early times, because they are also present in the Mediterranean regions of America (e.g. sclerophyllous oaks, Arbutus, Salvia). The development and differentiation of the autochthonous Mediterranean flora were favoured by the existence of microplates during the Tertiary: Their cores correspond to the more important present centres of Mediterranean endemism: Iberian peninsula, Tyrrhenian area (Corsardic microplate), Apulia and Balkanic area (Apulian-Dinarian microplate), Anatolia. The uplift of the alpinotype mountain ranges led to the development of an important orophilous flora, differentiating from autochthonous elements (e.g. in the taxa Abies, Berberis, Juniperus, Silene) and benefiting by the arrival of new taxa of northern European or even boreal origin. This arrival took place during the cool and dry periods of the Quaternary which in Central and Northern Europe were glacial periods. Related to geographic and climatic isolation several centres of mountain flora endemism developed during the Pliocene and Quaternary. Perhaps already during the Messinian and again during the Quaternary eastern elements of the steppe could migrate into the Mediterranean; e.g. Artemisia, Astragalus, Ephedra. The abundance of endemic species in this group suggests an invasion in pre-Quaternary time. Its expansion and present dispersal in the Mediterranean region can be explained by the glacial periods. - From the temperate Holarctic flora several taxa originate, e.g. Platanus, Ostrya, Cotinus, Daphne a.o. Typical Mediterranean flora-assemblages seem to have been present since Pliocene, about 3 Mio. years B.P. They were established probably in connection with the nascence of the annual summer-drought period. During the periods of a cool and dry climate in the Pleistocene, the Mediterranean forest communities must have been rather restricted in their areas and locally formed open woods or shrubs. Active evolving species in the Mediterranean region show the ongoing process of the adaptation of the vegetation. These species and subspecies in most cases are very difficult to distinguish from each other and hybridize frequently. They are well known e.g. from the genera of Campanula, Centaurea, Ophrys, Verbascum a.o. Human influence: The human influence on the vegetation has a very ancient origin, especially in the eastern Mediterranean. Since the end of the Neolithic period, clearance was intensified and cultivated plants were introduced, primarily from Anterior Asia. The agricultural activity in mainland Greece began by 8 000-7 500 B.P. A significant expansion of the cultivated area took place by about 3 200 B.P. (investigations mainly from Northern Greece). Consequences of the intense human influence are the deterioration of woodlands, especially of the deciduous forests. This process was to the advantage of the sclerophyllous oaks and of pines. Especially the vegetation devoted "phrygana", but also most forms of raquis are the result of the human disturbance of the natural vegetation. Certainly, in some areas, mainly coastal regions, shrubby sclerophyllous communities appear to have been present prior to human influence; they are sometimes called "primary maquis". Nowadays, due to the long and intense influence of man almost nothing has remained of the true natural woodlands. During the last few hundred years, man has brought many foreign plants into the Mediterranean: agaves, cacti, Acacia, Eucalyptus, Citrus and all the palms of tree lined walks. MEDITERRANEAN VEGETATION (especially in Greece), a short survey The vegetation of the Mediterranean region is distinct from that of other regions in Europe and also from the vegetation south of the Mediterranean area, which is a semi-desert and desert vegetation. The Mediterranean vegetation may be characterized by the frequent occurrence of evergreen trees and shrubs which can survive the hot and dry summer period. During this period, most of the herbaceous plants die right down and remain inactive in the soil with storage organs and dormant buds. Furthermore, many annuals (therophytes) are present, which complete their life cycles by the summer. The natural variation of the ecological conditions were partly accentuated by the long human action influencing and disturbing the vegetation. This action led to different stages of degradation of the natural woodlands, caused and maintained by different intensities of cutting, firing, grazing and the resultant erosion of the soil. An evergreen, dense shrub of more than 1.5-2 m height is known as maquis (Macchia); a shrubland with dwarf, scattered, mostly evergreen shrublets is called a garigue and its variants in Greece are named phrygana. A heavier degradation by overgrazing and soil erosion leads to sparse grasslands, which are partly steppe-like, containing feather-grasses (Stipa), and often show extensive areas of exposed rocky ground. These grasslands harbour communities of herbaceous plants, which completely die down in the dry summer months. By prevention of human influence, regeneration may take place from phrygana to maquis and to forest. Local variations of soil and climate may prevent the development of the forest as a climax vegetation thus resulting in a stable shrub community. In very remote areas, scattered woodlands have persisted to the present. The dominating trees in the typical Mediterranean areas are evergreen oaks and pines together with many evergreen shrubs. Many of these species have small thick leathery leaves reducing transpiration during the dry summer. Active growth and flowering of the vegetation takes place in the autumn, during the winter and reaches its peak in the spring. Altitudinal zonation of the vegetation: The lowermost areas, especially coastal plains and strips, are the warmest and driest parts on the Mediterranean. Characteristic species of this area are the carob (Ceratonia siliqua) and the wild olive (Olea europaea var. sylvestris = Olea cleaster). Therefore, this vegetation unit is often named "Oleo-Ceratonion" (=Olea-Ceratonia-zone). When the summer-drought is less intense, wild carobs are often lacking and the wild olive together with Pistacia lentiscus are the characteristic species ("Oleo-Lentis-cetum"). Where the annual rainfall is higher and the drought period therefore less effective, as in the western Peloponnese, the Holm oak, Quercus ilex, formed woodlands ("Quercion ilicis" = Quercus-ilex-zone). In the higher parts of the hills and the mountains, the summer-drought is shorter and the rainfall still higher; so a sub-mediterranean zone with deciduous trees and shrubs (Quercus pubescens, Quercus conferta, Quercus brachyphylla, Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Acer spec.) develops (Quercus pubescens-zone). On soils deficient in lime, also Castanea sativa is a characteristic tree and in Northern Greece, more local deciduous woods are dominated by Aesculus hippocastanum, by Juglans regia and by Platanus orientalis. In dry areas, coniferous woods largely of the black pine (Pinus nigra) occur and furtheron there are some very local and degraded juniper woods in the hills; on the Peloponnese with the only European stands of the mainly Asiatic species Juniperus drupacea. The higher mountain regions are covered by distinctive coniferous forests composed of pine and of fir (Abies) species. In Northern Greece, also Fagus woods occur; in the more arid South they are lacking. Above the timber-line, often hedgehock-heath communities of cushion-forming dwarf shrubs are developed. By the regular grazing of flocks during the summer period, manmade montane and subalpine grasslands are maintained; they originate from forest and shrub clearance. In general, in the Mediterranean region a more humid altitudinal zonation of the vegetation may be distinguished from an arid or xeric zonation (H.WALTER). The humid zonation is characterized by intense rainfalls and a reduction of the dry periods in the higher altitudes. The arid zonation shows a typical dry summer period in all altitudes and therefore deciduous forests cannot exist at all. In the eastern Mediterranean, the arid zonation is more common. In central and southern Greece the humid zonation is not developed. In the area of Athens/Attica (Parnis Mts.) and of the Parnassus, a typical arid zonation is present, whereas in the less dry western Peloponnese a transition type between arid and humid zonation (a mesic zonation) exists. It has to be emphasized that the limits of the occurrence of the different tree species in nature are not directly dependent on climatic factors, but are caused by competition. The limits of the scope of a species are reached, when because of less productivity and/or reduced reproduction rate this species succumbs to another species, which supersedes the former one. For central and southern Greece, the following Synopsis of the ALTITUDINAL ZONATION (orobiomes) may be helpful \| general zone \| humid zonation \| arid zonation \| \|--------------\|----------------\|---------------\| \| alpine \| alpine meadows \| alpine grasslands \| \| \| \| dwarf shrubs, hedgehock-shrub-communities \| \| \| \| (Daphne-Festuca-zone) \| \| subalpine \| Picea \| Juniperus foetidissima \| \| montane \| Fagus silvatica-zone \| Abies cephalonica-woods \| \| \| Quercus-Acer \| Pinus nigra ssp.pallasiana \| \| submontane \| Quercus pubescens (brachyphylla)-Castanea-zone \| Ostrya-Carpinus-zone \| \| submediterranean \| Quercus ilex-zone \| Pinus brutia \| \| mediterranean \| \| Olea-Ceratonia-zone \| VEGETATION UNITS Mediterranean zone (Olea-Ceratonia-zone and Quercus ilex-zone): A climax wood with Olea europaea var. sylvestris and with Ceratonia siliqua may have prevailed in the past in this zone up to altitudes to about 600 m in the east (Attica, Argolid), but the natural woods were exterminated in early historical periods by man. Most of this area is cultivated land: we find a degraded natural vegetation only in localities where erosion took place. Distribution of Quercus ilex (left) and of Quercus coccifera (right) (from Polunin and Walters 1985) The Holm oak, Quercus ilex, grows to a height of about 15 m, but very rarely occurs in closed canopy, due to felling, grazing and burning. Usually the tree now is found isolated or in open stands of maquis. In these stands as well as in open forests Quercus ilex occurs combined with the shrubs Pistacia lentiscus and P. terebinthus, Rhamnus alaternus, Arbutus unedo and A. andrachne, Phillyrea sp.. The relic Quercus ilex forests in Greece usually have in addition Pinus halepensis and the deciduous Quercus pubescens (aggr.) in the tree layer. The shrub-layer usually includes: Olea europaea, Quercus coccifera, Juniperus oxycedrus, Cistus creticus and C. salviaefolius. The Kermes oak, Quercus coccifera, is a widespread tree. Because of grazing and fires it rarely forms woods; commonly it occurs as a shrub in the phrygana. In the drier parts of Greece it often replaces Qu. ilex completely and perhaps in the past formed climax woods in parts of this region. Quercus coccifera often occurs combined with Calicotome villosa, Hypericum empetrifolium, Phlomis fruticosa, Pyrus amygdaliformis and Sarcopoterium spinosum. In Greece in several places the semi-evergreen Quercus macrolepis is growing as a tree to a height of 15 m, because it has been cultivated for its large acorn-cups used in tanning and dyeing. Pine woods: The Mediterranean zone also comprises pine woods. The most abundant species of the Mediterranean pines is the Aleppo pine, Pinus halepensis. In the south and east of Greece, it is replaced by the closely related Pinus brutia, which is now widely used for afforestation. Further, near the Greek west coast, Pinus pinea stands occur. 1 Distribution of Pinus halepensis and Pinus brutia (from Polunis and Walters, 1985) 2 Distribution of the four major European subspecies of Pinus nigra (from Polunin and Walters 1985) Pinus halepensis often is a constituent of the Olea-Ceratonia-zone (Attica, Eastern Peloponnese). It forms woodlands on rocky outcrops on land which is not suitable for cultivation. It is most common on limestone and on littoral sediments. Dense forests are rare, normally a Pinus halepensis woodland shows widely spaced trees and a well developed understorey, which can grow to a height of about 2 m and forms nearly impenetrable thickets. Components of the shrub layer are Quercus coccifera, Pistacia, Cistus, Arbutus unedo, Erica, Phillyrea. On very dry ground, the shrub layer is lower (about 1 m) and dominating are Cistus sp. and often Erica manipuliflora, sometimes also Pistacia lentiscus. The field layer of the Pinus halepensis forest is poorly developed; in the spring orchids may be abundant. The trunks of Pinus halepensis are commonly tapped for acquisition of turpentine and resin (used e.g for resined wine = retsina). Pinus brutia is very similar to P.halepensis, but has smaller cones and longer needles. It is still more drought-resistant than P.halepensis. Pinus brutia woods are very similar to those of the aleppo pine. Pinus pinea is called the umbrella pine, which describes its shape very well. It is largely a coastal tree, growing on sands and dunes of the littoral. Its distribution is centered in the Western Mediterranean. In Greece, we find small woods along the west-coast of the Peloponnese. Pinus pinea is widely planted, largely for its edible nut-like seeds. In the undergrowth, the grass Lagurus ovatus is abundant or a shrub layer with Pistacia, Cistus, Juniperus and Phillyrea develops. Olive groves: The wild olive, Olea europaea var. sylvestris is a native of the eastern Mediterranean area. The cultivated olive, var. sativa is most widely cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region and forms a sort of a man-made woodland. The olive groves usually stand on cultivated ground without any shrub or field layers below. The ground may be covered by grass, but is held free from persistent species, which would take too much water from the soil. In the spring, in the olive groves there are many annuals flowering; during the summer, often only dry plant parts remain. Submediterranean zone: In the humid zonation this orobione is characterized by deciduous and semi-evergreen oakwoods. In the north of the Mediterranean region, woodlands with the same composition replace the evergreen communities. Much of this submediterranean woodland is destroyed; only small relic deciduous forests are found in remote areas of the Peloponnese. Characteristic species, which are more widespread, are: Ostrya carpinifolia, Pyrus amygdaliformis, Cercis siliquastrum, Fraxinus ornus, Cotinus coggygria, Celtis australis. A submediterranean tree is Castanea sativa, which is cultivated since Roman times also in Western Europe, where it has now become naturalized. On the Peloponnese perhaps it is also introduced. The ground-flora of Castanea woods usually is rich in acid-indicating species. Submontane and montane zones: In Central and Southern Greece, these zones are occupied by coniferous forests. The black pine, Pinus nigra, is widespread throughout the Mediterranean and has distinctive subspecies, each forming woods in different parts of the region: - Western Mediterranean: Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii - Italy, Yugoslavia - Eastern Alps: Pinus nigra ssp. nigra - Corsica, Sicily, Calabria: Pinus nigra ssp. laricio - Greece, Bulgaria, Crimea: Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana Pinus nigra withstands winter frosts as well as hot and dry summers. In the montane zone, Abies cephalonica forms forests in Southern Greece, particularly on Parnassus and in the mountains of the Peloponnese, at altitudes of 800-1600 m, where the mountain humidity ameliorates the dry summers. The remaining Abies forests are limited to the large mountainous regions. The upper limit of the Abies forest forms the timberline in Central and Southern Greece; it is reduced to lower heights by grazing and burning. In Northern Greece, the hybrid species Abies borisii-regis (A.alba X cephalonica) forms woods; it cannot be unequivocally distinguished from A. cephalonica by characters observable in the field (MAYER 1981). The hybrid species reaches the Abies forests of the Peloponnese, but is rare in this region. The genus Abies formed different species in the different parts of the Mediterranean area; they are relics, separated by the climatic development during the uppermost Tertiary and the Quaternary. Endemic in Southern Spain is Abies pinsapo; in Sicily it is Abies nebrodensis. A. pinsapo and A. cephalonica are the two most drought-resistant of all Mediterranean fir species. The Abies cephalonica forests have a different understorey due to exposition and height. In the lower parts, the shrubs are Quercus coccifera, Quercus pubescens agg., Juniperus oxycedrus, Pyrus amygdaliformis. In the higher areas, Juniperus communis, Daphne oleoides and Crataegus orientalis are found. The ground flora is sparse in most cases. The cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, is a native also of the mountain region of the southern Peloponnese, but forests have disappeared almost completely. Riparian woods: Near water-courses in river valleys riparian or wet woods are found. In the Mediterranean zone they are conspicuous by comprising deciduous, summer-green trees and shrubs. Characteristic species are Salix sp., Populus alba, Platanus orientalis which all are found also in the riparian woods of the submediterranean area; and additionally Nerium oleander, Tamarix, Vitex agnus-castus, Rubus ulmifolius. The species name of Vitex agnus-castus, points to the opinion that the seeds are usable as an anti-aphrodisiac. Platanus orientalis is a quickly growing tree with a wide-spreading crown. Therefore, it is often planted near springs and also in Greek villages on the main places, there performing a social role as a sunshade for the meeting place of the inhabitants. Submediterranean wet woods are largely dominated by Alnus glutinosa, Populus alba, Salix alba, S. fragilis, S. purpurea and deciduous oaks. Near water-courses the grass Arundo donax is frequently growing; it is said that from this material the god Pan constructed the first Pan's flute. Mediterranean shrub communities: In most cases they are the result of man's influence on the natural vegetation: cutting and burning of wood, grazing, erosion of the top soil. All these factors lead to a depauperation of the natural communities and the vegetation is held in a sub-climax state. Maquis: This shrubby wood can also be a type of climax vegetation ("primary maquis", comp.p.46) which may reach a height of about 5 m. The maquis consists of evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs and usually is a very dense vegetation. In the submediterranean to submontane zones, the transition to a largely deciduous shrub community is sometimes named "pseudomaquis". The maquis is more frequent in the Western Mediterranean, where the climate generally is somewhat moister. Also in Greece, it is found largely near the moister west-coast areas. Burnt maquis can recover in about 5 years, thereby different species re-establish themselves at different rates, because they form new shoots with different speed from the plant parts in the soil which are not affected. The maquis communities in the Olea-Ceratonia zone and in the Quercus ilex zone show relatively little differences. Characteristic species are: Calicotome villosa, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus alaternus, Ephedra fragilis, Arbutus unedo and A. andrachne, Erica sp. and Quercus coccifera especially in southern Greece. If the maquis is undisturbed by man or fire, often Pinus halepensis is colonizing the community and may become dominant. Phrygana: These Greek variants of the vegetation types named "Garigues" are characterized as evergreen, more or less open dwarf shrub communities (about 0.5-1 m high), rich in aromatic plants. Between the shrubs, there is a considerable area of bare ground with some annuals and geophytes (e.g. Crocus, Fritillaria, Orchis, Ophrys). During the summer, these species disappear almost quantitatively. Many species contain etherical oils (e.g. Thymus, Salvia, Lavandula) or are in other ways unpalatable to grazing animals (as Euphorbia), others are very spiny (as thistles) and thus partially protected. Also shrubs may be spiny (Genista acanthoclada, Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Sarcopoterium spinosum, Calicotome villosa). The different variants of the phrygana show considerable diversity, largely dependent on grazing pressures, burning, soil erosion, exposition and other factors. Some characteristic types are: - Quercus coccifera-phrygana; often with spherically growing dwarf shrubs (Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Sarcopoterium spinosum). - Cistus-phrygana: evolving particularly after burning, often with Hypericum empetrifolium. - Euphorbia-phrygana: on rocky ground near the coast, with Euphorbia dendroides often dominating; in other areas in Greece often with Euphorbia acanthothamnos. - Erica-phrygana: on acid soils, continuous transition to maquis, with Erica arborea, E. manipuliflora and Arbutus species. - Thymus-phrygana: in Greece dominated by Coridothymus capitatus. - Salvia-phrygana: in many areas with Salvia triloba dominating. - Paliurus-phrygana: in mountainous areas, with species of submediterranean character, e.g. the semi-evergreen Paliurus spine-christi and the deciduous Prunus spinosa; other characteristic species are Spartium junceum and Juniperus oxycedrus. Rather wet areas in a phrygana usually can be recognized by the occurrence of Myrtus communis. Some other typical phrygana plants not yet mentioned are: Anthyllis herrmanniae, Ballota acetabulosa, Glcibularia alypum, Teucrium polium, Asphodelus, Urginea, Convolvulus sp. Grasslands: The Mediterranean and submediterranean grasslands are composed of native species, but are maintained as grasslands largely as the result of intense grazing and withdrawal of the woody plants. Often they result from a destruction of woodlands and the land is covered by a mosaic of shrubland and grassland communities. The driest grassland types may be characterized by feather-grass species (Stipa) and therefore may be named a steppe-grassland. Typical grasses of the grasslands are Brachypodium sp., Hyparrhenia hirta, Cynodon dactylon, Briza maxima s.l. Other characteristic species are: Euphorbia sp., Foeniculum vulgare, Salvia verbenaca, Trifolium stellatum, Verbascum sp., Echinops ritro. The flowering season is short and during the summer, the vegetation cover is brown and dry; only some thistles (Onopordum, Cirsium, Scolymus hispanicus) and Verbascum being still alive. In cases of extreme depauperation, a characteristic grassland with Asphodelus species, Urginea maritima, Euphorbia characias and sometimes Sarcopoterium spinosum is formed. Submediterranean grasslands are the result of the clearance of submediterranean and montane forests; they are used for grazing in the spring and the autumn. Subalpine Grasslands: They may replace forests of Abies cephalonica between about 1500 and 1700 m (e.g. on Mt. Parnassus). Characteristic species are: Stipa pulcherrima, Melica ciliata, Festuca varia, Cerastium candidissimum, Daphne oleoides, Morina persica, Pterocephalus perennis, Anthemis cretica. Rock-wall communities: Cliffs and rock-walls may be rich in species especially in the submontane/montane region, particularly in north-facing situations. In such places, often endemics can be observed. As an example, in the Southern Peloponnese there are Campanula versicolor-associations with: Stachys candida, Inula candida, Centranthus ruber, Campanula rupestris, Scutellaria, Onosma and others. The walls of the ancient ruins of most archeological sites have been cleared by herbicides during the last 15 years and therefore, in most places, no characteristic flora remained. In several localities, Capparis spinosa may be observed (Corinth, Ancient agora of Athens). The flower buds of this species are the edible capers. Cultivated and ornamental plants: The Phoenicians and the ancient Greeks introduced and/or propagated many cultivated species: the olive, the fig Ficus carica, the pomegranate Punica granatum, and the first Citrus species. The orange, Citrus sinensis, was brought from East Asia by the Arabs. New plants from all parts of the world arrived during the last three centuries: several palm species from different countries, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E.globulus and Acacia species from Australia, Agave, Opuntia, Schinus molle, Bougainvillea and others from America. Also, many foreign weeds became widespread in the Mediterranean areas. Itinerary Monday, August 3: We leave Athens on the National Highway to Northern Greece, which we follow until near Thivai through the northern part of the province (nomos) of Attica and through Boiotia. Attica (Attiki) has an area of 3350 km² (1300 sq.m.), its northern part is broken up by ranges of hills. To the left, we may see Mt. Parnis (1413m). Near the road, the lower slopes are covered with a phrygana vegetation, oak woods, and pine forests. In the higher parts still large areas bear a coniferous forest of Abies cephalonica. The village of Dekelia/Tatoi at the foot of Mt. Parnis in earlier times was the summer-residence of the kings of Greece. To the right of our route, there is the Pentelikon range with many marble quarries. We reach the province of Boiotia, belonging to Central Greece, (3000 km²), lying between the gulfs of Corinth and Euboea (Evvia). Near the National Highway Nerium oleander and Spartium junceum are planted frequently. The first mentioned species grows naturally near water-courses on pebbles; Spartium as a leguminous plant grows very well on poor soils. We pass the old settlement of Tanagra, with only few ruins of the ancient town. The graves of the great necropolis are the source of the charming figures in painted terracotta named after this locality. The sanctuary of Tanagra contained a holy Andrachne tree (Arbutus andrachne), under which the god Hermes shall have grown up. The central plain of Boiotia, supplemented in modern times by the land won by the drainage of lake Kopais, has made this province an agricultural region since ancient times. Its inhabitants were traditionally regarded as rather uncouth rustics, in spite of the fact that it was the birthplace of Besiod, Pindar, and Plutarch. In the area of Thebes we may see fields with cotton, water-melons (Citrullus vulgaris) and onions. The natural vegetation in this area probably was a sort of a Quercus ilex woodland (Quercus ilex-zone; Andrachno-Quercetum). Thebes (Thivai) is a little town of about 16000 inhabitants and occupies the site of the ancient city of the same name, which existed as early as the Mycenaean period. Round the royal dynasty of that time there grew up the great cycle of myths centred on Oidipus. In the 4th century B.C. under the leadership of Epameinondas Thebes became the dominant power in Greece for a short period, but after a rising was destroyed by Alexander the Great in 335 B.C. The road now passes some hills and basins; forming a typical karstic landscape. The great basins of the Boiotic-Phocic area form a row of karstic basins along tectonic lines, deepened by solution of the limestones by percolating groundwater. In most cases they only have a subterranean drainage. Near Aliartos to the left a medieval tower; on the limestone hills a phrygana with Quercus coccifera and sometimes Paliurus spina-christi. To the right the former lake Kopais in one of the largest polja (karstic basins in Greece (350 km²), which was drained since 1886 because of the danger of malaria. From this area, pollen diagrams have been obtained, which cover the last part of the Wurm glaciation and most of the Holocene. During Wurm the pollen is sparse, it belongs to Pinus, Juniperus, Betula, Salix and few Quercus. At the end of the cool period, a deciduous oak woodland seems to have been the climax vegetation. Evergreen oaks and pines were not a very important element in those woods. Such communities appear later, partly as a response to human action. The woodlands, especially of deciduous trees, were seriously reduced during final Neolithic times. In Northern Greece a severe reduction took place about 2000 to 3000 years later. The pollen diagrams of Northern Greece point to a steppe vegetation during the Wurm period and dense oak forests in early Holocene. Livadia, with about 15000 inhabitants, was the capital of the region during the Turkish period. Catalanian citadel; wool and cotton industry. Around Livadia olive, apricot and almond cultures are frequent. - Now we may have good views to Mt. Helikon and later on we shall see the Parnassus mountains in front of us. Both mountain ranges are mainly built up of limestones and both bear forests of Abies cephalonica in their upper parts. Behind a short tunnel in the region of Karakolithos we will have a first short glimpse on the Greek phrygana vegetation. The rocks in this area are flysch sediments of the Boiotian zone. Some frequent species are: \| Species \| Species \| Species \| \|--------------------------\|--------------------------\|--------------------------\| \| Arbutus unedo \| Calicotome villosa \| Cistus creticus \| \| Cistus salviaefolius \| Cotinus coggygria \| Phillyrea latifolia \| \| Pistacia lentiscus \| Pyrus amygdaliformis \| Quercus coccifera \| \| Spartium junceum \| \| \| Near a small (perhaps dry) water-course: \| Species \| Species \| Species \| \|--------------------------\|--------------------------\|--------------------------\| \| Myrtus Communis \| Platanus orientalis \| Vitex agnus-castus \| \| Non woody plants: \| \| \| \| Centaurea calcitrapa \| Dittrichia viscosa \| Malva sylvestris \| \| Eryngium amethystinum \| Scolymus hispanicus \| \| Continuing our journey we see near the road Cupressus sempervirens, Nerium oleander, Spartium junceum, Robinia pseudoacacia. We reach the plain of Distomon with large areas covered with low phrygana, due to heavy grazing. Near the turning of the street, which we follow to the left, there is the ancient triodos or schiste (divided road) which was believed to be the place where Oidipos killed his father Laios.- The village of Distomon was rebuilt after destruction during World War II by the Germans. Then we reach the byzantine monastery of Osios Loukas. Monastery of Osios Loukas: It is most famous for its mosaics, which belong to the best examples of 11th century mosaic work. The monk St. Luke of Stirli lived in this place from about 910 until his death in 953 as a hermit. During his lifetime a chapel of St. Barbara was built (941-944), around this the monastery developed and now dominates the surroundings with its two magnificent churches. The chapel of St. Barbara has been preserved as the crypt of the principal church; according to others it is now part of the church of the Panagia to the left of the principal church. The Crypt contains the sarcophagus of St. Luke and two other sarcophagi, traditionally believed to contain the remains of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos II (959-963) and his wife. After damages during the last war, the monastery was thoroughly restored 1953-1962. The two churches - the principal church (now museum) dedicated to St. Luke and the other to the Mother of God (Theotokos, Panagia) - both show the characteristic pattern of a domed cruciform church. In the church of St. Luke the mosaics were the work of artists from Byzant. The subjects are arranged according to the rules established by the 9th century. In the narthex we find scenes from the passion, above the doorway leading into the church a figure of Christ as the Light of the World. The mosaic of Christ in the central dome was destroyed when the dome collapsed in 1593. In the N aisle to the left a portrait-like figure of Osios Loukas. In 1659 by an earthquake parts of the mosaics were destroyed and thereafter replaced by frescoes. To the iconostasis of the principal church belonged 4 icons painted by Damaskinos from Crete, who was the teacher of the famous painter El Greco; but they recently were brought to the museum. When back to the cross-way we now follow the road to Delphi. On the left the Xerovouni mountain, with Abies cephalonica woods. On the right the slopes of the mountain range of Parnassus. In the slopes, a bauxite mine may be observed. It brings up bauxite from the third bauxite-horizon. There are 3 main bauxites, which were formed during periods of emersion: The first in the Middle Jura, the second in the Lower Cretaceous and the third in the Upper Cretaceous. The slopes of Mt. Parnassus to the North show relics of Abies cephalonica forest. The valley which we follow to Arachova and Delphi runs in flysch sediments laying in a trench-like structure. North of us, the Parnassus massif is overthrusted in a southern direction; but in the south the flysch in a normal way overlays the limestones. Arachova is a mountain village in a magnificent situation, noted for its colourful textiles in traditional patterns. In this place during the Greek war of independence, in a battle in 1826 Karaiskakis killed 1500 Turks. On the western end of the village the road to Parnassus branches off the road to Delphi and climbs over a shoulder and across the Livadi plain northward. Parnassus is a limestone massif rising to 2457 m (8060 ft). In ancient times it was sacred to the cult of Apollo and Dionysos and was regarded as the home of the Muses. Geologically it belongs to the Parnassus-Ghiona-nappe, which reaches about 15-20 km further to the west and comprises a thick sequence of carbonatic rocks, reaching from Trias to the Lower Tertiary. It constituted a more rigid part of the hellenic geosyncline between the Pelagonian unit in the east and the Pindus-zone in the west. It was transported (during the Oligocene) in western direction over the flysch of the Pindus zone. The area of Parnassus shows still large coniferous forests and in the higher parts alpine meadows. The highest summit is called Liakoura, but also Gerontovrakhos and Kotrona summit reach more than 2400 m. Now Parnassus is a skiing area, of which many roads, ski lifts and so on, destroying the natural vegetation, bear evidence. Parnassus was decreed as a National Reserve area about 50 years ago, but no practical steps have been taken to conserve its flora and landscape. The zone of Abies cephalonica (Greek fir) theoretically commences at approximately 800 m. Area of Mt. Parnassus (from Colettis 1963, modified) On our road we find forests beginning from about 1100-1200 m. Especially the southern and eastern slopes of Parnassus were heavily deforested. The Parnassus massif comprises also the southern limit of the natural occurrence of Aesculus hippocastanum. On our road, vineyards may be observed on to a height of about 1000 m. From the viewpoint on the shoulder we see the large karstic basin of the Livadi plain with the now abandoned settlement of Kalyvia. Only shepherds for some periods stay here. Near the viewpoint many thistles of the species Picnomon acarna are growing. We will have a stop in the Abies forest at about 1300 m. The forest has a southern exposition and therefore is rather dry. The rocks are limestones, which bear a terra fusca soil. Frequent species: \| Species \| Species \| \|--------------------------------\|--------------------------------\| \| Abies cephalonica \| Juniperus oxycedrus \| \| Asplenium ceterach (Ceterach officinarum) \| Lactuca viminea \| \| Astragalus sempervirens \| Lamium garganicum ssp.pictur \| \| Campanula patula aggr. \| Lithospermum permixtum \| \| Centaurea solstitialis \| Marrubium velutinum \| \| Crataegus orientalis \| Potentilla reptans \| \| Cyclamen \| Prunus spinosa \| \| Digitalis laevigata ssp. graeca\| Rosa rubiginosa \| \| Echinops ritro \| Satureja alpina \| \| Euphorbia rigida \| \| Along the road magnificent tall thistles can be seen: Onopordum tauricum, Cirsium candelabrum, and furtheron Echinops. A short stop shows us a fine stand of the brown-flowered Digitalis laevigata ssp. graeca, Nepeta nuda and Verbascum delphicum. - The upper limit of the Abies forest is destroyed by grazing and by cutting of trees. The ski-lift station, where we will have another stop, is situated at about 1750 m. The effects of heavy grazing may be observed everywhere and nearby the last battered Abies cephalonica can be seen. The only one higher shrub or small tree in this area above the Abies forest is Juniperus foetidissima, which reaches further up and indicates the depression of the timberline by the intense grazing. Most of the predominating plants owe their success to being in some way self-protective against the grazing. Among the interesting species we can find the following, which seem to be particularly successful in resistance: Astragalus angustifolius, Cerastium candidissimum, Daphne oleoides, Echinops spinosissimus, Marrubium velutinum (by Dioscorides called "prasion"), Nepeta nuda, Senecio thapsoides. In the vicinity of the station and of the refuges the area is covered with dolina with steep sides and often flat bottoms. They are characteristic karstic phenomena in limestone mountains. The different parts of these dolina have different micro-climates and therefore show interesting profiles of plant-associations (QUEZEL). On the cliffs, often out of reach of the animals, we may find Geranium macrorrhizum, Campanula versicolor and Campanula rupicola. Near the base of the cliffs Senecio thapsoides with its silvery-grey foliage is usually present (Geranium macrorrhizum-Senecio thapsoides-association). Between rocks and screes and on the flat floor we may find Morina persica, Nepeta nuda, Pterocephalus perennis, Astragalus balduccii and Stipa pennata. On rather horizontal parts of the cliffs Prunus prostata, Daphne oleoides, Lysimachia serpyllifoVegetation of a doline of Parnassus near the timberline (according to Quezel 1964, modified) 1 Association of Alopecurus gerardi and Crocus sieberi 2 Association of Astragalus cephlonicus and Nepeta nuda 3 Association of Geranium macrorrhizum and Senecio thapsoides 4 Association of Satureja parnassica and Sedum magellense Lia, Lamium garganicum and Astragalus sp. may be found. At some places the pale green, hard mats of Minuartia stellata can be observed, for which Parnassus is the typus-locality. In the deepest parts of the doline, where soil (terra fusca) accumulates, several assemblages of species are present; frequent are: Arum maculatum, Cerastium candidissimum, Eryngium amethystinum ssp.tennifolium, Marrubium velutinum, Satureja alpina, Urtica dioica. If there is enough time, it is possible to observe the man-made timberline of the Abies forest from above near the ski-centre of Parnassus and/or to have another glimpse on the doline vegetation near the old EOS-hut. After continuing our journey back to Arachova we turn to the right and have only 9 km to reach Delphi. Near the road Spartium junceum and Centranthus ruber. Delphi (Delphoi), lying on the SW-slopes of Parnassus, is one of the most famous cult sites in Greece, renowned throughout the ancient world as the sanctuary of Apollo and the seat of his oracle. The wealth of ancient remains combined with the magnificent setting makes Delphi one of the high points of a visit to Greece. The new village of Delphi, now a busy little town, was established in 1892. Then, the village of Kastri which had grown up on the locality of the old ruins, was moved to allow excavations. These excavations were made by French archaeologists and are still going on. The Museum between the excavation area and the village shows a wonderful collection of findings from the site. Most famous the charioteer (bronze statue). From Delphi we have a view over the largest olive-tree "forest" of Europe, which we will cross next day. This wonderful landscape now is in danger because there is a plan to establish a large aluminium plant which can use the bauxite mined in the surroundings. Tuesday, August 4: In the morning we have a visit of the excavations. There are three parts: the sanctuary of Apollo, the Castalian spring and the sanctuary of Athena at Marmaria. The archaeological area has also a rich vegetation of ruderal species, but in the summer it is mostly dry. Perhaps the fructifications of Lunaria annua, Asphodeline lutea, and Euphorbia characias may be observed. The Castalian spring, one of the three great karstic springs of Delphi, is situated in a gorge between the rocks called Phaidriades. Here we see Platanus orientalis and Cercis siliquastrum and on the cliffs grow many interesting and also some rare species, e.g.: Campanula topaliana and versicolor, Centranthus ruber, Ptilostemon chamaepeuce, Silene congesta and gigantea, Smyrnium orphanides. The road to Itea leads through the large olive tree groves of this area. The southern exposition and the availability of water allows olive cultures to about 800/850 m. In this area predominantly table olives are grown. In Greece the majority of the olives are used for oil production. Table olives are also grown in Thessaly, in the Southern Peloponnese (Kalamata) and in Western Greece near Arta. Olives: The great triangular tympanon above the west entrance to the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens depicted the legendary contest between the goddess Athena and Poseidon, god of the sea, for control of Attica and Athens. Athena offered the olive tree and wisdom; Poseidon offered the horse and the power of the sea. The decision went to Athena, who became the patron of the city. One sacred olive tree, planted again in more recent times, is growing near the Erechtheion on the acropolis. Another one, which was a very old tree, stood at the Holy Road (Iera Odos) leading from Athens to Elefisia, and was destroyed some years ago by a truck-accident. Now a young tree has been planted at the same place. The cultivated olive had its origin from selections from the wild olive, probably in the eastern Mediterranean. The olive tree has been cultivated in Greece at least since the time of the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete (3000 B.C.) and at least since about 1500 B.C. on the Peloponnese. One of the gold cups of the Vaphio-tomb, remnants of the Mycenaean civilization, shows olive leaf patterns used as decorations. The olive tree was considered by the ancient Greeks to be a symbol of wisdom, peace, and victory. The winners of the ancient Olympic Games in the early times received a sample crown from olive branches as their reward. The olive has rather strict climatic requirements. The trees are killed by temperatures below -8°C, however they need chilling during the winter in order to initiate flowering. Olive production is generally confined to the lower and coastal areas of Southern Greece and to the islands. There are several varieties grown in Greece; in the area around Itea as a table olive it is predominantly the variety Konservolia. On the Peloponnese especially the oil varieties Koroneiki, Kothreiki and Koutsourolia and the table variety Kalamon are planted. The gulf of Corinth is a great graben structure with unequal shoulders. Near Kollini we pass bauxite mines. The tree horizons of bauxite can be seen on the Kefali hill. Next the road the lowermost horizon is mined. On slopes near the sea there is a Euphorbia dendroides dominated vegetation. E.dendroides is mainly a west-mediterranean species. Now, in August, it stands without leaves. - We follow the road along the sea in western direction. Near Galaxidi the overthrust of the Parnass-Ghiona nappe upon the Pindus flysch may be observed. In the area of Eratini a shrubby vegetation with Pinus halepensis forms a sort of maquis. On several slopes there are Pinus afforestation on the Pindus flysch. Some fans of debris coming down from the hills (e.g. near Marathias) show plenty of Nerium oleander in natural stands. Near Efpalion limestones (mainly Cretaceous) of the Pindus series form the mountain ridges. Nafpaktos: port and town, 9 km E of the strait of Rion. The fortifications climb up to the castle on top of a hill. On this castle-hill also the overthrust of the Pindus nappe (Triassic limestones) upon the Gavrova-flysch may be observed. Nafpaktos was known to the Venetians as Lepanto and became famous through the naval battle of Lepanto in 1571 (Oct.5). From 1499 to 1687 and from 1700 to 1821 the town was Turkish. The Turkish fleet sailed from here to fight the battle which marked the first naval victory by the allied powers of Europe over the hitherto undefeated Turks. The battle took place further to the West, between Mesolongi and the Oxia islands. The commander of the "Holy league", formed by Spain, Venice, Genova, the Pope, and the Order of St. John was Don Juan d'Austria, a natural son of the Emperor Charles V. Among the participants of the battle was Cervantes, author of "Don Quixote", who lost an arm in the encounter. Antirrio/Rio: Ferryboat across the narrowest point (2 km) of the Gulf of Corinth; more than 96 crossings daily. From Antirrio 40 km to the west Mesolongi is situated, the capital of the nomos Aetolila and Acarnania, which was heroically defended against the Turks during the war of liberation, mainly by Markos Botsaris. On 5 Jan 1824 Lord Byron landed at Mesolongi, but died of fever on 10 April of the same year. In Antirrio we pass the Kastro Roumeli; in Rio the Kastrc Moreas (Morea means Peloponnese); these two fortifications controlled the entrance to the inner gulf of Corinth. From Rio it is only a short way to Patras. We may see Citrus cultures, especially of lemons. Before reaching the city the buildings of the University of Patras can be seen to the left. Patras: largest town (120000 inhabitants) and principal port of the Peloponnese, capital of the nomos of Achaia, seat of an archbishop. The town was rebuilt after the destruction during the war of independence on a rectangular street layout. After a first rise at Kalavryta (March 15) and in the Mani the war of independence began at Patras, when the archbishop Germanos consecrated the flag (March 25, 1821; this day is now the festival day of the Greek nation) and then appealed to the country. A declaration of independence followed on March 28 at Kalamata.- In Patras the German method of cultivation and of manufacture of wine was introduced first in to Greece by Mr. Clauss, founder of the Archaia-Clauss wine company. Peloponnese (Paloponnisos): This peninsula is the most southern part of the Greek mainland, with which it is linked only by the Isthmus of Corinth. Area: 21 440 km² (2280 sq.m). It shows a great variety of landscapes, broken up by hills and mountains. In the centre we find the upland region of Arcadia; the eastern part of the peninsula is known as the Argolid; to the south of Arcadia is Laconia with its capital Sparta. The NW part is the region of Elis, an area of low-lying land with Olympia as best-known place. The Peloponnese is a region rich in myth as well as in history. After the 4th Crusade (1204) it passed into the hands of Frankish knights and in 1453 the Turks arrived. During the war of independence it was the core area of the patriots. Geologically, on the Peloponnese at least four tectonic zones must be distinguished (JACOBSHAGEN 1978). The lowestmost Plattembalk-series seems to be autochthonous; it is visible e.g. in the Taygetos mts. The second level, the West Hellenic nappe system, consists of two units: the lower one is represented by the Phyllite series (which we will cross in the foothills of the Taygetos); the upper one comprises among others the sediments of the Tripolitza zone. These sediments are overlain by the third tectonic unit, the Central Hellenic nappe system, which on the Peloponnese comprises the Pindus nappe and the Argolicum (mesozoic sediments of the peninsula of the Argolid). In Central Greece, the Parnassus nappe and the Pelagonian nappes also belong to the Central Hellenic system. The Argolicum has been overthrust by an ophiolithic nappe (fourth tectonic unit). The sediments of the Tripolitza zone mainly consist of Tripolitza limestone (Triassic to Eocene) with a thickness of about 1500 m and the flysch cover (500-1200 m). The Pindus nappe has moved more than 80 km in a western direction over the Tripolitza series. The mainly carbonatic Pindus series show an arenaceous intercalation of variable thickness in the Cretaceous and at their top a typical flysch (lower Tertiary). The Pindus rocks form mountain chains in the western part of the Peloponnese and in the Argolid; in the central Peloponnese only some outliers are left by erosion resting on the Tripolitza series. Tectonic map of the Peloponnese (from Jacobshagen et al., 1978) Schematic cross-section through the nappe sequence of the Peloponnese (from Jacobshagen et al., 1978) Mean annual rainfalls in the Peloponnese (from Beuermann 1956) Forests in the Peloponnese (from Beuermann 1956) 1 forests and woods of Pinus halepensis, 2 forests of Pinus nigra, 3 forests of Abies cephalonica, 4 woods of deciduous oaks, 5 maquis, 6 "bad" maquis, 7 forests of Castanea sativa, 8 borders of the nomoi. From Patras we are following the road to Pyrgos, first along the sea, then on the new highway through the coastal plain. Near Patras Citrus cultures are frequent; further to the west olive groves and vineyards are dominant. Cupressus sempervirens trees, predominantly in the "columnar" form, are planted like hedges as wind-breaks. The columnar form is claimed to have a better fire-resistance than the normal form, which is present in mountain-forests of Crete. Along some roads, Eucalyptus-trees are planted. The NW Peloponnese is a very fertile area, because enough water is available (higher annual rainfall than in the East). In the summer especially maize, tomatoes and water-melons are harvested. In open lands beneath the Cupressus already mentioned also Arundo donax in used as a wind-break. Crossing the river Pinios we can see that only a small stripe of riparian woodlands has been left along the banks. As seasonal workers in the tomato digesting plants gipsies ar frequent in this area. The little town of Amalias to the left was formed in 1885 by the union of some villages and got the name of the queen Amalia. When we reach the surroundings of Pyrgos, olive cultures and carob trees get more frequently and fields with cotton may be seen. Water-channels and water-pipelines show the possibility of irrigation. Pyrgos is a commercial town and capital of the nomos of Elis, with 23000 inhabitants. South of Pyrgos are many glass-houses; during the spring and in the early summer this area has a garden character. We cross the river Alfios, accompanied by flood-protection dams. In the river-plain water-melons and peanuts are grown. The village of Kallikomon is now a new settlement, erected after destruction by an earthquake. Near the shore stands of Pinus pinea may be observed. This pine with its characteristic shape is not abundant in Greece and only frequent on the west coast of the Peloponnese. Kaiafas, 21 km (13 m) S of Pyrgos on the coast, has been renowned since ancient times for its medicinal thermal springs (38 C, containing hydrogen sulfide). Pollen diagrams from the Lake Kaiafas indicate that the local pine woods had been largely removed by the Late Bronze Age and that between 1100 and 700 B.C. olives were cultivated. In the area of Kaiafas are the northern limits of the natural occurrence of Ceratonia siliqua in the phrygana vegetation of the west coast of the Peloponnese. From here to the south the Olea-Ceratonia zone is well developed. Through a pine wood we reach the long sandy beach, where bathing is possible (but there are no douching facilities). Near the beach an open vegetation (cover about 30%) of typical beach plants is to be shown. Typical species are: - Ammophila arenaria - Cakile maritima - Centaurea sonchifolia - Cyperus capitatus (=mucronatus) - Echinophora spinosa - Eryngium maritimum Euphorbia paralias Lagurus ovatus Medicago marina Otanthus maritimus Pancratium maritimum Salsola kali The adjacent small pine wood comprises: - Pinus pinea - Pinus halepensis - Dittrichia viscosa - Juniperus phoenicea - Pistacia lentiscus Quercus coccifera Rubia peregrina Ruscus aculeatus Smilax aspera Stachys spruneri From Kaiafas, we reach Olympia in about half an hour. Area of Olympia: 1 Altis (holy grove), 2 Stadion, 3 Gymnasion (now the entrance area of the Altis), 4 Old Museum, 5 New Museum, 6 Marble stele of Pierre der Coubertin, 7 International Olympic Academy, 8 Modern road, 9 Medieval river-bed of Alpheios, 10 Kronos hill (from Fuchs 1976) Wednesday, August 5: Olympia, lying in the angle between the rivers Alpheios (Alfios) and Kladeos, was a great Panhellenic sanctuary, the venue of the Olympic Games. The sacred precinct was brought to light by excavations since 1875; they also led to the growth of the present village of Olympia. A direct consequence of the excavation was the revival of the Olympic Games by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the first modern Games being held in Athens in 1896. The new museum contains a large collection of sculpture, bronzes and pottery. The Central Hall houses the metopes and figures from the pediments of the temple of Zeus. The rooms are arranged in clockwise order, starting from the left. Most famous pieces - among others - are the terracotta group of Zeus and Ganymede (ca.470 B.C.), the bronze helmet of Miltiades, the victor of Marathon, and the statue of Hermes with the boy Dionysos, which generally is agreed to be an original work by Praxiteles (c.350 B.C.). The sacred precinct, called the Altis (which means sacred grove), is now again planted with trees. The excavations in the Altis were finished in 1890; all the trees must be younger. In the grove of the Altis we find Pinus halepensis, Quercus pubescens aggr. and Cercis siliquastrum. After the visits of the museum and the archaeological zone, we take the road to Andritsaina. When crossing the Alfios we will stop to have a short visit to the relics of the riparian woodland in the wet zone near the river. (6) Here we may find: - Acer sempervirens - Arundo donax - Calystegia sepium - Datura innoxia - Dittrichia viscosa - Helictopium europaeum - Lythrum tribacteatum - Nerium oleander - Nicotiana glauca Phragmites australis Platanus orientalis Populus alba Solanum nigrum Tamarix syrnrium Ulmus scabra Vitex agnus-castus The road gradually leaves the plains and raises through the hills of the western Peloponnese. Near Diasella, the Pinus halepensis forests were damaged by fire a few years ago. The seeds of Pinus halepensis after fire germinate quicker than those of most other trees, so these forests recover as pine forests and also in other areas after fire the aleppo pine may become dominant. Near Kallithea there is a nice view into the Alfios valley to the left. In this area we will stop for a short trip into a "raquis" vegetation, growing on sandstones of the flysch series. On the sandy soil Erica arborea is a frequent species. Also Quercus ilex is abundant in the maquis of the western Peloponnese, caused by the relatively higher annual rainfalls. The difference between the western Peloponnese and the area around Athens (Attica) can also be seen from the percentage of annual (ephemeric) species in the vegetation of the Mediterranean zone (up to an altitude of 750 m): in the W Peloponnese 40-45% of all species and in Attica 60-80% are annuals. Frequent species of the "maquis": \| Species \| Species \| \|-------------------------------\|-------------------------------\| \| Anthyllis hermanniae \| Lonicera implexa \| \| Arbutus unedo \| Myrtius communis \| \| Cistus creticus \| Olea europaea var.sylvestris \| \| Cistus salviaefolius \| Phillyrea latifolia \| \| Cistus monspeliensis \| Pinus halepensis \| \| Dittrichia viscosa \| Pistacia lentiscus \| \| Erica arborea \| Pistacia terebinthus \| \| Erica manipuliflora \| Pyrus amygdaliformis \| \| Genista acanthoclada \| Quercus ilex \| \| Hypericum empetrifolium \| Sarcopoterium spinosum \| Andritsaina is an old hill village and still some wooden houses may be seen. On the main place, Platanus orientalis as shade yielding "village-tree" are planted - as in many hill villages and towns on the Peloponnese. From Andritsaina we follow the road up the mountains to Bassai. Some deciduous oaks (Quercus pubescens aggr., perhaps in most cases Quercus brachyphylla) and also stands of Digitalis laevigata along the road remind us that we have reached the orobionome which is known as the submediterranean vegetation zone. Mesozoic limestones of the Olonos-Pindus series show intense and generally west-vergent folds near the road. Bassai (Vassai): The temple of Apollo Epikourios stands on a remote site (alt.1130 m, 3700 ft.) on the slopes of Mt.Lykaion, 14 km (9 m) from the village of Andritsaina. Rediscovered in 1763, the temple has since been restored and a new thorough restoration is now going on. According to Pausanias, the temple was built (after 430 B.C.) by Iktinos, the architect of the Parthenon of Athens. The temple shows a column ratio 6 x 15, which is a rather archaic pattern and not the classical norm (6 x 13), and it is oriented to the N. While the external columns are doric, the cella has two rows of ionic columns set close to the walls. A frieze (now in the British Museum) ran round the walls of the cella above the columns. This deviates from the previously normal practice of having the frieze on the external walls. At the far end of the cella, at the entrance to the adyton where the cult image of the god was housed, there originally stood a column with a Corinthian capital. That is the earliest known use of this type. The temple thus made use of all three of the Greek orders. The Corinthian capital was present in 1811 but subsequently was destroyed and is known only from a drawing. With its elongated ground-plan and the 6 x 15 columns the temple of Bassai is reminiscent of the temple of Apollo at Delphi, which Iktinos had to reproduce here, reducing it in size by exactly a third. Temple of Bassai, plan (from Kirsten-Kraiker, according to Cockerell) Temple of Bassai, reconstruction of the cella (from Kirsten-Kraiker, according to Mallwitz) The vegetation around the temple is a mixture of Mediterranean and submediterranean species, as is normally true for grazed areas of the submediterranean zone. Acanthus spinosus Acer sempervirens Alcea pallida Carpanula topaliana Carlina cymosa Carlina lanata Carthamus lanatus Centaurea laconica Centaurea solstitialis Convolvulus althaeoides Consolida ambigua Crataegus Eryngium creticum Juglans regia Lactuca viminea Malabaila aurea Malcolmia Nigella damascena Onopordum tauricum Origanum vulgare Orlaya kochii Petrohragia Pistacia terebinthus Phlomis fruticosa Prunus spinosa Prunus webbii Prunus cocomilia Pyrus amygdaliformis Quercus coccifera Quercus pubescens aggr. Rhamnus alaternus Scrophularia canina Scutellaria rubicunda Stachys cretica Trifolium physodes Verbascum sp. The road from Andritsaina to Karytaina leads through maquis; and several degradation-forms of phrygana and of more or less grazed areas can be observed. Along small water-courses Platanus orientalis is growing. The rocks are changing several times from Olonos-Pindus-limestones to flysch sandstones and marls and back. On the sandstones trees of Castanea sativa are frequent. On the left there is a geological interesting view on several over-thrusted units of the Pindus zone (with Olonos limestones). Karytaina is an Arcadian village, situated near the gorge of the Alfios river. Above the village a Frankish castle built in the 13th c. by Hugues de Bruyère, baron of Karytaina. The castle was defended against the Turks in 1821 by Kolokotronis. From the road to Dimitsana a short way behind Karytaina we have a view into the plain of Megalopolis with a huge electric power station at the upper river Alfios. In the basin of Megalopolis lignitic coal-measures of early pleistocene age are found. From these coals a great number of fruits and seeds of aquatic and marsh-plants were collected (102 species). The majority of the organic substance of the coal originated from Scirpus, Carex and Cladium mariscus. The genera Erasmenia and Duryale present in the coal have become extinct in Europe. Because the latter one is resistant to cold, it should have survived the pleistocene cold periods. So it is more probable that it became extinct by one of the drying-up periods of interglacial or postglacial times. The road to Dimitsana leads through an area with much cattle. Along the road we find Paliurus spina-christi and Thistles of the genus Onopordum and also mulberry-trees. From the village Ellinikon on the way to Dimitsana a variant of Phrygana, developed at higher altitudes, and then the Abies forest may be observed. The road crosses afforestation with Pinus halepensis. Near Diritsana nuts (Juglans regia) are frequently cultivated. In a little valley along a water-course Platanus and Salix is growing. When we reach the houses of Karkalou, the valley is flattening because it now reaches the softer flysch sediments of the Tripolitza unit below the Olonos limestone of the tectonically superimposed Olonos-Pindus-unit. Now we take the road to the Tripolis and stop in the Abies forest near the village of Vityna. The Abies forests form relatively extensive woods in the central Peloponnese. The largest and richest of these forests cover the Maenalon Mts. On a short trip off the road we can only get a cursory impression of this type of forest, here preferably in a northern exposition. More frequent species in this lower part of the forest are: \| Species \| Species \| \|--------------------------------\|--------------------------------\| \| Acer sempervirens \| Juniperus oxycedrus \| \| Anthyllis vulneraria aggr. \| Lactuca viminea \| \| Asparagus acutifolius \| Lonicera implexa \| \| Centaurea solstitialis \| Pteridium aquilinum \| \| Cephalanthera sp. \| Pterocephalus \| \| Clematis flammula \| Quercus coccifera \| \| Delphinium peregrinum \| Quercus pubescens aggr. \| \| Fragaria vesca \| Teucrium polium \| \| Hedera helix \| Trifolium physodes \| Forests cover about 13% of the total area of the Peloponnese; for a mediterranean area this is a relative high value. Nearly one half of the total forest area are Pinus halepensis forests, somewhat smaller areas are covered by Abies forests and by Pinus pallasiana forests. Additionally, there are small areas of Castanea forests in Mt. Parnon and of woodlands of deciduous oaks, principally Quercus conserta and Qu. brachyphylla. The last great destruction of these oak forests took place during the construction of the Peloponnesian railway. In the Northern Peloponnese mixed Abies cephalonica - Pinus pallasiana forests can be found in the mountains. The lower parts of the Abies forests show a submontane, partly rather submediterrane character. Herbaceous species of the submediterranean zone of deciduous oaks are frequent. The upper limits of the forests are depressed by man as already mentioned for Parnassus. In earlier time especially the shepherds burnt down the uppermost forests to get areas for summer-grazing. Thereby the timberline was depressed. The deforestation on the Peloponnese began in early history and continued until recent times. Wood for ship-building was gained through centuries; and destructive war-raids were effective on to the second World War. Vityna, a mountain village, is famous for its honey and its yoghurt. From Vityna to Levidi a new road is under construction. On the right we see the Maenalon Mts., built up of Tripolitza limestone, covered by Abies forest. Near the road: phrygana vegetation of the higher altitudes, with Arbutus andrachne (stems and twigs with red bark). Near Levidi we can see flowering fields of Lavandula angustifolia, which is cultivated for the perfume industry. The hills on the left side are covered by typical phrygana vegetation; some big trees of Quercus coccifera show that this usually shrubby species may form typical oak trees. Then we reach the plain of Tripolis (central Arcadia). The northernmost part of the plain around the old settlement of Mantinea was a forest area still around 1800, as is documented by a map of 1804. Now this area is totally deforested! Mantinea, some km to the left of our route, harbours the remains of the ancient city of Mantinea. The battle of Mantinea, 362 B.C., ended the predominance of Thebes in the Peloponnese. Thursday, August 6: Tripolis, capital of the nomos Arcadia, has about 20000 inhabitants and is the centre of the surrounding agricultural region. It was founded on the central Arcadian plain by settlers from Albania in the 14th c. During the Turkish period under the name of Tripolitza it was seat of the Pasha of the Morea (=Peloponnese). The town was captured by Kolokotronis in 1821, but destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha in 1828. The name of the town commemorates the fact, that it is built on the territories of three ancient cities (Mantinea, Pallantion, Tegea). Arcadia (Arkadhia): is the upland region of the central Peloponnese. In the north the nomos comprises the mountains of Erymanthos, Chelmos, and Kyllini. The most important river is the Alfiós with its tributaries. Some areas in the central part have no overground drainage to the sea and form large karstic basins; they also led to the formation of bogs which were finally drained in our century. The region until recent times was rather isolated and so already in the ancient period it had become the setting for pastoral poetry. Now, an extensive programme of road-building has made easy to reach central Arcadia rather quickly. The Arcadian plateau is an area of agriculture and fruit-culture. The potatoes of this area belong to the best of Greece. Olive-trees are rare, because of the episodic but sometimes severe frosts in the winter. Cherries, apples, pears, peaches, nuts and almonds are grown; mulberry trees can be seen along roads. Tegea, 8 km (5m) ESE of Tripolis, comprises sparse remnants of a sanctuary of Athena with a temple erected by Skopas about 350 B.C. In this area scattered Quercus brachyphylla trees show that we are in the submediterranean zone of the deciduous oaks. The village of Kersitsa is named after the cherries (Prunus cerasus). The submediterranean phrygana is dominated by shrubby Quercus coccifera. The areas far from greater settlements, as e.g. south of Manthyrea, are now pasture-land; in former times they were used for agriculture. Near the border of the nomoi Arcadia and Laconia large areas are covered by phrygana, in most cases on Tripolitza limestone with terra rossa soils. Near the road to the left two memorials for partisans of the Second World War, who were fusilladed in these localities. The typical phrygana vegetation on limestone is to be shown here. 73 The frequent species are: \| Species \| Species \| \|--------------------------------\|--------------------------------\| \| Anthyllis hermanniae \| Hypericum empetrifolium \| \| Arbutus andrachne \| Odontites linkii \| \| Arbutus unedo \| Onosma erecta \| \| Cistus \| Phillyrea latifolia \| \| Coridothymus capitatus \| Pistacia terebinthus \| \| Cotinus coggygria \| Prunus webbii \| \| Dorycnium hirsutum \| Quercus coccifera \| \| Euphorbia myrsinites \| Rubia peregrina \| \| Fumana thymifolia \| Silene vulgaris \| \| Genista acanthoclada \| Stachys chrysantha \| \| Globularia alypum \| Teucrium polium \| \| Helianthemum nummularium \| \| Continuing the journey, we can see new afforestations with Pinus (Pinus brutia?) near the road. When the road runs downwards into the lower areas of Laconia, we reach another centre of olive growth. As between Delphi and Itca, here also table olives are grown. North of the village of Sellasia the battle of Sellasia 221 B.C. took place, in which the united Macedonians and Archaeans finally broke the power of the Spartans. Crossing the river Efrotas (Eurotas) we reach the town of Sparta. On the banks of Efrotas sparse remnants of the riparian forest with deciduous trees (poplars, willows, plane-trees) and with oleanders. Sparta (Sparti) is the capital of the nomos Laconia (Lakedaemon), about 12000 inhabitants. It is situated in the fertile Efrotas-plain between the Taygetos mountains (2404 m = 7888 ft) in the West and the Parnon mountains (1937 m = 6355 ft) in the East. The town was refounded on the ancient site in 1834 by King Otto with streets in a rectangular manner. In the North of the Town the low acropolis hill is situated, it shows some insignificant ancient, mostly Roman, remains. They were excavated by the British Archaeological School. Sparta was the main center of the Dorian Greeks, who arrived at about 950 B.C. It developed into a military state in which art played a less important role than in Athens. During the classical Greek period no walls surrounded the town which included many gardens. The first defensive town-walls were built at about 200 B.C. In the 13th c. Sparta was replaced by the newly founded town of Mistra. Turning to the west, we reach the foothills of the Taygetos-range, which traverses the southern Peloponnese from N to S, separating the regions of Laconia and Messenia. It is built up mainly of limestones, dolomites and marbles of the Plattenkalk series. In the eastern flanks deep gorges were engraved, through which the snow-melt water comes down in the spring. The gorges are of high botanical interest. The largest one is the gorge of Langhadia which is easily accessible because the only well-engineered road passes through the Taygetos range on this way, largely following the old mule-track. At the entrance of the gorge the village of Trypi is situated. Here, in the foothills of the Taygetos phyllites and mica-schists of the phyllite series locally form acid soils, therefore Castanea sativa is growing. At some points in the gorge, where stops of the bus are possible, we will have glimpses on the vegetation. Along the narrow valley floor Platanus orientalis is frequent and also Acer sempervirens, Nerium oleander, Ostrya carpinifolia and Cercis siliquastrum can be observed. The most interesting plants are growing on the cliffs. Near the road we may see: \| Plant Name \| Scientific Name \| \|----------------------------------\|----------------------------------\| \| Acanthus mollis \| Inula candida aggr. \| \| Adiantum capillus-veneris \| Malabaila aurea \| \| Alcea pallida \| Onosma erecta \| \| Arbutus andrachne \| Parietaria judaica \| \| Asplenium trichomanes \| Petrorhagia glumacea \| \| Ballota acetabulosa \| Phagnalon graecum \| \| Bupleurum fruticosum \| Phillyrea latifolia \| \| Calicotome villosa \| Phlomis fruticosa \| \| Campanula rupestris aggr. \| Pistacia terebinthus \| \| Campanula versicolor \| Quercus coccifera \| \| Centaurea mixta \| Quercus ilex \| \| Centranthus ruber \| Scabiosa crenata ssp.breviscapa \| \| Coronilla emerus \| Scabiosa ochroleuca \| \| Dittrichia viscosa \| Scrophularia canina \| \| Euphorbia characias \| Scutellaria rubicunda \| \| Erica manipuliflora \| Silene gigantea \| \| Ficus carica \| Spartium junceum \| \| Helichrysum stoechas \| Stachys candida \| \| Hypericum empetrifolium \| \| From the end of the gorge proper the road climbs up through a Platanus wood and then a forest of Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana which is visited near the pass (about 1280 m) from the place of a little hotel which is open only during the summer. The ridge here is covered with dense black-pine forests. Near the road perhaps Genista acanthoclada perhaps is still in flower. On clearings and along forest-paths may be found: \| Achillea ligustica \| Lactuca viminea \| \|--------------------\|-----------------\| \| Anthemis cretica \| Linaria pelisseriana \| \| Aristolochia pallida \| Onopordum \| \| Briza maxima \| Origanum vulgare \| \| Campanula spatulata \| Osyris alba \| \| Centaurea triumfetti \| Petrorhagia velutina \| \| Clematis flammula \| Phlomis samia \| \| Dianthus viscidus \| Picnomon acarna \| \| Eryngium amethystinum \| Potentilla recta \| \| Fragaria vesca \| Pteridium aquilinum \| \| Galium rotundifolium \| Quercus coccifera \| \| Helianthemum nummularium \| Rosa \| \| Hieracium pilosella \| Scrophularia canina \| \| Hypericum olympicum \| Spartium junceum \| \| Juniperus oxycedrus \| Trifolium physodes \| \| \| Verbena officinalis \| We take the same road back to Trypi and then from Sparta we reach Mistra on a foothill of the Taygetos, formed of Tripolitza limestone. Mistra shows magnificent ruins of a medieval Byzantine town and provides the most complete picture we have of such a town. The ruined Franco-Turkish castle on the top of the hill is a wonderful viewpoint. In the little new village of Mistra we pass the monument of the last Byzantine Emperor Konstantinos IX Palaiologos Dragases who, before getting Emperor was Despot of Mistra and was crowned in the Mitropolis of Mistra. The castle of Mistra was built in 1249 by Guillaume II de Villehardouin; but in 1263, he was compelled to yield it up to the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII. Thereafter, until the Turkish conquest in 1460, Mistra was ruled by Byzantine princes, who bore the title of a Despot. Below the Frankish castle on the summit of the hill there grew up first the upper and then the lower town. The Despot's palace became the centre of a splendid court and an active intellectual life, particularly when Georgios Gemisthos Plethon developed his neo-Platonic philosophy here in the 15th c., contributing significantly to the development of the Renaissance in Florence. This, combined with the marriage of one of the Despots to a Malatesta princess, was the motive which led Sigismondo Malatesta in 1464 to thrust down through Turkish-occupied territory to Mistra in order to bring back Plethon's remains to Rimini, where they were deposited in the church of San Francesco, the "Tempio Malatestiano". After the Turkish conquest in 1460 the town declined. When, after the liberation of Greece, the population moved in 1834 to the newly founded town of Sparta, Mistra shrank to a small village below the town walls. The ruins of Mistra form a natural rock-garden which especially in the spring is rich in flowers, because until now no herbicides were used to clear the ruins of "weeds", as was done in the majority of the classical sites. In the summer-months only relatively few of the plants may be identified: Acer sempervirens Alcea pallida Anagyris foetida Asplenium ceterach Centranthus ruber Cercis siliquastrum Citrus sinensis Citrus limon Clematis flammula Cupressus sempervirens Ecballium elaterium Ephedra fragilis Eriobotrya japonica Euphorbia characias Ferula communis Ficus carica Hedera helix Nerium oleander Onosma erecta Parietaria judaica Phlomis fruticosa Pistacia terebinthus Sarcopoterium spinosum Vitex agnus-castus The Byzantine Empire, 11th Century (from Area Handbook of Greece, 1977) Friday, August 7: We leave Tripolis crossing the Arcadian plateau (with cultures of potatoes, onions, garlic, apples and pears) and on a newly constructed road we reach the Achladokampos pass near the border between the nomoi of Arcadia and the Argolid. On the Olonos-Pindus limestones, which in some areas are overlain by flysch sediments, a phrygana with additionally some submediterranean species ("mountain phrygana") is developed. On the pass there is a stand of Juniperus drupacea, which is an Asiatic species occurring in Europe only in few places in the Peloponnese. The phrygana of Achladokampos pass comprises: \| Plant Name \| Species Description \| \|----------------------------------\|--------------------------------------\| \| Acer sempervirens \| Olea europaea var. sylvestris \| \| Anthyllis hermanniae \| Phillyrea latifolia \| \| Arbutus unedo \| Phlomis fruticosa \| \| Asparagus acutifolius \| Pistacia lentiscus \| \| Calicotome villosa \| Pistacia terebinthus \| \| Cistus creticus \| Prunus webbii \| \| Coridothymus capitatus \| Pyrus amygdaliformis \| \| Crataegus \| Quercus coccifera \| \| Cyclamen \| Sarcopoterium spinosum \| \| Juniperus drupacea \| Vinca major \| The road down into the Argolid leads through phrygana vegetation. The Argolid played a central part in the history of Greece. Already settled in Neolithic times, it was occupied by the Archaeans around 2000-1900 B.C., and during the Mycenaean period (1580-1100 B.C.) was the most densely populated part of Greece. Mycenae, Tiryns and Argos were centres of power and of a rich culture. The excavations carried out from 1874 onwards led to the rediscovery of this forgotten world. Many of the Greek myths were associated with this region. So, this day is mainly devoted to the archaeology of this area. We reach the Argolid plain (and the sea) near the village of Myli. On the right side, close to the sea, the excavations of Lerna are situated. Lerna was a site occupied from Neolithic times onwards. In the Greek myth, this was the place of the Hydra or Lernean serpent, which is associated with one of the 12 labours of Heracles. The road to Argos leads through apricot cultures. Argos in the fertile Argolid plain is a country-town of about 17000 inhabitants. The castle hill bears the acropolis of Argos and remains of a medieval castle. Argos is the centre of the Citrus cultures of the Argolid. Few km N of Argos we reach the village and the ancient site of Mycenae (Mikinai): The fortified city of Mycenae gave its name to the Mycenaean civilisation. They were made known by Heinrich Schliemann's excavations, which carried the history of Europe far back into the Bronze Age of the 2nd millennium B.C.; and although many other strongholds and settlements of the same period have since been discovered Mycenae still retains its pre-eminence. The first Greeks coming into this region about 2000 B.C. settled on the hill which now is known as the Citadel hill. The Early Mycenaean cultural period began about 1580 B.C.; it is notable for the wealth of gold found in the shaft graves including the famous gold mask laid over the face of some dead prince and wrongly identified by Schliemann as belonging to Agamemnon. From the Middle Mycenaean period (1500-1425) date the older walls and the early tholos tombs. The Late Mycenaean periods (1425-1100) yielded many finds. In the 14th c.B.C. the later Tholos tombs, including the "Treasury of Atreus" were built. The later palace (Olympion) and the famous Lion Gate were built about 1250 and thereafter the walls were strengthened. On the left of the road which runs up from the village is the famous tholos tomb, known as the "Treasury of Atreus". From there is also an excellent view on the Citadel and the hills (Triassic and Jurassic carbonate rocks) behind it. On the way to the Citadel on the right side of the road some Mycenaean houses. Botanically, in the summer months, the archaeological site is rather unattractive. Some wild pear trees, Pyrus pyraster, may be noted. After the visit of Mycenae we turn to the south and driving round Argos we reach Tiryns, another Mycenaean citadel, standing on an isolated rock of Cretaceous limestone of only 25 m (80 ft) height. This hill dominates the surrounding alluvial plain; so from here we have a good view over the Citrus cultures of the Argolid. These cultures need artificial watering during the summer. In some areas of the plain there exist already problems because more water is pumped from the underground than is supplied during the rainy season and as a consequence sea water is infiltrating the karstic limestones. - Cypress trees, planted in a hedge-like fashion are used as wind-breaks. Tiryns was occupied from Neolithic times. The Mycenaean citadel was excavated by Schliemann and Dörpfeld from 1884 onwards and some sections of the cyclopean walls were re-erected. Its history shows many parallels with Mycenae. The first fortress was erected in the 16th c.B.C.; then in the 14th and 13th c. the walls and bastions on the S and E sides were built in their present form. The ramp on the E side and the new palace also date from this Late Mycenaean period. Recent excavations have shown that the lower part of the Citadel to the N was not, as had long been supposed, merely a place of refuge for the population of the surrounding area but was densely built up and remained inhabited after the fall of Tiryns (c.1125 B.C.). From Tiryns, we can see the little town of Nafplion under the rocky promontory of Akronafplion (85 m - 280 ft) and the fortified hill of Palmidi (216 m - 710 ft). The fortifications were built by Turks and Venetians. The town was captured by the Greeks in 1822 and in 1828 became the first capital of Greece. The first president of Greece, count Kapodistrias, was murdered here in 1831 in an act of private revenge. On 25 Jan. 1833 the 18 year old King Otto, son of Ludwig I of Bavaria, landed here to take up his new kingdom. In 1834 the capital was moved to Athens. Epidaurus (Epidauros): The famous sanctuary of Asklepios, the god of healing, lies in a beautiful setting between the hills of the Eastern Argolid. In early Greek times it was a sanctuary of Apollo, then he was joined by his son Asklepios. Every four years games were held in honour of the god, and from 395 B.C. there was also a dramatic festival. On the evidence of the votive inscriptions the priest-doctors were already practising psychotherapeutic methods of treatment. A thermal spring was also used.- The theatre of Epidaurus, built against the lower slopes of the hill, is remarkable for its state of preservation and for its acoustics. In its present state, it dates from the 2nd c.B.C., when the upper part was added giving the theatre a capacity of 14000 seats. The area of Epidaurus is the type locality of the orchid Ophrys sphegodes ssp. aesculapii which of course only may be found during the spring. The Theokafta hill nearby is famous for the quarries in the "Asklepieion limestone", a red limestone of the Upper Trias with a rich fauna of ammonites ("Hallstaetter facies"). From Epidaurus we continue our journey through the eastern Argolid on a road built about 15 years ago, which leads through Pinus halepensis forests growing near the coast. This rather open woodland in the Olea-Ceratonia zone is formed nearly exclusively by pine trees. The most trunks show cuts, from which the resin is collected by tins or similar containers. They are attached to the trunks and especially during the summer the resin oozes down into them. Pine resin gained from Pinus halepensis was used already in ancient times, and according to Dioskorides a wine flavoured with resin (retsina in Greek) is more digestible. (It is hoped that the participants by then will have tested this assertion in spite of the fact that the first taste is not very pleasant to most travellers). Today, in Greece yearly about 3000 t of Pinus resin are used for wine resining. In the pine forest near the pine trunks often shrubs of Pistacia lentiscus are growing, sometimes replaced by other species. These shrubs use the shade of the pine and additionally the water running down from the trunk when it is heavily raining. Further frequent species of the Pinus halepensis wood are: \| Species \| Species \| \|--------------------------------\|--------------------------------\| \| Asparagus acutifolius \| Juniperus phoenicea \| \| Brachypodium retusum \| Olea europaea var. sylvestris \| \| Cistus creticus \| Phillyrea latifolia \| \| Cistus salviaefolius \| Pistacia terebinthus \| \| Coridothymus capitatus \| Quercus coccifera \| \| Euphorbia acanthothamnos \| Smilax aspera \| \| Globularia alypum \| Teucrium polium \| \| \| Urginea maritima \| Continuing our journey along the sea-coast, we reach the region of Isthmia near the south-eastern end of the Corinth Canal (see below) with the remains of the ancient sanctuary of Poseidon, which have been excavated since 1952 by American archaeologists. This sanctuary was the scene of the Isthmian games, which were held every second year from 582 B.C. onwards. The prize of the victors was a crown of wild celery or spruce. For some kilometers we follow the highway in western direction, passing the town of Corinth. This town was transferred to the new place in 1885 after a severe earthquake and was rebuilt after a further earthquake in 1928. It now has about 20000 inhabitants and an important harbour near the entrance of the Corinth canal. The site of Ancient Corinth (and the town until 1858) is excavated since 1896 by the American school and lying 7 km south-west of the new town at the foot of the hill of Acrocorinth, which is formed of Jurassic limestones, surrounded by marls of Pliocene age. The ancient town is situated on the coastal plain of Tyrrhenian age (Lower Pleistocene); the highway runs on a lower alluvial plain. During the antiquity, great earthquakes in this area were in 420 B.C., 77 A.C., 521 A.C. Nearly all remains of the ancient town are from the Roman period, because 146 B.C. it was destroyed by the Romans and remained in a state of ruin until Caesar rebuilt the town in 44 B.C. In the years 51-52 A.D. the apostle Paul lived in Corinth. The excavation area comprises the centre of the ancient city and is dominated by the only significant Greek building, the imposing ruins of the archaic temple of Apollo. In the archaeological area many plants of Capparis spinosa may be seen. Corinth owed its great importance in ancient times to its situation. The hill of Acrocorinth provided a strong acropolis. The town controlled the 6 km (4m) wide Isthmus, the only land route into the Peloponnese, and with its two harbours, Lechaion in Gulf of Corinth and Kenchreai in the Saronic Gulf, also controlled the movement of goods between the two gulfs. The site of Corinth - the name of which is pre-Greek - was already occupied in Neolithic times. In historical times it attributed its foundation to Korinthos, son of Marathon, and to Sisyphos. About 1000 B.C. Doric settlers established themselves here beside a Phoenician trading post. During the reign of the tyrant Periandros (from about 628 B.C.) the archaic culture of Corinth reached its apogee, the city's power being matched by its cultural achievement. Here the Doric temple reached its classical form, and - according to Vitruvius - the Corinthian capital was invented by Kallimachos during this period. After the visit of Ancient Corinth we turn eastward and get to the Corinth Canal. The canal is 6.3 km long, has a width of 23 m and a depth of 8 m. It was constructed from 1882 to 1893. The bridges cross the canal in a height of 52 m. From these bridges in the vertical walls the limestones and marls of the Pliocene and in Northern direction the deposits of the Tyrrhenian, overlain by red clay sand may be observed. The sediments are cut by many faults. We now use the National Highway to Athens. The Geraneia Mts. reach close to the sea; the narrow pass for roads and railway is called the Kaki Skala, and was known to the ancients as the Skironian Cliffs. The next plain which we reach is the plain of Megara, planted with olive-trees and wine. The small town of Megara is built on the site of the ancient city of the same name, from which only a few remains are left and were excavated. On our right we have a view to the island of Salamis and the bay of Elefsis, which can be entered only through two narrow channels between the island and the mainland. The famous naval battle of Salamis, when the Athens guided by Themistokles defeated the Persian fleet (480 B.C.), took place in the more easterly of these channels. Aeschylus took the battle as the theme of his tragedy "The Persians" which was performed in Athens for the first time in 472 B.C. Eleusis (Elefsis) is a rather dirty industrial town west of Athens. Within this area the site of ancient Eleusis is located, the home of the Eleusinian mysteries and important sanctuary dating back to Mycenaean times. The road now raises to a pass in the Egalean hills. In this place, the monastery of Dafni is situated and here we reach the border of Greater Athens. The monastery of Dafni was built in about 1080 on the road to Elefsis and is famous for its 11th c. mosaics. Since the earthquake of 1982 it is in restoration and closed to the public. The name refers to a shrine of Apollo, which once stood on the site. To Apollo the bay or laurel (Laurus nobilis), in Greek: "daphne" was sacred. From July to September the Tourist Pavilion at Dafni is the scene of a wine festival, with wine-tasting and music. From here it is about 10 km to reach the centre of Athens through the western, mainly industrial and therefore dirty suburbs. Saturday, August 8: This day is given to the surroundings of Athens and their vegetation. Our first stop will be at the monastery of Kaisariani, situated in a valley on the reforested lower slopes of Mt. Hymettos. Mt. Hymettos, east of Athens, rising to 1027 m (3370 ft), is built up from limestones and Hymettian marble. In ancient times it was covered with forest. Now, most slopes bear a phrygana vegetation with abundant Coridothymus capitatus, from which the famous honey of the Hymettos is gathered by the bees. In recent decades afforestations have been made, particularly around Kaisariani monastery. Its name comes from a spring which belonged to a shrine of Aphrodite. From this sanctuary the Roman Emperor Hadrian caused an aqueduct to be built to Athens, thereafter the spring was known as imperial (kaisariane). It was and is credited with healing powers, particularly for women who desire to bear a child. The water of the abundant spring still flows from an archaic ram's head. Ovid wrote of this site: "... the purple heights of flowery Hymettes where lies a sacred spring enclosed by soft green turf. Low growing pine trees, mixed with thick foliaged Box trees and fragile Tamarisk adorn the spot. Most fragrant breathe the aromatic tribes, arbutus, rosemary, dark myrtle, and bay, that dapple the green earth." Around the monastery there is a rich vegetation also in the summer because of irrigation and care, and it is possible to see Arbutus unedo, Rosmarinus officinalis, Myrtus communis, Latus nobilis as in the days of Ovid. Some common or peculiar species (including the cultivated): - Acanthus mollis - Adiantum capillus-veneris - Agave americana - Ailanthus altissima - Asparagus acutifolius - Asplenium ceterach - Brachypodium retusum - Carpobrotus acinaciformis - Capparis spinosa - Ceratonia siliqua - Cercis siliquastrum - Cerinthe major - Cistus salviaefolius - Coridothymus capitatus - Cupressus sempervirens - Eriyobotrya japonica - Eucalyptus camaldulensis - Euphorbia characias - Ficus carica - Genista acanthoclada - Globularia alypum - Hyoscyamus albus - Hypericum empetrifolium - Juglans regia - Ligustrum lucidum - Medicago arborea - Nerium oleander - Olea europaea var. europaea - Olea europaea var. sylvestris - Parkinsonia aculeata - Phagnalon graecum - Philadelphus coronarius - Phillyrea latifolia - Pinus halepensis - Pistacia lentiscus - Pittospermum tobira - Platanus orientalis - Pyrus amygdaliformis - Quercus coccifera - Rhamnus alaternus - Robinia pseudoacacia - Ruscus aculeatus - Sarcopoterium spinosum - Selaginella denticulata - Smyrnium olusatrum - Teucrium fruticans - Thapsia garganica - Umbilicus horizontalis - Vinca major - Vitis vinifera The monastery church of Kaisariani is of the domed cruciform type. It was erected around 1000 on the site of an earlier church, and is therefore rather older than the buildings of this type in Athens itself. The dome is borne not on the walls but on four columns, giving the interior an air of lightness. The painting is much later than the church, having been done in the 16th c., during the Turkish period, probably by a monk from Athos. It is in strict accordance with the rules for the hierarchical disposition of the various themes - Christ Pantokrator in the dome, with the Prophets below him and the four Evangelists in the pendentives; the Mother of God enthroned in the apse, with angels, the Communion of the Apostles and the Fathers of the Church below her; and on the barrel vaulting of the arms of the cross the various church festivals. In the porch is a fine representation of the Trinity. The porch, like the S chapel dedicated to St. Antony, was added in the late 17th c. There are considerable remains of the conventual buildings. Entering by the main entrance, to the E, we see on the left a building which was originally a bath-house and later housed oil-presses. Beyond this, set back a little, are a two-storied range of cells and a tower house. In the right-hand corner are the kitchen and refectory, now housing a small museum. Passing over the vastly extended northern suburbs of Athens we reach Acharnes and the Mt. Parnis. This limestone mountain north of Greater Athens has a height of 1413 m (4640 ft) and shows the xeric series of the altitudinal zonation of the vegetation rather well. Its upper parts are covered with large coniferous forests and frequently bear a thin layer of snow well into the spring. On the summit there was an ancient shrine of Zeus; now this area is used for military purposes. The mountain is now a popular resort, thanks to its climate and the views which it affords. A cable railway and a road with many hairpin-bends lead to the forest area, which now is a wild-life reserve. Our first stop will be at the foot of the mountain-slope at about 440 m in an area partly afforested with Pinus halepensis and Cupressus sempervirens (In some other areas there are also afforestations with Pinus nigra). The rich phrygana vegetation includes: Anthyllis hermanniae Anthyllis vulneraria Asparagus acutifolius Ballota acetabulosa Cistus salviaefolius Cistus creticus Convolvulus althaeoides Coridothyms capitatus Cotinus coggygria Daucus Dittrichia viscosa Erica manipuliflora Fumana thymifolia Globularia alypum Helichrysum stoechas Hypericum empetrifolium Lactuca viminea Lomelosia brachiata = Tremastelma palaestinum Lomelosia (Scabiosa) hymettia Odontites linkii Olea europaea var. sylvestris Orobanche ramosa Pallenis spinosa Phagnalon graecum Phillyrea latifolia Phlomis fruticosa Psoralea bituminosa Ptilostemon chamaepeuce Quercus coccifera Sarcopoterium spinosum Satureja thymbra Scolymus hispanicus Teucrium divaricatum Teucrium polium Thymelaea tartonraira Tragopogon porrifolius Verbascum sp. In August, the leaves of the Cistus species, which are malacophyllous mediterranean shrubs, are withering or already dry. Further up the slopes along the road Cotinus coggygria and Ficus carica (both summergreen) and Arbutus andrachne may be observed. Our next stop will be between 700 and 800 m. The southern exposition in the dry eastern part of mainland Greece allows the existence of a typical and fully mediterranean phrygana, rock and scree vegetation in this height. Frequent or peculiar species: Asplenium ceterach Bupleurum fruticosum Campanula rupestris aggr. Centaurea attica Cephalaria flava Cerastium candidissimum Cerinthe major Euphorbia myrsinites Inula verbascifolia Iris pumila attica Lonicera implexa Nepeta sibthorpii Pistacia terebinthus Putoria calabrica Rubia peregrina Salvia pomifera Salvia ringens Satureja graeca Scolymus hispanicus Scutellaria rubicunda Sedum anopetalum Stachys tetragona Verbascum undulatum Verbenaa officinalis On the following few km we may see the rather sharp transition into the submontane/montane Abies cephalonica zone. A short trip at about 1070 m near a water reservoir will lead us into the Abies forest and a clearing therein. Some characteristic species of this site are: Armeria canescens Ballota acetabulosa Berberis cretica Campanula spatulata Carlina Centaurea raphanina ssp. mixta Cephalanthera rubra Convolvulus althaeoides Doronicum Dorycnium Euphorbia rigida Fragaria vesca Galium rotundifolium Juniperus oxycedrus Lactuca viminea Lonicer a implexa Phlomis fruticosa Picnomon acarna Pistacia terebinthus Polygala major Potentilla reptans Prunus spinosa Quercus coccifera Quercus ilex Quercus pubescens Rosa cf. rubiginosa Sanguisorba minor Scabiosa ochroleuca Silene bupleuroides Thesium humile Thymelaea tartonraira Trifolium uniflorum Verbascum sp. Viscum album (on Abies) Continuing the journey we take the road round the summit area having nice views into the plains to the east and to the north of Mt. Parnis. Where small water courses are running down, always Platanus orientalis and some Tilia trees with their summer green leaves are growing, contrasting with the dark and evergreen Abies and in lower areas with the also evergreen phrygana vegetation. Sunday, August 9: After a short drive round the city of Athens we will visit the Ancient (Greek) Agora and the Acropolis. Description of these most famous sites cannot be given here. On the Agora near the "Theseion" (Hephaisteion) myrtle, pomegranate and other bushes grow in rows. They are thriving in the original ancient planting pits cut from the solid rock. The area of the Agora harbours a rather rich vegetation also in the summer, composed partly of planted trees and shrubs: Acanthus mollis (Planted around a Corinthian capital) Capparis spinosa Ceratonia siliqua Cistus monspeliensis Cupressus sempervirens Cynanchum acutum Eryngium Ficus carica Nerium oleander Parkinsonia aculeata Pistacia lentiscus Pistacia terebinthus Platanus orientalis Punica granatum Quercus coccifera Quercus ilex After leaving the Acropolis we will have a short visit to the Botanical Garden of Athens at Dafni. The first Botanical Garden in Europe of which we know was established by Aristotle in Athens near the Ilissos river more than 2000 years ago. But since the end of the ancient times until 1969 there was no Botanical Garden of any importance in Greece. For this reason, Julia and Alexander Diomidis decided to start a foundation for a great garden. Being familiar with the Botanical Garden of Munich, A. Diomidos used this garden as a model for the new garden to establish near Athens: BOTANICAL GARDEN "DIOMIDI" (26) Address: Botanikos Kipos Athinon, Diomidi; 405, Hiera Odos, Dafni/Athens, Greece The establishment began in 1969 in the area of Dafni, about 10 km W of the centre of Athens. All resources come from the interest of the Diomidis-foundation which amounts to about US-$ 150000 a year. From this money all costs - personal salaries and building of houses, paths etc. - have to be paid. The garden was planned by two German garden-architects, Prof. H. Hammerbach (open-air constructions) and B. Hermkes (glass-houses - not yet realized). It covers an area of about 150 ha; thereof three quarters remain as original vegetation existing of Pinus halepensis forest and phrygana. This part contains a wild flora of about 175 species. It is planned to label plants along some paths through the "natural vegetation" of the garden. In that part of the garden, which is to be established, three areas are already existing: the section of ornamental plants, the historical section and the section of medicinal plants. An arboretum already has been planted to some extent, showing different parts: Mediterranean Europe, Mediterranean vegetation of North America, of South Africa and of Australia, East Asia. The next project is to establish a breeding-nursery which will also provide rooms for the gardeners. Until today there is only a temporary nursery station consisting of two small plastic-houses and the area around them. The plan to construct huge glass-houses perhaps cannot be realized without the help of additional funds. Another problem encountered is the lack of qualified gardeners in Greece, which is due to the non-existence of a technical school for horticulturists in the country. In the established part of the garden it is a problem having a green grass-cover of the area during the summer months without a heavy and continuous irrigation which would need much time of the few servants. The experiments performed by the gardener Mr. G.Priebe showed that the species Oryzopsis miliacea can be used as a cover because it is relatively drought-resistant and when drying it stays rather greenish. The hills around the Botanical Garden belong to the chain of hills bearing the name Mt. Egaleo. The highest point reaches 468 m. It is known that the hill-chain was partly covered by woodland 2000 years ago. Today, the Egaleo in most places lacks a complete vegetation cover at all, due to intense grazing and fires. In the area of natural vegetation in the Garden we can see Pinus halepensis forest, whose old trees show the cuts in the trunks from former resin-gathering and open phrygana. Parts are afforested with Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus brutia and locally some Quercus ilex and Quercus trojana. In depressions of the gentle slope in northern exposition water is available in the soil; in these places Robinia pseudoacacia has run to seed, forms thickets and is still green in August. Prunus dulcis is also growing in these sites. Species along the paths in the part of the garden with "natural vegetation": Alcea pallida Anthyllis hermanniae Asparagus acutifolius Asphodelus aestivus Asteriscus aquaticus Atractylis cancellata Ballota acetabulosa Brachypodium retusum Capparis spinosa Carthamus dentatus Centaurea affinis Centaurea solstitialis Centaurea tymphaea Cistus creticus Cistus monspeliensis Convolvulus dorycnium Coridthymus capitatus Cyclamen graecum Delphinium staphisagria Ephedra fragilis Echinops ritro Echium angustifolium (E.diffusum) Euphorbia acanthothamnos Ficus carica Fuzana thymifolia Lomelosia brachiata Nigella arvensis Olea europaea var.sylvestris Osyris alba Pallenis spinosa Phagnalon graecum Phillyrea latifolia Phlomis fruticosa Picnomon acarna Pinus halepensis Pistacia lentiscus Pistacia terebinthus Prunus dulcis Prunus webbii Pyrus amygdaliformis Quercus coccifera Reseda alba Reseda lutecla Rhamnus alaternus Ruta chalepensis Satureja juliana Scolymus hispanicus Stachys cretica Stachys spruneri Teucrium divaricatum Helichrysum stoechas Teucrium polium Helictopium europaeum Thymelaea tartonraira Hypericum empetrifolium Tordylium apulun Iris purila ssp. attica Tragopogon porrifolius Lagurus ovatus In the late afternoon our last point of destination will be Cape Sounion. We take the road along the coast ("paralias") and cross those suburbs of Athens, where the beaches are crowded in the afternoons. Views to the hills on our left side show the total deforestation of this part of Attica, which took place in ancient times and was already bewailed by Platon. - Near Anavissos on the left side some cultures of pistachios, Pistacia vera, can be observed. Approaching to Sounion, we may see some areas which were devastated by fire in 1985. Cape Sounion (Sounion), in earlier times also called Cape Colonna, at the southern tip of Attica (60 km - 37 miles from Athens) is famous for its temple of Poseidon, magnificently situated on the edge of a precipitous crag. On the substructure of an earlier temple destroyed in the Persian War, the present marble temple was erected about 449 B.C. with 6x13 exceptionally slender Doric columns as a peripteral temple. It stands on a terrace which was artificially enlarged, and to which a propylon gave access. The whole area was surrounded by a fortified wall (413 B.C.). The walls of the Temple were used during the 19th c. by many visitors to engrave their names; so did Lord Byron, who in "Child Harold" expressed the opinion: "in all Attica, if we except Athens itself and Marathon, there is no scene more interesting than Cape Colonna". Looking northward from Sounion we see the metalliferous hills and valleys of Laurion (Lavrion) with their ancient mines. During the antiquity silver was the only product of mining; now lead, zinc, arsenic, bismut and manganese are the main products. In the east we have the Aegean Sea with some of the Kyklade islands (Keos, Thera, Seriphos) and Euboea, Andros and Tenos in the background (in the case of clear weather). In the west the view comprises a great part of the Saronic Gulf with Aegina and the mountains of the Argolid peninsula behind. Near the entrance of the archaeological zone Medicago arborea and Agave americana are planted. Other planted species include Myoporum tetrandrum and Nerium oleander. From the propylon on the right side downward the slope a phrygana of the coastal area, in this place dominated by Cistus, is developed. On the cliffs near the temple some of the typical coastal plants, e.g. Limonium sp., Crithmum maritimum, may be seen and also Ephedra fragilis is growing. Further frequent species: Alcea pallida Asparagus acutifolius Ballota acetabulosa Brachypodium retusum Calicotome villosa Carpobrotus acinaciformis Coridothymus capitatus Echinops ritro Eryngium campestre Euphorbia acanthothamnos Fumana thymifolia Hypericum empetrifolium Juniperus phoenicea Lagurus ovatus Limonium sinuatum Matthiola sinuata Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Olea europaea var. sylvestris Paronychia argentea Phagnalon graecum Pinus halepensis Pistacia lentiscus Prasium majus Psoralea bituminosa Quercus coccifera Reseda alba Rubia peregrina Sarcopoterium spinosum Scolymus hispanicus Smilax aspera Sternbergia Teucrium fruticans Tordylium apulum Urginea maritima Sounion, plan of the temple of Poseidon and of the whole excavation area (1 temple of Poseidon, 2 walls, 3 temple of Athena, 4 ship-houses, 5 building of unknown function) (from Kirsten-Kraiker) Fill high the bowl with Samian wine! On Suli's rock, and Parga's shore, Exists the remnant of a line Such as the Doric mothers bore; And there, perhaps, some seed is sown, The Heracleidan blood might own. Place me on Sunium's marbled steep, Where nothing, save the waves and I, May hear our mutual murmurs sweep; There, swan-like, let me sing and die: A land of slaves shall ne'er be mine— Dash down yon cup of Samian wine! Byron. Lays of Greece. The nodding promontories, and blue isles, And cloud-like mountains, and dividuous waves Of Greece, basked glorious in the open smiles Of favouring Heaven: from their enchanted caves Prophetic echoes flung dim melody. On the unapprehensive wild, The vine, the corn, the olive mild, Grew savage yet, to human use unreconciled; And, like unfolded flowers beneath the sea, Like and man's thoughts dark in the infant's brain, Like aught that is which wraps what is to be, Art's deathless dreams lay veiled by many a vein Of Parian stone. Shelley Ode to Liberty LITERATURE Botany-General: The bibliographies of Flora Europaea, Med-Checklist and older floras (HALACSY, HAYEK etc.) are not included here. DAFIS, S., E. LANDOLT (eds): Zur Vegetation und Flora von Griechenland. Band 1 + 2 Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftg. Rübel, Zürich, Heft 55 u. 56, 1975 DEBAZAC, E.F.: Temperate broad-leaved evergreen forests of the Mediterranean region and Middle East. In: Ecosystems of the World, 10, Amsterdam, 198, p.107-123 GOMEZ-CAMPO, C.(ed.): Plant conservation in the Mediterranean area. Amsterdam 1985 HORVAT, J., V.GLAVAC, H.ELLENBERG: Vegetation Südosteuropas. Stuttgart 1974 HUXLEY, A., W.TAYLOR: Flowers of Greece and the Aegean. London 1977 PHITOS, D.: Wild flowers of Greece. Athens 1965 POLLARD, O., M.WALTERS: A guide to the vegetation of Britain and Europe. Oxford 1985 SCHÖNFELDER, I.u.P.: Die Kosmos-Mittelmeerflora. Stuttgart 1984 STRID, A.: Mountain Flora of Greece. Vol I, Cambridge 1986 Special topics: BARBERO, M., P.QUEZEL: les groupements forestiers de Grèce Centro-Meridionale. Ecol.Mediterr.2, 1-86, 1976 BEERWAGN, A.: Die Waldverhältnisse im Peloponnes unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Entwaldung und Aufforstung. Erdkunde 10, 122-136, 1965 BOCQUET, G., B.WILDER, H.KIEFER: The Messinian model - a new outlook for the floristics and systematics of the Mediterranean area. Candollea 33, 269-287, 1978 BYATT, J.I.: The genus Crataegus (Rosaceae) in Greece. Candollea 31, 283-301, 1976 DEBAZAC, E.F., G.MAVROMATIS: Les grandes divisions écologiques de la vegetation forestière en Grèce continentale. Bull.Soc.bot.France 18, 429-452, 1971 DIAPOLLS, Ch.A.: Apo tin chlorida tis Parnithos (Griech.). To Vouno, Nov./Dez. 1958 p.163-188 GREIG, J.R.A., J.TURNER: Some pollen diagrams from Greece and their archaeological significance. J.Archaeol.Sci.1, 177-194, 1974 GREUTER, W.: Zur Paläogeographie und Florengeschichte der südlichen Ägäis. Feddes Rep.81, 233-242, 1970 HAGEMANN, I., H.MEUSEL: Hypericum triquetrifolium TURRA, ein Wurzelsproß - Geophyt. Wuchsform und Verbreitung Flora 175,385-405, 1984 HARTMANN, H.H., P.G.BOUgas: Olive production in Greece. Econ.Bot. 24, 443-459, 1970 JACOBSEAGEN, V.(ed.): Geologie von Griechenland. Berlin 1986 JACOBSEAGEN, V. a.c.; in: Alps, Apennines, Balkenides, ed. H. CLOSS et al.; Stuttgart 1978 (p.417 and 537) LAVRENTIADES, G.J.: The ammophilous vegetation of the western Peloponnesos coasts. Vegetatio 12, 223-287, 1964 MÄDLER, K.: Die Früchte und Samen aus der frühpleistozänen Braunkohle von Megalopolis in Griechenland und ihre ökologische Bedeutung. Beih.Geol.Jahrb. 110, 1-79, 1971 MAYER, H.: Mediterran - montane Tannen-Arten und ihre Bedeutung für Anbauversuche in Mitteleuropa. Tannen-Symp., Wien 3, 30-54, 1981 NUR, A., Z.BEN-AVRAHAM: The Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant: Tectonics of Continental Collision. Tectonophysics 46, 297-311, 1978 PAPANICOLAU, K., D. BABALONAS, S. KOKKINI: Distribution patterns of some Greek mountain endemic plants in relation to geological substrate. Flora 174, 405-437, 1983 PRIDE, G.: Der neue Botanische Garten für Athen. Gärtner.-bot. Brief, Nr. 67, 18-19, 1981 PRITZEL, E.: Vegetationsbilder aus dem mittleren und südlichen Griechenland. Bot. Jahrb. 41, 180-214, 1908 QUEZEL, P.: Vegetation des Hautes Montagnes de la Grèce méridionale. Vegetatio 12, 289-385, 1964 RIGLI, M., E. RÜBEL: Über Flora und Vegetation von Kreta und Griechenland. Vj.-schr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 68, 103-227, 1923 ROTTEGALER, W.: Die Waldverhältnisse im Peloponnes. Intersylva, Z. internat. Forstzentrale 3, 329-342, 1943 ROTTEGALER, W.: Floristische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Peloponnes. Bot. Jahrb. 73, 418-452, 1944 SARLIS, G.P.: The Flora of Mount Epaleo. Phytos (Korn) 20, 261-278, 1980 STEININGER, F.F., F. ROGL: Paleogeography and palinspastic reconstruction of the Neogene of the Mediterranean and Paratethys. In: J.E. DIXON, A.H.F. ROBERTSON (eds.): The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Oxford 1984 TURNER, J., J.R.A. GREIG: Some Holocene pollen diagrams from Greece. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 20, 171-204, 1975 VOLIOTIS, D.: Über die Verbreitung, Ökologie und Synökologie von Ostrya carpinifolia in Griechenland. Acta Bot.Burg. 31, 339-347, 1985 History, Culture: BAEDKER'S ALLIANZ Travel Guide: Athens, Stuttgart 1982 BAEDKER'S ALLIANZ Travel Guide: Greece, Stuttgart o.J. BAUMANN, H.: Die griechische Pflanzenwelt in Mythos, Kunst und Literatur. München 1982 BIERS, W.R.: The Archaeology of Greece. London 1981 CREMER-SWOBODA, Th.: Der griechische Unabhängigkeitskrieg. Augsburg 1974 GRUBEN, G.: Die Tempel der Griechen. München 1966 KONTORLIS, K.P.: Mycenaean civilization. Athens 1985 MALLWITZ, A.: Olympia und seine Bauten. München 1972 MELAS, E.: Alte Kirchen und Klöster Griechenlands. Köln 1972 PHILLIPS, W.A.: The war of Greek independence. London 1897 ROUX, G.: Delphi. München 1971 SCHÖDER, R.V.: Ancient Greece from the Air. London 1974 TAYLOR, Lord W.: The Mycenaeans. Revised ed., London 1983
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Access to CIMA Official Q&As from May and November 2007 . Summaries of key theory . Designed to follow the structure of the Official Learning Systems and CIMA's Learning Outcomes OFFICIALLY ENDORSED BY CIMA AND WRITTEN BY LEADING CIMA TUTORS, THE EXAM PRACTICE KITS PROVIDE A VALUABLE INSIGHT ON HOW TO SCORE TOP MARKS * Analysis of cases 2003-2006 * Step-by-Step approach to taking the TOPCIMA exam * Includes May 2006 Q&A * Analysis of the TOPCIMA matrix CIMA Official Exam Practice Kit: Test of Professional Competence in Management Accounting COST ACCOUNTING Financial and Managerial Accounting, 4th Edition, provides students with a clear introduction to the fundamental financial and managerial concepts needed for anyone pursuing a career in accounting or business. Through a focus on accounting transactions, real-world industry examples, and robust assessment, students develop a solid understanding of how to apply accounting principles and techniques in practice. 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The book also includes some of the cost standards set by ICAI, a wide array of illustrations, worked-out examples, and practice exercises. Besides, a large number of MCQs are given online for the students to practice and self evaluation. MCQs are critical in proper understanding and practice of theories and concepts. Also, CIMA Official Terminology is provided online to keep students and professionals abreast of relevant terms used in today's business environment. For online material, visit https://www.phindia.com/banerjee_cost_accounting_theory. TARGET AUDIENCE • B.Com (Hons.)/BBA • MBA/M.Com • Students pursuing professional courses to become CA, CMA, CFA, CS. Cost Accounting Vikas Publishing House COST ACCOUNTING PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 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From modeling to control of a variable stiffness device based on a cable-driven tensegrity mechanism Quentin Boehler\textsuperscript{a,}\textsuperscript{}, Salih Abdelaziz\textsuperscript{b}, Marc Vedrines\textsuperscript{a}, Philippe Poignet\textsuperscript{b}, Pierre Renaud\textsuperscript{a} \textsuperscript{a} iCube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France \textsuperscript{b} LIRMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 161 rue Ada, 34090 Montpellier, France \textbf{Article history:} Received 13 June 2016 Received in revised form 26 August 2016 Accepted 15 September 2016 \textbf{Keywords:} Tensegrity mechanism Variable stiffness Cable-driven mechanisms Tension distribution Velocity distribution \textbf{Abstract} Cable-driven tensegrity mechanisms are now considered for various applications in which their reconfiguration capacities are required together with their inherent lightness. Moreover, they can exhibit interesting variable stiffness capacities through the modification of their level of prestress when composed of deformable cables. Control schemes that deal with both reconfiguration and stiffness variation have however not been developed in the literature yet. This paper presents two control strategies for that purpose to transform a cable-driven tensegrity mechanism into a variable stiffness device. The mechanism is a planar tensegrity mechanism allowing us to control an angular position and the associated stiffness. Relying on the properties of the mechanism models, the proposed control strategies allow a modulation of the stiffness or of its first time derivative. The interest of both propositions is outlined and an experimental investigation of their characteristics is performed. Encouraging results are obtained in terms of reconfiguration capabilities and stiffness variation. © 2016 International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. \section{1. Introduction} \subsection{1.1. State of the art} Tensegrity mechanisms are a class of self-stressed systems defined as a set of compressed bars in a set of tensioned elements \cite{1} that can be either rigid or elastic cables. Large reconfiguration of such mechanisms can be obtained through the actuation of the bars or the cables. Moreover, high dynamics are usually achievable thanks to their parallel architecture and their structural lightness \cite{1}. For these reasons, the use of tensegrity mechanisms has appeared of great interest in various applications ranging from mobile robotics \cite{2–4}, to manipulators \cite{5,6} and deployable systems \cite{7,8}. Besides, the stiffness of a tensegrity structure composed of elastic cables can be drastically modified along specific directions through a modification of the level of prestress within the cables \cite{9}. This interesting property has been successfully exploited in \cite{10} to design a variable stiffness component. Such use is motivated by the interesting results obtained with... similar strategies in the context of variable stiffness actuators [11]. In this case, the stiffness comes from the deformation of a compliant part within the system, such as a spring or a tendon, and a modification of its level of prestress provides a variation of the internal passive stiffness of the mechanism. Fully exploiting tensegrity mechanisms should allow the modification of the position and the stiffness with a single robotic system. Such capabilities have however not yet been exploited, due to the absence of adequate control strategy. The goal of the paper is therefore to develop such control scheme. The control of cable-driven tensegrity mechanisms is tedious as cables need to be constantly tensioned. They indeed impose unidirectional constraints, contrary to classical parallel manipulators in which the kinematic redundancy can be managed through bidirectional constraints [12]. Some prior works have been focused on the configuration control of cable-driven tensegrity mechanisms. For applications in mobile robotics such as [13], the main concern is the generation of a gait pattern to move the system center of mass regardless of an accurate configuration tracking. Positive tensions are then ensured by bounding the actuators’ range of motion. In more complex mechanisms as the ones assessed in [4,14], this constraint is managed in a quasi-static state using the equilibrium matrix of the system. This aims at finding the actuator states compatible with admissible cable tensions for a stable target configuration. Interestingly, similar constraints are encountered when considering cable-driven robots. A platform is then connected to the ground by cables whose lengths are coordinately modified to control the platform pose. In this case, the problem of unidirectional constraints is generally solved using tension distribution algorithms [15]. Until now, such algorithms aimed at finding the most suitable cable tensions within an admissible positive range [16,17]. The only goal is then to avoid negative tensions in the cables by discarding the non-compatible actuators state. A modulation of tension within its compatible range is of interest in our context, in order to bring a stiffness variation to the system. 1.2. Contributions Our objective is to introduce control strategies for position and passive stiffness control of tensegrity mechanisms. To do so, the case study of a planar cable-driven tensegrity mechanism is used. Such a mechanism is interesting for the achievable control of an angular position and the associated stiffness. Its modeling properties are identified and control schemes built from them. Our contributions include the development of two adapted control strategies that are shown to fulfill our objectives, while being complementary. Both are dealing with the system redundancy, and they provide a modulation of the system stiffness or of its first time derivative. The first strategy exploits a tension distribution algorithm inspired from those implemented in cable-driven robots. The second one proposes a novel velocity distribution algorithm. An implementation and an evaluation of these developments are achieved through the control of the considered planar cable-driven tensegrity mechanism. Their characteristics and their relative performances are experimentally assessed and discussed. The modeling of the considered mechanism is first developed in Section 2. The two control strategies are then presented in Section 3. An experimental validation of our approach on a dedicated setup is presented in Section 4 and results are discussed in Section 5. Conclusions and perspectives in terms of generalization are finally given in Section 6. 2. System modeling 2.1. Description of the mechanism The tensegrity mechanism under study is depicted in Fig. 1. It is a planar mechanism composed of three moving bars and one bar linked to the base, all of equal length $L$. The four bars are considered as perfectly rigid and articulated by four pin joints in $A$, $B$, $C$ and $D$. The obtained parallelogram linkage is actuated by two inelastic cables attached in $C$ and $D$, passing respectively through $A$ and $B$. It is a class-2 tensegrity mechanism [18] as the bars are compressed by the two tensioned actuated cables. It is considered as a 1-DOF mechanism whose end-effector is the bar $BC$, and its configuration is described by the angle $\theta$. Such a mechanism can for instance be integrated in medical applications [19,20]. Two linear springs of stiffness $k$ are integrated along each cable to bring compliance to the linkage when the cables are tensioned. The end-effector angular stiffness is denoted $K_\theta$. The distances $AC$ and $BD$ are respectively denoted $l_1$ and $l_2$ and can be computed as $$\begin{cases} l_1 = 2L \cos(\theta/2) \\ l_2 = 2L \sin(\theta/2) \end{cases}$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) The two lengths will be noted with the compact form $\mathbf{l} = [l_1, l_2]^T$. Cables are actuated by two actuators whose angular positions are described by the vector $\alpha = [\alpha_1, \alpha_2]^T$ (Fig. 1). Pulleys of radius $R$ are mounted on the actuators so that $\mathbf{q} = [q_1, q_2]^T = -R\alpha$ describes the cable displacement. The springs are the only compliant elements in the system, structural elements and actuators being considered rigid. They reach their free length for $\mathbf{q} = \mathbf{l}$ as each length $q_i$, $i \in [1, 2]$ is measured from the cable take-off point on the actuated pulley to the actuator-side end of the $i$-th spring. In the following, $\mathbf{q}$ is designated as the articular variables, and the configuration of the system is represented by the operational variable $\theta$. 2.2. Kinematic and static modeling As the tensegrity mechanism is composed of deformable springs, it is submitted to self-equilibrium and kinematic constraints [21]. Kinematic modeling is used, neglecting here the system dynamics. The elements of the tensegrity structure are indeed lightweight, so their dynamic behavior can often be neglected in the modeling. The impact of this modeling approach will be discussed from the experimental results. The statics of the system are then described by the equation \[ L \sin(\theta/2) F_1 - L \cos(\theta/2) F_2 = \Gamma \] (2) where $ \mathbf{F} = [F_1, F_2]^T $ are the cable tensions and $ \Gamma $ is the torque generated by the cables on the output bar $ BC $ (see Fig. 1). The self-equilibrium of the system is reached when $ \Gamma = 0 $, which means that $ F_1 $ and $ F_2 $ are equilibrating the end-effector in the configuration $ \theta $. Developing (2) for $ \Gamma = 0 $ together with (1), and given that $ \mathbf{F} = k (\mathbf{l} - \mathbf{q}) $, the so-called forward static model can be obtained as \[ \theta = 2 \arctan(q_2/q_1) \] (3) It relates the articular variables to the operational one. Note that this model can also be obtained using a potential energy minimization, a common form-finding method [22] applicable for any tensegrity mechanism. Since the springs are the only compliant parts of the system they store the whole potential elastic energy. Eq. (2) can also be written as \[ \mathbf{W} \mathbf{F} = \Gamma \] (4) with $ \mathbf{W} = [L \sin(\theta/2), -L \cos(\theta/2)] $. This form clearly shows the redundancy of the system, i.e. that two tensions are used to generate a single torque on the end-effector. According to the principle of virtual works, the redundancy also appears in the differential kinematic model, which is derived from the static model expressed in (3) so that $ \dot{\theta} = \mathbf{J} \mathbf{q} $ with \[ \mathbf{J} = \begin{pmatrix} -2q_2 & 2q_1 \\ q_1^2 + q_2^2 & q_1^2 + q_2^2 \end{pmatrix} \] (5) showing that two articular velocities are used to generate one velocity of the end-effector. 2.3. Redundancy and stiffness through prestress Because of the system redundancy, both $ \mathbf{W} $ and $ \mathbf{J} $ are rank-deficient, and their nullspaces respectively contain the set of cable tensions, and the set of articular velocities that ensure the system equilibrium. In other words, a given configuration can besides be computed as [22] \[ K_\theta = -\frac{\partial \Gamma}{\partial \theta} \] (6) The stability of the static equilibrium formulated with (2) is ensured when the stiffness $ K_\theta $ is positive [22]. In the following, only positive stiffness configurations are considered, so that the equilibrium is always stable. Eq. (6) can be combined with (2) to express $K_\theta$ according to the cable tensions as $$K_\theta = -\frac{L}{2}(\cos(\theta/2)F_1 + \sin(\theta/2)F_2) + kl^2$$ \hspace{1cm} (7) where $F_1$ and $F_2$ are chosen within the nullspace of $\mathbf{W}$ to ensure that $\Gamma = 0$. Interestingly, this equation shows that variations of prestress and stiffness $K_\theta$ are related. In a similar way, the articular velocities are related to the first time derivative of the stiffness, that will be designated as stiffness derivative in the following of the paper. It can be computed as the first derivative of (7) so that $$\dot{K}_\theta = \frac{kl}{2}(\cos(\theta/2)\dot{q}_1 + \sin(\theta/2)\dot{q}_2)$$ \hspace{1cm} (8) where $\dot{q}_1$ and $\dot{q}_2$ are chosen within the nullspace of $\mathbf{J}$ to ensure that $\dot{\theta} = 0$. This non-usual notion of stiffness derivative is indeed of interest. It is a relevant property for an end-user who aims at modifying the system stiffness regardless of a targeted value. In applications involving for instance variable stiffness devices in interaction with a user, this latter is indeed sensitive to a stiffness variation rate rather than to the stiffness value. In that case, the stiffness value is not relevant for the user, and the specification of a stiffness variation within a given amount of time, i.e., a variation rate, can thus be preferred. A modulation of $K_\theta$ or $\dot{K}_\theta$ is thus of interest, depending on whether one aims at reaching a desired value of stiffness or wants an evolution of the stiffness along the time. Finally, the kinematic redundancy is here represented by a physical property of the system, namely its stiffness. Eqs. (7) and (8) are used to modulate either $K_\theta$ or $\dot{K}_\theta$ through two control strategies that are developed in the following section. 3. Control strategies Our objective is to control the configuration together with the stiffness or the stiffness derivative of the system. For this purpose, we take profit from the system redundancy. As shown in Section 2, the modulation of the stiffness or its derivative is closely related to the choice of adapted tensions or articular velocities within the nullspaces of $\mathbf{W}$ or $\mathbf{J}$ respectively. For this reason, the proposed strategies implement either a tension or a velocity distribution algorithm. Moreover, these algorithms have to ensure that each cable tension remains in a bounded positive interval $[F_{\text{min}}, F_{\text{max}}]$ all along the reconfiguration, with $F_{\text{min}}$ and $F_{\text{max}}$ respectively the minimum and maximum admissible tension. In the following, we will use the vectors $\mathbf{F}_{\text{min}} = [F_{\text{min}}, F_{\text{min}}]^T$ and $\mathbf{F}_{\text{max}} = [F_{\text{max}}, F_{\text{max}}]^T$ to describe admissible tensions for the two cables. 3.1. Force control strategy 3.1.1. Tension distribution The structure of the first control strategy is adapted from [23] and depicted in Fig. 2(a). An external loop controls the current configuration $\theta_m$ from its reference $\theta^$ using a position controller that generates a signal $\Gamma_v$ homogeneous to a torque. This signal is used as an input to the tension distribution algorithm that generates the reference tensions $\mathbf{F}^$ to be followed by the system. This algorithm solves $$\mathbf{W}\mathbf{F}^ = \Gamma_v \quad \text{subjected to } \mathbf{F}_{\text{min}} \leq \mathbf{F}^* \leq \mathbf{F}_{\text{max}}$$ \hspace{1cm} (9) where the vector inequalities are element-wise. The solution of (9) is of the form [15] $$\mathbf{F}^* = \mathbf{W}^+\Gamma_v + \mathbf{N}_W\lambda_1$$ \hspace{1cm} (10) where $\mathbf{N}_W = [-L\cos(\theta/2), -L\sin(\theta/2)]^T$ is a basis of $\mathbf{W}$ nullspace, $\mathbf{W}^+$ denotes the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of $\mathbf{W}$, and $\lambda_1$ a scalar to be chosen so that the inequality in (9) is satisfied. The solution to (9) is indeed bounded and can be expressed as ![Fig. 2. Schemes of the force control strategy (a) and velocity control strategy (b).](image-url) \[ F_{\text{min}} - W^T \Gamma_v \leq N_W \lambda_1 \leq F_{\text{max}} - W^T \Gamma_v \] (11) The existence of a solution to (9) depends on the value of $ \Gamma_v $, that corresponds to a torque to be generated on the end-effector by the two cables. Besides, each cable tension should remain in the bounded interval $[F_{\text{min}}, F_{\text{max}}]$. Consequently, (9) does not admit a valid solution (10) when $ \Gamma_v $ can only be generated by tensions that does not belong to this interval. The feasibility of $ \Gamma_v $ is first verified. We then propose to saturate it accordingly using the approach of [24] to ensure the existence of a solution set. The set $ \Lambda_1 = \{\lambda_1 \| \lambda_{\text{min}} \leq \lambda_1 \leq \lambda_{\text{max}} \} $ can then be computed from (11), with $ \lambda_{\text{min}} $ and $ \lambda_{\text{max}} $ the minimum and maximum value of $ \lambda_1 $ respectively. The tension distribution algorithm is classically used to provide a single feasible solution to (10) among the infinite number of solutions in $ \Lambda_1 $ [15]. The scalar $ \lambda_1 $ can for instance be chosen as the center of gravity of $ \Lambda_1 $, which has been proved to be continuous along continuous trajectories [25]. As $ \Lambda_1 $ is here a 1-dimensional manifold, its center of gravity corresponds to a mid-range point that is computed as $ (\lambda_{\text{max}} + \lambda_{\text{min}})/2 $. A physical understanding of this choice is that the level of prestress is then as far away as possible from its upper and lower bounds. Interestingly, the second term of (10) corresponds to the level of prestress within the system. The modulation of $ \lambda_1 $ within $ \Lambda_1 $ has a direct impact on the stiffness regardless of the system configuration. This remark is here at the base of the stiffness control with the tension distribution algorithm, which is therefore here exploited in an original way. Once the proper reference $ F^* $ is computed, an inner loop is implemented for the control of the current tensions $ F_m $ using the tension controller to feed the actuators with the corresponding desired actuator velocities $ \omega^* $. ### 3.1.2. Modulation of stiffness Around an equilibrium configuration, $ \Gamma_v = 0 $ and (10) becomes \[ F^* = N_W \lambda_1 \] (12) Assuming that the desired tensions are reached, combination of (12) and (7) gives the following expression of the stiffness: \[ K_0 = \frac{L^2}{2} (\lambda_1 + 2k) \] (13) This means that $ K_0 $ can be explicitly modulated through $ \lambda_1 $. One can finally notice that choosing $ \lambda_1 $ as the center of gravity in $ \Lambda_1 $ leads the system to be at its mean reachable stiffness all along its reconfiguration. ### 3.2. Velocity control strategy #### 3.2.1. Velocity distribution The structure of the second control scheme is depicted in Fig. 2(b). The external loop is identical to the previous one but instead of a signal homogeneous to a torque, it generates a signal $ \omega_v $ homogeneous to an angular velocity of the end-effector. This signal feeds a so-called velocity distribution algorithm that directly generates the appropriate desired articular velocities $ q^* $. The tension controller is hereby suppressed. The velocity distribution algorithm solves the following constrained linear system of equations: \[ Jq^* = \omega_v, \quad \text{ssubjected to } F_{\text{min}} \leq F \leq F_{\text{max}} \] (14) whose solution is of the form \[ q^* = J^+ \omega_v + N_J \lambda_2 \] (15) where $ N_J = [2q_1/(q_1^2 + q_2^2), 2q_2/(q_1^2 + q_2^2)]^T $ is a basis of $ J $ nullspace, $ J^+ $ denotes the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of $ J $, and $ \lambda_2 $ a scalar to be chosen so that the inequality in (14) is satisfied. This constraint is formulated on the cable tensions $ F $, whereas the velocity distribution algorithm deals with velocities. The two quantities are linked through the elastic characteristic of the springs, so the constraints of (14) can be reformulated with respect to the articular velocities as given in Appendix A. The method used to compute the set $ \Lambda_1 $ can also be applied to compute the set $ \Lambda_2 $ that bounds the choice of $ \lambda_2 $. The second term in (15) corresponds to articular velocities that do not modify the system configuration as it is chosen in the nullspace of the $ J $ matrix. Then using (8), one can modify $ K_0 $ about an equilibrium configuration by modulating the choice of $ \lambda_2 $ in $ \Lambda_2 $. #### 3.2.2. Stiffness derivative modulation An approach similar to the one described in Section 3.1.2 can be developed using the velocity distribution algorithm with $ \omega_v = 0 $ so that (15) becomes \[ q^* = N_J \lambda_2 \] (16) Assuming that the desired velocities are reached, the combination of (16) and (8) gives the following stiffness derivative expression: \[ K_0 = \frac{kL}{\sqrt{q_1^2 + q_2^2}} \lambda_2 \] (17) This means that $ K_0 $ can be explicitly modulated through $ \lambda_2 $ using this strategy. Once again, this constitutes an interesting and original use of the velocity distribution algorithm to modify the stiffness derivative $ K_0 $. 4. Experimental analysis The control strategies allow the reconfiguration of the proposed mechanism. Moreover, the developed tension and velocity algorithms allow a stiffness, or a stiffness derivative control about an equilibrium configuration. This section aims at evaluating experimentally these strategies. To do so, the planar tensegrity mechanism in Fig. 1 is implemented with dimensions compatible with an application issued from medical robotics [26]. The evaluation is conducted by assessing separately the performance of the reconfiguration, the modulation of stiffness and the modulation of stiffness derivative. 4.1. Experimental setup The experimental setup is depicted in Figs. 3 and 4. Two DC actuators (Harmonic Drive ® RH-5A) are used to drive the cables through pulleys. Standard linear springs of stiffness $ 2.70 \times 10^{-1} \text{N/mm} \pm 5\% $ are integrated along the cables. Load cells (Scaime ® K1107, 50 N) are integrated between the springs and the actuators. A torquemeter (Fig. 4, Scaime ® DKI, 1 N m) is also integrated in one of the parallelogram joints (A, Fig. 1) to estimate the mechanism stiffness. An optical encoder (Fig. 4, HP @ HEDS-5540) is finally mounted on the revolute joint located in $B$ (Fig. 1) to measure the current angle $\theta_m$. These instruments ensure a measure of angle with an accuracy of $1.26 \times 10^{-2}$ rad and a measure of torque with an accuracy of $1.00 \times 10^{-3}$ Nm. The planar tensegrity mechanism is produced using additive manufacturing with polymer materials. Shafts, made out of brass and polymer bushings, are employed. For this setup, the bars length is chosen equal to $L = 70$ mm and the geometry is chosen so that the angular range of the angle $\theta$ is equal to $[\pi/4, \pi/2]$ rad. Two EPOS3 70/10 EtherCAT @ controllers are configured to control the actuators in velocity and acquire the different sensors signals on an EtherCAT @ fieldbus coupled to a real-time Linux system. The structural parts can be considered rigid compared to the springs thanks to their constitutive material and dimensions. In a similar way, we ensure that the actuators stiffness can be neglected thanks to the high gear ratio and their control. The position and tension controllers for both strategies are implemented with proportional gains. Their values have been experimentally tuned so that the position controller gains are respectively $K_{p1} = 4.00$ Nm/rad and $K_{p2} = 1.40$ s$^{-1}$, and the tension controller gain is $K_t = 3.00 \times 10^2$ rad s$^{-1}$ N$^{-1}$. The impact of this choice on the behavior of the system is discussed in Section 5. ### 4.2. Reconfiguration experiment First, a trajectory tracking experiment is performed to assess the reconfiguration capacity of the system, and the impact of the tensions bounds on the system behavior. In these experiments, $\lambda_1$ and $\lambda_2$ are chosen as the center of gravity of $\Lambda_1$ and $\Lambda_2$ respectively. Two trajectories are tracked with both strategies in order to assess the controller performances for different dynamics. #### 4.2.1. Low dynamics trajectory As a first experiment, the chosen trajectory is a third-order curve that goes from $\theta^* = \pi/2$ rad to $\pi/4$ rad during the first 30 s with constant bounds on $F$, namely 4 N and 10 N. Between 35 s and 38 s, the upper bound is linearly increased from 10 N to 20 N for $\theta^* = \pi/4$ rad. The results are depicted in Fig. 5(a). At $\theta^* = \pi/2$ rad, the tensions in the cables are equal due to the symmetrical arrangement. Moreover, they are equal to $(F_{\text{min}} + F_{\text{max}})/2 = 7$ N, the center of gravity of the feasible tensions. The trajectory is accurately tracked with both strategies, with a mean tracking error of $1.75 \times 10^{-2}$ rad and $1.57 \times 10^{-2}$ rad respectively while maintaining the tensions in the prescribed range. The static error remains below the encoder resolution. Finally, when $F_{\text{max}}$ is increased from 10 N to 20 N, the cable tensions continuously adapt to the new bounds while the configuration remains identical. In order to assess the robustness of the distribution algorithms to modeling errors, the tracking is repeated with 20% error on $k$ and $l$ values. This constitutes very large variations regarding the usual knowledge on such parameters. The differences in the resulting tracking and static errors with respect to the experiments where nominal values of $k$ and $l$ are considered remain below the encoder resolution. Both strategies thus seems pretty robust to modeling errors under these experimental conditions. #### 4.2.2. High dynamics trajectory A second trajectory with higher dynamics is being tracked. The angle $\theta^$ is varied from $\pi/2$ rad to $\pi/4$ rad in 5 s, which means that the velocity is multiplied by 6, and the acceleration by 36. The experimental conditions are identical except the modification of the tensions bounds at the end of the tracking. As depicted in Fig. 5(b), the performance is decreased, with a mean tracking error of $6.28 \times 10^{-2}$ rad and $8.73 \times 10^{-2}$ rad respectively and significant errors on the internal loop for the first strategy. The system however remains stable and the static error remains below the encoder resolution. Moreover, the tension bounds are still respected for this case study and the implemented distribution algorithms are effective for these experimental conditions. These first results show the ability to track a trajectory with both control strategies while respecting the tension bounds, even with significant errors on $k$ and $l$ values. A slow dynamic trajectory can be accurately tracked. High dynamics tracking exhibits higher errors due to the simplicity of the implemented controllers, but stability and zero static error are still ensured with both strategies. The possible tension modulation for a fixed configuration is also demonstrated, here as a consequence of the tension bounds modification in the first experiment. ### 4.3. Modulation of stiffness As the proposed strategies allow an accurate reconfiguration of the system, the achievable modulations of stiffness are experimentally evaluated along the angular range of motion. First, the theoretical minimum, maximum and mean stiffnesses of the system, respectively denoted $K_{\text{min}}^{\text{th}}, K_{\text{max}}^{\text{th}}$ and $K_{\text{moy}}^{\text{th}}$, are computed using (7) for the tension bounds [4,20] N. The angular range is then discretized in 10 angles between $\pi/4$ rad and $\pi/2$ rad. For each angle, the stiffness is experimentally evaluated for the three stiffness levels. To do so, the mechanism is positioned around the desired equilibrium configuration $\theta^$ using the force control strategy, and $\lambda_1$ is chosen to reach the desired stiffness (see (13)). A deflection $\delta \theta$ from the equilibrium configuration $\theta^$ is then applied through a loading system Fig. 5. Trajectory tracking: (a) for a low speed trajectory and (b) for a high speed trajectory. Up using the force control strategy and bottom using the velocity control strategy. The measured angle $\theta_m$ and its reference $\theta^$ are on the left, the cable tensions and their bounds are on the right for each experiment. coupled to the torquemeter that measures the resulting torque $\delta T$ (Figs. 1 and 4) while the system is in open loop. The angular stiffness can then be estimated with the relationship $\delta T / \delta \theta$. Note that the angular deflection of the actuator output shaft remains below the encoder resolution during the experiments on the considered tension range, which confirm the validity of the modeling. The experimental results and their comparison to the simulations are depicted in Fig. 6. The maximum stiffness variation range can be obtained for $\theta = \pi/2$ rad. This range is shrinking when the system configuration goes toward $\pi/4$ rad. The stiffness variation capacity of the system using this strategy is experimentally confirmed and accurately matches the simulations with a mean error of 7% (standard deviation of 5% and maximum of 20%). Model errors and measurement uncertainties explain the observed disparities between model and experiment as depicted in Fig. 6. 4.4. Modulation of stiffness derivative The stiffness derivative modulation is assessed in a second step. The maximum and minimum stiffness derivative $K_\theta$ are theoretically determined for each configuration using (3) and (8) and the prescribed maximum output velocities of the actuators. The discretization of the angular range of motion described in Section 4.3 is considered to evaluate the modulation of $K_\theta$. Measurements are performed in four steps. First, the mechanism is set around a desired equilibrium configuration $\theta^$ using the velocity control strategy. A deflection $\delta \theta$ is then applied and the resulting torque $\delta T$ is measured with the torquemeter. Then $\lambda_2$ is set to reach the desired $K_\theta$ according to (17) until one of the tension bounds is reached. The angular deflection $\delta \theta$ as well as the perturbation torque $\delta T$ are recorded all along the experiment so that the stiffness $K_\theta = \delta T / \delta \theta$ can be estimated at each sampling time. An estimation of $K_\theta$ can then be computed as the slope of a linear interpolation performed on the estimated stiffness $K_{\theta i}$. Fig. 7 depicts an example of experiment and shows the evolution of the system variables along the time. The configuration is the same all along the experiment while the articular velocities are non-null (see top of Fig. 7). The experiment is here stopped when the tension $F_2$ reaches the lower tension bound of 4 N (see middle of Fig. 7). The stiffness derivative $K_\theta$ is estimated as the slope coefficient $a$ of the linear interpolation on the estimated stiffness evolution along the time $t$ (see bottom of Fig. 7). The experimental results and their comparison to the simulations are depicted in Fig. 8. The computed slope coefficient in Fig. 7 is represented by the red point in $\theta^ = 1.31$ rad. As in Section 4.3, the maximum variation range is obtained for $\theta = \pi/2$ rad in accordance with the model prediction, and this range is shrinking when the system configuration goes toward $\pi/4$ rad. The stiffness derivative modulation capacity of the system using this strategy is here experimentally confirmed and matches correctly the simulations with a mean error of 15% (standard deviation of 8% and maximum of 26%). One can notice that the error is slightly superior to the one in Section 4.3, which can be explained by the more delicate experimental protocol. 5. Discussion With simple controllers composed of proportional gains, the trajectories along the angular range are tracked with static error below the encoder resolution and mean tracking errors below $9 \times 10^{-2}$ rad. This result holds even for high dynamics trajectories with respect to the targeted applications. This clearly outlines the intrinsic advantage of tensegrity mechanisms that are composed of low inertia components. The design of the control schemes based on a kinematic modeling of the system is a relevant approach in this context. In addition, the considered trajectories are correctly tracked even if errors in the model parameters are introduced. Large variations regarding the usual knowledge of the parameters have no significant impact on the system behavior. The stiffness of the system is experimentally modified by a significant factor, equal to 3 in the best case, and the whole stiffness range is explored in a few seconds for any configuration thanks to the modulation of the stiffness derivative. Moreover, experiments accurately match the simulation predictions. This means that it is possible to use stiffness model prediction reliably to set a stiffness or a stiffness derivative value. 6. Conclusion In this paper, two strategies for the control of a planar cable-driven tensegrity mechanism as a variable stiffness device are introduced. They both allow for a reconfiguration of the considered mechanism. The first strategy proposes an original use of the tension distribution algorithm to provide a modulation of stiffness. The second one introduces a novel velocity distribution algorithm and allows for a modulation of stiffness derivative. Both strategies have been experimentally assessed in terms of reconfiguration and stiffness modulation on a dedicated setup, with promising results. We indeed show our ability to modify the passive stiffness of a tensegrity mechanism through a modification of its level of prestress. Future works will now be focused on the generalization of the control strategies to other tensegrity mechanisms, including spatial ones. Exploitation of the control schemes proposed in this paper should be possible, given the fact that the static model on which the control strategies are built can be obtained in a generic way using form-finding methods [22]. Interesting perspective will be then to compare the performances with those of other variable stiffness devices [11]. Another perspective is the combination of the presented control strategy with an approach such as actuators impedance control to enlarge variations of stiffness. Acknowledgment This work was supported by French state funds managed by the ANR within the Investissements d’Avenir programme (Robotex ANR-10-EQPX-44, Labex CAMI – ANR-11-LABX-0004) and by the Région Alsace and Aviesan France Life Imaging infrastructure. Appendix A. Derivation of constraints for the velocity distribution algorithm The bounds of the articular velocities are specified so that the cable tensions do not reach $F_{\text{min}}$ or $F_{\text{max}}$ within a time $T$, that is at least equal to the sampling time. The spring characteristics are known, so the relationship between the tensions and the cable positions can be exploited. Considering $t_0$ as the current time, the first time derivative of $\mathbf{F}$ can be expressed using finite difference between time $t_0$ and $t_0 + T$ as $$\dot{\mathbf{F}} = \frac{\mathbf{F}_{t_0+T} - \mathbf{F}_{t_0}}{T}$$ \hspace{1cm} (A.1) and the following inequality on $\dot{\mathbf{F}}$ can therefore be formulated from our initial specifications: $$\frac{F_{\text{min}} - F^{t_0}}{T} \leq \dot{\mathbf{F}} \leq \frac{F_{\text{max}} - F^{t_0}}{T}$$ \hspace{1cm} (A.2) that bounds the tension variation within the time interval $[t_0, t_0 + T]$. 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Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction: A Literature Review Areeg Bala, MD, Hoang Minh Tue Nguyen, BA, and Wayne J. G. Hellstrom, MD, FACS ABSTRACT Introduction: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a widely used class of drug. Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD) is a condition in which patients continue to have sexual side effects after discontinuation of SSRI use. The prevalence of persistent sexual side effects after discontinuing SSRIs is unknown. The recognition and study of PSSD will increase our knowledge base of this underreported and distressing condition. Aim: To provide coverage of the current literature on PSSD, update information on the pathophysiology of PSSD, and discuss potential management options. Methods: Comprehensive review of literature pertaining to PSSD. Main Outcome Measures: The symptoms, classification, pathophysiology, diagnostic considerations, and management of PSSD were reviewed. Results: Common PSSD symptoms include genital anesthesia, pleasure-less or weak orgasm, decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, and premature ejaculation. Different theories have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of PSSD: epigenetic gene expression theory, cytochrome actions, dopamine-serotonin interactions, proopiomelanocortin and melanocortin effects, serotonin neurotoxicity, downregulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A, and hormonal changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The diagnosis of PSSD is achieved by excluding all other etiologies of sexual dysfunction. Treating PSSD is challenging, and many strategies have been suggested and tried, including serotonergic antagonists and dopaminergic agonists. There is still no definitive treatment for PSSD. Low-power laser irradiation and phototherapy have shown some promising results. Conclusion: PSSD is a debilitating condition that adversely affects quality of life. Further studies are warranted to investigate the prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of PSSD. Bala A, Nguyen HMT, Hellstrom WJG. Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction: A Literature Review. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:29–34. Copyright © 2017, International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Key Words: Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors INTRODUCTION Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a widely used class of drug that is prescribed for the management of different disorders, including major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety.$^1$ In addition, SSRIs are used to treat pre- and postmenopausal syndromes, hot flashes, chronic pain, and chronic fatigue syndromes.$^2$ In the United States, one in eight people have used SSRIs in the past 10 years.$^1$ Occasionally, SSRIs, because of the reversible sexual side effects, are prescribed intentionally to treat cases of paraphilia and premature ejaculation.$^2$ Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD) is a condition that arises after the use of SSRIs, in which patients continue to have sexual side effects after the discontinuation of SSRIs. These persistent side effects include decreased libido, genital anesthesia, erectile dysfunction, delayed ejaculation, loss of lubrication in women, and anorgasmia.$^2$ Bahreik$^1$ estimated that 1% to 10% of patients with SSRI sexual side effects will experience resolution of these side effects while still on medication, yet the remaining cohort will still exhibit these side effects as long as SSRIs are used. One post-market research study reported that 5% to 15% of patients developed impairment of sexual function after the use of SSRIs and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.$^3$ The prevalence of persistent sexual side effects after discontinuing SSRIs is not well known.$^4$ With the wide use of SSRIs, psychiatrists and mental health practitioners must be well informed about the medication side effects, because these drugs affect the welfare of their patients. Sufficiently informing the patients of these potential side effects before initiating treatment and... questioning for the occurrence of these effects while undergoing treatment are of clinical importance.\textsuperscript{2} Waldinger et al\textsuperscript{1} proposed that PSSD should be identified as a true syndrome in the literature, rather than as a side effect of SSRIs. From 2006 to 2008, eight cases of treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction persisting after SSRI discontinuation were reported, leading to what Csoka et al\textsuperscript{7} described as PSSD.\textsuperscript{3–7} In 2012, the database of the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre (Lareb) received 19 reports of persistent sexual dysfunction in patients who had stopped using SSRIs for 2 months to 3 years previously and had not yet regained normal sexual functioning.\textsuperscript{8} In the reports, 13 patients were men and 6 were women. The SSRIs prescribed were paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and escitalopram.\textsuperscript{8} Some patients reported multiple symptoms of PSSD.\textsuperscript{4} Hogan et al\textsuperscript{9} reported 90 cases of PSSD based on reports on RdSK.org, a portal for reporting adverse events by patients or doctors or, ideally, patients and doctors; RdSK is maintained by a group of high-profile medical experts with international renown in early detection of drug side effects and risk mitigation. Of the 90 cases, 75 were men and 15 were women.\textsuperscript{9} Ben-Sheetrit et al\textsuperscript{10} conducted an internet survey of sexual adverse effects in patients on antidepressants using a structured self-report questionnaire and well-defined case-definition criteria; of 532 subjects, they found 183 possible cases, including 23 high-probability cases of PSSD. Several medications have been associated with sexual dysfunction side effects after discontinuation of use. The use of finasteride and dutasteride (5α-reductase inhibitors) showed persistent erectile dysfunction in some patients treated with these drugs.\textsuperscript{11} Sexual dysfunction was reported to persist longer than 3 months after discontinuation of the α-reductase inhibitors in male rats, which can continue for months and even years.\textsuperscript{12} Moreover, isotretinoin was linked to anejaculation and decreased fertility.\textsuperscript{13} Drugs that increase serotonin levels have been associated with similar sexual side effects; tricyclic antidepressants such as clomipramine, amitriptyline, imipramine, and doxepin showed the highest incidence of sexual dysfunction symptoms.\textsuperscript{14} However, a lack of sexual drive, decreased sexual desire, and low libido are already established symptoms of depression.\textsuperscript{15} Mathew and Weinman\textsuperscript{16} stated that decreased arousal was present in 40% to 50% of depressive patients, and 15% to 20% of patients reported problems with orgasm and ejaculation. These can superimpose the sexual dysfunction caused by SSRIs. Although the PSSD literature is sparse, it continues to increase. In this communication, we aim to provide an updated review of the current literature on PSSD, possible pathogenesis, and the latest management options. METHODS A literature review was performed on PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) using the search strings post-SSRI sexual dysfunction and persistent sexual dysfunction SSRI. We examined 74 articles and included 33 articles that were relevant to PSSD. Articles that evaluated sexual dysfunction by SSRI instead of PSSD were excluded. Based on reading the included results and examining their references, we added peer-reviewed articles on PSSD to our review (Figure 1). CLINICAL PRESENTATION Common PSSD symptoms include genital anesthesia (decrease in sensation and numbness in the genital area), pleasure-less or weak orgasm, decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, and premature ejaculation (Table 1). In addition, women can experience vaginal lubrication issues and nipple insensitivity.\textsuperscript{2} Of these symptoms, the most characteristic triad consists of genital anesthesia, loss of libido, and erectile dysfunction.\textsuperscript{9} The symptoms of PSSD can start days or weeks after beginning SSRIs and can persist after discontinuing SSRIs.\textsuperscript{4} PSSD also can present after a single dose of an antidepressant.\textsuperscript{2} Genital anesthesia, which is the most common symptom of PSSD, can appear within 30 minutes of the first dose of an SSRI.\textsuperscript{9} Hogan et al\textsuperscript{9} reported additional PSSD symptoms, including decreased penile size, smaller seminal volume, testicular atrophy and pain, and irregular menstruation for women. The symptoms of PSSD are very distressing to patients, which negatively affect their lives.\textsuperscript{10} Waldinger et al\textsuperscript{1} classified PSSD into two categories based on the onset of the symptoms: (i) PSSD that is characterized by early onset, that is, sexual dysfunction occurring while SSRIs are being used and persisting after discontinuing treatments, and (ii) PSSD \| Table 1. Common symptoms of sexual dysfunction after selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use \| \|---------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Genital anesthesia \| \| Decreased libido \| \| Erectile dysfunction \| \| Pleasure-less or weak orgasm \| \| Premature ejaculation \| \| Vaginal lubrication problems \| \| Nipple insensitivity \| that occurs after the discontinuation of SSRIs as an aggravation of SSRI-induced sexual side effects. In their case report, Waldinger et al also reported continued anejaculation and erectile dysfunction, despite improved penile sensitivity in their patients, suggesting the involvement of a central pathway in PSSD. Waldinger et al also reported other rare sexual side effects that might start with SSRI treatment and continue after stopping the medication; these include restless genital syndrome and persistent genital arousal disorder. Persistent genital arousal disorder is a disorder in which genital arousal persists for hours or days after the cessation of the sexual stimulation, despite the experience of at least one orgasm.\textsuperscript{17} Leiblum and Goldmeier\textsuperscript{17} reported several cases of persistent genital arousal disorder that was caused by antidepressant usage or withdrawal; SSRIs were found to predispose to the vast majority of cases. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Uncovering the exact cause of PSSD is challenging; however, several etiologies have been proposed. Moreover, a combination of these potential theories might be operational to the pathophysiology of PSSD. Epigenetic Change and Receptor Downregulation Theory Csoka and Sztyf\textsuperscript{8} observed that increased binding and stimulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5HT1A) by serotonin caused downregulation of these receptors and potentiated serotonin transmission. Long-term usage of SSRIs is hypothesized to cause persistent downregulation of 5HT1A (even after discontinuation of SSRIs) by epigenetic changes in the form of increased expression of methyl binding proteins MeCP2 and MBD1. This leads to more production of HDAC2 mRNA and lowers the production of histone H3 deacetylase.\textsuperscript{18} These epigenetic changes were observed in three areas of the brain: the frontal cortex, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and the caudate-putamen. MDB1, MeCP2, and HDAC2 expression was noted to be induced by fluoxetine.\textsuperscript{18} Popova and Amstislavskaya\textsuperscript{19} indicated that this downregulation and desensitization of 5HT1A are involved in the regulation of sexual motivation, and thus proposed this as a theory for PSSD. Hormonal Theories Different hormones are proposed to play a role in PSSD in the central and peripheral nervous systems and cause neurochemical changes, including an increase in serotonin and prolactin, blockage of $\alpha_1$-adrenergic receptors, a decrease in dopamine, testosterone, and oxytocin, and a decrease in nitric oxide synthesis.\textsuperscript{2} Moreover, some neurochemical changes have been noticed in the peripheral nervous system of patients with PSSD. This is noteworthy because 95% of serotonin receptors are located outside the brain. It was postulated that SSRIs cause PSSD by affecting serotonin levels in peripheral nerves.\textsuperscript{2} Ben-Sheetrit et al\textsuperscript{10} postulated that serotonergic neurotoxicity also might play a role in PSSD in a similar mechanism to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, which stimulates the release and inhibits the uptake of serotonin. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine causes persistent sexual dysfunction long after its discontinuation, with axonal damage as the proposed mechanism.\textsuperscript{10} Ben-Sheetrit et al\textsuperscript{10} suggested that there might be a role for individual vulnerability to serotonin, because most patients on SSRIs do not develop PSSD. Damsa et al\textsuperscript{20} pointed out the role of serotonin-dopamine interaction in causing PSSD. SSRIs cause inhibition of dopamine transmission in the ventral tegmental area; dopamine is essential in sexual arousal. In addition, serotonin regulates proopiomelanocortin neuron output and inhibits melanocortin MC4 receptors through 5HT2C and 5HT2A action. Not only are proopiomelanocortin and melanocortin responsible for skin coloration, they also play major roles in sexual behavior. As such, disturbances in proopiomelanocortin and melanocortin caused by SSRIs can result in persistent sexual dysfunction.\textsuperscript{21} Furthermore, 5HT receptors play a major role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, and dysregulation of any of these receptors results in dysregulation of the axis, which produces lower free testosterone levels.\textsuperscript{7} Waldinger et al\textsuperscript{14} postulated that PSSD is linked to transient receptor potential ion channel transduction, which is responsible for skin sensitivity to temperature, touch, taste, and smell. Disturbances to these transient receptor potentials could manifest as PSSD. ANIMAL STUDIES A few animal studies have been conducted to determine the long-term effect of SSRIs on sexual function. In their research on rats, Raap et al\textsuperscript{22} found that treatment with fluoxetine resulted in persistent desensitization of 5HT1A, even after discontinuation of the drug. Sukoff-Rizzo et al\textsuperscript{23} noted that 5HT1A antagonists treated and prevented the sexual dysfunction in rats that had been administered fluoxetine. Further studies suggested that administering SSRIs in young rats resulted in persistent sexual side effects into adulthood.\textsuperscript{24,25} Gouvêa et al\textsuperscript{26} administered fluoxetine in pregnant mice and observed an impairment of sexual motivation in the adult offspring of these pregnant mice. A systematic review of animal studies documented evidence of persistent sexual behavioral changes in rats that had been exposed to SSRIs at a young age.\textsuperscript{27} DIAGNOSIS Almost all patients who have used SSRIs develop some type of sexual side effect.\textsuperscript{8} The exact prevalence of PSSD is undetermined owing to a paucity of studies. Ben-Sheetrit et al\textsuperscript{10} cautioned that PSSD could be challenging to diagnose. For example, a patient visits a doctor for a mental illness, where the patient is prescribed an SSRI. The patient might experience a sexual side effect(s) with administration of the SSRI. The patient discontinues the medication because of these effects, but the sexual dysfunction could persist, which leads to another visit to the doctor. At this point, there will be confusion as to whether the persistent sexual dysfunction is caused by the mental illness or the SSRI. If the patient resumes the SSRI, the drug will be blamed for the sexual side effects. Either way, confirming a PSSD diagnosis is problematic.\textsuperscript{19} Reisman\textsuperscript{28} also suggested that the overlapping between PSSD symptoms and the actual mental illness symptoms renders the diagnosis of PSSD to be slightly challenging. PSSD is diagnosed by reviewing all elements of a patient’s clinical presentation, such as history of drug use, onset of symptoms, and premorbid conditions. Furthermore, excluding other possible causes of sexual dysfunction helps in diagnosing PSSD. Some authorities have used genital anesthesia as an indicator of the severity of sexual dysfunction caused by SSRIs in PSSD.\textsuperscript{10} According to Higgins et al.,\textsuperscript{27} a full detailed evaluation is the first step in evaluating PSSD to ensure that the sexual side effects are indeed an outcome of SSRI use. This evaluation ranges from physical assessment to a formal sexual health inquiry. In general, the clinician should exclude confounding elements such as age, smoking, alcohol, and substance abuse, because they are recognized to cause sexual dysfunction symptoms. Similarly, the physicians must consider other diseases that can affect sexual functions, such as diabetes, hypertension, and depression.\textsuperscript{29} MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION There is still no definitive treatment for PSSD. The treatments described in the literature were meant for sexual dysfunction induced by SSRI. Although there is no actual treatment for PSSD, Waldinger et al.\textsuperscript{30} reported the effect of low-power laser irradiation, or phototherapy, directed toward the scrotal skin and the shaft of the penis in a male patient with PSSD and penile anesthesia. Low-power laser irradiation improved the function of transient receptor potentials, which is proposed as one of the PSSD etiologies. In this patient, penile sensitivity improved by 40%. Nonetheless, despite the partial relief of penile anesthesia and penile temperature sensitivity, low-power laser irradiation failed to alleviate anejaculation and erectile dysfunction symptoms of PSSD in the same patient.\textsuperscript{1} Hogan et al.\textsuperscript{31} suggested that focusing on serotonergic and dopaminergic systems by adding 5HT1 agonists and 5HT2 and 5HT3 antagonists could accomplish the management of PSSD. The drugs used were buspirone, trazodone, and mirtazapine, respectively. The latter two drugs can induce priapism and increase libido in normal people, but has little to no effect in patients with PSSD. For the dopamine agonists, pramipexole and cabergoline have been tried for treatment of PSSD, with little benefit reported.\textsuperscript{1} However, a 5HT1A antagonist has been tested in rats and documented a 70% improvement in penile erection that had been impaired by fluoxetine use.\textsuperscript{23} Montejo et al.\textsuperscript{1} reported on a Spanish case-control study that evaluated a switch from SSRIs to a dopaminergic antidepressant (amineptine) in patients with sexual dysfunction and observed that 55% of these patients using SSRIs had persistent sexual dysfunction 6 months after treatment cessation, whereas only 4% of patients who had switched to amineptine had these complaints at 6 months. Patients also tried sildenafil, vardenafil, and other phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and testosterone, but no improvement was documented.\textsuperscript{1} An additional treatment option might be for patients to switch to bupropion or nefazodone, antidepressants that are not known to cause any sexual adverse effects.\textsuperscript{29} Bupropion does not have serotonergic activity and, hence, does not affect sexual function in patients. In a placebo-controlled comparison study of bupropion and sertraline treatment in patients, it was noted that sexual dysfunction symptoms were present in sertraline-treated patients; however, sexual desire and orgasm dysfunction were reported much less in patients with bupropion. Overall, the patients treated with bupropion reported satisfaction with their sexual function.\textsuperscript{30} Adjunct therapy with bupropion demonstrated promising results in treating SSRI-related sexual dysfunction.\textsuperscript{29} Another double-blinded study conducted by Clayton et al.\textsuperscript{31} with bupropion added as an adjunct drug to SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction showed that bupropion was a successful antidote. Patients treated with bupropion documented a recovery from their sexual dysfunction in desire and frequency of sexual activity. This highlights the difficulty of managing patients with PSSD and the importance of PSSD prevention. Cognitive-behavioral therapy also has been used by psychiatrists to help patients reach a better understanding of their condition and cope better with their situation. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is useful for dealing with the negative thoughts that develop in many patients, such as sexual inadequacy and low self-esteem.\textsuperscript{29} Partners need to be involved in this approach, because they are collaterally affected by PSSD. Sex therapy and couples counseling should aim to educate the partners that the sexual dysfunction is a side effect of the medication and not a lack of interest. In addition, such behavioral therapies can provide emotional and psychological support for patients and partners.\textsuperscript{29} These encouraging results suggest more research into the management of PSSD could provide further breakthroughs. With that in mind, it is crucial that all mental health practitioners counsel their patients about PSSD before initiating treatment.\textsuperscript{1} Clinicians need to record baselines in these patients and perform regular follow-ups for sexual function before, during, and after SSRI administration.\textsuperscript{10} Kashani et al.\textsuperscript{32} anecdotally reported that saffron exhibited some benefit in improving sexual arousal and lubrication and might improve the sexual side effects created by SSRI use. Physicians need to instruct patients to report any loss of taste or smell, skin sensitivity, or genital numbness, so that the physician can titrate the SSRI dose or discontinue or change the medication. Whether a dose reduction will avert the possibility of PSSD is uncertain.\textsuperscript{5} The patient’s informed consent and the right to choose SSRIs as a treatment option should be required before starting SSRIs.\textsuperscript{10} CONCLUSION PSSD is a persistent sexual dysfunction that occurs after discontinuation of SSRI use. Commonly reported symptoms include genital anesthesia, erectile dysfunction, pleasure-less orgasm, decreased sex drive, decrease or absence of erection, premature ejaculation, vaginal lubrication issues, and nipple insensitivity in women. PSSD can result in patient non-compliance to SSRIs.\textsuperscript{7} Different theories have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of PSSD: epigenetic gene expression, cytochrome actions, dopamine-serotonin interactions, propio-melanocortin and melanocortin effects, serotonin neurotoxicity, downregulation of 5HT1A, and hormonal changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Diagnosing PSSD is challenging and should be done by reviewing the patient’s drug history, onset of symptoms, and the patient’s sexual condition before starting such a medication. Furthermore, excluding other comorbid diseases and conditions that can cause PSSD is mandatory. There is no definitive treatment for PSSD; however, there are some proposed management options. Lowering SSRI dosage could decrease the sexual side effects but weaken the drug’s initial treatment strategy. Adjunct therapy such as adding sildenafil and bupropion did not show statistical benefit. Cognitive-behavioral therapy might help with PSSD. Buspirone, trazodone, donepezil, ketamine, metformin, and mirtazapine have been tested as PSSD treatments, with varying degrees of success. Clinicians and mental health practitioners need to counsel their patients about PSSD. All patients need to be educated about the possibility of persistent impairment of sexual dysfunction with SSRI usage. There are still many unknowns about PSSD. It is important to investigate PSSD further to elucidate its pathogenesis and to discover effective treatments for PSSD. Corresponding Author: Wayne J. G. Hellstrom, MD, FACS, Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; E-mail: email@example.com Conflicts of Interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. Funding: None. STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Category 1 (a) Conception and Design Areeg Bala; Wayne J. G. Hellstrom (b) Acquisition of Data Areeg Bala; Hoang Minh Tue Nguyen (c) Analysis and Interpretation of Data Areeg Bala; Hoang Minh Tue Nguyen Category 2 (a) Drafting the Article Areeg Bala (b) Revising It for Intellectual Content Hoang Minh Tue Nguyen; Wayne J. G. Hellstrom Category 3 (a) Final Approval of the Completed Article Areeg Bala; Hoang Minh Tue Nguyen; Wayne J. G. Hellstrom REFERENCES 1. Bahrick A. 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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW OCTASUBSTITUTED PHTHALOCYANINES: SUPRAMOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR THIN FILM ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL AND CHEMICAL SENSOR APPLICATIONS by Paul Eric Smolenyak A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1998 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW OCTASUBSTITUTED PHTHALOCYANINES: SUPRAMOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR THIN FILM ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL AND CHEMICAL SENSOR APPLICATIONS by Paul Eric Smolenyak A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1998 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. 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UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Paul E. Smolenvak entitled SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW OCTASUBSTITUTED PHTHALOCYANINES: SUPRAMOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR THIN FILM ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL, AND CHEMICAL SENSOR APPLICATIONS and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Professor Neal R. Armstrong 10-1-98 Professor David F. O'Brien 10/1/98 Professor S. Scott Saavedra 10/1/98 Professor Quintus Fernando 10/1/98 Professor Eugene A. Marsh Jr. 10-1-98 Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director Professor Neal R. Armstrong 11/24/98 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained by the author. SIGNED: [Signature] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to a host of individuals who contributed greatly to the work contained herein. There are too many to list, but I'd like to thank most of all those that had an ear to listen to and debate the ideas put forth in this work. Thank you Armstrong O'Brien, Saavedra, and Denton group members, for ideas, support and laughter. Thank you to the German contingent, which was especially important on this scholarly journey (Derck, Heiko, Micheal, and Albert). Thanks also, to Neal, David, Scott and Jeanne for direction and support. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the memory of my father Kenneth Smolenyak. # TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................. 13 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................... 17 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION .................................................. 19 I. Molecular Electronic and Optical Materials ........................................ 19 II. The Phthalocyanines: .................................................................... 21 i. Model Materials for Studies in Molecular Engineering ...................... 21 ii. Native Phthalocyanines: Unsubstituted Building Blocks ................. 22 iii. Substituted Phthalocyanines: Functionalized Building Blocks ......... 24 iv. Substituent Effects on Pc Properties ............................................. 27 v. Aromatic Substituent Effects ....................................................... 28 vi. Polyethylene Oxide Pc Substituents ............................................. 31 III. Manipulation of Molecular Materials: Techniques for Thin Film Formation and Modification of Film Forming Materials ......................... 34 i. Langmuir-Blodgett Films ............................................................. 35 ii. Pc LB films ............................................................................. 36 iii. Pc Langmuir Bilayers and Bilayer Transfer .................................. 39 iv. Mechanical Patterning of Rigid LB Films .................................... 40 IV. Polysilicon Pcs ............................................................................. 41 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued V. The Phthalocyanines: Conductivity of Pc Assemblies .......................... 43 i. Conductivity: Inorganic vs. Organic materials ........................................... 43 ii. Conductivity: Phthalocyanine Assemblies .............................................. 44 CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTAL ................................................................. 48 I. Cast Films and Spectroscopy of Thin Cast Films ..................................... 48 i. Cast Film Formation .................................................................................... 48 ii. Spectroscopy of Cast Film Formation ....................................................... 48 II. Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films .................................................. 50 i. Trough Specifications ............................................................................... 50 ii. Langmuir-Blodgett Film Fabrication - Substrates .................................. 51 iii. Langmuir Blodgett Film Fabrication - Transfer Methods ....................... 52 III. On Trough Spectroscopy of Langmuir Films .......................................... 56 IV. Scanning Probe Microscopies ................................................................. 56 i. Instrumental Details .................................................................................. 56 ii. Substrates for AFM and STM Film Studies ............................................. 57 V. Voltammetric Analysis ............................................................................. 59 i. Solution Voltammetry .............................................................................. 59 ii. Thin Film Voltammetry ........................................................................... 59 VI. Spectroelectrochemical Studies ................................................................. 60 i. Thin Film Spectroelectrochemical Studies ........................................... 60 ii. Solution Spectroelectrochemical Studies .......................................... 60 VII. Thin Film Orientational Spectroscopies .................................................. 62 VIII. Thin Film Conductivity Studies ............................................................. 62 CHAPTER 3: BENZYLOXYETHOXY SUBSTITUTED PHTHALOCYANINES ....................... 65 I. Solution and Cast Thin Film UV-Visible Spectroscopy .............................. 68 II. Langmuir Films ......................................................................................... 72 i. Phase Behavior: Pressure/Area Isotherms ............................................ 72 ii. Compression Speed and Temperature Dependent Phase Behavior ........ 79 iii. On Trough Visible Spectroscopy ...................................................... 84 III. Langmuir Blodgett Films ........................................................................ 91 i. Vertical Transfer .................................................................................. 91 ii. Horizontal Transfer ............................................................................ 92 iii. ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ LB films .............................................................. 95 iv. LB Film Formation Model ............................................................... 95 v. Stabilized Preparation of Multilayer LB films .................................... 98 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued IV. Characterization of Langmuir-Blodgett Films ................................................. 99 i. Film thickness: Visible Spectroscopy ............................................................... 99 ii. Patterned films: Optical and Atomic Force Microscopies ............................. 100 iii. Small Angle X-ray Scattering SAXS .............................................................. 104 iv. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy STM ............................................................ 113 v. Orientational Spectroscopy: Visible and IR Linear Dichroism ...................... 120 vi. MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ Film Visible Linear Dichroism ........................................... 127 vii. Infrared Linear Dichroism ........................................................................... 131 viii. Linear Dichroism of ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films ............................................. 134 ix. XPS of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ Films .................................................................. 135 V. Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ LB films: .................................................................................. 137 i. Solution Voltammetry and Spectroelectrochemistry ..................................... 137 ii. Thin Film Voltammetry and Spectroelectrochemistry ................................ 140 iii. Film Permeability .......................................................................................... 146 iv. Spectroelectrochemical Analysis ................................................................. 151 v. Supporting Electrolyte Interaction .................................................................. 154 VI. Chapter Summary ............................................................................................. 160 CHAPTER 4: TRIETHYLENE OXIDE SUBSTITUTED PHTHALOCYANINES ............................................................................................. 163 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued I. Benzyl Termination of Triethylene Oxide Pthalocyanine Substituent Chains ................................................................. 165 II. Cast Films .................................................................................................................. 168 III. Langmuir and Langmuir Blodgett Films ............................................................... 173 i. $MPc(O(C_2O)_3Bz)_8$ ........................................................................................................... 173 ii. $CuPc(O(C_2O)_3Me)_8$ ...................................................................................................... 178 iii. $CuPc(15\text{-crown-}5)_4$ ....................................................................................................... 181 IV. Electrochemistry and Spectroelectrochemistry .................................................. 186 i. $CuPc(O(C_2O)_3Bz)_8$ and $CuPc(O(C_2O)_3Me)_8$ ............................................................ 186 ii. $CuPc(15\text{-crown-}5)_4$ ....................................................................................................... 188 V. PEO Materials Discussion ..................................................................................... 193 CHAPTER 5: $CuPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ AND $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ LB FILM CONDUCTIVITY .................. 194 I. Introductory Comments .......................................................................................... 194 II. Experimental ........................................................................................................... 196 III. Films on IMEs: Topography ................................................................................ 206 IV. Films on IMEs: Hydration, Adsorbed Gasses and Adventitious Water .............. 210 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued V. Films on IMEs: Temperature Studies ................................................................. 212 VI. Films on IMEs: Microsensor Devices............................................................... 215 VII. Films on IMEs: ABTECH Devices .................................................................. 216 VIII. Anisotropic Conductivity .............................................................................. 217 IX. Films on IMEs: Electrochemically Doped Films ............................................. 219 X. Films on IMEs: Photoconductivity ................................................................... 225 XI. Vapor Deposited Electrodes: Orthogonal Electrodes on a Common Film ......................................................................................................................... 228 XII. Conductivity Discussion .................................................................................... 228 CHAPTER 6: SYNTHESIS ......................................................................................... 234 I. Synthetic Objectives ............................................................................................ 234 II. Synthetic Pathway MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ................................................................. 236 III. Synthetic Pathway MPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ ............................................................ 240 IV. Synthetic Pathway MPc(SC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ................................................................. 242 V. Experimental ....................................................................................................... 246 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued VI. Synthesis - Benzyloxyethoxy Pcs ................................................................. 248 VII. Synthesis - Benzyloxytriethoxy Pcs ............................................................. 250 VIII. Synthesis - Benzyloxyethanesulfide Pcs ...................................................... 255 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS .................. 257 I. Phthalocyanine Derivatives with Benzyl Terminated Substituents 257 i. Benzyloxyethoxy Substituents ........................................................................... 257 ii. Benzyloxytriethoxy substituents ....................................................................... 265 iii. Monomeric vs. polymeric Pc molecular electronic materials ....................... 265 iv. Electrochemical behavior and conductivity of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ .................... 266 II. Continuing Research: Future Investigations .................................................. 267 APPENDIX A SYNTHESIS CHAPTER SUPPLEMENT -- SPECTRA ................................................................. 271 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 291 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1.1 Peripheral phthalocyanine substitution strategies. ........................................... 25 Figure 1.2 Axial phthalocyanine substitution strategies. .................................................. 26 Figure 1.3 Arene-arene stacking ......................................................................................... 28 Figure 1.4 Benzyl terminated copper and dihydrogen octasubstituted Pcs. .................... 30 Figure 1.5 Phthalocyanine molecular wires ....................................................................... 32 Figure 1.6 Well-behaved film forming octasubstituted Pc derivatives............................. 37 Figure 1.7 LB transfer of polysilicon phthalocyanines ...................................................... 42 Figure 1.8 Planar polymeric phthalocyanines with semiconducting properties ............... 45 Figure 2.1 Horizontal Transfer of bilayer Langmuir films ............................................... 53 Figure 2.2 LB trough film stabilization apparatus ............................................................. 55 Figure 2.3 Spectroelectrochemical cell .............................................................................. 61 Figure 2.4 UHV system used in film conductivity studies ................................................ 64 Figure 3.1 A structural representation of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ................................................ 67 Figure 3.2 Solution electronic spectra of benyloxyethoxy Pcs ........................................ 70 Figure 3.3 Thin film and solution Q-band visible spectra of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ................ 71 Figure 3.4 Pressure/Area isotherms of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ................ 73 Figure 3.5 Pressure area isotherms illustrating the expansion recompression behavior of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ................................................................. 76 Figure 3.6 Pressure area isotherms of Zn(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ..................................................... 78 Figure 3.7 Temperature dependent pressure/area isotherms of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ........... 82 Figure 3.8 Compression speed dependent pressure/area isotherms of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ .... 83 Figure 3.9 On trough spectra of H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ............................................................. 85 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - Continued Figure 3.10 On trough spectra of Zn(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. .................................................. 87 Figure 3.11 Spectroscopic study of ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ cast film formation. ......................... 89 Figure 3.12 A proposed aggregate structure of ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ with coordinated water. .............. 90 Figure 3.13 Patterning of LB films by horizontal transfer ............................................. 94 Figure 3.14 A model of the water Pc contact region for Langmuir films of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. ................................................................. 97 Figure 3.15 An optical micrograph of a bilayer H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on HOPG. ........... 102 Figure 3.16 An AFM image of a bilayer H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on HOPG. .......................... 103 Figure 3.17 The experimental configuration for SAXS analysis of thin Pc films. ............ 107 Figure 3.18 SAXS data for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. .................................................. 108 Figure 3.19 Expanded view SAXS data for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. ............................... 112 Figure 3.20 An STM image of a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ monolayer film on Au. .................... 117 Figure 3.21 STM images of a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ bilayer film on Au. ............................. 118 Figure 3.22 Section analysis of STM image of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on Au. .................. 119 Figure 3.23. Electronic and vibrational transitions probed in the orientational spectroscopic characterization of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. ......................................................... 121 Figure 3.24 An idealized illustration of Pc interaction with polarized light. .................. 122 Figure 3.25 An illustration of the experimental and theoretical aspects of columnar Pc linear dichroism measurements. ........................................................................... 125 Figure 3.26 Visible Linear Dichroism of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. .................................. 128 Figure 3.27 Proposal of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film structure -- linear dichroism studies. .... 129 Figure 3.28 Infrared linear dichroism spectra of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. .......................... 133 Figure 3.29 XPS characterization of a patterned CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film. .......................... 136 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - Continued Figure 3.30 Solution cyclic voltammetry of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ........................................... 138 Figure 3.31 Solution spectroelectrochemistry of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ........................................... 139 Figure 3.32 Cyclic Voltammetry of thin a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film ............................................. 141 Figure 3.33 MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film permeability study with the ferri/ferrocyanide redox couple ........ 149 Figure 3.34 MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film permeability study with hydroquinone .................................... 150 Figure 3.35 Spectroelectrochemical study of a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film ....................................... 152 Figure 3.36 CV supporting electrolyte studies of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films (NaBF$_4$, LiBF$_4$, LiClO$_4$) .......... 156 Figure 3.37 CV supporting electrolyte studies on CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films, (KHP, LiClO$_4$) .................. 157 Figure 3.38 CV supporting electrolyte studies on CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films, (KCl, KBr, KI) .................. 158 Figure 3.39 CV study of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ annealed films ......................................................... 159 Figure 4.1 Pcs with PEO based substitution ............................................................................... 167 Figure 4.2 Cast film formation spectra of MPc(O(C$_2$O)$_n$Bz)$_8$ materials ........................................ 169 Figure 4.3 Cast film spectra of MPc(O(C$_2$O)$_n$Bz)$_8$ materials ...................................................... 170 Figure 4.4 Cast film formation spectra of CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Me)$_8$ and CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ .................. 172 Figure 4.5 Langmuir film studies of CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ films -- isotherms, and on trough spectroscopy .... 174 Figure 4.6 Proposed on trough orientation of CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ ............................................. 175 Figure 4.7 Compression-expansion study of CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ films ........................................ 176 Figure 4.8 Langmuir film study of CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Me)$_8$ -- On-trough spectroscopy and pressure area isotherms ................................................................. 180 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - Continued Figure 4.9 Langmuir film study of CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ -- On-trough spectroscopy and pressure/area isotherm ................................................................. 184 Figure 4.10 Compression-expansion study of Cu(15-crown-5)$_4$ Langmuir films ........... 185 Figure 4.11 CV study of CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_2$Bz)$_8$ thin films ............................................. 187 Figure 4.12 CV study of CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ films .................................................. 190 Figure 4.13 Spectroelectrochemical study of CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ films ....................... 191 Figure 4.14 Spectroelectrochemical difference spectra of a CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ film . 192 Figure 5.1 Microsensor IME, AFM characterization .................................................... 197 Figure 5.2 AFM image of Microsensor IME after acid etch removal of metal structures. ................................................................. 199 Figure 5.3a AFM image of ABTECH IME ................................................................. 200 Figure 5.3b AFM image of an acid etched ABTECH IME ........................................... 201 Figure 5.4 UHV system used in conductivity studies .................................................. 205 Figure 5.5a AFM image of a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on a Microsensor IME .................. 207 Figure 5.5b AFM image of an H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on an ABTECH IME .................. 208 Figure 5.6 Temperature dependent current response to applied potential -- CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film .................................................................................................. 213 Figure 5.7 Current response hysteresis during annealing of a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film in vacuum at 50ºC .............................................................................................................. 214 Figure 5.8 Anisotropic conductivity of a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film .................................. 218 Figure 5.9 Experimental apparatus utilized for electrochemical doping ....................... 222 Figure 5.10 Conductivity study of a 6 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film doped with ClO$_4$, with column axis perpendicular to the IME fingers ...................................................... 223 Figure 5.11 Current potential response for a doped 12 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ deposited with the column axis parallel to the IME fingers ...................................................... 224 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - Continued Figure 5.12 Photoconductivity vs. dark conductivity - CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. .......................... 227 Figure 6.1 Synthetic targets of this work - octasubstituted Pcs. ........................................... 235 Scheme 6.1 Synthetic pathway to 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phthalocyanines ................................................................. 237 Scheme 6.2 Synthetic pathway to 4,5-(benzyloxytriethoxy)-1,2-dibromo(benzene) .... 241 Scheme 6.3 Synthetic pathway to MPc(SC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ............................................................... 243 Figure 7.1 Edge to face terminal benzyl group packing in columnar assemblies ............ 259 Figure 7.2 Stacking orientation for MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ LB materials, including a proposed inclination angle of the Pc macrocycle to the column axis, derived from WAXS data. .................................................................................................................. 261 Figure 7.3 A schematic representation of the forces that contribute to the extraordinary stability of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ bilayer Langmuir films. ...................................................... 264 Figure 7.4 A structural representation of Pc derivatives incorporating regiospecific heteroatom substitution in the macrocyclic ring. ................................................................. 269 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Visible Linear Dichroism CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films .................................................. 131 Table 3.2 Infrared Linear Dichroism of a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film ............................................. 132 ABSTRACT The synthesis, structure, and properties of a number of new octasubstituted phthalocyanines, were investigated in this work. Substituent functionality and design has a profound influence on the film forming, and hence, chemical/physical properties of these model molecular electronic materials. Highly ordered thin films of the benzyl terminated Pc, (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octa(2-benzyloxyethoxy) phthalocyaninato) copper, CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and its di-hydrogen analogue were prepared and characterized. These materials form ordered Langmuir films composed of close packed columnar assemblies. Full compression of these materials produces thin films of stable bilayers that show remarkable mechanical stability, and can be transferred with high efficiency to substrates using a horizontal transfer protocol. The physical, spectroscopic, spectroelectrochemical, electrochemical, and electronic properties of these materials were characterized. These properties are strongly dependent on film morphology and structure. The conductivity of these materials relative to the Pc column axis, is highly anisotropic, and with electrochemical doping, the conductivity along the column axis is ca. $10^{-6}$ S/cm. 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octa(2-benzyloxytriethoxy) phthalocyaninato) copper, and di-hydrogen materials were prepared and characterized. These Pc derivatives did not exhibit the extraordinary properties of their shorter chained analogues. Film preparation efforts with these materials produced poorly ordered isotropic films. Chain length and benzyl termination are combined, in CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, to produce a unique self assembling material with properties comparable to that reported previously for rigid-rod polymeric Pc materials. CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION I. Molecular Electronic and Optical Materials The continuing drive toward miniaturization of current electronic and photonic device technologies based on inorganic semiconducting materials has advanced to near the size limit for these materials$^1$. Since these technologies are based on the continuous bulk properties of the inorganic semiconducting materials, miniaturization is limited by the minimum continuous structure that exhibits the desired property. Research in the field of molecular electronic and photonic materials has the potential to open the nanometer regime to device design. Theoretical proposals of atomic and molecular scale, devices and machines have been presented and discussed by numerous researchers$^2,3,4,5$. Molecular devices depend on the discrete properties of individual molecules interacting with neighboring molecules organized in a specific arrangement or assembly. Alternatively multiple functionality within a single molecule could be utilized for intramolecular interaction and function. The ability to manipulate such theoretical assemblies in real devices limits the practical development of such devices. Recent advances in technologies such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and related techniques$^6,7$ have enabled the interrogation and manipulation of individual molecules and atoms, but the idealized molecular device is perhaps decades away from realization$^8$. Research in the area of molecular electronic and optical materials will continue to advance toward this idealized goal. In recent years the field of molecular electronic and optical materials research has broadened its scope from the ideal of molecular electronic devices, to include molecular materials$^9$ with general potential for use in electronic and photonic device applications, where miniaturization is not a design issue. Conductive materials which can be patterned by screen or spray printing techniques are currently being exploring for flat panel display manufacturing, and for disposable data storage devices as well as other applications$^{10}$. Thin films which respond to subtle changes in chemical or environmental conditions are being explored as transducing layers in chemical sensing systems$^{11,12}$. Molecular materials, including conducting polymers, nonlinear optical materials, electrochromics, and liquid crystals, to name a few, have found application in numerous device technologies, however, many of the advances in this field have been serendipitous$^9$. Sustained advances will depend on the modeling and synthesis of advanced materials with specific materials properties. Advances will also depend upon the development of techniques for organizing the materials into supramolecular structures, (thin films, molecular wires, patterned materials, etc.) with design specific configurations$^9$. Solution processible phthalocyanines with appropriate substituent design, and coordination, spontaneously form columnar molecular assemblies, which are of significant interest in molecular electronic materials research. Liquid crystalline, polymeric and other Pc materials with columnar structures are the focus of intensive ongoing research efforts$^{13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21}$. The manipulation of these materials, with the goal of forming robust ultra-thin films, or columnar conduits, for electronic and/or ionic charge transport structures, provides a platform for significant advancement in this field of research. The advancement depends on expanding our understanding of how specific molecular interactions govern the formation of the desired assemblies. A detailed characterization of the structure and properties of Pc thin films, formed from a number of new and previously synthesized phthalocyanines is the focus of this dissertation. The work investigates the contribution of specific functionality incorporated into the substituent chains of peripherally modified Pcs, and how that functionality influences the film forming behavior, and the physical and chemical properties of the materials. Of principal interest is the contribution of aromatic substituents to the stabilization of Pc columnar assemblies, and how the specific geometry of these functionalities, relative to the Pc macrocycle, influence the materials behavior. II. The Phthalocyanines: i. Model Materials for Studies in Molecular Engineering Design and synthesis of molecules with specific functionality, for the express purpose of creating functional supramolecular materials, has been called molecular engineering\textsuperscript{2,22}. Numerous authors have presented detailed discussions of the molecular design parameters that influence the formation of stable molecular assemblies\textsuperscript{2,23}. Osburn and Chen, previous workers in this research group, have elaborated on these principles and how they apply to the phthalocyanines\textsuperscript{24,25}. This work is a continuation of their efforts, which focused on the synthesis and characterization of substituted phthalocyanines (Pcs). The discussion here covers principles of assembly, methods for the manipulation of Pc materials, and characterization of the structural and electrical properties of the resultant films, not discussed by the previous workers, as well as the elaboration and clarification of issues presented in the previous work. The phthalocyanines are a well studied class of strongly absorbing dye materials that have found utility in many commercial and technological applications\textsuperscript{26,27}. The structure and properties of the Pc make it an ideal candidate for a “molecular building block” often described in discussions of molecular materials and molecular engineering. The film forming potential, and the physical and electronic properties of the Pc, has been the subject of active investigation by a host of researchers. The literature is replete with the characterization and description of Pc materials properties, including a number of texts and reviews\textsuperscript{17,20,26,27}. \textit{ii. Native Phthalocyanines: Unsubstituted Building Blocks} The unsubstituted phthalocyanine macrocycle is an intractable but highly stable material. The poor solubility of these materials make them difficult to process and limits their utility in forming well ordered supramolecular systems. Molecularly thin films of these Pcs can be generated only via vapor deposition in vacuum, and tend to have amorphous structure\textsuperscript{28}. Their electrical and photoelectric properties make them, nonetheless, important molecular electronic and optical materials. These Pcs have been utilized in numerous technological applications including xerography\textsuperscript{29,30,31}, gas sensing\textsuperscript{11,12,32} and optical data storage\textsuperscript{33,34}. The physical and chemical properties of the unsubstituted phthalocyanines have been well characterized\textsuperscript{17,20,26}. Molecular beam epitaxial growth of many of these materials on various substrates, and the electronic properties of the resultant films have been an active area of investigation for a number of researchers.\textsuperscript{35,36,37}. The bulk solid of planar unsubstituted metallophthalocyanine macrocycles, is in general, crystalline. Two herringbone structural forms, $\alpha$ and $\beta$, have been described\textsuperscript{17,38,39}. In the $\alpha$ form the plane of the macrocycle is oriented at an angle of ca. 28° from the normal of the axis of the Pc column. An angle of approximately 46° is reported for the $\beta$ form. Thin film Pc phases with cofacial, stacking of the macrocycles can be obtained by slow vapor deposition. Cofacial columnar Pc stacks, (H-aggregate), or overlapping cofacial Pc assemblies, (J-aggregate), can form given appropriate conditions and choice of Pc\textsuperscript{24,40,41,42,43}. In these assemblies the plane of the macrocycle is nearly to parallel to the substrate plane, or 90° to the substrate normal. The nature of the aggregate assembly, and the resultant influence on the materials properties of these assemblies, is highly dependent on the coordinated metal\textsuperscript{36}, and over 70 different metallophthalocyanines have been prepared\textsuperscript{36}. Cofacial stacking or aggregation results in a high degree of interaction between the highly delocalized $\pi$ electron system of the Pc macrocycles\textsuperscript{44}. The high degree of $\pi$ electron overlap in the cofacial columnar stacked systems is favored for molecular electronic considerations\textsuperscript{44}. It is important to note that these aggregation motifs are often conserved for modified or substituted Pcs and are thus inherent to the native phthalocyanine molecular unit. Native Pcs doped with ionic species, as seen in conductivity studies of these materials\textsuperscript{45}, can exhibit a cofacial staking orientation. A rich body of research literature, describing native phthalocyanines, provides a basis of comparison for the material properties of the substituted metallophthalocyanine, and metal free phthalocyanine derivatives that are the focus of this work. iii. Substituted Phthalocyanines: Functionalized Building Blocks Modification of the phthalocyanine macrocycle through axial or peripheral substitution creates a molecular base unit with additional functionality that influences the structure and properties of the resultant supramolecular assembly. Substituents also increase the solubility and therefore the processibility of the materials. Self-assembly of Pc aggregates, from solution or at a gas-liquid interface, becomes accessible in the manipulation of these materials to form nanostructures and ultra thin films. A great variety of design strategies, involving substituent choice and connectivity, have been employed and investigated. Figures 1.1 and 1.2 illustrate the general structure of the Pc macrocycle and a representative sample of the modification strategies that have been reported. A molecular engineer, utilizing the substituted phthalocyanine as the elementary building block of a molecular assembly, has a large body of work from which to draw information for design decisions. The present work represents a significant new contribution to this body of knowledge. New insight into the preparation of thin films from substituted Pcs has been gained. The work has also explored in detail the influence of benzyl terminated ethylene oxide Pc substituents in the molecular assemblies of these materials. Figure 1.1 Phthalocyanine substitution strategies, (A,B) Unsubstituted metal free and metallophthalocyanine\textsuperscript{26,35,36}. (C) Peripheral modification 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24 octasubstituted Pcs\textsuperscript{3,14,15,18,19,20} (D) Peripheral modification 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25 octasubstituted Pcs\textsuperscript{46} (E) Planar, or sheet Pc oligomers and polymers\textsuperscript{17,83} (F) Peripheral modification tetrasubstituted Pcs\textsuperscript{3,24,74} Figure 1.2 Axial substitution strategies for the phthalocyanine macrocycle. (A) Monomeric Pc with axial substituents. (B) Dimeric Pc via metal ligand coordination. (C) Oligomeric Pc via silicon polymerization. iv. Substituent Effects on Pc Properties Modification of phthalocyanine dyes with alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxy carbonyl, alkyl amide, crown ether, and ethylene-oxide-like peripheral side chains, for the enhancement of solubility properties and formation of supramolecular assemblies, has been widely reported\textsuperscript{3,13,16,17,46,47}. As discussed above, substitution of the Pc macrocycle leads to increased solubility and therefore processibility. Functionality and structure of peripheral substituents has profound influence on the aggregation tendencies and packing of these materials. Octasubstitution of the macrocycle with appropriate substituents can produce discotic D\textsubscript{h4} or D\textsubscript{r4} liquid crystalline (LC) phases\textsuperscript{3,17,24}. Tetrasubstituted Pcs do not in general exhibit LC mesophases\textsuperscript{24}. Powder X-ray diffraction room temperature measurements of a number of these discotic liquid crystalline Pc materials indicate a tilted macrocycle plane with respect to the stacking column axis and a ring spacing of 4.3 Å\textsuperscript{18}. Observed at elevated temperatures, the mesophases of these materials exhibit reduced ring spacing, to approximately 3.4 Å, and a reorientation of the macrocycle into stacks with the ring plane relative to the column axis at approximately 90°\textsuperscript{48,49}. The van der Waals spacing of approximately 3.4 Å for these materials is approached with this type of assembly. This close spacing maximizes the opportunity for electronic cooperation between the Pc macrocycles and enhanced electronic and electromagnetic behavior should result\textsuperscript{50}. v. Aromatic Substituent Effects Compounds with aromatic functionalities such as benzyl, or phenyl groups, or other planar macrocyclic systems, are known to exhibit either $\pi-\pi$ cofacial stacking or $\pi$-facial hydrogen bonding directed herringbone stacking behavior in crystal structures\textsuperscript{51,52} (Figure 1.3). These stacking interactions help to dictate the crystal structure of a material. The interaction between phenylalanine rings in proteins, for example, contribute to the stabilization of secondary structures\textsuperscript{53,54,55,56}. X-ray analysis of small proteins has shown separation distances between neighboring phenylalanine rings to be $4.5 \text{Å}$ to $7 \text{Å}$ with dihedral angles between $50^\circ$ and $90^\circ$. Ring hydrogens have been shown to be in close association with the centroid of an adjacent aromatic ring in these structures. Cofacial stacking has been described for a number of disk shaped aromatic macrocycles including porphyrins, and phthalocyanines\textsuperscript{3,51}. The energy of porphyrin-porphyrin, $\pi-\pi$ cofacial stacking in porphyrin dimers, is estimated to be $48 \pm 10 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$. The contribution of Pc macrocyclic $\pi-\pi$ cofacial stacking interactions, to Pc supramolecular structures and assemblies, is well documented in the literature. $\pi-\pi$ Cofacial stacking, and $\pi$-facial hydrogen bonding interactions, due to Pc substituents with aromatic functionality, has received little attention\textsuperscript{15,57}. The interaction of substituent arene groups should contribute greatly to the stabilization of columnar Pc assemblies, in a manner analogous to that reported for protein secondary structures\textsuperscript{51}. Interactions favoring stabilization of supramolecular columns would require appropriate placement of the arene functionality in the substituent chain. The linkage of the arene group to the Pc must be sufficiently long to allow chain flexibility, and therefore provide opportunity for arene-arene interaction. The substituent architecture must also foster liquid crystalline behavior in order to enhance the self-assembly processes of column formation. Stabilization of columnar Pc assemblies, gained through substituent arene-arene interaction, could be less effective if substituent architecture positions the arene functionality too far from the macrocycle core. Increased flexibility and thermal motion, expected for substituents with long chain arene-Pc connectivity, would reduce the influence of the arene-arene interactions on the molecular assembly. In the current work we have explored the influence of benzyl terminated substituents on the structure and stabilization of phthalocyanine assemblies\textsuperscript{13-15,24}. Two principal variations were investigated (Figure 1.4). Chapter 3 describes the characterization of Pc materials with short chain linkage, benzyl terminated substituents. Benzyl and methyl terminated materials, with longer connectivity, are described in Chapter 4. The new materials synthesized for this work, utilized ethylene oxide units as the substituent connecting chain linkage. Figure 1.4 Benzyl terminated phthalocyanines. Nolte and co-workers have recently reported a crown ether-like substituted Pc, with benzene functionality (Figure 1.5), that forms well ordered liquid crystalline molecular columns\textsuperscript{57}. They report that the substituent benzene ring, connected to peripheral sites on the Pc macrocycle by means of ethylene oxide linkages, contributes to the overall stability of the liquid crystalline columnar assemblies they observe. In this material the benzene rings interact through a $\pi-\pi$ cofacial stacking motif. The benzene rings provide four regions of $\pi$ electron interaction between the molecules of the columnar assembly in addition to the $\pi-\pi$ cofacial influence of the Pc macrocycle. \textit{vi. Polyethylene Oxide Pc Substituents} Phthalocyanines modified with substituent chains containing polyethylene oxide (designated PEO) units have been reported by a number of researchers\textsuperscript{47,58}. Pc structural modifications utilizing PEO have included straight chained and highly branched substituent design. Pcs modified with cyclic PEO substituents, analogous to crown ether materials, have also been prepared and characterized\textsuperscript{59,60}. PEO is known to dissolve alkali salts and exhibit fairly large ionic conductivities (ca. $5.6 \times 10^{-6}$ S cm$^{-1}$) at temperatures above the glass transition\textsuperscript{47}. Octa-PEO substituted Pcs have been shown to form hexagonal columnar mesophases. These characteristics make PEO modified Pcs an obvious candidate for molecular electronic materials. We have recently shown that benzyl termination of ethylene oxide side chains, in an octasubstituted phthalocyanine, imparts a degree of processibility, solution Figure 1.5 A Pc derivative with complex substituent design incorporating crown ether like moieties and aromatic groups. The metal free material, which is insoluble in common solvents at room temperature, forms wire like fibrous structures with molecular diameters when precipitated from hot chloroform. Nolte et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9957-9965 aggregation, and thin film structure not previously reported for Pcs with PEO side chains, or even those with crown ether substituents\textsuperscript{15}. The benzylxyethoxy Pc materials characterization, which was a major component of the current work, is discussed in length in Chapter 3. Pc’s modified with PEO substituents were also a focus of this work. Phthalocyanines octasubstituted with benzyl terminated triethylene oxide chains were synthesized and characterized. Synthesis of the benzyl terminated ethylene oxide, and PEO linked Pcs is discussed in Chapter 6. Characterization of the benzyl terminated PEO Pcs is the focus of Chapter 4. Phthalocyanines prepared and provided by N. Kobayashi\textsuperscript{61} with crown ether, and methyl terminated PEO chain substituent motifs are also discussed in Chapter 4. III. Manipulation of Molecular Materials: Techniques for Thin Film Formation and Modification of Film Forming Materials As described above, advancement in the field of molecular electronic and optical materials is dependent not only on the structural design of the materials, but also on the development of methods for the manipulation of materials. Formation of desired molecular assemblies may occur by self-assembly processes or may require manipulation of pre-existing structures. Materials formed via self-assembly are of particular interest to many researchers because they are formed spontaneously. These materials by definition, exist at a thermodynamic minimum\textsuperscript{23}, and may resist reorganization due to external influences. Molecular crystals, liquid crystals, colloids, micelles, and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are all examples of self-assembled structures. Langmuir films are formed by organization or assembly of a material at the interface of a gas/liquid system under the influence of surface area compression\textsuperscript{62,63}. From a device manufacturing perspective, ideal methods of thin formation would involve simple spray, spin, or print coating technologies\textsuperscript{10}. It is, however, difficult to achieve nanostructured materials with long range order via these methodologies. These methods require molecular materials to be truly self-assembling with domain sizes on the order of hundreds of nanometers, or applications that do not require highly ordered materials. Cast films of substituted Pcs have been shown to exhibit many desirable electronic and optical materials properties\textsuperscript{14,24}, but lack the long range order we expect from designed nanostructured materials. i. Langmuir-Blodgett Films Self organization of thin films utilizing the LB technique provides a high level of control for the fabrication of films with specific desirable properties. It is a standard method utilized by researchers in the field of molecular electronics\textsuperscript{64} and specifically for the formation of substituted phthalocyanine thin films\textsuperscript{65,66,67}, but has not been widely used in manufacturing applications\textsuperscript{68}. Problems associated with the purity of LB films result from many possible sources of contamination, including the subphase, spreading solvents, airborne matter, and the LB trough itself\textsuperscript{69}. Furthermore, the ability to utilize LB films in current device technologies is limited by the stability of the films, and by technological problems associated with utilizing the LB technique on a manufacturing scale. These factors are manageable in the laboratory environment and the method continues to be a valid research tool. It is reasonable to expect that the technology may eventually find its place in device manufacturing\textsuperscript{69,70,71}. Langmuir-Blodgett methodology has been described in detail elsewhere\textsuperscript{63,64} and the standard methods will not be discussed further here. Appropriately substituted Pcs that form well ordered nanostructures or films via LB methods may at some future date find application in new device technologies. ii. Pc LB films Langmuir films and LB films of many of the peripherally substituted Pcs have been prepared. Osburn discussed a comparison of a large number of pressure-area isotherm and film preparation studies of peripherally substituted Pcs in her dissertation\textsuperscript{24}. Tables comparing the extrapolated molecular area of stable Langmuir phases, at surface pressures between 10 and 40 mN/m, for a number of tetra and octasubstituted Pcs are presented in that work. The reader is referred to that discussion for the perspectives presented in the work. A general theme found in much of the phthalocyanine literature, suggests that film rigidity and irreversible aggregation of the Pcs, as indicated by hysteresis with compression-expansion cycles on the LB trough, precludes the formation of well ordered LB films. Octasubstituted Pcs in general are not thought to be well-behaved LB materials. Trends discussed in Osburn’s discussion suggested that tetrasubstituted Pcs formed well-behaved LB films more reliably than octasubstituted materials. Recent reports not available for review in Osburn’s work, have demonstrated the formation of ordered LB films from octasubstituted materials\textsuperscript{18,72}. Nolte and co-workers have reported the formation of highly anisotropic LB films prepared from Pcs octasubstituted with branched hydrocarbon chains\textsuperscript{18} (Figure 1.6). Cook and co-workers have reported the formation of anisotropic Pc LB films from asymmetrical octasubstituted Pcs\textsuperscript{73}. These Pcs have been prepared with surface active functionality at the substituent terminus of two adjacent chains, generating a moiety with three like sides Figure 1.6 Ordered film forming Pc derivatives. (A) Pcs with chiral branched substituent chains. These materials exhibit two phase pressure area isotherm behavior on the LB trough. (B) Asymmetrically substituted Pcs. The carboxyl terminated chain ends have been designed to provide opportunity for chemical interaction with surfaces. and one surface-active side (Figure 1.6). These materials were transferred via the standard vertical transfer LB protocol. Nakahara and co-workers reported the formation of ordered Pc films from octa-alkyl Pc derivatives by utilizing the horizontal lifting method of LB transfer\textsuperscript{73}. Previous attempts at forming ordered films from these alkyl substituted materials by vertical LB transfer protocols were not successful. Visible spectra of the Nakahara Pc films do indicate some film anisotropy, however, they also suggest the possibility of mixed domains in the film structure, as indicated by red and blue shifted absorbance bands. Nakahara does not discuss the origin of an intense absorption at ca. 780 nm seen in spectra of these LB films. The spectra indicate the presence of both H and J aggregate domains in the films. These examples indicate that the octasubstituted Pc may be utilized in the formation of ordered LB materials, however the preparation of molecular electronic materials from octasubstituted Pcs is a function of both substituent design and film preparation methodology. Further, the close ring-ring spacing, realized in liquid crystalline Pc mesophases, and ideal for optimization of electronic cooperation, is accessible in these thin LB films. Utilization of the horizontal, or Schaffer method\textsuperscript{64} of film transfer has not been as widely reported in the phthalocyanine literature\textsuperscript{15,74,74}. The method is known to be effective for the transfer of rigid Langmuir films,\textsuperscript{64} and it has been shown in this work to be highly effective for the transfer of rigid octasubstituted Pc films from the LB trough. The small number of reports which utilized the horizontal method of transfer indicate that the method has been overlooked as a viable option for handling rigid Pc films that otherwise exhibit poor transfer efficiencies. iii. Pc Langmuir Bilayers and Bilayer Transfer An evaluation of the large body of pressure area isotherm data for peripherally substituted phthalocyanines available for review indicates a few general trends$^{18,24,46}$. The majority of Pc Langmuir monolayer films have been reported to exist as assemblies with the plane of the macrocycle on edge. Further it can be seen that a few select substituent motifs generate isotherms with more than one stable Langmuir phase. In all of these cases the researchers have indicated that the second stable phase is consistent with a bilayer Langmuir film$^{15,18}$. These materials have been successfully transferred to substrates as bilayer by vertical transfer protocols to produce well ordered LB films. In the present work we have noted a two phase isotherm for copper and dihydrogen versions of 2-benzyloxyethoxy octasubstituted Pcs.$^{13-15,24}$ (Figure 3.4). The horizontal transfer method was utilized and efforts to optimize transfer conditions resulted in the construction of highly ordered films. Subsequent characterization of films transferred at $\Pi_2$, have unequivocally indicated the transfer of well-ordered intact bilayer transfers with each cycle. The materials properties and order of these films are comparable to the best examples of Pc LB films produced by other workers including those prepared from the polymeric substituted polysilicon Pcs described briefly below. iv. Mechanical Patterning of Rigid LB Films. Fabrication of electronic devices incorporating molecular electronic materials requires the ability to architecturally control application of the molecular materials. LB films built up from layers of alternating molecular materials have been discussed and the principles of assembly demonstrated\textsuperscript{16,75}. It is reasonable to expect that a mechanism for building partial area layers on a substrate would be useful in device fabrication. Such partial area film structures, are now routinely obtained by photo or electron lithographies or print-spray technologies as described above. In this work we have demonstrated the principle of mechanical patterning utilizing rigid film forming LB materials. In this technique films may be modified on the trough by removal of film segments from the subphase surface prior to transfer of the patterned film. We have reported this patterning technique\textsuperscript{15} and we believe that this is the first demonstration of this technology. IV. Polysilicon Pcs Ordered thin films of peripherally substituted polysilicon phthalocyanines (PcPS) have been prepared by standard LB methodology (structure shown in Figure 1.7). These molecular electronic materials incorporate 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24 peripheral substitution of monomeric Pcs, which enhances processibility, and covalent bonding of the Pc macrocycles to form a rigid polymeric columnar structure. This structural design imposes close cofacial stacking and is expected to enhance desirable electronic properties. Thin LB films of these materials exhibit a high degree of order with the column axis of the Pc polymer oriented generally parallel to the direction of vertical dipping through the LB subphase. This orientation has been reported to be the result of flow profiles which develop on the trough under pressure control as a substrate is mechanically passed through the Langmuir film. Figure 1.7, adapted from the work of Wegner et al., shows a representation of film transfer associated with this flow profile. The material properties of PcPS thin LB films have been well characterized, and can be considered an ideal model for comparison to columnar Pc assemblies prepared by other means. Figure 1.7 The structure of PcPS is shown schematically along with a representation of the flow profiles which develop on the surface of the LB trough during the transfer of PcPs films by vertical transfer$^{16,99,100,101}$. V. The Phthalocyanines: Conductivity of Pc Assemblies i. Conductivity: Inorganic vs. Organic materials Conductivity in inorganic systems is favored by the exchange interaction of close-packed atomic orbitals. Organic materials in general are not well suited for electron transport because molecules are associated by relatively weak van der Waals forces and the separation between molecular orbitals is relatively large compared to the separation of the atoms or ions in an inorganic lattice\textsuperscript{81}. Conductivity in organic materials becomes more favorable with increased molecular size, as the charge transport becomes a function of the interaction between neighboring atoms in the same molecule, and depends less on the overlap of molecular orbitals\textsuperscript{82}. The delocalization of charge associated with large aromatic, and/or highly conjugated linear organic materials provides opportunity for the generation of charge carriers, and subsequent charge transport\textsuperscript{82}. A limiting case for conductivity in a carbon skeleton can be drawn from the structure and properties of graphite. Conductivity in graphite is anisotropic. Along the layer planes of graphite, dark conductivity is nearly metallic, on the order of $10^5$ S cm$^{-1}$. Conductivity of approximately 1 S cm$^{-1}$, perpendicular to the layer planes of graphite, is significantly less than the parallel case, but indicates the exchange interaction of molecules separated by 3.4 Å is sufficient for electronic conduction to occur\textsuperscript{82}. ii. Conductivity: Phthalocyanine Assemblies The metallophthalocyanines (MPc) are robust thermally stable materials that have been shown to exhibit semiconducting\textsuperscript{17,20} and even conducting behavior\textsuperscript{17,45}. Charge transport properties, via the highly delocalized $\pi$ electron system of the Pc macrocycle, are strongly dependent on the orientation of the Pc macrocycles in a thin film or material. Semiconducting behavior has been observed in films composed of polymerized Pcs, where the $\pi$ systems of the Pc macrocycles lie in a common plane with conjugated connectivity\textsuperscript{17} as shown in Figure 1.8. Conductivities as high as $10^{-2}$ S/cm have been measured for doped CuPc planar polymer films derived from 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene\textsuperscript{17,83,84}. Semiconducting or even conducting behavior is expected for cofacially stacked Pcs where the $\pi-\pi$ overlap of the perpendicular $\pi$ orbitals generate an extended $\pi$ electron system\textsuperscript{44,45,85,86}. Native NiPc, for example has a powder conductivity of approximately $10^{-11}$ S cm$^{-1}$. Oxidative doping of Pc materials with iodine and other agents has led to measured powder conductivities\textsuperscript{17} on the order of 1 S cm$^{-1}$. For a material with stacked Pc structure, and close spacing between the macrocycles, partial oxidation or reduction of the Pc leads to the generation of charge carriers that favor conductivity along the column axis. This description invokes a low dimensional band model type explanation for conductivity in these electron rich stacked macrocyclic materials. Conductivities, along the stacking direction of single crystal NiPc halides, of 40 to 750 S cm$^{-1}$ have been reported\textsuperscript{17}. This anisotropic conductive behavior is Figure 1.8 A schematic representation of a planar copper phthalocyanine polymer derived from 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene$^{17,141}$. in fact characteristic of molecular electronic materials in general,\textsuperscript{87} however, charge transport mechanisms in these materials are not clearly understood. Electrical conductivity in molecular materials is related to the number of charge carriers, $n$, and the mobility, $\mu$, of the carriers: $\sigma = n \|e\| \mu$, where $e$ is the charge of the carrier\textsuperscript{88}. Charge carrier mobility in molecular solids is generally described by one of three theoretical models: the band model; the hopping model; and the tunneling model\textsuperscript{89}. Charge transport in the stacked columnar structure of conducting or semiconducting Pc assemblies is often described in terms of the charge hopping model with transport due to hopping within a manifold of localized states. Charge carrier lifetimes are proportional to charge mobility and are limited by charge trapping, or recombination events. Charge carriers may be thermal, or photo generated, or they may be introduced by chemical or electrochemical, oxidative or reductive doping. Charge carrier lifetimes for undoped LC Pc mesophases, based on pulse-radiolysis time resolved microwave conductivity measurements\textsuperscript{88} are reported to be on the order of $10^{-4}$ sec. From their studies Warman and co-workers\textsuperscript{88} have proposed that charge carrier lifetimes in undoped LC Pcs are a function of the recombination of Coulomb-correlated electrons and holes. The work clearly showed a correlation between the length of the alkoxy substituent methylene chains and the lifetime of the charge carriers. They propose that electron tunneling efficiency through the hydrocarbon regions separating adjacent Pc stacks controls the recombination rate. This treatment of charge transport and carrier lifetime invokes at least the hopping and tunneling models and illustrates the complexity of charge transport in molecular materials in general. Conductivity studies of bulk liquid crystalline alkyl octasubstituted Pcs have demonstrated appreciable conductivity along the column axis for the mesophase of these materials and reduced or absent conductivity for the corresponding disordered solids\textsuperscript{89}. Conductivities on the order of $5 \times 10^{-10}$ S/cm have been reported for Pc liquid crystalline phases\textsuperscript{90}. Crown ether substituted Pcs aggregated by the addition of metal picrate salts exhibit conductivity on the order of $10^{-6}$ S cm$^{-1}$.\textsuperscript{91} The present work has explored the conductive behavior of ordered thin films prepared from 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phthalocyaninato copper and the metal free analogue of this material. The conductivity of these materials, as measured in this work, is substantially greater than that previously reported for bulk liquid crystalline Pcs. Conductivity measurements for thin phthalocyanine LB films have not been reported in the literature to date. This work represents a significant step in the development of Pc based molecular electronic materials. Characterization of the electronic behavior of these Pcs is discussed in detail in Chapter 5. CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTAL Included in this chapter are the details of the equipment, instrumentation, and experimental procedure common to the characterization of the phthalocyanine films discussed in the subsequent chapters. Additional experimental detail is included, where appropriate, within the individual chapters. It should be noted that Chapter 5, Conductivity of Phthalocyanine LB films, includes significant additional experimental detail. This organization was chosen because the experimental parameters involved in the conductivity studies are an integral part of understanding the results. I. Cast Films and Spectroscopy of Thin Cast Films i. Cast Film Formation Cast phthalocyanine films, refers to those formed by slow evaporation of a Pc solution on a substrate. Cast films of Pcs typically soluble in chloroform or dichloromethane, were easily prepared by deposition of a small volume of solution on the desired substrate. These films are generally non-homogeneous. Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of these films were carried out as described below for Langmuir-Blodgett films, except as follows. ii. Spectroscopy of Cast Film Formation Q-band visible absorbance spectra were recorded during the process of cast film formation with a Spectral Instruments Inc. SI400 CCD linear array spectrophotometer. The spectrometer was equipped with a probe that transmits and collects light through a bundle of optical fibers in a common cable with reflection mode geometry. A front surface mirror, placed below a standard microscope depression slide, provided the reflective surface. Light was delivered and collected at normal incidence. For each experiment 50 μL of ca. $10^{-7}$ M chloroform Pc solution was distributed into the slide depression. Spectra were collected at 15 second intervals during solvent evaporation. During the course of a cast film formation experiment, a significant loss of absolute absorbance intensity was observed. A substantial component of this loss can be directly attributed to a reduction in path length and redistribution of the Pc on the periphery of the solution drop that occurs as solvent evaporates. The resultant films are typically more uniform and dense on the periphery of the area originally covered by the drop. This result should be expected as aggregation on the periphery seeds sites for self-assembly of the materials into the cast thin film structure. The solution concentration decreases during this process but the new film usually forms at the edges of the drop and thus of the light path. An additional loss of absolute absorbance intensity is a direct property of the phthalocyanine materials. The molar absorptivity of aggregated Pc is significantly lower than that of monomeric materials due to a change in oscillator strength\textsuperscript{42}. Perturbation of the molecular orbitals associated with the Q-band absorbance occurs for close packed Pc macrocycles\textsuperscript{42}. II. Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films i. Trough Specifications Langmuir-Blodgett films were prepared on a Riegler & Kerstein RK3 LB trough equipped with a WS1 Wilhelmy balance. The balance was mounted along one side of the trough at the midpoint between two moving barriers. The balance was calibrated regularly to account for changes in subphase surface level and the frequent repositioning of the balance required for horizontal multilayer film fabrication. Additional information concerning balance calibration can be found in Appendix A. The Wilhelmy balance calibration produced pressure/area isotherms and collapse pressures, for eicosanoic acid and octadecanoic acid (solutions in HPLC grade chloroform, Aldrich), which compared favorably with the literature\textsuperscript{92}. All films were prepared on a water subphase purified using a MilliPore Milli-Q system. Solutions were prepared using HPLC grade chloroform or dichloromethane (DCM) (Aldrich). Routine trough cleaning between experiments involved wiping down surfaces with chloroform, followed by a MilliPore water flush of the trough. The subphase surface was cleaned, prior to dispersal of film forming materials, by compressing the trough to a small area and removing the surface water by vacuum. The cleaning system consisted of a new Pasteur pipette connected to a reduced pressure collection flask. Subphase temperatures were controlled by recirculating fluid through the tubing grid in the trough base. Air temperatures and humidity above the subphase were at ambient conditions. Typical motor speed for film compression was 100 on the digital readout of the controller. This value corresponds to an area reduction speed of ca. $65 \text{ mm}^2/\text{sec}$. ii. Langmuir-Blodgett Film Fabrication - Substrates Films were deposited onto a variety of cleaned hydrophilic or hydrophobized substrates. UV-visible and infrared spectroscopic studies utilized glass, silicon, and ZeSe substrates. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies utilized gold, or indium tin oxide (ITO) on glass, electrode substrates. ITO substrates provided by the Donnelly Corporation, Tucson, Arizona, had a resistivity of ca. $16 \Omega$ per square, and rms surface roughness of ca. 2 nm. ITO substrates provided by Balzers had a resistivity of ca. $8 \Omega$ per square, and rms surface roughness of ca. 2 nm. Surface roughness was determined using tapping or contact mode AFM measurements. Details of the AFM techniques are discussed below. Clean hydrophilic substrate surfaces were prepared by sonication of the electrodes in detergent, Milli-Q water, and ethanol, for 15 minutes each, followed by 5 minutes of plasma etching in the presence of air. Hydrophobic surfaces were generated by heating cleaned substrates in $0.1\text{M HNO}_3$ for 20 minutes ($60^\circ\text{C}$), drying in a stream of $\text{N}_2$ gas and then heating for 20 minutes, ($60^\circ\text{C}$), in a 5:1 solution of chloroform and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS, Aldrich). Quantitative measurements of contact angles were done using a CCD video camera, and image capture software. Angles were determined by physical measurement of angle on the image paper hardcopy. Contact angles between $72^\circ$ and $84^\circ$ were typical for HMDS treated substrates. Routine work utilized estimation of contact angle by visual inspection as a qualitative measure of hydrophobicity. iii. Langmuir Blodgett Film Fabrication - Transfer Methods Films were transferred to hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates by vertical dipping\textsuperscript{63}, and to hydrophobic substrates by horizontal dipping\textsuperscript{63}, as shown in Figure 2.1. In the case of vertical dipping the substrate was oriented perpendicular to the subphase surface, and parallel to the moving barriers. For horizontal dipping the substrate plane is oriented, roughly parallel to the plane of the subphase surface. A slight angle of the substrate with respect to the subphase surface was found to improve film transfer efficiency. A single horizontal transfer was accomplished by bringing the substrate into contact with the Langmuir film, and depressing the substrate slightly into the subphase to insure intimate contact between film and substrate. Lifting of the substrate after a few seconds of contact gives an intact homogeneous layer of film on the substrate surface. Monolayer and multilayer films, were prepared by both methods. Preparation of multilayer films by horizontal transfer required relocation of the horizontal substrate over an undisturbed region of the compressed film prior to each dipping cycle. A mechanical translator was fitted to the standard motor drive dipping mechanism. The translator allowed manual translation of the substrate along the axis Figure 2.1 Horizontal Transfer of a MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ bilayer film. The drawing illustrates the film void produced as a result of film transfer. parallel to the trough compression barrier. Translation in the orthogonal direction required manual relocation of the dipping apparatus support. Separation of the substrate, from film-subphase interface during the lift stroke of a typical horizontal transfer, resulted in the propagation of a ripple wave through the Langmuir film surface. Numerous multilayer films characterized early in these studies were prepared without regard to possible disruption of film order resulting during these transfers. In later studies the potential for introducing disorder in multilayer horizontal transfer films was reduced by designing a baffle to stabilize films on the Langmuir films on the subphase surface. The baffle was an aluminum grid with 12, 1 inch by 2 inch, compartments placed in the trough prior to subphase cleaning. The baffle surface was located sufficiently below the subphase surface to eliminate any deviation from typical film behavior during trough studies. Fully compressed films were lowered onto the stabilizing baffle by removing water from the region outside the compression barrier. Water was removed, after the motor drive for compression was switched off, using the subphase surface cleaning apparatus. Figure 2.2 shows the cleaning apparatus and the film stabilization baffle in place on the trough base. Figure 2.2 Baffle for rigid film stabilization on the LB trough. After the film is compressed to a stable conformation the barrier motor is switched off and the subphase is removed from outside the barrier area in order to lower the film onto the baffle. Subsequent horizontal transfer from individual compartments does not disturb the film in neighboring compartments. III. On Trough Spectroscopy of Langmuir Films On trough visible spectra were collected using the same Spectral Instruments Inc. SI400 CCD linear array spectrophotometer, equipment described above. A front surface mirror located approximately 1 mm below the subphase surface was the reflective surface. Light was delivered and collected at normal incidence. Spectra of the subphase surface were recorded at 1 minute intervals immediately following the dispersal of Pc solutions on the trough. Spectral changes were monitored for periods of several hours, prior to compression. In addition spectra were collected during the course of trough compression cycles. The spectra from these experiments, as presented in chapters 3 and 4, were typically baseline corrected by straight line subtraction. When data smoothing was necessary five point Savitzky-Golay function was applied. IV. Scanning Probe Microscopies i. Instrumental Details A Nanoscope® IIIa scanning probe microscope, from Digital Instruments (DI), (Santa Barbara, CA) was used for tapping and contact mode AFM, and STM thin film characterization. Tapping mode AFM images were generated with etched silicon cantilevers (Digital Instruments Nanoprobe -- TESP) used as received. Contact mode AFM images were done with oxide sharpened silicon nitride cantilevers (Digital Instruments Nanoprobe -- DNP-S) used as received. These devices provided a choice of four cantilevers per chip. Cantilever leg widths of 15 μm or 40 μm, with lengths of 120 μm or 200 μm, were selected depending on the expected force requirements for the measurement. The majority of measurements utilized 15 μm x 200 μm cantilevers. For typical measurements all four cantilevers were left intact when placing the chip in the cantilever holder. The laser was aligned on the cantilever of choice for an individual measurement. STM data was collected using mechanically cut Pt/Ir tips. The DI picoamp boost stage was set to $10^{10}$ V/A, with 4 kHz filtering. Scanner calibration, checked on a 5 nm x 5 nm scan of freshly cleaved HOPG, was found to be correct on this scale. Bias potentials were variable from sample to sample and no ideal set of conditions was noted. Positive and negative bias voltages between 10 and 500 mV were utilized. ii. Substrates for AFM and STM Film Studies Images were obtained for films on highly pyrolyzed graphitic carbon (HOPG), Au on Mica, hydrophobized silica (100), and on interdigitated microelectrodes (described in Chapter 5). HOPG substrates were prepared by cleaving with tape to expose a fresh surface prior to film deposition. Step edge heights of ca. 4 Å were found for uncoated HOPG substrates. Si (100) substrates were prepared for film deposition by hydrophobization with HMDS as described in the section on LB film preparation. Au (111) on mica substrates were prepared as follows. The mica was freshly cleaved with a razor blade and annealed in vacuum for approximately 10 hours at ca 460°C. The UHV system was baked during the substrate heating period. Subsequent to this annealing period the chamber was cooled to room temperature and pressures of approximately $3 \times 10^{-8}$ torr to $9 \times 10^{-8}$ torr were observed. During Au deposition the substrate temperature was maintained at 460°C. 100 nm to 100 nm of Au was deposited during a period of approximately 5 minutes, with a current of 52 A. During the deposition period pressures from $6 \times 10^{-7}$ torr to $9 \times 10^{-7}$ torr were observed. Substrate heating was terminated subsequent to Au deposition and cooling to room temperature typically was achieved in approximately 1 to 2 hours. Films were deposited on the Au/mica substrates immediately after removal from vacuum. V. Voltammetric Analysis i. Solution Voltammetry Solution phase and thin film cyclic voltammetry was performed using a Cypress Systems Inc. Model CS-10190 potentiostat. For the solution studies the working electrode was a platinum wire annealed to form a hemispherical button. A coiled platinum wire served as the auxiliary electrode, and a Ag/AgCl electrode (saturated KCl) was used as the reference electrode. The solvent for solution voltammetry was DMF (Burdick & Jackson, 99.9+%) dried by slurrying with activated alumina immediately prior to use. The supporting electrolyte in the solution studies was tetraethylammonium perchlorate (TEAP) or tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) recrystallized from an ethyl acetate/pentane mixture and dried overnight at 80°C. A check of the reference electrode vs. ferrocene dissolved in the experimental solvent system was done daily. ii. Thin Film Voltammetry Thin film voltammetric analysis was done in contact with a number of aqueous supporting electrolytes in MilliPore MilliQ system purified water. Typical solutions were ca. 0.1M in LiClO$_4$, Na ClO$_4$, LiBF$_4$, NaBF$_4$, KHP, KI, KBr, and KCl. The phthalocyanine film coated ITO substrate served as the working electrode, and the auxiliary electrode was a coiled platinum wire. The reference electrode was a saturated KCl Ag/AgCl, or a pseudo Ag/AgCl reference electrode, prepared daily by anodizing silver wire in saturated KCl. Reference electrodes were calibrated vs. the ferri/ferro cyanide redox couple. The electrochemical cell was a Teflon unit with PTFE O-rings at closure interfaces, and an internal volume of approximately 4 mL. The design is illustrated in Figure 2.3. A brass plate provided contact with the thin film working electrode. An electrode area of approximately $0.7 \text{ cm}^2$ was exposed to the electrolyte solution. VI. Spectroelectrochemical Studies i. Thin Film Spectroelectrochemical Studies Spectroelectrochemical studies of Pc solutions and thin films, were done using the same Spectral Instruments Inc. SI400, linear CCD array spectrophotometer. Spectra were collected as a function of potential step, or collected at regular intervals during the course of a voltammetric scan. The typical time interval required to collect a spectrum during a voltammetric sweep corresponds to a window of approximately 50 mV during a 5 mV/sec scan. The electrochemical cell used for these studies was illustrated in Figure 2.3. Spectra were collected with the same reflection geometry described above. A back surface glass mirror was placed opposite the optically transparent ITO/thin film working electrode in the electrochemical cell. ii. Solution Spectroelectrochemical Studies Spectroelectrochemical analysis of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and axially substituted silicon Pc monomers, dimers and polymers was carried out in DMF solutions, as described above, or in DMF/benzene mixtures. Supporting electrolyte and equipment specifications were as described above for solution voltammetry. The electrochemical cell illustrated in Figure 2.3, with modification to accommodate a reduction of sample Figure 2.3 Spectroelectrochemical cell. (A) Shows the configuration for solution studies. The working electrode is a front surface gold mirror. The probe is inserted into the liquid space to optimize observation of spectral changes near the surface of the working electrode. (B) Shows the configuration for thin film studies. Films are deposited on optically transparent working electrodes. pathlength, was utilized. For these studies the WE was a gold front surface mirror. The optical path utilized a probe adapter designed to bring the fiber optic probe near the mirror within the electrochemical cell. The sample pathlength in this configuration was slightly less than 1 mm. VII. Thin Film Orientational Spectroscopies Orientational UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy was performed with a Hitachi U-2000 twin beam spectrophotometer. A rotational stage and polarizing filter was used to obtain the polarization dependent spectra. Pc films on HMDS glass substrates were placed in the rotating stage with the long axis oriented vertically. Spectra were collected with the substrate normal, and $45^\circ$ to the incident light, and with polarization aligned parallel and perpendicular to the substrate long axis. Orientational IR absorbance spectroscopy was performed with a Perkin Elmer Magna 300 spectrometer. A rotational stage and polarizing filter was used to obtain the polarization dependent spectra. Pc films horizontally transferred to ZnSe substrates were placed in the rotating stage with the long axis oriented vertically. Spectra were collected with the substrate normal, $30^\circ$, $45^\circ$, and $60^\circ$ to the incident light, and with polarization aligned parallel and perpendicular to the substrate long axis. VIII. Thin Film Conductivity Studies. The conductivity of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ thin films deposited on interdigitated microelectrodes (IME) with ca. 15 $\mu$m spacing, 50 finger pair devices was explored. Films were deposited on substrates such that film anisotropy could be probed. Conductivity measurements were done in vacuum to minimize interference from adsorbed gasses and adventitious water. Conductivity values were calculated from the current response of potential scans from 0 V to ±10 V. Figure 2.4 shows an illustration of the measurement chamber. As mentioned above a detailed discussion of the experimental parameters involved in this study is included Chapter 5. Figure 2.4 UHV system used in film conductivity studies. CHAPTER 3: BENZYLOXYETHOXY SUBSTITUTED PHTHALOCYANINES Thin films of $(2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24\text{-octakis(2-benzyloxy)}\text{ethoxy})$ phthalocyanines were found to exhibit a high degree of order, comparable to that reported for Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of peripherally substituted polysilicon phthalocyanines (PcPS)$^{16}$. Films of copper, zinc, and dihydrogen centered phthalocyanines, octasubstituted with the benzyl terminated monoethyleneoxide chain, (designated CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$), are discussed here in detail. Langmuir films of fully compressed CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ exhibited extraordinary mechanical stability which facilitated simple and efficient transfer of films, by the horizontal Schaffer method, from the LB trough$^{63,92}$. The thin film spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ proved to be remarkably similar. The film forming behavior and the properties of ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ thin films were distinctly different. It is hypothesized that the extraordinary thin film properties of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, relative to those reported for alkyl substituted Pcs, are due in large part to arene-arene interactions of the benzyl terminated substituent chains. The distinct properties of ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ suggests that hindered interactions between Pc macrocyclic reduce the overall order of the system, and as such it is the combination of the two types of interaction that generate the unique properties of the metal free and copper centered materials. In the discussion that follows the characterization of solution properties for all three materials are addressed together. The similar thin film properties of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ are described simultaneously, while those of ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ are interjected in each section as a point of contrast. A schematic representation of these materials is shown in Figure 3.1. The model proposed for the structure of fully compressed films of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ on the LB trough is that of a well ordered bilayer of columnar Pc aggregates with a high degree of intercolumnar attraction between, or perhaps intercalation of, the substituent terminal benzyl groups with those in neighboring columns. The physical, spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties of, Langmuir, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB), and cast films are described. The characterization tools and experimental methods, as discussed in Chapter 2, included, UV-visible, and infrared spectroscopies, small angle x-ray diffraction, scanning probe microscopies, and voltammetric analysis. Figure 3.1 A schematic representation of (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis((2-benzyloxy))ethoxy) phthalocyanine. I. Solution and Cast Thin Film UV-Visible Spectroscopy Figure 3.2 shows the UV-visible spectra for chloroform solutions of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. As discussed briefly in Chapter 1, molecular exciton theory suggests a strong dependence of peak position and band broadening, on the orientation and size of Pc aggregates. The spectra shown illustrate the solution spectroscopic properties of monomeric and aggregated forms. In dilute solutions the metal centered materials exhibit the expected prominent narrow Q-band absorbance of monomeric species, with a maximum at 677 nm. The 677 nm maximum is characteristic of Pcs with electron donating ether linked octasubstitution $^{13,24,20}$. The splitting of the monomer peak, seen for H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, with absorbance maxima at 662 nm, and 700 nm, is due to reduced symmetry of the molecule and lifting of degeneracy of the $\pi$ to $\pi^$ transitions centered in this region with loss of the metal center $^{20}$. As shown in the figure, the narrow absorption band is most clearly evident for ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, indicating that this species is primarily monomeric in CHCl$_3$ at concentrations in the range of $10^{-4}$ to $10^{-5}$ M. CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ exhibit broadened, blue shifted Q-band absorbance in this concentration range indicating cofacial aggregation in solution. Visible absorption spectra for dilute, and concentrated CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ solutions, and thin films, representative of these benzyloxyethoxy substituted materials are shown in Figure 3.2a and 3.2b. The CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ thin films are strongly blue shifted from the solution monomer band, indicating a high degree of cofacial aggregation. Figure 3.3a shows the spectral changes observed as a small volume of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ in chloroform evaporates in the well of a depression slide. As the concentration of the solution increases, the ratio of absorbance at 677 nm to the shoulder at ca. 625 nm, decreases significantly. For the cast thin film the monomer band is reduced to a shoulder, on the broad band 625 nm $\lambda_{\text{max}}$ absorbance. The overall reduction of optical density seen in Figure 3.3a is in part a function of reduced molar absorptivity with aggregation typical for substituted Pcs $^{16,20,26}$. Additional loss is due to the reduced distribution of Pc in the light path of the spectrometer as the solvent evaporates and the film spreads out on the depression slide surface. Similar behavior is observed for the formation of cast H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films, with some departure from this behavior for ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. As discussed below, ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ thin films may exhibit blue or red shifted spectra depending on the conditions of thin film formation. Figure 3.2 Solution Electronic Spectra of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ in CHCl$_3$ Figure 3.3 Thin film and solution Q-band visible spectra of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. Plot A illustrates the changes in spectral band shape as a drop of CHCl$_3$ Pc solution evaporates in a depression slide. Plot B figure shows the absorbance for a thin film vs. a dilute solution. II. Langmuir Films i. Phase Behavior: Pressure/Area Isotherms The phase behavior of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, and ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ at the air water interface was investigated utilizing pressure/area isotherm studies. CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ on a water subphase, form Langmuir films exhibiting two distinct phase transitions, $\Pi_1$ and $\Pi_2$, shown in the isotherm plot depicted in Figure 3.4. The general form of this isotherm was found to be consistent for a large number of trials involving hundreds of film preparation efforts. Variation from this typical form included changes in the slope of the $\Pi_1$ and $\Pi_2$ transitions, and the pressure and slope of the plateau region between from $\Pi_1$ and $\Pi_2$. The surface pressure measured in this plateau region varied from a low of ca. 12 mN/m to a high of ca. 30 mN/m. A sharp collapse of $\Pi_1$ was often observed. Isotherms that exhibited this sharp collapse typically presented a near zero slope in the plateau interval between transitions. Film compressions that did not produce this collapse point typically had a sloping pressure increase between $\Pi_1$ and $\Pi_2$. The underlying causes of this variability are thought to involve compression speed, temperature, Pc purity, and perhaps humidity. These parameters and the effect they had on phase behavior will be discussed below. While there was clear variability in the shape and the pressures associated with CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ pressure/area isotherms, the areas for the phase transitions $\Pi_1$ and $\Pi_2$ were essentially constant. As can be seen in Figure 3.4, the area of $\Pi_1$, extrapolated as a straight line from the steepest region of the transition to baseline, Figure 3.4 Pressure/area isotherms of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ on a room temperature water subphase. A proposed model for the phase behavior of these Langmuir films is represented in the figure. In the region labeled $\Pi_1$ a monolayer Langmuir film is proposed. At $\Pi_2$ the film is proposed to exist as an ordered bilayer. was approximately 120 Ų/molecule. Π₂ was typically observed near 60 Ų/molecule. Occasionally isotherms exhibited a suggestion of a third transition at approximately 48 Ų/molecule. The variation in isotherm features did not translate into observable differences in the spectroscopic or electrochemical properties of the LB films prepared from these materials. The orientation and intermolecular spacing of a species on the subphase surface may be inferred from pressure/area isotherm information, for materials immiscible with the subphase. The available area per molecule dispersed on the trough is reduced as the surface area is reduced. A geometric analysis of possible molecular arrangements for a given area is standard LB practice. For CuPc(OC₂OBz)₈ and H₂Pc(OC₂OBz)₈, an area of ca. 120 Ų/molecule at the first phase transition (Π₁), suggests an orientation with cofacially stacked Pc molecules on edge, and the substituent groups extended outward. A film structure composed of columnar aggregates of cofacially stacked Pcs, on edge, with the macrocyclic rings oriented at a small angle to the normal of the subphase surface, is consistent with the available area, and with the spectroscopic information gleaned from the solution and cast film studies. The second phase transition (Π₂), at ca. 60 Ų/molecule, is smaller than the area required for a single Pc in a closest packed monolayer of these materials. The observed molecular area at this transition, and the stability of the film on the trough at this phase, suggests the formation of a Pc bilayer of ordered columns, on the subphase surface. Formation of stable substituted phthalocyanine bilayers at the air water interface has been previously reported. Expansion of the trough barriers for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films compressed to $\Pi_2$ results in a fall of surface pressure to near baseline, with a small increase in area. Expansion of films compressed to $\Pi_1$ did not exhibit this rapid fall off, but would track the compression with minimal hysteresis. Isotherms illustrating the expansion-recompression behavior of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ are shown in Figure 3.5. This behavior indicates that the $\Pi_2$ molecular assembly does not dissociate to any appreciable extent with expansion, while the $\Pi_1$ film returns approximately to its original pre-compression condition. Recompression of a $\Pi_1$ expanded film produces an isotherm comparable to that of a freshly dispersed film experiment, while that of a $\Pi_2$ film exhibits only one transition near 60 Å$^2$/molecule. Fully compressed films of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ are quite rigid, and affect the response of the Wilhelmy balance. Reproducibility of pressure area isotherms on LB troughs of different geometry is dependent on the position, and motion, of the compression barriers, and the placement of the Wilhelmy balance $^{15,62}$. Previous work, performed on a different trough, reporting larger molecular area values for the CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, is thought to be a function of the film rigidity, balance placement, and trough geometry $^{13,24}$. The balance placement and barrier geometry used in the current work has been optimized for studies involving rigid films. Two compression barriers moving toward the balance located at the midpoint of the available area, minimize the error associated with the compression of rigid films $^{92}$ Figure 3.5 Compression-expansion pressure/area isotherms for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. The solid line shows the initial compression and expansion of the Langmuir film. The dashed line shows the re-compression and expansion of the same film. A bilayer of phthalocyanine on the subphase surface is visible to the naked eye. For these materials a faint green color is detectable with sufficient compression, if compared to the film free region of the trough area outside the compression barriers. As discussed in previous work $^{14,24}$, if a rigid bilayer film of $\text{CuPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ is subjected to additional compression on the subphase surface, fiber-like striations appear. $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ exhibits similar behavior. The appearance of these striations is accompanied by the cessation of pressure increase with compression, indicating a collapse of the stable bilayer phase. The film on the subphase surface after this collapse is thought to be a continuum of intact bilayer regions and fiber-like structures. The fibers are proposed to be bundles of the bilayer as it folds on itself under the pressure influence of continued compression. This hypothesis will be discussed in greater detail below. For both the metal free and copper Pcs the fibers can be mechanically pulled from the film continuum trough and deposited onto surfaces. Fiber length is limited only by the trough dimensions. Free fibers as long as 10 cm have been pulled from these films and deposited on substrates. $\text{CuPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ fibers have been described previously by this research group $^{14}$. The metal free material behaves in a similar fashion and will not be addressed with any further detail in this work. The phase behavior of $\text{ZnPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ on the LB trough is markedly different than that of the copper and metal free materials. Typical pressure area isotherms for $\text{ZnPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ is shown in Figure 3.6. While a suggestion of the $\Pi_1$ and $\Pi_2$ transitions is occasionally observed, it is clear that there is no intermediate region analogous to the Figure 3.6 Pressure/area isotherms of ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ on a room temperature water subphase. plateau seen for $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ and $\text{CuPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$. It is not possible to achieve a stable constant pressure area at any region of the compression isotherm. In contrast the copper and metal free Pcs exhibit stable constant pressure areas at both $\Pi_1$ and $\Pi_2$. Further, the expansion of a compressed $\text{ZnPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ tracks the original compression isotherm with minimal hysteresis if the compression barrier direction is reversed prior to film collapse. A recompression of the same film results in an isotherm form similar to the original with a slightly reduced limiting area. $\text{ZnPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ does however, form fiber like structures on trough at full compression of the available surface area. The integrity of these structures is not comparable to the $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ and $\text{CuPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ fibers in that they are not easily pulled from the substrate surface by mechanical means. The lack of distinctive isotherm features for $\text{ZnPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ precludes a specific hypothesis for Langmuir film structure. The isotherms indicate that the material undergoes a relatively constant rate of reorganization from the onset of pressure increase to the point of fiber formation. The available area at the onset of pressure increase suggests an edge orientation of the $\text{ZnPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ molecules. ii. Compression Speed and Temperature Dependent Phase Behavior* Reduced subphase temperatures are known to improve the stability of some Langmuir film forming materials and thus improve film transfer to substrates.$^94$ The speed of compression and the feedback electronics that maintain pressure control during compression and film transfer events are also known to influence film stability and transfer efficiencies. Reduced subphase temperature, is expected to decrease thermal motion and therefore increase the rigidity of a Langmuir film. For these materials, film compression at reduced temperatures was expected to reduce the thermal motion of the substituent chains and produce phase transitions with higher collapse pressures and steeper slopes. A series of subphase temperature controlled film compression studies for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ were performed. Isotherms recorded for compressions at trough temperatures in the range of 4°C to 40°C showed no clear correlation between temperature and the pressure or slope of the phase transitions, nor of the slope of the interval between $\Pi_1$ and $\Pi_2$. Figure 3.7 shows isotherms recorded for compressions of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ at three subphase temperatures. The films were prepared from the same CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ CHCl$_3$ solution and all were compressed at a rate of approximately 0.5 cm$^2$/sec. The time interval for the post dispersal evaporation of the spreading solvent was ca. 20 minutes for each film preparation. Additional experiments that varied the post dispersal evaporation time from 10 minutes to 1 hour failed to produce any observable correlation with isotherm variation. Compression speed was shown to influence the slope of transitions and the slope of the interval between $\Pi_1$ and $\Pi_2$, with faster speeds producing steeper transition slopes and a flatter $\Pi_1 - \Pi_2$ interval (Figure 3.8). This observation does not, however, explain the variability observed for the many isotherms measured at room temperature, at similar compression speed and solvent evaporation time, observed during the course of this study. It is thought that trace impurities in Pc solutions that result from decomposition may play a role in this variability. It was noted that isotherms measured for fresh solutions prepared from Pcs recently purified by column chromatography may more frequently exhibit the steep slope and collapse at $\Pi_1$. This observation was not explored exhaustively. An additional parameter, that could influence the shape of the isotherm, is the rigid nature of the film. The rigidity of a film will significantly influence the pressure balance response. The chance development of a bilayer region at the balance subphase contact would be reflected by retardation of subsequent balance response. At the collapse of a typical Langmuir monolayer structural changes occur first at the compression barrier contacts and at the balance plate contact $^62$. Figure 3.7 Temperature dependent pressure area isotherms for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ Figure 3.8 Compression speed dependent pressure area isotherms for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. iii. On Trough Visible Spectroscopy Visible spectroscopic information for thin Pc films on the surface of the LB trough is readily accessible because of the high molar absorptivity of these materials. The signal to noise ratio is sufficient for resolution of sub-monolayer coverage. The simple experimental spectrometer reflection geometry for data collection is discussed in Chapter 2. On-trough spectroscopic characterization of $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ and $\text{CuPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ films at sub-monolayer coverage indicates that the aggregation behavior of these molecules, seen in concentrated solutions, is sustained for non-compressed Langmuir films after initial spreading on the LB trough. Figure 3.9 shows on-trough Q-band spectra, for $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ collected prior to, during, and after film compression. The intensity and absorbance maxima of spectra collected prior to compression vary with time. Spectra recorded at random time intervals, after solvent evaporation, show either a presence or absence of Pc. Figure 3.9b shows post-dispersal, pre-compression spectra. The absence of absorbing species occurs because the Pc is not homogeneously distributed on the subphase surface. When absorbing species are present aggregated Pcs are indicated by the broad 625 nm band. Large island-like regions of aggregated Pc are thought to be diffusing on the subphase surface, and occasionally drifting into the light path of the spectrometer (cross sectional area $< 1 \text{ cm}^2$). The same behavior is observed following the dispersal of $\text{CuPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$. On trough spectra found for the compressed $\text{CuPc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ and $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ films, are comparable to those found for cast films of these materials as seen in figure 3.9a, although the shoulder seen near 677 nm for the Figure 3.9 (A) On-trough spectra for a typical $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ isotherm, prior to compression, at the base of the $\Pi_1$ slope, and with compression to formation of fiber mat. (B) The presence and absence of a $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ island on the trough prior to compression. thin films is not well resolved. An approximate doubling of optical density is seen for films compressed from $\Pi_1$ to $\Pi_2$. This observation for $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ and $CuPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ lends support for the monolayer and bilayer interpretation of film structure, at these transitions. The on trough spectral features of the zinc centered Pc were significantly different than those of the metal free and copper centered Pcs described above. $ZnPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ did not exhibit the same pre-compression aggregation behavior, and the compressed film spectra exhibited significantly red shifted maxima. Figure 3.10a shows spectra at three pressure intervals of a compression experiment. Figure 3.10b shows spectra that differ in the $ZnPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ post-dispersal residence time on the trough. Of significant interest is the shift in peak maxima that occurs when the $ZnPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ film is compressed. Immediately following dispersal, on trough spectra suggest cofacially stacked Pcs as indicated by the blue shifted Q-band. A gradual reduction in peak intensity was always observed during the first 3 to 4 minutes following solution dispersal. The changes in peak position and intensity subsequent to that initial period were difficult to resolve from baseline. At no time was an island of Pc analogous to that seen for $CuPc(OC_2OBz)_8$, and $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ observed. As seen in Figure 3.10a the absorbance maximum for a fully compressed $ZnPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ film is red shifted approximately 15 nm from the monomer Q-band. This indicates a change in Pc orientation as the film is compressed. A transition from cofacially oriented macrocycles as indicated by the blue shifted initial post dispersal Figure 3.10 On trough spectra of 600 μm of 0.2 M ZnPc(OC₂OBz)₈ in CHCl₃. (A) Spectral changes with compression. Compression initiated after 20 minute Pc residence time on trough. (B) Residence time dependent spectra. Spectra were collected at the time indicated following dispersal of the solution on trough. spectrum, to a red shifted head to tail alignment as predicted by the Kasha model is clearly seen\textsuperscript{42}. The red shifted maximum indicates that there is an interruption of the cofacial arene-arene interaction observed for the CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ system. A dramatic demonstration of this red shifted behavior can be seen in Figure 3.10. The spectra show the results of a solvent evaporation experiment analogous to that described above for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. As seen in Figure 3.11a the experimental result is essentially identical to the copper Pc experiment. When a drop of water is added to the film, as the last of the solvent is evaporating, a dramatic red shift of the Q-band maximum observed (Figure 3.11b). Analogous behavior is not seen when water is added to CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ under similar film forming conditions. Binding of water with the 3d$_{x^2-y^2}$ Zn orbital at the axial position of the Pc macrocycles has been reported previously for this material\textsuperscript{24}, and other ZnPcs\textsuperscript{16,95}. The coordination of water in the axial position of the ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ would preclude columnar cofacial stacking of the macrocycles. The axially blocked ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ would be expected to form a red shifted J-aggregate, or slip stacked cofacial Pc orientation (Figure 3.12). The data described above provides clear evidence of the hypothesized water coordination with the ZnPc. It suggests that the zinc Pc forms columnar cofacial aggregates as cast thin films in the absence of water, and that Langmuir and hydrated cast films are slip stacked cofacial aggregates. Detail concerning the structure of Zn(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ LB films is discussed below. Figure 3.11 ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ cast thin films. (A) Evaporation of a 0.2 M CHCl$_3$ solution in the well of a depression slide. (B) A dry cast film prepared as in (A) plotted along with a film prepared by adding a drop of water as the last of the residual chloroform is evaporating from the depression slide. Figure 3.12 Two representations of J-aggregate ZnPcs with water coordination at the metal center. Waters of hydration within the substituent chains are neglected for the sake of simplicity. III. Langmuir Blodgett Films i. Vertical Transfer Langmuir-Blodgett films of these phthalocyanines were prepared on a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates. CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and films have been transferred at pressures corresponding to the first ($\Pi_1$) and second ($\Pi_2$) phase transitions, at approximately 10 mN/m and 25 mN/m respectively. Vertical transfer efficiencies, monitored as area change with respect to transfer event at constant pressure, indicate efficient transfer for emersion of hydrophobic substrates, and poor transfer for immersion of these substrates. Transfer ratios of ca. 0.70 were found for emersion and ca. 0.35 for immersion, when dipping at $\Pi_1$. Films of up to 20 transfers were prepared. Vertical transfers at $\Pi_2$ to hydrophobic substrates were of marginal quality with variable transfer ratios. Transfer attempts to hydrophilic substrates at $\Pi_2$ by vertical dipping was ineffective. Low quality films were produced as could be observed by poor transfer efficiency, and visual inspection. The rigidity of these fully compressed Pc films makes accurate determination of transfer ratios, during film deposition cycles at $\Pi_2$ difficult. Removal of film from the subphase surface, during deposition onto a substrate, does not result in an area change proportional to the amount of film removed. Recompression of the film after removal of a portion of the stable bilayer is limited by extraordinary film stability in the x-y plane. This film rigidity precludes the usefulness of transfer ratios in determining film thickness for transfers at $\Pi_2$. ii. Horizontal Transfer In this work the fabrication of films by methods described below provided the opportunity to substantially advance our understanding of these materials. The difficulties encountered while trying to prepare films by the traditional vertical dipping protocol at $\Pi_2$ encouraged the investigation of alternative dipping methods, as discussed in Chapters 1 and 2. Previous workers had investigated only vertical transfer protocols. Films transferred at $\Pi_2$ by horizontal dipping were homogeneous in appearance, suggesting that each dipping cycle results in the deposition of a nearly intact bilayer of material. As described in Chapter 2 the horizontal transfer protocol involves the contact of a suitably prepared substrate to the Langmuir film followed by a slow withdrawal of the substrate. As the substrate is withdrawn the film, now adherent to the substrate surface, pulls the subphase upward. The film covered substrate pulls free of the subphase rapidly once it has been elevated approximately 2 to 4 mm above the surface. A residual droplet of water was routinely observed on the substrate surface after the break in substrate/subphase contact. With the break in contact the Langmuir film is distorted significantly as surface waves resulting from the separation event progress away from the contact area. This disruption of the film did not appear to generate gross defects in film structure. Transfer of a small film section, to a hydrophobic substrate, does not induce further reordering of the film. With maintenance of pressure controlled compression on the Langmuir film, horizontal contact, and subsequent withdrawal, of a substrate produces a film void on the subphase surface. The void left on the subphase is visible to the naked eye, and maintains the general shape of the substrate over periods of hours to days! Pressure changes due to film transfer, are absent or minimal, due to the rigidity of the material. The shape persistence of the void was exploited to mechanically pattern films, using a variety of shaped substrates. Such mechanically patterned films could be prepared by alignment and dipping of a fresh substrate over the void-film contact area. Figure 3.13 illustrates the result of a horizontal transfer sequence. An idealized film structure is depicted in the enlarged substrate view, with the hypothesized bilayer Langmuir film captured on the substrate surface. Characterization of these LB films, as discussed below, suggest the cartoon representation is a reasonable approximation of the structure and organization of the films. Figure 3.13 Horizontal Transfer of a MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ bilayer film. The drawing illustrates the film void produced as a result of film transfer. Mechanical patterning can be facilitated by dipping a fresh substrate translated in the X-Y plane relative to the original transfer. iii. $ZnPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ LB films Well ordered $ZnPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ LB could not be prepared. Transfer attempts via horizontal and vertical protocols did not produce well ordered films. Because a stable transition for the $ZnPc$ was not attainable during trough film compression, film transfer attempts produced undefined films. Visual and spectroscopic inspection clearly indicated evidence of film transfer. The transfers rarely produced films, however, that were free from visually observable inhomogeneities. The transfer of $ZnPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ fibers by horizontal dipping resulted in the deposition of intact $ZnPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ fibers. A Langmuir film void similar to that seen for $CuPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ and $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ films prior to collapse was observed. The void for the $ZnPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ films, however, were not stable on the trough surface and collapsed with continued compression. iv. LB Film Formation Model The interaction of LB film forming materials with a water subphase is expected to generate behavior such that a molecular orientational preference develops due to the hydrophobic-hydrophilic nature of the air-water interface. Contact angle measurements indicate that $CuPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ and $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ LB films are hydrophobic. At the interface of the LB trough subphase surface, however, some hydrophilic interaction must take place in order to generate well-behaved phase behavior. Since these highly symmetrical materials do not present a hydrophilic surface as LB films, it is reasonable expect that some conformational reorganization takes place when a substrate bound film breaks free from the subphase surface. Figure 3.13 illustrates a possible conformation for the Pc moiety as it interacts with the subphase surface, and a model of the film formation behavior of this system. In this model the Pc terminal benzyl groups are bent away from the water surface thus presenting the hydrophilic ethylene oxide region of the substituent chain to the surface. The air side of the Langmuir film presents the benzyl group as the primary surface functionality. In the practice of LB film formation the air side of the film will be attracted to hydrophobic rather than hydrophilic surfaces, while the water side would be expected to exhibit significant attraction to the subphase. A horizontal transfer event will then result in a resistance to film separation from the subphase on the upstroke of the dipping cycle. During the lift the film would pull water with it until gravitational forces overwhelm the attractive forces. At the point where the break in contact occurs it is reasonable to expect an appreciable amount of water to be entrapped in the interior of the molecular columns, associated with the ethyleneoxide region of the assembly. Films prepared by this method should be significantly hydrated. Evidence to support this model of film formation was discussed above and additional detail can be found in Chapter 5 where a discussion of film hydration and its effect on conductivity is presented. Figure 3.14 Water complexed with MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. Terminal benzyl groups of the Pc substituent chains bent away from the subphase provide opportunity for water to intercalate the ethylene oxide region of the film structure. v. Stabilized Preparation of Multilayer LB films Disruption of the Langmuir film due to the surface waves produced at the break-in-contact point of film transfer was expected to limit the ability to form defect free multilayer films. Defects resulting from this disruption were not evident, however, and many multilayer films were prepared by simple translation of the substrate to an undisturbed region of the Langmuir film prior to deposition of a subsequent layer. Films prepared in this manner were highly ordered as will be described in the discussions that follow. A simple method to refine the transfer protocol was utilized for films prepared late in the period of study including all films prepared for the characterization of film conductivity. This involved the design and development of a "film baffle" (See Figure 2.2). This device is a compartmentalized aluminum grid placed in the trough prior to subphase filling and cleaning of the subphase surface. At the conclusion of a film compression cycle, when the film could be approximated as a bilayer, the compression barrier motor drive was switched off and the film was lowered onto the baffle surface as described in Chapter 2. Further discussion in this text will reference stabilized horizontal film preparation, when the film baffle was utilized. IV. Characterization of Langmuir-Blodgett Films Characterization of film transfer efficiency, and the thickness and order of monolayer, bilayer, and multiple bilayer films, were major objectives of the studies presented in this dissertation. Films of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ prepared prior to this work were not well defined or highly ordered relative to the films prepared by horizontal transfer. The new transfer protocol provided an opportunity to refine our understanding of film structure on the scale of molecular aggregates, and intermolecular interactions. Further, the comparison of films prepared by this same protocol from H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, to CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films revealed detail concerning the influence of the metal center on the molecular assemblies. Our current understanding of these interactions, and the molecular assemblies they produce, required analysis of the collective information from a variety of techniques as discussed below. i. Film thickness: Visible Spectroscopy LB film thickness estimates based on optical absorbance spectroscopy, are consistent with a bilayer model for the Langmuir film at $\Pi_2$. Films of varying thickness were prepared, and the Pc coverage was estimated by washing films from substrates with chloroform, and calculating coverage from the resultant solution absorbance. Thin film absorbance on the substrates was compared to solution absorbance coverage estimates. An absorbance value of 0.01 au (absorbance units) per monolayer at 625 nm was used in estimating film thickness. Patterned films: Optical and Atomic Force Microscopies Patterned bilayer films deposited onto highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates were imaged by optical microscopy and tapping mode AFM. The regions examined were typical of the thin film structure whose electrochemical activity, and conductive behavior will be discussed later. Figure 3.15 shows an optical micrograph of a patterned film edge on HOPG. A series of these images indicated the patterned film edge was very well formed on the scale of tens of microns. Small film edge defects, deformation or fragmentation, are evident on the scale of microns. Optical images revealed films that were homogeneous in appearance over large areas, $150 \mu m \times 150 \mu m$ and larger. Film defects were common adjacent to the pattern edges and less frequent in the continuous regions of the films. They provide convenient topography from which estimates of film thickness and uniformity can be obtained. Film thickness, relative to the graphite surface along patterned edges, was determined from AFM z axis data averaged over areas\textsuperscript{96} of ca. $1 \mu m^2$ to $2 \mu m^2$. Roughness analysis was determined in a similar fashion. The AFM image shown in Figure 3.16 reveals a region of film, labeled B, that has folded back onto itself along the patterned edge. The corrugated texture seen in region A is typical of images in continuous bilayer film regions. Roughness analysis averaged over a $1 \mu m^2$ area in this region gave a mean of 1.3 Å. Values of, 1.1 to 1.3 Å were typical for film regions away from defect sites. The feature labeled D in Figure 3.16 appears to correspond to a “buckled” region in the continuous bilayer. These features were commonly encountered and are thought to be precursors of fibers that form upon collapse of the on-trough film bilayer. A film thickness of ca. 76 Å relative to the graphite surface, labeled C, was determined for the pattern edge shown in the lower left boxed region of the image. The upper right boxed region shows the contact between regions A and B, where a step edge of ca. 80 Å was determined. A large number of measurements, on a number of film preparations, indicated step heights of 55 to 75 Å relative to the graphite surface were typical for the edge sites of these patterned films. Figure 3.15 Optical Micrograph of a $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ patterned bilayer film transferred to freshly cleaved HOPG. The left side of the image is the native HOPG surface. The right side of the image is the Pc film. The irregular structures along the pattern edge are typical for all of the patterned films transferred in a similar fashion. The finger like projection on the film edge in the center of the image is approximately $10 \mu m$ in width. Figure 3.16 Tapping mode AFM image of fold type defects along the pattern edge of a $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ film on HOPG. The regions labeled A and B correspond to a single bilayer and region where the film has folded back on itself respectively. Region C is uncoated HOPG and the structure labeled D is a buckle or ridge in the continuum of the bilayer. The folded region B and the ridge D are the result deformation of the bilayer film during the course of the two transfer events required to obtain the patterned film. iii. Small Angle X-ray Scattering SAXS X-rays, impinging on a material, are either absorbed or scattered. When x-rays encounter the electrons of an atom, the electrons can become secondary emitters of the x-rays $^97$. This type of interaction is called x-ray scattering. Scattering can be coherent, referring to emitted x-rays of the same wavelength as the impinging x-rays, or incoherent. The majority of the energy is coherently scattered, and this interaction is useful for structural determination in materials. Coherently scattered x-rays generate interference patterns than can be used to determine the position of scatterers within a structural lattice. The scattering can be described by the Bragg equation$^\text{98}$, \[ n\lambda = 2d \sin \theta. \] (Equation 3.1) This equation relates the x-ray wavelength, $\lambda$, the interplanar spacing of an interacting material’s structural lattice, $d$, and one-half the angle of deviation of the x-ray from the angle of the incident x-rays, $\theta$, where $n$ is an integer. X-ray diffraction or scattering is usually separated into the wide and small angle regimes. Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) generally refers to effects observed at angles smaller than 2 to 3 degrees $^97$. Wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) refers to effects observed at larger angles. Since there is a reciprocal relationship between $d$ and $\theta$, if $\lambda$ and $d$ are on the scale of atomic dimensions, scattering arising from atomic interactions is observed over a wide range of angles (WAXS). Sample thickness is a limitation for WAXS studies. The detection of WAXS is near experimental detection limits for thin multilayer LB films. Since SAXS data is collected at lower angles the xrays have a longer pathlength and therefore the signal is more easily detected. For $\lambda$ on the order of a few angstroms, typical of x-ray sources, diffraction observed at small angles is due to variation in electron density on a long scale, relative to intermolecular atomic distances, typically 30 to 1000 angstroms. It is important to note that SAXS has no dependence on inhomogeneities on the order of atomic dimensions. Single crystals or materials with homogeneous distribution of electron density do not scatter x-rays at very small angles\textsuperscript{97}. SAXS is therefore extraordinarily useful for the determination of structural information for ordered materials with periodic variation of electron density on the scale of 10s to 1000s of angstroms. SAXS is a routine tool for the structural characterization of polymeric and liquid crystalline materials\textsuperscript{99,100}. SAXS is well suited to the characterization of ordered liquid crystalline phthalocyanines phases, such as we have proposed for the octakis(2-benzyloxyethoxy) Pcs described in this work. The electron density of the macrocyclic region of these materials, as well as the aromatic terminal benzyl functionality of the substituent groups may contribute to the diffraction. The greatest contribution is expected from the coordinated copper in the case of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, because of the high number of electrons present at that atomic site and the higher probability for the heavier atom to scatter electrons\textsuperscript{97}. Previous work explored the structure of collapsed CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film fibers collected from the LB trough. WAXS measurements of these fibrous structures indicated a lattice spacing of 3.36 Å\textsuperscript{14}. This spacing corresponds to the expected van der Waals distance between the Pc macrocycles within a given column. In the low angle region of the WAXS study of these fibers, a $d$-spacing of 24.0 Å, was assigned to the intercolumnar distance of a hexagonally ordered structure with a lattice parameter of $27.7 \pm 0.3$ Å. Figure 3.17 shows a representation of the experimental setup for an x-ray diffraction measurement as well as the lattice structure proposed for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ materials. This structure is consistent with both films and fibers as discussed below. In this work, ordered multilayer films of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ prepared by horizontal transfer to hydrophobized Si (100) substrates, were submitted for SAXS analysis. Films of 40 and 80 monolayers, were prepared by horizontal transfer at $\Pi_1$. Twenty bilayer films, were prepared by horizontal transfer at $\Pi_2$. Figure 3.18 shows the SAXS intensity curves collected for these four films. The diffraction peak position indicates a $d$-spacing of approximately 23.8 Å, with a lattice parameter of $27.5 \pm 0.2$ Å, for films prepared at $\Pi_1$ and $\Pi_2$. We assume that the peak arises from the periodic packing of the Pc layers in the film. This value is consistent with the assignment of hexagonal columnar order and spacing determined for the fibrous materials. The data presented in Figure 3.18 shows that the Bragg peak intensity is greater, and peak width narrower, for the films deposited at $\Pi_2$. Since the width of the diffraction peak is inversely proportional to the correlation length of the layered structure $^{99}$, the narrower peak width indicates a higher degree of order for the bilayer films. Figure 3.17 The experimental configuration for SAXS, and a schematic representation of the lattice structure assigned for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. Figure 3.18 Small angle X-ray scattering measurements on 4 multilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. All films were deposited by multiple transfers at the isotherm transitions $\Pi_1$ or $\Pi_2$, corresponding to monolayer or bilayer films. From file PS489j.opj. An approximation of the correlation length can be calculated using a formalism developed to determine the size of crystallites in a powder. This formalism based on the Scherrer equation $^97$ \[ L_{hkl} = K \lambda / \beta_s \cos \theta \quad \text{(equation 3.2)} \] is also used for the determination of correlation length $L_{hkl}$ in polymeric and liquid crystalline materials$^{101}$. In the Scherrer equation, $L_{hkl}$ is the mean dimension of the structure perpendicular to the planes $(hkl)$, $\beta_s$ is the width at half maximum intensity of the pure reflection profile in radians, and $K$ is a constant commonly assigned a value of unity. The equation can be further approximated by expressing the reflection width in $\delta s$ units $[s = 2(\sin \theta)/\lambda]$. The equation becomes \[ L_{hkl} = K / [(2 \cos \theta)] \delta \theta \quad 1 / (\delta s). \quad \text{(equation 3.3)} \] Using this formalism a correlation length of 736 Å was determined for the 20 bilayer film PS479d. Since $L$ can also be expressed as, \[ L_{hkl} = N d_{hkl} \quad \text{(equation 3.4)} \] where, $N$ is the mean number of planes with layer spacing $d$ corresponding to $L_{hkl}$. We can estimate the mean number of repeat units contributing to the diffraction peak in the reflection curve. For this sample $L_{hkl}$ corresponds to approximately 31 columnar units, compared to the expected 40 monolayer planes in the film. Both of the monolayer transfer films exhibited broadening of the Bragg peak and a significant reduction in intensity, indicative of reduced film order. The 80 monolayer film, PS489i, diffraction curve features a shoulder on the high angle side of the Bragg peak suggesting a smaller periodicity of approximately 22.6 Å. This suggests a film structure comprised of two or more columnar aggregate phases. An increase in the tilt angle of the Pc macrocycle plane relative to the column axis normal, or an increase in the extent of intercolumnar substituent interdigitation could perhaps generate a regime with a contracted column repeat distance. The shoulder may also be due simply to noise and line broadening expected for a more disordered film. A careful examination of fine structure on the slope of the intensity decay at $2\theta$ less than 2, reveals additional information concerning film order, especially seen in the case of the bilayer films. Figure 3.19 shows an expanded view of this region for the two films. Figure 3.19a reveals the resolution of a diffraction peak which corresponds to a $d$-spacing of approximately 48 Å. A well resolved peak at this position, with higher intensity, would be expected if the film preparation technique resulted in retention of a discrete bilayer structure. It is important to note, that the diffraction peak seen in Figure 3.19a, consistent with the $d$-spacing of a bilayer unit cell, is not well defined. This suggests that, while we propose these films are composed of multiple bilayers which must be somewhat asymmetrical at the air/water interface, transferred layers must relax into a overall configuration with a monolayer like repeat unit. Nevertheless, the data does lend support for the hypothesized transfer of intact bilayers by this technique. Figure 3.19b shows the suggestion of Keissig fringes on the diffraction curve of the 20 bilayer film PS471. Poor resolution of the Keissig fringes is an indication of disorder in the film, however, the resolution found for these CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ is comparable to, or better than, that found for 100 monolayer polymeric polysilicon phthalocyanine (PcPS) LB films prepared by Wegner and coworkers. Figure 3.19 Expanded plots of the SAXS data shown in Figure 3.16. (A) shows the suggestion of a Bragg peak that would correspond to a bilayer repeat spacing in the film structural lattice. (B) shows the resolution of Keissig fringes on the intensity decay curve. iv. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy STM A number of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films were prepared on HOPG, and freshly deposited Au on mica, substrates in order to obtain STM measurements for these films. Data collection and image and processing was completed with careful attention to substrate orientation during transfer, relative to the compression barriers of the LB trough. All STM images were collected with scanner y axis parallel to the corresponding compression barrier parallel substrate axis. Images obtained of monolayer ($\Pi_1$) and bilayer ($\Pi_2$) films, prepared by single horizontal transfers at the appropriate transition, revealed film structure comprised of columnar Pc aggregates in both cases. Image quality was significantly better for films on Au, than for films on HOPG. Images of films on HOPG exhibited many of the features observed for films on the Au substrates but thermal drift and other unresolved noise issues prevented the collection of reliable data for these film preparations. Figures 3.20 and 3.21 show STM images generated for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films deposited on Au on mica substrates. The images reveal highly ordered films with aggregate structures composed of many close packed columns. Images of monolayer films exhibited sharp detail and clear resolution of the columnar structures as seen in Figure 3.20. Figure 3.21 shows STM images of a bilayer film. The reduced detail and resolution seen in these images, relative to the monolayer film image, was typical of the bilayer images acquired. Increased film thickness would be expected to decrease electron tunneling efficiency and may be in part responsible for the reduced resolution of film features. Figure 3.22 shows section analysis of a line trace profile of a bilayer film image. In all of the images of these films, for both monolayers and bilayers, the column-column repeat distance is on the order of 2.7 nm. This spacing is consistent with that found in the SAXS studies of multilayer films of these Pcs. The STM images suggest discrete Pc columns with little or no interdigitation of the substituent chains. Higher tunneling current and therefore brighter image intensity is expected for the highly conjugated macrocyclic region of the Pc moiety. The brighter image areas correspond to the central core of the Pc molecules. The darker regions separating the columns are indicative of reduced tunneling current. This may indicate a true separation of columns, but does not necessarily preclude intercolumnar interdigitation of the substituent chains. A reduction in current could result from the reduction of tunneling efficiency in a region occupied by the substituent chains\textsuperscript{102}. Column lengths in the images are variable, from less than 5 nm to greater than 25 nm, but in general indicate extended cofacially stacked Pc assemblies. Well resolved columns in the images may contain 75 or more Pc units. In comparison the WAXS study of CuPc(OC\textsubscript{2}OBz)\textsubscript{8} fibers at indicated a correlation length of ca. 81 Å, or 24 molecular units. This correlation length may be a better indication of actual column composition than suggested by the current STM data. The broad diffraction peak in the fiber WAXS study may, however, be the result of imperfections and disorder introduced with the collapse of the film. Since WAXS is not accessible for these thin LB films it remains to obtain improved resolution of individual Pcs by STM or another scanning probe microscopic technique, in order to elucidate this issue of film architecture. It is clear however that the columns are sufficiently long to generate the columnar packing observed in these images, under the compressional pressure influence of barrier movement on the LB trough. A distinct column alignment trend is observed for all of the bilayer films prepared and imaged. All images collected for bilayer films on Au exhibited a principal column axis orientation, in general, parallel to the trough compression barrier. This suggests that a stable bilayer assembly, composed of columns aligned parallel to the compression barriers, exists on the subphase surface at $\Pi_2$. It also suggests that the bilayer films can be transferred from the subphase surface by the horizontal technique with minimum disruption of the on trough bilayer structure and order. Disruption of the column orientation was observed at gold substrate grain boundaries, but within any smooth surface domain, on a given substrate, the parallel orientation trend for the bilayer films was seen. Monolayer films did not exhibit the same degree of order. As can be seen in Figure 3.20, large domains of parallel columns typical of monolayer film preparations have no principal orientation relative to a substrate axis. There is no correlation between the alignment of columns and the substrate axis relative the trough compression barriers. The data suggest that large columnar aggregates exist on trough at $\Pi_1$, but additional compression is required to orient the domains such that the majority of columnar aggregates are collimated along the same axis. Monolayer, and bilayer films of $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ prepared for STM studies revealed similar features, with similar column spacing and aggregate alignment. Figure 3.20 An STM image of a monolayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on freshly prepared Au on mica. The y axis of the image is parallel to the substrate axis which was parallel to the compression barrier during film transfer. Scan size 195 nm, Setpoint 5.337 pA, Bias 550 mV, Scan rate 2.9 Hz, Samples 512, Height mode, Z range 15.9 nm. Figure 3.21 STM images of a bilayer CuPc(OC2OBz)8 film on freshly prepared Au on mica. Image vertical axis corresponds to substrate axis parallel to LB trough compression barriers during deposition. Setpoint 1.7 pA, Bias -95.0 mV, Scan rate 2.8 Hz, Samples 512, Height mode, Z range 30 nm. Figure 3.22 Sectional analysis of a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ bilayer film STM image. The line trace shown indicates a column-column spacing of ca. 2.7 nm, consistent with the hexagonal packing model assignment determined from x-ray diffraction studies. Scan size 80.39 nm, Setpoint 1.6 pA, Bias -130 mV, Scan rate 2.7 Hz, Samples 512, Height mode, Z range 14.9 nm. v. Orientational Spectroscopy: Visible and IR Linear Dichroism The anisotropy and orientation of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ LB films were examined by visible and IR spectroscopic. Films were deposited on glass substrates for visible spectroscopy, and on ZnSe substrates for IR studies. The linear dichroism of these films was measured. Spectra were collected with film substrate planes oriented normal to the incident light, and at angles between 60° and/or 45°. Incident light was plane polarized parallel or perpendicular to the proposed film column axis, on a given substrate. Substrate axis orientation relative to the LB trough compression barriers was noted for each sample prepared by the horizontal transfer protocol and with reference to the dipping direction for vertical transfer films. Figure 3.23 illustrates the electronic and vibrational transitions of interest for these studies. Figure 3.24 is a representation of an ideal model for the interaction of light with columnar Pc assemblies. This ideal case assumes perfect columnar alignment and a macrocycle plane normal to the column axis. With these conditions the interaction of visible light, when the plane of polarization is parallel to the column axis should be minimal. The same should be true for the Pc-O-C, and C-O-C stretching frequencies illustrated in Figure 3.23. The ring C-H out of plane bend should be maximized with column axis parallel polarization. Molecular interaction with light polarized orthogonal to the column axis should be maximized for the visible and in plane IR transitions, and minimal for the out of plane. Figure 3.23 The electronic and vibrational transitions probed in orientational spectroscopic characterization of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. Figure 3.24 The interaction of polarized light with idealized phthalocyanine columnar assemblies. Light absorption is most efficient when the plane of the Pc macrocycle is coincident with the plane of polarization for the incident light. Dichroism measurements with normal incident light are sufficient to demonstrate film anisotropy, and further to provide an indication of column orientation and overall order for a film. A quantitative treatment of this is discussed below. In principle, it should also be possible to determine an orientation angle for the Pc macrocycle plane relative to the column axis and/or substrate surface, if data for non-normal incident light is also collected. These experiments were undertaken, and a number of approaches for the treatment of the data were investigated\textsuperscript{103,104,105}. The formalisms evaluated in this work had been applied to phthalocyanine LB film studies by other researchers\textsuperscript{103}. No treatment of the data produced a satisfactory result for this work. In general, equations failed when orthogonal absorbance values from this study were applied to the formalisms. Further, it became apparent that even theoretical dichroic absorbance data indexed incrementally, failed to produce systematic changes in the orientation angle for the Pc. The derivation of the formalisms we applied for use with absorbance data collected for these ordered films, suggested angles between 45° and 85° depending on the set of data chosen for the calculation. In some cases undefined values resulted and no clear trends emerged. In addition the treatments were developed for materials with linear dipoles. The circular distribution of transitions in these Pc materials significantly complicates modeling of the data. We were aware of no treatment that adequately addressed the orientation of molecules with circular dipoles and modeling of our polarized absorbance data during the period of this work, and as such have not proposed an estimate of the orientation angle, based on this data, as of this writing. An order parameter $S$ has been used by Wegner and co-workers, to describe the orientation of peripherally substituted phthalocyaninatopolysiloxane (PcPS) "hairy-rod" LB films, which are comprised of high aspect ratio Pc columns\textsuperscript{76}. It was also used in this work to evaluate the order of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ thin films, in order to provide a basis for comparison to the well defined PcPS system. This measure of film order is taken from the convention used to describe the spread of orientations in rod-like polymeric materials about the director of the polymer nematic phase\textsuperscript{106}. Larger values of this scalar quantity, $S$, imply a narrow spread of orientations about the director. For the rod-like PcPS system, $S$ is given by $$S = \frac{(R - 1)}{R + 1}(1 - 2 \cos^2 \alpha)$$ (equation. 3.5) where $R = A_\perp / A_\parallel$, when $A_\perp$ is the film absorbance with incident light plane polarized perpendicular to the dipping direction, $A_\parallel$ is plane polarized light oriented parallel to the dipping direction, and $\alpha$ is the angle of the Pc macrocycle ring to the columnar axis of the polymer (Figure 3.25). When $\alpha$ is assumed to be 90°, as in the case of the PcPS system, the formula simplifies to $$S = \frac{(A_\perp - A_\parallel)}{(A_\perp + A_\parallel)}$$ (equation 3.6) Orientation of the Pc transition dipole perpendicular to the dipping direction gives positive values of $S$, an isotropic film gives $S = 0$, and negative $S$ values indicate transition dipoles parallel to the dipping direction. Cofacially polymerized PcPS materials align with the rod, or column axis parallel to, and the macrocycle transition dipole perpendicular to, the dipping direction in vertically transferred LB films. Figure 3.25 An illustration of the experimental set up for visible linear dichroism experiments. Also shown is a representation of the model developed by Wegner and co-workers for definition of the order parameter $S$. The model was adopted for this work to describe the order of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films and provide a comparison to the well defined PcPS system. An order parameter $S = 0.43$, based on polarized visible spectral data, is typical for freshly deposited films of these phthalocyanines.\textsuperscript{24} Orientation of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ LB films can be compared to the PcPS materials if we assume the molecular aggregates are oriented in cofacially stacked columnar units as we have proposed above. Further, the Wegner treatment requires that the plane of the Pc macrocycle must be 90° to the column axis as described above. This may not be the case for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. The expected consequence of a non 90° angle in the columnar stack would be to limit the magnitude of $S$. For a system with tilted macrocyclic stacking in the columns the value of $S$ could never be one, since the orientation distribution calculated from the tilted Pcs macrocycles could never be parallel to the column axis. The value of $S$ calculated for films prepared from CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ may therefore be artificially low, however, the treatment still allows for a qualitative comparison to the PcPS system. vi. MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ Film Visible Linear Dichroism A high degree of dichroism, in the polarized visible spectra for both horizontally and vertically transferred films, was observed for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. Figure 3.26 shows spectra of a study of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films on glass. With incident light normal to the substrate an order parameter of $S = +0.16 \pm 0.02$, was determined for vertically transferred films (Spectrum C, Figure 3.26). This suggests a predominance of aggregate domains in which the overall orientation of transition dipoles, i.e. the plane of the Pc molecules, lie perpendicular to the dipping direction, which is also along the long axis of the rectangular substrate (Figure 3.27). Orientation of these Pc aggregates is similar to that found for the PcPS system, where the long axis of the polymer Pc columns align parallel to the dipping direction, apparently coerced into this alignment by flow profiles created along the trough during film transfer $^{79,80}$. Similar flow profiles could be expected for these columnar aggregate Pc films transferred at $\Pi_1$, but the rigidity of the films at $\Pi_2$ would preclude this kind of flow. The reduced dichroism observed when the incident light is 45° to the substrate (Spectrum D, Figure 3.26) suggests the individual Pc molecules are packed with the angle of the macrocycle plane to the substrate randomly distributed about an angle near 45°. Horizontally transferred CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films are oriented along the director to a greater extent than vertically transferred films, as can be inferred from the value $S = -0.36 \pm 0.06$, which is comparable to that observed for vertically transferred PcPS films (Spectrum A, Figure 3.26). In this case the director is the axis Figure 3.26 Visible absorbance spectra of CuPcOC$_2$OBz films. Spectra shown in A and B are for a 6 bilayer horizontally transferred film ($\Pi_2$), collected with the substrate long axis perpendicular to the trough compression barriers. Spectra in C and D are for a film (ca. 20 ML) transferred vertically at $\Pi_1$. Spectra in A and C were collected with the incident beam normal to the substrate. Spectra in B and D were collected with the incident beam $45^\circ$ to the substrate. Figure 3.27 Proposed structure of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ LB films on glass as they would transfer via the given deposition protocol. parallel to the long dimension of the rectangular substrate rather than the dipping direction. Films were transferred with the long axis perpendicular to the compressional barriers of the LB trough and are expected to retain the orientational order of the film on the subphase surface (Figure 3.26). The observed negative order parameter ($S = -0.36$) for these films suggests that the transition dipole is parallel to the director. Columnar aggregates of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ as Langmuir films appear to be oriented with the column axis parallel to, and the transition dipole of the macrocycle perpendicular to, the compression barrier. In addition this degree of ordering on the subphase would be expected to require a column-axis-to-width aspect ratio substantially greater than 1. Columnar aggregates of 8 or more Pc monomer units could then be expected to generate the observed orientation. As discussed above a correlation length of 81 Å, or an average of 24 Pc molecules per column, was reported previously for fibers of the CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ material, which is consistent with the model proposed. The increase in dichroism observed at 45° incident light (Spectrum B, Figure 3.26) suggests these horizontally transferred Pc films are packed with a substrate-to-macrocycle plane angle larger than, and with a smaller distribution of angles, than observed in the case of vertically transferred films. Additional visible linear dichroism experiments were done for films prepared utilizing the LB trough stabilization baffle. The dichroism of these stabilized film preparations was substantially increased. For a 12 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film, prepared with the substrate long axis parallel to the compression barriers, a value of $S = -0.53$ ±0.05 was determined. This value is consistent with the expected columnar orientation relative to the substrate axis, and suggests a degree of order even greater than that reported for the PcPS system. The value predicts a high degree of orientation along the director axis. Values of R and S calculated for a number of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films are presented in Table 3.1. Infrared studies of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films, discussed below, indicate a marked increase in film order with annealing. Visible linear dichroism studies were done on annealed MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films were not pursued. \| Film Type \| Dichroic Ratio $R = A_\perp / A_\parallel$ \| Order Parameter $S = (A_\perp - A_\parallel) / (A_\perp + A_\parallel)$ \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Horizontal Transfer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ \| 0.47 \| -0.36 ± 0.06 \| \| Vertical Transfer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ \| 0.77 \| +0.16 ± 0.02 \| \| Horizontal Transfer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ prepared with film baffle \| 0.29 \| -0.53 ± 0.05 \| \| Horizontal Transfer ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ \| 0.95 \| -0.024 \| Table 3.1 Visible Linear Dichroism CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films vii. Infrared Linear Dichroism Infrared linear dichroism studies were undertaken for horizontally deposited CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. ZnSe substrates, which are have good transmittance in the IR, were utilized. Films were transferred by the standard protocols described above. The hydrophobicity of clean unmodified ZnSe was sufficient for efficient transfer of the Pcs. It should be noted that previous workers in this group completed IR dichroism studies for vertically deposited CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films $^{13}$. The results of the present work indicate a marked increase in dichroism for the horizontally prepared films. The Pc-O-C, in plane transitions, and the ring C-H out of plane transition, exhibit the expected opposite dichroic behavior. Film dichroism increased with overnight oven annealing of a freshly deposited film. Figure 3.27 shows spectra for an annealed film collected with orthogonal polarization and $90^\circ$ incident light. From the spectra collected for this 12 bilayer film a value of $S = +0.31$ was determined for the $1204 \text{ cm}^{-1}$ line of the freshly deposited film. A negative value was determined for the orthogonal ring C-H out of plane bend at $745 \text{ cm}^{-1}$ ($S = -0.26$). Annealing increased the dichroic ratio, and increased the order parameter to a value comparable to that measured in the visible spectroscopic study. Table 3.2 presents data for the freshly prepared film and the film after 18 hours of annealing at $95^\circ\text{C}$. \| Frequency \| Dichroic Ratio $R = A_\perp / A_\parallel$ \| Order Parameter $S = (A_\perp - A_\parallel) / (A_\perp + A_\parallel)$ \| \|-----------\|----------------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\| \| $1283 \text{ cm}^{-1}$ \| 1.80 \| +0.29 \| \| $\nu_3(\text{Pc-O-C})$ \| 3.1$^a$ \| +0.052$^a$ \| \| $1204 \text{ cm}^{-1}$ \| 1.91 \| +0.31 \| \| $\nu_3(\text{Pc-O-C})$ \| 2.9$^a$ \| +0.049$^a$ \| \| $1104 \text{ cm}^{-1}$ \| 1.45 \| +0.21 \| \| $\nu_3(\text{C-O-C})$ \| 2.3$^a$ \| +0.40$^a$ \| \| $745 \text{ cm}^{-1}$ \| 0.57 \| -0.26 \| \| $\delta(\text{ring C-H, op})$ \| 0.42$^a$ \| -0.41$^a$ \| Table 3.2 Infrared Linear Dichroism of a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film. $^a$ indicates the annealed film Figure 3.28 Infrared polarization dependent spectra of an annealed CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ 12 bilayer film on ZnSe. The upper spectrum is translated vertically to a higher baseline. Insets show representations of proposed columnar order, along with the orientation of polarized light for the corresponding spectrum. File PS491.opj viii. Linear Dichroism of ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films A limited study of ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film visible linear dichroism was undertaken. No IR studies were done. Films prepared for this study were prepared utilizing the trough film stabilization baffle described above. Since no clear isotherm transition exists for these ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ Langmuir films, compression was terminated at a surface area which would correspond to $\Pi_2$ for a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film. Films were lowered onto the baffle as described above and multilayer films were deposited. ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films prepared by this method were homogenous by visual inspection. The dichroic ratio for these films was found to be near zero, indicating no preferential order in the structure of ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. ix. XPS of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ Films XPS characterization of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ bilayer films deposited on Au or ITO substrates indicated film density sufficient to prevent the escape of high energy Au or In photoelectrons. Films were deposited on substrates of Au on Si (100), or ITO on glass. Patterned films were prepared such that approximately one half of a 1 cm x 2 cm substrate surface was coated with phthalocyanine. XPS spectra were collected as a function of position along the long substrate axis. Figure 3.29 shows the study results of a bilayer patterned film deposited on Donnelly ITO. Normalized integrated area of the In (3d$_{5/2}$) peak was plotted as a function of substrate position. The data show near complete attenuation of the In signal on the coated half of the substrate. Similar behavior was noted for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films on Au substrates. Comparable experiments for ZnPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films were not pursued in this work. Figure 3.29 XPS characterization of a patterned CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on ITO. V. Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ LB films: i. Solution Voltammetry and Spectroelectrochemistry CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ are aggregated in solution, as evidenced by blue shifted Q-band visible absorption spectra, at concentrations above $10^{-6}$ M. In DMF, spectra suggest the presence of monomers, dimers, and higher aggregates even at $10^{-7}$ M. Solution cyclic voltammetry of ca. $10^{-3}$ M CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ in DMF, (0.1M TEAP) shows a single quasi-reversible oxidation wave at a positive potential of about 0.8 V with the reduction wave appearing at ca. 0.5 V, vs. the Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl) reference electrode (Figure 3.30). Both electrochemical processes have the expected square root dependence on scan rate for a diffusion controlled process. Spectroelectrochemical data clearly show the reversible appearance of the cation radical oxidation product at potentials positive of 0.8 V (Figure 3.31). Increase in absorbance due to radical cation formation is found in two regions, with $\lambda_{\text{max}}$ at 525 nm and 810 nm$^{107,108,109}$. This absorbance change occurs during the forward sweep of the electrochemical scan, and returns nearly to baseline at the end of the voltammetric sweep. Similar spectroelectrochemical studies of diaxially substituted silicon phthalocyanines, have shown the appearance of analogous spectral bands upon oxidation of these materials$^{110}$. The absorbance due to the products of these electrochemical processes are consistent with spectra found for chemically generated copper, zinc and ruthenium phthalocyanine cation radicals$^{107,108}$. Solution voltammetry of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ (ca. $10^{-3}$ M) in dichloromethane (0.1 M TBAP) exhibits one Figure 3.30 Cyclic voltammograms of ca. 0.9 mM CuPcOC$_2$OBz in DMF with 0.1 M TEAP vs. Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl). (A) 25 mV/sec, (B) 100 mV/sec, (C) 250 mV/sec, (D) 500 mV/sec. Inset shows the Q-band line-shape in this concentration range, indicating aggregation of the Pc. Figure 3.31 Solution spectroelectrochemical difference spectra. Spectral features at ca. 525 nm and 810 nm correspond to the cation radical product of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ oxidation in DMF. Spectral features in the Q-band region are unchanged during the course of the electrochemical process because of steady state diffusion of the parent Pc into the spectral window. irreversible oxidation at a positive potential of ca. 1.0 V. The voltammetry observed in dichloromethane solutions is typical of that seen for irreversible adsorption of the reduced form of the molecule on the working electrode$^{24}$. The irreversibility in DCM may also be due to loss of the unstable cation radical product in solution. The cation radical in DMF is an aggregated species, as indicated by the solution spectra, which could stabilize the product and slow subsequent destructive reactions. The solution voltammetry of $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ was not investigated in detail because an insufficient quantity of material was available for thorough characterization. Preliminary work indicated behavior comparable to $CuPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ with one quasi-reversible oxidation in DMF, given similar experimental conditions. Additional detail concerning the solution electrochemistry of $CuPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ and $ZnPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ is discussed in the dissertations of Osburn and Chen$^{2425}$. ii. Thin Film Voltammetry and Spectroelectrochemistry Thin films of $CuPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ and $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ were prepared for voltammetric and spectroelectrochemical investigation by transfer of compressed LB films to indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. Monolayer, multilayer, and fibrous mat films were prepared. Voltammetric characterization of the films was performed in contact with a variety of aqueous electrolytes. Figure 3.32 shows a voltammogram representative of multilayer $CuPc(OC_2OBz)_8$ films in contact with 0.1 M LiClO$_4$. $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ films exhibited similar behavior. In general the following trends were observed. Two quasi-reversible oxidation processes are evident at potentials Figure 3.32 Cyclic voltammograms of a 10 bilayer horizontally transferred CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film in contact with 0.1 M LiClO$_4$ vs. Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl). (A) 10 mV/sec, (B) 15 mV/sec, (C) 25 mV/sec, (D) 50 mV/sec of ca. 0.575 V and 0.900 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Oxidative peak currents vary linearly with scan rate, as expected for surface confined species. The relative magnitudes of the two oxidation processes were found to be sensitive to film microstructure and choice of supporting electrolyte. Voltammetric sweeps reversed just prior to the onset of the second oxidation process appear as a single quasi-reversible redox wave and films cycled in this manner are stable to repeated cycling for periods of hours. It is expected that the sole electrochemically generated oxidation product for these phthalocyanines, is the mono-oxidized phthalocyanine radical cation, as discussed above, and seen for the solution voltammetry of these materials\textsuperscript{111}. Two oxidation waves however, are seen consistently in the thin film voltammetry of these phthalocyanines. Since oxidation of the metal center is not expected to be accessible in these potential regions, and the voltammetry of the metal free material is essentially identical to the metal centered material, the origin of the two processes must arise from structural ordering or aggregation phenomena within the film. The voltammetry indicates two discrete electrochemical domains in the ordered film. A mixed domain film, with varying degrees of intermolecular interaction could be expected to produce an electrochemical signature similar to that found for these materials\textsuperscript{112,113}. However, the probability of discreet morphological domains with well separated electrochemical accessibility, within these highly ordered films as discussed above, seems unlikely. We propose that a morphological change in film structure brought about during the first oxidative process may be responsible for the observed electrochemical behavior. Alternatively, the electronic isolation of individual Pc macrocycles brought about by oxidation of a population of Pcs monomers in the columnar assemblies could occur without significant reorganization, if sufficient space for the accommodation of counterions exists in the substituent side chain volume of the film structure. The voltammetry of the CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ shown in Figure 3.32 gives the onset of the first oxidation occurring at approximately 0.45 V, with the second oxidation beginning near 0.75 V. The magnitude of this potential shift is similar to that found in studies of silicon phthalocyanine thin films. The onset of oxidation for LB films of silicon phthalocyanine polymers, studied under conditions similar to those used in this work, is approximately 0.3 V more positive than found for LB films of monomeric silicon phthalocyanines $^{114,115,116,117,118,119,120}$. Lowering of the potential required to oxidize these thin film materials is thought to result from stabilization of the cation radical product $^{121,122}$. The onset of oxidation is expected to shift to lower potential as the length of the polymer chain increases $^{78,115,116}$. Similar stabilization of the mono-oxidized Pc, in these benzyloxyethoxy substituted Pc LB films is thought to occur here. Stabilization is hypothesized to result from the through-space delocalization of the free spin in the Pc cation radical $^{123}$, resulting in efficient charge hopping over these linear cofacial aggregates. Counter ion injection into these highly ordered films, is required to maintain electroneutrality during the oxidation of the film, and could result in a morphological change in thin film structure. A two step process involving counterion injection and the formation of a contact ion pair complex, followed by a partial relaxation of film structure, is proposed as a possible origin of the electrochemical processes observed for these films. The in-situ generation of a higher energy electrochemically active species would result from a reduction of charge stabilizing orbital overlap as the film structure relaxes. Electronic isolation of Pc macrocycles, as discussed above, without the accompanying morphological change in film structure could also produce the observed behavior. In either case the oxidized film structure must be able to accommodate counterions. A two step oxidation process observed for vacuum grown films of native CuPc on platinum disk electrodes provides additional insight into the electrochemical behavior of the LB films discussed here$^{124}$. Jansen and Beck reported two well-resolved oxidation processes for native CuPc films on rotating disk electrodes in contact with 1 mM LiF / 0.1 M LiClO$_4$ acetonitrile solutions. They monitored the products of oxidation by poising a ring electrode sufficiently negative to reduce oxidation products as they formed. They found that the first oxidation wave produced no ring current, while the second oxidation process did. They have interpreted this to indicate the formation of a close-contact anion-cation radical complex for the first oxidation wave. The second process is thought to be the dissolution of this complex and the loss of CuPc from the disk electrode surface to solution. The MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ columnar aggregate films were essentially stable for both oxidation events. No significant loss of current was observed with multiple scans, except in the case of films in contact with aqueous KHP, as discussed below. The electrochemical reversibility of these films is favored by stabilization of the columnar structure by the arene-arene interaction of the benzyl terminated substituents. The exact nature of the higher energy MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ species has not been elucidated from these electrochemical measurements. Additional characterization by spectroelectrochemical techniques is discussed below. It is clear, however, that the film structure leads both to a positive shift in the initial oxidation potential and a stabilization of the extensively oxidized film structure. The ability to create assemblies of columnarly oriented Pcs, with a high correlation length, that can be partially oxidized and remain stable is a significant result. Further the assembly has been formed from monomeric rather than polymeric materials. These monomeric assemblies represent an interesting new class of molecular electronic materials. For molecular electronic materials applications, as discussed previously, partially oxidized films are desired. Estimation of film electroactivity was assessed from CV data as follows. A closest packed monolayer of these cofacially stacked Pcs, based on an assumed 100 Å$^2$/molecule, is expected to generate ca. 16 μC/cm$^2$ per monolayer of charge, assuming a one-electron oxidation per Pc ring. A fully electroactive 20 monolayer film could be expected to generate 320 μC/cm$^2$ of charge. Typical values of ca. 194 μC/cm$^2$, over the potential range from 0.4 V to 1.2 V, for the 20 monolayer film in Figure 3.32, indicate a film with 60% of the Pc rings electroactive. Approximately half of this charge is passed during the first voltammetric wave. Total charge passed for a single bilayer horizontal transfer CuPc(OC2OBz)$_8$ film in the potential range of 0.4 V to 1.2 V, was 25 μC/cm². This current density corresponds to a film with 85% of the Pc rings electroactive. These estimates of film electroactivity represent the upper limit of what can be expected for these films. Actual determination of film electroactivity is complicated by a number of factors. Oxidative currents are limited by rates of electron transfer, solvent permeation, and counterion transport into the thin film. Capacitive current contribution is difficult to estimate in dense electroactive organic films. In addition the capacitive currents of semiconductor thin film electrodes are not well defined and vary with potential. The background currents in this study were estimated by linear extrapolation of the i/V curve, from the potential region before the onset of oxidation. If a nonlinear background current is assumed, as is recommended for several electroactive polymeric films¹²⁵,¹²⁶, the faradaic charge is reduced by as much as 25%. iii. Film Permeability Multilayer films were found to be relatively impermeable to ionic species in solution. Figure 3.33 shows the result of voltammetric oxidation/reduction of a thin film with 8 equivalent monolayers (4 bilayers) of H₂Pc(OC2OBz)₈ film in contact with aqueous solutions of K₄Fe(CN)₆. The expected onset of oxidation for ferro- to ferricyanide is shifted positive relative to the potential observed for the redox couple on an uncoated, HMDS modified, ITO working electrode. Oxidation of ferrocyanide is delayed until the onset of phthalocyanine thin film oxidation, which in turn mediates the oxidation of the ferrocyanide. The re-reduction of ferricyanide, is blocked by the thin films since this process occurs where the Pc films have reverted back to an electrically neutral and insulating state\textsuperscript{127}. Ferrocyanide oxidation was observed, but significantly attenuated by a single bilayer horizontal transfer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on an HMDS modified ITO electrode. The peak current for ferrocyanide oxidation in this case was an order of magnitude less than that expected for an uncoated electrode. Thin film defect sites may occur upon transfer due to the roughness of the ITO electrode surfaces. Rms surface roughness of ca. 2 nm was determined for HMDS modified ITO substrates by contact mode AFM. The ferrocyanide studies suggest a minimum of defect sites, and/or domain boundaries, exist in these homogeneous thin films. Figure 3.34 shows the results of an additional film permeability study involving the same H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film, but substituting hydroquinone for ferrocyanide. The results demonstrate incomplete film passivation of the electrode, to this electroactive aromatic probe. Onset of hydroquinone oxidation to quinone is shifted only slightly positive of the observed oxidation in contact with a bare ITO working electrode. A significant attenuation of the hydroquinone oxidation current is observed, however, suggesting at least partial passivation of the electrode by the film. The expected onset hydroquinone oxidation is approximately 0.54 V (vs. Ag/AgCl [sat KCl])\textsuperscript{128}, and coincides with the observed onset of oxidation for the Pc. The small shift is then still consistent with a Pc mediated oxidation of the hydroquinone, since we would not expect to observe a significant shift under these conditions. It is interesting to note the significant shift to lower potential, observed for the reduction of quinone to hydroquinone. In addition the anodic charge passed is greater than the cathodic charge. Preconcentrated quinone, now available for reduction at low potentials, may have intercalated into the Pc film structure during the course of several prior potential cycles terminated positive of the reduction. The significant shift in potential, by approximately -0.2 V, suggests Pc mediated behavior. The reduction behavior of these MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ thin films was not investigated in this work, because of instabilities associated with ITO substrates at low potentials. We can therefore conclude only that the H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film passivates the reduction behavior hydroquinone redox behavior in solution. Figure 3.33 Permeability study of a 4 bilayer horizontally transferred $\text{H}_2\text{PcOC}_2\text{OBz}$ film in contact with 0.1 M KHP vs. Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl). (A) $\text{H}_2\text{PcOC}_2\text{OBz}$ film, (B) $\text{H}_2\text{PcOC}_2\text{OBz}$ film with ca. 0.1 mM $\text{K}_4\text{Fe(CN)}_6$, (C) HMDS ITO with 0.1 mM $\text{K}_3\text{Fe(CN)}_6$ and 0.1 M KHP. Figure 3.34 Electrochemical permeability study of a 4 bilayer $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ film. CVs of the film in contact with 0.1M KHP vs Ag/AgCl (sat KCL) with and without added hydroquinone are shown in the main figure. The inset shows the redox behavior of hydroquinone on a clean HMDS ITO substrate, and with the film present. iv. Spectroelectrochemical Analysis Spectroelectrochemical studies were undertaken to further elucidate the electrochemical behavior of these films. Visible absorbance spectra were recorded at timed intervals during the course of cyclic voltammetric scans, or as a function of potential step. Figure 3.35 shows the results of a study for a 10 monolayer vertically deposited CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film. Horizontally deposited bilayer, and monolayer films exhibited similar spectral changes. Shown in Figure 3.35b, are the difference spectra generated by subtracting the initial spectrum from all other spectra. Spectral changes observed for the first oxidation process, are distinct from those of the second. Spectral overlap of the absorbance of aggregated Pcs with that of monomeric Pcs complicates interpretation of the data. The reduced absorbance at $\lambda_{\text{max}}$ 625 nm, observed for the first oxidation process, indicates that film oxidation has decreased the amount of neutral aggregated Pc within the film. Additional absorbance changes with $\lambda_{\text{max}}$ near 677 nm, typical of the second oxidation process, suggest loss of isolated phthalocyanine rings. Isosbestic points are seen at approximately 680 nm, and 750 nm, as well as increased absorbance due to the generation of the cation radical product $^{107,108}$ is observed at ca. 500 nm, and ca. 825 nm. A detailed analysis of data taken from spectra collected at 15 second intervals during a CV scan reveals the following. Absorbance at $\lambda_{\text{max}}$ 625 nm for the aggregated form changes at a constant rate from the onset of oxidation near 0.45 V, until ca. 0.7 V, near the end of the first oxidation process. Beyond this potential, the absorbance at 625 Figure 3.35 Spectroelectrochemical study of a 10 ML vertically transferred CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film in contact with 0.1 M LiClO$_4$. Spectra were collected at 15 second time intervals during a 5 mV/sec voltammetric scan. (B) Difference spectra calculated from the spectra shown in (A). Negative absorbance corresponds to loss of starting material. Positive absorbance corresponds to product formation. nm remains constant until it begins to increase at the onset of re-reduction near 0.7 V. Absorbance increases to near baseline by 0.45 V and remains unchanged when the electrochemical cell is returned to open potential. Loss of absorbance at $\lambda_{\text{max}}$ 677 nm, begins near the onset of the first oxidation wave. The rate of change is less than that observed at 625 nm. An increase in the rate is observed at the onset of the second oxidation wave near 0.8 V. Absorbance at 677 nm continues to decrease until the end of the second oxidation wave, where it remains constant until the start of re-reduction. Absorbance changes at 677 nm that occur prior to the onset of the second oxidation wave are thought to be due to spectral overlap of the broad band aggregate absorption with the narrower monomer band. The fact that the rate of change at 677 nm increases significantly at the onset of the second oxidation process suggests that oxidation of the aggregated material during the first wave may have generated the isolated Pc species discussed above. The observation may indicate an overall increase in “monomer like” signal obscured by the overall loss of the broad band signal centered at 625 nm. Spectroelectrochemical absorbance changes suggest less electroactive material in these thin films than is typically determined from voltammetric data. The change in optical density of -0.04 absorbance units shown in Figure 3.35 at 625 nm, corresponds to approximately 4 equivalent monolayers of oxidized phthalocyanine in a 10 monolayer film, based on the assumed value of 0.01 au/monolayer. This estimate of approximately 40% electroactive material represents a lower limit of actual film electroactivity, and is constrained by the estimate of absorbance per monolayer and by spectral overlap in the regions of interest. v. Supporting Electrolyte Interaction Film-electrolyte interactions are highly dependent on the choice of supporting electrolyte. Such behavior has been reported previously for unsubstituted vapor deposited MgPc, ZnPc and CuPc films\textsuperscript{129,130}. Cu(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_3$(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films cycled voltammetrically in contact with ClO$_4^-$ and BF$_4^-$ solutions, were stable to repeated cycling over periods of several hours with no indication of decomposition. The general form of voltammograms for films in contact with these electrolytes is as discussed above for films in contact with aqueous LiClO$_4$ and shown in Figure 3.32. No significant difference was observed for Na, K, and Li salts of these anions. Films studied in contact with Na and Li tetrafluoroborate solutions produced cyclic voltammograms of similar form (Figure 3.36). Films cycled in contact with 0.1M potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) solutions were not stable to repeated cycling, and dramatic film break-in effects were observed for initial voltammetric scans in contact with KHP (Figure 3.37). Anodic current for the second oxidative process is substantially larger in the first voltammetric scan, and as much as two thirds of the total charge passed is accounted for in this voltammetric wave. Continued cycling often resulted in transformation of the two process voltammetric waveform, to a single process in the potential region of the first oxidation. Lowered current densities, and eventual disappearance of the second oxidation process was often observed. Visual inspection of the films, cycled in contact with KHP, upon removal from the electrochemical cell revealed significant film decomposition. Films are stable when cycled in contact with KHP if the voltammetric sweep is reversed prior to the onset of the second oxidation process. Subsequent scans to higher positive potential result in film degradation and the break-in effects discussed above. Break-in effects are significantly reduced with films in contact with the $\text{ClO}_4^-$, and $\text{BF}_4^-$ ions. The wave form and intensity is conserved, even with extensive repetitive cycling, after small break-in effects observed during the first few voltammetric scans. Films were also studied in contact with KBr, KCl, and KI (Figure 3.38). Oxidation of these electrolytes dominates the electrochemical behavior for the films. As seen in Figure 3.38 positive shifts in the oxidation onset potentials were observed. A preliminary effort to investigate the effect of annealing on electrochemical behavior of these films, indicated that annealed films were more difficult to oxidize (Figure 3.39). Figure 3.36 Supporting electrolyte study. Cyclic voltammograms of a 4 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on HMDS ITO. Voltammograms demonstrate the similarity of film response to potential while in contact with perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate electrolytes. Sweep D shows attenuated response in LiClO$_4$ after repeated cycling in contact with alkyl halide supporting electrolytes. Figure 3.37 Electrolyte effects on CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. (A) Initial CV scans at 5mV/sec showing film break in effects for a 10 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film in contact with KHP. (B) A thin film composed of H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ fibers collected at full trough compression, showing minimal break in for the first three CV scans in contact with LiClO$_4$. Subsequent scans in contact with KHP showed significant break in, and eventual decay with continued cycling. Figure 3.38 Supporting Electrolyte Study. Cyclic voltammograms of a 4 bilayer CuPC(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on HMDS ITO in contact with LiClO$_4$ and other aqueous electrolytes. The perchlorate CV (A) is plotted with all electrolytes as a reference. Note that (A) is near baseline for the KI response and an expanded scale plot (current x 10) is provided for clarity. Figure 3.39 Annealing Study: Cyclic Voltammograms of 4 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films before and after 48 hours of oven annealing at ca. 100°C. (A) CV scans with 0.1 M LiClO$_4$ supporting electrolyte. (B) CV scans with 0.1 M LiBF$_4$ supporting electrolyte. VI. Chapter Summary The benzyl-terminated octa-substituted phthalocyanines discussed here represent an interesting variation on electrochemically active phthalocyanine thin films. A surprising degree of order and stiffness in these thin films, as aligned on the LB trough, and as transferred by the horizontal dipping method, leads to a strongly dichroic material. These phthalocyanines sustain their mechanical properties even as a single bilayer thin film. X-ray scattering analysis of LB films of this material suggests that the Pc rings are close packed highly ordered materials with a coherence length on the order of the total film thickness even for thick multilayer films. Modeling of these Pc assemblies, with the substituent chains fully extended, predicts an intercolumnar spacing on the order of 34 Å. Chemical intuition tells us that partially contracted substituent arms are a more reasonable expectation for the columnar assemblies. A crude geometrically derived estimate of column width, from the modeling reported by Osburn for short columnar Pc stacks, predicts approximately 31 Å$^{13,24}$. Comparing this value with the experimentally determined columnar spacing of ca. 28 Å, suggests some angular orientation of the Pc macrocycle with respect to the column axis, and/or some degree of interdigitation of the substituent chains. Certainly close intercolumnar contact favored by the opportunity for π-facial arene-arene interaction must occur. The work presented here has argued that the arene-arene intra- and intercolumnar interaction of the benzyl terminated substituent chains provide a stabilizing influence on these assemblies such that their properties are comparable to those of, columnarly polymerized Pc materials. The accumulation of these interactions, over several Pc columnar units, helps to explain both the tendency to form stable bilayers and fibers, and the resultant mechanical, and electrochemical properties of these thin films. It is especially interesting to note the differences in packing behavior for films transferred by the traditional vertical dipping method, versus those transferred by the horizontal dipping approach. The former method appears to disrupt the order within the thin Langmuir film. This work has provided strong evidence that the horizontal transfer protocol provides an avenue for the retention of the highly ordered Langmuir Pc film assemblies. The onset of oxidation for these materials, appears to be governed in part by the degree of aggregation of the Pc rings. It is still more positive by ca. 100 millivolts than the onset for the oxidation of the cofacially polymerized silicon phthalocyanines (PcPS), where the degree of ordering is substantially greater than in these linear Pc aggregates\textsuperscript{101}. Despite differences in spectroscopic behavior, arising from the two different transfer methods utilized for our materials, there is little difference in the electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical properties, suggesting that the voltammetric oxidation of these thin films is probing a smaller coherence length than is the absorbance spectroscopy anisotropy. In addition, our spectroscopic characterization of these oxidation processes suggests that the initial oxidation of the aggregate, and the corresponding insertion of counter ions into the thin film, illustrated in Figure 3.x, is a reversible process that does not elicit permanent disruption of aggregate structure, or loss of material. Cofacial columnar aggregation of the macrocycles in liquid crystalline Pcs is well known\textsuperscript{3,18}, but to our knowledge, previously reported materials have not been sufficiently stable to allow for mechanical on-trough patterning. The interaction of the terminal benzyl functionality in concert with the well known interaction of the Pc macrocycles produces the extraordinary stability in the x, y plane of these thin films. It should be noted that preliminary studies on the LB behavior of para-methoxy substitution on these terminal benzyl groups, have indicated a loss of long range order and stability of the films, emphasizing the importance of the interactions of the these groups in H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. CHAPTER 4: TRIETHYLENE OXIDE SUBSTITUTED PHTHALOCYANINES There is significant interest in the preparation and properties of polyethyleneoxide (PEO) substituted phthalocyanines. As discussed previously Pcs modified with substituent chains containing multiple ethylene oxide units have been reported by a number of researchers $^{3,47}$. Pc structural modifications utilizing PEO have included straight chained, branched, and cyclic (crown ether like) substituent designs $^{47,57,131,132}$. Polyethylene oxide substituents have been shown to dramatically increase the solubility of Pcs in polar solvents. Water soluble Pcs have been prepared by substituting the macrocycle with highly branched PEO chains $^{131}$. Pc materials with enhanced solubility are of interest in applications ranging from molecular electronic materials, and chemical sensing to photodynamic cancer therapy $^{131}$. PEO substituted Pcs have been proposed as having potential for the promotion of ionic conductivity in Pc assemblies. PEO is known to dissolve alkali salts and exhibits fairly large ionic conductivities (ca. $5.6 \times 10^{-6} \text{ S cm}^{-1}$) at temperatures above its glass transition temperature $^{47}$. Phthalocyanines with methyl terminated PEO substituents form hexagonal columnar mesophases similar to those found for alkyl and alkoxy substituted Pcs $^3$. In these materials the PEO substituent chains, should be liquid like at temperatures consistent with a LC mesophase. Ionic conductivity comparable to that found for pure PEO phases may be attainable in appropriately designed PEOPc materials. Ion transport in these assemblies could enhance electron-hole transport in the columnar Pc stacks by stabilization of charge carriers as they hop from ring to ring along the direction of the column axis. Pcs modified with cyclic PEO substituents, analogous to crown ether materials, have been proposed as candidate materials for the formation of ion channels\textsuperscript{133}, and molecular wires\textsuperscript{57}. Nolte and coworkers have shown that the Pc, depicted in Figure 1.5, will form isolated columnar structures with molecular diameters and lengths of several micrometers\textsuperscript{57}. They report the expectation that the cable like structures should support both electronic and ionic conduction along the axis of the molecular wire. Formation of the columnar structures was observed as a self assembly process from solution. The existence of these structures are direct evidence that molecular electronic devices, as discussed in Chapter 1, may be accessible via self assembled materials. The fabrication of LB films from silicon and metal free versions of the cable forming Pc (MPc(18-crown-6,Bz(OC\textsubscript{10})\textsubscript{2})\textsubscript{4}) was investigated by Nolte and co-workers. The metal silicon centered material was reported to form slip stacked LB films with significant variation in vertical transfer efficiency. Emmersion of a substrate produced a transfer ratio near one, while immersion generally occurred with poor transfer efficiency. The slip stack structure observed for this material, is consistent with that observed for silicon centered native Pc monomers with axial substituents\textsuperscript{134}. In the case of SiPc(18-crown-6,Bz(OC\textsubscript{10})\textsubscript{2})\textsubscript{4} coordination of hydroxyl groups at the metal center precludes columnar cofacial stacking. The inconsistent transfer ratio indicates poorly ordered resultant films, however, Nolte and co-workers have not reported a detailed evaluation of film structure and order for these materials. Slip stack Pc aggregate structures would not produce the orbital overlap and correlation of crown ether groups required for the enhancement of electronic and ionic conductive properties. The Nolte group reported poor LB film behavior for the metal free version, $H_2Pc(18\text{-crown-6}, Bz(O_{10})_2)_4$. They were unable to transfer films of this material. I. Benzyl Termination of Triethylene Oxide Pthalocyanine Substituent Chains We have shown that benzyl termination of ethylene oxide side chains, in an octasubstituted phthalocyanine, imparts a degree of processability, solution aggregation, and thin film structure not previously reported for Pcs with PEO side chains, or even those with crown ether substituents \textsuperscript{15}. The discussion in previous chapters suggested the terminal benzyl functionality of the ((2-benzyloxy)ethoxy) substituted phthalocyanines is central to extraordinary properties of these materials. We endeavored to explore the influence of benzyl terminated triethyleneoxide substituent chains. 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis-((6-benzyloxy)triethoxy) phthalocyaninato copper (CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$) and 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis-((6-benzyloxy)triethoxy) phthalocyaninato dihydrogen ($H_2Pc(O(C_2O)_3Bz)_8$), were synthesized as described in Chapter 6. The characterization of the thin film behavior and properties of these materials is presented here. In addition the characterization of two additional substituted Pcs are described. Langmuir and cast films of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis-((6-methyloxy)triethoxy)phthalocyaninato copper, (CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$C)$_8$), the methyl terminated analogue of CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ were prepared, and characterized. Films of a tetra substituted copper Pc with crown ether like substitution was also evaluated. CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$C)$_8$ and CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ were prepared and provided by Nagoi Kobayashi $^61$. The structure of the materials discussed in this chapter are shown schematically in Figure 4.1. Figure 4.1 Phthalocyanines with polyethylene oxide based substitution. (A) designated MPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₃ where M = H₂ or Cu. (B) designated CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Me)₃. (C) designated CuPc(15-crown-5)₄. II. Cast Films Cast films of the materials discussed above were prepared by slow evaporation of the materials from chloroform solutions. Spectra collected during the dry down period of this casting process provide information on the supramolecular structures that result from the self assembly of these materials. Figures 4.2a -4.2d show spectra collected during the dry down of CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈, and for comparison the previously discussed CuPc(OC₂OBz)₈. Spectra collected during casting of the metal free versions of these materials, H₂Pc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ and H₂Pc(OC₂OBz)₈, are also shown in Figure 4.2. Spectra of the resultant thin films, shown in Figure 4.3 reveal subtle but distinct differences for each of the materials. In these spectra the overall peak intensity is a function of film thickness and was difficult to control in the simple experiments. The line shape of these Q-band spectra reveal, however, that cast films of CuPc(OC₂OBz)₈ exhibit the highest degree of aggregation. As can be seen in the Figure 4.3 spectra, the CuPc(OC₂OBz)₈ material peak absorbance is shifted slightly to shorter wavelength relative to the other materials. For both CuPc(OC₂OBz)₈, and H₂Pc(OC₂OBz)₈, the relative intensity of the peak near 620 nm vs. the shoulder near 670 nm, is greater than in the case of the materials with the longer triethylene oxide substituent linkage. The effect appears to be more pronounced for the copper centered material. The Q-band maxima of CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈, and H₂Pc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ are centered at approximately 630 nm, indicating reduced coherence length for the cofacial molecular aggregates relative to the short-chained analogues. Of principal interest here is the fact that though the increased length of the Figure 4.2 Cast film formation from chloroform solutions. Spectra were collected during and after solvent evaporation. (A) CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ (B) H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ (C) CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ (D) H$_2$Pc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ Figure 4.3 Cast films on glass formed by evaporation of chloroform solutions. Spectra correspond to the lowest intensity spectra shown in Figure 4.2 A thru D. substituent chain appears to reduce the coherence length of the assemblies the cofacial stacking motif is conserved. Langmuir, and Langmuir-Blodgett film behavior, as well as the electrochemical behavior of thin films formed from these longer chained materials, as discussed below, is significantly different than the benzyloxyethoxy Pc materials discussed earlier. Analogous spectral evaluation of CuPc(O(C\textsubscript{2}O)\textsubscript{3}Me), and CuPc(15-crown-5)\textsubscript{4} films formed by casting chloroform solutions is shown in Figure 4.4. The spectra indicate that the crown ether substituted material is more aggregated in solution than CuPc(O(C\textsubscript{2}O)\textsubscript{3}Me)\textsubscript{8}. Solution spectra of CuPc(15-crown-5)\textsubscript{4} indicates the material exists primarily as cofacial dimeric or small oligomers even in dilute solution (ca. $10^{-7}$ M) while CuPc(O(C\textsubscript{2}O)\textsubscript{3}Me)\textsubscript{8} appears to be essentially monomeric at comparable concentrations. It is interesting to note however that thin films of the 15-crown-5 material exhibit reduced coherence length in the stacked assemblies relative to the Pc with methyl terminated triethylene oxide chains. The Q-band spectral line shape for CuPc(O(C\textsubscript{2}O)\textsubscript{3}Me)\textsubscript{8}, is in fact, quite similar to that found for thin cast films of CuPc(OC\textsubscript{2}OBz)\textsubscript{8}, while that of CuPc(15-crown-5)\textsubscript{4} is less blue shifted from the monomeric absorbance, and lacks the shoulder on the red side of the band found for the other materials. Figure 4.4 Cast film formation from chloroform solutions. Spectra collected during and after solvent evaporation. Insets show expanded views of the dry cast film spectra. III. Langmuir and Langmuir Blodgett Films i. MPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ The LB behavior of the CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ is markedly different than that of CuPc(OC₂OBz)₈. Figure 4.5 shows a typical pressure area isotherm as well as on trough spectra for CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈. Q-band spectra collected on the trough immediately after solvent dispersal, and at regular intervals prior to compression, are blue shifted approximately 30 nm from the monomer maximum at 677 nm. Some degree of aggregation on the subphase is indicated, but the large aggregate islands found for CuPc(OC₂OBz)₈ were not observed. Absorbance intensity generally decreased slightly during the first several minutes after dispersal on the trough. Subsequent spectra exhibited a constant absorbance intensity. At no time was an absence of Pc indicated. As seen in the figure a rise in surface pressure is observed at an area corresponding to greater than 300 Ų/molecule. Given the spectral evidence, coupled with the large surface area at the onset of pressure change, an aggregated film structure with molecular orientation coplanar with the subphase surface is proposed. A highly stylized representation of a possible film structure is presented in Figure 4.6. Figure 4.7 shows compression and expansion study data for CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ films on the LB trough. The isotherm hysteresis clearly indicates only a partial relaxation of the film structure to the pre-compressed condition on the trough. Subsequent compression and expansion of the film confirms irreversible changes in the film structure resulting from the initial compression. The sharp collapse feature seen at approximately Figure 4.5 (A) Langmuir film studies of a CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ film. 400µL of a 0.15 mM CHCl$_3$ solution compressed at ca. 65 cm$^2$/min. (A) On trough spectroscopy. Lower spectrum is precompression, upper spectrum is at full compression. (B) Typical pressure/area isotherm. Figure 4.6 A schematic representation of a possible Cu(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ orientation on the surface of a water subphase. Interaction of the PEO oxygens with the subphase surface would favor a face on orientation. Cofacial stacking is indicated by the blue shifted trough spectra. The expected surface area per molecule based on the crude estimates of 34 Å to 49 Å would give a molecular surface area between 1000 Å$^2$ and 2400 Å$^2$. In practice an increase in surface pressure is noted at near 300 Å$^2$. Figure 4.7 CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ Langmuir film compression - expansion study. 400 μL of a 0.14 mM CHCl₃ solution dispersed on the subphase. Compression and expansion cycles were obtained with a compression barrier speed of 0.65 cm²/min. A limiting area of ca. 180 Ų/molecule was extrapolated from the steepest part of the initial compression curve near the collapse point. 115 Ų/molecule on the initial compression curve may be indicative of Pc aggregate reorientation on the subphase surface. The molecular area of approximately 175 Ų/molecule, extrapolated from the steep region of the isotherm just prior to the collapse feature, suggests a transition from a face on, to edge on orientation with significant canting of the macrocycle plane to the subphase surface. Subsequent recompression isotherms do not exhibit the collapse feature indicating aggregate formation at this pressure produces a film assembly that does not dissociate with subsequent reduction in pressure. Efforts to transfer CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ films by horizontal and vertical transfer protocols were unsatisfactory. At no point was a stable phase during a compression cycle obtained. Even at the steepest region of the isotherm a steady drop in surface area occurred when the maintenance of a target pressure was attempted. It was possible to transfer material substrates during these efforts, however the films had a mottled inhomogeneous appearance. This transfer behavior is consistent with the poorly defined behavior of the film on the subphase surface. Electrochemical characterization of these films is discussed below. The quantity of H₂Pc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ prepared in this work was insufficient for a careful study of its LB behavior, however preliminary results indicated behavior similar to that of CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈. ii. $ \text{CuPc(O(C}_2\text{O)}_3\text{Me)}_8 $ On trough spectra and compression-expansion-recompression isotherms for a $ \text{CuPc(O(C}_2\text{O)}_3\text{Me)}_8 $ Langmuir film study are presented in Figure 4.8. A comparison of the isotherm and spectral features seen for this material, and that of the $ \text{CuPc(O(C}_2\text{O)}_3\text{Bz)}_8 $ material discussed above, reveals significant differences in the behavior of the two materials. The sharp collapse feature of the $ \text{CuPc(O(C}_2\text{O)}_3\text{Bz)}_8 $ isotherm is not observed for $ \text{CuPc(O(C}_2\text{O)}_3\text{Me)}_8 $. Film hysteresis with re-expansion is quite pronounced and the film does not relax to a pre-compression state even with extended rest periods on the trough between subsequent recompression events. On trough spectra indicate a broad absorbance band centered about 650 nm for films prior to compression. No evidence of discrete islands on the subphase surface prior to compression was observed. Spectra of the fully compressed film show two poorly resolved absorbance maxima near 625 nm and 670 nm, indicating that both cofacially aggregates and small amount of monomeric material may be coexisting on the trough even with full compression. Attempts to maintain steady pressure area control in the steep region of the compression isotherm were not successful. No effort to transfer films of $ \text{CuPc(O(C}_2\text{O)}_3\text{Me)}_8 $ was undertaken. The behavior of $ \text{CuPc(O(C}_2\text{O)}_3\text{Me)}_8 $, both on the trough and in solution and cast film spectral analysis, suggests that replacement of the benzyl group at the terminus of the triethylene oxide chain with a methyl group decreased the aggregation tendencies of the material. The Q-band width, at similar concentrations of $ \text{CuPc(O(C}_2\text{O)}_3\text{Bz)}_8 $, and CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Me)$_8$, is significantly reduced in the former case. The sharp pressure area isotherm feature, indicative of an undefined film collapse, observed upon compression of the benzyl terminated material, was not observed in studies of CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Me)$_8$. This result is additional evidence to support the hypothesized importance of arene-arene interaction, in the stabilization of the benzyl terminated LB assemblies of the short chain substituted phthalocyanine materials CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. Figure 4.8 CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Me)₈ Langmuir film study -- 150 μL of a 0.45 mM choroform solution dispersed on the trough surface. Spectral changes were recorded at regular intervals during a precompression wait period, and during compression of the film. (A) On-trough spectra. (B) Pressure/Area isotherms. iii. CuPc(15-crown-5), Pressure/area isotherm and on-trough spectroscopic studies were also undertaken for the phthalocyanine CuPc(15-crown-5). In contrast to the triethylene oxide substituted Pcs discussed above this material, dispersed and compressed on a water subphase, produced a well defined isotherm. A steep rise in pressure was observed at a trough area of approximately 80 Ų/molecule. The transition may indicate an on edge close packed orientation of this material on the subphase surface. An alternative orientation could involve small cofacial columnar aggregates with the column axis normal to the subphase surface. Pressure control with minimal loss of area could be maintained at this transition. The expansion isotherm for films compressed beyond this stable transition exhibited significant hysteresis, however, if the expanded film were allowed to stand on the trough for a brief period prior to recompression partial relaxation to the precompressed state was observed. Film isotherms and associated on trough spectra, shown in Figures 4.9 and 4.10, indicate the film structure is not a simple on edge orientation cofacial aggregate as could be inferred by the isotherm limiting area of 80 Ų/molecule alone. The on trough spectra exhibit features which may correspond to more than one type of aggregation even in the compressed film structure. Q-band absorbance maxima can be seen in Figure 9 at 638 nm and 797 nm. The lower energy peak may indicate domains with the film with slip stacked cofacial orientation, while the higher energy peak is more typical of columnar cofacial stacking as described above. The steep and stable phase transition observed in isotherm studies of CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ suggested good potential for efficient transfer of this material to substrates. Vertical transfer efforts did not produce films homogeneous by visual inspection. Significant increases in trough surface area were often observed during the downstroke of vertical dipping cycle, indicating a repulsive interaction between the substrate and the Langmuir film. Vertical transfers to hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates were attempted with comparable results. Horizontal transfer of CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ films to hydrophobic substrates produced films that were reasonably uniform by visual inspection. Film transfer efficiency as indicated by measured transfer ratios was, however, quite variable. Transfer ratios varied from 0.7 to values as high as 1.5, indicating film rigidity and poor response of the film balance. Visible disruption of the film surface was evident for horizontal transfer efforts, as in the case of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films, indicating that the CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ are indeed quite rigid at this transition. The film disturbance in this case, however, did not produce the well defined void pattern observed for the benzyloxyethoxy substituted materials. In addition the horizontal film transfers resulted in significant reordering of the Langmuir film structure as indicated by substantial reductions in trough surface area with each dip cycle. Relocation of the substrate over undisturbed regions of the film, or use of the LB film stabilization baffle, discussed in Chapters 2 and 3, may facilitate the fabrication of well ordered films of this material. This work did not pursue optimization of film transfer techniques for CuPc(15- crown-5). Multilayer films were prepared by simple horizontal transfer with relocation of the substrate over undisturbed regions of the film with each subsequent dip. Figure 4.9 CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ Langmuir film behavior. (A) On trough spectra recorded prior to and during film compression. Full compression spectrum recorded at ca. 22 mN/m. (B) Typical pressure area isotherm. Isotherm suggests a molecular area of approximately 80 Å$^2$ extrapolated from the slope of $\Pi$. Figure 4.10 CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ Langmuir film compression - expansion study. 250 µL of a 0.34 mM CHCl$_3$ solution dispersed on the subphase. Initial compression and expansion cycles were obtained with a compression barrier speed of 0.65 cm$^2$/min. Recompression of the film after rest period of ca. 20 min, reveals relaxation of the aggregate structure that formed with the original compression. IV. Electrochemistry and Spectroelectrochemistry i. CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ and CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Me)₈ Electrochemical characterization of thin films prepared from the PEO materials discussed above was addressed via cyclic voltammetry in contact with aqueous electrolyte solutions. Only a preliminary characterization of CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ was completed because transfer attempts produced only poorly defined films that were heterogeneous by visual inspection. Cyclic voltammograms of CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ films, prepared by 4 horizontal transfers of fully compressed films, are presented in Figure 4.11. The onset of oxidation for the Pc, in contact with 0.1 M solutions of LiClO₄ and NaBF₄, occurs at approximately + 0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl). This potential is approximately 0.1 V higher in energy than that observed for films of CuPc(OC₂OBz)₈ and H₂Pc(OC₂OBz)₈. As discussed previously, the charge delocalization accessible in well ordered columnarly stacked Pc materials, reduces the potential required for oxidation. At 0.5 V, the onset of oxidation of CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ suggests that aggregation in the films of this material is not as well developed as that of the Cu and H₂ benzylxyethoxy analogues discussed previously. The oxidation of CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ does, however, occur at a potential at least 0.4 V negative of that expected for monomeric Pc. This is an indication that the film structure is comprised of at least dimers and other small oligomers. The irreversibility of this oxidation suggests though, that the Pc aggregates in films of CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ are insufficiently structured to prevent dissolution of the Figure 4.11 Cyclic Voltammetry of a horizontal transfer CuPc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ film (> 4 ML). All scans vs. Ag/AgCl (sat KCl) at 50 mV/sec. (A) CV scans of film in contact with 0.1M LiClO₄. (B) CV scans of film in contact with 0.1 M NaBF₄. cation radical product. This result is expected if we consider the behavior of this material on the LB trough, as discussed above. The on trough behavior of CuPc(O(C\textsubscript{2}O)\textsubscript{3}Me)\textsubscript{8} indicates that even less film structure could be expected for this material. Films of CuPc(O(C\textsubscript{2}O)\textsubscript{3}Me)\textsubscript{8} were not prepared. \textit{ii. CuPc(15-crown-5)\textsubscript{4}} The electrochemical behavior of CuPc(15-crown-5)\textsubscript{4} directly reflects the LB film behavior observed in the isotherms and film preparation studies of this material. It is clear from the isotherms, on-trough spectral data, and the ease of transfer that films of the material are much more structured than the benzyl and methyl terminated TEG materials. While this is clear, the structural nature of CuPc(15-crown-5)\textsubscript{4} films, based on an evaluation of the on trough spectral information, appears to consist of more than one type of aggregate. Cyclic voltammetry of CuPc(15-crown-5)\textsubscript{4} thin films in contact with 0.1 M LiClO\textsubscript{4}, as shown in Figure 4.12, confirms the multiple species interpretation of LB film structure. The initial voltammetric scan of films prepared from CuPc(15-crown-5)\textsubscript{4} indicate at least three discrete electrochemical domains. The onset of oxidation for the first species is at approximately 0.1 V. Subsequent oxidation processes are centered at approximately 0.4 V and 0.8 V. The later two processes correspond well with the oxidation processes observed for CuPc(OC\textsubscript{2}OBz)\textsubscript{8} and H\textsubscript{2}(OC\textsubscript{2}OBz)\textsubscript{8} films. Of interest here is that with repeated potential cycling a single electrochemical domain develops. This type of behavior was also occasionally observed for very thin films (1 bilayer and less) of CuPc(OC\textsubscript{2}OBz)\textsubscript{8} and H\textsubscript{2}(OC\textsubscript{2}OBz)\textsubscript{8}. A significant portion of the material oxidized in the initial scan is not reduced on the return potential sweep, and the oxidation observed after several voltammetric cycles stabilizes as one quasi-reversible process centered about 0.35 V. Spectroelectrochemical scans confirm that a significant irreversible loss of Pc occurs during the first few potential cycles, but that the film becomes reasonably stable with repeated cycling. A loss of as much as 33% of the optical density occurred with the initial cycling of CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ films on HMDS ITO. A typical series of spectra recorded during the initial potential sweep cycle of a 5 layer film horizontally transferred to HMDS modified ITO is shown in Figure 4.13. It is not clear if the splitting observed in the Pc cation radical absorbance band region, normally centered about 525 nm, is real or an artifact associated with surface charging of the substrate. It is possible that two discrete cation species may be forming at the higher potentials, however, spectral changes in this region thought to be related to surface charging of the substrate have been observed in some studies involving bare ITO $^{94}$. The difference spectra associated with the second scan of a similar CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ film is shown in Figure 4.14. Figure 4.12 Cyclic Voltammetry of a CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ film on HMDS ITO (ca. 5 ML) in contact with 0.1 M LiClO$_4$ vs. Ag/AgCl (sat KCl). Initial scans show multiple electrochemical domains in the fresh film. Repeated cycling causes irreversible oxidation of several redox active species. With continued cycling the film relaxes into a single electrochemical domain of Pc dimers or small oligomers, indicated by the oxidation potential of approximately 650 mV. Figure 4.13 Spectroelectrochemical study spectra recorded during the initial cyclic voltammetric scan of a 5 layer horizontal transfer CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ film on HMDS modified ITO. The film was cycled in contact with 0.1 M aqueous LiClO$_4$ vs. Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl). Figure 4.14 Spectroelectrochemical difference spectra associated with the second voltammetric cycle of a 5 layer CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ film horizontally transferred to HMDS modified ITO. The film was cycled in contact with 0.1 M aqueous LiClO$_4$ vs. Ag/AgCl (sat KCl). V. PEO Materials Discussion The characterization of the PEO Pc derivatives described here provides an expanded library of Pc molecular materials properties, and provides a basis for direct comparison to the MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_4$ materials discussed in the previous chapter. The very different film forming behavior of these PEO-Pcs illustrates how small changes in the substituent design of peripherally substituted Pcs dramatically effect materials properties. The increase in substituent chain length from one to three ethylene oxide units produces a material where the stabilizing influence of the terminal benzyl groups is diluted by the more liquid like substituent linkage. We expect that the benzyl group arene-arene interactions still influence the aggregation behavior of the materials, but the nature of these interactions is not easily accessible because of the poor film forming characteristics. The investigation of the crown ether material stimulates thought with regard to modification of the substituent design. The unsubstituted crown material investigated here, while not well behaved, did exhibit interesting film forming properties and Langmuir behavior. In addition the electrochemical behavior of the CuPc(15-crown-5)$_4$ materials, subsequent to the initial film break in effects, is quite well behaved. This result argues for continued investigation of this material, and derivatives of this material. The elegant work of Nolte and co-workers involving the molecular width column forming crown ether Pcs is additional encouragement for further exploration of crown ether like Pc derivatives. CHAPTER 5: CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ AND H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ LB FILM CONDUCTIVITY I. Introductory Comments The conducting behavior of metallo and metal-free phthalocyanines (MPc) is of great interest to researchers in the field of molecular electronics $^{17,20,44}$. Phthalocyanine charge transport properties are strongly dependent on the orientation of the Pc macrocycles in an assembly and the coherence of the assemblies in a thin film or material $^{44,45}$. The formation of Pc thin film materials with extended cofacial columnar assemblies is a specific design objective $^{16,44}$. A great deal of work has concentrated on covalent bonding strategies to lock the Pc into the desired columnar assembly. Thin films prepared from phthalocyanine-polysiloxane (PcPS) materials were recently reported $^{135}$ to exhibit conductivities between $10^{-9}$ and $10^{-6}$ S/cm. This represents a significant increase in conductivity for the columnar assemblies relative to that measured for undoped native Pcs (ca. $10^{-11}$ S/cm) $^{17}$. As discussed in Chapter 1, oxidative doping of these films could be expected to result in increased in conductivity $^{17,44,45}$. The highly ordered CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films prepared by horizontal transfer of bilayer Langmuir films, were expected to exhibit enhanced conductivity. In addition we proposed that the highly anisotropic orientation of the columnar Pc aggregates would generate anisotropic conductivity behavior. We hypothesized that conductivity along the column axis in these thin films would be greater than that orthogonal to the column axis. This anisotropic conductivity has been recently demonstrated in the case of the PcPS materials discussed above\textsuperscript{135}. For these films conductivity along the column axis was found to be from 2 to 13 times greater than across the column axis. In the present work, measurements of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ thin film conductivity were undertaken to validate our expectations. Films were deposited on 15 µm spacing, 50 finger pair, Au on glass, interdigitated microelectrodes (IME)s. Films with column axis orientation parallel, and perpendicular to the IME electrode fingers were prepared. Conductivity estimates based on current response to applied potential confirmed the hypothesized anisotropy. In addition we observed a significant difference between light and dark conductivity, and a marked increase in conductivity with electrochemical doping. We have shown that MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ LB films, as prepared in this work, exhibit semiconducting behavior. Measured values of dark conductivity for undoped films, were between $10^{-8}$ to $10^{-7}$ S cm$^{-1}$. The conductivity of electrochemically doped MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films exhibited conductivity as high as $10^{-6}$ S cm$^{-1}$. As discussed in below this estimate of conductivity is constrained by experimental parameters and as such we believe represent a low estimate of the true conductivity of these films. The specific conductivities ($\sigma_s$) discussed here are normalized for film thickness and are independent of device geometry and film thickness\textsuperscript{35,135}. For in plane surface conductivity measurements\textsuperscript{35} utilizing IMEs, $\sigma_s$ is calculated from the following equation. $$\sigma_s = \frac{L}{RA}$$ eq. 5.1 The length of the sample, $L$, is the electrode spacing in cm. $R$ is the measured resistance of the device, equal to $V/i$ in ohmic regions, and $A$ is the cross sectional area of the microcircuit. The cross sectional area is approximated by the total perimeter of one half of the device, multiplied by the film depth. For the thin films on IMEs the specific conductivity is then given by $$\sigma_s = i \cdot L/(VPd)$$ eq. 5.2 The values calculated using this relationship, are predicated on the assumption that, current flows through all of the film layers equally. The validity of this assumption requires intimate electrode-film contact for each layer in the film. As discussed below the device geometry of the IMEs available for the course of this study were not ideal, and it is reasonable to expect that our measurements indicate film conductivity that is significantly lower than the true conductivity. II. Experimental Initial experiments were attempted on 50 finger pair, Au on ST-quartz, IMEs (model SAW-302) provided by the Microsensor Systems Inc. (Bowling Green, KY). The surface geometry of these IMEs was evaluated using contact mode AMF. A characteristic image and profile section analysis is shown in Figure 5.1. As seen in this image the Au fingers were fairly rough with prominent edge serration features. Average finger spacing was 18 $\mu$m, with finger width of approximately 11 $\mu$m. Electrode finger height was determined to be approximately 3300 Å from the Au surface to the finger trough bottom. This depth was variable from substrate to substrate, but consistent on a given device. This topography was significantly greater than the expected 1000 Å finger 5.1 (A) Microsensor IME #5, unmodified device, contact AFM Line trace on image corresponds to the surface profile shown to the right of the image. (B) Microsensor IME #7 after several cycles of film deposition, testing, and cleaning. Contact AFM image. profile. AFM, and XPS measurements after removal of the gold from the device surface, by acid etching in concentrated HCl:HNO₃ 1:1, indicate that all but approximately 200 Å of this topography was due to the Au, and the Ti, and W adhesion layer metals. The residual topographic features, shown in Figure 5.2 were determined to contain no trace of Au, or adhesion layer metals, suggesting that the features were non conductive. It was hypothesized that these features may be residues from the mask materials used in device manufacturing but no further characterization was undertaken. The background current for unmodified Mircosensor devices exhibited slight deviation from linearity, with near zero slope for potentials between 0 and ± 10 V. Typical currents of approximately 5 to 10 picoamperes were measured, corresponding to device resistance of ca. $10^9 \Omega$. Films were transferred immediately following IME cleaning. The IMEs were cleaned by sonication in CHCl₃ (ca. 1 min), followed by plasma cleaning in air (ca. 1 min). Multiple bilayer films were prepared using the protocols for horizontal transfer discussed previously. Initial films were prepared with column axis orientation parallel to and perpendicular to, the IME fingers in separate deposition cycles. Subsequent preparation of orthogonally oriented films was done with pairs of IMEs mounted for transfer simultaneously. Visual inspection of the device surface, and of the subphase surface following film deposition suggested high transfer efficiency. Additional measurements were undertaken using 15 µm spacing, 50 finger pair, Au on glass, IMEs, manufactured by AAI-ABTECH (Yardley, PA). As can be seen from the contact mode AFM images shown in Figure 5.3a, these devices have a much cleaner Figure 5.2 Microsensor IME #5, acid etched, contact AFM. Line trace on image corresponds to surface profile shown above image. Figure 5.3a ABTECH IME as received, contact AFM image. The line trace above the image corresponds to the typical surface profile of an unmodified device. Figure 5.3b ABTECH IME acid etched to remove Au and adhesion layer metals, contact AFM image and line trace of typical surface profile. profile than the previously described Microsensor devices. The ABTECH devices had finger height profiles that varied from 2500 Å to 3000 Å. In a manner similar to that described previously, the profile appeared to be, in large part, due to over-etched features in the glass substrate rather than metallic features. The Au layer was easily removed, however, the Ti and W adhesion layer metals, and metal oxides were plainly evident, as shown by XPS spectral analysis of an acid etched device. Contact AFM measurements of an acid etched ABTECH IME (Figure 5.3b) revealed residual non metallic substrate features on the order of 1000 Å. Unmodified ABTECH IME device resistance was measured to be on the order of $3 \times 10^9 \Omega$ and exhibited a linear low noise near zero slope current/potential response. The cleaning protocol used for ABTECH IMEs was modified from that used in the case of Microsensor devices, to reduce the possibility of device damage. Simple solvent washing, with CHCl$_3$, was employed as a means of cleaning the new ABTECH devices prior to use. ABTECH IMEs were prepared for re-use by heating to near reflux temperatures in spectroscopic grade CHCl$_3$ (Aldrich). Pc films were removed first by rinsing with CHCl$_3$, followed by heating the IMEs in CHCl$_3$ at ca. 60 °C for 15 to 20 minutes. Residual solvent was removed from the cleaned IMEs in a room temperature vacuum chamber for 10 minutes immediately prior to film deposition. Late in the study several films were prepared on ABTECH IMEs that had been modified to increase the hydrophobicity of the device surface. After cleaning these devices were heated at ca. 60 °C in a 5:1 mixture of CHCl$_3$ and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) for approximately 20 minutes prior to use. Qualitative evaluation of contact angles for solvent cleaned and HMDS treated devices, indicated a small increase in angle with the HMDS treatment. Contact angles for solvent cleaned devices were observed to be in the range of 70° to 80°. Contact angles for HMDS treated IMEs were observed to be in the range of 80° to 90°. Figure 5.4 shows the experimental apparatus and circuitry used for the conductivity studies. Circuit potential was controlled using an EG&G Princeton Applied Research model 362 potentiostat, or a Princeton Applied Research model 174A polarographic analyzer. Current-voltage response was measured in vacuum, at pressures from ca. $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-7}$ torr, at room temperature and at temperatures in the range of 20°C to 60°C. Potential was followed with a Keithley model 178 digital multimeter. Current was monitored using a Keithley model 485 picoammeter. The analogue output of the picoammeter was plotted vs. the analogue potential output of the potentiostat on a Houston Instruments, Omnipraphic 2000 recorder. Current-voltage response was measured in the dark, and with photoexcitation provided by a 10 mW HeNe 633 nm laser. A typical measurement was run by ramping of the potential in a linear fashion to 5 V, or 10 V, and the return to 0 V, at a sweep rate of 100 mV/sec, similar to the protocol for cyclic voltammetry. A typical series of these measurements included initial dark runs, followed by illuminated runs where the laser was switched off on the return sweep in order to observe the decay of the photoenhanced current response. Temperature dependent measurements were recorded during cool down of the IMEs following a period of annealing at temperatures of 50°C to 60°C. Temperatures were monitored using an Omega CN76000 based controller and a chromel-alumel thermocouple calibrated vs. an ice water bath. Temperature of the LiNO$_4$ substrate support was maintained by resistive heating of a tantalum wire in thermal contact with the support. Figure 5.4 UHV system used in film conductivity studies. III. Films on IMEs: Topography Assessment of micron scale film structure, transferred to the IMEs, utilized scanning force microscopies, prior to, and after film deposition. CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films transferred to the IME substrates with good efficiency and apparent preservation of the bilayer structure, with each subsequent dip. Multilayers were built up on the substrates with nearly perfect retention of the IME surface profile. The Pc films apparently break at, or are cut by, the edge of the electrode fingers, and the resultant film has a profile that conforms to the substrate structure, both on the electrode finger surface, and on the surface between the electrode fingers. Figure 5.5a shows tapping mode AFM images of a 10 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film on a Microsensor IME. In the center left of the upper image, a region of the film that has been excavated by a brief period of 60 Hz scanning is shown. The same data is presented in the lower image in a 3 dimensional representation. The resultant film damage reveals a film thickness of ca. 500 Å on the surface of the electrode finger. A thickness of ca. 500 Å was expected for this 10 bilayer film. On another IME a portion of a 20 bilayer film was mechanically scraped from the surface of the substrate in an area immediately adjacent to the electrode fingers. The film thickness profiled in this mechanically damaged region, was determined by contact mode AFM, to be 800 Å to 900 Å compared to the expected film thickness of ca. 1000 Å. The images in Figure 5.5b, show the retention of film defect structures across the finger edge of an ABTECH IME. The ridge-like structures in the image are typical of the occasional folds or ridge defects found in AFM studies of films deposited on flat Figure 5.5a CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ 10 bilayer film on Microsensor 15µm 50 finger pair IME. Scan damaged region on left side of image reveals an approximate film depth of 400 Å to 500 Å. Figure 5.5b $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ film on ABTECH IME. Images show the continuation of film defect structures across an electrode finger edge. substrates, such as HOPG or Silica. The AFM studies of these films indicate that the horizontal transfer protocol produced well ordered films that conform to the electrode surface profile. The calculated specific conductivity values reported in this work are based on total film thickness. We have assumed ohmic contact for regions of the film that are in intimate contact with the metallic component of the electrode finger profile. Since the AFM characterization of the IMEs, and films on IMEs indicate pronounced contact limitations for films less than ca. 1000 Å, actual conductivities must be higher than the calculated values because the device geometry precludes the possibility of ohmic contact for the base layers of the film. We do not, however, have a clear understanding of the mechanisms of interlayer electronic communication. The pulsed microwave radiolysis measurements discussed in Chapter 1 indicate that in the case of bulk columnar liquid crystalline Pc mesophases, charge carrier lifetimes are dependent on recombination of charge carriers across columnar structures. Cross column electronic communication could generate potential gradient sufficient to provide for some current contribution, even for film lying at the non-metallic base of the IME electrode fingers troughs. IV. Films on IMEs: Hydration, Adsorbed Gasses and Adventitious Water Conductivity measurements were performed in vacuum in order to ensure that current contribution due to adventitious water, and to Pc interactions with adsorbed gasses could be minimized. As discussed in Chapter 3, incorporation of water into the ethylene oxide regions of the film structure is expected during film transfer. The introduction of films into vacuum for conductivity studies provided an opportunity to qualitatively evaluate the extent of film hydration. Observation of the chamber mass spectra (MS) signal during conductivity studies suggested that freshly deposited films contained significant quantities of water. Water evolution from films introduced to vacuum, was monitored by following peak intensity of the water signal. When films were first introduced into the chamber the water peak intensity was significantly greater than levels observed during characterization of uncoated IMEs. The MS water peak intensity took significantly longer to drop to background levels when Pc films were present. Diminution of the water peak intensity, occurred rapidly during the first hour in vacuum, indicating the loss of adventitious surface waters from the film. Signal intensity continued to decay at a slower rate thereafter. Films held at room temperature, continued to evolve water over the course of three to seven days, depending on film thickness. The water peak intensity eventually stabilized at a level comparable to the baseline signal. Heating of the IME substrate results in a marked increase in the rate of water evolution. Films held, or annealed, at 50°C to 60°C in vacuum, for periods of several hours to overnight reached a steady hydration state, as observed by the MS water signal, within 24 of introduction to vacuum. Concurrent with the loss of water from the films on the IMEs was marked decrease in conductivity. An 80% to 95% reduction in current response at a given potential, was typical for films that had been annealed overnight in vacuum at temperatures above 50°C. Freshly prepared films, when introduced to the vacuum chamber, and measured immediately after the initiation of pump down, exhibited exaggerated hysteresis and substantial departure from linearity in the current/potential response. When pressures on the order of $10^{-6}$ torr were attained, hysteresis was significantly reduced or absent, and the current response linear, or close to linear. Residual water from the LB fabrication process, and other adventitious materials sorbed on the film surface were clearly present and complicating the conductive behavior. This poorly behaved current response was not observed when films, maintained in vacuum for a period of hours or days, and cycled through multiple potential sweeps, were re-exposed to atmospheric conditions. Stable, and well behaved current/potential response was observed for films when measured within one hour of return to ambient conditions. Current response after extended exposure to atmospheric conditions was not investigated in detail. One film 12 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film which had a specific conductivity of $\sigma_s = 3 \times 10^{-9}$ S/cm at $10^{-6}$ torr, after nine days of storage in the ambient conditions of the lab was measured and calculated to have $\sigma_s = 4 \times 10^{-8}$ S/cm (ambient pressure and temperature). V. Films on IMEs: Temperature Studies Film conductivity was highly temperature dependent. Figure 5.6 shows the temperature dependent, current/potential plots for a 10 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film, which had been annealed at 100°C at atmospheric pressure for 48 hours. The measurements were recorded after an additional period of annealing in vacuum for 12 hours at ca. 60°C. The film was deposited on a Microsensor IME with the electrode fingers parallel to the trough compression barriers. For this film the column axis is therefore parallel to the electrode fingers. As can be seen in the figure, small changes in temperature resulted in significantly increased current response. The curves also exhibit a substantial increase in hysteresis with elevated temperature. The results shown are typical of those found for all films deposited on Microsensor IMEs, regardless of film orientation. Similar results were observed for films prepared on ABTECH IMEs. Figure 5.7 shows the current/potential scans for the same 10 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film discussed above, recorded prior to in vacuum annealing. These measurements represent the typical response and pronounced hysteresis observed for the initial elevated temperature measurements of the CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films studied. Of significant interest is the decrease in conductivity that occurs as a consequence of annealing in vacuum. For this film nearly a ten fold reduction in current response to applied potential is observed corresponding to a change in conductivity from $3 \times 10^{-7}$ to $3 \times 10^{-8}$ S/cm. We observed no evolution of the chloroform LB spreading solvent or other potential contaminants during the elevated temperature in vacuum study of these films. Figure 5.6 CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ 10 Bilayer film on Microsensor IME Column axis parallel to IME fingers. Temperature dependent current response to applied potential. Figure 5.7 CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_3$ 10 bilayer film on Microsensor IME. Column axis parallel to IME fingers. Current/potential plots at 50°C illustrates the hysteresis and decay of response during annealing in vacuum. The exaggerated hysteresis and higher current magnitude relative to the post-annealed film, must be then be a function of water trapped within the film structure. VI. Films on IMEs: Microsensor Devices Efforts to characterize the conductivity of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films using Microsensor IMEs indicated semiconducting film behavior for all films prepared. Twenty-five individual films were prepared, using 4 IME pairs that were known to have similar surface profiles. Films were transferred with the IME fingers oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the trough compression barriers. The resultant films, as previously discussed, were expected to have column axis orientation parallel, or perpendicular to the IME fingers. Film thickness varied from 2 to 20 bilayers. Typical specific conductivities ($\sigma_s$) of $10^{-9}$ S/cm to $10^{-7}$ S/cm were calculated from the current/potential measurements. Current response to applied potential, however, did not scale in a repeatable, or predictable fashion with orientation, or with film thickness. The current response was in general, non-linear, with significant variation in the departure from linearity for individual film preparations. In addition films deposited on the Microsensor IMEs occasionally exhibited a break down of well-behaved current response at applied potentials greater than 4 V, especially on substrates MS3 and MS4. These films would produce erratic and often large magnitude current spikes under these conditions. Vacuum annealing of films that exhibited this erratic behavior, overnight at ca. 60°C, was found, in some cases, to moderate this behavior and make reasonably stable current/potential scans possible. Repeatability and device performance problems with the Microsensor IMEs frustrated the effort to demonstrate anisotropic conductivity for the CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. While the expected anisotropy was observed in a number of the film pair preparations, it was observed with insufficient frequency, and therefore the observations were questionable. Some film pairs exhibited little difference in conductivity for the two orientations, while in some cases the film with column axis parallel to the IME fingers had the highest conductivity. It was noted during the course of film studies, that the Microsensor IME structures were easily damaged by the cleaning protocol employed, and that in some cases the metallization was not well bonded to the quartz substrate. Poor IME quality and/or damage was believed to be the cause of the erratic response observed for some of the film preparations. VII. Films on IMEs: ABTECH Devices Twenty eight CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films of varying thickness from, 1 to 12 bilayers, were prepared on 10 IME devices manufactured by AAI-ABTECH. In addition, 6 H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films were prepared. All films deposited on ABTECH IMEs were prepared as pairs of IMEs with orthogonal IME finger orientation. This was done by securing individual IMEs with orthogonal orientation to a clean glass substrate with double sided tape. Horizontal transfer of stabilized Langmuir films was then used to fabricate the film pairs. In all cases the dark current/potential response was linear within the potential region measured. Hysteresis was minimal or absent for films cycled to ±10 V and back to 0 V, at room temperature, in the dark, at pressures of ca. $10^{-6}$ torr and below. Overall conductivity for films deposited on ABTECH substrates was calculated to be in the range of $10^{-8}$ to $10^{-7}$ S/cm for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films, and $10^{-10}$ to $10^{-9}$ S/cm for H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. VIII. Anisotropic Conductivity Figure 5.8 shows current/potential response for a representative pair of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films with orthogonal orientation. Similar anisotropic conductivity was observed for all paired ABTECH IME film preparations. Conductivity was in each case greater for the film with the principal orientation of the Pc column axis orthogonal to the IME fingers. The ratio of conductivities for films with orthogonal orientation is reported as $$R_a = \sigma_\perp / \sigma_\parallel$$ where $\sigma_\perp$ is the conductivity for a film with column axis perpendicular to the IME fingers, and $\sigma_\parallel$ is the conductivity for a film with the column axis parallel to the IME fingers. Films with column axis orientation perpendicular to the IME fingers were as much as 10 times more conductive than those with parallel orientation. For CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films, $R_a$ varied from a low of 2 to a high of 10, with an average of $3.5 \pm 1.6$. The average $R_a$ for the H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films was $3.3 \pm 0.3$. Figure 5.8 Anisotropic current/potential response for a set of 6 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films deposited on ABTECH 15 µm 50 finger pair IMEs. Conductivity of the film with column axis perpendicular to the IME fingers was calculated to be $2 \times 10^{-8}$ S/cm while that of the parallel film was calculated to be $5 \times 10^{-9}$ S/cm. The ratio of these values indicates the film with perpendicular orientation is 4 times more conductive than the parallel film. IX. Films on IMEs: Electrochemically Doped Films Electrochemical doping of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films generated a marked increase in conductivity. Doping was accomplished by potential controlled oxidation of films in contact with aqueous 0.1 M LiClO$_4$. As illustrated in Figure 5.9 the IME finger pairs were utilized as the working electrode in a three electrode system. A silver reference (RE) and platinum counter electrode (CE) were positioned in a drop of electrolyte solution deposited on the surface of the IME substrate. After in vacuum conductivity measurements, CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films on IMEs in contact with 0.1 M LiClO$_4$ were observed to undergo quasi-reversible oxidation at potentials greater than ca. 0.8 V. Electrochemical doping was accomplished by potential step to 1 V, allowing oxidation of the Pc film to proceed for approximately 35 seconds. The doping event was terminated under potential control by rapid removal of the electrolyte droplet. Chronoamperometric (CA) data was collected during electrochemical doping runs in order to provide an estimate for the extent of film oxidation and its attendant doping via counter ion injection. Charge passed during these runs was assumed to be solely due to Pc oxidation. The capacitive charge contribution, estimated by extrapolation of charge vs. time$^{1/2}$ plots, was a small fraction of the total charge, and was neglected in calculations of percent oxidative doping. A coverage estimate of $2 \times 10^{13}$ Pc molecules/bilayer in the active electrode area was determined, based on Pc geometric assumptions described previously. This estimate predicted 3.2 $\mu$C/bilayer for 100% oxidation the Pc film. Charge passed for orthogonal CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film pairs suggested, in one case 46% oxidation (doping) for a 6 bilayer parallel film and 56% for the perpendicular film. In another pair, a 9 bilayer parallel film was 22% doped and the perpendicular film 25%. The observed conductivity increases that correspond to these two pairs of films reflected the extent of doping estimated for these films. Figure 5.10 shows plot of the current/potential response of the 6 bilayer film with perpendicular orientation. The specific conductivities of $\sigma_{s \text{ perpendicular}} = 3.5 \times 10^{-8} \text{ S/cm}$ and $\sigma_{s \text{ parallel}} = 3.2 \times 10^{-9} \text{ S/cm}$ for this 6 bilayer film pair was typical of films prepared on ABTECH substrates. The increase in conductivity with doping was pronounced. Expressed as a ration of doped to undoped specific conductivities $\sigma_s$ $$R_c = \frac{\sigma_{\text{doped}}}{\sigma_{\text{native}}} \quad \text{eq. 5.4}$$ the perpendicular film with $R_c = 40$ had a specific conductivity $\sigma_s$ of $1.3 \times 10^{-6} \text{ S/cm}$. $R_c = 23$ was calculated for the film with parallel column orientation. The 9 bilayer film pair, for which the CA data suggested less doping, exhibited a significantly increased doped conductivity, but lower $R_c$ values than found for the 6 bilayer films, $R_c = 7$ perpendicular and $R_c = 5$ parallel. Electrochemical oxidative doping of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films with ClO$_4^-$ resulted in film conductivities in the range of $10^{-8}$ to $10^{-6} \text{ S/cm}$. Values of $R_c$ as high as 300 were determined, but $R_c$ of approximately 20 was more typical. Once doped, the films retained the enhanced conductivity for extended periods of time. Figure 5.11 show the results of a electrochemical doping experiment for a 12 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film where the doped film was left in vacuum for over 60 hours. Even after several days in vacuum the doped films exhibited no significant change in current/potential response. At pressures in the range of $1 \times 10^{-8}$ torr, attained after 5 days in vacuum, doped films exhibited no significant reduction of conductivity. Figure 5.9 Experimental set up for the electrochemical doping of thin CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. Potential was stepped to 1V vs. Ag wire reference in 0.1 M LiClO$_4$. The potential was held at 1V for approximately 35 seconds at which point the drop of electrolyte was rapidly blown free of the substrate with a stream of dry N$_2$. Figure 5.10 A conductivity study showing the current/potential response for a 6 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film deposited with the principal Pc column axis perpendicular to the IME fingers. The film conductivity was measured prior to and after electrochemical doping in contact LiClO$_4$ solution. The calculated specific conductivity $\sigma_s = 1.3 \times 10^{-6}$ S/cm was 40 times greater than the calculated $\sigma_s$ for the undoped film. This undoped conductivity was 10 times greater than the undoped companion film with parallel orientation. The parallel film from this study realized a 20 fold increase in conductivity with electrochemical doping. Figure 5.11 Current/potential response for a 12 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film deposited with the principal Pc column axis parallel to the IME fingers. The film conductivity was measured prior to and after electrochemical doping in contact an aqueous 0.1 M LiClO$_4$ solution at ca. 1V vs Ag/AgCl (sat KCl). The calculated conductivity, $\sigma_s = 7 \times 10^{-7}$ S/cm, was 30 times greater than $\sigma_s$ calculated for the undoped, and maintained conductivity at that level even after 60 hours in vacuum. X. Films on IMEs: Photoconductivity Illumination of the Pc on IME films resulted in enhanced current/potential response for every film prepared. The 633 nm line of a polarized 15 mW, HeNe laser impingement on the IME produced an increase of current that decayed back to the dark current baseline when the laser was switched off on the potential return sweep. A typical data set comparing light and dark conductivity for a $\text{H}_2\text{Pc(OC}_2\text{OBz)}_8$ 8 bilayer film is shown in Figure 5.12. As seen in the figure, current/potential response for films on ABTECH IMEs exhibited a small departure from linearity. The positive hysteresis of the return potential sweep, prior to switching off the laser was frequently observed. For the majority of the trials, the photoconductivity was approximately 10% greater than dark conductivity. In a few cases photoconductivity was as much as 4 times that of the dark conductivity. Dark conductivity measurements were performed in the ambient light of the chamber. Chamber view ports were covered for the dark runs but no effort was made to screen the light emitted from the mass spectrometer, or the ion gauge. Early efforts to characterize the photoconductive behavior suggested the possibility of anisotropic photoconductivity based on variation of the polarized illumination. Illumination of the Pc films with polarized light aligned parallel to the transition dipole, in the plane of the Pc macrocycle, was expected to favor greater light absorption and therefore a larger difference between light and dark conductivity. Measurements with polarized illumination parallel, and perpendicular to the IME fingers did not indicate a significant measurable difference in magnitude of the current/potential response. In a few experiments the expected trend was observed, however the error associated with the current measurements, and the reproducibility of results suggested that additional control efforts would be required to demonstrate the hypothesized behavior. Addition efforts to eliminate background light, and to reduce the scattering of the incident beam impingent on the IME substrate, would be necessary. No efforts to control these variables were attempted in this work. A careful review of data collected for orthogonal film pairs, where the incident light was always polarized in a plane perpendicular to the IME fingers, also suggested orientation dependent differences in photoconductivity. For many film pairs the rate of photocurrent decay to dark current levels, subsequent to termination of illumination, occurred more rapidly for films with the Pc column axis perpendicular to the IME fingers. In a typical illuminated current/potential experiment (0 V to 10 V) the laser was switched off at approximately 9 V during the return sweep. In some cases films with parallel orientation did not return to dark current baseline until the end of the potential sweep. Films with perpendicular orientation often returned to dark current baseline by 5 V. It must be stressed, however, that this behavior was not always observed and that more careful experimental design and film fabrication is warranted if the trend is to be rigorously established. Figure 5.12 Current/potential curves for dark and photoexcited current studies. The two curves shown are for an 8 bilayer CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_4$ film deposited on an ABTECH device with parallel Pc column orientation relative to the IME fingers. The 633 nm line of a 15mW HeNe laser was utilized as the excitation source. The laser was switched off during the early part of the potential return sweep. XI. Vapor Deposited Electrodes: Orthogonal Electrodes on a Common Film In an alternative approach to demonstrating anisotropic conductivity for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films, multilayers were deposited onto hydrophobized Si (100) as discussed previously. Gold electrodes with orthogonal orientation were then vapor deposited onto these films. Gold was deposited through a crossed 5 µm wire mask, positioned above the film surface. The substrate holder was maintained near room temperature during Au deposition. The resultant electrodes exhibited low resistance and were homogeneous in appearance. Current/potential measurements indicated poor connectivity between the film and the electrodes. The current response was erratic and unstable within a few millivolts of potential sweep initiation. It was not possible to obtain a suitable current/potential measurements for films prepared in this manner. XII. Conductivity Discussion Langmuir Blodgett films of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ transferred by horizontal dipping to 15 µm 50 finger pair IME were shown to behave as molecular semiconductors and to exhibit distinct anisotropy of conduction. As mentioned previously, the overall conductivity of undoped CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films was found to be on the order of $10^{-8}$ S/cm. Film conductivities measured in vacuum, at pressures from $10^{-7}$ to $10^{-6}$ torr, and at room temperatures, were similar to those measured when the same films were exposed to atmospheric conditions at the end of a vacuum study. Conductivity along the axis of the Pc columns, was at least twice that perpendicular to the columns axis. Photoexcitation of the films generated a current response approximately 10% greater than the observed dark current. Similar behavior was observed for $H_2Pc(OC_2OBz)_8$ films, however, the conductivities may be somewhat lower for the metal free material. The in vacuum conductivity studies of these films confirmed that the LB films contain significant quantities of water. As discussed previously the films are thought to entrap water as they are transferred from the subphase to substrate. Freshly prepared films are considered hydrated. Film conductivity decreased substantially with extended periods in vacuum, or with increased temperature annealing in vacuum. It was apparent that this reduction was, in large part, a result of film dehydration. It is not clear if the reduction in conductivity was due to directly to the loss of water, though this would be expected. It is reasonable to assume that film morphology, and therefore thin film-electrode contacts, would also be effected by the dehydration. In addition domain boundary contacts, within the film, between highly oriented regions should be sensitive to this dehydration. Contacts between the individual columnar assemblies are expected to be influenced by the dehydration as well. The overall reduction of conductivity with dehydration is probably a function of both the loss of the conductive contribution of water, and changes in film morphology. The experimental protocol used for the conductivity studies evolved with the observation of hydration dependent conductive behavior. After first noting significant water evolution from freshly prepared films in vacuum, a series of oven annealed films were prepared. Orthogonal film pairs on Microsensor devices were oven annealed at approximately 100°C for periods of 4 to 48 hours, prior to introduction to vacuum. As discussed previously, visible and IR linear dichroism studies demonstrated that annealing increased the dichroism of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films on glass, and ZnSe substrates. We postulated that the increased order was a function of dehydration as well as thermally driven film reorganization. We anticipated that the current/potential response for these oven annealed films would reflect that of well ordered films with limited water content. In practice the oven annealed films were found to still contain appreciable quantities of water. Elevation of the oven annealed Pc on IME films to temperatures greater than 30°C in vacuum resulted in a pronounced increase in the mass spectrum water peak. Temperatures of 50°C and higher would affect dehydration to a vacuum stable equilibrium and a concurrent significant drop in conductivity. Conductivity studies subsequent to those utilizing oven annealed films adopted a protocol that simplified, and reduced some of the variability in the measurements. Freshly prepared films on ABTECH IMEs were introduced to the vacuum chamber with no annealing. Initial current/potential scans for all films prepared were measured after pressures had stabilized in the range of $5 \times 10^{-6}$ torr to $2 \times 10^{-6}$ torr, and the substrate was near room temperature. Pressures generally reached the low $10^{-6}$ torr regime within an hour of initiating system pump down, and current/potential scans were promptly recorded. In this series of film preparations and measurements the previously described anisotropic conductivity was rigorously defined. Reduction of film conductivity was noted for all films left in vacuum after these initial measurements, except in the case of electrochemically doped films. The reduction in conductivity for films with long in vacuum residence time was less pronounced for films on ABTECH IMEs, than for films Microsensor IMEs. Electrochemical doping increased film conductivity by as much as 2 orders of magnitude, to ca. $10^{-6}$ S/cm for CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films. The magnitude of enhanced conductivity was proportional to the doping level, or population density of oxidized Pc in a film. Doped films retained enhanced conductivities for several weeks in vacuum, and when the films were exposed to atmospheric conditions. The conductivity studies failed to resolve inconsistencies with regard to current dependence on film thickness. The collective data for ABTECH IME films, and Microsensor IME films suggested no correlation between film thickness and current. In many cases thinner films had greater current response than thicker films, but no clear trend was found. The previously described IME profiles were certainly a complicating factor in the attempt to resolve this issue. It is clear that the CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ films conform to the IME profile, such that the first several Pc bilayers could not be in ohmic contact with the metallized portion of the electrode fingers. It also clear that IME cleaning protocols may not have produced reliably uniform surfaces for optimized film transfer. In the course of these studies film thickness was based solely on the number of attempted horizontal transfers. Incomplete film transfers due to trough film imperfections, as well as film-substrate incompatibilities cannot be discounted as sources of error. The very nature of these Pc films was expected to limit the success of the attempted measurements. It is optimistic to assume ideal ohmic contact between LB deposited films and the gold finger IMEs. Impurities in the Pc, and impurities introduced from the trough subphase are both expected for films prepared by the LB method. Any surface bound species not removed from the IME by the cleaning protocol will also effect the film-electrode contact and the resultant conductivity. In may also be incorrect to assume that conductivity scales in a simple way with film thickness. Potential field effects may induce more than expected current response for thinner films, and less for thicker films. These effects may in fact be exaggerated for the studies described above because of the problems associated with the IME device profiles. Problem with the experimental design of the investigation notwithstanding, we have presented convincing evidence for anisotropic conductive behavior for these films. A clear increase in conductivity associated with electrochemical doping was also demonstrated. The conductivity values calculated from the current/potential studies undertaken represent, we believe, a low estimate of the actual film conductivity. Improvements in IME design and manufacturing could lead to better contact and greater reproducibility in the measured values. In addition substrate cleaning is known to be a critical component of successful film deposition, and therefore film conductivity. Surface modification for greater film transfer efficiencies may also improve the nature of film-electrode contacts. Finally utilizing device geometries with smaller finger spacing could eliminate some of the limitations to conductivity due to film domain boundaries and defects. CHAPTER 6: SYNTHESIS I. Synthetic Objectives The synthetic targets of this project were isomerically pure 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octasubstituted phthalocyanines. As described in the previous chapters, variation of the functionality and connectivity of the substituent chain significantly influences Pc properties. Synthetic routes to these substituted Pc’s are well established in the literature $^{17,26}$. The protocols used in this work, were adapted from this literature and from the work reported in the dissertation of E.J. Osburn $^{24}$. The synthesis of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, described previously by Osburn, was repeated in order to further the characterization of the material. Modification of the original synthetic work, involving hindered base catalysis of the phthalonitrile tetramerization in the presence of CuCl$_2$, produced CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ in good yield. The method, with the exclusion of the metal halide, provided a route to the metal free analogue, H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, which had not been previously prepared. Additional new materials synthesized in this study were copper and dihydrogen, benzyloxytriethyleneoxide octasubstituted Pcs, CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$. A preliminary effort to synthesize a sulfide linked analogue of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ was also investigated. A schematic representation of these materials is shown in Figure 6.1. Figure 6.1 Synthetic Targets: Octasubstituted copper and dihydrogen phthalocyanines II. Synthetic Pathway MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phthalocyaninato copper, designated CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ was prepared previously by Osburn via the route shown in Scheme 6.1. The synthetic details of the methods used by Osburn will not be elaborated except in the case of departures from that protocol. Synthesis of the intermediate materials (3, 4 and 5) was accomplished in good yield following the Osburn procedures. The final product CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ was prepared in this work as per Osburn, however, variation of reaction conditions and strategies in the final steps of this synthetic protocol were explored as discussed below. Modification of the protocol also provided a synthetic route to 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phthalocyaninato dihydrogen, designated H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. Scheme 6.1 shows two alternatives for the tetramerization of the bis-substituted phthalonitrile (6) to the phthalocyanine. The reaction utilizing the hindered base, 1,8-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]undec-7-ene (DBU), and an alcohol such as pentanol or ethanol was adapted for this work from the method of Shiraishi et.al $^{136,137}$ The method was explored as a route to the metal free phthalocyanine, H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. It was also used in the synthesis of CuPcOC$_2$OBz and could be expected to be equally suited to the synthesis of zinc, nickel, chromium or other metal centered Pcs by utilizing the appropriate metal halide. The overall yield of H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ via this method was low, ca. 15%. When CuCl, DBU and pentanol was used in the preparation of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, the yield of the reaction was found to be comparable to that reported for the synthesis of Scheme 6.1 Synthetic pathways to 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phthalocyanines ZnPcOC$_2$OBz using 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol and ZnCl$_2$ (ca. 40%). Shiraishi and co-workers reported the yields of CuPc, from phthalonitrile, copper (II) chloride, and DBU in ethanol, were approximately seven times that of H$_2$Pc under similar reaction conditions. The low yield in the metal free case is thought to be a function of reduced reaction efficiency in the absence of a templating metal center. The method was found to provide a simple and dependable route to CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$, as well as providing a pathway to the dihydrogen analogue H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. As shown in Scheme 6.1 it is also possible to generate octasubstituted CuPcs from the bis-substituted ortho-dibromobenzene (5) when a large excess of CuCN is used with minimal solvent. Under these conditions the reaction can proceed from the phthalonitrile (6), which forms in situ, to the copper Pc. Synthesis of aromatic nitriles from aryl bromides with an excess of CuCN is known as the Rosenmund-von Braun reaction\textsuperscript{138,139} The mechanism is thought to involve the complexation of copper with the arene ring followed by displacement of the bromine by the nitrile. Early efforts to synthesis phthalonitrile from ortho-dibrobenzene via the Rosenmund-von Braun reaction resulted in an early reported synthesis of copper phthalocyanine. In this work CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ was obtained from (5), in concentrated conditions and a large excess of CuCN. The reaction efficiency was widely variable, with a yield of approximately 80% for one trial, and the production of only trace CuPc residues in other efforts. In all cases some quantity of the phthalonitrile product was isolated. Optimization of conditions favoring the formation of CuPc from the bis-substituted dibromide (5) was explored with unsatisfactory results. During the course of several trial reactions careful attention to the exclusion of water and oxygen contamination from the reaction vessel did not improve CuPc yields. The use of freshly purified DMF distilled at 35°C from MgSO₄ in vacuum, also failed to improve the reliability of the reaction. Further efforts to intentionally utilize this pathway were abandoned, in favor of maximizing the yield of the phthalonitrile using less concentrated reaction conditions. Synthesis of substituted copper phthalocyanine from the corresponding phthalonitrile was determined to be a more reliable pathway to pure products than the direct route from (5). The rigorous conditions of the Rosenmund-von Braun reaction were observed to produce a host of side products in the preparation of substituted phthalonitriles, as evidenced by TLC analysis of reaction products. It is therefore reasonable to assume that a variety of substituted CuPc moieties would result under the reaction conditions when Pc is generated directly from the bis-substituted ortho-dibrobenzene. In practice a number of poorly defined substituted CuPcs were isolated when the preparation of CuPc(OC₂OBz)₈ utilized this method, complicating the characterization of the finished product. Since the phthalonitrile can be isolated with a high degree of purity and the reaction conditions for the cyclization of the phthalonitrile, in alcohol with DBU, are fairly mild, it is reasonable to expect higher product purity. In practice a single fraction CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ was isolated by column chromatography when the product was generated from the phthalonitrile by this method. III. Synthetic Pathway MPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis (benzyloxytriethyleneoxide) phthalocyanines, CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ are new Pcs synthesized for this work. The synthetic route to these materials follows the protocol depicted in Scheme 6.1 with substitution of tosylated triethylene glycol monobenzylether for the shorter chained analogue in the reaction with dibromocatechol. The synthetic path to the tosylated triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether (8) substituent is shown in Scheme 6.2. Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether was prepared from triethylene glycol and benzylbromide via a method adapted from Reimschneider and Scheider.$^{140}$ Coupling of the tosylated substituent (8) to dibromocatechol (3), was accomplished in good yield, ca. (65%). The subsequent conversion of the 4,5 substituted dibromobenzene, (9), to the phthalonitrile via the Rosenmund-Von Braun reaction resulted in a complex mixture of products. TLC analysis of the reaction products showed no less than 10 spots with a mobile phase of cyclohexane:MEK 65:35. The product spot with an $R_f$ of ca. 0.23 was observed to exhibit violet light emission with UV illumination on a standard silica TLC, 256 nm fluorescent indicator, plate. It should be noted that the bis-substituted phthalonitrile proved to be very difficult to separate from the byproducts of the reaction and was the major stumbling block in this synthetic effort. Numerous attempts to separate this reaction mixture via silica gel flash column chromatography failed. Scheme 6.2 Synthetic pathway to 4,5 (benzyloxytriethoxy) 1,2-dibromo(benzene) Separation of this mixture of products was eventually achieved via preparative scale TLC. The desired phthalonitrile (24% yield), along with 1,2-di(benzyloxytriethyleneoxide) 1-chloro 2-cyano benzene (15% yield), were the two principal products isolated. The later product did not exhibit the fluorescence observed for the phthalonitrile, and had a slightly higher $R_f$ of ca. 0.26. The products were identified via NMR and electrospray mass spectrometry (see Appendix C). IV. Synthetic Pathway MPc(SC$_2$OBz)$_8$ A preliminary effort to synthesize 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(2-benzyloxyethanesulfide) phthalocyanines, designated MPc(SC$_2$OBz)$_8$, was explored. The motivation for this effort was to evaluate the electronic and self assembly effects of the sulfide linker in a system analogous to MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$. Scheme 6.3 shows the synthetic pathway pursued in this exploration. The method was adapted from the work of Wöhrle et. al$^{141}$, who reported 55% yield for the reaction of dichlorophthalonitrile with propanethiol. 2-Benzylxyethanethiol was synthesized from 2-benzyloxyethanol via both methods shown in Scheme 6.3. The two step process via the tosylated alcohol produced the thiol with a yield of approximately 15%. The one step method via the alcohol in the presence of thiourea and HBr was adapted from a method described by Frank and Smith$^{142}$ for the conversion of alkane alcohols to thiols. In this work the HBr cleaved some fraction of the alcohol at the benzyl oxygen and produced both benzyl mercaptan Scheme 6.3 Synthesis of MPc(SC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and the desired thiol with an overall yield of ca. 50% and equal molar quantities of both products. It should be noted that the benzyl mercaptan by-product is a strong lachrymator and should be handled carefully. Gloves and glassware exposed to benzylmercaptan should be kept in the hood until properly cleaned or disposed of. The odor associated with 2-benzyloxyethanethiol is not nearly as strong and can be more easily handled. The benzyl mercaptan is easily separated from the 2-benzyloxyethanethiol by flash column chromatography. Benzyl mercaptan moves quickly with the solvent front in hexanes:ethylacetate, 80:20. The benzyloxyethanethiol is recovered as a pure fraction with substantial separation (R_f ~ 0.4) from the benzyl mercaptan. In this work the reaction of 2-benzyloxyethanethiol with 4,5-dichlorophthalonitrile in DMF with K_2CO_3 produced only the monosubstituted product, 4-benzyloxyethanesufide, 5-chloro(phthalonitrile) (NMR spectra in Appendix C). The reaction in DMSO with K_2CO_3 proceeded to a mixture of undefined phthalocyanines with no evidence of phthalonitrile. Wöhrle reported the formation of Pc with residual chlorine and propoxy substituents as by-products of the reactions with the propane thiol substituent precursor. It was assumed that similar Pcs formed in the trials described here, that incorporated the 2-benzyloxyethanethiol precursor. Failure to produce the bis-substituted phthalonitrile was thought to be a function of base strength. Several efforts were made to achieve the desired product by utilizing stronger base conditions for deprotonation of the thiol. NaH in DMF, and sodium metal in THF, instead of $K_2CO_3$ in DMF or DMSO were attempted but also found to be unsuccessful. Further efforts to produce the desired bis-substituted phthalonitrile, and the subsequent production of the sulfide linked Pc are deferred to a future worker. The product should be accessible via this route since the analogous sulfide linked propyl substituted Pc has been produced by Wöhrle and co-workers. In addition it may be interesting to produce tetrameric Pcs utilizing the mono-substituted phthalonitrile. A comparison of benzyloxyethane ether, and sulfide linked tetra substituted Pcs would be of interest as a continuation of the current effort with octasubstitution. V. Experimental All chemicals were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI) and used as received unless otherwise specified. Solvents and reagents were purified, when appropriate, prior to use, following the guidelines recommended in Purification of Organic Chemicals.$^{143}$ N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) was vacuum distilled from MgSO$_4$ at ca. 35°C and stored over molecular sieves (5Å). Elemental analysis was performed by Desert Analytical (Tucson, AZ). Elemental analysis of the octasubstituted phthalocyanines synthesized in this work did not produce reliable values. Calculated values were rarely well matched with the expected values. Much of the error can be attributed to difficulties associated with the purification of these materials. Solvents can be particularly difficult to eliminate and routinely introduce significant error in the analysis. Purity of purchased and synthesized materials was determined by $^1$H, and $^{13}$C NMR when appropriate. NMR spectra were collected on a Varian Gemini 200 or Varian Unity 300 instrument. Quantitative NMR of octasubstituted phthalocyanines is difficult because of the tendency for these materials to be aggregated in concentrated solution. The peaks observed are typically broadened such that splitting patterns are not resolved. In addition the paramagnetic copper metal center distorts the $^1$H NMR signal and identification of the material by this method is not available. A $^1$H NMR spectra in CHCl$_3$ exhibited extremely broad peaks (Appendix C). NMR was utilized in this work for qualitative conformation of dihydrogen phthalocyanine purity. Mass spectral analyses were performed by the University of Arizona Mass Spectroscopy Facility (Tucson, AZ). Mass spectra of synthetic intermediates were acquired with electrospray MS, utilizing a variety of solvent systems. Mass spectra of phthalocyanine products were acquired with high resolution fast atom bombardment (FAB MS). FAB MS was the principal technique utilized in this work for the verification of the synthetic target phthalocyanine. VI. Synthesis - Benzyloxyethoxy Pcs 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phthalocyaninato copper. CuPc(OC₂OBz)₂ Path 1 - DBU/CuCl₂/pentanol, 4,5-bis(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phthalonitrile (0.44g, 1 mmol), copper (II) chloride (0.034g, 0.25mmol), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]undec-7-ene (DBU) (0.3g, 2.04mmol) were placed in a 100 mL round bottom flask with 25 mL of pentanol. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux with constant stirring under argon for 24 hours. After cooling the reaction mixture was cooled and the precipitate was placed in a Soxhlet extraction thimble. The product was extracted with methanol for 24 hrs. The remaining material was purified by flash column chromatography (CHCl₃:MeOH, 99:1). Solvent was removed under vacuum to give 0.18 g of product (40% yield). FAB MS spectra gave m/z (1778.19) corresponding to [M+H]⁺, expected (1775.62) for [M]. CuPc(OC₂OBz)₂ Path 2-Rosenmund von-Braun, o-Dibromo-4,5-bis(2-benzyloxyethoxy)benzene (2.59g, 4.8mmol), CuCN (1.30g, 15 mmol), and 18 mL of freshly distilled DMF were placed in a 100 mL round bottom flask and heated with constant stirring to reflux, ca. 180°C, under argon for 18 hours. After cooling 50% aqueous ammonia 50% (v/v) was added with constant stirring for 8 hours. Solids were collected and placed in a Soxhlet extraction thimble. The solids were extracted with diethyl ether for 24 hours. Diethyl ether was removed under vacuum and a small quantity of a whitish green solid was isolated. 4,5-bis(benzyloxyethoxy)phthalonitrile (0.114 g, 0.25 mmol, 10% yield) was recovered after flash column chromatography. (hexanes:ethylacetate, 80:20). The solids remaining in the thimble were extracted with CHCl₃ for an additional 24 hours. Crude CuPc(OC₂OBz)₈, (1.84 g, 1.1 mmol, 86% yield) was recovered after removal of the solvent in vacuum. The material was further purified by flash column chromatography (CHCl₃:MeOH, 99:1). 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phthalocyaninato dihydrogen, H₂Pc(OC₂OBz)₈, 4,5-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phthalonitrile (0.44g, 1 mmol), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]undec-7-ene (DBU) (0.2g, 1.3mmol) were placed in a 100 mL round bottom flask with 25 mL of pentanol. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux with constant stirring under argon for 24 hours. After cooling the reaction mixture was cooled and the precipitate was placed in a Soxhlet extraction thimble. The product was extracted with methanol for 24 hrs. The remaining material was purified by flash column chromatography (CHCl₃:MeOH, 99:1). Solvent was removed under vacuum to give 0.055 g of product (12.5% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.8, 7.5s, 7.3 m, 4.8s, 4.5, 4.0. A qualitative comparison to that of the phthalonitrile precursor indicates the desired Pc has been synthesized. High resolution FAB MS was not done when this material was synthesized. Recent efforts to obtain FAB MS data for the material gave a m/z (1716.0), but with poor resolution, expected m/z (1714.71) [M]. VII. Synthesis - Benzyloxytriethoxy Pcs Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether An excess of triethylene glycol (100 g, 0.67 mmol) and sodium metal (5.31 g, 0.23 mmol) were heated with stirring to approximately 80°C in a 250 mL round bottom flask. The mixture at this temperature became quite viscous and approximately 90 mL of freshly distilled DMF was added to reduce the viscosity and stabilize reaction intermediates. Heating with stirring continued until the sodium metal was consumed, ca. 1 hour. Benzyl bromide (39.48 g, 0.23 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction was allowed to stir at 80°C for an additional 2 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into ice water and extracted with ethyl acetate. After solvent removal the reaction product was purified by flash column chromatography (hexanes:ethyl acetate, 7:3) followed by (hexanes:methanol, 2:1). Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether a yellowish oil was isolated approximately 70% yield. $^1$H NMR (D-acetone) δ 7.3 (m, 5H, aromatic), 4.54 (s, 2H), 3.59 (m, 12H). Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether mono-p-tosylate, Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether (5 g, 0.02 mmol), pyridine (3.3 g, .042 mmol), were combined with approximately 20 mL of CHCl3 in a 200 mL round bottom flask. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C in an ice-salt water bath. p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride was added in small portions with constant stirring. The reaction stirred under argon at 0°C for approximately 12 hours. Diethyl ether (50 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and a small amount of white precipitate formed. With the addition of 15 ml of water two organic phases were evident. A yellowish fraction was immiscible in the diethyl ether. The organic layers were collected and washed with 2N HCl. With the addition of 2N HCl the yellowish phase dissolved in the aqueous layer. The diethyl ether layer was determined to contain primarily tosyl chloride and tosic acid. The aqueous layer was neutralized with KOH and subsequently extracted with toluene and then chloroform. The fractions were combined and purified by flash column chromatography (hexanes:ethyl acetate, 8:2). The yellowish oily product was isolated after removal of the solvent in vacuum (3.4g, 40% yield). $^1$H NMR (D-chloroform) $\delta$ 7.6 (d, 2H, aromatic), 7.2 (m, 7H, aromatic), 4.5 (s, 2H), 4.0 (t, 2H), 3.6 (t, 2H), 3.5 (m, 8H), 2.3 (s, 3H). o-Dibromo-4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)benzene, Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether mono-$p$-tosylate (2 g, 5 mmol), o-dihydroxy-4,5-dibromobenzene (0.7 g, 2.6 mmol), and 50 mL of dry acetone were combined with potassium carbonate (0.8 g, 5.8 mmol) and heated to reflux under argon with constant stirring. The suspension was allowed to reflux for approximately 18 hrs. It should be noted that the loss of solvent due to evaporation occurs easily and should be closely monitored. The reaction mixture was filtered hot to separate the $K_2CO_3$ from the reaction mixture. The acetone was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was dissolved in chloroform and extracted twice with water. The chloroform was removed under reduced pressure. 50 ml of diethyl ether and petroleum ether (1:2) was added. The formation of a white precipitate, observed in the synthesis of the analogous 2-benzyloxyethoxy product, did not form. The crude oil was purified by flash column chromatography, (hexanes:ethyl acetate:ethanol, 80:15:5). The product, a slightly green oil was isolated with 65% yield. $^1$H NMR (D-acetone) $\delta$ 7.3 (m, 12H, aromatic), 4.5 (s, 4H), 4.1 (t, 4H), 3.7 (t, 4H), 3.6 (m, 16H). $^{13}$C NMR (D-acetone) $\delta$ 150.1, 139.7, 128.7, 128.1, 128.0, 119.6, 115.2, 73.2, 71.3, 71.2, 71.1, 70.3, 70.1. 4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalonitrile $o$-Dibromo-4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)benzene (4.2 g, 6 mmol), and CuCN (1.6 g, 18 mmol) were combined with 20 mL of freshly distilled DMF. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux with constant stirring under argon (24 hrs). 100 mL of 50% (v/v) aqueous ammonia was added and stirred until the solution turned dark blue (12 hours). The organic fraction was extracted with chloroform and dried over MgSO$_4$. TLC analysis of the reaction products indicated a complicated mixture with at least ten spots. Repeated efforts at separation by flash column chromatography with a range of solvent systems failed. A typical column run with a solvent system that worked for TLC would result in minimal movement of reaction products down the column. Efforts to increase solvent polarity resulted in the rapid movement of the reaction products with the new solvent front. The materials were eventually separated by prep scale TLC (20 individual, 20 cm x 20 cm, 500 µm plates, cyclohexane:MEK, 65:35). Two principal products were isolated and characterized. Both products were oily liquids. 4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalonitrile exhibited violet fluorescence with UV excitation. 1,2-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)-4-chloro-5-cyanobenzene did not fluoresce. The chlorine substituent in this product, confirmed by the mass spectrum (Appendix C), was unexpected and must have resulted from some contamination of reagents. The presence of the halide was also indicated in the IR spectrum (Appendix C). 4,5-Bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalonitrile was obtained isolated as a yellowish oil (24% yield). $^1$H NMR (CD$_2$Cl$_2$) $\delta$ 7.33 (m, 10H, aromatic), 7.24 (s, 2H, aromatic), 4.5 (s, 4H), 4.2 (t, 4H), 3.9 (t, 4H), 3.6 (m, 16H) $^{13}$C NMR (CD$_2$Cl$_2$) $\delta$ 152.5, 138.8, 128.6, 127.9, 127.8, 117.1, 116.3, 108.9, 73.3, 71.2, 70.9, 70.0, 69.7, 69.5. 1,2-Bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)-4-chloro-5-cyano-benzene was obtained as a yellowish oil (15% yield). $^1$H NMR (CD$_2$Cl$_2$) $\delta$ 7.3 (m, 10H, aromatic), 7.1 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.0 (s, 1H aromatic), 4.5 (s, 4H), 4.2 (t, 4H), 3.9 (t, 4H), 3.6 (m, 16H). $^{13}$C NMR (CD$_2$Cl$_2$) $\delta$ 153.4, 147.8, 138.7, 130.1, 128.4, 127.7, 127.6, 117.5, 116.5, 114.4, 104.3, 73.1, 70.99, 70.94, 70.70, 69.7, 69.5, 69.3. 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis(2-benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalocyaninato dihydrogen, H$_2$Pc(O(C$_2$O)$_2$Bz)$_2$ 4,5-Bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalonitrile (0.2643 g, 0.44 mmol) was combined with 1,8-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]undec-7-ene (DBU) (0.17g, 1.1 mmol) were placed in a 100 mL round bottom flask with 25 mL of ethanol. The mixture was heated to reflux with constant stirring under argon for 36 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool and the rxn vessel was placed in the freezer (2 hours). The solids were collected by filtration and purified by flash column chromatography (CHCl3:methanol, 99:1). 0.014 g of the product were isolated (5.4% yield). $^1$H NMR (CD$_2$Cl$_2$) $\delta$ 7.3 (m, 48H, aromatic), 4.5 (s, 16H), 4.2 (t, 16H), 3.9 (t, 16H), 3.6 (m, 64H). Note that there was insufficient product to obtain a high quality proton NMR, and no $^{13}$C signal was measurable. The integration was reasonably consistent with the values reported above but residual solvent peaks also appear in the spectra. In addition there was insufficient resolution to observe peak splitting or the inner hydrogens of the Pc macrocycle (Appendix C). High resolution FAB MS gave m/z 2420.13, expected m/z 2420.1328 (Appendix C). 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis(2-benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalocyaninato copper, $\text{CuPc(O(C}_2\text{O)}_2\text{Bz)}_8$ 4,5-Bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalonitrile (0.6187 g, 1.02 mmol) was combined with CuCl$_2$ (0.856 g, 0.5 mmol) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]undec-7-ene (DBU) (0.43 g, 2.8 mmol) were placed in a 100 mL round bottom flask with 50 mL of ethanol. The mixture was heated to reflux with constant stirring under argon for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool and the reaction vessel was placed in the freezer (4 hours). The solids were collected by filtration and purified by flash column chromatography (CHCl3:methanol, 99:1). 0.0489 g of the product were isolated (7.7% yield). $^1$H and $^{13}$C NMR not available see above. High resolution FAB MS gave m/z 2482.04, expected 2482.0478 (Appendix C). VIII. Synthesis - Benzyloxyethanesulfide Pcs 2-Benzyloxyethanethiol, Path 1 2-Benzyloxyethanol (14.6 g, 96 mmol), HBr (23.3 g, 288 mmol), and thiourea (7.4 g, 97 mmol) were combined in a 250 mL round bottom flask and heated under argon with constant stirring to $110^\circ$C (12 hours). A solution of NaOH (12 g, 300 mmol) in 112 mL of water was added and re-heated to reflux with constant stirring under argon (2 hours). After cooling the organic layer was separated and set aside. The aqueous layer was neutralized with 2 N HCl, extracted 3 times with chloroform, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The chloroform was removed under reduced pressure and the thiol fractions were recombined. The reaction mixture was determined to contain benzyl mercaptan and 2-benzyloxyethanethiol. The thiols were separated by flash column chromatography (hexanes:ethyl acetate, 80:20). The benzyl mercaptan moved rapidly with the solvent front and was isolated with approximately 25% yield. 2-Benzyloxyethanethiol ($R_f = 0.4$) was isolated with approximately 25% yield. 2-Benzyloxyethanethiol, Path 2 2-Benzyloxy-1-tosylethane (1.0 g, 3.3 mmol), and thiourea (0.4 g, 5.5 mmol), were combined with 25 mL of ethanol in a 200 mL round bottom flask. The reactants were refluxed with stirring under argon for 12 hours. A solution of NaOH (0.5 g, 12 mmol) in 20 mL of water was added heated to reflux with constant stirring under argon (2 hours). The reaction mixture was cooled and neutralized with 2N HCl. The organic layer was separated and set aside. The aqueous layer was extracted 3 times with chloroform and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The chloroform was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was determined to contain 2-benzyloxyethanethiol, as well as trace amounts of benzyl mercaptan. 2-Benzyloxyethanethiol $^1\text{H NMR (CD}_2\text{Cl}_2) \delta 7.4$ (m, 5H, aromatic), 3.8 (s, 2H), 3.7 (t, 2H), 2.6 (t, 2H), 2.5 (s, 1H). $^{13}\text{C NMR (CD}_2\text{Cl}_2) \delta 139.2, 129.1, 128.6, 128.4, 73.9, 72.5, 62.5$. Benzylmercaptan $^1\text{H NMR (CD}_2\text{Cl}_2) \delta 7.4$ (m, 5H, aromatic), 3.8 (d, 2H), 1.9 (t, 1H). $^{13}\text{C NMR (CD}_2\text{Cl}_2) \delta 141.7, 128.9, 128.4, 127.3, 20.1$. 4-(2-Benzylxyethanesulfide)-2-chlorophthalonitrile 4,5-Dichlorophthalonitrile (0.7 g, 3.3 mmol) and a 6 fold excess of 2-benzyloxyethanethiol (3.3 g, 20 mmol) were placed in a 200 mL round bottom flask with 50 mL of freshly distilled DMF. The reaction mixture was heated to approximately 90°C with constant stirring under argon. Finely ground anhydrous K$_2$CO$_3$ was added in small portions (8 x 0.9 g, 6.5 mmol) at 5 minute intervals. The reaction was allowed to stir at 90°C for approximately 2 additional hours. The reaction was cooled and added to 300 mL of ice water. The solids were filtered and redissolved in methanol. This solution was washed twice with water and the methanol was removed under reduced pressure. The product was recrystallized twice from methanol (62% yield). $^1\text{H NMR (CD}_2\text{Cl}_2) \delta 7.8$ (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.4 (m, 5H, aromatic), 7.2 (s, 1H, aromatic), 4.2 (t, 2H), 3.9 (s, 2H), 2.9 (t, 2H). $^{13}\text{C NMR (CD}_2\text{Cl}_2) \delta 158.1, 138.5, 135.2, 129.2, 127.6, 117.1, 116.0, 115.1, 108.7, 70.7, 37.2, 29.9$. FAB MS gave a m/z 329.1 with the expected isotopic ratio for the chlorine containing product (Appendix C). CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Miniaturization and specialization of optical and electronic device technologies have pushed design limits and generated great interest in the ideal of molecular engineering and nanotechnology. Presented here was an exploration in this emerging field where the phthalocyanine has proven to be an important player as a model material. Thin highly ordered films of phthalocyanine derived supramolecular materials may soon find application in new optical and electronic device technologies. The realization of this ideal will require continued investigation of the parameters that govern the formation of well ordered supramolecular assemblies. Tailoring of molecular interactions through substituent design in the well-characterized phthalocyanine model system has demonstrated potential for expanding our understanding of the formation and stabilization of molecular assemblies. This work has shown that substituent design has a profound influence on the character of supramolecular assemblies formed by phthalocyanine materials. I. Phthalocyanine Derivatives with Benzyl Terminated Substituents i. Benzyloxyethoxy Substituents Octasubstitution of the Pc macrocycle with alkoxy, and ethylene oxide derived substituents has long been known to produce materials which exhibit liquid crystalline properties$^{3,48,49,50}$. The thin film forming characteristics of these materials, with a few notable exceptions$^{18,46}$, have been less than ideal. Langmuir film studies of octasubstituted liquid crystalline Pc materials have generally indicated unstable monolayer formation, and poor LB transfer behavior\textsuperscript{24}. The influence of benzyl terminated substituents, on the film forming and self-assembly properties of several liquid crystalline phthalocyanines were investigated in this work. Benzyl termination of short ethylene oxide Pc substituent chains generated stable Langmuir film forming materials. No previously reported monomeric octasubstituted Pc materials exhibit the mechanical integrity and thus processability of the Langmuir films reported here. The substituent design produced a material that exhibits highly ordered structures over large domains when subjected to compression on the LB trough. Facile transfer of well ordered columnar assemblies to a variety of substrates was possible with these materials. The extraordinary properties of films produced from CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ are hypothesized to be a function of both the substituent chain length and the terminal benzyl functionality. The hypothesis suggests that arene-arene interaction of terminal benzyl groups, aids in the organization of film aggregate structures. These interactions provide stabilizing interactions both within, and between, the columnar aggregates of a film. Stabilizing benzyl interactions within the columnar structures could arise from either cofacial, or herringbone(edge-to-face) structural motifs. Stacking of the terminal benzyl groups in a herringbone motif is proposed as the most probable arrangement in these assemblies. A schematic representation of this packing arrangement is shown in Figure 7.1. Figure 7.1, A schematic representation of edge to face stacking of the terminal benzyl groups of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ in a columnar assembly. To simplify the drawing the Pcs are shown with the macrocycle plane perpendicular to the column axis. The macrocycle plane of actual assemblies are expected to have some small angle of inclination to the column axis normal. This motif would provide maximal opportunity for intercolumnar arene-arene interactions. Densely packed cofacial benzyl groups, on the other hand, would be restricted to edge-to-edge van der Waals intercolumnar attractive forces. The WAXS data discussed in Chapter 3 supports the edge-to-face model for the terminal benzyl groups of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ columnar assemblies. Two broad diffraction features corresponding to intracolumnar spacings of 3.36 Å and 4.25 Å were assigned to the cofacial Pc macrocycle repeat distance and a repeat distance for the less ordered liquid crystalline region of the columnar assemblies\textsuperscript{14}. Effective cofacial interaction of the terminal benzyl groups would be expected to generate a smaller repeat distance than that observed. Theoretical studies of benzene molecules\textsuperscript{52} stacked in a near 90° herringbone motif indicate a global energy minimum of -10.1 kJ/mol with the ring centroids separated by 5 Å. A local minimum of -7.6 kJ/mol corresponded to cofacial stacking with a centroid separation of 3.3 Å. The stability of the herringbone structure results from the attractive interaction of the larger number of near neighbors, versus a cofacial stacked assembly. The stacking model proposed for the MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ materials, illustrated in Figure 7.2, suggests a columnar assembly with the plane of the Pc macrocycle inclined to the column axis by approximately 38°. This arrangement was derived from spacing assignments determined from the WAXS data. This packing structure and angle is consistent with spatial requirements of the assigned columnar aggregate features. A reduction of the inclination angle reduces the space available to the terminal benzyl Figure 7.2, A simple graphical representation showing spacing expectations for a MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ stack with an inclination angle of 37.8° relative to the Pc column axis. groups. At angles less than 30° there is insufficient space for edge-to-face stacking of the benzyl groups. An additional geometric consideration that can be derived from the stacking model shown in Figure 7.2, is an estimate of the substituent inclusive Pc diameter. Using the model and a column-column spacing of approximately 27.7 Å, measured for the thin LB film by SAXS, and estimated from STM measurements, we arrive at a molecular diameter of 35 Å. This is the expected value for fully extended MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ substituent chains determined from CPK models. A structural arrangement with fully extended substituent chains is reasonable in light of the linear dichroism experiments discussed in Chapter 3. We saw a highly dichroic transition for the C-O-C asymmetric stretch at 1103 cm$^{-1}$. This highly dichroic transition could not result from disordered substituent arms. While this is not a definitive proof, the linear dichroism experiments are at least consistent with the proposed structure. The molecular area calculated from this value and the 3.36 Å spacing determined from X-ray data is 118 Å$^2$. Recall that the on trough molecular area observed for these materials at the first transition of the pressure area isotherm was consistently near of 120Å$^2$. As discussed above the extraordinary stability of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ bilayer films on the trough, and as transferred films is ultimately due to the stabilizing interaction of the terminal benzyl groups. Preliminary studies of film transfer efficiency to benzyl and alkyl modified surfaces$^{144}$ indicate that the attractive interactions are more effective on the benzyl terminated surfaces. This implies that interaction between columnar assemblies involves more than simple van der Waals forces. The specificity of attraction for the aryl terminated surface suggests the interaction is in fact arene-arene in nature. This fact alone, however, does not explain the extraordinary order and stability of the bilayer versus monolayer films. Figure 7.3 illustrates the principles thought to govern this exceptional film behavior. The stabilizing influence due to intermolecular attractive forces in monolayer films composed of columnar aggregate structures, are limited to the two nearest neighbor columns. As the trough area is reduced beyond the monolayer transition columns are ejected from the subphase surface. As a result, additional stabilizing interactions can occur and the columnar molecular assemblies begin to lock together through the influence of an increasing number of nearest neighbors. The fully formed bilayer has twice the number of stabilizing interactions per molecule as the monolayer. This stabilization energy is sufficient to resist further reordering of the film bilayer. Occasionally the suggestion of trilayer formation on the trough was observed for these materials. Investigations utilizing elevated subphase temperature experiments may facilitate the formation of trilayers, however, the spatial constraints of the LB trough prevent loading of sufficient material to realize fully formed trilayers. Investigation of this proposed behavior is left to future researchers. Figure 7.3 A graphical representation of the increased opportunity for attractive force interactions that accompanies the formation of a bilayer of Pc columns. As a compressed monolayer, each molecule has the opportunity to participate in two favorable intermolecular attractive interactions. As a compressed bilayer, each molecule has the opportunity to participate in four. ii. Benzyloxytriethoxy substituents This work has demonstrated that the length of the benzyl terminated substituent chain has a significant effect on the order found in assemblies of the materials. The alignment of the benzyl groups, which optimize beneficial arene-arene interactions within the molecular assemblies, is thought to be significantly influenced by substituent chain length. Longer substituent chains are expected to increase the liquid crystalline nature of the assemblies. Increased opportunity for movement within the liquid like domains of the longer substituent groups overwhelms the stabilizing contribution of the benzene functionality. This motion would be significantly reduced in the short benzyloxyethoxy substituent chain. The work has not explored optimization of the arene-arene interaction, linkage length relationship, by variation of chain length. It has clearly demonstrated, however, that materials derived from benzyl terminated ethylene oxide material can be manipulated to form highly structured stable films, while films prepared from Pc materials derived from benzyl terminated triethylene oxide are not well structured. iii. Monomeric vs. polymeric Pc molecular electronic materials The structure and physical properties of thin films prepared from these monomeric Pcs exhibit many characteristics in common with polymeric Pc materials. Axially polymerized phthalocyaninato polysiloxane (PcPS) thin film materials, exhibit exceptional long-range order. The physical, electrochemical, and conductive behavior of PcPS materials have been widely reported $^{16,76,77,78}$. The structurally well-defined PcPS materials provide an excellent point of reference for comparison to the materials which are the focus of the present work. Thin LB films of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ prepared by horizontal transfer techniques are in many ways comparable to the PcPS materials. The ease of film fabrication, long-range order and mechanical stability of the CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ materials makes them an attractive material, which can be more easily produced and manipulated than the PcPS polymers. iv. Electrochemical behavior and conductivity of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ The electrochemical and properties of films prepared from CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ are strongly influenced by film structure and morphology. This report demonstrated that as thin films these materials exhibit quasireversible electrochemical oxidation, favored by the well-structured aggregate assemblies that comprise the thin film. Previous reports of Pc thin film electrochemical oxidation have indicated primarily irreversible processes, due to film decomposition or dissolution. The oxidation of the MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ materials occurs at a potential much lower than reported for other monomeric Pcs. The polarizability of the highly delocalized $\pi$ electron system is enhanced when the macrocycles are in close proximity making oxidation energetically favorable. This electronic communication facilitates the creation of a partially oxidized columnarly aggregated Pc system, which is an ideal configuration for enhancement of conductive properties. Inter-molecular and inter-columnar interactions, largely due to the terminal benzyl groups of these Pcs, stabilize the oxidized assemblies. Thin films of CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ and H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ are at least semiconducting in the neutral state, and exhibit a significant enhancement in conductivity with partial electrochemical film oxidation. The mechanical stability of the materials make them an attractive candidate for utilization in electronic device applications. The work presented here has provided a foundation for continued investigation in molecular electronic materials applications. II. Continuing Research: Future Investigations The current work has demonstrated the possibility of creating well ordered film structure through appropriate Pc substituent design. Further it is clear that film manipulation techniques can profoundly influence the quality of films prepared from a given material. The work has shown that well ordered films of some monomeric Pc materials exhibit properties at least comparable to the structural and electronic properties of polymeric PcPS materials, which are synthetically much more difficult to prepare. The investigation has not elucidated a complete picture of MPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ film properties. There is unfinished structural characterization of the thin films to be done. The complete elucidation of the Pc macrocycle orientation angle to the aggregate column axis is of great importance in the evaluation of electronic conduction processes. Orbital overlap is not optimized for conductive properties if there is much deviation of the macrocycle plane from the column axis normal. In addition the work has utilized only the metal free, copper and zinc centered materials. A number of other metal centers are of interest. The contributions of metals such as nickel, cobalt, and aluminum (to name a few), to benzyloxyethoxy substituted Pc materials properties are of significant interest. A continued investigation of the properties of mixed metal films is also of interest. The properties of the benzyloxyethoxy materials are indeed extraordinary, but there remain a great number of synthetic design possibilities that could lead to new interesting molecular electronic materials. Phthalocyanines with naphthalene, anthracene, or other aromatic derived chain terminus substituents could be expected to enhance or disrupt film order, depending on chain linkage length and the nature of $\pi$ interactions. They could also be expected to contribute to the electronic properties of a given material if close $\pi-\pi$ cofacial stacking could be realized within the chain terminus functionality as well as in the Pc stack. This type of stacking has been demonstrated in the "molecular wire" materials reported by Nolte and co-workers $^{17,18}$. The introduction of heteroatoms in substituent terminus aromatic functionalities, and/or in the Pc macrocycle would be expected to profoundly effect materials properties. Heterocyclic terminal substituents would influence the structure of the resultant supramolecular assemblies by changing the nature of aromatic structural packing. $\pi-\pi$ Interactions can be strengthened by the introduction of heteroatoms, such that electron rich, and electron poor regions are generated in aromatic substituent groups $^{145}$. A material produced from Pcs with heteroatoms incorporated in the macrocycle could result in closer cofacial stacking and enhanced electronic properties. Figure 7.4 shows a hypothetical system with heteroatom substitution in the macrocycle. The interaction of electron rich and electron poor regions of the material could lead to reduced thermal rotation and therefore improvements in orbital overlap in the molecular assembly. Figure 7.4 A Schematic representation of a possible stacking orientation for films prepared from Pc derivatives symmetrically substituted with heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, in the benzene moiety of the macrocyclic structure. Utilization of the film fabrication techniques developed in this work, for the investigation of other molecular electronic materials is very likely to simplify the production of multilayer thin films for other thin films. It is highly probable that many other materials can be successfully transferred by the horizontal LB technique incorporating stabilization of the film structure via the in trough baffle. The technique may make it possible to utilize materials, which have not been thoroughly investigated due to their poor stability on the LB trough. This work has shown, in a preliminary fashion, that it may be possible to manipulate and prepare LB films from materials with poorly defined Langmuir film behavior. APPENDIX A SYNTHESIS CHAPTER SUPPLEMENT -- SPECTRA NMR and Mass spectra are presented on the pages that follow. Figure A.1 $^1$H NMR - CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ .................................................. 272 Figure A.2 Mass spectral data - CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ........................................... 273 Figure A.3 $^1$H NMR - H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ .......................................................... 274 Figure A.4 Mass spectral data - H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ ............................................ 275 Figure A.5 $^1$H NMR - Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether .................................. 276 Figure A.6 $^{13}$C NMR - Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether .................................. 277 Figure A.7 $^1$H - Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether mono-$p$-tosylate .................. 278 Figure A.8 $^{13}$C NMR - Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether mono-$p$-tosylate .......... 279 Figure A.9 $^1$H NMR - $\sigma$-Dibromo-4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)benzene ..................... 280 Figure A.10 $^{13}$C NMR - $\sigma$-Dibromo-4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)benzene ..................... 281 Figure A.11 $^1$H NMR - 4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalonitrile ............................ 282 Figure A.12 $^{13}$C NMR - 4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalonitrile ............................ 283 Figure A.13 $^1$H NMR - H$_2$Pc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ ...................................................... 284 Figure A.14 - Mass spectral data H$_2$Pc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ ........................................... 285 Figure A.15 Mass spectral data - CuPc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ ......................................... 286 Figure A.16 $^1$H NMR - 2-Benzylxyethanethiol ....................................................... 287 Figure A.17 $^{13}$C NMR - 2-Benzylxyethanethiol ....................................................... 288 Figure A.18 $^1$H NMR - 4-(2-Benzylxyethanesulfide)-2-chlorophthalonitrile ............... 289 Figure A.19 $^{13}$C NMR - 4-(2-Benzylxyethanesulfide)-2-chlorophthalonitrile ............... 290 Figure A.1 $^1$H NMR - CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ Figure A.2 Mass spectral data - CuPc(OC$_2$OBz)$_3$ Figure A.3 $^1$H NMR - H$_2$Pc(OC$_2$OBz)$_8$ -7.5415 -7.5099 -7.4124 -7.3766 -7.3502 -7.3154 -7.2590 -4.4726 -4.4653 -4.0448 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 PPM 13.3 82.0 32.3 28.0 31.2 Figure A.4 Mass spectral data - H₂Pc(OC₂OBz)₈ [ Mass Spectrum ] Date : 06-Jul-1998 07:55 Sample : H₂Pc(OC₂OBz)₈ Note : FAB+ in mixture matrix Inlet : Direct Ion Mode : FAB+ Spectrum Type : Normal Ion (H⁺-Linear) RI : 0.00 min Scan# : 1,21 W/Z : 157.0402 Int. : 396.51 Output m/z range : 648.5496 to 1344.2136 Cut Level : 0.00 % m/z Figure A.5 $^1$H NMR - Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether Figure A.6 $^{13}$C NMR - Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether 13C OBSERVE 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 ppm 131.207 128.989 128.981 128.974 128.301 128.285 128.074 73.495 73.478 73.374 71.245 71.230 71.197 71.181 71.092 70.388 51.949 Figure A.7 $^1$H NMR - Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether mono-$p$-tosylate tosyl, benzyl, triethylene glycol from hexanes, EtOAc, and CHCl3 OBSERVE H1 FREQUENCY 299.956 MHz SPECTRAL WIDTH 4000.0 Hz ACQUISITION TIME 3.744 sec RELAXATION DELAY 0.000 sec PULSE WIDTH 7.0 usec AMBIENT TEMPERATURE NO. REPETITIONS 64 DOUBLE PRECISION ACQUISITION DATA PROCESSING LINE BROADENING 0.2 Hz FT SIZE 32768 TOTAL ACQUISITION TIME 1 minutes ppm Figure A.8 $^{13}$C NMR - Triethylene glycol monobenzyl ether mono-$p$-tosylate benzyl-tosyl-TEG in acetone SUBSPECIE C13 FREQUENCY 75.431 MHz SPECTRAL WIDTH 16501.7 Hz ACQUISITION TIME 0.909 sec RELAXATION TIME 2.000 sec PULSE WIDTH 3.1 ussec AMBIENT TEMPERATURE NO. REPEATITIONS 2048 DECOUPLER H-1 HIGH POWER 40 DECOUPLER CONTINUOUSLY ON MAGNET STABILIZED DATA PROCESSING LINE BROADENING 1.0 Hz FFT SIZE 32768 TOTAL ACQUISITION TIME 54 minutes Figure A.9 $^1$H NMR - $\sigma$-Dibromo-4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)benzene Figure A.10 $^{13}$C NMR - $\sigma$-Dibromo-4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)benzene Figure A.11 $^1$H NMR - 4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalonitrile BISTEG87 PHTHALONITRILE FRACTION3TLC EXP 9 03-01-89 SEQUENCE: S2PUL DATE 03-01-89 SOLVENT CD2CL2 FILE H OBSERVE PROTON ELECTRON WAVELENGTH 976 MHz ACQ TIME 2.666 SEC PULSE WIDTH 9 DEGREES ACQ. TEMPERATURE 50 DATA PROCESSING FT SIZE 16K TOTAL TIME 2.6 MINUTES Figure A.12 $^{13}$C NMR - 4,5-bis(benzyloxytriethoxy)phthalonitrile BISTEG67 PHTHALONITRILE FRACTION EX24 PULSE SEQUENCE: S2PUL NUCLEUS: 13C SOLVENT: CDCl$_3$ FILE: C OBSERVE CARBON CHEMICAL SHIFT: 0-200 MHz SPECTRAL WIDTH: 1892.5 Hz ACQ. TIME: 1.00 SEC RELAXATION DELAY: 1.0 SEC AMBIENT TEMPERATURE NO. REPETITIONS: 576 DECOUPLING: OFF WALTZ-16 MODULATED CONTINUOUS DECOUPLING ONE DIMENSION ACQUISITION DATA PROCESSING: LINE BROADENING: 1.0 Hz FT SIZE: 2K TOTAL TIME: 19.2 MINUTES Figure A.13 $^1$H, NMR - H$_2$Pc(O(C$_2$O)$_3$Bz)$_8$ - Observing Proton Frequency: 399.975 MHz - Spectrum Width: 6000 Hz - Pulse Width: 45 degrees - Ambient Temperature - No Decoupling - Data Size: 16K - Total Time: 2.9 minutes - Instrument: Varian XL-200 - Date: 8-12-87 - File: H2PCBZL2 - Chemical Shifts: - 7.3821 ppm (singlet) - 4.1819 ppm (doublet) - 3.8848 ppm (triplet) - 3.8328 ppm (triplet) [ Theoretical Ion Distribution ] Molecular Formula: C136 H162 N8 O32 (m/z 2419.1295, MW 2420.8167, U.S. 60.0) Base Peak: 2420.1328, Averaged MW: 2420.8247(a), 2420.8254(w) \| m/z \| INT. \| \|---------\|------\| \| 2419.1295 \| 63.3505 \| \| 2420.1328 \| 100.0000 \| \| 2421.1360 \| 82.4535 \| \| 2422.1391 \| 47.0994 \| \| 2423.1421 \| 20.8812 \| \| 2424.1450 \| 7.6380 \| \| 2425.1480 \| 2.3944 \| \| 2426.1508 \| 0.6601 \| Mass Spectral Data - H₂Pc(O(C₂O)₃Bz)₈ [ Theoretical Ion Distribution ] Molecular Formula: C136 H160 N8 O32 Cu (m/z 2480.0435, MW 2482.3468, U.S. 61.0) Base Peak: 2482.0478, Averaged MW: 2482.3544(a), 2482.3554(w) \| m/z \| INT. \| \|-------\|---------------\| \| 2480.0435 \| 57.2481 \| \| 2481.0468 \| 90.3500 \| \| 2482.0478 \| 100.0000 \| \| 2483.0491 \| 82.8102 \| \| 2484.0510 \| 52.0554 \| \| 2485.0533 \| 25.8573 \| \| 2486.0558 \| 10.5665 \| \| 2487.0584 \| 3.6697 \| \| 2488.0611 \| 1.1106 \| \| 2489.0638 \| 0.2986 \| [ Mass Spectrum ] Data: PS-481-hr_FAB+_004 Date: 28-Oct-97 14:02 Sample: PS-481 high res Native Matrix: mNBA Ref:Csl Inlet: Direct Ion Mode: FAB+ Spectrum Type: Normal Ion (EF-Linear) RI: 2.90 min Scan#: 7/2 Temp: 44.1 deg.C BP: m/z 2471.1946 Int.: 3.23 Output m/z range: 2415.5637 to 2485.4749 Cut Level: 0.00 % 9946 Figure A.16 $^1$H, NMR - 2-Benzoyloxyethanethiol Figure A.17 $^{13}$C NMR - 2-Benzylxethanethiol THIRD BATHY DISTILLATION FRACTION DATE OF RUN: 08/06/94 SOLVENT: CDCl$_3$ FILE: C OBSERVE CARBON FREQUENCY: 289 MHz S.G. 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Quark Excitations Through the Prism of Direct Photon Plus Jet at the LHC Satyaki Bhattacharya\textsuperscript{a}, Sushil Singh Chauhan\textsuperscript{b}, Brajesh Chandra Choudhary\textsuperscript{c} and Debajyoti Choudhury\textsuperscript{d} Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India. The quest to know the structure of matter has resulted in various theoretical speculations wherein additional colored fermions are postulated. Arising either as Kaluza-Klein excitations of ordinary quarks, or as excited states in scenarios wherein the quarks themselves are composites, or even in theories with extended gauge symmetry, the presence of such fermions ($q'$) can potentially be manifested in $\gamma + jet$ final states at the LHC. Using unitarized amplitudes and the CMS setup, we demonstrate that in the initial phase of LHC operation (with an integrated luminosity of $200 \text{pb}^{-1}$) one can discover such states for a mass upto 2.0 TeV. The discovery of a $q'$ with a mass as large as $\sim 5$ TeV can be achieved for an integrated luminosity of $\sim 140 \text{fb}^{-1}$. We also comment on the feasibility of mass determination. PACS numbers: 12.60.Ee, 13.40.-f, 13.85.Qk I. INTRODUCTION The replication of fermion families, while being of profound significance in our understanding of fundamental issues such as $CP$-violation and baryogenesis, nonetheless is puzzling in its own right. Despite its enormous success in explaining all observed phenomena in the regime of particle physics, the Standard Model (SM) has been entirely unable to proffer any insight into this aspect. Indeed, though the observed mass hierarchies and fermion mixings can easily be accommodated, the SM framework, by its very structure, is unable to even ask such questions of itself. This has led to various speculative ideas seeking to explain these ill-understood issues. Prominent among these are (i) models with extended (family) symmetry, (ii) constructions based on higher dimensional theory (with or without a string theory motivation) and (iii) the possibility of quark-lepton compositeness, namely that the SM fermions are not elementary at all. Many of the ideas discussed in this article would be equally applicable—possibly with minor variations—to theories belonging to any of these three classes. However, for the sake of concreteness, we shall consider theories of compositeness as the basic template for our discussions. Part of the motivation lies in the fact of these theories having a more straightforward ultraviolet completion and, furthermore, suffering from a fewer number of extra channels, thereby reducing possible ambiguities. In such theories, the fundamental constituents of matter, very often termed \textit{preons}\cite{1}, are postulated to experience an hitherto unknown force on account of an asymptotically free but confining gauge interaction\cite{2}, which becomes very strong at a characteristic scale $\Lambda$, thereby leading to bound states (composites) to be identified with quarks and/or leptons. In many such models\cite{3, 4}, though not all, quarks and leptons share at least some common constituents. Accepting this hypothesis would naturally lead to the existence of excited states of fermions at a mass scale comparable to the dynamics of the new binding force. In the simplest phenomenological models\cite{5}, the excited fermions are assumed to have both spin and isospin 1/2 and to have both their left- and right-handed components in weak isodoublets (\textit{i.e.} they are vector-like). Similar is the case for, say higher-dimensional models wherein the known universe is constrained to be on a 4-dimensional subspace (a 5-brane) while the SM fields—in particular, the fermions—live in all the dimensions. The analogues of the excited fermions would be the Kaluza-Klein excitations with the mass scale being identified with the inverse of the compactification scale. Given that the “excited states” do suffer the SM gauge interactions, these may be produced at high-energy colliders and, subsequently, would decay, radiatively, into an ordinary fermion and a gauge boson (photon, $W$, $Z$ or gluon). At an $e^+ e^-$ collider, charged excited fermions could be pair-produced via $s$-channel ($\gamma$ and $Z$) exchanges in collisions, while for excited neutrinos only $Z$ exchange contributes. Although $t$-channel diagrams are also possible ($W$ for $e'_\pm$ and $\gamma/Z$ for $e'$), such contributions to the overall pair production cross-section are generally much smaller on account of the smallness of the cross-couplings\cite{5} between the excited state, its SM counterpart and a gauge boson. This very same coupling, on the other hand, may be used to singly produce such states (through both $s$- and $t$-channel diagrams). The four LEP collaborations have used these (and other) modes to essentially rule out such excitations almost up to the kinematically allowed range\cite{6}. At the HERA, on the other hand, both excited leptons and quarks may be produced singly through $t$-channel diagrams and these processes have been looked at without any positive results\cite{7}. If quarks and leptons are composite particles made up of smaller constituents, phenomenological effects may be observable at the LHC and might even show up at Tevatron once sufficiently large luminosities are accumulated and analysed. If the compositeness/excitation scale ($\Lambda$) is not too high, then excited quarks can be produced on shell, while at energies sufficiently below $\Lambda$ such an eventuality would manifest itself as an effective four fermion contact interaction invariant under SM gauge transformations [8, 9]. Based on phenomenological studies of flavour independent contact interactions for two photon production, the lower bound has been estimated to be $\Lambda_\pm > 2.88 \ (3.24)$ TeV at 95% CL for an integrated luminosity of 100 (200) fb$^{-1}$ [10] at the LHC. Both the experiments at the Tevatron, the CDF and DØ, have searched for excited quarks. The latter are assumed to couple to the SM particles primarily through gauge couplings. Their most visible signature could be either pair production or single excited state production via quark-gluon fusion, provided the $q^qg$ coupling is sufficiently large. Enhanced dijet production rate with an invariant mass peak above the SM continuum is one of the prominent signals, extensively searched for at the Tevatron and the DØ collaboration has excluded the mass range of 200-720 GeV[11]. Similarly, the CDF collaboration has excluded a mass range of 80-570 GeV [12, 13] based on searches with various final states. In a similar vein, the CDF collaboration has put a lower bound of $\Lambda \geq 2.81$ GeV at 95% CL using the $q\bar{q} \rightarrow e\nu$ process[14] whereas the DØ collaboration rules out $\Lambda \leq 2.0$ TeV at 95% CL from dijet mass peak searches[15]. At the LHC, both the ATLAS and the CMS collaborations have predicted the sensitivity in the dijet production mode. The ATLAS collaboration has xhaimed that the use of dijet angular distributions would allow contact interactions to be probed up to $\Lambda = 10$ TeV with a integrated luminosity of 700 pb$^{-1}$. The CMS collaboration, on the other hand, has estimated that $\Lambda = 6.2$ TeV can be excluded at 95% CL with a luminosity of 100 pb$^{-1}$ and that 5$\sigma$ sensitivity could be reached for $\Lambda = 8$ TeV with just 1 fb$^{-1}$ of data[16]. Recently, the possibility of top quark compositeness has been explored through the $pp \rightarrow t\bar{t}tt$ production process and it has been estimated that a 5$\sigma$ excess can be observed for a new state of 2 TeV [17]. As an effective tool for the measurement of gluon density inside the colliding hadrons and for precision test of pQCD predictions, the isolated $\gamma +$ jet final state has been studied with great detail at the Tevatron collider[18, 19, 20] and fixed target experiments[21]. Since $\gamma +$ jet final state will be one of the key backgrounds for the $H \rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ search at the LHC, extensive isolation studies addressing all known issues have been performed with this process both theoretically and with detailed detector simulations. It is also an important background for many new physics scenario e.g. Large Extra Dimensions[22, 23], Randall Sundrum Gravitons[24] etc. It will, thus, be very interesting to look at $\gamma+$jet as a probe of excited quarks in view of the unprecedented energy scale at LHC and the in-depth knowledge of this process gleaned from previous experiments and studies. The rest of the paper has been organized as follows. In section II we have discussed the effective Lagrangian for the theory and new physics contribution. In Sections III and IV, we respectively discuss the backgrounds and event generation. Section V describes the photon and jet algorithms used for the analysis. In section VI we discuss the smearings due to detector resolution effects. Section VII gives the details of kinematical variables used to separate the signal from the background whereas Section VIII deals with isolation study. The significance of signal and discovery are discussed in section IX and X respectively. In section XI we have presented the result of the analysis. Systematics is discussed in detail in section XII followed by our conclusions and outlook. II. NEW PHYSICS CONTRIBUTION TO $\gamma +$ Jet PRODUCTION With our interest lying not in the pair-production of such excited states, but rather on their contribution to the photon plus single jet rates at a hadronic collider, we confine ourselves to examining only the relevant part of the Lagrangian, namely the (chrono-)magnetic transition between ordinary and excited states. In general, these may be parametrized by $$L_{int} = \frac{1}{2\Lambda} \bar{q}_R G^{\mu\nu} \left[ \sum_i g_i b_i T^a_i G^a_{i,\mu\nu} \right] q_L + h.c., \quad (1)$$ where the index $i$ runs over the three SM gauge groups, viz. $SU(3)$, $SU(2)$ and $U(1)$ and $g_i$, $G^a_{i,\mu\nu}$ and $T^a_i$ are the corresponding gauge couplings, field strength tensors and generators respectively. The dimensionless constants $b_i$ are, a priori, unknown and presumably of order unity. With these determining both the production rates and the branching into various modes, clearly, the phenomenology would depend considerably on their (relative) sizes. In this article, we shall make the simplifying assumption that the excited states do not couple at all to the weak gauge bosons, but do so with the gluons and the photon. At first glance, this might seem incompatible with a $SU(2) \otimes U(1)$ invariant structure. However, complicated embeddings could be the answer. More than this, since the assumption would not change the results qualitatively, it, at least, has the merit of reducing the number of possible couplings and hence simplifying the analysis. A further point needs to be noted here. With the Lagrangian of eq.(1) being a higher dimensional operator, the cross sections would typically grow with the center of mass energy, consequently violating unitarity. This is not unexpected in an effective theory as the term in eq.(1) is only the first term and the loss of unitarity, to a given order, is presumably cured once suitable higher dimensional operators are included. An equivalent way to achieve the same goal is to consider the $b_i$ to be form factors rather than constants. To this end, we shall define the $q^ q g$ and $q^* q g$ vertices to be given by \begin{align} \overline{q^} q \gamma_\mu (p) : & \quad \frac{e \ e_q f_1}{\Lambda} \left( 1 + \frac{Q^2}{\Lambda^2} \right)^{-n_1} \sigma_{\mu\nu} \ p^\nu \\ \overline{q^} q g_\mu (p) : & \quad \frac{g \ f_3}{\Lambda} \left( 1 + \frac{Q^2}{\Lambda^2} \right)^{-n_3} \sigma_{\mu\nu} \ p^\nu \ T_3 \end{align} where $Q$ denotes the relevant momentum transfer and $f_i \sim 1$ are dimensionless constants related to $b_i$ of eqn.(1). It can be checked that, for $Q^2 = s$, unitarity is restored as long as the constants $n_i \geq 1$. From now on, eqn.(2) defines our theory\footnote{While a Lagrangian formulation leading to such vertices would necessitate a seemingly non-local Lagrangian, this is not unexpected in an effective theory.}. For the rest of our analysis, we shall confine ourselves to a discussion of $n_i = 1$. While this might seem to be an optimistic choice, it is not quite so. In fact, the collider search limits in the literature actually correspond to $n_i = 0$ and, thus, our limits would be more conservative. With the aforementioned Lagrangian, the width of the $q$ is given by \begin{align} \Gamma(q) &= \Gamma_{q+g} + \Gamma_{q+\gamma} \\ \Gamma_{q+g} &= \frac{2 \alpha_s f_2^2}{3} \Gamma_0 \\ \Gamma_{q+\gamma} &= \frac{e^2 \alpha f_2^2}{2} \Gamma_0 \\ \Gamma_0 &= \frac{M_{q}^3}{\Lambda^2} \left( 1 - \frac{4 m_q^2}{M_{q}^2} \right) \left( 1 - \frac{m_q^2}{M_{q}^2} \right)^2 \end{align} and can be very large for a heavy $q^$ (see Table I). As a fat resonance is often difficult to observe, this will turn out to have profound consequences. \| $M_{q}$ (TeV) \| $\Gamma$ (GeV) \| \|----------------\|----------------\| \| \| $f_1 = f_2 = 1.0$ \| $f_1 = f_2 = 0.5$ \| \| 0.5 \| 34.4 \| 8.61 \| \| 1.0 \| 63.6 \| 15.9 \| \| 2.0 \| 118 \| 29.6 \| \| 3.0 \| 170 \| 42.6 \| \| 4.0 \| 221 \| 55.2 \| \| 5.0 \| 271 \| 67.6 \| \| 6.0 \| 319 \| 79.8 \| \| 7.0 \| 367 \| 91.8 \| With the introduction of these (flavour-diagonal) vertex as in eq.(2), the subprocess $qg \rightarrow q\gamma$ acquires a new contribution as portrayed in Fig.1(a). Adding this contribution to the pure QCD one, the ensuing differential cross section reads \begin{align} \frac{d\sigma}{dt} \bigg\|_{qg \rightarrow q\gamma} &= \frac{-\pi \alpha \ \alpha_s \ e^2}{3 \ s^2} \left[ C_{sm} + 2 \frac{f_1 f_3}{\Lambda^2} C_I + \frac{f_2^2 f_3^2}{\Lambda^4} C_Q \right] \\ C_{sm} &\equiv \frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{s}} + \frac{\hat{s}}{\hat{u}} \\ C_I &\equiv \frac{\hat{s}^2 (\hat{s} - M_{q}^2) \mathcal{F}_s}{(\hat{s} - M_{q}^2)^2 + \Gamma^2 M_{q}^2} + \frac{\hat{u}^2 \mathcal{F}_u}{\hat{u} - M_{q}^2} \\ C_Q &\equiv (\hat{s}\hat{u} + M_{q}^2 t) \left[ \frac{\hat{s}^2 \mathcal{F}_s^2}{(\hat{s} - M_{q}^2)^2 + \Gamma^2 M_{q}^2} + \frac{\hat{u}^2 \mathcal{F}_u^2}{(\hat{u} - M_{q}^2)^2} \right] \\ &+ 2 M_{q}^2 \frac{\hat{s}\hat{t}\hat{u}}{\hat{u} - M_{q}^2} \frac{(\hat{s} - M_{q}^2) \mathcal{F}_s \mathcal{F}_u}{(\hat{s} - M_{q}^2)^2 + \Gamma^2 M_{q}^2} \\ \mathcal{F}_s &\equiv \left( 1 + \hat{s}/\Lambda^2 \right)^{-(n_1+n_3)} \\ \mathcal{F}_t &\equiv \left( 1 - \hat{t}/\Lambda^2 \right)^{-(n_1+n_3)} \\ \mathcal{F}_u &\equiv \left( 1 - \hat{u}/\Lambda^2 \right)^{-(n_1+n_3)} \end{align} with the SM result being recovered in the limit $\Lambda \rightarrow \infty$. The new physics contribution to the differential cross section thus depends on four parameters, namely $f_1, f_3, \Lambda$ and the mass of the excited state $M_{q}$. For simplicity, we assume these to be flavour-independent (within a generation, it obviously has to be so). For eqn.(1) to make sense as an effective Lagrangian, the masses have to be less than $\Lambda$ (Ref.[25] requires that $M_{q} < \Lambda/\sqrt{2}$). Note that as long as $\Lambda \gg \hat{s}$, one of $f_{1,3}$ can always be absorbed in $\Lambda$. In our analyses, we would be considering only moderate values for these parameters. For $qg \rightarrow q\gamma$, the Feynman diagrams are as in Fig.1(c-d); the differential cross-sections are related to those in eqn.(4) by crossing symmetry and are given by \[ \frac{d\sigma}{dt}_{q\bar{q} \rightarrow g\gamma} = \frac{8\pi \alpha \alpha_s q^2}{9 s^2} \left[ B_{sm} - 2 \frac{f_1 f_3}{\Lambda^2} B_I + \frac{f_2^2 f_3^2}{\Lambda^4} B_Q \right] \] \[ B_{sm} \equiv \frac{\hat{u}}{\hat{t}} + \frac{\hat{t}}{\hat{u}} \] \[ B_I \equiv \frac{\hat{t}^2 F_t}{\hat{t} - M_q^2} + \frac{\hat{u}^2 F_u}{\hat{u} - M_q^2} \] \[ B_Q \equiv \hat{t} \hat{u} \left[ \frac{\hat{t}^2 F_t^2}{(\hat{t} - M_q^2)^2} + \frac{\hat{u}^2 F_u^2}{(\hat{u} - M_q^2)^2} \right] + M_q^2 \hat{s} \left[ \frac{\hat{t} F_t}{\hat{t} - M_q^2} + \frac{\hat{u} F_u}{\hat{u} - M_q^2} \right]^2 \] (5) ### III. BACKGROUNDS The $\gamma +$jet final state can be mimicked by many known processes of the SM. We consider all the leading contributions (both the physics backgrounds as well as the detector ones) and broadly categorize these into three classes viz., - Type-I: where a photon and a hard jet is produced in the hard scattering. - Type-II: QCD dijet, where one of the jets fragments into a high $E_T \pi^0$ which then decays into a pair of overlapping photons and, hence, is registered as a single photon. Moreover, in some cases the electromagnetic fraction of a jet can mimic a photon in the detector. - Type-III: Photon + dijet production, where one of the jets is either lost or mismeasured. This could proceed either from hard processes such as $q\bar{q} \rightarrow q\bar{q}\gamma, gg\gamma$ (with all possible interchanges of initial and final state partons) or result from $W/Z + \gamma$ production with the heavy bosons decaying into a pair of jets. While the leading contributions to the Type-I background emanates from the SM amplitudes of Fig. 1, a further contribution is displayed in Fig.2. In Figs.3 & 4, we show the major contributing Feynman diagrams for the Types II & III backgrounds respectively. At the LHC, the Type-I background is dominated by the Compton process $(qg \rightarrow \gamma q)$, while the other two subprocesses, namely annihilation$(q\bar{q} \rightarrow \gamma g)$ and gluon fusion $(gg \rightarrow \gamma g)$ contribute only a small fraction in the low transverse momentum ($P_T$) ranges. For higher $P_T$, the annihilation subprocess can contribute upto about $\sim 23\%$ of the total Type-I background. The Type-II background accrues mainly from $qg \rightarrow qg$, $q\bar{q} \rightarrow qg$ and $gg \rightarrow gg$. For $P_T \geq 200$ GeV (here $P_T$ is the $P_T$ of the outgoing partons in center of momentum frame in a $2 \rightarrow 2$ hard scattering process), the total production cross section is $\sim 10^4$ times larger than the Type-I background. However, the fact of the probability of a jet faking a photon in the detector being $\sim 10^{-3} - 10^{-4}$ reduces the Type-II background to the same order as the Type-I. Moreover, for high transverse momenta the QCD dijet falls very rapidly ($\sim P_T^{-5}$), thereby suggesting a simple mechanism of suppressing this background. Although the total Type-III background is very small compared to the others, for the $P_T$ range under consideration in this analysis, it turns out to be of the same order as $gg \rightarrow \gamma g$. And while nonresonant subprocesses (such as the $\mathcal{O}(\alpha_s^2 \alpha)$ contributions to $q\bar{q} \rightarrow q\bar{q}\gamma$ or $gg \rightarrow q\bar{q}\gamma$) can, in principle, be substantial, note that these, in some sense are related to the much larger Type-I and Type-II backgrounds. Consequently, the former are typically suppressed when appropriate phase space cuts are imposed. TABLE II: Production cross section in different $\hat{P}_T$ bins for various Standard Model backgrounds with $\gamma + Jet$ final state. \| Subprocess \| 50-100 GeV (pb) \| 100-200 GeV (pb) \| 200-400 GeV (pb) \| 400-600 GeV (pb) \| 600-1000 GeV (pb) \| 1000-1500 GeV (pb) \| 1500 GeV and above (pb) \| \|------------\|-----------------\|------------------\|------------------\|------------------\|-------------------\|---------------------\|------------------------\| \| $gg \rightarrow \gamma q$ \| $7.22 \times 10^3$ \| 569 \| 36.3 \| 1.53 \| $2.22 \times 10^{-1}$ \| $1.19 \times 10^{-2}$ \| $7.6 \times 10^{-4}$ \| \| $q\bar{q} \rightarrow \gamma g$ \| 652 \| 65.3 \| 5.56 \| $3.18 \times 10^{-1}$ \| $5.67 \times 10^{-2}$ \| $3.76 \times 10^{-3}$ \| $2.8 \times 10^{-4}$ \| \| $gg \rightarrow \gamma g$ \| 1.79 \| $8.6 \times 10^{-2}$ \| $3.1 \times 10^{-3}$ \| $7.04 \times 10^{-5}$ \| $6.32 \times 10^{-6}$ \| $1.75 \times 10^{-7}$ \| $5.8 \times 10^{-9}$ \| \| QCD Jet \| $1.71 \times 10^7$ \| $9.70 \times 10^5$ \| $4.44 \times 10^4$ \| $1.39 \times 10^3$ \| 171 \| 8.19 \| $5.34 \times 10^{-1}$ \| \| $^aZ(jj) + \gamma$ \| 5.08 \| $8.49 \times 10^{-1}$ \| $9.50 \times 10^{-2}$ \| $6.23 \times 10^{-3}$ \| $1.16 \times 10^{-3}$ \| $8.48 \times 10^{-5}$ \| $6.46 \times 10^{-6}$ \| \| $^bW(jj) + \gamma$ \| 4.80 \| $6.93 \times 10^{-1}$ \| $6.19 \times 10^{-2}$ \| $4.16 \times 10^{-3}$ \| $7.39 \times 10^{-4}$ \| $4.67 \times 10^{-5}$ \| $2.99 \times 10^{-6}$ \| $^a$Here the branching fraction is taken into account. to reduce the latter. In Table-II we show the production cross section for all backgrounds in different $\hat{P}_T$ ranges. IV. EVENT GENERATION & CUTS The event generation for signal and different background processes was done with pythia-v6.325 [26]. For signal event generation the matrix elements of Eq. (4) and (5) were implemented inside the pythia framework. We used the following common parameters and PYTHIA switches: - Parton Distribution Function(PDFs): CTEQ 5L [27]; - $Q^2 = s$; - MultiParton Interaction(MPI): “ON”; - Initial State Radiation(ISR) and Final State Radiation (FSR): “ON”. To get enough statistics for both the signal and the backgrounds, we divided the whole analysis into three phase space regions determined by the value of the $P_T$ of the final state $\gamma$ and the jet. For this purpose, the following $P_T$ (CKIN(3) parameter of pythia) criteria were used for different mass points of signal: - $\hat{P}_T \geq 180$ GeV: 1.0 - 3.0 TeV, - $\hat{P}_T \geq 450$ GeV: 3.5 - 4.5 TeV, - $\hat{P}_T \geq 950$ GeV: 5.0 - 6.0 TeV. A total of 16 mass points, 11 for coupling strength $f_1 = f_2 = 1.0$ (with a step size of 0.5 TeV) and 5 for $f_1 = f_3 = 0.5$ were generated. The different backgrounds were also generated in various $P_T$ range. No pseudorapidity restriction was applied while generating the events as the large $P_T$ cut requirement naturally restricts the events to well within $\|\eta\| < 5.0$. We must also mention here that in the final selection of $\gamma$, we have used the fiducial volume of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS detector i.e. $\|\eta\| \leq 2.5$ with $1.444 \leq \|\eta\| \leq 1.566$ excluded on account of the insensitive region between the barrel and the endcaps[28]. The jets were selected up to $\|\eta\| \leq 3.0$ only, because of poor resolution in the forward calorimeter. Fig. 5 shows the deviation in the total cross-section of $gg \rightarrow \gamma + jet$ as function of $M_{\phi^}(= \Lambda)$. Clearly, the variation is well-approximated by a $\Lambda^{-2}$ contribution superimposed upon a constant (the SM value). This is reflective of the fact that, for large $\Lambda$, the new physics contribution is dominated by the interference term in Eqs.(4,5) rather than the pure $\Lambda^{-4}$ term. Only if we had imposed harder cuts on the photons, would the latter term have dominated (albeit at the cost of reducing event numbers and hence the sensitivity). ![Graph showing deviation of cross section from SM with $M_{\phi^}(= \Lambda)$ at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV.](image) FIG. 5: Deviation of cross section from SM with $M_{\phi^}(= \Lambda)$ at $\sqrt{s} = 14$ TeV. V. PHOTON AND JET CANDIDATES AT THE GENERATOR LEVEL Although a mass peak in the signal will appear as an excess of events over the continuum SM background, the significance for such an observation will depend on the size of this continuum. Hence, to enhance the signal peak, it is necessary to reduce the background as much as possible. For the signal under investigation, QCD dijet is the largest background, as it mimics $\gamma+\text{jet}$ final state when one of the jet fakes a photon. To estimate this background reasonably at the generator level, it is a must to have a proper understanding of the reconstruction algorithm for a specific design of the detector rather than limit ourselves to only partonic level photon and jets from the final state in an event. Taking this into consideration, we have used a clustering algorithm to account for fake photons arising from jets [29]. The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS detector is made up of $PbWO_4$ crystals and each crystal covers 0.0175 × 0.0175 (equivalently, 1°) in the $\Delta\eta-\Delta\phi$ space ($\phi$ being the azimuthal angle). For photon reconstruction, we have used the “hybrid” algorithm [30] where we consider only those final state electromagnetic particles (i.e., $\gamma$, $e^+$ and $e^-$) in the $\eta-\phi$ space such that neither of the distances $\Delta\eta$ and $\Delta\phi$ from the seed object exceeds 0.09. This extension is equivalent to a $10 \times 10$ crystal size in the CMS detector. The seed for such a clustering must have a minimum $P_T$ of 1 GeV. A photon candidate is either a direct photon or other electromagnetic objects such as $\pi^0 \rightarrow \gamma\gamma$, $\rho^0 \rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ etc. The main contribution of fake photons comes from $\pi^0 \rightarrow \gamma\gamma (\sim 81\%)$, $\eta \rightarrow \gamma\gamma (\sim 12\%)$ while other sources give only a small contribution. A detailed discussion of this reconstruction algorithm at the generator level can be found in a previous work [31]. For jet reconstruction, various algorithms have been used by different collider experiments. These include the MidpointCone [32], IterativeCone [33, 34], and the $K_t$ algorithms [35, 36, 37]. The $K_t$ and MidPoint algorithms are used mostly for offline analysis. Since we have used the CMS setup in our analysis, we use the IterativeCone algorithm to reconstruct jets at the generator level. Being much faster, this is commonly used for software based triggers. While the first algorithms for the jets at the hadron colliders started with simple cones in the $\Delta\eta-\Delta\phi$ space [38], clustering techniques have greatly improved in sophistication over the last two decades [32, 35]. For a real detector, the first step in the reconstruction, before invoking the jet algorithm, is to apply noise and pile-up suppression with a set of cuts on $E_T$. To make “perfect detector jets”, we used a seed $P_T$ cut on the $P_T$-ordered final state particles and selected only those which had a transverse momentum above the required minimum [2] of $P_{T,seed} \geq 1.0$ GeV. Once the seed is selected, we search around for all the particles in a cone of $\Delta R \leq 0.5$. The objects inside the cone are used to calculate a proto-jet direction and energy using the E-scheme($\sum P_i$). The computed direction is then used to seed a new proto-jet. The procedure is repeated until both the energy and the direction of the putative jet is stable between iterations. We quantify this by requiring that the energy should change by less than 1% and the direction by less than $\Delta R = 0.01$. When a stable proto-jet is found, all objects in the proto-jet are removed from the list of input objects and the stable proto-jet is added to the list of jets. The whole procedure is repeated until the list is bereft of objects with an $E_T$ above the seed threshold. The cone size and the seed threshold are the parameters of the algorithm. VI. SMEARING EFFECTS While a detailed and full-scale detector simulation is beyond the scope of this work, realistic detector effects can easily be approximated. To this end, we smear the generator level information with ECAL and HCAL resolutions of the CMS detector. For the ECAL resolution function, we use the form $$\frac{\delta E}{E} = \frac{a}{\sqrt{E}} \oplus \frac{a_n}{E} \oplus C$$ (6) where $a$ denotes the stochastic term, $a_n$ is the white noise term and $C$ is the constant term, with the three contributions being added in quadrature. For each of these terms, we use values identical to those for the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS [30], namely $$C = 0.55\%$$ $$a_n = \begin{cases} 2.1 \times 10^{-3} \text{GeV} & \|\eta\| < 1.5 \\ 2.45 \times 10^{-3} \text{GeV} & 1.5 \leq \|\eta\| \leq 2.5 \end{cases}$$ $$a = \begin{cases} 2.7 \times 10^{-2} \text{GeV}^{1/2} & \|\eta\| < 1.5 \\ 5.7 \times 10^{-2} \text{GeV}^{1/2} & 1.5 \leq \|\eta\| \leq 2.5 \end{cases}.$$ The resolutions for $\Delta\eta$ and $\Delta\phi$ were taken to be 0.02 and 0.001 respectively for both the barrel and endcap. For the hadronic calorimeter, the resolutions were once again assumed to be the same as those for the CMS HCAL [39, 40], namely, - Barrel: $$\frac{\delta E}{E} = \frac{65\%}{\sqrt{E/\text{GeV}}} \oplus 5\%, \Delta\eta = 0.04, \Delta\phi = 0.02$$ - Endcaps: $$\frac{\delta E}{E} = \frac{83\%}{\sqrt{E/\text{GeV}}} \oplus 5\%, \Delta\eta = 0.03, \Delta\phi = 0.02$$ [2] The seed threshold can vary from 0.5 to 2.0 GeV depending on the energy of reconstructed jet. • Forward region: \[ \frac{\delta E}{E} = \frac{100\%}{\sqrt{E/\text{GeV}}} \oplus 5\%, \Delta \eta = 0.04, \Delta \phi = 0.04 . \] The four momenta of the photon and jet were recalculated after applying these resolution effects using an appropriate Gaussian smeared function. In Fig. 6, we show the effect of resolution on the mass peak for an $M_{q^}$ of 1 TeV. It should be noted that the ATLAS detector at the LHC has a better jet energy resolution with the constant term being $\sim 2\%$ [41] compare to $\sim 5\%$ in the CMS detector. On the other hand, the CMS ECAL has a better resolution than the ATLAS one owing to a smaller constant term. However, with the resolving power being dominated by the jet energy resolution, ATLAS should do somewhat better. In other words, our results correspond to a conservative choice. ![Fig. 6: Effect of smearing on the mass peak for an excited quark of 1 TeV.](image) ### VII. KINEMATICAL VARIABLES In Fig. 7, we show the kinematical distributions for the leading photon and the leading jet for $P_T^{\gamma,jet} \geq 200$ GeV dataset for the background and the signal for $M_{q^} = 1$ TeV. For purpose of visual clarity, the distributions for $Z + \gamma$ and $W + \gamma$ backgrounds have been scaled up by a factor of 10. The bump in the transverse momentum distributions are primarily driven by the on-shell production of the $q^$ and, therefore, are centred slightly below $M_{q^}/2$. As is evident from Fig. 7(e), an excess in the invariant mass spectrum would be quite prominent for even $\int L dt = 1 pb^{-1}$. The $t$-channel contribution has been included and manifests itself in the elongation of the side bands. It may be noted that the QCD dijet background is more than 10 times as large as the signal, but falls very rapidly with $P_T^{\gamma,jet}$ (the mistagging probability has already been included). Fig. 7(f) shows the distribution in the subprocess center of mass scattering angle, with $\cos \theta^ = \tanh((\eta^* - \eta^{jet})/2.0)$. Note that major differences between the signal and background profile occur only for $p_T$ and invariant mass distributions, whereas the other phase space variables are not very sensitive discriminants. Fig. 8 shows similar distributions as in Fig. 7 but for the $M_{q^} = 5$ TeV point instead. For these distributions we have used a $P_T^{\gamma,jet}$ cut of 1 TeV at the pre-selection level. With the $P_T$ spectrum for the photon from QCD background falling very rapidly, the signal dominates over the background above 2 TeV even without isolation cuts. As for the corresponding invariant mass ($M_{\gamma-jet}$) distribution—see Fig. 8(c)—a combination of the large natural width and smearing effects results in a broad bump rather than a sharp one. Once again, the other distributions do not discriminate between the signal and background in any forceful manner. While the the slight dip in the central $\eta^$ region for the $W + \gamma$ process might seem intriguing (especially in the absence of any such dip in the $Z + \gamma$ distribution), it is but a straightforward reflection of the well-known Radiation-Amplitude-Zero (RAZ) present in the former [42, 43]. That the RAZ in the angular distribution is apparent only for the high $P_T^{\gamma,jet}$ cutoff case can be understood by realising that the rapidity of the photon as measured in the laboratory can be related to the rapidity (scattering angle) in the ### TABLE III: Preselection-efficiency and geometrical acceptance for various SM backgrounds and few signal points. \| Selection Cut \| Signal % \| $\gamma + Jet$ % \| QCD % \| $Z + \gamma$ % \| $W + \gamma$ % \| \|---------------\|----------\|------------------\|-------\|----------------\|----------------\| \| $P_T^{\gamma,jet} \geq 200 GeV$ [1 TeV] \| 48.7 \| 44.2 \| 0.90 \| 38.4 \| 37.1 \| \| $P_T^{\gamma,jet} \geq 500 GeV$ [4 TeV] \| 40.2 \| 39.8 \| 0.42 \| 50.4 \| 50.6 \| \| $P_T^{\gamma,jet} \geq 1 TeV$ [5 TeV] \| 47.4 \| 46.0 \| 0.51 \| 58.8 \| 59.9 \| \| $\|\eta^\| \leq 2.5$, $\|\eta^{jet}\| \leq 3.0$, $\|\eta^\| \not\in [1.4442, 1.5666]$ [1 TeV] \| 42.4 \| 38.2 \| 0.81 \| 32.8 \| 33.2 \| \| $\|\eta^\| \not\in [1.4442, 1.5666]$ [4 TeV] \| 38.2 \| 37.8 \| 0.40 \| 47.4 \| 48.4 \| \| $\|\eta^\| \not\in [1.4442, 1.5666]$ [5 TeV] \| 46.4 \| 45.0 \| 0.50 \| 56.3 \| 58.7 \| FIG. 7: Kinematic variable distributions after 200 GeV pre-selection cut on $P_T$ (a) $P_T^{\gamma}$ distribution (b) $P_T^{jet}$ distribution (c) $\eta^\gamma$ distribution (d) $\eta^{jet}$ distribution (e) $M_{\gamma-jet}$ distribution and (f) $\|\cos \theta^\|_{\gamma-jet}$. The signal corresponds to $M_{q^} = 1$ TeV. partonic subprocess center of mass frame through $$\eta(\gamma) = \frac{1}{2} \ln \left( \frac{x_1}{x_2} \right) + \eta^(\gamma)$$ where $x_i$ are the momentum fractions of the incoming partons. For small $\hat{s}$ values (hence lower ckin(3) cuts) the parton densities are maximized when the (anti-)quark acquire small(large) momentum fractions respectively. This leads to a considerably large contribution to $\eta^\gamma$ from the boost, thereby smearing the original double peaked $\eta^\gamma$ distribution into centrally peaked one. On the contrary, for typically high $\hat{s}$ (ckin(3)$\geq 1$ TeV) values the $x_i$ tend to be not too different thereby reducing the smearing on this account. In Table III we show the pre-selection efficiencies and geometrical acceptances for the CMS detector for various backgrounds and signal of $M_{q^} = 1, 4$ and 5 TeV against the total generated events. VIII. ISOLATION VARIABLES In a detector, a photon candidate is reconstructed by summing the electromagnetic energy deposition in ECAL towers in a limited region of space, with the sum being required to be above a certain $E_T$ threshold. For the sake of simplicity, this limited region can be visualized as a cone in $\Delta \eta - \Delta \phi$ space given by $\Delta R \equiv \sqrt{\Delta \phi^2 + \Delta \eta^2}$, and containing most of the energy of the electromagnetic object. FIG. 8: As in Fig.7 but with a 1 TeV pre-selection cut on $P_T$ and a signal corresponding to $M_{q^} = 5$ TeV instead. A jet fragmenting into neutral and charge hadrons with a $\pi^0 \rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ (with overlapping photons) carrying maximum momentum can also lead to fake single-photon candidates. To remove such events, photons are required not to have associated charged tracks within a cone of size $R_{iso}$. This is implemented by requiring that the scalar/vector sum of energy/transverse momentum within $R_{iso}$ should be below a certain threshold. For example, the DØ and the CDF experiments demand that the $E_T$ due to charged tracks within a cone of $\Delta R = 0.4$ around the photon should be less than a certain value. In this analysis, we closely follow the CMS detector simulation studies [44] and consider the following isolation variables: - the number of tracks ($N_{trk}$) above a certain threshold inside a cone around the photon candidate, - the scalar sum of transverse energy ($E_{TSUM}$) inside a cone around the photon. Although, in a full detector simulation the $E_{TSUM}$ is measured separately for ECAL and HCAL, but working at the generator level, we combine them into a single variable with all kinds of electromagnetic and hadronic objects around the photon being taken into account. ### A. Track Isolation For the purpose of track isolation, only ‘stable’ charged particles e.g. $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $e^\pm$ and $P^\pm$ were considered. The other particles were found to have only a negligible contribution. Indeed, $\pi^\pm$ alone contribute more than 80% of the charged tracks. Fig. 9 shows the distribution of numnumber of charged tracks ($N_{trk}$) around the leading photon within a cone of size $\Delta R \leq 0.35$ for a $M_{\gamma^} = 1$ TeV signal as well as for the total background. Since the leading photon is the true photon for signal events, most of them are associated with zero tracks ($N_{trk} = 0$) and the distribution falls off very rapidly for larger $N_{trk}$ values. For background events though, the distribution peaks at $N_{trk} \sim 7-8$ and then falls slowly. The small rise at $N_{trk} = 0$ is due to the fact that $\gamma + jet$(SM) and $W/Z + \gamma$ backgrounds have true photons as the leading photon in the event and have no tracks around them, while the rising part along with the extended tail is mainly contributed by the QCD dijet events where the fake photon typically has a large number of tracks around itself. In this study, we accept a photon to be an isolated one if there is no track with minimum transverse momentum ($P_{Tmin}^{trk}$) within a given cone around it. It should be noted that comparative distributions of signal and total background, as shown in Fig 9, is not overly sensitive to moderate changes in the $P_{Tmin}^{trk}$ value (the exact values are discussed at a later stage). ![Fig. 9: Number of tracks($N_{trk}$) for the signal ($M_{\gamma^} = 1$ TeV) and the background events around the photon.](image) In $pp$ collisions at the LHC, a large number of soft tracks (in the range of a few MeVs to a few GeVs) will be produced in each event. The main sources of such soft tracks are ISR, FSR, minimum bias and underlying events. For a direct photon emerging from the hard interaction, such soft tracks could actually be in the near vicinity of the photon. Labelling such photons as non-isolated ones could potentially reduce the signal efficiency, and many interesting events, such as those in this study, could be lost. To prevent such loss, tracks are usually required to pass certain minimum selection criteria, with a minimum threshold on the transverse momentum being a common requirement [29, 44, 45]. Adopting this strategy, we investigate the dependence of the signal efficiency and the signal/background (S/B) ratio on the chosen $P_T$ threshold ($P_{Tmin}^{trk}$), varying the latter between 1-3 GeV. To optimize the value of $P_{Tmin}^{trk}$, it is useful to examine both the signal and the QCD dijet background in terms of the distribution for the highest-$P_T$ track. In Fig 10(a) and (b) respectively, we display this distribution for the signal for $M_{\gamma^} = 1$ TeV and 5 TeV. Accompanying these, in each case, are the corresponding QCD dijet background. For ease of comparison both the distributions are normalized to unity. As is evident, any tracks accompanying the photon in a signal event tend to have a low $P_T$, whereas for the background events, the distribution is a very wide one. An indicative value for the optimal $P_{Tmin}^{trk}$ is given by the point of intersection of the two normalised distributions (signal and background). The optimal choice does depend on the signal profile (determined, in a large measure by the typical momentum transfers), as is evident from the crossover points being $\sim 4$ (6) GeV for signals corresponding to $M_{\gamma^}$ of 1 (5) TeV. Thus, characterizing only those tracks, around a photon, with a $P_T \gtrsim 4$ GeV as true tracks (or, in other words, accepting photons with accompanying tracks satisfying $p_T \leq P_{T\text{min}}^{\gamma k} \sim 4$ GeV as true photons) would mean that a very large fraction of the signal is retained while a significant fraction of the background is rejected. In Fig. 11, we display the consequent interplay between signal efficiency and the signal to background ratio ($S/B$), for two different signal points ($M_{q^} = 1$ TeV and 5 TeV). It is evident from the distributions that adopting a higher threshold would remarkably increase the signal efficiency with only a small loss in the S/B ratio. More importantly, the track isolation requirement reduces the fake photon events with the major effect showing up in the QCD dijet background. As is obvious, the strict requirement of $N_{trk} = 0$ in a given cone around the photon reduces only a small fraction of the signal whereas the S/B ratio is improved considerably. To keep the analysis simple, we then dispense with a $M_{q^}$-dependent choice of the threshold, and instead demand $P_{T\text{min}}^{\gamma k} = 3$ GeV and $N_{trk} = 0$ irrespective of the mass of the $q^$ being looked for. Although a choice of $P_{T\text{min}}^{\gamma k} = 4$ GeV would have led to better results (see Fig 9), we make a more conservative choice to account for the fact that, in a real detector, the tracking efficiency is usually less than 100%. ![Signal Efficiency vs S/B](image) FIG. 11: Effect of $P_{T\text{min}}^{\gamma k}$ choice on signal efficiency vs S/B for the photons from a) 1 TeV signal b) 5 TeV signal. For a given threshold ($P_{T\text{min}}^{\gamma k}$), the individual points correspond to differing values of the number of tracks, $N_{trk}$, allowed in a cone starting with 0 tracks (for the rightmost point) and increasing in steps of one. ### B. $E_T$ Sum Isolation We now discuss the next isolation variable, namely the scalar sum of transverse energy inside a cone around the photon candidate. Figs.12a(b) show respectively the $E_{T\text{SUM}}$ distribution for the leading photon for $M_{q^} = 1$ (5) TeV for a cone of size $\Delta R = 0.35$. Both distributions are normalized for an integrated luminosity of 1 pb$^{-1}$. It is evident that, in either case, a large fraction of signal events have $E_{T\text{SUM}} \leq 5.0$ GeV whereas the background events generically have $E_{T\text{SUM}} \geq 5$ GeV. For $M_{q^} = 5$ TeV, the discriminating point is even slightly higher. As in the previous subsection, we next study the dependence of signal efficiency and S/B ratio on the choice of the $E_{T\text{SUM}}$ threshold. Fig. 13(a) and (b) respectively show the signal efficiency vs. S/B ratio for 1 TeV and 5 TeV signal points. It is evident that, for a given signal efficiency, a higher S/B ratio can be attained for larger cone sizes. For example, demanding $\Delta R \leq 0.35$ leads to a large signal efficiency ($\sim 92\%$) and $S/B > 0.88$ for either choices of $M_{q^}$. On the other hand, any relaxation beyond $E_{T\text{SUM}} > 5.0$ GeV reduces S/B considerably with only a very small gain in signal efficiency. Several $E_{T\text{SUM}}$ thresholds for different cone sizes were analyzed along with track isolation requirements to optimize signal efficiency along with the S/B ratio. ![ET SUM Distribution](image) FIG. 12:* $E_{T\text{SUM}}$ for the background and the signal events around photons for a) $M_{q^} = 1$ TeV b) $M_{q^} = 5$ TeV Signal. Distributions are normalized for $\int Ldt = 1$ pb$^{-1}$. TABLE V: Number of events surviving for the $M_{q^} = \Lambda = 1$ TeV signal and the backgrounds for $\int L dt = 100 \text{pb}^{-1}$ for different isolation cuts. \| $R_{iso}$ \| $N_{trk}$ \| $P_T^{trk}_{\text{min}}$ (GeV) \| $E_{TSUM}$ (GeV) \| S \| QCD \| $\gamma + Jet$ \| $Z + \gamma$ \| $W + \gamma$ \| Tot.Background \| (S+B) \| \|-----------\|-----------\|-------------------------------\|-----------------\|---\|-----\|---------------\|-------------\|-------------\|----------------\|-------\| \| 0.30 \| 0 \| 1.0 \| 5.0 \| 2734 \| 626.2 \| 2185 \| 4.10 \| 2.97 \| 2818 \| 3368 \| \| \| \| \| 6.0 \| 2740 \| 634.4 \| 2190 \| 4.11 \| 2.98 \| 2831 \| 3381 \| \| \| 3.0 \| \| 5.0 \| 3085 \| 803.0 \| 2467 \| 4.64 \| 3.36 \| 3278 \| 3896 \| \| \| \| \| 6.0 \| 3112 \| 845.9 \| 2490 \| 4.68 \| 3.39 \| 3344 \| 3966 \| \| 0.35 \| 0 \| 1.0 \| 5.0 \| 2596 \| 554.0 \| 2076 \| 3.89 \| 2.82 \| 2637 \| 3157 \| \| \| \| \| 6.0 \| 2604 \| 560.8 \| 2083 \| 3.91 \| 2.83 \| 2650 \| 3172 \| \| \| 3.0 \| \| 5.0 \| 3011 \| 727.4 \| 2409 \| 4.52 \| 3.28 \| 3144 \| 3747 \| \| \| \| \| 6.0 \| 3054 \| 772.1 \| 2444 \| 4.59 \| 3.32 \| 3224 \| 3834 \| qualitative differences in the results are small. Based on these studies, the final selection cuts applied are as follows (the $P_T^{trk,jet}$ requirements being determined by the range of $M_{q^}$ being investigated, vide Sect.IV): - $P_T^{\gamma}, P_T^{jet} \geq 200$ GeV(500 GeV, 1 TeV); - $\|\eta\| \leq 2.5$ & $\|\eta^\gamma\| \not\in [1.4442, 1.5666]$; - $\|\eta^{jet}\| \leq 3.0$; - $N_{trk} = 0$ for $P_T^{trk} \geq 3.0$ GeV within $R_{iso} \leq 0.35$; - $E_{TSUM} < 5.0$ GeV within $R_{iso} \leq 0.35$. In Table V, we show the expected number of events for $M_{q^} = \Lambda = 1$ TeV for an integrated luminosity of 100 pb$^{-1}$ for various combinations of isolation variables discussed above. In Fig. 14 we have shown the invariant mass distribution for both signal+background(S+B) and background(B) after the all selection cuts. ![Invariant mass of $\gamma - jet$ system for Signal+Background and Background after all the isolation and kinematical cuts.](image) FIG. 14: Invariant mass of $\gamma - jet$ system for Signal+Background and Background after all the isolation and kinematical cuts. (a) $M_{q^} = 1$TeV (b) $M_{q^} = 5$TeV. IX. SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL For reporting a discovery significance, we adopt a frequentist Monte-Carlo technique based on a method of hypothesis testing originally due to Neyman and Pearson [29, 46, 47]. The aim is to determine which one of two competing hypotheses, the so called null hypothesis($H_0$) and the alternative hypothesis($H_1$) is favoured by the data. In the present context, the SM only case (background) constitutes the null hypothesis ($H_0$) and the presence of new physics (i.e. excited quark contribution to the final state) along with the SM is the alternative hypothesis ($H_1$). Heretofore, $H_0$ and $H_1$ will also be referred to as background only (B) and signal plus background (S+B) hypotheses. In the Neyman-Pearson method one aims to design a test which minimizes the probability $\beta$ of erroneously rejecting an alternative hypothesis when it is actually true. Understandably, $1 - \beta$ is defined as the power of a test and the most powerful (MP) test is the one which maximizes the power for a given value of the probability $\alpha$ of rejecting the null hypothesis as false, when it is true instead. According to the Neyman Pearson lemma [46], the condition for the MP test is obtained as a condition on the log likelihood ratio (LLR) of a given dataset coming from the null or the alternative hypothesis. Even when a MP test does not exist, the LLR statistic can be used for testing between two hypothesis due to its statistically desirable properties [48]. One accepts or rejects $H_0$ based on the value of the LLR computed from the data. If the value of the LLR falls within a range of values (the critical region) which is unlikely to come from $H_0$ then $H_0$ is rejected. Now, $\alpha$ as defined above is clearly the probability of the LLR value falling in the critical region when $H_0$ is true. Hence, $1 - \alpha$ is reported as the significance level of rejecting $H_0$ (i.e., the SM in our case), or, in other words, this is the discovery confidence level. In general, a LLR test can be constructed out of one or many discriminating quantities (e.g. $P_T$, angular separation etc.). In this analysis, the LLR has been constructed out of a single discriminating variable, namely $M_{\gamma-jet}$, the invariant mass of the leading $\gamma$ and jet. While this is obviously the most sensitive discriminant in the case of on-shell production, it plays an important role even for virtual exchanges[31]. The likelihood ratio is defined as the ratio of Poisson probabilities: $$Q = \frac{P_{poiss}(data\|S+B)}{P_{poiss}(data\|B)}$$ $$P_{poiss}(data\|S+B) \equiv \frac{(s_i + b_i)^{n_i} e^{-(s_i + b_i)}}{n_i!}$$ \hspace{1cm} (7) $$P_{poiss}(data\|B) \equiv \frac{(b_i)^{n_i} e^{-(b_i)}}{n_i!}$$ where $s_i + b_i$ are the number of events expected in the $i^{th}$ bin of the $M_{\gamma-jet}$ histogram according to the S+B hypothesis whereas $b_i$ correspond to the B hypothesis. $n_i$ here denote the number of events in the $i^{th}$ bin of $M_{\gamma-jet}$ histogram from “data”. All efficiencies are to be folded in $s_i$, $b_i$ and $n_i$. The LLR statistic is then given by the expression, $$-2 \ln Q = 2 \sum_{i=1}^{n_{bins}} s_i - 2 \sum_{i=1}^{n_{bins}} n_i \ln \left(1 + \frac{s_i}{b_i}\right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (8) The “data” $n_i$ in the $i^{th}$ bin of the test variable is generated as a random Poisson fluctuation around the mean value of the $i^{th}$ bin of the theoretical $M_{\gamma-jet}$ histogram. The significance level is defined as, $$\alpha = 1 - CL_B = P(Q \leq Q_{obs}\|B),$$ \hspace{1cm} (9) the fraction of experiments in a large ensemble of background only experiments which would produce results more signal-like than the observed data. By definition, a S+B hypothesis is “confirmed” at the 5$\sigma$ (3$\sigma$) level if $\alpha < 2.8 \times 10^{-7}$ ($1.35 \times 10^{-3}$) [49]. In Fig. 15, we show the LLR distribution for B and S+B type hypotheses for two different mass points. The luminosities have been chosen so as to yield a 5$\sigma$ significance for the S+B hypothesis. We have used $10^7$ MC trials for these distributions. In this figure, $1 - CL_B$ is the fraction of MC trials of background type hypothesis which falls to the left side of peak value of $LLR_{S+B}$. ![Fig. 15: Log likelihood ratio distributions for S+B and B type hypotheses for a 5$\sigma$–significance for (a) 1.0 TeV (b) 5.0 TeV $q^$ states.](image) In Fig. 16 we show how the LLR discrimination between two types of hypothesis behave as a function of mass window around the $M_{q^}$ value. As visible from the figure, beyond $\pm 3\Gamma(q)$ the two hypothesis looks similar and hence it does not contribute to the significance level. We found similar results for all signal points and for the final selection we have used $\pm 3\Gamma(q)$ as the mass window around $\gamma-jet$ invariant mass. X. BACKGROUND SUBTRACTED INVARIANT MASS In this section, we describe a procedure to estimate the number of events under the mass peak in the case of a discovery (i.e. if the data supports the S+B hypothesis). Assuming an excess centred approximately around $M_{\gamma^ \text{--jet}} = M_0$, the first step constitutes fitting the data over a $M_{\gamma^* \text{--jet}}$ range centred around $M_0$ but much wider than the region of the excess, the aim being to fit the background as well as the sidebands. While in a real experiment one would attempt to fit the sidebands from data alone, here we use a large MC sample to determine the shape of the sidebands and find that an exponential describes them well (see Fig. 17 for $M_0 = 1$ TeV). To generate realistic distributions, we consider $(s + b)$ in each bin to be an independent Poisson distributed (and integer valued) variable with a mean equalling the theoretically expected number of events. A random fluctuation was then used to generate the “experimentally observed” events in the bin concerned. For a good background fit on the (S+B) distribution, an identified excess has clearly to be left out. To this end, we leave out the range $\sim [M_0 - 3\Gamma_0, M_0 + 3\Gamma_0]$ consonant with the binning algorithm where $\Gamma_0 = \Gamma(M_{q^} = M_0)$. For a $\chi^2$ minimization of the fit, the MINUIT [50] package was used within the ROOT framework [51]. The fit in Fig. 17(a) was done for an integrated luminosity of 1 fb$^{-1}$ although a 5$\sigma$ signal significance for $M_{q^} = 1$ TeV is attainable with only 10 pb$^{-1}$ of data. Fig 17(b) shows the background subtracted mass distribution for $M_{q^} = 1$ TeV. Here we have used a single Gaussian to fit the mass spectrum. While an integrated luminosity of 1 fb$^{-1}$ for new physics mass measurements would normally be considered meagre when compared to the LHC design parameters, it is interesting to consider the physics possibilities with far lower luminosities. To this end, we present, in Fig 18, analogous distributions for only 10 pb$^{-1}$. While FIG. 18: As in Fig.17, but for an integrated luminosity of $10 \text{ pb}^{-1}$ instead. the fit for the background is, understandably, not as good as in the earlier case, once the validity of an exponential fit is accepted, the background subtracted mass fit is still very convincing. In Fig 18(b) the number of signal events under the Gaussian fit and within the 800–1200 GeV mass range was found to be $30.5 \pm 5.5 (\text{stat.})$. The uncertainty due to error on fitting parameters are found to be at most 4.9 events. We note in passing that in an actual detector at the LHC the mass peak will have a tail on the lower mass side due to partial containment of showers and fitting this may need a Gaussian modified with a Landau or some other asymmetric distribution thereby broadening the mass peak somewhat. The invariant mass distribution has two components, the natural Lorentzian part for an unstable particle with a large width and a Gaussian (or a double-Gaussian) distribution due to resolution effects. The combined distribution is a convolution of the two above. Although the combined distribution is thus not a simple one, a single Gaussian fits the mass peak reasonably well and hence we choose to fit the peak with a simple Gaussian. FIG. 19: Required integrated luminosity as a function of $M_{q^}$ for (a) 5σ and (b) 3σ significance for two different coupling strengths (systematic uncertainties are not included). XI. RESULTS Fig. 19(a) and (b) respectively show the luminosity needed to achieve 5σ (3σ) significance for the signal as a function of the excited quark mass. We find that the result obtained using ($-2 \ln Q$) are consistent with those from $s/\sqrt{b}$ test statistic. In estimating the required luminosity, we have exploited only the mass peak region of the signal over the SM background. We have used a mass window of $\sim \pm 3\Gamma(q^)$ around $M_{q^}$. In a previous section we have shown that beyond $\pm 3\Gamma(q^)$ the discriminating statistic, namely LLR, looks similar for S+B and B. We have checked the stability of the results by varying TABLE VI: Cross sections for various $M_{\gamma^}$ values after imposing all kinematical and isolation cuts. \| S.N. \| $M_{\gamma^}$ $^a$ (TeV) \| $\Delta M_{\gamma^j}$ $\pm 3\Gamma(\gamma^)$ (GeV) \| $\sigma(S+B)$ (pb) \| $\sigma(B)$ (pb) \| $\sigma(S^)$ $^b$ (pb) \| Efficiency(S+B) (%) \| Efficiency(B) (%) \| Efficiency(S) (%) \| \|------\|-----------------\|---------------------------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\| \| 1 \| 1.0 \| 800-1200 \| 9.26 \| 4.92 \| 4.34 \| 1.304 \| 0.699 \| 60.28 \| \| 2 \| 1.5 \| 1200-1800 \| 2.034 \| 1.33 \| 0.694 \| 0.288 \| 0.190 \| 46.71 \| \| 3 \| 2.0 \| 1600-2400 \| 6.72 $\times 10^{-1}$ \| 5.10 $\times 10^{-1}$ \| 1.61 $\times 10^{-1}$ \| 0.095 \| 0.072 \| 37.23 \| \| 4 \| 2.5 \| 2000-3000 \| 2.54 $\times 10^{-1}$ \| 2.10 $\times 10^{-1}$ \| 4.41 $\times 10^{-2}$ \| 0.036 \| 0.029 \| 40.67 \| \| 5 \| 3.0 \| 2450-3550 \| 7.85 $\times 10^{-2}$ \| 6.44 $\times 10^{-2}$ \| 1.40 $\times 10^{-2}$ \| 0.011 \| 0.009 \| 75.95 \| \| 6 \| 3.5 \| 2900-4150 \| 1.11 $\times 10^{-2}$ \| 6.93 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 4.17 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 0.274 \| 0.172 \| 24.70 \| \| 7 \| 4.0 \| 3300-4700 \| 4.90 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 3.40 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 1.50 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 0.121 \| 0.084 \| 15.60 \| \| 8 \| 4.5 \| 3700-5300 \| 2.20 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 1.57 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 6.37 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 0.054 \| 0.039 \| 11.48 \| \| 9 \| 5.0 \| 4150-5850 \| 4.60 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 2.47 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 2.12 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 0.628 \| 0.342 \| 22.49 \| \| 10 \| 5.5 \| 4500-6450 \| 2.17 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 1.29 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 8.81 $\times 10^{-5}$ \| 0.299 \| 0.179 \| 14.91 \| \| 11 \| 6.0 \| 5000-7000 \| 8.39 $\times 10^{-5}$ \| 5.14 $\times 10^{-5}$ \| 3.24 $\times 10^{-5}$ \| 0.115 \| 0.071 \| 7.85 \| $^a$Here $f_1 = f_3 = 1.0$ $^b$Pure New Physics contribution evaluated by subtracting $B$ from $(S + B)$ TABLE VII: As in Table VI with additional requirement of centrality ($\|\eta^{\gamma^jet}\| \leq 1.5$). \| S.N. \| $M_{\gamma^}$ $^a$ (TeV) \| $\Delta M_{\gamma^j}$ $\pm 3\Gamma(\gamma^)$ (GeV) \| $\sigma(S+B)$ (pb) \| $\sigma(B)$ (pb) \| $\sigma(S^)$ $^b$ (pb) \| Efficiency(S+B) (%) \| Efficiency(B) (%) \| Efficiency(S) (%) \| \|------\|-----------------\|---------------------------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\|-----------------\| \| 1 \| 1.0 \| 800-1200 \| 4.75 \| 2.14 \| 2.61 \| 0.668 \| 0.304 \| 36.22 \| \| 2 \| 1.5 \| 1200-1800 \| 0.87 \| 0.41 \| 0.45 \| 0.123 \| 0.059 \| 30.64 \| \| 3 \| 2.0 \| 1600-2400 \| 2.27 $\times 10^{-1}$ \| 1.10 $\times 10^{-1}$ \| 1.16 $\times 10^{-1}$ \| 0.032 \| 0.015 \| 26.82 \| \| 4 \| 2.5 \| 2000-3000 \| 6.54 $\times 10^{-2}$ \| 3.43 $\times 10^{-2}$ \| 3.11 $\times 10^{-2}$ \| 0.009 \| 0.004 \| 28.66 \| \| 5 \| 3.0 \| 2450-3550 \| 2.21 $\times 10^{-2}$ \| 1.27 $\times 10^{-2}$ \| 9.40 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 0.003 \| 0.001 \| 50.95 \| \| 6 \| 3.5 \| 2900-4150 \| 6.67 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 3.20 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 3.47 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 0.165 \| 0.079 \| 20.55 \| \| 7 \| 4.0 \| 3300-4700 \| 2.64 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 1.30 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 1.34 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 0.065 \| 0.032 \| 13.93 \| \| 8 \| 4.5 \| 3700-5300 \| 1.01 $\times 10^{-3}$ \| 4.59 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 5.51 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 0.025 \| 0.011 \| 9.92 \| \| 9 \| 5.0 \| 4150-5850 \| 3.99 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 2.00 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 1.98 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 0.545 \| 0.277 \| 20.98 \| \| 10 \| 5.5 \| 4500-6450 \| 1.79 $\times 10^{-4}$ \| 9.78 $\times 10^{-5}$ \| 8.15 $\times 10^{-5}$ \| 0.246 \| 0.135 \| 13.78 \| \| 11 \| 6.0 \| 5000-7000 \| 6.51 $\times 10^{-5}$ \| 3.44 $\times 10^{-5}$ \| 3.07 $\times 10^{-5}$ \| 0.089 \| 0.047 \| 7.43 \| $^a$Here $f_1 = f_3 = 1.0$ $^b$Pure New Physics contribution evaluated by subtracting $B$ from (S+B) the bin width of the invariant mass distribution from 50 GeV to 20 GeV for both $M_{\gamma^} = 1.0$ TeV and 2.0 TeV and find that the luminosity required for 5σ significance changes by 20% and 1.1 % respectively. For $M_{\gamma^} = 5.0$ TeV, on the other hand, we varied the bin width from 50 GeV to 100 GeV and found that the required luminosity changes by 2.1 %. Similarly we increased the number of Monte Carlo trials by a factor of 10 and found that the required luminosity changes by $\sim 20 \%$, 0.8 % and 2.1 % respectively for the 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 TeV mass points. In Fig. 19(a), corresponding to the $f_i = 1.0$ case, we also demonstrate the effect of restricting the photon and the jet to the central region of the calorimeter on the required luminosity. For 5σ significance, the latter reduces by $\sim 30\%$ upto a mass of 4.5 TeV. For $M_{\gamma^} \gtrsim 5.0$ TeV, though, the signal events are mostly produced in the central region and hence the requirement $\|\eta^{\gamma^jet}\| \leq 1.5$ does not affect the final result significantly. It is also shown that within the present model of composites for $M_{\gamma^} \gtrsim 5.5$ TeV, a 5σ significance can not be achieved at a centre of mass energy of 14 TeV. While this might seem to run counter to previous work, note that, unlike in the earlier efforts, we have used unitarized amplitudes and hence our cross sections are naturally smaller than theirs. In Table VI, we show the results for cross section and efficiency for S+B and B after all the kinematical and isolation selection cuts have been imposed for various $M_{\gamma^}$ values. Table VII shows similar information for central events alone ($\|\eta^{\gamma^jet}\| \leq 1.5$). XII. SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTIES Since we have performed a detailed analysis including a realistic simulation of various detector effects and uncertainties for the CMS setup, here we present an estimation of systematic uncertainties. For this we have considered only the dominant contribution both in the signal and the backgrounds. For both the signal and the $\gamma + jet$ background we concentrate on the dominant process, viz. $gg \rightarrow q\gamma$. For the QCD dijet background, all the available processes in PYTHIA were used for the estimation of the uncertainty. We did not account for $q\bar{q} \rightarrow \gamma + jet, W/Z(jj) + \gamma$ and $gg \rightarrow \gamma + jet$ as they contribute only a small fraction of the total background and systematic uncertainties in these can safely be neglected. - Choice of the parton distributions (PDF): To estimate the uncertainty in the cross sections due to the choice of the PDF, the former were recalculated for three additional PDFs, namely CTEQ6L, CTEQ6M [52] and MRST2001 [53]. Using the LHApdf package [54], the results for each were compared to those for our default choice, namely CTEQ5L [27]. While the resultant cross sections turned out to be higher for CTEQ6M (it should be noted that the CTEQ6M distributions are NLO and hence their use with LO calculations is fraught with danger) and MRST2001 distributions, for CTEQ6L they turned out to be lower for almost all the signal points. As can be expected, the uncertainty in the cross section increases with $M_{q\gamma}$, simply because one starts to sample an ill-explored region in the $(Q^2, x)$ plane. For CTEQ6M and MRST2001, the relative deviation varies between 2.3–13.0 % and 2.6–14.2 % respectively as $M_{q\gamma}$ changes from 1 TeV to 6 TeV. For CTEQ6L, the variation was found to be within $-4.5$ to $+2.25$ %. These numbers are quite consistent with those applicable for the SM $\gamma + jet$ process alone, for which the corresponding numbers are 5.6–11.0% (CTEQ6M) and 6.0–12.0% (MRST2001). Similarly, for the dijet background an uncertainty of 9–16% (CTEQ6M) and 8.7–16.5% (MRST2001) was estimated. We have not only used different PDFs but have also evaluated uncertainty due to a given proton PDF by varying the errors on the parameters of the PDF fit itself. For this, we chose CTEQ6L (with NLO $\alpha_s$ and LO fit) and its 40 subset PDFs. The uncertainty was found to be $\sim \pm 1\%$ for a 1 TeV $q\gamma$ state and $-8.29\%$ to $+10.93\%$ for a 5 TeV one. For QCD dijet and $\gamma + Jet$ background these numbers were found to be $-9.81\%$ to $+13.74\%$ and $-8.04\%$ to $+10.54\%$ respectively. - Scale Variation: To estimate the dependence of the signal and the background cross-sections on the choice of the factorization scale $Q$ (default value in our analysis being $\sqrt{s}$), they were recalculated for two other values of the latter viz $Q^2 = P_T^2$ and $Q^2 = -\hat{t}$. Both these choices for the scale would have resulted in a higher cross-section compared to $Q^2 = s$. The deviation increases with $M_{q\gamma}$ and ranges between 2.1–11.3% for $Q^2 = -\hat{t}$ and 10.6–25.0% for $Q^2 = P_T^2$ case. For the QCD di-jet background the maximum deviation was found to be $\sim 39\%$ while for $\gamma + jet$ it was $\sim 26\%$. Thus, the overall significance of the signal remains largely unaltered. - Higher-order effects: For the background, these have been studied in detail both theoretically and experimentally. For example, $\gamma + jet$ production in the SM has been studied in depth using the NLO parton level Monte Carlo program JETPHOX [55, 56]. Recently, a comparison of these predictions have been done with the Tevatron data[57]. Unfortunately, the $P_T^2$-dependent shape of the triple differential cross section $d^3\sigma/dp_T^2dy^jdy^{jet}$ for different pseudorapidity ranges is not explained satisfactorily by the NLO calculation. The reason is not hard to fathom. A comparison with data necessitates the imposition of isolation cuts. On the other hand, the NLO calculations depend crucially on the choice of isolation cuts and infrared safety needs to be taken care of. This has been discussed in Ref.[58]. Modulo such subtleties, an effective and easy way to incorporate higher order effects is to include $K$-factors. For $\gamma + jet$ production, the $K$-factor lies in the range 1.0–1.66 depending on the details of jet fragmentation (primarily, to a $\gamma/\pi^0$)[59]. While the $K$-factor for our case is not known, in the large $M_{q\gamma}$ limit it is not expected to be too different from the SM case. Close to threshold, the $K$-factor is normally expected to be even bigger. However, given the attendant theoretical complications, we adopt a conservative approach and ignore all $K$-factors in this analysis. - Jet energy resolution: To incorporate finite detector resolutions, the photon and jet four momenta were smeared with a energy resolution as given in section VI. For the photon $P_T$ range considered in this analysis, we expect the constant term ($C$) to be the dominant source of error and it contributes about 0.55%. To estimate the effect of the jet energy resolution on this analysis, we redid this analysis smearing the four momenta of the jet with an energy resolution of 100% for the barrel region and 150 % for the endcaps and the forward regions. The effect was studied for two different mass state, viz. 1.0 TeV and 5.0 TeV. It was found that such a large worsening of the jet energy resolution would increase the luminosity required for a 5$\sigma$ significance by about 30% (1%) for 1.0 TeV (5.0 TeV) mass states respectively. However, if we increase the number of MC trials by a factor of 10 (to stabilize the peak value of $LLR_{S+B}$) then these numbers were found to be well within 2%. - Uncertainty due to pre-selection: The systematic uncertainty due to preselection in the $P_T$ range of this study is found to be less than 1%. • Luminosity error: For the CMS experiment, this error is expected to be $\sim 10\%$ for an integrated luminosity of $1 \text{fb}^{-1}$ [60] and $\sim 3\%$ for an integrated luminosity of $30 \text{fb}^{-1}$ [61]. • To estimate the combined effect of the aforementioned uncertainties we lowered the signal cross-section by 5% for the 5.0 TeV mass point and found that the luminosity for 5$\sigma$ significance increases by $\sim 10.9\%$. On the other hand, if we increase the background cross-section by 5% for the same mass point then the required luminosity increases by $\sim 5.1\%$. XIII. CONCLUSIONS To summarise, we have investigated the potential of using a direct photon (in association with a single hard jet) final state at the LHC to probe possible quark excitations. Such states arise naturally in a variety of scenarios, ranging from Kaluza-Klein excitations in extra-dimensional models to theories wherein the quarks themselves are composed of more fundamental objects (preons). And, as far as the concerns of the present analysis go, even other fundamental quarks (as often appear in theories with extended symmetries, gauged or global) could lead to similar signals and, hence, be discoverable. In any such model, the excited states may couple to their SM counterparts only through a generalised (chromo-)magnetic transition term in an effective Lagrangian. Consequently, the presence of such states would alter the direct photon cross section, whether through an on-shell production (and subsequent decay) of the $q^$ or through an off-shell exchange (both $s$- and $t$-channel). The extent of the deviation depends on both the mass $M_{q^}$ and the compositeness/excitation scale $\Lambda$. The deviation concentrates in the large $p_T$ regime, especially for larger $M_{q^}$ and can be quite substantial. Two points need to be noted here. The first and straightforward one relates to the width of the excited state. With $\Gamma(q^)$ being typically quite large, a narrow-width approximation does not hold and the full matrix element needs to be incorporated. The second issue is more subtle and is connected to the non-renormalizable nature of the effective Lagrangian. Since a naive use of a (chromo-)magnetic dipole moment vertex leads to a cross section constant or even growing with the center of mass energy, the amplitude needs to be unitarized. This, understandably, leads to a suppression of the cross sections, a fact often ignored in experimental analyses, but included here. Using the photon and jet reconstruction algorithms as used for the CMS detector at the LHC, we have performed a realistic estimation of the deviation caused by the excited quark exchange contribution to the direct photon plus a single hard jet rate. We have accounted for all major backgrounds to evaluate the limits in the $\Lambda - M_{q^*}$ parameter space. With the imposition of moderate restrictions on the rapidities (as dictated by the detector acceptances), but stringent cuts on the transverse momenta, the background can be beaten down severely without any damaging loss of signal. A most crucial ingredient is the application of reasonably stringent isolation criteria, as it helps control the orders of magnitude larger backgrounds from QCD dijet production with one jet faking a photon. 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8th ANNUAL TELEVISION NUMBER RADIO - ELECTRONICS TELEVISION • SERVICING • HIGH FIDELITY HUGO GERNSBACK, Editor In this issue: Special Full-Color Feature: Servicing Color TV Receivers What's Happening To U.H.F.? 19-Inch Receiver Color Circuitry Unitized Printed-Circuit TV Receiver (See page 4) ...for you or for leading television receiver manufacturers At Du Mont there is only one Standard of Quality... All Du Mont picture tubes are built to the highest standards of quality—whether for leading TV receiver manufacturers as initial equipment, or for the individual serviceman. The same careful assembly, processing and inspection is done on every picture tube bearing the Du Mont name. Do as leading TV receiver manufacturers do—choose Du Mont initial quality picture tubes for new set performance. CATHODE-RAY TUBE DIVISION ALLEN B. DU MONT LABORATORIES, INC. CLIFTON, N. J. now you can own a 3-Dimension Relief Map of the World Molded in Plastic—Four Colors for only $15.00 The mountains, valleys, and other natural characteristics of the Earth, affecting signal transmission and reception, are modeled in exact scale at their proper height above sea level. Shows 150 countries and political entities, cities, seaports, airports, rail centers, almost 1,000 features. This useful and decorative map is molded in sturdy, washable plastic with a self-frame, ready for hanging, and measures 21" x 34¼". Send the coupon today. Be first in town to own this revolutionary new map for only $15.00. LEGEND Easy-to-read symbols that tell you at a glance the major seaports, airports, rail centers and important trading areas. At least 150 countries and political entities are clearly shown, together with population. See the contours of the Earth’s surface at a glance. An entirely new, third dimension, relief map of the World, molded in washable plastic, to conform with the earth’s contours. DUN & BRADSTREET’S INTERNATIONAL MARKETS 99 Church Street, New York, N.Y. Please send me ______ copies of the molded plastic world map at $15.00 each. You may bill me. Print Your Name Address City Zone State ON THE COVER (See page 64) The service technician shows how the units of the new Walco printed-circuit TV receiver can be removed and replaced to make servicing speedier and cheaper. Color original by Habershaw Studios CONTENTS SPECIAL FULL-COLOR FEATURE: Color Servicing ........................................... by W. W. Cook and C. E. Lasswell 53 Editorial (Page 33) Universal TV Receiver .................................... by Hugo Gernsback 33 Television (Pages 34-76) What's Happening in U.H.F.? .......................... by David Lachenbruch 34 Color TV in a 19" Receiver ............................ by Robert F. Scott 37 Miniature TV Antennas ................................... 39 Convergence in 3-Gun C-R Tubes ......................... by Leonard Lieberman 40 TV DX (January-March) .................................. 42 The Waves of Wireless (Poem) .......................... by Lee de Forest 42 Transistorized Portable Receiver ....................... by G. B. Herzog and R. D. Lohman 43 Television and Electronics ............................. by Brig. Gen. David Sarnoff 46 Picture-Tube Replacement Guide ........................ by E. W. Scott 49 Joe Doaks—TV Repairman ............................... by Henry Farad 50 Color Servicing ........................................ by W. W. Cook and C. E. Lasswell 53 What's the Dope on Color TV? .......................... 57 Top TV Reception in Isolated Areas ..................... by Edward M. Noll 58 Color TV Antenna Techniques ........................... by Ira Kamen 60 Television Underwater .................................. by Ralph W. Hallows 62 Printed-Circuit TV Chassis (Cover Story) .............. 64 Color TV Circuits, Part VIII—Circuit tracing an experimental color TV receiver ............... by Ken Kleidon and Phil Steinberg 65 Television—it's a Cinch (Fourteenth conversation, second half—Down with capacitors! direct coupling; restoring the d.c. components; the useful diode) .................................................. by E. Aisberg 68 New British Keyed A.G.C. Circuits ...................... 70 Machines Make TV Sets .................................. 71 Simple Graphical Solution for TV and FM Propagation 72 Problems ................................................ 73 TV Service Clinic ....................................... by Jerry Kass 74 TV Station List as of November 15, 1954 ............... 76 Test Instruments for TV (Pages 77-104) Chromatic Probe ......................................... by Robert G. Middleton 77 Rainbow Generator ...................................... by Winston H. Starks 79 Versatile Wide-Band 5" Oscilloscope ................... by Hugh Herring 83 Low-Frequency Sweep Generator Adapter ............... by Richard Graham 99 Audio—High Fidelity (Pages 106-134) The Missing Link in Speaker Operation, Part II—Obtaining variable damping factors in amplifiers; determining critical dampening factors .................................................. by D. J. Tomcik 106 Servicing High-Fidelity Equipment, Part XI—AM and FM tuner distortion; de-emphasis and pre-emphasis; noise .................. by Joseph Marshall 115 For Golden Ears Only—the Ampex 600 tape recorder; Karlson enclosure; Dubbings D-500 level indicator and test records; good recordings .................................................. by Monitor 119 The Wurlitzer Electronic Organ, Part II—Tone coloring, the vibrato circuit ........................................... By Richard H. Dorf 128 Electronics (Pages 136-138) Light-Sensitive Neon-Tube Circuits ..................... by Joseph Braunbeck 136 DEPARTMENTS Books .................................................. 182 Question Box ........................................... 168 Business ................................................ 170 The Radio Month ....................................... 10 Correspondence ........................................ 14 Radio-Electronic Circuits .............................. 166 New Devices ........................................... 146 Technical Literature ................................... 178 New Tubes and Transistors ............................. 153 Technicians' News ..................................... 142 Patents ................................................ 161 Technotes ............................................. 158 People .................................................. 176 Try This One .......................................... 164 MEMBER Audit Bureau of Circulation Average Paid Circulation over 180,000 RADIO-ELECTRONICS, January 1955, Vol. XXVI, No. 1. Published monthly at Mt. Morris, Illinois, by Gernsback Publications, Inc. Entered as Second Class matter June 23, 1954, at the Post Office at Mt. Morris, Ill., Copyright 1954 by Gernsback Publications, Inc. All rights reserved and not be reproduced without permission of copyright owner. SUBSCRIPTIONS: Address correspondence to Radio-Electronics Subscription Department, 644 North Rivers Ave., Mt. Morris, Ill., or 25 West Broadway, New York 7, N. Y. When ordering, please furnish an additional invoice from a recent wrapper. Allow one month for change of address. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: In U. S. and Canada, and in U. S. possessions, $3.50 for one year; $6.00 for two years; $8.00 for three years; single copies 35c. All other foreign countries, $5.00 per year; $9.00 for two years; $11.00 for three years. BRANCH ADVERTISING OFFICES: Chicago, 1127 W. Washington Boulevard. Tel. Madison 6-1271; San Francisco: Ralph W. Barker and Associates, 582 Market St., Tel. Gearyfield 1-2401. FOREIGN OFFICES: Great Britain: Allen, Lane and Co., Ltd., 100 Piccadilly, London, W. 1. France: Societe Radio-Electronics, 10 Boulevard Montmartre, Paris 18. Belgium: Verenigde Televisie en Radio, 100 Avenue Louise, Brussels. Holland: Trilectron, Uitvaart Co., Ltd., London E.C. 4. Germany: Radio-Electronics, 1000 Berlin 10. Switzerland: International Book & News Agency, Athens. So. Africa: Central News Agency Ltd., Johannesburg; Cape Town, Durban, Natal, Universal Book Agency, Johannesburg. Australia: International Book & News Agency, Sydney. India: Broadway News Centre, Dadar, Bombay #14. Pakistan: Paradise Book Shop, Karachi. Middle East: Steimatzky Middle East Agency, Jerusalem. Canada: Broadway News Centre, Toronto 14. Copyright 1954 by Gernsback Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. "Trademark registered U.S. Patent Office." National Schools brings you a new dimension in training for TELEVISION-RADIO-ELECTRONICS YOU CAN LEARN BY HOME STUDY, IF— —you are ambitious to increase your earning power. —you want to broaden your knowledge and skill. —you choose the school with the most complete training and service. 50 Years of Successful Training National Schools has been training men for success since 1905. Our graduates are located around the globe, in good-paying jobs in servicing, installation and manufacturing...in public and private industry, or in their own businesses. All this experience and background are your assurance of success. What This New Dimension in Home Study Means to You As a National Schools student, with Shop Method Home Training, you master all phases of the industry—TV, Radio, Electronics—theory and practice. You learn HOW and WHY, in one complete course at one low tuition. Because National Schools' world headquarters are in Los Angeles—"capital city" of TV-Radio-Electronics—our staff is in close touch with industry. Our lessons and manuals are constantly revised to keep you up-to-the-minute on latest developments. We show you how to make spare time earnings as you learn, and we give you free placement assistance upon graduation. National Schools is approved for G. I. Training. Both Resident and Home Study courses are offered. If you are of draft age, our training helps you achieve specialized ratings and higher pay grades. This new dimension enables us to train men who should be trained at home, regardless of your age or previous education. Your Course Includes Valuable Units We send you important equipment, including a commercial, professional Multitester...plus parts to build Receivers, Oscillators, Signal Generator, Continuity Checker, other units, and Short Wave and Standard Broadcast Superhet Receiver. 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SOUNDORAMA, a new idea in high-fidelity demonstrations took place during a concert of the National Symphony Orchestra in Constitution Hall, Washington, D. C., Nov. 13. The 90-man orchestra, under Conductor Howard Mitchell, played a selection which was simultaneously tape-recorded. As soon as the orchestra completed its performance, the recorded version was played back over an assembly of ten 50-watt amplifiers and ten three-way loudspeaker systems mounted on the stage with the orchestra so that the audience of 4,000 could compare the original with modern high-fidelity reproduction. Standard high-fidelity components made for home use were employed in the demonstration. The program was produced by Station WGMS, Washington, with the cooperation of Fisher Radio Corp., Jensen Manufacturing Co., and Berlant Associates to show how high-quality sound reproduction has progressed in recent years. Principals in Soundorama concert. Left to right: B. Berlant, Berlant Associates; H. Mitchell, conductor; A. Fisher, Fisher Radio Corp.; K. Kramer, Jensen Mfg. Co. UNDERWATER TELEVISION played a major role in the recovery of the recently wrecked jet airliner Comet I near Elba. The British Government, investigating similar wrecks, assigned a ship of the Royal Navy to search for and recover as much of the airliner as possible. Using special television cameras (see Television Underwater, page 62), the area of the crash was probed and the remnants of the plane discovered. Guided by the television cameras, thousands of pieces of the plane were brought to the surface—in all, 70% of the recoverable weight. Some pieces were no bigger than a matchbox. Study of the recovered fragments indicated that metal fatigue had probably caused the crash. EUROPE TV REPORT was given by E. A. Marx, director of the International Division of Du Mont Labs, upon his return from a fact-finding survey of the television situation in Europe. While stating that foreign TV does not compare in picture quality with that in the U.S., he singled out Italy and Germany as having set the pace in TV progress. Marx stated that Italy has a chain of nine TV stations that runs from near the Swiss border south to Rome, with plans under way to extend this network as far as Naples and to Sicily in the near future. Germany is rapidly expanding her television network with the continuous building of television stations. The Federal German Republic may soon have 28 TV stations. Eurovision, the European television network which covers the Continent, has a bright future, in the opinion of (Continued on page 10) Here is one of the most effective ways to OPEN THE DOOR to opportunity in TELEVISION-ELECTRONICS Your future is the most important thing in your life! Give it every advantage you can. 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ALSO AVAILABLE Rotator posts for mounting rotator to tower; Hinge Brackets; Guy Ring Buckets; UHF Side Arm Mounts; Mounts for Additional Antennae on a Tower; Erection Fixtures; Guy Rings; Installation Accessories; and dozens of other items! Designed and Manufactured Exclusively by ROHN Manufacturing Company Dept. RE 116 Limestone, Bellevue Peoria, Illinois RADIO-ELECTRONICS Mr. Marx. He said that telecasts of international football (soccer) games have caused a sensation. Under this setup, when such programs are broadcast, TV interpreters in each individual country take over and act as announcers. FIRST CONTEMPT PROSECUTION in the Government's get-tough policy against illegal r.f. heat-generating equipment was enforced against a plastics manufacturer in New York City. The violator was sentenced to a 30-day jail term because he failed to heed warnings that his equipment was interfering with a confidential military radio channel. Assistant U.S. Attorney Robert Sweet said that this, being the first, was a test case. According to Arthur Batcheller, FCC engineer, under FCC regulations such industrial devices must be kept within frequency channels centering on 13.56, 27.12, 40.68 and 2,450 mc. ELECTRONIC IRONY and shades of Frankenstein fell upon Sir Robert Watson-Watt recently. The noted radar pioneer was fined $12.50 by Kingston, Ontario, authorities, for speeding. The police had clocked Sir Robert's car—with radar! THEATER COLOR TV projection system was demonstrated recently at the 76th semiannual convention of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers held in Los Angeles. The new system projects color pictures 15 by 20 feet with—according to RCA—good resolution and brightness. The highlight brightness is approximately 5 foot-lamberts on an embossed aluminized screen. The system can also be used for monochrome projection. TWO BILLION DOLLARS' worth of television service annually may be expected in this country before 1959, stated Harold J. Schulman, CBS-Columbia service director, at a recent radio-TV technicians' meeting in Atlanta, Ga. The prediction was based on the estimate that there would be more than 44,000,000 black-and-white and 18,000,000 color receivers in use by 1959. Not only the increased number of receivers, but their greater complexity, will increase the amount of service work. Color receivers, Mr. Schulman believes, will require an average of six calls per year, as compared to two for monochrome sets. The talk was the main event of the Atlanta Radio and Television Association's regular monthly meeting. W. A. Steed, president of the association, introduced Mr. Schulman to the meeting, held at Jackson Electronic Supply Co. ULTRASONICS are being used to reduce pain and relax muscle spasm in arthritis patients and help arthritic cripples to walk. At a meeting of the American Institute of Ultrasonics in Medicine, Capt. Edward P. Reese of the Army and Navy Hospital, Hot Springs, Ark., said he was "quite disinterested and pessimistic" when asked to start a study of ultrasonic treatment of arthritis because so many drugs, hormones and other treatments for arthritis had proved disappointing after first being hailed enthusiastically. But after a short experience with ultrasonics, he thinks that it "may prove to be one of the greatest advancements in the treatment of arthritis." (Further reference to ultrasonics in medicine can be found in "IRE Shows Electronic Progress," in the June, 1954, issue of RADIO-ELECTRONICS.) RADIO PIONEERS, at a recent dinner meeting in New York City, presented citations to Raymond A. Heising "for a noteworthy radio career of 44 years and his invention of the system of modulation used in almost every standard broadcasting station in the world" and Lloyd Espenschied "for his brilliant 45-year radio career which included pioneering development of systems of voice communication and the coaxial cable." Dr. Heising and Mr. Espenschied were engineers with Bell Labs for many years before they retired. SUBWAY TRAIN communications have been demonstrated successfully in a station-to-moving-train hookup. New York City's vast rapid-transit system may soon adopt this communication system wherein existing signal cables and the third, or power, rail are used to transmit frequency modulated carrier waves. In the test, a dispatcher at New York's Times Square station spoke to a representative of the Union Switch and Signal Division of the Westinghouse Air Brake Co., installer of the apparatus, who was aboard the train. Those hearing the demonstration were impressed by the clearness of sound, lack of static and continuous operation, even while the train was crossing switches. SURPLUS RADAR equipment might save coastal cities thousands of dollars—as well as many lives—by spotting approaching hurricanes, according to I. R. Tannehill of the United States Weather Bureau. He pointed out that some Midwestern cities now have their own radar equipment for tornado searching. A used radar can be converted to a storm spotter for about $10,000, said Mr. Tannehill. It would cost about $200,000 to buy a new one. While they would not supersede the regular Weather Bureau service, since they could not detect a storm more than about 200 miles away, they could tell exactly where it was and where it was headed, once it came within range of the radar. Let me send you FREE the entire story Just fill out this coupon and mail it. I will send you, free of charge, a copy of "How to Pass FCC License Exams," plus a sample FCC-type Exam, and the amazing "Money-Making FCC License Information." CARL E. SMITH, E.E. President I can train you to pass your FCC License Exam in a minimum of time. I have 20 years practical radio experience—amateur, Army, Navy, and broadcasting. My time-proved plan can help put you, too, on the road to success. Tells where to apply and take FCC examinations, duties of examining office, scope of knowledge required, approved ways to prepare for FCC examinations, positive methods of increasing your knowledge before taking the examination. DOES NOT COVER AMATEUR LICENSE EXAMS CLEVELAND INSTITUTE OF RADIO ELECTRONICS Cleveland 3, Ohio Desk RE-72 — 4900 Euclid Bldg., Cleveland 3, Ohio JANUARY, 1955 NEW MERIT FLYBACKS GIVE YOU exact replacement for 1,252 tv set models MANUFACTURED BY HVO-15 PHILCO HVO-21 PHILCO HVO-24 ADMIRAL The only transformer line designed exclusively for service—Merit since 1947 has made available to you a complete line of exact replacement transformers. Merit’s 3 plants are geared to supply your TV transformer needs when you need them—on the spot for black and white and color with exact or universal replacement flybacks. MERIT MERIT COIL & TRANSFORMER CO. 4427 N. Clark Street • Chicago 40, Illinois Ask your jobber, or write for, your copy of Merit 1955 Replacement Guide #407 listing up-to-date replacement components for all models and chassis of TV receivers. HIGH-FIDELITY MUSIC-APPRECIATION RECORDS TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND MUSIC BETTER AND ENJOY IT MORE ON ONE SIDE there is a full performance of a great musical work, featuring orchestras and soloists of recognized distinction in this country and abroad. You listen to this performance first, or afterward, as you desire, and then... ON THE OTHER SIDE is an illuminating analysis of the music, with the themes and other main features of the work played separately with running explanatory comment, so that you can learn what to listen for. A NEW IDEA OF THE BOOK-OF-THE-MONTH CLUB All too frequently, most of us are aware, we do not listen to good music with due understanding and appreciation. There is no doubt about the reason: we are not properly primed about what to listen for. Music-Appreciation Records meet this need—for a fuller understanding of music—better than any means ever devised. After hearing several of these records, all the music you listen to is transformed, because you learn in general what to listen for. This highly enjoyable form of self-education can be as thorough as the Music-Appreciation courses given in any university. YOU SUBSCRIBE BUT TAKE ONLY THE RECORDS YOU WANT... A new Music-Appreciation Record will be issued—for subscribers only—every month. Ultimately all the great masterpieces of music will be included. The announcement about each forthcoming record will be written by Deems Taylor. After reading this descriptive essay (presented in a form that can be kept for long use) you may take the record or not, as you decide at the time. You are not obligated as a subscriber to take any specified number of records. And, of course, you may stop the subscription at your pleasure—at any time! TWO TYPES OF RECORDS AT A RELATIVELY LOW COST... All Music-Appreciation Records will be high-fidelity, long-playing records of the highest quality—33 1/3 R.P.M. on Vinylite. They will be of two kinds: first, a so-called Standard Record—a twelve-inch disc—which will present the performance on one side, the analysis on the other. This will be sold at $3.60, to subscribers only. The other will be an Analysis-Only Record—a ten-inch disc—priced at $2.40. The latter will be made available each month for any subscriber who may already have a satisfactory long-playing record of the work being presented. (A small charge will be added to the prices above to cover postage and handling.) TRY A ONE-MONTH SUBSCRIPTION—NO OBLIGATION TO CONTINUE... Why not make a simple trial, to see if these records are as pleasurable and enlightening as you may anticipate? The first record, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, will be sent to you at once—at no charge. You may end the subscription immediately after hearing this record, or you may cancel any time thereafter. As a demonstration WILL YOU ACCEPT WITHOUT CHARGE Beethoven's Fifth Symphony A NEW HIGH-FIDELITY RECORDING BY THE LONDON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA Norman Del Mar, Conductor Analysis by Thomas Scherman You have heard this great work countless times—what have you heard in it? And what may you have failed to hear? This demonstration will show you what you may have been missing in listening to great music. PLEASE RETURN ONLY IF YOU HAVE A RECORD PLAYER WHICH CAN PLAY 33 1/3 R.P.M. LONG-PLAYING RECORDS MUSIC-APPRECIATION RECORDS c/o Book-of-the-Month Club 345 Hudson Street, New York 14, N. Y. Please send me at once the first Music-Appreciation Record, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, without charge, and enter my name in a Trial Subscription to Music-Appreciation Records, under the conditions stated above. It is understood that, as a subscriber, I am not obligated to buy any specified number of records, but may take only those I want. Also, I may cancel this subscription after hearing the first record, or any time thereafter at my pleasure, but the introductory record is free in any case. Mr. ............................................................... Mrs. ............................................................... Miss ............................................................... (Please Print) Address ........................................................................ City................................................ Zone...... State........... MAR 1 IS IT THAT TOUGH? Dear Editor: I was very much interested in C. F. Mahler Jr.'s article on "Tough U.H.F. Installations" appearing in the October issue. Since the beginning of u.h.f. I have been amused by the fantastic stories that have come out of Portland, Ore. I have made hundreds of u.h.f. installations in seven states and have yet to install an antenna in a man's front yard, on a fence post, outhouse or 7½ inches off the ground. Having been indoctrinated by the Portland stories, I once installed a bowtie on the eaves of a house. Some time later a new occupant moved in. Passing the house one day, I was mortified to find a u.h.f. antenna sitting squarely on the roof where it should have been in the first place. Mr. Mahler's statement concerning the uselessness of a field-strength meter gives me a clue as to why there are so many unorthodox installations out there. I have found this instrument extremely useful in u.h.f. work—especially in determining the practicality of stacked arrays. The meter will indicate whether or not you have something to work with. Harold Davis Jackson, Miss. JUST A FEW GRIPES Dear Editor: I have been a service technician for 25 years. During that time I have accumulated a few things I would like to get off my chest. Though I read many trade publications, I am writing to RADIO-ELECTRONICS because I consider Mr. Gernsback one of the leaders in the radio and television fields and a man who has done a great deal for the betterment of the service technician. I have read numerous articles on servicing, especially servicing in the home, written by so-called experts. I think a few weeks' work in the field, servicing in the average customer's home, will alter their opinions. When making repairs in the home, what customer will pay you for your years of experience and ability in trouble shooting and rapid diagnosis, when the defective component costs 18 cents? It is logical that in practically all cases where more than tubes are involved in a defect, the set has to be pulled for shop repair. And I am not even considering the strong possi- (Continued on page 18) FREE 1955 ALLIED 308-PAGE CATALOG the only COMPLETE catalog for everything in TV, Radio and Industrial Electronics World's largest Stocks - All TV and Radio Parts - All Electron Tube Types - Test and Lab Instruments - High Fidelity Equipment - Custom TV Chassis - AM, FM Receiving Equipment - Recorders and Suppliers - P.A. Systems, Accessories - Amateur Station Gear - Builders' Kits, Supplies - Equipment for Industry ultra-modern facilities for the FASTEST SERVICE IN ELECTRONIC SUPPLY SEND FOR THE LEADING ELECTRONIC SUPPLY GUIDE EASY-PAY TERMS Use ALLIED'S liberal Easy Payment Plan—only 10% down, 12 months to pay—no carrying charges if you pay in 60 days. Available on Hi-Fi and P.A. units, recorders, TV chassis, test instruments, Amateur gear, etc. HI-FI SPECIALISTS To keep up with the latest and best in High Fidelity, look to ALLIED. Count on us for all the latest releases and largest stocks of Hi-Fi equipment. We specialize, too, in TV supply, and are foremost in the field of Builders' Kits. SEND FOR IT TODAY! Get ALLIED'S 1955 Catalog—308 pages packed with the world's largest selection of quality electronic equipment at lowest, money-saving prices. Select from the latest in High Fidelity systems and components; custom TV chassis, TV antennas and accessories; AM and FM receiving equipment; P.A. systems and accessories; recorders and supplies; Amateur receivers, transmitters and station gear; specialized industrial electronic equipment; test instruments; builders' kits; huge listings of parts, tubes, tools, books—the world's most complete stocks of quality equipment. ALLIED gives you every buying advantage: fastest shipment, expert personal help, lowest prices, assured satisfaction. Get the big 1955 ALLIED Catalog. Keep it handy. Send for your FREE copy today. IT'S VALUE PACKED...SAVE ON EVERYTHING IN ELECTRONICS ALLIED RADIO world's largest Electronic Supply House ALLIED RADIO CORP., Dept. 2-A-5 100 N. Western Ave., Chicago 80, Illinois ☐ Send FREE 308-Page 1955 ALLIED Catalog. Name____________________________________ Address___________________________________ City_________________________Zone_____State______ "Everywhere! Even in the most extreme fringe areas, the sensational Winegard Interceptors are providing clear, enjoyable TV pictures." Wilmington, Del. "First shipment of Interceptors and Pixies enthusiastically acclaimed by our dealers. Advertising claims well founded. Pixie will outperform a stacked conical... oftentimes at a much lower height. Interceptor better than anything we have run up against including large colinear arrays." DELAWARE ELECTRONICS SUPPLY CO. A great new antenna that gives you both 1. Complete all-channel VHF coverage— 2. Brilliant yagi performance— Yes, the extraordinary high gain of a yagi... The pin-point directivity of a yagi... Not on just one channel—not on just one band—but clear across the whole VHF spectrum. The Interceptor is designed for both black and white and color The same Interceptor that gives you those sharp, clear black and white pictures today will give you the truest, brightest color pictures imaginable in the future. NOTE—The Interceptor has been received so enthusiastically—all over the country—that the Winegard Company, even with around the clock production in its broad band plant, can't seem to make Interceptors fast enough. Twice this season production has been actually doubled over what was originally planned, and still we are experiencing difficulty in keeping up with this tremendous demand. So, get your order in now—and avoid disappointment on delivery. List price U.S.A.... Interceptor... per bay... $24.95 (Stacking bars available) AND NOW up to 22% more gain! Super 'Ceptor (Super Interceptor) A NEW, more powerful version of our famous Winegard Interceptor—Now—makes it possible to have multi-element yagi performance on all channels in the most extreme fringe areas. The Super 'Ceptor possesses all of the wonderful features of the Interceptor, but with much increased sensitivity... up to 22% more gain over the standard Interceptor model. Features of the Interceptor and Super 'Ceptor - Excellent 300 ohm impedance match over the entire VHF range. - Extremely narrow yagi type forward lobes, with no side lobes and negligible rear lobes. - Single lead... no switching... no interaction between the high channel elements and the low band elements. The New Winegard Super 'Ceptor (Super Interceptor) With Electro-Lens Focusing!* Gives you—multi-element yagi performance, not on one channel... not on one band... but on every single channel in the whole VHF spectrum! List price U.S.A.... Super 'Ceptor... per bay $34.95 (Stacking bars available) IMP—Model L-7 for channels 7–13. On the high VHF band, the IMP functions as two high gain yagi—operating side by side in perfect phase, to give gain and directivity far in excess of more conventional 7–13 broad band designs. Imp Features: - Exceptionally high gain on channels 7–13. - Full wave driven elements. - Full wave reflector elements. - Electro-Lens Focusing.* Note—the IMP makes the perfect all-channel attic antenna for all channels in primary areas. List price U.S.A.... Imp... per bay........$12.95 (Stacking bars available) PATENT PENDING See your jobber or write us for additional information about the Interceptor and other Winegard antennas WINEGARD COMPANY 3000 SCOTTON BOULEVARD, BURLINGTON, IOWA Winegard—America's most wanted line of TV antennas—designed to make installations quicker—easier—and more profitable Don't improvise... RTV-ize! FOR FAST, SURE, ECONOMICAL CONTROL REPLACEMENTS As easy as using the 'phone book. As sure as if you looked up the original specs of that chassis. All because Clarostat engineers, responsible for the majority of TV controls in use, have compiled the replacement data available to you in the Clarostat TV Control Replacement Manual and the Supplementary Sheets. Listings are by set-manufacturer's model and chassis, part number, Clarostat catalog number, function and description. Cross references, too. New 275-page Second Edition. Supplementary sheets available from your distributor. RTV replacements available when Standard types won't do. Standard types, especially field-assembled "Pick-A-Shaft" and "Ad-a-Switch" controls. The 275-page Clarostat TV Control Replacement Manual (2nd Edition) and Supplementary Sheets to this Manual provide you with our latest TV control-replacement data. Ask your distributor for the Manual and Supplementary Sheets. Trade Mark CONTROLS AND RESISTORS CLAROSTAT MFG. CO., INC., DOVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE In Canada: Canadian Marconi Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ontario JANUARY, 1955 WHOA, Mr. Serviceman! DON'T JUST REPLACE— MODERNIZE with wide-range, high-compliance SONOTONE TITONE CERAMIC CARTRIDGES Always install a Sonotone, the original ceramic cartridge—your customers will love you for it. It will start them on the road to high-fidelity—and additional new business for you! Write for free Sonotone manual today! New Sonotone Phonograph Modernization Manual includes an up-to-date cross reference and phonograph model index, fully explains how to use Sonotone Ceramic Cartridges. Send coupon below for your free copy, now! ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS DIVISION SONOTONE CORPORATION Elmsford, New York --- CORRESPONDENCE (Continued) bility of not having that particular part on hand when it is needed, especially parts like sound traps and peaking coils. Many authors insist that technicians should carry a scope, v.t.v.m. and all types of generators into the home, plus a C-R tube tester. This is ridiculous. Don't get me wrong, I have this equipment—and I value it highly. But the prime function of a sweep generator is for alignment, and the average set seldom needs alignment when it comes in for repairs. Only when some amateur has tampered with it is alignment necessary. As for C-R tube testers, having serviced thousands of sets I can definitely state that any experienced TV technician can tell whether a picture tube is defective. Money spent for a C-R tube tester could better be spent for a finer scope or v.t.v.m. I want to register also a complaint against most manufacturers of radio and TV sets, from the standpoint of accessibility of components. And I am including the most recent 1955 models. Why don't TV manufacturers use some of their engineering talent to make sets more serviceable? Replacing a picture tube in some Philco receivers is a major operation. Don't they realize that the recommendations of technicians to customers will depend upon how easy it is to service a set? And why don't manufacturers make picture tubes removable from the front? Sometimes a picture can be improved considerably by cleaning the face of the tube. But technicians hesitate because it is a lot of work in most sets. Serviceability is a very important factor to the customer, too. He foots the bills, and tough servicing means larger labor bills. I dread the thought of servicing color receivers. As far as cooperation with the service technician is concerned, TV manufacturers still haven't rounded first base on black-and-white. How about more practical articles on servicing? With 25 years behind me, I am still learning new tricks every day. Anton Feldman New York, N. Y. COLOR-CODED CLIPS Dear Editor: I noticed an article by Charles Cohn on improvised color coding for alligator test clips in the Try This One column, page 121 of the October, 1954, issue, and wish to exclaim that clip insulators in five code colors are being made by our client, Mueller Electric Co. Long ago Scott Mueller told me that they were developing coded insulators, despite the absence of a ready market, simply because they felt responsible for providing what is still a convenience, in advance of the real need. As you know, Mueller Electric Co. is a major producer of clips and insulators. Noble D. Carlson PDA Advertising Agency Cleveland, Ohio These RAYTHEON SERIES STRING TUBES HAVE 300% GREATER RELIABILITY High voltage surges due to inequalities of heater warmup time previously have limited the most effective use of "series connections" of tube heaters in TV receivers. The new Raytheon "Series String" Tubes — now used by many leading set manufacturers — virtually eliminate heater burnouts, permitting the use of this type of circuitry which results in lighter, more compact receivers. Raytheon helped set manufacturers solve this warmup problem, by designing a new line of "Series String" Tubes which feature tightened controls on heater warmup, identical current value and a heater stability so improved that heater burnouts from warmup surges are rare. By narrowing the tolerances on heater wire to one-third of the former specifications and improving heater coating techniques this has been achieved. This important advance plus Raytheon's thorough knowledge of every aspect of tube construction guarantees the superior quality of Raytheon "Series String" Tubes. \| RAYTHEON 3ALS \| is a heater-cathode type pentode of miniature construction. Its principal application is as a diode detector, automatic volume control rectifier, or as a low current power rectifier. \| \| RAYTHEON 3AU6 \| is a heater-cathode type sharp cutoff pentode of miniature construction designed for service as a high-frequency amplifier in radio and television receivers. \| \| RAYTHEON 3BCS \| is a heater-cathode type sharp cutoff pentode of miniature construction. Used as an RF amplifier and as a high-frequency, intermediate amplifier. \| \| RAYTHEON 3BN6 \| is a 7-pin miniature, heater-cathode type, sharp cutoff pentode. Designed to perform the combined functions of limiting and frequency discrimination in FM and TV receivers. \| \| RAYTHEON 3CB6 \| is a heater-cathode type sharp cutoff pentode of miniature construction designed for use as an intermediate frequency amplifier, operating at frequencies in the order of 40 megacycles, or as an RF amplifier in VHF Television Tuners. \| \| RAYTHEON 5AM8 \| is a diode pentode of miniature construction designed for use as a video detector and IF amplifier in television receivers. \| \| RAYTHEON 5AN8 \| is a medium-mu triode and a sharp cutoff pentode of miniature construction designed to perform combined functions of a video detector or IF amplifier and sync separator. \| \| RAYTHEON 5J6 \| is a heater-cathode type, double triode of miniature construction designed for mixer applications. \| \| RAYTHEON 5U8 \| is a heater-cathode type triode-pentode of miniature construction designed for use as an oscillator mixer. \| \| RAYTHEON 6SN7GTB \| is a dual triode designed for use as a combined vertical oscillator and vertical deflection amplifier in television receivers. \| \| RAYTHEON 7AU7 \| is a heater-cathode type double triode of miniature construction designed for use as a horizontal deflection voltage amplifier, phase inverter, horizontal deflection oscillator or vertical deflection oscillator-amplifier in television receivers. \| \| RAYTHEON 12AX4GTA \| is a heater-cathode type diode designed for use in Horizontal Frequency damper service in television receivers. \| \| RAYTHEON 12BH7A \| is a heater-cathode type medium-mu double triode of miniature construction designed for use as a vertical deflection amplifier in television receivers employing "Series String" heater designs. \| \| RAYTHEON 12BK5 \| is a miniature beam power pentode designed for use as a power output tube in radio and TV receivers. \| Ask your Raytheon Tube Distributor about these and other new Raytheon "Series String" Tubes. RAYTHEON MANUFACTURING COMPANY Receiving and Cathode Ray Tube Operations Newton, Mass., Chicago, Ill., Atlanta, Ga., Los Angeles, Calif. RAYTHEON MAKES ALL THESE: RECEIVING AND PICTURE TUBES - RELAYED CATHODE RAY AND SEMICONDUCTOR TUBES - SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES AND TRANSISTORS - ACOUSTIC TUBES - MICROWAVE TUNERYour Best Buy... for Black-and-White...and COLOR TV In color receivers, all of the color information is contained in the region from about 2 Mc to 4.1 Mc on the over-all rf-if response curve, as shown in Fig. 1. Any loss of gain in this region will weaken the color signals. If the loss is appreciable, it may result in such effects as poor color sync, poor color "fit" (incorrect registration of color and brightness information on the kinescope), or cross-talk or color contamination between I and Q channels. The rf-if amplifiers must be aligned correctly to provide flat response for modulating frequencies up to 4.1 Mc. The RCA WR-59C Sweep Generator and WR-89A Marker Generator provide the flatness of sweep output and crystal accuracy essential for aligning color circuits. In color receivers, there are a number of video-frequency sections, including the video amplifier, the bandpass amplifier, the demodulator channels (see Figures 2, 3, 4), and the green, red, and blue matrix networks—including the adders and output stages. A flat video sweep extending down to 50 Kc is a necessity in checking or aligning the tunable bandpass filter and the I and Q filters. Late model RCA WR-59C Sweep Generators provide a flat video sweep extending down to 50 Kc. They also cover all rf and if ranges required for both color and black-and-white receivers. Get full details today from your RCA Distributor. REMEMBER that the high voltage (up to 50,000 volts and above) must be set to the specified value before adjusting purity and convergence. The RCA Volt-Ohmyst can be used with the RCA High Voltage Probe (WG-289 and WG-206 Multiplier Resistor) to measure dc voltages up to 50,000 volts. Now off the press RCA's new enlarged, 2nd edition of "Practical Color Television for the Service Industry." Price: $2.00—from your RCA distributor. Study AT HOME in your SPARE TIME to be a TELEVISION TECHNICIAN YOU LEARN MORE because I GIVE YOU MORE! LEARN BY DOING Every one of my students gets enough equipment to set up his own home laboratory. You learn to be a television technician by actually doing what a TV technician must do on the job. With the equipment I send you, you build and keep a professional GIANT SCREEN TV RECEIVER complete with big picture tube (takes any size up to 21-inch) . . . also a Super-Het Radio Receiver, AF-RF Signal Generator, Combination Voltmeter-Ammeter-Ohmmeter, C-W Telephone Transmitter, Public Address System, AC-DC Power Supply. Everything supplied, including all tubes. No experience is necessary . . . My practical, easy-to-understand lessons have brought success to hundreds of men, many with no more than a grammar school education. CHOOSE FROM 3 COMPLETE COURSES My Courses cover all phases of radio, FM and television. 1. Radio, FM and Television Technician Course (No Previous Experience Necessary) You learn by practicing with the professional equipment I send you. Many of my graduates now hold down good paying technician jobs with such firms as RCA, NBC-TV, CBS-TV, DUMONT TV and numerous other TV studios and plants. 2. FM-TV Technician Course (Previous Training or Experience in Radio Required) You can save months of time if you have previous Armed Forces or civilian radio experience! Train at home with kits of parts, plus equipment to build BIG SCREEN TV RECEIVER. ALL FURNISHED AT NO EXTRA COST! EXTRA TRAINING IN NEW YORK CITY AT NO EXTRA COST! After you finish your home study training in Course 1 or 2 you get two weeks, 50 hours, of intensive Laboratory work on modern electronic equipment at our associate school in New York City, Pierce School of Radio & Television. THIS EXTRA TRAINING IS YOURS AT NO EXTRA COST WHATSOEVER. My courses are complete without this extra training, however. It is just an added opportunity for review and practice. 3. TV Cameraman and Studio Technician Course (Advanced Training for Men with Radio or TV Training or Experience) I train you at home for an exciting high pay job as the man behind the TV camera. Work with TV stars in TV studios or "on location" at remote pick-ups! An optional 30 hour one-week course of practical work on TV studio equipment at Pierce School is offered upon completion of Course 3. RADIO TELEVISION TRAINING ASSOCIATION 52 EAST 19th STREET • NEW YORK 3, N. Y. Licensed by the State of New York • Approved for Veteran Training VETERANS! NON-VETERANS! EARN WHILE YOU LEARN Almost from the very start you can earn extra money while learning by repairing Radio-TV sets for friends and neighbors. Many of my students earn up to $25 a week . . . pay for their entire training from spare time earnings . . . start their own profitable service business. FREE FCC COACHING COURSE! Important for BETTER PAY JOBS requiring FCC License. You get this training AT NO EXTRA COST. Top TV jobs go to FCC-licensed technicians. VETERANS! My School fully approved to train veterans under new Korean G.I. Bill. Available only to Veterans who begin training within three years of discharge date. YOU GET ALL FOUR FREE MAIL THIS COUPON TODAY! NO SALESMAN WILL CALL! Mr. Leonard C. Lane, President RADIO-TELEVISION TRAINING ASSOCIATION 52 East 19th Street, New York 3, N. Y. Dear Mr. Lane: Mail me your NEW FREE BOOK, FREE SAMPLE LESSON, and FREE aids that will show me how I can make BIG MONEY IN TELEVISION. I understand I am under no obligation and no salesman will call. (PLEASE PRINTPLAINLY) Name________________________________________Age_______ Address__________________________________________ City___________________Zone_____State_________ I AM INTERESTED IN: ☐ Radio-FM-TV Technician Course VETERANS! ☐ FM-TV Technician Course Write Discharge Date ☐ TV Cameraman & Studio Technician Course ________________________ the most complete line... a model for every application C·D·R ROTORS C·D·R Rotors have AXS 679* The highest grade premium die cast aluminum...so rugged and durable that it is used for aircraft landing gear. PRE-SOLD for you to MILLIONS through spot announcements on television. Models AR-1 and AR-2 Model TR-2 Model TR-4 Models TR-11 and 12 CORNELL-DUBILIER SOUTH PLAINFIELD, N.J. THE RADIART CORP. CLEVELAND 13, OHIO Prepare now for the great opportunity field of... You Can Quickly be doing interesting profitable work like this! TELEVISION RADIO-ELECTRONICS In spare time at home! A fascinating field! A great future! A good job or independence in a business of your own! TV is growing by leaps and bounds—1227 new communities, 1845 new stations have been given the "go-ahead". Trained men are worth their weight in gold! MODERN TRAINING BY COYNE RIGHT IN YOUR OWN HOME Here is modern, up-to-the-minute Home Training in Television and Radio designed to meet the standards that have made the Coyne School famous for many years. You get personal supervision by members of Coyne instruction staff—men who know TELEVISION AND RADIO AND KNOW HOW TO TEACH IT—men who have helped train thousands of men and young men, Service men and Veterans. LEARN TO EARN IN SPARE TIME COYNE offers a most practical, down-to-earth Home Television Training. Simple, easy to follow step-by-step instructions, fully illustrated. So practical, you can quickly be earning money in Television and Radio and keep your present job while training. Let us show you that this is not only the newest, most up-to-the-minute Training in Television-Radio-Electronics—but also it costs you much less than you'd expect to pay. Send coupon today for details including Easy Payment Plan. YOU CAN ALSO TRAIN FOR TELEVISION- RADIO OR ELECTRICITY IN THE GREAT SHOPS OF COYNE AT CHICAGO Coyne, of course, also offers practical resident training in the Coyne Training Shops located in the fields of TELEVISION-RADIO and ELECTRICITY. If you prefer to get information about our resident courses in either or both of these fields, then check on the coupon below and mail it to us. Our fully illustrated 48 page Guide To Careers in Television-Radio and Electricity and complete details about our resident training will be sent you by return mail. No cost or obligation to you, of course, and no salesman will call on you. MAIL COUPON FOR INFORMATION Fill in and mail coupon TODAY. Paste it on a postcard if you wish. Complete details will come by return mail. No cost —no obligation and no salesman will call. the KEY to your problem phaastron "555" metal-cased MULTIMETERS the NEW LOOK in POCKET SIZE WITH A 4 7/8" LENGTH SCALE WE LEAVE IT TO YOU WOULD YOU BUY A PLASTIC-CASED WRIST WATCH... if you could buy the finest movement in a magnetically shielded metal case? Phaotron, world famous manufacturer of ENVIRONMENT FREE PRECISION AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT for Military and Industrial uses introduces a new concept in Multimeters. This magnetically shielded, metal-cased "555" compares with plastic-cased multimeters as a fine watch in a precious metal case would compare with a plastic wrist watch. The shielded, shatterproof and anti-magnetic case insures continued accuracy and integrity of this instrument for years to come. Phaotron "555" Multimeter incorporates more ranges, including AC current, greater visibility, simplified and functional controls and the greatest value offered to date. See the Phaotron "555", note its many outstanding features, its beautiful satin chrome case, its compactness and light weight, and you will know why "YOU CANNOT BUY BETTER" $39.95 at your PARTS DISTRIBUTOR Manufactured by PHAOSTRON COMPANY • 151 Pasadena Avenue • South Pasadena, Calif., U.S.A. I Will Train You at Home for Good Pay Jobs, Success in RADIO-TELEVISION J E SMITH President National Radio Institute Washington D.C. 40 years of success training men at home in spare time. Practice Broadcasting with Equipment I Send As part of my Communications Course I send you kits of parts to build the low-power Broadcasting Transmitter shown on the left. You use it to get practical experience putting a station "on the air," performing procedures demanded of Broadcasting Station Operators. An FCC Commercial Operator's License can be your ticket to a better job and a bright future; my Communications Course gives you the training you need to get your license. Mail card below and see in my book other valuable equipment you build. Practice Servicing with Equipment I Send Nothing takes the place of PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE. That's why NRI training is based on LEARNING BY DOING. You use parts I furnish to build many circuits common to Radio and Television. With my Servicing Course you build a modern Radio (shown right). You build a multimeter which you use to help fix sets while training. Many students make $10, $15 a week extra fixing sets in spare time starting a few months after enrolling. All equipment is yours to keep. Card below will bring book showing other equipment you build. Television is Growing Fast Making New Jobs, Prosperity More than 25 million homes now have Television sets and thousands more are being sold every week. Well trained men are needed to make, install, service TV sets. About 200 Television stations are the size TV networks more being built. Think of the good job opportunities here for qualified technicians, operators, etc. If you're looking for opportunity get started now learning Radio-Television at home in spare time. Cut out and mail postage free card, J. E. Smith, President, National Radio Institute, Washington, D. C. OUR 40TH YEAR. AVAILABLE TO VETERANS UNDER G.I. BILL Good Jobs, Good Pay, Success in Radio-TV! SEE OTHER SIDE CUT OUT AND MAIL THIS CARD NOW Sample Lesson & 64-Page Book Both FREE This card entitles you to Actual Lesson on Servicing shows how you learn Radio Television at home. You'll also receive my 64-Page Book, "How to Be a Success in Radio-Television." Mail card now! NO STAMP NEEDED! WE PAY POSTAGE Mr. J. E. SMITH, President, National Radio Institute, Washington 9, D.C. Mail me Lesson and Book, "How to Be a Success in Radio-Television." (No Salesman will call. Please write plainly.) NAME .......................................... AGE ........................................... ADDRESS ........................................ CITY ........................................... ZONE . STATE .................................... VETS write in date of discharge Train at Home to Jump Your Pay as a RADIO-TV Technician Get a Better Job—Be Ready for a Brighter Future in America's Fast Growing Industry Training PLUS opportunity is the PERFECT COMBINATION for job security, good pay, advancement. When things are good, the trained man makes the BETTER PAY, GETS PROMOTED. When jobs are scarce, the trained man enjoys GREATER SECURITY. NRI training can help assure you and your family more of the better things of life. Radio-Television is today's opportunity field. Even without Television, Radio is bigger than ever before. Over 10,000 Radio Broadcasting Stations on the air, and more than 115 million home and Automobile Radios are in use. Then add Television. Television Broadcast Stations extend from coast to coast now with over 25 million Television sets already in use. There are channels for 1,800 more Television Stations. Use of Start Soon to Make $10 to $15 a Week Extra Fixing Sets Keep your job while training. Many NRI students make $10, $15 and more a week by fixing neighbors' Radios in spare time, starting a few months after enrolling. I start sending you special booklets that show you how to fix sets, the day you enroll. The multimeter you build with parts I furnish helps discover and correct troubles. SEE OTHER SIDE J. E. Smith, President National Radio Institute The men whose messages are published below were not born successful. Not so long ago they were doing exactly as you are now—reading my ad! They decided they should KNOW MORE...so they acted! Mail card below now. I Trained These Men Consultant on Antenna Systems "I resigned as Chief Engineer of New York and became an consultant on private and commercial antenna systems."—Fred Bailey, Weston, W. Va. Control Operator, Station WEAN "I received my license last winter and am now with WILAN as control operator. NRI training was excellent."—H. L. Arnold, Rumford, R. I. Radio-Television Service Chief "Am chief Radio and Television serviceman at WAVE. My pay very good; working conditions pleasant."—Brognn, Louisville, Ky. $10 a Week In Spare Time "Before finishing, I worked on evenings & $10 a week in Radio servicing. In my spare time I operated a NRI shop."—J. Petruff, Miami, Fla. Has Own Radio-Television Shop "Doing Radio and Television work all the time. Have my own shop. Towe my success to NRI Course."—Frank Cuthbert, Fort Madison, Iowa. Got First Job Thru NRI "My first job was with KIVQ, as Assistant Engr. of Radio Equipment for Police and Fire Department."—Norton, Hamilton, Ohio. My Training Leads to Jobs Like These BROADCASTING Chief Technician Chief Operator Power Monitor Recording Operator Remote Control Operator Service Manager Tester Serviceman Research Assistant AVIATION RADIO Plane Radio Operator Transmitter Technician Receiver Technician Airport Transmitter Operator TELEVISION Pick-Up Operator Voice Transmitter Operator Television Technician Remote Control Operator Service and Maintenance Technician SHIP AND HARBOR RADIO Chief Operator Assistant Operator Radiotelephone Operator IN RADIO PLANTS Design Assistant Transmitter Design Technician GOVERNMENT RADIO Operator in Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard Forestry Service Dispatcher Airways Radio Operator POLICE RADIO Transmitter Operator Receiver Serviceman CUT OUT—MAIL Postage Free CARD SAMPLE LESSON and 64-PAGE BOOK Both FREE Have Your Own Business Many NRI trained men start their own successful Radio-Television sales or service business with capital earned in spare time. Joe Travers, a graduate of mine, in Asbury Park, N. J., writes: "I've come a long way since Radio and Television since graduating. Have my own business on Main Street." POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY NATIONAL RADIO INSTITUTE 16th and U Sts., N.W. Washington 9, D. C. BUSINESS REPLY CARD No Postage Stamp Necessary If Mailed In The United States FIRST CLASS Permit No. 20-R (Sec. 34.9, P.L.R.) Washington, D.C. FILTERED D-C POTENTIALS for accurate $G_m$ measurements OUTSTANDING FEATURES: $G_m$ MEASUREMENTS—$G_m$ measurements are made more accurately by using filtered d-c plate, screen grid and control grid potentials. A precision voltage divider network and selector switch allows a proportionate value of signal voltage to be chosen for testing tubes having transconductances up to 30,000 micromhos. Signal voltages of 5.2, 2.6, 1.3, and 0.65 volts peak-to-peak having a frequency of 5000 cycles are provided. GRID BIAS, SCREEN GRID AND PLATE VOLTAGE: Filtered d-c potentials of 90, 130, and 220 volts are available for plate and screen potentials. A variable filtered d-c voltage in two ranges of 0-5 and 0-20 volts are used to obtain better resolution of Grid Bias settings. Far greater accuracy is obtainable with filtered d-c potentials than previously possible in portable tubecheckers. METER MEASUREMENT OF HIGH LEAKAGE RESISTANCE—Since tube leakage as high as several megohms can cause poor performance in TV Receivers, this tubechecker is designed to provide an accurate meter measurement of leakage resistance as high as 5 megohms between tube elements, thus being particularly useful for TV servicing and TV line production assembly. TWIN SECTION TUBES—Three toggle switches make it possible to rapidly check and compare the respective sections of twin section tubes at only one setting of the selector switches. THE 980 LINE PROPORTIONAL MUTUAL CONDUCTANCE TUBECHECKER SEND COUPON TODAY FOR COMPLETE DESCRIPTION AND PRICES Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation 614 Frelinghuysen Avenue Newark 5, New Jersey Please send literature on the new 981 Tubechecker. NAME_____________________________________ ADDRESS__________________________________ ______________________________ FREE SWING BIN NEWEST ASTRON SPECIAL OFFER includes complete BLUE-POINT capacitor stock! New ASTRON introductory offer is giving service technicians a complete assortment — 166 units — 36 different popular values — of fabulous BLUE-POINT plastic tubulars at 55% off list plus free "Swing Bin" for better servicing. Individual "Swing Bins" swing out. Keep entire capacitor stock in easy reach...off the bench for more work space. Visual stock control. Fabulous BLUE-POINTS are newest, most dependable molded plastic capacitors made. New solid thermosetting impregnant for high capacitance stability • continuous 85°C operation WITHOUT DERATING • bonded shell and seal impervious to heat and moisture • low power factor • high insulation resistance • individual tests — all add up to guaranteed performance of ASTRON BLUE-POINTS. Get in on this sensational offer today. Jobber stocks are limited. Be sure — get yours now! Available nationally through authorized distributors. ASTRON CORPORATION 255 GRANT AVENUE EAST NEWARK, N. J. How you save $6470 BLUE-POINTS +522 Swing Bin $6992 Total -3997 Savings only $29.95 your deal price 55% off list PLUS FREE SWING BIN DEALERS—This special offer available from local distributors or write to ASTRON for full details. Home Study Courses in TELEVISION SERVICING offered by RCA INSTITUTES Study Television Servicing—from the very source of the latest, up-to-the-minute TV and Color TV developments. Train under the direction of men who are experts in this field. Take advantage of this opportunity to place yourself on the road to success in television. RCA Institutes, Inc. (A Service of Radio Corporation of America), thoroughly trains you in the "why" as well as the "how" of servicing television receivers. FIRST HOME STUDY COURSE IN COLOR TV SERVICING Now you can train yourself to take advantage of the big future in Color TV. RCA Institutes Home Study Course covers all phases of Color TV Servicing. It is a practical down-to-earth course in basic color theory as well as how-to-do-it servicing techniques. This color television course was planned and developed through the combined efforts of instructors of RCA Institutes, engineers of RCA Laboratories, and training specialists of RCA Service Company. You get the benefit of years of RCA research and development in color television. Because of its highly specialized nature, this course is offered only to those already experienced in radio-television servicing. Color TV Servicing will open the door to the big opportunity you've always hoped for. Find out how easy it is to cash in on Color TV. Mail coupon today. HOME STUDY COURSE IN BLACK-AND-WHITE TV SERVICING Thousands of men in the radio-electronics industry have successfully trained themselves as qualified specialists for a good job or a business of their own—servicing television receivers. You can do this too. This RCA Institutes TV Servicing course gives you up-to-the-minute training and information on the very latest developments in black-and-white television. As you study at home, in your spare time, you progress rapidly. Hundreds of pictures and diagrams, easy-to-understand lessons help you to quickly become a qualified TV serviceman. There are ample opportunities in TV, for radio servicemen who have expert training. Mail coupon today. Start on the road to success in TV Servicing. SEND FOR FREE BOOKLET Mail coupon in envelope or paste on postal card. Check course you are interested in. We will send you a booklet that gives you complete information. No salesman will call. MAIL COUPON NOW RCA INSTITUTES, INC. Home Study Dept. RE-1-55 350 West Fourth Street, New York 14, N. Y. Without obligation on my part, please send me copy of booklet on: Name_______________________________________(please print) Address_____________________________________ City_________________________Zone_____State__________ UNIVERSAL TV RECEIVER ... Television, like progress, evolves continuously ... THE technical world never stands still. As new know-how, new inventions, new facts and new techniques evolve they are seized on immediately to improve present-day devices of every kind, whether pens, automobiles, floor mops, radios, corkscrews or television sets. Nothing is ever perfected; improvements, like evolution, never stop. This has been ever true in the radioelectronic industry, famous for rapid changes. No sooner has the latest model been announced than its designers have already scrapped it in their minds and have moved on to next year's designs. This trend is even more common in television where the leading manufacturers bring out new and more modern designs throughout the year. It follows that the television receiver of the future will bear little resemblance to present-day models. This becomes even more apparent when we reflect that television has been with us only a comparatively short time—eight years. It is still in its swaddling clothes. For that reason, we should not be overly surprised at the radical and perhaps fundamental changes that lie ahead for the new art. And as television is intimately fused with its parent, electronics—the latter itself of recent origin—anything is possible in the future. Here are a few ideas on television as your children will know it. - The televiser of the future will certainly require no outdoor antenna, except in very special cases (fringe areas, etc.). - Your receiver will be stereoscopic, i.e., the picture will have depth—it will be three-dimensional. - Your TV set will not have a huge picture tube and most probably it will not be a cathode-ray tube at all. Consequently, there will be no dimensional scanning which makes for today's long electronic scanning beams. There will be millions of special spots, self-glowing in three colors when excited electronically in their proper lineal sequence. They probably will be "steered" by atomic autotransistors or like devices. - The resulting picture will be so brilliant that it can be viewed in bright sunlight. The size of your TV set will be only as large as its screen. Thus a 21-inch set will measure about 23 by 16 inches, but it will be only 2 or 3 inches thick. The receiver can be placed on a table or hung on the wall like a picture. Its glass, plastic or other special faceplate will also be the loudspeaker. This speaker will be for the bass or low notes. The high notes will have a special speaker incorporated in the frame which surrounds the entire receiver. - The TV set hanging on the wall, when not turned on, will appear as a beautiful painting, water color or drawing. This picture part disappears the instant the set is put in operation. Thus, instead of a cumbersome-appearing big receiver using a large floor area as do present sets, the future TV set becomes an esthetic picture on the wall. It will weigh less than 25 pounds, making it easy to service. - All controls of the future TV set will be pushbutton-operated. Almost invisible, these buttons will be set in the lower part of the frame of the set. Each receiver will have a plug-in cord for remote control operation and a small disc that fits the hand will have its own buttons for tuning, volume, off-on switch, etc. - Other more elaborate models will be almost wholly automatic. They will turn themselves on and off at certain specified times, for certain programs only, switching to other programs automatically. You will be able to turn the set on or off from any part of the room merely by blowing a tiny supersonic whistle that humans cannot hear. The whistle is similar to the special dog whistles now on the market. - Merely pushing an extra button on the side of your receiver will change it from broadcast to closed circuit. It also becomes a transmitter now. Lenses for viewing and a microphone for listening will be built into the top of the television set frame. Similar TV sets located in various rooms in your home (or office) automatically become intercommunicating. Hence you can carry on conversations as well as see other persons in various rooms as desired. Note: Those desiring full privacy simply do not press the special closed-circuit button of their set. They are thus excluded from intercommunication. - This does not end the versatility of the future TV set. It can be connected to your telephone by throwing a special switch on the phone. You can now talk and see people across the continent and they (at least their faces) will appear life size on your receiver. - If you are a subscriber to the drama, the opera, the concert hall, your TV set will bring you live the latest Broadway show or whatever entertainment you desire—for a price of course—over the switched-on closed circuit. - If you are afraid of burglars, you can become a member of a special safety service supervision company. They will monitor your home 24 hours a day via your TV set. They will watch your home whether you are in or out or on a trip. It would be difficult for burglars or intruders not to be seen. Cutting wires or darkening the supervised rooms will be disastrous for the robbers—it will instantly bring the police on the run. Lack of space precludes the listing of numerous other uses of the future universal TV set. But one conclusion is certain—the television set can easily become the most important and valued possession of the future household. First described by the author in Radio-Electronics, January, 1954, page 33. What's happening to U.H.F. Is u.h.f. a foredoomed failure or the salvation of television? Here is an impartial estimate. By DAVID LACHENBRUCH WHEN the first u.h.f. television station went on the air a little over two years ago, it was hailed as opening a new era in television. Only by utilizing the ultra-high-frequency spectrum, said the Federal Communications Commission, would it be possible to have a nation-wide TV system with a full choice of channels for viewers everywhere. In April, 1952, when the FCC ended its 3½-year freeze on construction of new TV stations, it outlined an engineering plan which envisioned a maximum of 2,051 stations in the United States—of which 1,445 were to be in the u.h.f. band. In the mad rush to get stations on the air after the FCC's thaw, too little thought was given to the tremendous handicaps under which u.h.f. stations were starting out. But it wasn't long until the dawn. Some 350 new TV stations have gone on the air since freeze-end (in addition to the 108 pre-freeze v.h.f. outlets). These included about 150 in the u.h.f. band—of which more than two dozen have already died, for reasons both economic and technical. Nowadays very few new u.h.f. stations are going on the air. The picture is summed up in Fig. 1. Note that in 1953, when u.h.f. transmitters first became readily available, u.h.f. growth paralleled v.h.f. During the first nine months of that year 81 u.h.f. and 75 v.h.f. stations went on the air. During the same period of 1954, only 22 new u.h.f. stations began telecasting, as opposed to 57 v.h.f.—but in the meantime 21 u.h.f. stations went out of business. Today there are fewer u.h.f. stations on the air than there were on New Year's Day, 1954. The pattern is graphically illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3. Nevertheless, in many communities, u.h.f. is now rendering a highly successful service—but only in the areas where u.h.f. is TV and not a "second-class service." U.h.f.'s dark clouds U.h.f. started out under two great difficulties, both due to the tremendous headstart of v.h.f.: lack of receiver circulation, and lack of technical development. When u.h.f. was thrust upon the scene, there were no tried-and-proven transmitters, receivers, antennas or test equipment. There had been virtually no practical experience with the propagation of the u.h.f. TV signal, as compared with v.h.f. We could only accept the word of the leading engineers and manufacturers—and the FCC—that equipment and techniques would develop rapidly. In setting rules for u.h.f. stations, FCC engineers took an "educated guess" and permitted maximum power of 1 megawatt for u.h.f. stations, on the assumption that it would give coverage equivalent to top-powered v.h.f. stations with effective radiated power (ERP) of 100 kw (on channels 2–6) and 316 kw (channels 7–13). But a megawatt of power was just a prediction—no one had developed and tested a system that could yield more than one-fiftieth of that. When the first u.h.f. stations went on the air in late 1952 and early 1953, the most powerful available transmitters were rated at 1 kilowatt—capable of radiating the equivalent of about 20 kw through high-gain transmitting antennas. At the same time, v.h.f. stations were boosting their power output to the maximums of 100 and 316 kw! Propagation, particularly at low power, turned out to be extremely tricky—not at all like v.h.f. In some locations, even close to stations, it seemed impossible to find any signal at all. Receiving antennas were insensitive. Much of the signal was lost in the lead-in. Receivers were insensitive and noisy. As to most of the early converters—the less said about them the better. Perhaps the most surprising thing is that u.h.f. didn't roll over and die then and there. But u.h.f. stations were an immediate success in a few areas, mostly places which previously had had... very poor fringe TV or none. Conversion problems in such locations were nonexistent or negligible, and the public was willing to go to considerable expense to pick up a good signal. Where there were already established v.h.f. outlets, it was far harder to persuade the public to spend money on converters, new antennas and special installations to pick up the additional TV signal. Technical outlook improved Technical strides in the past two years haven't materially changed the basic pattern of u.h.f., but they have considerably improved the outlook in many sections of the country. On the transmitting end, 12-kw transmitters as well as directional and higher-gain antennas became available by mid-1953. As 1954 ended, two companies (RCA and G-E) were completing the world's first 1,000,000-watt u.h.f. TV installations! At the receiving end, high-gain antennas now reach out for elusive u.h.f. signals. Low-loss transmission line does a far more effective job of carrying the signal to the set, even in wet weather. U.h.f. tuners have improved to the point where some now equal their v.h.f. counterparts in sensitivity and noise level. But even as these technical developments were in progress, concern for the future of u.h.f. became so serious that a Congressional investigation was instituted last spring. A Senate subcommittee under Sen. Charles E. Potter, Republican of Michigan, held hearings and accumulated 1,177 pages of testimony and exhibits. It heard charges that FCC's policy of "intermixing" v.h.f. and u.h.f. stations in the same markets was a mistake, that v.h.f. station powers and heights were too great, that the networks were at fault for not making better programs available to more u.h.f. stations, that the equipment makers were at fault and even that the u.h.f. stations were at fault for going on the air in the first place. No concrete action came out of the hearings. They did create an awareness of the troubles facing u.h.f.—and may set the wheels rolling toward action to help preserve u.h.f. TV as a nation-wide medium. Power and programs Scanning u.h.f.'s two-year history, one fact becomes strikingly evident. Regardless of equipment problems and technical shortcomings, the communities where u.h.f. has been successful are those where the viewer can see the top TV program on his u.h.f. set. Thus even a 20-kw station with good network programs has far more chance of gaining conversions—and viewers—than the most powerful station showing ancient cowboy movies all day. In areas with little or no v.h.f. servTELEVISION ice, u.h.f. set sales almost invariably are good. The trouble spots are the places where v.h.f. and u.h.f. rub elbows, and in these locations the v.h.f. station has all the advantages. Because it can claim bigger audiences and wider coverage, v.h.f. can get the top network programs and attract the big national advertisers. U.h.f. station operators complain of inability to obtain national advertising because of "blind prejudice against u.h.f." by advertising agencies and advertisers themselves—even to the point where some agencies and sponsors refuse to buy time on u.h.f. stations in communities where there is no v.h.f. As u.h.f. stations have shown they can deliver the goods, this attitude has broken down to some extent, and some aggressive u.h.f. stations now boast a lineup of national advertisers that would turn many a v.h.f. operator green with envy. But in the face of local v.h.f. competition, it is still true that most u.h.f. stations have to take the leavings program-wise, and often cannot stir up any large scale desire on the part of the public to buy converters or combination v.h.f.—u.h.f. receivers. In these areas the plight of u.h.f. is most serious. This is not to imply that u.h.f. is doomed to failure in all communities where there are also v.h.f. stations. Norfolk and Milwaukee are two examples—and there are quite a few others—of communities where u.h.f. stations, backed by good network programs, sound equipment and solid relationships with dealers and service technicians, have gained sizeable audiences, even in competition with well-established and well-heeled local pre-freeze v.h.f. stations. But the Norfolks and Milwaukees are still the exceptions. Despite undeniable progress in u.h.f. technology, conversion has been disappointing in most mixed v.h.f.—u.h.f. markets. Demand for u.h.f.-equipped sets has dipped: In November, 1953, some 35% of all TV sets produced were equipped with built-in u.h.f. tuners; by August, 1954, the percentage had dropped to 14%. In view of the scanty demand, some receiver manufacturers are beginning to wonder if it is worth while to continue producing u.h.f.-equipped sets. The current u.h.f. pessimism is found at all levels of the trade from manufacturer to retailer. In many u.h.f. areas, it's difficult to buy some of the leading-brand TV sets equipped with u.h.f. tuners. Promotion of u.h.f. by manufacturers, distributors and retailers has dipped to a new low. You can't blame the dealer. He probably was stung when the u.h.f. station first went on the air, because he misjudged demand and stocked too many u.h.f. sets and converters. In today's market, the stripped-down set often is the leader, and the consumer shops on a price basis. U.h.f. tuners add $20—$50 to the cost of the set. And the dealer knows, too, that he will reap a harvest of ill-will every time a u.h.f. station dies. Millions of dollars worth of converters, tuners and installations are made useless overnight—and the consumer often blames the dealer as much as he blames the station. Will color help? There is a widely held belief that color TV will be the savior of u.h.f. This belief—based on the assumption that all color sets will be equipped with u.h.f. tuners—doesn't stand up under analysis. The industry's most optimistic prediction of color-set production is 300,000 receivers in 1955, 1,780,000 in 1956, 3,000,000 in 1957—insignificant figures when compared to the 30-odd million TV sets already in use (of which about 10% can now receive u.h.f.). And who says all color sets will be u.h.f.-equipped? Manufacturers today are under terrific pressure to get the price of color sets down to a figure the mass market can afford. They are ready to leave u.h.f. tuners out if the demand isn't there, and pass the savings along to the public. Who can blame them? A boost from FCC Two recent actions by the FCC could provide a substantial assist in putting u.h.f. across on a nation-wide basis. The commission recently amended its rules to permit any corporation or individual to own seven TV stations, provided at least two of them are u.h.f. Previous limit was five, with no distinction between v.h.f. and u.h.f. The significance of the new ruling is this: The big networks are anxious to expand their holdings of stations and they must go into u.h.f. if they wish to hold the full limit. With their resources in programming and promotion, the networks could give u.h.f. a healthy shot in the arm by building or acquiring u.h.f. stations of their own. The big networks are already in the process of acquiring u.h.f. stations in accordance with the new rule. Three of the four TV networks—CBS, Du Mont and NBC (RCA)—are also in the TV set manufacturing business. When these companies engage in the business of u.h.f. broadcasting—when they "own a share of u.h.f."—it's logical to assume they'll intensify their efforts in developing, manufacturing, merchandising and promoting u.h.f. receiving gear. The second important FCC action is the recently instituted "satellite" policy. The commission says it will encourage low-cost u.h.f. stations by permitting them to rebroadcast signals of other stations without local programming. Such "repeater" stations could be used in a variety of ways—to help fill in "shadows" or "holes" in u.h.f. station coverage, to extend coverage areas of u.h.f. stations or to pipe good programs carried by big-city stations into small-city areas where no TV service exists now. Existing u.h.f. stations could convert to satellite operation, thereby eliminating costs of maintaining local studios and big staffs during the period when it's so important to build up u.h.f. conversion. For some stations, this economy could mean the difference between staying on the air or giving up the ghost. While the satellite policy could materially help u.h.f., it also has its dangers—depending upon how the FCC chooses to administer it. Some u.h.f. operators argue that if the commission automatically approves all satellite applications, the big and wealthy v.h.f. stations can build u.h.f. satellites of their own and choke out independent local u.h.f. operations, turning u.h.f. into "another FM." The FCC insists it will approve satellite applications on a "case-to-case basis," its sole criterion in each case being "aid to u.h.f." The two main proposals advanced by suffering u.h.f. station operators to relieve ultra-high troubles are: 1. "Deintermixture"—that is, reassigning virtually the entire TV spectrum, so that some cities have v.h.f. channels only, other u.h.f. only and none both. 2. Putting all stations in the u.h.f. band. Neither proposal has the slightest chance. Barring such radical panaceas, the best prognosis for the immediate future is that u.h.f. will continue to struggle along about as it has in the past few months. A few more stations probably will go off the air. Extremely few new u.h.f. stations will go on the air in the next year or so. It is unlikely that u.h.f. will die out and disappear. There are too many communities where it is successfully providing a needed TV service. But u.h.f. can hardly become a real nation-wide service if it is destined to succeed only in those areas where it has little or no direct competition from v.h.f. TV stations. The real future of u.h.f. as a nation-wide service depends on its ability to compete on equal, or nearly equal, terms with v.h.f. This, in turn, is dependent primarily on these basic conditions: 1. High-power, high-quality transmitting equipment which can give u.h.f. stations a coverage area roughly equivalent to the highest-powered v.h.f. stations. 2. Availability of good v.h.f.—u.h.f. combination receivers at the same price as—or very little more than—v.h.f.-only sets. 3. The continued expansion of the American economy to the point where it is able to support a greater number of competing TV stations in more communities. Given these three conditions—which can come about only in the relatively far future—u.h.f.'s real nation-wide expansion should come in a slow and orderly fashion in contrast to the get-on-the-air fever of 1952-53. Short-range, the u.h.f. picture is not a glowing one, though it does have some bright spots. Long-range, given the proper encouragement, the future of u.h.f. can be as bright as the future of TV itself. END COLOR CIRCUITRY in a 19" RECEIVER Circuit tracing the new 19-inch color chassis By ROBERT F. SCOTT TECHNICAL EDITOR The average color TV receiver is a monster employing from 37 to 45 tubes plus the picture tube, two or more germanium diodes and frequently at least two selenium rectifiers. A notable change is seen in the new Motorola 19-inch tricolor receivers, the simplest I've seen thus far. The models 19CK1, 19CK2 and 19CT1 twin-chassis sets (chassis TS-902 and RP-902) have only 30 tubes (including the three-gun picture tube) 3 germanium diodes, 3 selenium rectifiers and a diode type high-voltage regulator — a considerable reduction in components. Circuitwise, the new Motorola is essentially a conventional black-and-white receiver with color circuits added. (See block diagram in Fig. 1.) Shaded circuits are those designed especially for color. Tracing the circuit from the antenna to speaker and video detector output we have to look hard to find an unfamiliar circuit. The antenna feeds a switch type incremental tuner using a 6BZT cascode r.f. amplifier and a 6U8 mixer-oscillator. Following this is a three-stage 40-mc i.f. circuit feeding separate video and sound detectors — even this is not new, G-E used it a couple of years ago in one of their first intercarrier receivers. Fig. 2 shows the circuits immediately following the third composite i.f. amplifier. This stage feeds the video and sound detectors, used separately to prevent cross-modulation and to provide optimum performance in the video detector circuit. The composite video signal applied to the sound detector is rectified to develop the 4.5-mc sound i.f. signal as in conventional monochrome intercarrier television receivers. The output of the video detector is fed to the first video and sync amplifier, the triode section of a 6AN8. Portions... TELEVISION Fig. 2—The video circuits and sound detector following third i.f. amplifier. Fig. 3—Schematic of the burst amplifier, phase detector and reactance circuits. Fig. 4—Schematic of the demodulators, oscillator and quadrature circuits. of the composite video signal are taken from the grid and plate circuits and used in a noise-immunity sync separator circuit. The second video amplifier raises the signal to the level required by the bandpass amplifier and the Y (brightness) amplifier in Fig. 5. The bandpass amplifier is a narrow-band video amplifier tuned to pass the 3.58-mc color burst and the chroma sidebands that contain information for reproducing the correct color saturation and hue on the screen. The 4.5-mc sound trap in the plate circuit of the video amplifier prevents the 3.58- and 4.5-mc signals from beating and producing a 920-kc beat pattern in the picture. The output of the chroma or band pass amplifier is link-coupled to the 12BH7 bandpass cathode follower that drives the burst amplifier (Fig. 3) and the R-Y and B-Y demodulators (Fig. 4). Color oscillator control The color TV receiver—with few exceptions—uses a 3.58-mc oscillator that must exactly synchronize in phase and frequency with the subcarrier oscillator at the transmitter. An 8- or 9-cycle burst of 3.58-mc signal is transmitted after each horizontal sync pulse. It is used in the receiver to maintain color sync. The signal from the output of the bandpass cathode follower in Fig. 2 is fed into the grid of the burst amplifier in Fig. 3. The 3.58-mc burst is separated from the rest of the video signal appearing on the grid by gating the tube so it conducts only during the period that the burst is being transmitted. The burst amplifier operates in some respects like an a.g.c. keyer tube. There is no B plus supply for the screen of the 6AN8. Instead of being supplied with a constant d.c. voltage, the screen is coupled through a resistor and capacitor to the opposite ends of a center-tapped winding on the flyback transformer. Lack of screen voltage holds the tube cut off until it is driven into conduction by a positive pulse from the flyback transformer. Horizontal blanking and flyback pulses occur simultaneously so the burst amplifier conducts just long enough to amplify the 8 or 9 cycles of 3.58-mc color sync signal. The output of the 6AN8 is transformer-coupled to a 6AL5 phase detector similar to the horizontal a.f.c. detectors used in many monochrome TV receivers. The phase of the incoming burst is compared to the phase of the signal developed by the 3.58-mc crystal oscillator in Fig. 4. The phase relationship of the two signals is used to control the oscillator frequency. If the two signals are out of sync, the phase detector develops a positive or negative voltage—depending on the direction of the error—and applies it to the grid of the a.f.c. amplifier. The a.f.c. amplifier is a reactance modulator connected across the oscillator tank (crystal) circuit. The d.c. voltage on the modulator grid varies the effective reactance in the oscillator circuit and holds the oscillator in exact sync with the burst signal. The phase detector output is zero when the signals are locked in. The d.c. balance control in the detector circuit compensates for circuit unbalance caused by differences in tube and component characteristics. R—Y and B—Y demodulators The R—Y and B—Y signals are transmitted as sidebands of the 3.58-mc signal generated and then suppressed at the transmitter. These signals are recovered in their original forms by taking them from the output of the bandpass cathode follower and combining them with the locally generated 3.58-mc signal in balanced modulators. The signals from the cathode follower and oscillator buffer are polarized and phased to reproduce exactly the original signals at the output of the diode type balanced modulators (demodulators). The outputs of the demodulators are fed to the R—Y and B—Y amplifiers (Fig. 5). The oscillator signal is eliminated by the action of the demodulators and by the traps in the amplifier grid circuits. The outputs of the R—Y (red) and B—Y (blue) amplifiers are fed to their respective grids on the picture tube and to the grid of the G—Y amplifier through a voltage-divider network (matrix) to reproduce the proper signal on the green grid of the color tube. The red phosphor is the least sensitive of the three, so it requires the greatest amount of voltage excitation. For this reason the R—Y amplifier is operated at full gain while the amplification of the green and blue amplifiers is controlled by background controls in the cathode circuits. The Y amplifier The R—Y and B—Y signals are unavoidably delayed as they pass through the bandpass amplifier—the phase of a signal is always delayed when it passes through a low-pass or narrow-band circuit—so the Y signal from the video amplifier is passed through a delay line which delays it the same amount as the R—Y and B—Y signals are delayed in the bandpass amplifier. The Y amplifier drives the cathode of the picture tube. Over-all brightness is controlled by a potentiometer common to the three cathodes. Contrast is controlled by two ganged potentiometers—one in the brightness-amplifier grid circuit and the other in the cathode return of the Y amplifier. The plates of the R—Y, B—Y, and G—Y amplifiers are direct-coupled to the control grids of the color guns. MINIATURE TV ANTENNAS During the past year a number of so-called miniature TV antennas have been advertised as devices that will outperform, and eliminate the need for, conventional indoor and outdoor antennas. Because of these and other questionable claims, the National Better Business Bureau had three of these devices tested by an independent laboratory. These antennas consisted of about 8 feet of copper wire with a connecting lug at one end and a plastic box, disc or capacitor at the other. (See photos on page 8 of the May 1954 issue.) Each of the miniature antennas was tested for performance in comparison with a conventional indoor V or "rabbit ears" antenna, and with an outdoor dipole roof antenna. The laboratory reported that its tests did not support unqualified claims that the devices eliminate snow or ghosts, reduce static or provide clearer, sharper pictures than either indoor V or outdoor dipole antennas. The units tested showed an increase in snow over both indoor and outdoor conventional antennas. None of the devices tested was particularly effective in eliminating ghosts, and none reduced static interference. The laboratory found, in conclusion, that none of the units tested was any more useful or effective as a TV antenna than an equal length of plain stranded copper wire. Testing with and without the end attachment showed that in no case was the end attachment of any use or value in improving reception. Although the miniature antennas tested picked up TV signals, they neither outperformed nor performed as well as either the roof antenna or the indoor V antennas used in the tests. As a result, the NBBB has recommended to advertisers of these devices that claims made for the performances of their products be limited to the provable facts. One manufacturer of "miniature antennas" has gone so far as to enclose his unit in a transparent case (see photo) with a pretentious array of resistors and coils mounted around a rotary switch. While not tested by the BBB, members of the RADIO-ELECTRONICS staff tried it out at two locations and found its performance not essentially different from that of the simpler antenna units described above. CONVERGENCE in 3-GUN C-R TUBES Problems involved in the positioning of electron-gun beams By LEONARD LIEBERMAN CONVERGENCE and focusing difficulties in color had their monochrome equivalent when black-and-white tubes grew in size from 10 to 21 and 24 inches. In most 10- and 12-inch tubes, the deflection arc of the beam was $50^\circ$ to $54^\circ$. With this beam sweep, it was simple to design a deflection and focusing system that kept the beam in relatively good focus across the tube. As shown in Fig. 1-a, with the short distance to go, it is possible to sweep $26^\circ$ from the center of the flat plane of glass with very little defocusing. With an increase in the size of the screen this deflection angle is still possible (Fig. 1-b) except that the bell of the tube becomes unmanageably large. To reduce the tube length, the deflection arc had to be increased to $70^\circ$, or $35^\circ$ either side of center. Fig. 2 shows what occurred to the focusing at the sides of the sweep when the deflection arc was increased. Oldtimers will recall the many readjustments that were necessary. If the picture was well focused at the center, it was defocused at the edges. Many a bald or gray spot can be attributed to the early 15- and 16-inch rectangular tubes. The component makers soon came up with a solution. Since the $70^\circ$ yokes similar to the yokes with a uniform $52^\circ$ field could cause such trouble, perhaps a nonuniform field might correct it. Thus was born the $70^\circ$ cosine yoke. In this yoke, using a specially designed flared edge, the magnetic field across the neck of the tube was so deformed at its edges that as the beam was deflected to the sides of the tube, its focal length was increased. This resulted in a beam that maintained a relatively good focus from side to side. This problem—to a greater extent—exists in the three-gun shadow-mask tube. To understand it, a brief review of the tube's construction will be helpful. The three color guns are mounted parallel to each other and to the neck of the tube. They lie $120^\circ$ apart, around the axis of the neck. The guns face a screen containing approximately 300,000 holes, accurately spaced. These holes are so arranged that when the three beams pass through, they strike a triad of phosphor dots. If the beams are properly adjusted, each beam strikes a dot of the same color as the information fed to its input grid. Focusing Now the problem of a curved deflection arc and a flat screen enters. First, assuming the mask were not there, none of the beams would enter the bell of the tube from the axial center of the neck. The deflection-yoke field must be different for each of the beams the moment the sweep passes the center of the screen. Second, even though the distance between the guns, at the neck, is small, by the time the beams reach the end of the sweep, there is a sizable variation in the focusing point of each (Fig. 3). This effect becomes a problem because each of the beams must pass through the same hole. It is not possible to make all of the corrections with a properly designed yoke as in monochrome. This is due to the first complication mentioned. Because the three beams are not in the center of the neck but toward the outer edge, only a uniform field would affect them in the same way. In the three-gun tube, this problem breaks down into four parts: 1. To bend all the beams so as to make them coincide at the center of the tube. 2. To control the three beams so that they focus individually when they coincide at the center of the tube. 3. To cause the three beams to coincide at the holes at the sides. 4. To cause the individual beams to change their focal lengths in such a manner that they are in focus at the sides of the tube. Obtaining proper convergence The first two problems are met by static methods—the voltages and currents in the operation are constant. Static focusing requires accurate placement of the three guns 120° from each other in the neck of the tube and an electrostatic focusing grid in each gun. The voltage on an additional electrostatic grid common to all guns is varied field as part of one large beam, then the convergence grid can be looked at as a large focusing grid bringing the three separate beams together at a common point. This "focusing" of the three beams is called convergence. Fig. 4 shows the effect of this grid. The third and fourth problems are handled by an a.c. voltage impressed on the focusing and convergence grids. This voltage is impressed on the focusing grid to maintain a constant voltage relationship between it and the convergence grid. The voltage waveform is parabolic, and causes the convergence field pattern to change. The change is such that the focusing effect on the three beams compensates for the variations in the distance each beam travels. To help this effect, the holes in the mask are not uniformly distant from each other but spread slightly. This waveform is developed from circuits like those shown in Fig. 5 (from the RCA color set). Sawtooth voltages are taken off the cathodes of the horizontal and vertical output amplifiers. The horizontal pulse is shaped into a parabola by the .0047-μF capacitor and L113. The vertical pulse is shaped by feedback network C197-R238-R239. The amplified output of this tube is applied to transformers in parallel. The combined output of these transformers (Fig. 6) is applied through C198 to the convergence grid. A portion of this parabolic waveform is applied to the focus grid. A d.c. voltage is also applied to the convergence grid. This d.c. convergence voltage is tapped off the regulated second-anode voltage. In this way, the voltage relationship between the second-anode and the convergence grid is kept constant. The d.c. voltage for focusing is taken from a separate focusing rectifier (Fig. 7). In this particular circuit, the rectifier taps off the high-voltage transformer. The retrace pulse is rectified and the a.c. filtered out by C206, R247, R248 and C207. The d.c. applied to the focusing grids is taken off through the arm of the focus-control potentiometer. Another way to improve convergence toward the tube edges is to use a curved mask and faceplate, as in the CBS-Hytron Colortron. Larger tubes The 19-inch and bigger tubes have no convergence grid. They use external... convergence coils, as described in the article beginning on page 66 of last month's issue. DuMont has developed a 19-inch tube with 60° sweep and reduced over-all length, using a curved mask and faceplate and special gun design. The gun is shorter and narrower than those used hitherto. The center axes of the three guns are brought 30% closer together and a higher convergence voltage is used. It is claimed that the focal length of the three-beam convergence is thus increased. This increased focal length, the reduction of the distance each beams travels, and the curved mask and plate enable the beams to be converged at the ends of the 60° of sweep. The effects of beam interaction, due to the closeness of the three beams to each other, are overcome by precision holes in the aperture mask and the high degree of accuracy achieved by photographically printed phosphors. The CBS Colortron 205 (see New Tubes — Radio-Electronics, September) is another wide-angle deflection color tube. The 19-inch 62° deflection tube provides proper convergence by tilting the three beam sources toward the common tube axis. RCA's new 21-inch tube—on which no detailed information was obtainable at the time this article was written—has the curved mask and faceplate to improve focusing toward the edges of the tube. Adjusting convergence circuits The dot generator is a very useful tool for setting up the convergence system; it enables the service technician to produce a series of dots on the screen. Turn the d.c. convergence control until the dot pattern in the center of the raster is in the color design: Increase the d.c. voltage and adjust the beam-positioning magnets until a single white dot replaces the above triad in the center portion of the screen. The focus control may have to be touched up since the convergence and focusing voltages interact. The dynamic convergence controls (horizontal and vertical) also are interdependent. Adjust the vertical dynamic control until the dots at the top and bottom of the raster show only slight color fringing at the sides. The d.c. convergence control is then adjusted until the dots in the center of the screen are all white from the top of the raster to the bottom. The horizontal dynamic control is then set so that the dots at the side are either all white or show a slight color fringing. In the event of fringing some slight readjustment of the d.c. convergence control may be needed. If it is not possible to bring the dots in evenly on both top and bottom or from side to side, it may be necessary to adjust the vertical-convergence phase control in the first case or the horizontal-convergence phase control in the second case. THOUSANDS of individual reports sent in by observers in all parts of the United States and Canada, as well as a few from South and Central America, are now being studied in preparation for the publication of the usual yearly summary of TV dx. Ordinarily this would have been available for the January issue, as in the past, but your TV dx editor has been on an extended trip through the Far West and the work of analyzing the reports has been delayed thereby. Now that the reports are all in there is no doubt about it: the summer TV dx season of 1954 was the best on record. With this in mind, TV dx-ers are looking forward to a good winter season, too. That there is a winter dx season may come as a surprise to some, though the more experienced observers look forward to it each Christmas time. It will have gotten under way before this appears in print and will run through about the middle or latter part of January. February and March will not amount to very much dx-wise. They are the lowest dx months of the year, although there is always the possibility of occasional scattered openings. Tropospheric propagation will be generally poor over most of the first quarter, though the latter part of March will see an increase in receiving range in the more southerly parts of the country. THE WAVES OF WIRELESS By LEE DE FOREST With the swift speed of light we travel From ten thousand centers to envelop the earth In a woven web of intangible nothingness. No mighty storms harass us, we penetrate all atmospheres, Scouring the tallest mountain, leaping the broadest valleys; Refracted by the highest ridges, the deepest skin, Into unbelievable canyons where theory forbids us entrance. Continuous or modulated, in bursts or shaded impulses, In lower, high or ultra-high frequencies. We bear abroad the broadcast messages, (These often are unworthy of our lofty lineage, Ill suited to be winged so far and generously.) At certain hours we bear abroad world news, Of earthquakes, floods, war and consummate disasters: Or messages from man's weak rulers to yet weaker men. Though our origin dates from the primordial lightning flash But recently did Maxwell predict, and Hertz show how Mere Man could generate and frame us to his purposes. These uses were well worthy of us ether waves. Gladly we sped across the seven seas, And mounted to high ionospheres, the meteor's dust, O'er wider realms to spread our silent signals. Marconi harnessed us with Morse's dots and dashes, Fessenden and de Forest learned to form us into spoken words, With music to enrich our wings to gladden all mankind. (Perchance to tell some listening being in some infinite Remote That Earth has now evolved some voice like the angels') More recently, a clan of scientists has artfully conspired To frame us into pictures, etheric, yet widely visible at last, To bring new wonders, synthetic sights, to millions of mankind. Strange fingers reach aloft from countless house-tops Silently groping for us through the silent night. To snare some infinitesimal fraction of our wasting watts And lead them downwardly before the family hearths There to emblazon on a magic screen The vision of some spectacle scanned countless miles away. We are the Waves of Wireless Destined to a nobler mission than we yet have found, When Man will learn to trust to us Only the best he knows, his grandest music, and his finest songs, His sterling sermons, and most worthy plans, His visions of most comely womankind, and earth's most noble scenery And all the themes that frame man's Godlike destiny; Leading at last Humanity to a Future worthy of us Messengers— We Wireless Waves. Transistorized PORTABLE RECEIVER By G. B. HERZOG* and R. D. LOHMAN* This article reports on a pioneering attempt to build a television receiver in which transistors were used for all the functions performed by vacuum tubes, other than the picture tube (5FP4). The preliminary result is a single-channel receiver consuming only 13 watts of input power. Of this, 3.6 watts, or more than 25% of the total, is consumed by the 5FP4 filament. The entire receiver is about the size of a portable typewriter case. Complete with batteries it weighs only 27 pounds. As a completely portable set it gives good results in the New York area. This receiver was built in late 1952, and transistors developed since may allow some circuit simplification. The set was built to receive signals from channel 4, the NBC station in New York. The built-in loop antenna is therefore tuned to 67.25 mc. Operating without an r.f. stage, the incoming signal is heterodyned with the local oscillator output in a balanced diode mixer (Fig. 1). The oscillator uses a 2N33 high-frequency point-contact type transistor operating in a base feedback type circuit. The frequency of the oscillator was chosen to produce an 8-mc picture i.f. Following the mixer are six stages comprising the i.f. amplifier. All six stages are essentially the same and use point-contact transistors in grounded-base circuits (Fig. 2). A coil wound on a ferrite torroid smaller than a dime provides the inductance for the collector tank circuit of each stage. Variable capacitors allow these to be stagger-tuned to give the bandwidth required for intercarrier sound. Impedance matching is obtained by a tap on the inductance. Good power transfer between the high collector impedance and the low input impedance of the following emitter is thus obtained. The transistors are biased at 1-ma emitter current obtained from penlite cells. Two point-contact transistor second detectors provide optimum paths for the sync and video components of the signal (Figs. 3, 4). The emitters of these detectors are unbiased and act as diode rectifiers. The rectified signal is internally coupled and amplified by transistor action to the collector circuit. The video amplifier (Fig. 3) uses both a junction and a point-contact transistor. The base-input junction transistor presents a reasonably high input impedance to the second detector and at the same time stabilizes the point-contact transistor to the extent that high-frequency positive feedback can be applied in its base circuit. The 4.5-mc intercarrier sound signal is taken from a trap located in the video second-detector output circuit. Three sound i.f. stages plus a ratio detector provide the necessary gain for the sound channel. An audio amplifier consisting of one preamplifier stage and a complementary symmetry output stage (Fig. 5) drive a 5-inch speaker. This output stage uses the complementary nature of p-n-p and n-p-n transistors to provide push-pull amplification without a phase inverter. Many novel applications of this circuit have been published. 1, 2, 3 The signal obtained from the sync second detector (Fig. 4) is coupled to a junction transistor which acts as a sync separator. The sync signal is positive and causes the emitter junction of the p-n-p transistor to conduct on the sync tips. The charge deposited on the coupling capacitor by this conduction keeps the transistor cut off between sync pulses. The pulses themselves are internally coupled to the collector and after amplification are fed to the horizontal a.c. circuit and the vertical integrator. The vertical pulse from the printed-circuit integrator is amplified and then used to trigger the vertical oscillator (Fig. 6). This oscillator uses the negative-resistance region of a point-contact transistor to provide free-running oscillations with a sawtooth waveform. The sawtooth is then amplified and applied to a complementary symmetry output stage. This type output stage allows direct coupling to the yoke without the presence of decentering current. Horizontal deflection The horizontal scanning circuits use Close-up of section of the i.f. strip. Note the small size of the torroids. The trimmers are 8-50 μf. Fig. 2—A typical transistor i.f. amplifier stage. Six are used in the set. Fig. 3—The video detector and grounded-emitter-grounded-base amplifier. Fig. 4—The sync separator and amplifier section, which uses four transistors. Fig. 5—The audio amplifier and complementary symmetry audio output stage. a.f.c. (Fig. 7). These circuits make use of the symmetrical characteristics of individual junction transistors. Unlike vacuum tubes, where one of the elements must be heated to give off electrons, transistors require only the application of the proper potentials for current flow. Thus in an alloy p-n-p junction transistor, either junction may emit holes and the other collect them. Proper design can make the two junctions exactly alike, and both can act either as emitter or collector. This property may be used to make an extremely simple phase detector. The horizontal a.f.c. circuit compares the horizontal sync pulse to the scanning sawtooth. If they are not phased properly, a correction signal is produced. No push-pull signals or transformers are required. A sawtooth signal is taken from the horizontal deflection yoke. This may be obtained from a small resistor in series with the yoke, thus giving a voltage proportional to the current, or it can be obtained from an R-C circuit across the yoke. The sawtooth voltage which appears across the capacitor of the integrator is capacitively coupled to the phase-detector transistor so that it appears between the two junctions. If one junction is grounded, the other will go equally positive and negative with respect to ground since the sawtooth loses its d.c. component in the coupling capacitor. As long as the transistor does not conduct, there is no d.c. potential on the ungrounded junction and the filter circuit from this point to the horizontal oscillator frequency-control device will not pass any correcting signal. When the amplified sync pulses are applied to the base of the phase-detector transistor, the transistor will conduct for the duration of the sync pulse. The direction of current flow through the transistor when it conducts is determined by the instantaneous voltage on the junctions. If the horizontal oscillator is running at exactly the correct frequency and phase, the voltage on the ungrounded junction will go from positive to negative in the sweep return portion of the sawtooth. The transistor will therefore briefly conduct current in one direction and then the other. If the phase is correct, the currents will be equal and no unbalanced charge will be left at the end of the sync pulse conduction period. If the oscillator begins to run too slow, the sync pulse will occur while the sawtooth voltage on the ungrounded junction is positive and this junction will act as the emitter, positive current flowing to ground and leaving the coupling capacitor with an incremental charge. This charge causes to appear on the ungrounded junction a negative potential which is passed through a filter to the oscillator frequency control device. If the oscillator runs too fast, the output is positive. Horizontal oscillator This circuit consists of a pulse generator using the negative-resistance effect found in a point-contact transistor. Its operation is similar to that of the vertical oscillator. The component values are different, however, to give the proper frequency and pulse output rather than sawtooth. The rate at which this oscillator runs is determined by the R-C time constant associated with the .015-μF capacitor between the emitter and collector of the transistor. As long as there is a sufficient amount of charging current flowing through the emitter resistor, the transistor is kept nonconductive. When the current falls below a critical value, the potential at the emitter permits conduction which is regenerative. If the effective resistance of the charging circuit is changed, the rate of oscillation will change. The effective resistance of the emitter resistor can be changed by shunting it with a transistor. This transistor has a certain quiescent bias causing a pre-fixed amount of current to flow. The variable resistor in series with the oscillator emitter is adjusted to nearly the correct frequency as is normally done with the horizontal hold control on TV sets. The phase detector then provides an output which is applied to the base of the transistor, shunting the oscillator emitter resistance. The control signal changes the conduction of this transistor, changing the frequency of the oscillator. If the oscillator is running too slow, a negative output will be obtained from the phase detector. When this negative signal is applied to the p-n-p transistor shunting the oscillator emitter resistor, its conduction will increase, thus allowing the charging capacitor to charge more rapidly and the oscillator to increase its frequency. The output pulses of the oscillator are amplified by a complementary symmetry pulse amplifier and then applied to a "totem pole" power amplifier (Fig. 8). This is a regenerative type pulser which switches the bases of the output transistors from a large negative bias present during forward trace to a large positive bias which cuts the output transistors off during retrace. The output transistors are directly connected to the horizontal yoke and act like a switch which connects the yoke to a battery on forward trace and opens-circuits the yoke to cause retrace. The pulses which occur across the yoke are used to drive a 2-stage class-B amplifier (Fig. 9). The final stage works into a stepup transformer tuned to the horizontal line frequency. The secondary voltage is rectified by a selenium rectifier and provides 2,000 volts for the second anode of the picture tube. The most important difference in a set which might be built today would be the absence of almost all the point-contact transistors. References 1. G. B. Herzog, "A Transistorized Ukulele," Ramo-Electronics, February, 1952. 2. G. C. Siskiui, "Symmetrical Properties of Transistors and Their Applications," Proc. of the IRE, June, 1953. 3. R. H. Johnson, "Complementary Transistor Circuits," Electronics, September, 1953. TELEVISION has made it possible for man to see what goes on elsewhere without having to go there bodily—a great boon to mankind. And it is a great field of endeavor for all of us to be engaged in, especially for the younger men who are now entering the new field of color television with its promising future. The developments and the promise of color television are so great that there is room for everyone. If we look back ten years from now—perhaps even five years from now—upon the color structure as it exists today, we will not recognize it. The progress that will be made from here on will be of such tremendous dimensions that I believe almost everything used in color TV today will be obsolete. This is nothing to worry about, for our industry has lived on obsolescence. But obsolescence does not mean stagnation. It means replacement by better equipment and better service. That is the hallmark of radio and television, whether it be black-and-white or color. Progress comes through pioneering effort and leadership. And it is here that we meet the human element. Now, as to color equipment: RCA recently demonstrated a 21-inch color tube and a simplified color receiver that will operate with that tube (see photos). The new set will use only a few more tubes than an ordinary 21-inch black-and-white receiver. The simplification of the circuit and the perfection of the 21-inch color tube will mark, I think, the beginning of practical color equipment for quantity production. The tube is not a revolutionary new invention. It is still a shadow-mask tube, based on the principles we developed in the earlier type of that tube. But it does mark a significant advance. Color tubes are hard to make. They have very narrow tolerances and it is no secret to those engaged in the business that as many as three or four tubes sometimes have had to be rejected before one good one could be selected. We think we have reasonably licked that problem with our new 21-inch color tube. Our main effort has been to produce a color tube which will be steady, will not fringe at the edges, will cover the entire face of the tube with uniform color, will be of adequate brightness and will be of sufficient strength mechanically to be shipped safely. It should be a tube that will be simple to manufacture so that, as the quantity produced is increased, the price at which it is sold can be reduced. In other words, a color tube that lends itself to mass production in the same way that the present 21-inch black-and-white tube does. These requirements called for new practical inventions—for new methods of mounting and a new type of mask. They called for a number of things that would not alter the quality of the color when the temperature affected the position of the mask, and so on. Those are the things upon which we have concentrated our attention and our efforts, the problems that we believe we have now finally solved. Of course, we will not see sales of color sets in any such quantities as the sales of black-and-white sets until there is a nation-wide service of color broadcasting, and until the price to the consumer is within reach of the masses. Finally, I would like to say a word about possible future developments. On the 45th anniversary of my association with radio, I suggested to the research men in our Princeton Laboratories that they invent three "presents" for me by the time my 50th anniversary arrives in 1956. All my suggestions sounded "impossible." But those of us who are unhampered by too much knowledge of the obstacles have more confidence in the scientists than the scientists sometimes have in themselves. Personally I have always proceeded on the theory that whatever the mind of man can imagine, the mind of man can ultimately produce. In any case, I asked them, first, for a magnetic tape recorder for television programs; second, for an electronic air conditioner and, third, for a true amplifier of light. Amazingly, there is reason to believe that I shall receive all three of these within the time I specified. The magnetic TV tape recorder has already been produced and functions in color as well as in black-and-white. It records and reproduces sight as readily as magnetic tape does sound. Its applications for the future are many. To cite just one example, the television camera can be used to make telemovies in the home. You will be able to make a tape recording—in color—of Willie eating his porridge, just as you can now record his first prattlings—and you can see it on your own television set. As for the electronic air conditioner, I can say that encouraging progress is being made and that a laboratory model is under way. Amplifying light What are the potentials for practical use of such a revolutionary development as the light amplifier? It is not possible to foresee all of them before a new invention reaches the stage of practical application. Often, as we know from experience, the most significant uses are not immediately apparent. When Faraday produced an electric current, neither he nor his generation could visualize the spectacular future he had unlocked. Neither did Marconi dream of broadcasting and television when he succeeded in sending the first faint wireless signal through the air. I am convinced that electronic amplification and conversion of light will enrich life for all of us. A first benefit from this research will be bigger and brighter television pictures in the home. I believe that the TV tube of today will eventually be eliminated. It will be displaced by a thin, flat screen like a picture on the wall. Or it may be in an easel-like frame that will sit on your living room table and—being portable—can be moved to any other part of the room or house. If desired, the same program could be received on a number of screens in different rooms. The pictures will be controlled from a television box no bigger than a jewel case or cigar box. No cabinet will be required. The television box will contain all the controls—tuning, volume, brightness, station selector—and a knob will enable you to make the image larger or smaller, and in black-and-white or in color, to suit your eye and your mood. Television, however, is only one of the avenues through which electronic light will flow into daily life. Right down the line it will provide substitutes for present types of light used for illumination. In other areas, the electronic light amplifier may be expected to lead to devices which will make vision possible in darkness. These will add greatly to the safety of our transportation on land, at sea and in the air. The perils of night driving, too, are likely to be reduced and perhaps abolished by such electronic devices providing far-reaching light without glare. In short, the sky is the limit in imagining the future of electronic light. The one certainty is that, like other major scientific innovations in the past, it will open roads to improvements on existing products and processes and will give birth to entirely new instruments, appliances and services. Transistors These devices are making progress, and tubeless receiving sets are not far away. There is no change in the prediction previously made that transistors will one day replace all tubes but the picture tube in television and all tubes in radio sets. The only delay, again, is the delay incident to learning how to produce these transistors in large quantities and at a price that will make them competitive with tubes. Progress in this direction is being steadily made. I shouldn't be surprised if within the next year or two a considerable number of transistors will be used in radio sets. In recent months, much has been heard of personal and pocket-size radios. They are certainly coming. One day I hope to see the real pocket-size personal radio operating from an atomic battery so there will be no need to worry about battery replacements for at least 20 years. Portable TV sets, that will be truly portable, will also be here one of these days. In the atomic and electronic age in which we now live, changes are taking place at such a rapid rate that it takes more than our past experience to adjust to them and to appreciate and fully comprehend them. But after all is said and done, the efforts in which we are engaged are stimulating because they are for the purpose of entertaining and informing and educating people and not for destroying them. They are intended to serve the constructive purposes of advancing civilization, increasing happiness and making life more meaningful. I hope that as progressive changes take place in technology, the mind of man, too, may adjust itself to a more ethical, a more constructive, a more peaceful concept in dealing with the problems that today beset a troubled world. END TELEVISION PICTURE-TUBE REPLACEMENT GUIDE By E. W. SCOTT This tabulation is designed to show at a glance those characteristics of magnetically deflected TV picture tubes that are important to the technician who has to consider replacing a tube with a more modern type or a larger size. Tubes are listed in groups according to size, shape, construction, method of focusing and deflection angle. Generally, any tube in a specific group or panel is a replacement for those above it in the same group since overall dimensions often determine whether or not the replacement will fit into the cabinet without alterations. RETMA specifications give dimensions with plus and minus tolerances. Data sheets issued by various manufacturers may show slight differences in dimensions but all will be found to be within RETMA tolerances. Deflection angles are important when replacing one type tube with another. Round tubes up to about 15 inches in diameter generally have deflection angles ranging from 50 to about 56°. Since all may use identical horizontal output transformers and deflection yokes they are listed simply as 50° types. The tabulation lists the horizontal deflection angle for round tubes and the diagonal deflection angle for rectangular types. Thus, a round tube with a 66° deflection angle and a 70° rectangular type may use identical output transformers and yokes. Original specifications on a specific tube type may call for a double-field ion-trap magnet, yet recently released data sheets may specify a single-field type. This is because some manufacturers may use a different or improved gun structure that permits the use of the more common single-field beam bender. Some makes of tubes of a given type work satisfactorily with either double- or single-field magnets while others require a specific type for satisfactory operation. Tubes with aluminized (metal-backed) screens have greater apparent brightness. Those having aluminized screens in the basic type are marked with an asterisk immediately following the type number. When metal-backed screens are available in an improved version carrying a letter suffix, a dagger is used and you should refer to the table of suffixes to determine the proper type to use. KEY TO PICTURE TUBE SUFFIXES Suffix A: indicates GRAY faceplate on 10BP4, 10MP4, 12LP4, 12QP4, 12UP4, 12WP4, 16AP4, 16DP4, 16HP4, 16JP4, 16LP4, 16MP4, 16SP4, 16WP4, 17BP4, 17CP4, 17DP4, 17EP4, 17FP4, 17GP4, 17HP4, 17JP4, 21FP4, 21KP4, 21ZP4 and 22A4; GRAY ALUMINIZED faceplate on 10FP4, 12KP4, 12ZP4, 16KP4, 17ATP4, 17CP4, 17DP4, 17EP4, 17GP4, 17HP4, 17JP4, 21AGP4, 21ARR, 21AUP4, 21AVP4, 21WVP4, 21XK4, 21YP4, 24AP4, 24CP4, 24DP4 and 24VP4; GRAY-FROSTED on 14BP4 and 17HP4 and CLEAR on 16EP4 and 16G4. Suffix B: indicates GRAY faceplate on a 16EP4; FROSTED on a 24ABP; GRAY-FROSTED on 12UP4, 16G4, 16GP4, 16HP4, 16JG4 and 16LG4; ALUMINIZED on 17BP4, 17HP4, 20CP4, 20DP4, 21EM and 21ZP4. Suffix C: indicates a CLEAR-ALUMINIZED screen on 10CP4, FROSTED on 10FP4, GRAY-FROSTED on 17BP4 and 20CP4; and GRAY-ALUMINIZED on 12LP4, 19AP4, 20DP4, 20HP4 and 21FP4. Suffix D: indicates a GRAY-ALUMINIZED screen on 10BP4, 20CP4 and 20HP4 and FROSTED on 19AP4. \| Bulb Diameter or Diagonal (inches) \| Over-all length (inches) \| Ion Trap Type \| Base Diagram Fig. No. \| Anode Connector Notes \| \|-------------------------------------\|--------------------------\|---------------\|-----------------------\|----------------------\| \| 10-inch glass round, 50° \| \| \| \| \| \| 10BP4 \| 10 1/2 \| 17% \| Double \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 10EP4 \| 10 1/2 \| 17% \| Double \| 1 \| Ball \| \| 10FP* \| 10 1/2 \| 17% \| None \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 10MP4 \| 10 1/2 \| 17 \| Double \| 2 \| Cavity \| \| 10CP4 \| 10 1/2 \| 16 1/2 \| None \| 1 \| Ball \| \| 10-inch glass round, 50°, electrostatic focus \| \| \| \| \| \| 10DP* \| 10 1/2 \| 17% \| None \| 5 \| Cavity \| \| 12 1/2-inch glass round, 50° \| \| \| \| \| \| 12LP4 \| 12 7/16 \| 18 1/2 \| Double \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 12EP4 \| 12 7/16 \| 18 1/2 \| Double \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 12VP4 \| 12 7/16 \| 18 \| Single \| 2 \| Cavity \| \| 12WP4 \| 12 7/16 \| 17 3/4 \| Single \| 7 \| Special \| \| 12KP4 \| 12 7/16 \| 17 3/4 \| None \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 12ZP* \| 12 7/16 \| 17 3/4 \| Single \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 12CP4 \| 12 7/16 \| 17 3/4 \| Single \| 1 \| Ball \| \| 12UP4 \| 12 7/16 \| 18 1/2 \| Double \| 1 \| Cone \| \| 12DP4 \| 12 7/16 \| 18 1/2 \| None \| 1 \| Ball \| \| 12RP4 \| 12 3/16 \| 17 1/2 \| Single \| 1 \| Ball \| \| 12CP4 \| 12 1/16 \| 18 1/2 \| None \| 3 \| Cavity \| \| Bulb Diameter or Diagonal (inches) \| Over-all length (inches) \| Ion Trap Type \| Base Diagram Fig. No. \| Anode Connector Notes \| \|-------------------------------------\|--------------------------\|---------------\|-----------------------\|----------------------\| \| 14-inch glass rectangular, 65° \| \| \| \| \| \| 14FP4 \| 13 13/16 \| 16 1/2 \| Single \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 14BP4 \| 13 11/16 \| 16 13/16 \| Double \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 14EP4 \| 13 11/16 \| 16 13/16 \| Double \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 14CP4 \| 13 11/16 \| 16 1/2 \| Single \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 14DP4 \| 13 11/16 \| 16 1/2 \| Double \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 14HP4 \| 13 11/16 \| 16 1/2 \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity \| \| 14GP4 \| 13 11/16 \| 17 3/16 \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity \| \| 15-inch glass round, 50° \| \| \| \| \| \| 15CP4 \| 15 1/2 \| 21 1/2 \| Double \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 15-inch glass round, 52° \| \| \| \| \| \| 15EP4 \| 15 1/10 \| 22 4/10 \| Single \| 1 \| Cap \| \| 15-inch glass round, 57° \| \| \| \| \| \| 15AP4 \| 15 3/4 \| 20 1/2 \| None \| 1 \| Ball \| \| 15DP4 \| 15 3/4 \| 20 1/2 \| Single \| 1 \| Ball \| \| 16-inch glass round, 50–60° \| \| \| \| \| \| 16MP4 \| 16 1/4 \| 21 3/4 \| Double \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 16FP4 \| 16 1/4 \| 21 1/2 \| Single \| 1 \| Ball \| \| 16JP4 \| 16 1/4 \| 20 3/4 \| Double \| 1 \| Cavity \| \| 16LP4 \| 15 1/4 \| 22 1/4 \| Double \| 1 \| Cavity \| f, g \| \| Tube Type \| Bulb Diameter Overall or Diagonal (inches) \| Ion Trap Type \| Base Diagram Fig. No. \| Anode Connector \| Notes \| \|-----------\|---------------------------------------------\|---------------\|-----------------------\|-----------------\|-------\| \| 16HP4 \| 15⅝ \| Double \| I \| Cavity \| f \| \| 16DP4 \| 15⅝ \| Double \| I \| Cavity \| a \| \| 16CP4 \| 15⅝ \| Double \| I \| Cavity \| a, f, g \| \| 16-inch glass rectangular, 65°, electrostatic focus \| 16AEP4 \| 17⅝ \| 19⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity \| \| 16-inch glass rectangular, 70° \| 16UF4 \| 17⅝ \| 18⅝ \| Single \| I \| Cavity a \| \| \| 16TP4 \| 16 5/16 \| 18⅝ \| Single \| I \| Cavity a, e \| \| \| 16QP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19⅝ \| Double \| I \| Cavity a \| \| \| 16KP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19⅝ \| Single \| I \| Cavity a \| \| \| 16RP4 \| 16⅝ \| 18⅝ \| Single \| I \| Cavity a \| \| \| 16XP4 \| 16⅝ \| 18⅝ \| Double \| I \| Cavity a \| \| \| 16AP4 \| 16⅝ \| 18⅝ \| Single \| I \| Cavity t \| \| 16-inch glass round, 70° \| 16ZP4 \| 15⅝ \| 22⅜ \| Double \| I \| Cavity h \| \| \| 16WP4 \| 15⅝ \| 17⅝ \| Double \| I \| Cavity a, h, k \| \| \| 16SP4 \| 15⅝ \| 17 5/16 \| Single \| I \| Cavity a \| \| \| 16YP4 \| 15⅝ \| 17 5/16 \| Single \| I \| Cavity h \| \| \| 16VP4 \| 15⅝ \| 17 3/16 \| Single \| I \| Cavity a \| \| 16-inch metal round, 53° \| 16AP4 \| 15⅝ \| 22 5/16 \| Double \| I \| Cone a \| \| 16-inch metal round, 60° \| 16EP4 \| 15⅝ \| 19⅝ \| Double \| I \| Cone a \| \| 16-inch metal round, 70° \| 16GP4 \| 15⅝ \| 17 11/16 \| Single \| I \| Cone a, i \| \| 16-inch glass round, 60° \| 16ACP4 \| 15⅝ \| 20⅝ \| Single \| 6 \| Cavity \| \| 17-inch glass rectangular, 70° \| 17BP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19⅝ \| Single \| I \| Cavity i, q \| \| \| 17AP4 \| 16⅝ \| 18⅝ \| Single \| I \| Cavity n \| \| \| 17FP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19 7/16 \| Single \| I \| Cavity k \| \| \| 17QP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19 7/16 \| Single \| I \| Cavity k \| \| \| 17UP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19 9/16 \| Single \| I \| Cavity k \| \| \| 17YP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19 9/16 \| Single \| I \| Cavity k \| \| 17-inch glass rectangular, 70°, electrostatic focus \| 17FP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity o \| \| \| 17HP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19 9/16 \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity n \| \| \| 17LP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19 7/16 \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity k, n \| \| \| 17RP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity n \| \| \| 17VP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19 9/16 \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity k, p \| \| \| 17KP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19 7/16 \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity p \| \| \| 17SP4 \| 16⅝ \| 19 3/16 \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity k, p' \| \| 17-inch metal rectangular, 70° \| 17CP4 \| 17 \| 9 \| Single \| I \| Cone a \| \| 17-inch metal rectangular, 70°, electrostatic focus \| 17GP4 \| 17 \| 18 1/16 \| Single \| 5 \| Cone a, o \| \| \| 17TP4 \| 16 13/16 \| 19 5/16 \| Single \| 5 \| Cone a, n \| \| 17-inch glass rectangular, 90°, electrostatic focus \| 17ATP4 \| 16⅝ \| 16⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity k \| \| \| 17ATP4 \| 16⅝ \| 15⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity k \| \| 19-inch glass round, 66° \| 19FP4 \| 18⅝ \| 22 \| Double \| I \| Cavity a \| \| \| 19DP4 \| 18⅝ \| 21⅝ \| Double \| I \| Cavity e \| \| \| 19GP4 \| 18⅝ \| 21⅝ \| Single \| I \| Cavity a \| \| 19-inch metal round, 66° \| 19AP4 \| 18⅝ \| 22 \| Single \| I \| Cone a \| \| 19-inch glass rectangular, 70° \| 19JP4 \| 18⅝ \| 21 3/16 \| Single \| I \| Cavity a \| \| \| 19QP4 \| 18⅝ \| 21⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity n \| \| \| 19EF4 \| 17⅝ \| 21⅝ \| Double \| I \| Cavity s \| \| 20-inch glass round, 54° \| 20BP4 \| 20⅝ \| 28⅝ \| None \| I \| Cap a \| \| 20-inch glass rectangular, 70° \| 20CP4 \| 20 7/32 \| 21 13/16 \| Single \| I \| Cavity a, n, r \| \| \| 20DP4 \| 20 3/32 \| 21⅝ \| Single \| I \| Cavity s \| \| 20-inch glass rectangular 70°, electrostatic focus \| 20MP4 \| 20 3/32 \| 22⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity m \| \| \| 20HP4 \| 20 3/32 \| 22⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity a, l, n, r \| \| \| 20LP4 \| 20 3/32 \| 22⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity a, l, s \| \| \| 20FP4 \| 20 3/32 \| 22⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity a, l, s \| \| \| 20GP4 \| 20 3/32 \| 22⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cavity o \| \| \| 20JF4 \| 20 7/32 \| 22⅝ \| Single \| 6 \| Cavity p \| \| 21-inch metal rectangular, 70° \| 21DP4 \| 22⅝ \| 21 \| Single \| 5 \| Cone a, o \| \| \| 21GP4 \| 22⅝ \| 21 \| Single \| 6 \| Cone a, p \| \| \| 21MP4 \| 21 \| 22⅝ \| Single \| 5 \| Cone a, n \| \| \| 21AP4 \| 20⅝ \| 22⅝ \| Single \| 1 \| Cone d \| COLOR TUBES 15-inch glass round, 45°, electrostatic focus 15GP22(RCA) 14½ 26⅝ 8 Metal flange 15HP22(CBS) 14½ 26⅝ 8 Metal flange 19-inch glass rectangular, 62°, electrostatic focus 19VP22(CBS) 19½ 26 7/16 9 Metal flange 21-inch metal round, 70°, electrostatic focus 21AXP22(RCA) 20 11/16 25 5/16 9 Metal flange Footnotes to C-R Tube List Aluminized †Aluminized version listed in key to picture-tube suffixes a—Tube has no exterior conductive coating. Add 500-μuf, high-voltage filter capacitor when using tube as replacement for type having exterior coating. When used, replace by tube having outside coating, ground the coating to the chassis. b—Triode type tube; has no No. 2 grid. For circuitry, refer to diagrams of sets using triode and pentode types. After receiver circuits where necessary to suit tube being used for replacement. c—This tube has 2.5-volt, 2.1-amp heater; all others have 6.3-volt, 600-ma heaters. d—Faceplate curvature has 20-inch radius; all others in this group have 40-inch radius. e—Requires JETEC-RETIMA type 106 focus coil; others in this group use type 109 focus coils. f—Faceplate curvature has 56-inch radius; others in this group have 27-inch radius. g—Deflection angle 50°. Deflection angle for other tubes in this group 60°. h—Radius of faceplate curvature is 56 inches. i—Radius of faceplate curvature is 40 inches; all others in this group have 27-inch radius. j—17BP4, 17Q, and 8 have outside conductive coatings; 17BP4 has not. k—Cylindrical face. l—Tube with suffix A has external conductive coating. m—See footnote to 19EF4. n—Tube has low-voltage electrostatic-focus electrode. o—Tube has high-voltage electrostatic-focus electrode. p—See footnote to 19EF4. q—Types with letter suffix have outer conductive coating. r—Suffixes A and D have outer conductive coating. s—Suffixes A and C have outer conductive coating. t—Has curved mask and faceplate. TELEVISION JOE DOAKS TV REPAIRMAN Getting started in TV—or—an aspirin a day By HENRY FARAD THIS tale of Joe Doaks, TV repairman, is really the composite story of several individuals. I was only one of them. No single person could ever have got into as much trouble as did Joe. Joe's story should be required reading for every TV student and experimenter who may sometimes engage in neighborhood TV repairing. Avoiding just one of the numerous deadfalls into which he blundered can well repay the time spent in reading and considering well this story. Mastering any vocation or occupation is a double-barreled business. Learning what to do is only part of it; learning what not to do is every bit as important. (To cite one simple example, the student pilot who has not been taught to avoid cross-wind landings is always a poor insurance risk.) TV repairing is no exception. Joe escaped a jail sentence once by the skin of his teeth. Twice did he barely save himself from being fined; on a third occasion he didn't escape. Sometimes innocently, sometimes willfully, he shattered certain state laws and various municipal ordinances; he lost an incredible amount of time battling petty bureaucrats. A lot of his early profits vanished down various rat holes (not counting the money he spent for aspirin). All because Joe started a part-time TV repair business without realizing there are certain things you don't do. There's money to be made in part-time TV repairing—sizable chunks of it, too. Before you start, however, you should be aware of the numerous things you should not do and avoid doing them! Otherwise you'll find yourself being shot at from every point of the compass. How to start wrong Joe had been studying TV in his spare time for quite a spell. He'd collected some test equipment and learned pretty well how to use it. Inevitably, the idea of picking up a little spare-time money occurred to him. Thus, Joe put a small sign on his front porch and inserted a small advertisement in the classified section of a local paper. That seemed sensible enough. Only it wasn't. Joe's third customer wasn't a customer. Instead, he was an agent of the Planning Commission; he was there to advise Joe he'd laid himself open to a fine and jail sentence, because Joe had established a "commercial enterprise" in an "interim zone," and unless he forthwith suspended operations he would have the well-known book thrown at him. Joe's sign came down; his newspaper ad was canceled. Ordinance 3885, subsection k, prescribes fines up to $50 per day for "zoning violations"! Sure, after going through channels, Joe finally got permission to put his sign back! After he'd filled out several pages of forms and submitted an "exact map of premises"; and after being grilled by the Planning Commission in dread session, with a tape recorder ominously grinding away on the secretary's desk; and after a lapse of nine weeks, during which time doing any business was strictly verboten. Get the idea? Before ever you make the slightest noise about your part-time business, find out what sort of zone you're in, if any. Displaying signs may be impossible if you're in an iron-clad residential neighborhood. Doing busiTELEVISION Know what you're doing! Bookkeeping is one of today's major headaches for the man operating a small business, which promptly brings up another don't. Don't ever start even the smallest, pip-squeak TV business without first being sure your bookkeeping is going to be attended to competently and promptly. Otherwise you're sure to lose a lot of hard cash, one way or another, and you'll never know for sure whether you're winning or losing. Quarterly sales-tax reports; Federal income tax; state income tax; social security payments—the right answers can come from a correct set of books, nowhere else. Sure, you can approximate or guess at your sales tax—you can guess at nearly anything! But every so often unfortunately, the man from the State Tax Department is going to drop around and demand to see your books. The Federal boys might even want to look at them some time. If you don't have any books, or if you've "lost" them, or if they don't look right, you're apt to get slugged—but good—right in the wallet. The law says you must keep books. No matter how small you are, you keep books or else. Oddly enough, inadequate bookkeeping often results in the small operator's Federal and state income taxes running considerably higher than they should. Absence of adequate bookkeeping appears to go hand in hand with the great majority of failures among small businessmen. And even the small operator with a good accounting system is pretty sure to overpay on income tax unless he hires a tax specialist to figure his returns. Bookkeeping is important enough to harp on just a bit longer. If no one in the family is competent to handle the job you must hunt up someone who handles a number of small sets of books and engage him or her. The cost, incidentally, will be surprisingly low, and weeks can go by without your saying half a dozen words with your bookkeeper, or using even five minutes of your own time. The trick lies in mechanically supplying him, with complete information of what's going on, and the painless automatic method of doing so is by using those ready-printed sales books sold by stationery stores. The 5 x 8-inch size is about right. They come in books of fifty, in triplicate, consecutively numbered. My system gives the customer the white, original copy, duly marked paid, except in those infrequent cases where he gets credit. The yellow duplicate copies are filed daily on a hook fastened permanently in one place. Money paid out for anything is written up in the same book, except that the white original is used as a file copy, the yellow duplicate being destroyed. This shows at a glance whether any particular file copy represents charge or credit. The nondetachable triplicate copies act as a backstop in case a file copy goes astray as happens once in a while. ness at all may be prohibited. In any event, bear in mind that boards, bureaus, and commissions normally move at a snail's pace, which means that if a permit is needed you may be two or three months getting it. Time yourself accordingly. If you take Joe's advice, you won't hang out any sign at all—not at the start, anyway. You'll also limit your advertising to word-of-mouth and very modest classified insertions. The reasons will be shortly elucidated, as the man said, but first let me relate another of Joe's blunders—that of giving himself a company name: Joe Doaks TV Service. This little mistake cost him $50, after the local gendarmerie had instructed him to "properly execute a Certificate of Individual Doing Business Under an Assumed Name, pursuant to Article XVI, Section 5, paragraph J..." Or else! It's a state law, understand, with penalties provided... You can buy an Assumed Name form for a dime at any large stationery store. (There's another form for A Partnership Doing Business, etc., so be sure you get the right one. You need two, to be exact.) Fill out the blank spaces, get one notarized and have it recorded at your county courthouse. Thus far it's pretty cheap and easy, but in my state (California) it isn't legal until it's printed in full a prescribed number of times in a "newspaper of general circulation." That can really cost you, as it did Joe. Hence, do business under your own name. If your card or advertising reads plain "Joe Doaks" with "TV Repairs" on another line, nobody can touch you. But make it "Joe Doaks TV Service" and you're instantly $50 downhill—not exactly peanuts for a small operator just getting started. A sign on your front porch—to cite another objection—will likely result in your electric light bill being doubled! In case you didn't know, the presence of that sign automatically changes your rate from domestic to commercial. It's the law. In Joe's case, it jumped his bill almost exactly 100%. Again, not peanuts for a small dealer. As a suave but unyielding character from the power company informed Joe, it was all the same difference whether he repaired one TV set a month, or a thousand—the minute he hung that sign out front, he was a dead duck. Joe had the option, of course, of having a second electric meter installed and then splitting up his house wiring so that all TV activities were on a separate meter. In that case the remainder of the house would keep the domestic schedule. Of course the alteration would involve a slight charge of around $100 for labor, material, permits, etc., associated with hanging two meters on the house and reshuffling the wiring. The power company let Joe have it with one barrel; the telephone company gave him the other. Joe lost his domestic telephone rate and went on commercial. That's right, it just about doubled the bill. Squawking got him nothing. As a frigid female at the telephone business office explained it, the fact that Joe's business then amounted to a paltry six or eight repair jobs a month was immaterial. Laws regulating public utility rates provided for no exceptions. The law... "I see," Joe broke in, "another double-or-nothing program." Joe could tell she didn't think it was funny. Neither did he, for that matter. Understandably enough, Joe was getting a bit gun-shy by this time. In what other direction, he wondered, was his neck stuck out—and how far? That's when he suddenly recalled he possessed no Municipal Business License... Skidding into City Hall shortly afterward, he narrowly evaded a 100% penalty for "late declaration" only by crawling with an agility which surprised even him. Anyway, don't forget to shell out that $10 or $25 or whatever the bite may be for a license to do business in your locality. Then there is also the municipal business tax and city sales tax. Pleading guilty was his only out. He was nailed cold, and hiring a lawyer would have cost him not less than $50 and probably $100. It was during this hearing, while the judge probed for details, that Joe discovered he'd also broken a few other assorted laws. For one thing, he was not registered—as required by law—with the Federal Department of Employment, and he had had occasionally hired a high-school student next door to help him put up a TV mast. Furthermore, he'd made no deductions from his helper's wages for state unemployment insurance, for social security payments, nor had he made any employer's contribution to his helper's social security account. (When he eventually made good on all these charges out of his own pocket, he was fined for being late in getting the money to the various collectors.) Because the student was under 18 years of age, Joe had shattered another law by not securing a Minor's Working Permit for the boy, even though it was all a strictly hit-or-miss, part-time deal for both parties. He had also failed to carry workmen's compensation insurance or equivalent for his employee. Outside all the foregoing, Joe was pretty much in the clear, except that he had never carried any property damage insurance, which means that if some customer had filed a civil suit against him, claiming Joe had damaged a roof while erecting a mast, poor old Joe would have found himself in still another kettle of hot water. It's a complicated age! It's been said there aren't half enough competent electronic technicians in the U.S., but it's my guess there aren't one-quarter enough. The way it looks from here, the supply of really competent men is not going to overtake demand for decades, if ever. The actual number of openings and opportunities, incidentally, is considerably more than meets the eye; a definitely measurable percentage of today's talent consists of ignoramuses and incompetents who fold up like three-dollar accordions when better informed competition makes its appearance. Unfortunately, in some localities established radio and TV operators do not brook any competition from "tinkerers and side-liners." In localities where this spirit exists, the boys often go to considerable lengths in making things as tough and unpleasant as possible for the part-time operator—hence it's always prudent to make only a minimum of noise until one has gotten a good toe-hold in his business. Trying to strong-arm electronic wholesalers into refusing to sell to anyone but "legitimate dealers" is one weapon sometimes employed. Local legislation aimed directly at small fry is another. The first-mentioned device is loaded with dynamite, as the participants are well aware; its success depends entirely on how easily the opposition can be bluffed. "Conspiring to Engage in Restraint of Trade" is a Federal rap which has laid low more than one monopolist in the past; merely threatening to file a charge can be relied upon to end any monkey business. Making money from part-time TV repairing isn't as easy as you might believe. The money's there, sure—Joe can show you in his books net profits up to $50 a week from part-time work. But you have to play it right to win. You have to be prepared for rubber checks, callbacks, occasional repair jobs of the "stinker" variety, dead-beats, policy adjustments, inventory problems—you'll run into these and other headaches. And after you've run the obstacle course to the bitter end, Federal and state tax collectors have their hand stuck out for more than 20 cents of every dollar in your net-profit column. Despite everything, however, TV maintenance and repair is a satisfying occupation or business, whichever you make it. Largely, I think, because it's sufficiently complicated to never become boring; largely because something new happens every week. Most important, part-time servicing serves as a stepping stone to bigger and better things. It is during this time that the beginner serves his real apprenticeship. He learns the importance of systematic inventory control, bookkeeping and servicing techniques. Even more important, he learns the value of building a good reputation. With comparatively little money to play with, the beginner will do limited advertising, depending greatly upon word of mouth from satisfied customers. In cutting through the labyrinth of bureaucratic red tape, the part-time technician broadens his knowledge of running a business, enabling him to squeeze additional net income from his gross receipts. Rules and regulations are made for a reason, although the reason is not always clear. Stay with them and you will be on the right track. COLOR SERVICING LARGE-SCREEN color television will give the average television mechanic an opportunity to expand greatly his service business. By using already well known techniques of black-and-white servicing, plus a few new pieces of color test equipment, the service technician will find the transition from black-and-white no insurmountable obstacle. The color television receiver contains all the circuits of a black-and-white set. The same service techniques are employed to service the r.f. tuner, picture and sound i.f. amplifier, sync, a.g.c. horizontal and vertical deflection and video circuits as in black-and-white receivers. However, the requirements for some of these circuits are more rigid. For example, picture i.f.'s must be aligned with greater care to amplify the color information without distortion. Fortunately, the test equipment used for black-and-white r.f. and i.f. alignment will suffice for color. Since color reception depends more than black-and-white upon proper adjustment of the customer controls, the service technician will have to be sure the customer understands their importance. For example, a misadjusted fine tuning control may present a black-and-white picture with very slight apparent loss of fine detail. It might result in complete loss of color on a color program. Even a slight misadjustment of the fine tuning could result in improper color edging as illustrated in Fig. 1. Comparing this with Fig. 2, the normal bar pattern, shows that edges of the color bars have been shifted to an improper hue due to the loss of the upper chrominance sidebands. Faulty picture i.f. alignment with cutoff ranging between 3.6 and 4.0 mc would also result in this same improper color edging. New color test equipment has been developed which will facilitate servicing color circuits. One of these new instruments, which is available on the market today, is the color bar generator, designed to provide a thorough check on the operation and adjustment of color receivers. The 300-ohm lead from its output is connected to the antenna terminals with the receiver tuned to the channel specified in the operating instructions. With the receiver properly adjusted, the bar pattern pictured in Fig. 2 appears on the picture tube. Reading from left to right, the ten bars represent chrominance signals as indicated below: \[ \begin{align} (G - Y) +90^\circ & \quad +1 \\ + (R - Y) & \quad +3 \\ +(G - Y) -90^\circ & \quad +5 \\ +(R - Y) & \quad +7 \\ -(R - Y) & \quad +9 \\ -(G - Y) & \quad +10 \end{align} \] The color bar generator is necessary for checking the demodulators and matrix. For proper color, the phase of the 3.58-mc carrier signal must be adjusted for the correct waveform at the output of the demodulators. For I and Q demodulation the second and eighth bars should show maximum response at the plate of the I demodulator. When demodulation recovers R-Y and B-Y directly, the third and ninth bars should be maximum and the sixth bar should be zero at the plate of the R-Y demodulator. Another check which can be made with the color bar generator is the matrixing of the color difference signals and the Y signal. With an oscilloscope connected to the grids of the kinescope, an accurate check of the color signal ratios can be made. Once the correct oscilloscope pattern is obtained, overall correct operation of the color circuits is assured. Fig. 1—Color bar pattern with fine tuning misadjusted. Fig. 2—This is the normal and correct color bar pattern. control and burst take-off transformer are adjustable to provide the proper 3.58-mc carrier phase to the chroma demodulators. The phase detector provides a bias voltage which, in conjunction with a reactance tube, controls the phase of the 3.58-mc carrier oscillator. A portion of the negative voltage developed by the phase detector when burst is present is applied to the grid of the color killer. If the burst signal is lost due to failure of the burst gate or phase detector, the color killer will conduct, biasing off the chroma amplifier and thus "killing" the color reproduction. Misadjustment of the hue control or burst take-off transformer will result in improper color rendition by making the phase of the controlling 3.58-mc burst incorrect. If the range of the hue control is insufficient, the burst take-off transformer must be adjusted. An example of incorrect hue is pictured in Fig. 5. Bias produced by the phase detector controls the conduction of the reactance tube, which in turn maintains the 3.58-mc carrier oscillator in synchronization with the burst signal. Loss of bias from the phase detector or failure of the reactance tube allows the oscillator to run freely. This condition is similar to loss of horizontal or vertical scanning sync. An illustration of this condition is shown in Fig. 6. Complete failure of the oscilloscope will result in loss of color. The output of the chroma amplifier is fed to the chroma demodulators. Here the chroma signals are mixed with the 3.58-mc oscillator carrier. The output of the demodulator provides the necessary R-Y, B-Y and G-Y color-difference signals. Failure of one of the chroma demodulators or an open coupling capacitor in the R-Y, B-Y or G-Y lead to the kinescope would result in two color reproduction of color pictures. Figs. 7, 8 and 9, respectively, illustrate bar patterns in which red, blue and green signals are missing. When trouble is indicated in the color circuits of the receiver, it is usually necessary to trace the 3.58-mc carrier or chrominance signal, using a wideband oscilloscope. Frequencies of 3.58 mc cannot be seen with ordinary oscilloscopes. A wideband oscilloscope with a frequency response flat to 4.5 mc and a direct sensitivity of 0.1 volt peak-to-peak is desirable for this type of work. Starting at the chroma detector, burst and chrominance signals can be traced to the output of the chroma amplifiers, quickly isolating the source of trouble. A wideband oscilloscope is also useful in tracing the burst signal through the burst gate to the phase detector and checking the gate pulses applied to the color killer and burst gate for proper waveshape. To summarize, the three most common visual presentations resulting from component failures are outlined below. A logical sequence for isolating the defect is given under each condition: Pix and sound O.K.—no color* Check the following, using color bar generator: 1. Fine tuning and chroma controls. 2. Tubes in color circuits. 3. The 3.58-mc crystal (if used). 4. D.c. bias on chroma amplifier. a. If high, check burst amplifier and phase detector circuits. b. If burst input to the burst amplifier is low, check r.f. and i.f. alignments. 5. Bias on grid of the 3.58-mc oscillator. a. If zero, oscillator is inoperative. 6. Waveforms at the plates of the demodulators. a. If normal, trace signal to kinescope grid to isolate trouble. Pix and sound O.K.—no color sync Check the following, using color bar generator: 1. Phase detector. 2. Reactance tube. 3. 3.58-mc oscillator. 4. Bias at grid of reactance tube. a. If high, ground grid of reactance tube. If color then rolls slowly through the picture, the trouble lies in the phase detector circuit. If color remains badly out of sync, the trouble lies in the reactance tube or oscillator circuits. Pix and sound O.K.—improper color Check the following, using the color bar generator: 1. Hue control for proper operation and range. 2. Demodulation and phase inverter tubes. 3. With an oscilloscope, check the waveforms at the plates of the demodulators and at grids of kinescope. What's the dope on COLOR TV? MORE than a few of us have gotten a little behind on it, but color TV has kept right on going ahead—in giant steps. And at each step it has left some thousands of sets built according to the then best standards. All these sets will have to be serviced. So the technician will have to understand, not only the "perfected" receiver (if one is ever built), but also all the evolutionary forms. It is time to catch up! What—roughly—do we have to know? And where is the dope? The following is an attempt at a brief outline and guide. The references in parentheses are to issues of RADIO-ELECTRONICS. For further dope on any point, read the articles referred to. We hear of two main types of circuitry: the I-Q and the R-Y, B-Y types. These refer to the way the colors are put together in the receiver. The complete television picture is taken with three color cameras—red, green and blue. The output from these is separated and the black-and-white, luminance or Y signal transmitted on a regular 4-mc channel. The color signal from which the Y has been removed (−Y) is transmitted on a subcarrier centered at the 3.58-mc point of the 4-mc band. The R-Y, B-Y system (September, 1954, page 60) is the simplest. The color signal is detected by two demodulators, R-Y and B-Y. The G-Y signal is supplied by subtraction from the two others (what isn't blue or red is green). This is done by a simple mixing (matrixing) system (September, 1954, page 61). The R-Y and the B-Y are passed along to the red and blue guns and the correct proportions of −(R-Y) and −(B-Y) to the green gun. The correct amount of Y signal must now be added to each of these −Y signals to restore the original R, B and G signals which produce the picture. The I-Q system (May, 1954, page 40; October, 1954, page 42) is more complex but supplies more color detail. It goes up to about 1500 kc as opposed to 600 kc with the simpler system. (Fine detail is supplied by the black-and-white signal in both systems, as the eye is insensitive to color in fine detail.) The terms I and Q refer to "colors" which do not represent the output of two of the cameras but a mixture of all three. This calls for a more complex matrixing system, since some of the output of both the I and Q demodulator (as well as Y signal) is required for each of the three primary colors. A third system—just emerging—is the R-Y, B-Y, G-Y circuitry used in the new RCA 28-tube receivers and shown in the block diagram on page 55 of this issue. Tubes are a simpler problem, but one which has its ramifications. Which type, 1-gun or 3-gun? And how about size? The answers are still fairly easy. The 3-gun type is the only one now in common use, though most authorities act as if they expect the tube of the future to be a 1-gun type. Best known of color picture tubes is the 15GP22, RCA's original flat-mask color tube (June, 1950, page 27; July, 1954, page 30). Although now considered obsolete, thousands of sets have been made with that tube. They have been or will be sold, given away or otherwise disposed of, so the service technician is sure to run into them. The shadow mask has a faceplate covered with hundreds of thousands of red, blue and green dots, and a perforated mask behind it to assure that the electron beam will fall on the dots. An improved 15-inch version with a curved faceplate and mask was made by CBS-Hytron (December, 1953, page 103; July, 1954, page 30). Its advantage is that all parts of the screen are more nearly at the same distance from the guns, simplifying the problems of focusing and convergence over all parts of the screen (January, 1955, page 40). The 19-inch tube, 19VP22, (November, 1954, page 110; December, 1954, page 66; brief description September, 1954, page 124) is another curved mask and faceplate tube, now being used in a number of sets. RCA's new 21-inch tube will follow the same general lines, with an improved means of avoiding color contamination by the earth's magnetic field. The 1-gun, Lawrence or post-deflection tube has strips instead of dots of colored phosphors on the faceplate (July, 1954, page 30; article scheduled for February, 1955). A wire grid deflects the beam up or down or permits it to go straight through, under the influence of the red, blue or green signals, respectively. At the time of writing, no color receivers have been placed on sale using this tube, although several manufacturers are experimenting with it. How about the present black-and-white receivers? Is there any chance of converting them for color? The answer is: at present, no. Turning an ordinary set into a color receiver demands extensive rebuilding in the black-and-white portion as well as adding all the video circuits. It would probably be more expensive than buying a new color receiver. A few shortcuts have been tried (notably an attempt to break the signal down to a field-sequential type; see April, 1954, page 8) but so far without appreciable success. It is possible—though not probable—that it may in the future be possible to buy some kind of kit to convert a monochrome set into color. But the future holds too many things to permit much guessing. For instance, the price of color sets may drop to a level comparable with that of good monochrome receivers, making conversions impractical. Or totally new types of TV receivers may appear. General Sarnoff suggests (page 46) that the TV set of the future may be a flat screen in a picture frame. Fantastic as the concept may seem, such frames now exist and can already be used for simple scope and radar displays. Several companies are working on "picture tubes" which may be even less like our present device than the flat screen. The bulky cathode-ray tubes may soon be pushed into a place in history with the perforated spinning disc of the late '20's. TOP TV RECEPTION IN ISOLATED AREAS By EDWARD M. NOLL This country is dotted with small and large towns that either do not have any television service or get very poor pictures (despite high antenna installation costs). Many of these towns are located in valleys near ridges or mountaintops suitable for the installation of a community antenna system. Still others on flatter terrain would obtain improved signals with the erection of a single, but very high, receiving antenna tower and a community distribution system. A well-planned antenna distribution system is often the answer to improved picture quality and stability. Such a system can be installed by a local service organization or other technical personnel. It can be financed by a local service organization or an association of local service technicians, dealers, amateurs or other interested persons. If you live in such a community read this article with careful consideration. Such an installation can be a low-cost nonprofit community project with each interested person (every subscriber) contributing to the installation and annual upkeep. Among the subscribers there probably will be enough public-spirited men of various trades to make the installation a community project. If not, a service organization can be hired to handle the job. An example of such a community project has been completed at Moccasin, Calif. Moccasin is located in a small mountain-surrounded valley some 120 miles from San Francisco. At present the community antenna system (nonprofit) has 25 subscribers with a potential of only 50. Each subscriber pays a small installation charge and a small yearly assessment. No existing community antenna system provides any better pictures at such low subscriber costs. Here is a plan that should spread from isolated village to isolated village across the country. The initial experimental work was undertaken by Harold Barnard, a local radio amateur and now president of the community antenna association. He has reason to be proud of their system. The afternoon I visited him he showed me three beautiful pictures from the three San Francisco stations — actually, poorer and less stable pictures are common 25 to 35 miles from the transmitters. A setup such as Moccasin's could be used to great advantage in many communities much nearer to stations. Planning a system If you are a technical man and have dreams for better television in your community, there are a number of steps you can take to start the ball rolling. Given a sufficient shove it will carry itself through the community. The first action to be taken is to investigate signal-strength possibilities at various likely sites. Take a close friend or two (fellow technicians) and measure the field strength on the higher ridges and mountains in the vicinity. A simple service type field-intensity meter and a few standard antennas are adequate for initial checks. The meter must be battery-operated or run off a converter attached to your car battery. When the best site is chosen, erect a good antenna and make arrangements to check the picture on a small television receiver and to demonstrate the possibilities to a few carefully chosen townspeople. Another plan is to attach one amplifier at the antenna and a second one half-way down the hill (temporarily they could be two good-quality boosters), running a temporary but low-loss line down the mountain to the nearest interested subscriber. The advantages of the idea can thus be shown to a number of influential people in the town, using just a single channel. Next, begin to plan the route of the distribution system and to assemble initial and approximate cost figures. Check with local power and light or telephone companies about attaching lines to existing poles and resultant rental charges. Most local public utilities will rent pole space to carry transmission lines. In other instances small poles can be set up by the installer along the cable path to the community to be served. In many smaller installations cables can be run from house to house with the various houses supplying the a.c. power for the amplifiers. This is an inexpensive method and permits location of all amplifiers indoors. Outside amplifiers must be mounted in waterproof housings. Organize your material, outlining advantages, method of distribution and installation, and costs. Finally, present the plan at local meetings and gain support for the project. Typical small system The general plan of the system installed at Moccasin is shown in the diagram. The limited equipment required for a small installation—plus a cooperative community spirit—can result in first-class television at low cost. The antenna site chosen is on the mountaintop nearest the town although there is a still higher peak a short distance away. However, a limited economy and fewer cable problems governed the choice of the nearer peak. Individual single Yagis are used for channels 4 and 5, and a stacked Yagi for channel 7. The antennas supply signal to the individual channel strips of a Blonder-Tongue master mixer-amplifier. The entire system uses Blonder-Tongue equipment except for a small Astatic booster that connects between the transmission line and the channel 7 strip. It boosts the channel 7 signal before application to the mixer-amplifier, equalizing the three signals. The output of the mixer-amplifier feeds the transmission line that runs some 1,000 feet down the mountainside. An all-channel amplifier is inserted halfway down the hill to compensate for line attenuation. Open-wire line is used throughout the system because of its low loss (reducing required amplification). It is true that open-wire line has a greater radiation and there is more opportunity for signal stealing. This happened once in this small town but the "poacher" finally succumbed to ribbing and pressure and became a subscriber. Line equalizers are positioned at various points along the system to compensate for the fact that signal attenuation is a function of frequency, with channel 7 attenuated more than 4 and 5 and channel 5 more than 4. Thus signals are held at approximately a constant level throughout the system. At the bottom of the hill the signals feed into a line splitter that divides the system into two paths. It does so without causing mismatch and resultant smear or line reflections on the picture. Wide-band amplifiers are inserted in each path to restore proper levels once again. One primary line feeds signals to the far end of town. Additional wide-band amplifiers are equipped because of its greater length. Tapoffs are made along the line to feed signals to receivers in the various houses. The second primary line splits into two secondary lines after the first wide-band amplifier. One secondary line runs down one side of the street while the second runs down the opposite side. All receiver dropoffs are made through outlet amplifiers. Either two- or eight-outlet distribution amplifiers are used, according to the number of receivers to be fed at a given location. The distribution units have no gain but make certain each receiver is fed the same amount of signal at no loss and with no interaction. Thus the tuning of one receiver will not affect the performance of other receivers along the line. The isolation offered by these outlet units permits a very stable and consistent distribution system. COLOR TV ANTENNA TECHNIQUES Black-and-white TV antennas may require modification for best color reception By IRA KAMEN* ALL TV antennas designed for black-and-white reception will work on color TV, if the transmission frequencies are the same. How well they will perform on color depends on the answers to the following questions: 1. Does the antenna suck out the color TV subcarriers? (The amateur term suck out refers to the antiresonant action of the antenna on some frequencies—the antenna acting as a trap and attenuating the TV signals before they are available for transfer to the lead-in.) 2. Is the antenna subject to FM pickup? 3. Can the antenna be oriented to attenuate or eliminate ghosts? To answer these questions, I conducted numerous tests and consulted with antenna engineers of RCA Service Co. and CBS Columbia. The answer to the first question ("Does the antenna suck out the color TV carrier?") uncovered a surprise culprit—the very popular conical antenna with six front dipole elements. Perhaps several million of these antennas have been installed. Tests revealed that some of these conicals suck out the color TV subcarrier on channel 4, a very important channel in most sections of the country. This suck out may deteriorate the channel 4 picture seriously. This defect in the majority of 6-element dipole conicals was overlooked by antenna engineers during their original development work because the frequencies assigned to present color subcarriers were unknown. Therefore, the subcarrier frequencies now used were not a check point in examining the characteristics of the conical antenna. However, the conical, a dependable performer in v.h.f. monochrome reception, can and will maintain its position in the color TV field when it is properly adjusted. So don't put the axe to all conicals yet! They can be corrected by several easily made field modifications. Three modifications can be made to eliminate the channel 4 suck out of the color subcarrier. Antenna modifications Fig. 1-a shows the ends of both 3-element sections shorted together with aluminum tie wire. This modification, in addition to improving color TV performance on channel 4, provides on some conicals a gain on channels 7 through 13. This bonus depends on the length of the conical elements and their forward angle. Fig. 1-b shows the center element removed. The center element of the conical is used to provide more surface area, and in many conical types this increase in surface area provides an average gain of less than 1 db over the complete TV band. Thus in primary areas where the station power has been increased to a great extent the technician can remove the center element without reducing receiver performance. Fig. 1-c shows the center element of the conical reduced in length (2 inches) so the outside elements are 48 inches long and the center elements 46 inches in length. This modification can be made in the field, using a heavy pair of snippers for cutting and heavy pliers to close the ends. Fig. 2 shows a new commercial conical known as the Colorcon, with center elements reduced in length to prevent color TV subcarrier attenuation. To identify this conical and its color TV modification, the center element is covered with a conductive red paint. From a practical standpoint no table could be assembled containing all manufactured conical antennas with recommendations for modification. The service technician will, from experience, have to choose one of the methods shown in Fig. 1 when the problem presents itself. Vice president, Brach Division, General Bronze Corp. picture of a baseball game. In monochrome we see a white player running against a gray background. In color TV we see the same player running against a green grass background. Obviously with the same number of lines on color TV there is a much greater apparent definition. In fact, it may be said that the average viewer watching a color picture on the old CBS 405-line low-definition system, would find it of greater apparent definition than viewing the same picture on the standard high-definition black-and-white screen with its greater number of lines. This, of course, means that reflections on color TV will have a greater marring effect on the picture than they have on black-and-white. Experiments have shown that viewing color TV pictures that contain color ghosts cause optical and mental annoyances that never existed with black-and-white. Clearing these objectionable ghosts may require antennas with highly directional frontal lobes. Antennas with rotators should become more popular with color TV. Many times the solution will be to replace the existing antenna with a new high front-to-back ratio type. This recommendation by the technician may create a problem since the consumer may complain ghosts never bothered him on his black-and-white set. Padding the ghost into the background, multiple antennas and ghost phasing between indoor and outdoor antennas will be some of the practices service technicians can try to satisfy their customers' requests for clear color TV pictures. A padding circuit that will drop the level of the reflected signal into the background is shown in Fig. 4. By decreasing the value of $R_x$ the signal level can be reduced slowly until the reflection disappears. Where the reflected signal approximates the strength of the original one, padding will not be possible. In many areas it is possible to install an indoor antenna and parallel it at the antenna terminals with the outdoor antenna. The indoor antenna can then be used to pick up signals which either reinforce the original transmission or cancel out the reflected signals. This can usually be done only on one or two channels. The indoor antenna may have to be connected through a switching arrangement. The ghost problem in urban areas on color TV will increase activity in the field of multiple-antenna systems. An individual antenna designed and adjusted for each television channel will assure the residents of multiple dwellings of good color TV reception. TELEVISION UNDERWATER By RALPH W. HALLOWS A new and fascinating application of the television camera The development of submarine television is going rapidly ahead in Britain these days. Housed in a leakproof casing designed to withstand enormous pressures and provided with a special lens system, the TV camera has already proved itself an invaluable tool for the wreck salvager, the harbor engineer, the ship repairer, the naval architect, the designer of defenses against coastal erosion, the marine biologist and the oceanographer. Underwater television might have been born in any maritime country, had the incentive occurred. It so happened that such an incentive was given to Britain by the tragic loss of the submarine Affray on April 16, 1951. Not one of those aboard her was saved and the only means of discovering the cause of the disaster was to locate and examine the wreck. Believing that television might possibly be of some use, the Admiralty had the Marconi Company make a camera that would work in 250 feet of water. In less than 5 weeks the complete apparatus was designed, manufactured, and installed in the salvage vessel Reclaim. A wreck, believed to be that of the Affray, had been located by sweepers in 280 feet of water in a region particularly difficult for divers because of the strong currents and heavy seas prevailing there. The salvage ship steamed to the spot. The camera was lowered and slowly moved from point to point about the wreck. Detail after detail was clearly seen. Then came the moment when perhaps the most dramatic television image ever seen appeared on the screen (Fig. 1), the Affray's nameplate, plain to read. As the examination of the wreck went on submarine television proved its value again and again. With its help, for example, a diver can be sent straight to the place where he is wanted. The diver's descent is always guided by a shot rope (a cable with a heavy weight at its end). Without TV it is impossible to know whether or not the shot rope is in the right place until the diver reaches the bottom. He cannot move more than a foot or two from the rope when wearing armored deep-water dress; if its position is wrong, the diver must be brought up and the entire process repeated. But raising a diver from deep water to the surface is so slow a process that often only a single dive can be made during each tide—and there is no certainty that the shot rope will be properly placed at the next attempt. With TV there is no element of chance and no waste of time or of the diver's energy. He does not go down until the rope is seen on the receiver screen to be in the right position; he can be shown, too, just what he is wanted to examine. The best of divers can work for no more than a few minutes in very deep water; the TV camera stays on the job for hours on end. Unlike the diver, it can be moved as required. During the work on the wreck of the Affray the range of diver's vision was no more than 5 feet. Owing to the sensitivity of the image orthicon, the TV camera "saw" clearly through 15 feet of dim water. The diver can make no records, other than reports by telephone, of what he finds. Equipment Fig. 2 shows the latest TV equipment for salvage work developed by Marconi in cooperation with Siebe Gorman. Capable of working down to at least 500 feet, it is lowered on a nonspin cable, to which the multicore electric cable is attached. The tubular frame carries the lights and the camera itself. The latter has a trunnion mounting and can be moved from the surface through 90° vertically; any "take" from straight ahead to straight down can thus be made. The lights, also controlled from the surface, are ordinary 200-watt tungsten lamps. These have so far been found to give the best lighting, down to about 700-800 feet. Though the pressures at such depths are in the order of 20—25 atmospheres (300—375 pounds per square inch), unprotected lamp bulbs are not crushed, as it might be expected they would be. Direct contact with the water keeps the bulbs cool and they can therefore be made smaller and of thicker glass if necessary. Mercury arc lamps can be used at depths of thousands of feet. All remote controls of the camera, as well as the main viewing C-R tube, are mounted in a compact monitor unit (Fig. 3). The unit allows the focus, the iris diaphragm and the lighting to be adjusted, no matter at what depth the camera is working. If a turret lens is used, it is also remotely controlled. Indicating dials at the monitor include an inclinometer, showing the vertical angle of the camera, a compass showing the bearing on which it is pointing, a humidity meter, giving warning of excessive moisture in the armored case containing the camera, and a tell-tale showing whether or not the heater is maintaining the proper temperature for the image orthicon to work most efficiently. A recent refinement is the addition of a vision radio link with a normal range of over 30 miles. This enables experts ashore to be consulted when any specially difficult salvage problem arises. Other applications* Underwater TV equipment of this kind is fast becoming standard gear on salvage vessels. It is also of great value to engineers in charge of docks and defenses against the sea. Turbidity of the water is the main difficulty here; but one means of overcoming this is already being developed. This consists of fixing to the front of the camera casing a funnel-shaped closed tube filled with clear water. An engineer can sit in his office ashore with a plan of the harbor he is inspecting before him. A vessel carrying TV gear and a radio link is directed to point after point by the engineer, who is able to conduct a minute inspection by watching his receiving screen and making permanent photographic records of anything requiring minute study. Such inspections have become routine in the clear waters of the Mediterranean Sea. For some time the Scottish Marine Biological Association has been making successful use of submarine TV in its 75-foot research vessel Calanus. A smaller and lighter camera for this kind of work has been developed by E.M.I., using the emiton tube, the British counterpart of the image orthicon. Many different kinds of images are needed, ranging from whole shoals of fish or large areas of the sea-bed to detailed close-ups of individual small creatures. The camera is therefore fitted with a 6-lens turret. Dr. H. Barnes, in charge of this research, reports excellent results and predicts a big future for underwater TV in this field. It can be used, for example, to examine oyster and clam beds as well as to study the enemies of the shellfish and their methods. Dr. Barnes found that with the help of TV he could easily and quickly carry out fish counts in selected areas. Again, there can be no doubt that TV will enable us to learn far more than we now know of the habits and food of different fishes, of their seasonal movements, of their spawning grounds and of the conditions which work for and against the rapid growth of newly hatched fish. How clearly fish can be seen at considerable depths may be gathered from Fig. 4, which shows herring at 240 feet. So far as I know, television has not yet been applied to the actual catching of fish, though it has been used with success for discovering just how trawls and nets behave when in action. This is likely to lead to improvements in this kind of gear and probably in fixed traps such as crab and lobster pots. Television, too, may revolutionize such industries as pearling and sponge-fishing. And what of the location of shoals of fish? The fishing fleets of tomorrow may well include scouting vessels equipped with underwater cameras. Trawls and nets will not be shot until the fish have been found. Sea fishing will then be a certainty, with no waste of time, energy or fuel. Since the seas cover three-quarters of the world's surface, oceanography is a vastly bigger job than geography. Fig. 5 shows the TV camera developed by the Pye Company for the Admiralty and now in service in the ocean survey ship Discovery II. Though it is regularly used down to depths of 1,000 feet, the casing has over-all dimensions of only some $3 \times 2$ feet and weighs no more than 7 hundredweight. The camera points downward and the feet at the bottom of the case prevent damage to the window. This camera is proving most valuable for examination of the sea-bed and its inhabitants down to the depths mentioned. Other cameras for much greater depths are now being developed. The housing of the camera and the illumination of its field of view present no great problems; but means have still to be found of making great lengths of multicore cable in one piece and of handling such cables satisfactorily at sea. It seemed, not so long ago, that there was little of the world left to be explored. Now submarine television is offering a huge new field for exploration and discovery by giving man the power of seeing and of photographing what lies under the deep water of the oceans. PRINTED-CIRCUIT TV CHASSIS Containing nine printed-circuit units mounted on plastic strips, the Walsco PC-9 (shown on cover) represents a considerable departure from conventional TV circuitry. It is the first complete printed-circuit chassis. Dip soldering has reduced the usual 2,500 hand-soldered connections of a conventional TV receiver to only 56. Each circuit strip simply plugs into a vertically mounted chassis. Thus the repairman can replace complete units instead of troubleshooting them. The set includes remote-control tuning. Above—top and bottom views of the video i.f. amplifier strip, containing four 6CB8's. Below, the chassis with all printed-circuit strips in place. Mounted on the tuner is the remote-control mechanism. Above—the chassis with all nine printed-circuit strips removed. Only the conventionally wired tuner and low-voltage powersupply are "permanently" mounted. Left—the head of the remote-control unit. It contains a volume and on-off knob and a channel dial. The control and 20 feet of cable are standard equipment with this chassis. COLOR TV CIRCUITS By KEN KLEIDON* AND PHIL STEINBERG* A complete 15½-inch three-gun color receiver will be analyzed in this article. It is an experimental model and uses a Raytheon 24-inch monochrome chassis, converted for color by adding another chassis which contains only the color circuits plus interconnecting cables. Each of the color circuits has been discussed individually in previous articles of this series. Since the r.f., i.f., audio, sync and deflection circuits are almost identical for black-and-white and color, only the high-voltage rectifier and the monochrome picture tube of the black-and-white set were abandoned. The tuner is the all-continuous u.h.f.-v.h.f. type with automatic band switching. The only change required was to add a coupling gimmick in the plate circuit of the r.f. amplifier. It is merely a wire that varies the coupling to the converter to give the flatter response characteristics required for color. The tilt and valley tolerances are ±15% with this gimmick as compared to about ±30% without it (Fig. 1). Fig. 2 shows the major revisions made in the original monochrome chassis for the color conversion. The i.f. strip originally had four 6CB6 stages. For color it was necessary to add a fifth i.f. stage to provide additional 41.25-mc i.f. sound carrier rejection, a wider i.f. response and about 10 db additional picture signal gain. The fifth i.f. stage amplifies the signal through a bridged-T filter in its plate circuit. This filter supplies 25–35 db additional attenuation at the 41.25-mc i.f. sound carrier frequency as well as widening the i.f. response about 150 kc. Since the sound is taken off before this trap, the sound sensitivity does not suffer. The picture video signal is detected by the crystal in the plate circuit of the fifth i.f. stage. The picture i.f. response at the i.f. test point is shown in Fig. 3. The video information after detection is coupled to a 6AH6 cathode follower and then to a video output socket where the video signal is coupled by coaxial cable to the color chassis. A crystal detector, fed from the fourth i.f. amplifier, is used for 4.5-mc sound and sync. The picture-to-sound ratio at the sound detector is the same as for a monochrome receiver and the response at the sound detector looks very nearly the same as the response at the picture video detector. The only difference is that the color subcarrier at 42.17 mc is down the slope of the curve, instead of at the corner, and the sound detector output is negative while the picture video detector output is positive. The sound, after detection, is coupled to identically the same 4.5-mc sound i.f., ratio detector and audio output circuits as are used for the monochrome receiver. Sync, a.g.c., horizontal and vertical oscillators, and the low-voltage rectifier circuits remain identical. The horizontal and vertical output circuits remain substantially the same. The only exceptions are the necessity of coupling horizontal voltages to the color chassis for convergence and deflection and for synchronizing the 20-k.v. high-voltage supply. Vertical voltages are also sent through cables for vertical dynamic convergence and the vertical output transformer and yoke. The color chassis Both monochrome and chrominance information are fed into the color chassis (shown in the schematic on page 66) at the video input socket. The first video amplifier (¼ 6U8) separates the burst, Y channel video and chrominance channel video information. Both Y and color video information appear at the 250-ohm contrast control in the cathode circuit after 4.5-mc attenuation through the cathode sound trap. The Y channel signal is passed to the second video amplifier and then through the 1-microsecond delay line used to equalize the delay in the wide-band Y channel to that in the narrow-band chrominance channel. The Y signal is then amplified by the third video amplifier, through a 3.58-mc color subcarrier trap, and then applied to the matrix circuits. The video response of the Y channel is shown in Fig. 4. Returning to the cathode of the first video amplifier, the chroma signal is fed from the contrast control to the grid of the bandpass amplifier. The filter in the plate circuit of this stage allows only the color information (color subcarrier at 3.6 mc and its sidebands) --- Raytheon Manufacturing Company, Television and Radio Division. Fig. 1—Tolerance of the color tuner. Fig. 2—Addition of fifth i.f. and cathode follower to standard monochrome set. Fig. 3—The i.f. response at test point. TELEVISION 6A16 (3) 6B57 0.01 µF GREEN AMPL. RED AMPL. 6A84 (2) 12AU7 6AL5 VIDEO AMP. COLOR AMP. 5U4-G (2) 6V3-A 3A3 LV RECT. HV RECT. 6CD6 6J6 HY DRIVE HY AMP. RADIO-ELECTRONICS 66 Fig. 4—The Y channel video response. to pass. The over-all video sweep response has a 6-db peak at 4.1 mc to compensate for the rolloff at the corresponding (41.67-mc) i.f. The purpose is to secure over-all flat response of the 3.58-mc color subcarrier and its sidebands to ± 600 kc. The bandpass amplifier video response is shown in Fig. 5. Since this is a color-difference type of receiver, the response does not extend as far in the lower frequency direction as that required for an I-Q type of receiver where sidebands extend to about 1.3 mc below the color subcarrier. The chrominance signal from the cathode of the second bandpass amplifier is then applied to the R - Y and B - Y demodulators. Returning again to the first video amplifier, the 3.58-mc burst signal is removed from the plate by the 3.58-mc burst takeoff coil. The burst signal is fed to the grid of the gated burst amplifier. This circuit is gated—allowed to conduct only during the narrow burst interval—by a pulse derived from a winding on the high-voltage transformer. The burst-amplifier grid circuit, consisting of a CK706 diode, .01 and .0022-μf capacitors and 22,000- and 18,000-ohm resistors, delays the pulse so the burst amplifier will be gated at the proper time. It also clamps the pulse to zero volt so that during the sweep time the input to the burst amplifier will be a negative voltage sufficient to hold the tube cut off. It shapes the pulse to give sharp rise and decay times. After amplification by the burst amplifier, the 3.58-mc burst signal is applied to the color phase detector through the center-tapped transformer. The frequency of the burst is compared to the input to the phase detector from the oscillator (taken from the quadrature transformer primary). Any frequency difference creates a d.c. voltage at the transformer center tap which is applied through a low-pass filter to the grid of the reactance tube and appears as a varying capacitance across the crystal oscillator. The effect of this action is to maintain the color oscillator at exactly the correct phase and frequency. The 3.58-mc signal from the color oscillator cathode is coupled to the grid of the buffer amplifier which drives the quadrature transformer in its plate circuit. The output from the primary is coupled to the suppressor grid of the R - Y demodulator while the secondary output, 90° out of phase with the primary, is coupled to the B - Y demodulator suppressor grid. The demodulator outputs are applied to the matrix amplifiers after passing through identical 0-600-kc low-pass filters. The R - Y output appearing at the plate of the matrix amplifier is applied through an 8-μf coupling capacitor to the grid of the 6AH6 red amplifier. The blue signal is developed similarly at the grid of the blue amplifier. To obtain green, the equation G = 1.7Y - 0.5R - 0.17B is used and the proper proportions of red and blue are obtained by passing these signals from the grids of the red and blue amplifiers through 10,000- and 30,000-ohm resistors, respectively, and developing the mixture across the matrix gain control. By varying this control, the proper amounts of the red and blue voltages are obtained to mix with 1.7Y applied to the plate of the matrix amplifier from the third video amplifier. The green signal is then applied to the grid of the 6AH6 green amplifier. D.c. restorers are used to set proper color backgrounds for the video signals applied to the red, blue and green control grids, pins 8, 3 and 18 of the color picture tube. The green and blue brightness controls vary the respective color grid voltage levels, while the master brightness control varies all three grids simultaneously. Vertical flyback voltage is applied to the 12AU7 convergence amplifier (pin 2) across the vertical convergence amplitude control which varies the amplitude of this voltage. The vertical parabola developed across the 1-μf grid capacitor is then applied to pin 7, which also receives horizontal sweep voltage from the cathode at the 6CD6 high-voltage drive tube. A horizontal convergence control is used to vary the amplitude of this voltage. The vertical parabola and the horizontal sweep voltages are then amplified simultaneously and applied to the primary of the convergence transformer. The horizontal sweep voltage is then changed to a horizontal parabola by the inductance of the convergence transformer. The dynamic convergence voltages are applied to the convergence electrode (pin 13) and the focus electrode (pin 6) of the color picture tube. Convergence and d.c. focus voltages are obtained from the convergence and focus controls. The high-voltage supply is not regulated in this receiver because of the design which uses a 25CD6 horizontal output tube (in the monochrome chassis) for horizontal deflection, while the 6CD6 is used only to develop the high voltage. With this arrangement, operation is comparable to that of a regulated receiver. A separate 1X2-A is used to develop focus high voltage. Two low-voltage power supplies are used: one, on the monochrome chassis, supplies all monochrome type circuits; the other, on the color chassis, supplies the color circuits, the fifth i.f. stage and cathode follower. TO BE CONTINUED COMMUNITY ANTENNA USES BIG HORN This horn is no doubt one of the world's largest television receiving antennas. It is 60 feet long and the dimensions of the mouth opening are 22 x 26 feet. It is used by the Muscle Shoals TV Cable Co. to pick up signals from channels 6 and 13 in Birmingham and transmit the programs to subscribers in Florence, Tuscaloosa, and Sheffield, Ala. The horn is designed to have a peak sensitivity on channel 13 and to cut off immediately below channel 6. The photograph was supplied to us through the courtesy of Jerrold Electronics Corp., who designed and installed the horn. TELEVISION . . . it’s a cinch Fourteenth conversation, second half: Down with capacitors! direct coupling; restoring the d.c. component; the useful diode By E. AISBERG WILL—I don’t dig it! Then all capacitors—and even parasitic capacitances, I suppose—are practically fatal to a good picture. Suppose we throw them all out? KEN—You’re joking, I hope! But that’s just what has been done—quite seriously—in “direct-coupling” hookups. Nothing prevents you from getting rid of the capacitor between the detector output and amplifier grid. Eliminating the capacitor between the video-amplifier plate and the picture tube’s grid is a little harder. Without that capacitor, the grid finds itself at the high positive voltage of the video-amplifier plate circuit. WILL—So of course that can’t be done. We know that the picture-tube control grid has to be more negative than its cathode, just the same as the grid of a little receiving triode. KEN—That’s right. Yet there is a way of keeping the cathode at a higher voltage than the control grid. Take a look at this. All we have to do is tap it in on a bleeder across the low-voltage power supply. Use a potentiometer. Now we have this circuit, and you can see that we can put more or less B plus voltage on the grid by varying the pot. And it acts as the brightness control, too! WILL—Wonderful! With no capacitors to make trouble, everything should be smooth scanning. I never thought the solution would be so easy! KEN—Don’t worry—it isn’t! In fact, things get a little less simple—the circuit has its own defects and troubles. For one thing, you take a chance on the life of the picture. WILL—I can’t see any connection! KEN—Suppose that—for one of the many reasons that make a picture tube conk out—the video tube goes dead. As soon as it stops drawing current, its plate voltage goes up because there’s no longer a drop across its plate resistor. The voltage on the picture grid is now likely to go up almost as high as the cathode voltage. WILL—I see what would happen. The voltage on the control grid could go up to the low-voltage B plus. And the control grid—tapped to its bleeder—would be likely to be very little more positive. So the current goes way up, and before long the tube is ready for the garbage can! So I suppose pix-tube manufacturers might like the circuit, if no one else! Is there any way around that problem? KEN—There are complex direct-coupling circuits that safeguard the picture tube as well as eliminate some other defects of direct coupling. But there are other—and simpler—methods that work by bringing the video-frequency voltages back into place after they go through the coupling capacitor. A simple restoration WILL—Let’s hear about them—at least, if they’re better than the improved direct-coupling circuits. KEN—I take it that you’ve noticed that all our troubles with coupling capacitors come from the passage of electrons in both directions through R. It’s the voltage drops these two-way currents produce that give us the alternately positive and negative voltages. WILL—I suppose if we could bring our electrons back to the right-hand capacitor plate without having them go through a resistor, we could cut out the positive alternations. But I don’t see any way of doing that. KEN—But there is a way, and it’s not complicated. All you have to do is shunt R with a diode that has its cathode connected to ground. WILL—Why couldn't I have thought of that! Now the electrons driven out of the right-hand plate can't get to ground except through the resistor, because they make the diode plate negative. But on the way back they simply go through the diode. Its resistance is so low in that direction that the voltage across it (and R) is very small. KEN—You make it sound very simple. In actual fact, the electrons that charge up capacitor C don't flow through R instantaneously. The job of the diode is to feed the right-hand plate of C enough electrons to keep the v.f. signal always negative, so even the whitest whites don't approach zero voltage. So now the right-hand plate of C is varying in one direction from ground potential, instead of fluctuating around it as an average voltage. WILL—Do electrons go through the diode on every scanning line? KEN—Not necessarily. If the voltages on succeeding lines have practically the same form—or more exactly, if they put the same number of electrons into movement—the diode can just charge up the capacitor and sit back. But if more electrons are put into circulation, the diode has to pass a large enough number to keep the charge up. And if the charges become weaker, the excess electrons flow out through R. So the restorer... WILL—Is that what it's called? KEN—Pardon me—I overlooked the introductions. The official title is d.c. restorer. And sometimes it's called a clamping tube, because it "clamps" the circuit to a given d.c. voltage. WILL—And what is this d.c. we're restoring? KEN—Well, it's a little bit abstract. The one-polarity voltage (either entirely positive or negative) we get after detection can be considered as the sum of two voltages. One of them is an alternating voltage of the form we find after the signal goes through a capacitor; the other a direct voltage (d.c. voltage, if you must!) with the right polarity and enough amplitude to put the alternating voltage entirely within the positive or negative region. WILL—I suppose this voltage will be just equal to the one I drew in dots on the graph to divide the surface of the v.f. signal curve from our white triangle into two equal parts? (See the December installment.—Editor) KEN—Once more you're right, Will. WILL—You've drawn your figure for negative polarity. Can you show what happens in the positive case? KEN—Nothing easier. If you have positive-going signals, just turn your diode around—connect the plate to the ground and the cathode at the junction of C and R. Diode here, diode there WILL—Just where along the road do you have to put back this d.c. component? I suppose the best thing would be to put it at the output of the last stage, at the coupling to the grid or cathode of the picture tube? KEN—That's probably the best place to put it. Of course you have to take your sync voltages off first, but that's usual. You can also use several restorer diodes—one after the detector, one after the first v.f. stage, and so on... WILL—You don't happen to own a piece of a tube factory that specializes in diodes, by any chance? KEN—Not at all, worse luck! But do you remember the little triangle you drew, and the signals from it? Can't you see that—with no diode—the a.c. signal area was noticeably greater than that occupied by the signals from the detector, which (also because of a diode) were all of the same polarity? Will—But why should we worry if the signals stretch out a little further along the voltage scale? Ken—Just because video amplifiers already have very unfavorable conditions to work under—as you learned not long ago—and there's no object in overloading their grids if we can help it. But video signal variations are usually pretty small, so we can dispense with our flock of diodes. Some sets dispense with d.c. restoration altogether, and let brightness values vary. Blacks come out sort of grayish, but it's cheaper, and the viewers don't seem to mind. Will—I wonder how you should bias video-amplifier tubes to amplify these unsymmetrical "unipolar" signals? Ken—An excellent question! There would certainly be very little sense in using "the center of the linear portion of the tube's characteristic curve" as your operating point. If you have negative-polarity signals, the operating point can be less than 1 volt negative. And if they're positive-going, the operating point should be at the extreme negative end of the linear part of the tube's curve. Will—To sum up, if I take the concrete case of a receiver with one video amplifier and with negative-going signals applied to the picture tube's control grid, one diode—across the pix-tube grid resistor—should be enough? Ken—More than enough, Will. If your signals are negative, the cathode-grid space of the picture tube can replace your diode. Way back in the days when we analyzed the grid-leak detector, you knew that the grid of a tube can—and does at times—act as the anode of a diode. In this case it's so connected with respect to the grid resistor and the signal polarity as to become its own d.c. restorer. Will—And I've just been accusing you of being an agent for diode manufacturers . . . ! TO BE CONTINUED NEW BRITISH KEYED A.G.C. CIRCUITS WHEN the new 147–216-mc British TV band opened recently, set manufacturers immediately turned to superhet circuits to replace the much more common t.r.f. type used in the 41–68-mc band. A review of new British TV developments in Wireless World describes two novel keyed a.g.c. circuits. The circuit in Fig. 1, used in Ultra receivers, is keyed at the vertical sweep frequency rather than the horizontal as is conventional here. Positive-going pulses developed during the vertical retrace period are applied to the cathode of diode V1 through an RC network (R1, C1, R2 and C2) so it is cut off during a part of the vertical flyback period. Amplifier V2 is normally biased to cutoff. A positive-going composite video signal is applied to the grid of V2 through a voltage divider consisting of R3 and the internal resistance of V1. During the vertical sweep interval, V1 conducts heavily and appears as a very low resistance so the video signal on the grid of V2 is greatly attenuated by the drop across R3. During this period the video signal is too weak to drive V2 to conduction. When the vertical flyback pulse cuts off V1, its resistance increases to many times R3 so almost the full amplitude of the video signal reaches the grid of V2 and drives it to conduction. The vertical blanking pulses that occur during the retrace interval produce negative-going pulses at the plate of V2. These pulses pass through diode V3 and develop a negative charge on the upper plate of C4. This voltage is used for a.g.c. A variable delay bias for V3 is adjusted with the contrast control. A minimum negative bias for the controlled stages is obtained by connecting the a.g.c. line to the grid of the horizontal output tube through R4. Fig. 2 shows the basic circuit of another unusual keyed a.g.c. system. It is used in the Murphy model V240A. Composite video is fed to the grid of V1 and positive-going horizontal flyback pulses are fed to the plate. V1 acts as a grid-controlled rectifier for the pulses on the plate. The resistor between plate and cathode is the load. Current through the tube is controlled by the amplitude of the sync pulses that occur simultaneously with the flyback pulses on the plate. The operating point is set by the potentiometer in the cathode return. The average d.c. voltage at the plate of V1 is applied to the grid of V2 through R1. The keying pulses are applied to the grid through a capacitive voltage divider (C2 and C3) that lowers their amplitude. The amplifier conducts only when the sum of the d.c. and keying pulse voltages exceeds the cutoff bias on the cathode. The pulses are rectified by the diode, filtered and then used as a.g.c. voltage. MACHINES MAKE TV SETS The 30-foot line of automatic machines in the photo above assembles half the new Admiral vertical chassis. Comparison between new and old units in left foreground. Left — Personnel is not displaced; the line has so increased output that more girls have been hired to complete the final hand assembly. Right — All connections on one side of the board are soldered in a single dip operation. Left — "Before" printed wiring. An old-style TV under-chassis. Right — "After" printed wiring. Greatly simplified layout has no dangling parts or leads. The machine at left inserts wire jumpers that connect the circuits on a printed-circuit board. THREE common problems in wave propagation which face the practicing service technician are: How much signal can one expect to receive from a TV transmitter? What must be the minimum height of a receiver antenna above ground to produce satisfactory pictures? When is a high-gain array or booster necessary? These, and many similar u.h.f. or v.h.f. wave propagation problems may be easily solved by the method outlined here. All that is required is a pencil and a straightedge. No mathematics of any sort is needed. Certain pertinent information is required. This, in general, will be: 1. The effective radiated power of the station involved. 2. The heights of the transmitting and receiving antennas above average ground (in feet). 3. The airline distance to the transmitter (in miles). If this information is not known to the service technician, it may be obtained from Log and Call books, or from the TV station itself. The calculations are performed with the nomograph (Fig. 1). All the pertinent information is marked off on scales A, B, C, D, or E. In addition, two blank "intermediate lines," I and II, are used. To illustrate the use of the nomograph, let us solve a problem of the type first stated, in which we are to find the received signal strength. Setting the problem up, we have: Effective radiated power (ERP) of transmitter 30 kilowatts. Height of receiving antenna above ground 10 feet. Height of transmitting antenna above ground 300 feet. Distance between transmitter and receiver 10 miles Find received power. 1. Place one end of a straightedge at the proper value of effective radiated power, on scale A (30 kw). 2. Set the straightedge so that it passes through the proper receiving antenna height, on scale B (10 feet). 3. With the straightedge now bridging the proper points on scales A and B, mark the point of intersection of the straightedge with line I (point X on the nomograph). 4. Now place the straightedge so that it bridges between point X on line I and the proper height of the transmitting antenna, on scale C (300 feet). 5. Carefully mark the intersection of the straightedge with line II (point Y on the nomograph). 6. Then find the proper transmitter-receiver distance (10 miles) on scale D, and bridge this point and point Y. Allow the straightedge to project beyond scale D to scale E. The point of intersection on scale E indicates the expected received power, in micro-microwatts (approximately $7 \times 10^4$, or 7,000 micro-microwatts). Actually, it takes less time to run through a calculation than it did to read the above instructions. Practice will increase proficiency. The system operates just as well with any one of the aforementioned quantities as the unknown as long as all of the other quantities are known. For instance, if the transmitter ERP, height of transmitter antenna, distance, and received power are known, the minimum height of receiving antenna can be determined, by "working backward," so to speak. A few minutes of practice will reveal the various possibilities. By obtaining the received signal strength in power units, instead of the more common voltage units (microvolt per meter), we eliminate the frequency factor from the equation and increase the usefulness of the system. However, since many receivers are rated in terms of voltage sensitivity, a conversion chart is provided in Fig. 2. This chart enables us to transmit received signal power in micro-microwatts, into micro-volts across a 300-ohm receiver input, or into decibels below 1 watt. The latter is most convenient where multi-element receiving antenna arrays are employed. In this case, we merely translate micro-microwatts into decibels, add to this figure the gain of the array expressed as decibels relative to half-wave dipole, then re-enter the table to find microvolts. A final word as to the limitations and the accuracy of this method. There is no valid method of predicting signal strength in mountainous country, or in the heart of a steel-towered city. Likewise, the variable nature of the atmosphere itself plays hob with the finest calculations. But under the conditions in which the average TV or radio service technician finds himself, this method compares well with any now in use. A—EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER, WATTS B—RECEIVING ANT. HEIGHT ABOVE AVERAGE GND C—XMITTING ANT. HEIGHT ABOVE AVERAGE GND D—DISTANCE BETWEEN ANTENNAS IN MILES E—PWR RECEIVED BY λ/2 DIPOLE IN μW FIG 1 μW DB BELOW IW μV ACROSS 300Ω SIGNAL TOO STRONG OVERLOADING LIKELY TO OCCUR EXCELLENT TV RECEPTION GOOD TV RECEPTION EXCELLENT FM RECEPTION USABLE TV WITH HIGH-QUALITY SET BOOSTER RECOMMENDED SATISFACTORY FM RECEPTION NO RELIABLE TV RECEPTION FM RECEPTION MARGINAL FIG 2 JANUARY, 1955 UNQUESTIONABLY the high-voltage rectifier is by far the most dramatic circuit in the television receiver. While the many other circuits are hard at work dissecting the numerous components of the composite video signal and rearranging them to form an intelligible image, it remains for the high-voltage rectifier to provide the finishing touch—that of furnishing second-anode voltage to give brilliance to the picture. At the same time, this circuit is a continuous source of a potentially lethal voltage that forces the service technician to be constantly on his guard. The generation of second-anode voltage is the work of many circuits (Fig. 1), originating with the horizontal oscillator. Failure or below-par operation of any of these can decrease the second-anode voltage, with a resultant loss of picture or lack of brightness. While loss or lack of brightness can be caused by a defective picture tube or abnormal operation of any of the many circuits feeding the tube, we shall assume that, unless otherwise mentioned, all adjustments and voltages except the output of the high-voltage power supply are normal. When little or no brightness exists, the most obvious step is to measure the voltage between the picture-tube anode cap and ground. Voltage measurements should be made with a high-impedance meter such as a v.t.v.m. and a high-voltage probe, and should be made both with and without the high voltage applied to the picture tube. If the no-load voltage is normal, it does not necessarily indicate a defective picture tube. However, it should put the technician on guard to check for excessive second-anode current flow either through leakage on the surface of the picture tube, across the rubber high-voltage cap, or due to a defect in the picture tube. Lack of a picture does not necessarily mean the complete absence of high voltage. There can be several thousand volts on the second anode, and still not be enough for a picture. Many service technicians, either because they do not have a high-voltage probe or simply to make a fast check, will place the high-voltage lead near the chassis and observe the arc. Though much has been said against this practice, if it is done properly, no harm will result. Doing it properly consists of drawing as long an arc as possible—of momentary duration. Excessive arcing of this type will overload and possibly ruin the high-voltage rectifier tube, flyback transformer and high-voltage filter resistor. If the circuit does not include this resistor, one of 500,000 ohms to 1 megohm should be inserted in series with the high-voltage lead when drawing a high-voltage arc. If the second-anode voltage is low or missing, measure the high voltage at the filament of the high-voltage rectifier tube V2. If the voltage is normal here, the indication is an open or defective high-voltage filter resistor R2. This is very common. The resistor overheats and its charred particles form an extremely high resistance, causing a large voltage drop across it. The overall effect is to reduce the high-voltage output, causing an effect known as blooming. The next test point is at the plate of the high-voltage rectifier tube. Here again, for practical purposes, a measurement can be made by drawing an arc, using a screwdriver having a well-insulated handle. With the metal blade placed near the plate cap of V2 you should be able to draw a strong (about $ \frac{1}{2} $ inch) a.c. high-voltage arc. This check should be made both with the cap on and with it off (especially if, with the cap on, no arc can be drawn). If the a.c. voltage on the rectifier plate is normal, the trouble lies somewhere between this point and R2. Replace the high-voltage rectifier tube. If this does not restore normal operation, check the filament circuit of V2 for continuity. If the current-limiting resistor R1 in the filament circuit shows any signs of overheating, replace it. This resistor is subjected to sharp bursts of current and often deteriorates. If you suspect that the rectifier tube is not receiving its proper filament voltage, disconnect the filament winding, replace it with a 1.5-volt dry cell and observe operation under these conditions. The cell is at a high d.c. potential and must be insulated accordingly. A final check of this circuit is to replace the high-voltage filter capacitor. Low a.c. voltage on the plate of V2 is often caused by a defective filter capacitor. If the capacitor is shorted, there will be no high-voltage output; if it is open, very little. If the a.c. pulse voltage on the high-voltage rectifier tube is low or nonexistent, check the voltage on the plate of the horizontal output tube V1. Here again, under normal conditions, an arc can be drawn. Should this be the case, the possibility exists of a defective horizontal output transformer (shorted or open turns, or even a defective core). If there is no pulse voltage at the plate of the horizontal output tube or if this voltage is low, all deflection components will have to be checked since their operation determines the voltage on the plate of V1. A good start is to measure the boost voltage. If this is low, check the horizontal output tube and damper V3 (by replacement). If this does not help, check the operation of the horizontal output circuit. Most important, measure the grid drive. If the drive voltage is normal, check if the bias voltage developed is O.K. If a scope is available, check the waveform of the drive voltage—excessive curvature can reduce the high-voltage output. Should these and other measurements indicate the output stage is operating normally, it will then be necessary to return to the deflection circuit for further checks. Obviously a short circuit in or across the flyback secondary or the horizontal deflection coils reduces the inductive kick fed to the horizontal output tube. A common trouble-maker is a shorted width coil and balancing capacitor. Check also for an open circuit in the horizontal deflection coils. And, by all means, inspect the sweep-circuit fuse. Should there be insufficient grid drive, the next step is to check the horizontal oscillator. Measure the oscillator grid bias. If there is no negative bias, or if it is very low, the origin of the trouble has been found and the oscillator circuit must be serviced and restored to proper operation. Blooming* This is a condition where the picture expands both horizontally and vertically far beyond its normal size. It is usually accompanied by low brightness and poor focus. This is caused by insufficient high voltage, usually the result of low emission of the high-voltage rectifier. Occasionally blooming occurs when the brightness control is advanced. This causes excessive second-anode current with a resulting large voltage drop across R2 and a decrease in the high-voltage output. Low second-anode voltage will not always cause blooming. When the defect is in the horizontal sweep, deflection or damper circuits, a reduction in sweep voltage accompanies a reduction of high voltage, with the net effect being poor brightness, normal width and some vertical stretch (depending upon the boost voltage and whether it is used at the plate of the vertical output tube). Barkhausen oscillations Last month we discussed the cause and effect of this condition; this month we will concern ourselves with its elimination. Since certain tubes have a greater tendency than others toward these oscillations, the first step is to replace the output tube. If this does not help, passing a magnetic field through the tube will often greatly reduce the intensity of the oscillations and sometimes change their frequency to a point where the tuner will be relatively insensitive to them. This test can be made rapidly by placing an ion-trap magnet of the spring type around V1 and adjusting it for the elimination of the oscillations. In some cases Barkhausen oscillations can be eliminated by reducing the grid drive to V1. In others, varying the width control is effective, especially when it is the type that varies the spacing of the air gap in the core of the flyback transformer. In persistent cases, insert small carbon resistors in the control- and screen-grid circuits of the output stage. They should be no larger than a few hundred ohms, so as not to interfere with normal circuit voltage distribution, and should be directly connected to the tube socket. Arcing and corona While these terms are often used interchangeably, each has characteristics of its own. Arcing bears a sharp sparking or cracking noise as the high voltage breaks down insulation. This will usually cause disappearance of the raster or intermittent brightness. In most cases arcing can be spotted without too much difficulty by examination of the high-voltage circuitry. Corona can be recognized by a characteristic frying or sizzling and the odor of ozone. In most cases the only effect on the picture is dimness with an occasional snowlike appearance. The most common cause of this phenomenon is sharp or jagged edges. It is particularly annoying because it is so often difficult—sometimes impossible—to track down because it is virtually invisible. Another cause of corona is closeness of a high-voltage lead to the chassis or some component near chassis potential. Where arcing occurs, it can be corrected by redressing the faulty wiring away from other leads and ground connections (including the high-voltage cage). Where wire insulation has broken down, either replace wire or re-dress it and apply anti-corona lacquer. Frequently arcing occurs between the rubber cap at the end of the second-anode lead and the Aquadag coating on the picture tube or between the anode button and the coating. Where impurities in the rubber cap are causing arcing across the cap, the entire second-anode lead should be replaced. Where the arcing is taking place across the tube, the area between the coating and the anode button should be cleaned with acetone or some similar solvent. In corona troubles, round off all sharp edges with solder, straighten all kinks in wires, use conductive cement in cases of poor r.f. grounding and apply corona dope in particularly troublesome spots. In humid weather there is often corona leakage across dusty or greasy components such as C1 and R2—wipe these surfaces clean. Distorted sound In an Admiral chassis 20V1 the sound becomes distorted a short time after alignment despite the great care I have taken in aligning the tuner, i.f. amplifier and audio i.f. circuits. I can usually clear the trouble by alignment of the ratio detector but within a week the trouble returns. Suspecting the r.f. oscillator, I have changed almost every part in that circuit but still cannot stop what appears to be drift. I would appreciate any help that you can offer. —M. R., Miami, Fla. You are correct in suspecting drift, and from your description the distorted sound is the result of misalignment of the ratio detector transformer as a result of frequency drift. You can put an end to this trouble by connecting a 20-$\mu$f N750 temperature coefficient ceramic capacitor in parallel with the 180-$\mu$f capacitor connected across the secondary of the ratio detector transformer. Then, realign the transformer. Grid resistor R43 of the vertical output tube was changed from 3.3 to 1.5 megohms. A 3,300-ohm 2-watt resistor (R86) was added in series with the low end of the primary winding of the vertical output transformer. Coupling capacitor C35 to the vertical output tube was changed from .01 $\mu$f to .02 $\mu$f, 600 volts. Poor resolution I have an RCA receiver model 21D325 badly lacking in detail. This trouble appears on all channels. Checking with service notes and inspecting the horizontal and vertical wedges of my test pattern, the loss of detail appears both horizontally and vertically. The lack of detail came on so slowly over a long period of time that I didn't realize it until it became very bad.—A. M., New York, N. Y. Your first check should be the operation of the focus control. Not only should you adjust for best focus, but the focus control should be able to move through the point of best focus. If optimum focus occurs at either end of the control range, check all components and voltages in the focus circuit. If the focus control is operating properly, check the video amplifier tube and the crystal video detector. Measure the resistance of all peaking coils—a defective unit can cause severe loss of picture detail. One other common cause of this trouble is misalignment of the r.f. and i.f. circuits. Vertical linearity An Air King model 700 came in with a great deal of stretching at the top of the picture and compression at the bottom. Everything else in the picture was perfect, including vertical synchronization. I have had this set on the bench for a week and can honestly say that I have checked every component and voltage even remotely associated with the vertical oscillator and amplifier. This one has really got me stumped.—L. B. R., Boston, Mass. Apparently this trouble was very common in this chassis for the manufacturer made several production-line changes to correct it in later models. To improve the linearity of the vertical sweep, make the following changes: Fixed cathode resistor R49 in the vertical output tube (Fig. 2) was changed from 330 to 1,000 ohms. ![Fig. 2—Vertical output circuit of the Air King model 700 TV receiver.](image) Grid resistor R43 of the vertical output tube was changed from 3.3 to 1.5 megohms. A 3,300-ohm 2-watt resistor (R86) was added in series with the low end of the primary winding of the vertical output transformer. Coupling capacitor C35 to the vertical output tube was changed from .01 $\mu$f to .02 $\mu$f, 600 volts. Poor vertical sync There is a continuous barreling that cannot be stopped by the vertical hold control. The set is a practically brand-new Bendix, chassis T14-15. The horizontal sync is perfect, so I checked the vertical oscillator and output circuits for defective components but have been unable to come up with the answer. —G. R., Waco, Tex. It isn't always safe to assume that good horizontal sync action means proper sync clipper action. Often a defective component will pass the horizontal pulses at 15,750 cycles and seriously attenuate the lower-frequency 60-cycle pulses. However, you will do well to start by replacing the sync clipper and vertical oscillator tube and the vertical output tube. If this does not help, use your oscilloscope and check the waveform at both ends of the capacitor that couples the output of the video amplifier to the input of the sync limiter and noise gate. If the waveform appears normal on both sides of this capacitor, check it at the control grid and cathode of the sync clipper. If the waveform still appears normal, check all components in the integrating network. CHROMATIC PROBE Converts sweep and marker generators for color TV testing Fig. 1—Internal layout of Chromatic Probe. The Simpson Chromatic Probe (Fig. 1) converts r.f. and i.f. sweep and signal generators for the video sweep requirements of color TV receiver circuits. The probe was designed for use with specific equipment, but with slight modifications it can be used with most sweep and marker generators. Details of the modifications are explained at a later point in the article. Fig. 2 shows the circuit arrangement of the Chromatic Probe. It is essentially a nonlinear mixing device, which generates an upper and a lower sideband when two different frequencies are applied to its input. The lower sideband is a difference-frequency sweep, for testing the video-frequency circuits of a color TV receiver. To understand how the probe operates, consider a typical operating condition in which a 160-mc center-frequency signal from a sweep generator is swept over a 5-mc band, from 157.5 to 162.5 mc, and in which a 157.5-mc signal from a marker generator is mixed with the swept signal. The signals are applied to the input of the Chromatic Probe. The probe modulates these signals and generates an upper and a lower sideband. The lower sideband sweeps from 0 to 5 mc and is the signal that interests the color TV technician. It is the signal output used to sweep-check the Y amplifier, I, Q, chroma amplifier and chrominance circuits. The Chromatic Probe uses three 1N56A crystal diodes connected in parallel. The reason is that the output impedance of the probe is approximately 100 ohms, and maximum operating efficiency is obtained with a low-impedance modulator. When three crystal diodes are connected in parallel, the internal impedance of the equivalent generator is reduced to one-third, with a corresponding increase in sideband output voltage. The question may be asked why the output impedance is maintained at 100 ohms instead of perhaps 5,000 ohms, which would be suitable for use with a single modulating crystal. A low-impedance output is used because the impedance of color TV receiver circuits often contains a large capacitive component which attenuates the higher-frequency output from the Chromatic Probe, unless the output impedance is a low value, such as 100 ohms. The cable of the probe is terminated principally by the first 120-ohm resistor, but also in part by the internal impedance of the paralleled crystal diodes and the output load resistor. The output network terminates the cable in its own characteristic impedance, so that standing waves are avoided. Such waves are undesirable because it is difficult to maintain flatness of swept output when the standing-wave ratio varies greatly from unity. The probe is operated with an r.f. instead of an i.f. input. Although it can be operated at i.f., the output is often not as uniform as when operated at r.f. The reason for this departure from flatness is that i.f. sweep generators commonly operate on the beat principle, while r.f. generators do so on the pure fundamental output from the swept oscillator. The beat principle creates in the output from the generator additional frequencies other than that indicated on the tuning dial. Ordinarily, this does not matter since the tuned circuits of the receiver under test will reject the additional frequencies. But consider the situation when the Chromatic Probe is used in the output circuit of a sweep generator: containing no tuned circuits, it responds to all applied frequencies. When operated on an i.f. beat band, it is possible for the additional frequencies in the generator output to cross-beat through the probe so as to produce a distorted output. Although this does not necessarily occur, it is a distinct possibility at certain points in the i.f. ranges. Thus, it is best to restrict the operation of the probe to input voltages from the r.f. bands of the generator, so that the operator may be certain of a flat difference-frequency sweep-signal output from it. This difference-frequency output from the probe provides excellent signals for checking the chroma circuits in color TV receivers. Frequency characteristics The probe provides flat sweep output from 8 kc through 4.5 mc. This low-frequency limit is remarkable and far exceeds the ability of common demodulator probes to handle the low-frequency sweep. Accordingly, a demodulator probe must be avoided, and the output from the circuit under test must be applied to the scope via a low-capacitance probe. Fig. 3—Response curves: a, using demodulator probe; b, using low-capacitance probe. "A" is area of low-frequency attenuation. Fig. 4—Chromatic Probe test setups. TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TV If an ordinary demodulator probe is used to provide a signal to the vertical input circuit of the scope, the response curve will "pinch off" at frequencies below 50 kc, because of the inability of such a probe completely to rectify and filter frequencies below 50 kc. If a low-capacitance probe is used to provide a signal to the vertical input circuit of the scope, low-frequency attenuation is eliminated. However, the technician usually finds the "modulated carrier wave" type of display somewhat more difficult to interpret than the conventional response curve. The difference between these two is shown in Fig. 3. Output is not obtained from the Chromatic Probe at frequencies below 8 kc because any two generators will eventually lock when tuned near the same frequency. The point at which locking occurs depends upon the amount of coupling between them. The two general test setups used with the probe are shown in Fig. 4. Complete low-frequency information is not obtained in $a$, because of the limitations in demodulator-probe response. Complete high-frequency information may not be obtained in $b$ unless the vertical amplifier of the scope has a flat response equal at least to the bandwidth of the chroma circuit under test. Since few service scopes have a flat response out to 4.5 mc, the technician will usually have to make both tests to obtain complete information. When the scope being used does not have as good a frequency response as the circuit under test, the result is distortion and attenuation of the curve at the high-frequency end in $b$. But if the scope has full frequency response, either test is equally useful to determine the high-frequency response. It may not be necessary to use a low-capacitance probe, if the scope is applied across a low-impedance circuit point; but the probe is essential if the scope is applied across a medium- or high-frequency circuit point. Omission of the low-capacitance probe in such case will cause substantial high-frequency attenuation. Certain precautions are sometimes required in applying the Chromatic Probe at the input of the circuit under test. If a d.c. voltage component is present, a blocking capacitor must be used in series with the probe output to avoid drain-off of the d.c. voltage and possible damage to both probe and circuit. Modifications The probe will not work unless both sweep and CW output are applied. Since many generating units provide separate sweep and marker CW outputs, it is necessary to make a suitable mixing arrangement before the probe can be used. One practical solution is to remove the connector provided with the probe and substitute a Y connector to handle the output cables from the sweep and marker generators. Upon occasion, standing waves may cause trouble, but in most cases it is possible to select suitable generator frequencies to minimize the loss of flatness. The generator frequencies should also be pure fundamentals (not harmonic or beat frequencies) or unusably low and distorted outputs will probably plague the technician. This point requires careful consideration, since the marker generator may not operate on pure fundamentals above 60 mc, and delivers only harmonic output, while the sweep generator may not deliver pure fundamental output below 75 mc. Color applications There are many circuits in a color TV receiver that require video-frequency amplification, as compared with the usual single amplifier in a monochrome chassis. Fig. 5-a shows the ideal response of a bandpass amplifier, as found in the output circuit of the chrominance amplifier. For comparison, Fig. 5-b shows an actual response curve obtained with the Chromatic Probe. Fig. 6-a shows the ideal response for the I-channel synchronous detector; b shows the response obtained with the probe. The fuzz is caused by incomplete rectification and filtering of the peak-to-peak high-frequency probe, which also attenuates the extreme low-frequency response. The frequency response of a Q synchronous detector output circuit is shown in Fig. 7-a; b shows the response obtained with the probe. The large amount of unrectified and unfiltered fuzz is due to the use in the test of a different type of demodulator probe that uses a relatively small value of filter resistance in its output circuit. It is apparent that the appearance of the video display is greatly dependent upon probe characteristics. NEW instruments and techniques are required to service color television receivers. Laboratory research and practical testing of color TV in the field have proved that color servicing need not be any more complicated than monochrome receiver serving when the technician can mentally isolate the trouble to a given circuit by using his knowledge of symptoms. The model 150 Win-Tronix Rainbow Generator, shown in the photo, was developed to make possible the use of new and simplified methods for servicing of color television receivers. The Rainbow Generator is a new kind of color pattern generator. The front panel controls of the generator are a CHANNEL dial for selection of channels 2 through 6, a RAINBOWS dial for selection of from one to eight rainbows or color spectra, a FUNCTION switch for selection of either CHROMA (3.58 mc) or LUMINANCE (60-cycle square-wave) modulation, and a POWER switch. A 300-ohm connector at the rear of the unit supplies the r.f. output signal. Circuit analysis The diagram of the generator is shown in Fig. 1. One section of a 12AT7 serves as an r.f. oscillator, with grid circuit tuning from channels 2 through 6. The remaining section is used as a chroma oscillator and modulator. A stable grid-tuned circuit is used to minimize drift of the 3.58-mc chroma oscillator. The tuning of the grid circuit (C1 and L1) produces the effect of phase modulation. When it is tuned to 3.579545 mc (standard chroma subcarrier frequency), the RAINBOWS dial will be set on 0 and CAL, the phase modulation effect will be zero, and no colors will be produced. When the grid circuit is tuned to 3.579545 mc minus the horizontal scanning frequency (3.579545 mc - 15.734 kc = 3.563811 mc), the color pattern of Fig. 2 will be produced on a properly aligned color receiver. The colors in the pattern, viewed from left to right, are as follows: I—123°, an orange-red Red—103.5° (primary color) R — Y—90°, dull red Magenta—60.7°, reddish-purple (secondary color) Q—33°, purple-blue B — Y—0°, dull blue Blue—346.9° (primary color) Cyan—285.5°, greenish-blue (secondary color) Green—240.7°, (primary color) Yellow—166.9° (secondary color, occurs during retrace time). These colors are all produced simultaneously by the generator. Each color occurs at a definite point on the color TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TV kinescope and the oscilloscope waveforms. This permits accurate location of these colors by graphic means and make it possible to test and align the phase controls of the color receiver. This pattern consists of all colors of the NTSC system, blending from one to the other as in a rainbow, with each appearing at definite locations and phases. The principle by which these colors are produced is called linear phase sweep. This new concept of color pattern generation simplifies methods for test and alignment of color television receivers. The FUNCTION switch allows the chroma oscillator to operate when in the CHROMA position. Placing this switch in the LUMINANCE position connects the heater voltage to the chroma oscillator grid. This kills the oscillator and makes the tube operate as a sinewave clipper, producing a 60-cycle square-wave modulation for the luminance reference signal. The power supply consists of a halfwave transformer, a selenium rectifier and a long time constant R-C filter. Linear phase sweep The NTSC color standards provide that all the hues of the color TV system may be produced by a 3.579545-mc subcarrier having a phase change from 0 to 360°. Therefore, if a 3.579545-mc oscillator has a phase change or sweep from 0 to 360°, all hues will be produced on the TV receiver screen. In the case of the Rainbow Generator, linear phase sweep of 0 to 360° occurs during the time of one horizontal line from the left edge of the picture to the right edge. One method of generating phase sweep is to provide a fixed-frequency oscillator with a sawtooth phase modulator; however, it is difficult to produce a linear phase sweep in this manner. The generator uses a much simpler method which actually provides a perfectly linear relative phase sweep. A phase change of from 0 to 360° represents a shift of one cycle since there are 360° in a cycle. Also, the phase change during one cycle is linear because of the uniform nature of a cycle. One rainbow pattern is produced when the 3.58-mc chroma signal is made to slip or lose one cycle during the time of one horizontal line. This produces a 360° change in the phase of the 3.58-mc signal. To slip or lose one cycle during each horizontal line means that the chroma subcarrier must run at a frequency 15.734 kc lower than the standard 3.579545 mc, or at a frequency of 3.563811 mc. The burst phase of 180° occurs off the left edge of the picture during burst sampling time. Since the burst gate of the color receiver samples during retrace before each horizontal scan, we call this burst phase. The phase-detector circuits see only a phase change of 360° during the horizontal sweep time because they do not respond to a frequency modulation or a frequency change. If the chroma oscillator of the Rainbow Generator runs at twice the horizontal line frequency lower than 3.579545 mc, two rainbows will be produced on the color kinescope, and so on. Fig. 3 shows three rainbows. The importance of linear phase sweep to the service technician and the engineer is apparent when we realize that phase and matrix adjustments are simplified. This method of testing and alignment produces simple sine-wave curves showing the entire phase response at the outputs of the demodulators and the matrix networks. It is interesting to note the similarity of linear phase sweep, which permits simultaneous viewing of all phases in the form of a phase response curve, and the conventional frequency sweep, which permits viewing of i.f. and r.f. response curves. Servicing color TV The Rainbow Generator makes possible color TV servicing in the home as well as in the shop. It provides a useful color pattern for making quick overall performance checks of the color receiver. Here are some of its applications: 1. Using the color pattern presented on the color kinescope simplifies trouble diagnosis and location in the customer's home and aids in locating defective tubes in the chroma circuit by providing a monitor signal for "tube tapping" and tube replacement methods. Tubes are responsible for an overwhelming percentage of all chroma-circuit failures. 2. The chroma signal is useful for checking the performance of new color TV receivers when they are unpacked and when they are being installed in the purchasers' homes. 3. Dealers may use the generator to check the operating condition of their color receivers before the beginning of a scheduled color telecast. 4. The generator may be adjusted to produce several rainbows (see Fig. 3) for showroom demonstrations of color TV sets. Trouble-shooting chroma circuits Fig. 4 shows 11 patterns that may be used for rapid alignment of troubles in the chroma circuits of a color TV receiver. Compare these with Fig. 2, obtained with the master phase control correctly adjusted. The troubles most likely to produce the patterns in Fig. 4 are: a. Improper adjustment of the master phase control. b. Color hold control and generator locked in on 3.58 mc. c. Chroma circuits overloaded. d. Weave in pattern indicates excessive hum in the horizontal or 3.58-mc circuits. e. Red missing or weak indicates trouble in the red matrix, amplifier or gun of the C-R tube. f. Blue weak or missing indicates trouble in the blue matrix, amplifier or gun. g. Green weak or missing indicates trouble in the green matrix, amplifier or gun. h. An R-Y color pattern that indicates defect or failure of B-Y demodulator. i. Pattern produced by B-Y demodulator alone. The R-Y demodulator is defective. j. Reddish-orange and light-blue bars produced by I demodulator alone. The Q demodulator is defective. Fig. 1—This simple circuit supplies a complete bar pattern for color TV service. Fig. 2—The complete color bar pattern. Fig. 3—Pattern at three line frequency. k. Purple-blue with green bars at the sides produced by Q demodulator alone. This indicates a defective I demodulator. The patterns at h, i, j and k may be produced for verification of diagnosis or for demonstration by pulling the corresponding demodulator tube Color subcarrier alignment The 3.58-mc subcarrier circuit can be aligned simply with the Rainbow Generator and a scope capable of displaying a usable signal at 3.58 mc. Connect the generator to the receiver's antenna posts and set the RAINBOWS dial to CAL. Connect the scope to a point following the trap or circuit to be adjusted. Adjust the variable element as described in the receiver manufacturer's instructions. The circuits requiring adjustment at 3.58 mc are the coils in the burst amplifier, keyer and phase detector, keyer and phase detector, color reference oscillator and reactance tube and 3.58-mc traps. (In some cases, the normally variable element may be fixed or omitted, depending on the design of the receiver.) Demodulator and matrix alignment The linear phase sweep produced by the model 150 generator is ideally suited for fast alignment of demodulator-phase controls. These controls consist of the master phase (I or R - Y demodulator phase) and the quadrature phase (Q or B - Y demodulator phase). The phase adjustments may be made in the home by observing the color pattern and location of colors on the kinescope screen. In the shop or laboratory the adjustments would normally be made by observing demodulator output curves on an oscilloscope. All matrix adjustments of either I-Q or R - Y B - Y systems may be made by using the chroma signal to set phase and the luminance signal to adjust for the correct luminance to chroma ratios on the C-R grids. --- Fig. 4—Eleven common patterns obtainable with the Rainbow Generator. These offer valuable clues in color servicing. Fig. 1—Schematic diagram of the wide-band oscilloscope. All values are shown. VERSATILE WIDE-BAND 5" SCILLOSCOPE By HUGH HERRING USED to the better types of laboratory equipment for many years in conjunction with my work, I have had unhappily to make do with the cheaper scopes and various makeshifts—a serious compromise at best—whenever the need for such instruments has arisen in my home laboratory. The rising importance of pulse work and color television makes a wide-band scope increasingly essential to the serious experimenter, ham and service technician. With the above in mind and with a wary eye on prices of equivalent equipment, I arrived at the alternative of either doing without the necessary oscilloscope or designing one that would outperform all but the most expensive and would hold its own with these. After considerable thought I decided on the following specifications: 1. Tube diameter at least 5 inches. 2. Vertical response to at least 5 mc and usable to 8 or 10 mc. 3. High vertical sensitivity. At least ½-inch deflection with .01-volt input. 4. Excellent low-frequency response and minimum phase shift. 5. Triggered sweep for viewing random phenomena. 6. Horizontal amplifier flat to at least 500 kc. 7. Compact, simple, trouble-free circuitry. No trick circuits. 8. Inexpensive as compared to an equivalent commercial piece. 9. All functions controllable from the front panel with a minimum number and complexity of controls. 10. Unit construction for simplicity in wiring and versatility in changing units, for ease of servicing and any possible future redesign or modification. 11. An accurate, quick, easy-to-read, built-in peak-to-peak voltage calibrator. 12. Professional appearance. The scope to be described is the result of 11 months of experimentation and rebuilding. Although nothing new or radically different is claimed or assumed, the over-all passband and extreme linearity of the finished instrument make it a "must" project for every serious ham, experimenter and service technician. The price of a commercial equivalent is well above $600. The following is a summary of the electrical specifications of the completed oscilloscope: VERTICAL AMPLIFIER: Frequency response: ± ¼ db to 5 mc − 2 ½ db at 6.5 mc − 5 db at 7 mc 80% down at 11.5 mc Usable to 12 mc Sensitivity: 2.5-inch deflection with 0.5 volt peak-to-peak input Square-wave response: 1. No measurable tilt or overshoot from 20 cycles to 9 kc 2. Rise time less than 1.25 microseconds up to 110 kc Impedance (Input) Direct, without input cable measures 1.2 megohms in parallel with 38 µf Maximum input voltage: Not to exceed 600 volts peak to peak. HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER: Frequency response: Flat to within 5% to 1.3 mc No special tools are needed to build this unit, but a scope is useful for checking the functions of the various units as they are completed. Also, if the full capabilities of the instrument are to be realized, a sweep generator and an oscilloscope must be used to adjust the peaking coils and trimmer capacitors in the horizontal and vertical attenuators. For ease of construction and future versatility the scope was designed and built from separate units on small metal subchassis cut from 1/16-inch aluminum sheet. Upon completion of each subassembly it was checked out both physically and for proper electrical functioning before installation on the main chassis. The circuitry of the completed oscilloscope (Fig. 1) is rather simple, and no wiring difficulties should arise if the unit construction is closely followed. Because fundamental circuits are used throughout, the instrument is not at all touchy in operation. Also, by sticking to tried and proven circuitry, long and trouble-free operational life may be expected. Sync and horizontal sweep The Potter oscillator is used as a sweep generator because it is much more flexible and is capable of synchronizing with a much higher frequency with more reliability and linearity than the more conventional gas tube. The sweep will run recurrently or triggered, as desired. The frequency of the sweep generator (time-base oscillator) is controlled by a 6-position (TIME OSC) range switch and a continuously variable TIME OSC FINE control. The oscillator can be stabilized by positive sync pulses from an outside source connected to the SYNC AND HORIZ IN terminals on the front panel. Beginning with range 1, the approximate frequency ranges are: 22–150, 150–600, 600–2,500 cycles, 2.5–17, 17–60 and 60–225 kc. Synchronizing voltages are amplified before being applied to the sweep oscillator to insure more stable operation. The sync circuit uses a 12AU7. One section, the sync amplifier, gives the desired gain for triggering purposes, while the other half (sync phase amplifier) gives a change in polarity by connection to the plate and the cathode through a specially constructed potentiometer. Two operating levels are set by use of two clamp circuits. One clamp TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TV Front view of the wide-band scope. Note screened vents on side of wooden cabinet. diode prevents the voltage on the grid of the 6AG5 from swinging much below 130, while in the sawtooth position the other clamp-diode prevents the grid voltage from swinging much below -2. The horizontal amplifier is a 3-tube circuit. Half of a 12AU7 is a simple cathode-follower isolation amplifier that drives two 6AG7 tubes in push-pull. The other half is a diode-connected bias clamp that keeps the output 6AG7's operating over the linear part of their curves. The horizontal attenuator and sync selector switching arrangement is exactly what the name implies. In positions 100, 10 and 1 the horizontal input is attenuated (and also frequency-compensated) by 100, 10 and 1. In the internal position, the synchronizing pulse or voltage is obtained from the first section of the vertical amplifier. In the LINE position a 60-cycle voltage is selected and its phase controlled by the built-in phase-shifting network consisting of R1, R2, R3 and C1, C2, C3. Horizontal attenuation is controlled by a step attenuator and a potentiometer in the cathode leg of the isolation amplifier. The sweep output terminals on the front panel are another important feature of this instrument. With the sweep oscillator set for triggered or recurrent sweep, the sweep voltage is also available at the terminals for triggering or synchronizing external auxiliary equipment. Vertical deflection circuit The vertical amplifier circuit is a 3-stage affair with push-pull output. The input stage is a 6AC7 cathode follower feeding a series-peaked 6AC7 driver for the push-pull 6AG7's. The vertical attenuator is in two sections. The fine control is a potentiometer between the 6AC7 amplifiers. A frequency-compensated step attenuator is in the input circuit. The switch marked CALIBRATE-USE at the vertical input terminal is for comparing the voltage under observation with the self-contained calibrating voltage. The accuracy of the calibrating source can be better than that obtained with 1% resistors if you take care in its calibration. The calibrating voltage is obtained from T1, any small transformer delivering approximately 225 volts at 20 to 30 ma. The voltage divider uses adjustable wirewound power resistors. Large wattages are used because their physical size makes minute adjustments easier. Take care in the adjustment and the accuracy will be better than 1% and as good as the calibrating source used. The power supply is fully conventional and self-explanatory. No problems should be encountered in its construction. (Continued on page 86) Parts for oscilloscope (Fig. 1) Resistors: (Composition) 1—33, 1—250, 1—1,200, 1—5,600, 1—8,200, 1—19,000, 1—47,000, 1—100,000, 1—200,000, 1—330,000, 1—470,000 ohms; 1—82,000, 1—900,000 ohms; 7—1,2, 1—1,6, 6—1,9, 1—8.2 megohms, ½ watt; 1—12, 1—1,6, 1—30, 5—47, 1—56, 1—120, 3—150, 1—170, 3—300, 1—1,200, 1—15,000, 1—19,000, 1—33,000, 3—390,000, 2—470,000 ohms; 3—1.5, 3—3.3 megohms, 1—10,000, 1—47,000, 1—56,000, 1—100,000, 4—100,000 ohms, 2 watts. (Wirewound) 2—7,500 ohms, 5 watts, noninductive; 1—50 ohms, adjustable; 1—500 ohms, 1 watt; 1—10,000 ohms, 1 watt; 1—20,000 ohms, adjustable 50 watts. (Potentiometers) 1—500, 1—4,000, 1—5,000, 1—100,000, 1—200,000, 1—300,000 ohms; 2—1 megohm, dual 2.5 megohms, dual 5 megohms, 1 watt; 1 megohm composition, 1—5,000 ohms, 25 watts (Chmite type H or equivalent). Capacitors: (Mica) 1—56, 1—68, 2—150, 1—300, 1—390 µf.; 1—0012, 1—0016, 2—0022, 1—0075 µf., 500 volts. (Paper) 1—05, 7—0.1, 4—0.25, 2—0.5, 2—1.0 µf., 400 volts tubular; 2—07, 2—0.1, 1—0.25, 2—0.5, 4.0 µf., 400 volts, tubular where available; 1—0.1 µf., 200 volts, tubular; 1—1.0 µf., 200 volts, bathrub; (Oil-filled paper) 1—0.02, 1—0.1 µf., 2,000 volts. (Ceramic) 1—0.001, 1—0.01, 1—0.1 µf. (Electrolytic) 3—2.2 µf., 450 volts; 2—10, 1—15, 1—20 µf., 350 volts; 1—50 µf., 150 volts; 1—10, 1—500 µf., 50 volts. Switches (Rotary): 1—s.p.s.t.; 2—2 gangs, 2 circuits, 5 positions; 1—1 gang, 1 circuit, 11 positions, adjustable stop; 1—2 gangs, 2 circuits, 5 positions, adjustable stop; 1—2 gangs, 3 circuits, 11 positions, adjustable stop. (Toggle) 1—s.p.s.t. Sockets: 6—octal; 4—miniature; 7 pins; 2—miniature, 9 pins; 2—medium-shaft 12-pin dinheptal. Tubes: 1—12AU7, 2—12AL5, 1—6AU8, 4—6AG7, 2—6AC7, 1—6AG5, 1—SCPI-A. Transformers: 1—power transformer, 225-250 volts c. @ 20-30 ma; 1—filament transformer, 12 volts c. @ 400 ma or more. Miscellaneous: Automobile ignition wire, 600 volts, ten feet; 1—cover wire, ¼-inch ID with attached tie posts, terminal strips, Mica tape or fiberboard for terminal boards, terminals or small brass screws and bolts for terminal boards; 1—channel, 7/8 x 3 x 3 inches, 1—chassis, 1¾ x 6 x 3 inches, aluminum for panel and subchassis, knobs, slide for SCPI. Parts for power supply (Fig. 2) Resistors: 1—270, 1—1,500, 1—4,700, 1—3,300, 1—33,000, 1—47,000, 1—68,000, 2 watts, 1 watt; 1—850, 1—2,200, 1—33,000 ohms, 2 watts; 1—5,000 ohms, 5 watts; 1—1,500, 1—2,000 ohms, 2 watts. Capacitors: (Electrolytic) 1—0.01 µf., 40 volts; 2—0.1 µf., 350 volts; 10, 2—15 µf., 350 volts. (Oil-filled paper) 2—0.2 µf. Miscellaneous: 1—power transformer, 750 volts c. t. @ 20 ma, 6.3 volts @ 4 amps, 1 volt @ 3 amps (Stancor P-8171 or equivalent); 1—high-voltage transformer, 1,300-1,500 volts @ 5 ma, 6.3 volts @ 1 amp, 2.3 volts @ 1 amp, 1—finned heat sink, 1—series, 75 ma, 1—514G, 1—6AL5, 1—2X2-A, 1—0D3 or VR150; 2—octal sockets; 1—4-prong high-voltage socket for 2X2-A, 1—7-pin miniature socket; 1—pilot lamp with jeweled assembly. Peaking-coil data L1—25 turns No. 32 enameled wire close-wound on CTC LS3 form. L2—10, 1—38 turns No. 36 enameled wire close-wound on XR-50 form. L4 and L5—46 turns No. 36 enameled wire close-wound on XR-50 form. L6 and L7—47 turns No. 36 enameled wire close-wound on XR-50 form. Fig. 2—Diagram of the power supplies. It's New! 3 Years in Development - NOW READY FOR YOU! 17" to 24" PICTURE TUBE New Equipment! New Lessons! Enlarged Course! SPRAYBERRY PRACTICAL TRAINING IN RADIO-TELEVISION 3 NO OBLIGATION TRAINING PLANS You have NO MONTHLY PAYMENT CONTRACT to sign ... pay for this outstanding training as you learn! The complete facts are so big and so important to any man seeking training in Radio-Television that we've put them all together here, below at once for your big alluring 56 page FREE CATALOG and FREE Sample Lesson. Get the full story of this remarkable new step-to-the-front Training Plan. You'll read about my 3 NO OBLIGATION PLANS. The Jackson-unit instruction for both beginners and the experienced man. Your lesson hour I assure as 10 MONTHS to take your place in this fast moving big money field. You DO NOT SIGN ANYTHING BUT A PAYMENT CONTRACT. I have been training successful Radio-TV technicians for 22 years. I can prepare you, too, to get into your own profitable Service Shop or a good paying job, even if you have no knowledge of Radio-Television. Mail the coupon . . . I rush full information FREE and without obligation. (No salesman will call.) NEWEST DEVELOPMENTS Your training covers UHF, Color Television, FM, Oscilloscope Servicing, High Fidelity Sound and Transistors. PRACTICE AND TRAIN AT HOME WITH 25 NEW KITS OF EQUIPMENT You get valuable practical experience in construction, testing and servicing. You build this powerful short wave and broadcast superhet radio receiver for valuable shop instruction practice. All your training is IN YOUR HOME in spare hours. You can do it while holding a job and learning while learning. I help you earn extra spare time income while studying. If you expect to be in the armed forces later, there is no better preparation than practical Sprayberry Radio-Television training. Rush coupon below for all the facts—FREE! SPRAYBERRY ACADEMY OF RADIO 111 NORTH CANAL STREET, DEPT. 20-T, CHICAGO 6, ILLINOIS FREE CATALOG AND SAMPLE LESSON Rush coupon for my catalog "How to Make Money in Radio-Television." PLUS an actual sample Sprayberry Lesson with no obligation—all FREE. Mail coupon NOW! MAIL THIS COUPON FOR FREE FACTS AND SAMPLE LESSON Dept. 20-T, 111 N. Canal St., Chicago 6, Ill. Please rush all information on your ALL-NEW Radio-Television Training Plan. I understand this does not obligate me and that no salesman will call upon me. Include New Catalog and Sample Lesson FREE. Name________________________________________Age______________ Address________________________________________City____________ Zone____State______________________________ JANUARY, 1955 The schematic is broken by section lines into individual units. By building and following the unit construction method, the wiring and interconnecting cabling is much easier to see at a glance. Also, any trouble shooting can be done before final installation. The instrument is actually made up of two main chassis that are bolted together at the completion of the wiring sequences. The two power supplies, the high-voltage and low-voltage and bias supplies, are built on a 17 x 6 x 3-inch aluminum chassis. The high-voltage transformer (Fig. 2) was obtained on the surplus market, but any commercial equivalent will do as well. It might do well to mention parts substitutions at this point. Parts substitutions are permissible, the only critical components being in the vertical amplifier and the frequency-determining capacitors in the sweep frequency sections. Of course, voltage and current ratings must be observed and adhered to and adequate insulation insured as the high potentials used for the second anode of the cathode-ray tube are extremely DANGEROUS. The main chassis is aluminum and measures 17 x 13 x 3 inches. Three 1-inch or larger holes are punched in each chassis in such a manner that they will line up when the two are bolted together. These holes are provided for the purpose of assuring adequate insulation for the high-voltage, 117-volt a.c. and the filament wiring, which must pass from one unit to the other. Before the units are bolted together the various rectangular cutouts are laid out and sawed out to size so that they will accommodate the various subassemblies when they are complete. One word of caution at this point! First build up and check the complete power-supply chassis and see that its circuits are functioning correctly. By doing this, the proper operating voltages may be easily obtained for checking the various subassemblies as they are completed. The vertical amplifier is built as compactly as is feasible, as are all of the subassemblies. This gives more room on the main chassis for interconnecting wiring, ease of servicing and any future changes or alterations. The vertical amplifier is built on a 1/16-inch aluminum sheet measuring 5½ x 9½ inches. The layout can be clearly seen from the photographs (the left side of the top-view photo and right side of the under-chassis view) and should be followed as accurately as possible so as to approximate closely the distributed capacitances of the parts and wiring. This is of paramount importance if the passband of the original unit is to be obtained with the information and instructions given. Any radical departure from the layout of parts and lead dress will very likely cause undue trouble in obtaining a flat response at 6 or 7 mc. After completion of the wiring short out the peaking coils temporarily and check the unit for proper functioning. The sweep circuit should be built next. The small subchassis is 4 x 6 inches. Direct, rigid leads must be used. Be generous in using tie points and terminals. This makes for ease of wiring, less underchassis confusion and more rigid construction. When the oscillator is finished, check its waveform with a scope. Next, build the horizontal amplifier on a 4 x 7 inch chassis using rigid and direct leads. When completed and operating correctly, it can be laid aside until the rest of the subassemblies are completed. The horizontal and vertical attenuator switching assemblies and the coarse frequency control are next. All of the components are wired directly onto the switches themselves. This method of construction can be seen clearly in the top-view photo. There is nothing complicated in this phase of the work and no trouble will be experienced even by an inexperienced builder. The next step in construction is making the terminal boards and assemblies for holding the focus, centering, intensity and astigmatism controls. These boards, made from either bakelite or fiberboard, also hold the high-voltage bleeder and voltage-divider networks. I used ¼-inch thick Micarta boards. Two of these are 3 x 6 inches, one is 3 x 5 inches and one is 3 inches square. The smallest holds the high-voltage resistance-divider network. The terminal boards are mounted on the front panel with 2½-inch brass spacers. The brilliance, focus, horizontal and vertical centering and astigmatism control poNEW 1955 Heathkit Engineering Features New PRINTED CIRCUITS One of the many tremendous improvements in the entire 1955 Heathkit line is the use of etched metal process printed circuits. Printed circuits will be used in Heathkits wherever they will affect construction simplification, performance stabilization, and lend themselves to instrument design. Now for the first time a kit instrument constructor has the advantages of modern printed circuit development construction techniques. For the first time, simplification has been pushed toward reducing kit assembly time. Also this is the first time that printed circuit boards have been hand screened on a volume basis. Offered only by Heathkit, the pioneer and leader in kit instrument design. New PEAK-TO-PEAK VTVM CIRCUIT New 6A1S full wave rectifier in AC input circuit permits full scale peak-to-peak measurement. Seven ranges — upper limit 4000 volts peak-to-peak. Just the thing for servicemen have needed in checking TV circuit voltage checks. Precision resistor voltage divider limits AC RMS level to 150 volts. Precautionary across the rectifier—extends upper limit AC RMS ranges to 1500 volts. Further protects meter and circuitry against flash-over or arcing. Another definite example of continuing Heathkit design leadership in the kit instrument field. New HIGH READABILITY PANELS New 1955 Heathkits feature complete panel redesign. White lettering applied to the beautiful charcoal gray panels, provides high in readability. Lettering is easy-to-read open style and panel calibrations are vividly clear against the pleasing soft gray background. New knobs of exclusive Heathkit design. New 3" UTILITY SCOPE The new 3" Scope is a "natural" for the well rounded line of Heathkit instruments. Small in size, 1 1/8" deep, 6 1/2" wide, 9 1/2" high, yet big in performance. Just think of the fact an Oscilloscope for $29.50. Brilliant intensity, sharp focusing, wide positioning range. An ideal portable Scope for the TV service man—scope—scope—modulation monitor for you hams (deflection plate terminals in rear of cabinet). Performance to spare for all general scope applications. See specifications on following page. New STYLING NEW COLOR New styling and coloring is responsible for tremendous improvement in Heathkit appearance. The new instrument panel color combination is high definition black lettering on a soft charcoal gray panel. Cabinet color is a new soft gray, the satin gold laked enamel tone for the KP-2 Programmer is further indicative of the modern preceeding trend in Heathkit styling. Continuing PROGRESS FUTURE LINE EXPANSION The outstanding improvements featured in the 1955 Heathkit line are representative of the progress characterized by Heath Company operation. Long range planning will provide a continuing succession of new kit releases to further expand the Heathkit line which already represents the world's greatest selection of electronic kits. The innovations in the 1955 line are representative of additional new models scheduled for release for the coming years. SEE THE INSTRUMENTS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES HEATH COMPANY • Benton Harbor 20, Mich. The basic function of the Heathkit Electronic Switch Kit is to permit simultaneous oscilloscope observation of two separate traces which can be either separated or superimposed for individual study. This is accomplished through the use of two individually controlled inputs working through amplifier, multivibrator, and blocking stages. The output of the Electronic Switch is then applied directly to the vertical input of the Oscilloscope. A typical example of usefulness would be simultaneous observation of a signal or waveform as it appears at both the input and output stages of an amplifier. APPLICATIONS An Electronic Switch has many applications to increase the overall operating versatility of your oscilloscope. It may be used to check amplifier distortion—audio crossover networks—phase inverter circuits—to measure phase shift—special waveform study, etc. The instrument can also be conveniently used as a square wave generator over the range of switching frequencies often providing the necessary wave form response information without requiring the expense of an additional instrument. Ownership of this instrument will reveal many entirely new fields of oscilloscope application and will quickly justify the modest cost of the Electronic Switch Kit. FEATURES: To off-set line voltage supply irregularities, the instrument features a voltage regulator tube. A convenient "signal" indication on the panel switch bypasses the calibrator completely, and the signal is applied through the oscilloscope vertical input, thereby eliminating the necessity for constantly transferring test leads. RANGES: With the Heathkit Voltage Calibrator it is possible to measure all types of complex waveforms within a voltage range of .01 to 100 volts peak-to-peak. Build this instrument in a few hours and enjoy the added benefits offered only through combination use of test equipment. TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TV Potentiometers are on the 3 x 6-inch boards with an eye toward ease of wiring and panel symmetry. The rest of the components are mounted around the controls. I used regular commercial terminals riveted to the boards for mounting the various components. However, you can use small 4-40 brass screws and nuts as terminals and solder to these. Again the need for rigid and neat workmanship cannot be over-emphasized, as the insulation value has to be very good due to the 2,600 volts present on and around the terminal boards and the voltage-divider network. At this point it is safe to assume that all of the individual subassemblies are checked and functioning properly. The extra work of hooking up each individual assembly to the power supply and checking it may seem unnecessary; however, the time spent in checking and removing any faults which may be present will save a great amount of time and unnecessary work in tracking down the faulty section after the completed scope is assembled. Also this method allows the builder to become familiar with the functioning of the individual circuitry and thus enables him to better understand and use the finished product. The 3 x 5-inch terminal board as seen in the left side of the top-view photo is for direct connection to the deflection plates. The deflection plate leads are brought to connectors in the top row and the peaking coils to corresponding connectors in the bottom row. In normal use wire jumpers, as shown in the photo, connect the amplifiers to their respective deflection plates. The jumpers are removed for direct connection to the plates. The terminal board is secured to the chassis with two brass brackets or angles as shown. The SYNC POLARITY control should now be made up. This potentiometer differs from the conventional in that its midpoint is grounded. No commercial equivalent could be found so one was made from a Mallory 2-watt wire-wound potentiometer. After prying off the back, the center was found with an ohmmeter, and a drop or two of solder was flowed in, making contact with the center of the resistance wire and the metal case. This automatically grounds the resistance to the case which in turn is grounded when the control is installed on the metal front panel. The front panel is made from 3/16- or ¼-inch aluminum or dural stock measuring 14 x 19 inches. All mounting holes were laid out and then drilled to size. The large circular opening for the 5CPI-A scope tube was scribed with dividers and cut out with a fine-tooth wood-cutting blade in a jig saw. When the panel was drilled and cut, it was sanded with medium-fine paper and then four coats of clear lacquer were sprayed on. This method of finishing gave a deep luxurious brushed-satin effect, which has held up quite well despite hard wear. The high-voltage, centering and focus components and subassemblies are now... NEW Heathkit 5" PUSH-PULL OSCILLOSCOPE KIT FOR COLOR TV BRAND NEW DESIGN: The new Heathkit Model O-10 Oscilloscope would be something special at any price, but is almost unbelievable at $69.50. Completely re-designed scope has broad-band amplifiers for color TV work and offers brilliant overall performance. Vertical frequency response within 5 db from 5 cps to 5 m. Even more astounding, the response is down less than 1/4 db up to 3.58 mc—the usual TV sync burst frequency. It is essential that scopes for color work have these broadband characteristics. PRINTED CIRCUITS: Two printed circuit boards used in this fine instrument to insure stable, consistent performance. Problems solved by pre-engineering of boards, and their construction on one unit that will have all characteristics as lab development model. Printed circuits simplify operation and save labor. NEW SWEEP CIRCUIT: Sweep circuit operates with exceptionally good linearity from 20 cps to over 500,000 cps, 5 times the usual range for scopes in this price range. An entirely new circuit introduced for the first time in any Heathkit. Simplified, standardized construction technique of vertical and horizontal amplifier construction made possible by the use of a single printed circuit board. Clean, neat, under chassis construction and wiring. Possible only through use of pre-calibrated kits, lessness, and simplified printed circuit boards. FEATURES: Other outstanding characteristics of this professional oscilloscope are: Built-in 1V peak-to-peak reference for calibration of plastic CRT face-plate; 5" 5UP1 CRT; push-pull hor. and vert. deflection amplifiers; hor. trace width expandable to 3 times diameter of CR tube; 100% modulation of sync tip of signal; high vertical sensitivity, .025 volts per inch; wiring harness pre-fanged and cabled to save construction time and insure professional appearance and operation. Incorporates efficient retrace blanking. Frequency compensated step attenuator at the vertical input. Entire tube face usable. No follower or vertical overdrive. Performance obtainable only in much more expensive laboratory models. Uses 5UP1, 6AB4, 6B07, 12BH7, 126M, 12AT7, 2-12AU7, 6X4, 1V2, and 6C4. Quality components used throughout so that outstanding performance characteristics may be maintained for years to come. Plastic molded condensers are used in all coupling and by-pass applications. The "new-look" in Heathkit styling produces professional appearance in keeping with the professional performance of this instrument. MODEL O-10 $69.50 Shag. Wt. 27 lbs. NEW Heathkit 3" PRINTED CIRCUIT OSCILLOSCOPE KIT MODEL OL-1 $29.50 Shpg. Wt. 15 lbs. New compact utility Scope—lightweight—portable for service work. Deflection plate terminals—ideal for ham transmitter modulation monitoring. EXCEPTIONAL VALUE: The brand new Model OL-1 Utility Oscilloscope is designed especially for portable applications so that outside servicemen or persons performing field tests can have the advantages of a scope available. Then too, it is ideal for home workshop, the ham-shack, or as an "extra" scope for the service shop. It is compact, light in weight, and surprisingly versatile in operation. An outstanding instrument for the price. From panel controls are easily-tested, for ease of operation and convenience. Printed circuit boards used for instant easy performance, assembled in one cut in half. SPECIFICATIONS: Vertical amplifiers feature frequency response within 1 db from 10 cps to 100 kc, and within 3 db from 5 cps to 500 kc. Vertical sensitivity .2 volts per inch at 1 kc with 10 megohm impedance; .12 volts per inch with 10 megohms. Horizontal response within 1 db from 10 cps to 100 kc, and within 5 db from 5 cps to 500 kc. Hor. sensitivity .25 volts per inch at 1 kc, input impedance of 15 mfnd shunting 10 megohms. Sweep generator covers 10 cps to 100,000 cps with stable positive lock-in circuit. Cathode follower input in both vert. and hor. amplifiers; push-pull vertical and horizontal deflection amplifiers; 3" CRT; electronic positioning controls for wide range of vertical and horizontal spot deflection; provision for internal and external sync; 60 cycle line sweep. New modern color styling and unusual performance make this instrument an outstanding value. VERSATILE INSTRUMENT: The new Model OM-1 general purpose Oscilloscope represents an outstanding dollar-value in reliable test equipment. Full size CRT, printed circuit boards for ease of assembly, constant circuit characteristics, and rugged component mounting. Includes all the design features necessary for servicemen, students, experimenters, radio amateurs, etc. Frequency response of amplifiers is within 1 db from 10 cps to 100 kc, and down only 7 db from 10 cps to 500 kc. Sweep-generator range is 20 cps to 100,000 cps. Also features new Heathkit color styling with charcoal gray panel and high definition white lettering for readability even under subdued lighting conditions. DESIGN FEATURES: A full-size, versatile oscilloscope at a price you can afford. Other features are: adjustable spot shape control; I/F connections to deflection plates; direct coupled centering controls; external and internal sweep and sync; 60 cycle line sync; built in 1 volt peak-to-peak panel terminal reference voltage; professional appearance of cabinet, panel, and knob styling. NEW Heathkit 5" PRINTED CIRCUIT OSCILLOSCOPE KIT MODEL OM-1 $39.50 Shpg. Wt. 24 lbs. HEATH company BENTON HARBOR 20, MICHIGAN The new Heathkit Multimeter is a "must" to complete the instrument lineup in any well equipped service shop. Here are all the important features with every desirable service feature, many of which are not found in other meters. You can select the measurement ranges you need or want. High sensitivity 20,000 ohms per volt DC; 5,000 ohms per volt AC. ★ ADVANTAGES Complete portability through freedom from heavy transformer operation—provides service ranges of direct current measurements from 150 microamps up to 15 amperes—can be safely operated in RF fields without impairing accuracy of measurement. ★ RANGES Full scale AC and DC voltage ranges are 0-1.5, 5, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5,000 volts. Direct current ranges are 150 microamps, 15, 150, 500, 500 milliamperes and 15 amperes. Resistances are measured from .2 ohms to 20 megohms in 3 ranges and dB range from —10 to +65 db. ★ CONSTRUCTION The Heathkit MM-1 features a unique resistor ring switch mounting assembly procedure. With this method of assembly the precision resistors are wired into the rings and range switch before actual mounting of the switch to the instrument panel. This procedure affords the advantage of simpler construction yet complete accuracy of precision resistors in event replacement is ever required. Ohmmeter batteries were selected for convenience of replacement only standard commercially available types are used. Batteries consist of 1 type C flashlight cell and 4 Penlite cells. All batteries and necessary test leads are furnished with the kit. The Heathkit Model M-1 Handitester is designed to meet major requirements for a compact, portable volt-ohm milliammeter. The small size of the smooth plastic molding makes it possible to permit the instrument to be tucked into your coat pocket, toolbox or glove compartment of your car. Always carry a "Handitester" for immediate repair jobs. RANGES: Despite its compact size, the Handitester is packed with every desirable feature required in an instrument of this type. AC and DC voltage ranges are 10, 30, 300, 1,000 and 5,000 volts. 2 convenient ohmmeter ranges 0-3,000 ohms and 0-300,000 ohms; 2 DC milliammeter ranges 0-10 milliamperes and 0-100 milliamperes. CONSTRUCTION This instrument uses a 400 microampere meter movement which is shunted with resistors to provide a uniform 1 milliampere load in both AC and DC ranges. This design requires three of but 1 set of 1% precision divider resistors on both AC and DC and provides a saving of 20% of switching. A small hearing aid type ohms adjust control provides the same zero adjustment function on the ohmmeter range. The AC rectifier circuit uses a high quality full-wave bridge rectifier and a dual half wave hookup. Necessary test leads and battery are included in the price of this popular kit. TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TV bolted to the panel with countersunk-head 6-32 screws. The various potentiometers and switch assemblies are next bolted in place on the panel and then the panel is fastened to the main chassis using the control-shaft bushings and nuts to hold it in place. The cathode-ray tube shield is next centered and bolted in place. The interconnecting wiring harness is then made up and laced in place for the centering, focus, brilliance and other circuits. Use only high-grade wire of adequate insulation value. I used ignition cable for the high-voltage wiring and 600-volt-test, rubber-covered wire for all the rest of the interconnecting wiring and cabling. This may seem unnecessary, but as everything is bunched and cabled together this tends to prevent trouble later on when the insulation dries out from heat and age. After the interconnecting harness is wired in and all is in place, check and see if the controls for the brightness, focus, centering and astigmatism are functioning. However, be sure not to let the spot remain too long in one place on the screen because it will burn and deface it. When it is certain that this part of the unit is operating normally, make up and wire in harnesses for connecting the remaining subassemblies and the power supplies. If each unit has been previously checked and is in good order, little or no trouble should be encountered during this phase of the work. When all of the interconnecting wiring has been completed, check carefully for any errors in wiring, and then turn on the scope so all of its functions can be checked. Watch for any overheating of components. The individual name and function plates should next be made up. The plates in the photos were made by engraving on sheets of Lamicoid. This gave a professional appearance such as is seen only on the more expensive custom-built equipment. However, several alternate methods are available to the reader who may not have access to an engraver. There are several types of decals on the market which when used correctly and with care make a very commendable appearance. Or the name plates may simply be lettered in ink and drawn on plain white Bristol board. Calibration and adjustment First we shall take up the sweeping of the amplifiers. As mentioned earlier, to obtain maximum bandpass a sweep generator and an oscilloscope are necessary. A radio technician's sweep generator is satisfactory and any type of scope will do so long as it will pass 60 cycles. Take off from all peaking coils the shorting connections which were tacked in for the initial check. Connect the scope to the output of the vertical amplifier stage to be aligned and the sweep generator directly to the input of the amplifier—not through the stepped attenuator—and adjust the peaking-coil slugs carefully for the desired waveform. Typical response patNEW Heathkit VACUUM TUBE VOLTMETER KIT PRINTED CIRCUIT DESIGN Another outstanding example of continuing Heath Company pioneering and leadership in the kit instrument field, is a new printed circuit VTVM. New peak-to-peak circuit—new styling and new panel design. A prewired, prefabricated printed circuit board eliminates chassis wiring, cuts assembly time in half, assures duplication of Engineering pilot model specifications, and virtually eliminates possibility of construction error. CIRCUIT: A 6AL5 tube operated as a full wave AC input rectifier permits seven peak-to-peak voltage ranges with upper limits of 4000 volts P-P. Just the ticket for you TVI or TVII men. Voltage divider in the 6AL5 input ensures that the AC input has zero level. This circuitry and the isolation of the meter in the cathode of the 12AU7 voltage circuit affords a high degree of protection to the sensitive 200 microampere meter. RANGES: Full wave rectifier in AC input circuit gives peak-to-peak and RMS values. Upper limit of 4000 volts P-P, 3000 volts RMS. Voltage divider input circuit. IMPORTANT FEATURES: High impedance 11 megohm input—transformer operated—1% precision resistors—6AL5 and 12AU7 tubes—New peak-to-peak circuit—Dual AC and DC calibration—smoother improved zero adjust control action—new panel styling and color—new placement of pilot light and positive contact battery mounting—new knob and leads included. The new V-7 also sets the pace as a kit instrument style leader. Smart, good-looking charcoal gray panel and soft feather gray cabinet. High visibility panel with brightly contrasting white calibrations. The pleasing eye catching, modern styling is in harmonious balance with the outstanding circuit design improvements. Easily the best buy in kit instruments. Heathkit AC VACUUM TUBE VOLTMETER KIT MODEL AV-2 $29.50 Shpg. Wt. 5 lbs. Extreme sensitivity has been emphasized in the design of the Heathkit AC VTVM. Ten full scale RMS ranges of .01, .03, .1, .3, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, and 300 volts. Frequency response is substantially flat from 10 cycles per second to 50 KC with input impedance of 1 megohm at 1 KC. Will accurately measure as low as 1 millivolt at high impedances. Total db range is -52 db to +52 db. An excellent kit for measuring the output of phonograph cartridges and the gain of amplifier stages. Use it also to check power supply ripple, as a sensitive null detector, and for compiling frequency response data. Features one knob operation, 200 microampere Simpson meter and precision resistors. Heathkit AUDIO WATTMETER KIT Read audio power output directly without using external load resistors with the new Heathkit Audio Wattmeter. Built-in non-inductive load resistors provide impedances of 4, 8, 16, and 600 ohms. Flat response from 10 CPS to 220 KHz. Power ranges are 0-100 mW, 0-1000 mW, 0-500 mW, 0-5 W and 0-50 W. Model AW-1 will operate continuously at 25 watts and has a duty cycle of 3 minutes at 50 watts. Total db range in five positions is -50 db to +48 db, using the standard 1 milliwatt 600 ohms. Heathkit 30,000 VOLTS DC PROBE KIT Measure up to 30,000 volts DC with the Heathkit VTVM and the 336 high voltage Probe. A 100:1 multiplier provides multiplication factor of 100. Can be used with any 11 megohm input VTVM. Housed in a Polystyrene two color sleek plastic probe body for safety of operation. No. 336 $4.50 Shpg. Wt. 1 lb. Heathkit PEAK-TO-PEAK PROBE KIT Peak-to-peak values not exceeding 80 volts at a DC level of not more than 600 volts, can now be read directly by the 336-C Probe with previous model Heathkit VTVM's or any VTVM with 11 megohm input resistance. Probe construction features a modern printed circuit board for easy assembly. Frequency range 3 KC to 3 MC. No. 338-C $5.50 Shpg. Wt. 2 lbs. Heathkit RF PROBE KIT The Heathkit RF Probe will permit the measurement of RF voltages up to 500 MC with an accuracy of ±10%. The limits are 30 volts AC and a DC level of 500 volts. Designed for any 11 megohm input VTVM. Molded housing, Polystyrene aluminum housing, Polystyrene insulation, and printed circuit board for easy assembly. No. 309-C $3.50 Shpg. Wt. 1 lb. HEATH company BENTON HARBOR 20, MICHIGAN JANUARY, 1955 Here is the new 12 volt Heathkit Battery Eliminator Kit for modern, up-to-date operation of your Service Shop. Furnishes either 6 or 12 volt output which can be selected by means of a push switch. Use the BE-4 to service all of the new 12 volt car radios in addition to the conventional 6 volt models. RANGES: This new Battery Eliminator provides two continuously variable output voltage ranges: 0-6 volts D.C. at 10 amperes continuously or 15 amperes maximum intermittent and 0-12 volts D.C. at 5 amperes continuous or 7.5 amperes maximum intermittent. The output is clean and well filtered, as the circuit uses two 10,000 mfd condensers. The continuously variable voltage output feature is of definite aid in determining the starting point of vibrators, the voltage operating range of oscillator circuits, etc. OTHER USES: The controllable low voltage DC supply has many other applications besides use in car radio service work. Can be nicely used as a battery charger, or low voltage DC supply for electric trains. Has applications in high gain audio work requiring clean DC filament supply. Can be used for low power electro-plating or as a power supply for battery powered intercommunication systems. --- Heathkit VIBRATOR TESTER KIT MODEL VT-1 $14.50 Shpg. Wt. 6 lbs. This time-saving device will quickly pay for itself in your auto radio service shop. 6 volt vibrators can be checked instantly on the Good—Bad type meter scale. Operation requires only a suitable DC source rated 12 volts at 4 amperes. Model BE-4 Battery Eliminator is recommended for this application. Five test sockets provide for the testing of hundreds of interrupter and self rectifier types. Proper starting voltage is determined easily and accurately. Overload quality is then unmistakably indicated on the panel mounted meter. --- Heathkit VARIABLE VOLTAGE ISOLATION TRANSFORMER KIT Variable output voltage between 90 and 130 volts AC. Rated at 100 volt—amperes continuously and 200 volt—amperes maximum. The principle function of the Heathkit Isolation Transformer is to isolate the circuit being tested from line interference being caused by motors, appliances, etc., which works backward too by isolating other devices from the line. Many other uses, especially with AC—DC type circuits, can be found for the Heathkit Isolation Transformer with the hazards of line transformer type line voltage boosters. MODEL IT-1 $16.50 Shpg. Wt. 10 lbs. --- TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TV terns are shown in Fig. 3. Be careful to keep the generator output low so the amplifier is not overloaded. If the waveforms in Fig. 3 are not closely approximated, you will have to either increase or decrease the number of turns on the coils to compensate for differences in stray and distributed capacitances. Make adjustments by experimenting. ![Fig. 3—Curve at a is desired response of the vertical amplifier measured at the deflection plates of the C-R tube. Sweep trace b shows low-frequency responses at the vertical plates of the 5CP1-A. Response at plate of compensated 6AC7 is shown at c. Square wave at d, like the trace at b, shows low-frequency response at vertical plates of C-R tube. Patterns traced from RCA scope.](image) When the parts layout differs greatly from the original, it may be necessary to change the values of the three resistors in the plate circuits of the 6AG7's in the vertical amplifier and alter the lead dress for the desired response. Remember that stage gain decreases as resistance values are lowered. This method is used also to align the horizontal amplifier stage. No trouble should be anticipated in this stage as the 500-ke response is fairly easy to obtain at this point. Attenuator adjustments The preferred method of adjusting the vertical and horizontal stepped attenuators is to inject a square wave of approximately 12 or 15 kc at the vertical input, using the shortest, most direct leads possible. Set the attenuator to the first compensated position and adjust the trimmer for a flat-topped square wave as viewed on the face of the scope tube. When the wave has been made as flat as possible, turn the attenuator to successive positions and repeat the procedure. The low-frequency response of the amplifier can now be further improved by inserting a 20- or 30-cycle square NEW Heathkit TV ALIGNMENT GENERATOR KIT Here is the most radically improved Sweep Generator in the history of the TV service industry. The basic design follows latest high frequency techniques which result in a combination of performance features not found in any other sweep generator. SWEEP: Sweep action is obtained electronically through the use of a newly developed controllable inductor, thereby eliminating all moving parts with their resultant hum, vibration, fatigue, etc. Frequency coverage, entirely on fundamentals, is continuous from 4 MC to 220 MC at an output level well over a measurable .1 volt. MARKER: The same instrument incorporates a triple marker system with a crystal controlled reference. A variable marker provides accurate coverage from 19 to 60 MC on fundamentals and 57 to 180 MC on calibrated harmonics. A separate fixed oscillator controlled 4.5 MC marker can be used for checking IF, band-pass, calibration, reference, etc. Provisions are also made for external marker use. A 4.5 MC crystal is supplied with the kit. POWER SUPPLY: The transformer operated Power Supply features voltage regulation for stable oscillator operation. Three sets of shielded cables are furnished with the kit. Sweep range is completely and smoothly controllable from zero up to a maximum of 50 MC, depending upon base frequency. Here is a TV Sweep Generator that truly no serviceman can afford to be without for rapid, accurate, TV alignment work. NEW Heathkit SIGNAL GENERATOR KIT MODEL SG-8 $19.50 Shpg. Wt. 8 lbs. The new Heathkit service type Signal Generator, Model SG-8, incorporates many design features not usually found in this important price range. Frequency coverage is from 160 KC to 110 MC in five ranges—all on fundamental useful calibrated harmonics up to 220 MC. The RF output level is well in excess of 100,000 microvolts throughout the frequency range. The oscillator circuit consists of two coils—one half used as a Colpitts oscillator, and the other half as a cathode follower output stage. An ac line buffer between the oscillator and external load, thereby eliminating oscillator frequency drift caused by external loading. All coils are factory wound and adjusted, thereby completely eliminating the need for individual calibration and the use of additional calibrating equipment. A stable, low noise, RF output amplifier step and variable attenuation for constant control of RF level, a separate 6C4 triode acts as a 400 cycle sine wave oscillator, and a panel mounted switching system permits choice of either external or internal modulation. HEATH company BENTON HARBOR 20, MICHIGAN The new Heathkit Visual-Aural Signal Tracer feature is a special high gain audio output circuit used in conjunction with a newly designed wide frequency range demodulator probe. High RF sensitivity permits signal tracing from the receiver antenna input. Separate low and high frequency ranges permit detailed frequency exploration. Both input channels are constantly monitored by an electron ray beam indicator so that visual as well as aural indications may be obtained. NOISE LOCATOR: A valuable new feature is a noise locator circuit used in conjunction with the audio probe. With this system, a DC potential is applied to the test component, and the variation of this voltage in the component can be seen as well as heard. Invaluable for ferreting out noisy or intermittent condensers, noisy resistors, controls, IF and power transformers, etc. WATTMETER: Built-in wattmeter circuit will prove useful for quick preliminary check of total voltage consumption of equipment under test. Separate panel terminals provide external use of the speaker or output transformer for substitution purposes. Saves valuable service time by eliminating the necessity for speaker removal on every service job. The same panel terminals also provide easy access to a well filtered B plus supply for external use. Don't overlook the many interesting service possibilities provided through the use of this instrument, and let the Signal Tracer work for you by saving time and money. --- Heathkit CONDENSER CHECKER KIT Here is a handy test instrument for any Service Shop. Unknown values of capacity and resistance are quickly determined on the direct reading condenser checker dial. Capacity is measured in four ranges from .001 mfd to 1000 mfd. Resistance in the range from 100 ohms to 5 megohms. DC polarizing voltages of 25, 150, 250, 350, and 450 volts are available for leakage tests on all types of condensers. For electrolytics a power factor control is provided to balance out inherent leakage and to indicate directly the power factor of a condenser under test. Proper balancing of the AC bridge is reflected in the degree of closure of an electroscope-type indicating tube. Model C-3 uses a transformer operated power supply, spring return leakage test switch, and a convenient combination of panel scales for all readings. Test leads are furnished in addition to precision components for calibrating purposes. Quick and easy to operate, the Heathkit Condenser Checker will save valuable time and increase your Shop efficiency. MODEL C-3 $19.50 Shpg. Wt. 7 lbs. --- Heathkit "Q" METER KIT The Heathkit QM-1 represents the first practical popular priced Q meter available within the price range of schools, laboratories, TV service men, and experimenters. This instrument will enable the operator to simulate conditions encountered in practical circuits and to measure the performance of coils or condensers at the operating frequencies actually encountered. All indications of value are read directly on the 4½" 30 microampere Simpson calibrated meter scale. Measures Q of condensers, RF resistance, and the distributed capacity of coils. Oscillator section supplies RF frequencies 150 kc to 18 MC in three ranges. Calibrate capacity with range of 40 MMF to 450 MMF with vernier of ±3 MMF. Investigate the many services this instrument can perform for you. MODEL QM-1 $44.50 Shpg. Wt. 14 lbs. --- Heathkit AUDIO OSCILLATOR KIT The Heathkit Audio Oscillator will produce both sine and square waves within the frequency range from 50 CPS to 10 KC in three ranges. Thermistor controlled linearity results in a variation of no more than ±1 db in a 10 volt into 600 ohm load circuit. Times will be less than .8% distortion from 100 CPS throughout the audible range. Low impedance 1000 ohm output. Precision 1% resistors, used in the range multiplier circuits to provide accurate calibration. MODEL AO-1 $24.50 Shpg. Wt. 10 lbs. --- TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TV wave into the vertical input jack of the amplifier and adjusting the 1-megohm potentiometer in the vertical-output grid circuit for the best flat-topped waveform. Increasing the resistance seems to improve the low-frequency response. Voltage calibrator Adjusting the internal calibration voltage source is the final step. The first part of this operation is to calibrate the meter for peak-to-peak voltage readings. Adjust the multiplier resistor in series with the meter for full-scale deflection of the particular meter used with an applied voltage of 400 peak to peak. The meter recommended is a 0-5-ma d.c. type but any meter up to 10 or 12 ma can be used. The multiplier resistor was made by winding No. 40 enameled wire on a 1-megohm 2-watt resistor until the desired full-scale deflection was obtained. If an accurate multimeter with an a.c. range is available, the correct voltages can also be set up with only a small amount of calculation. Set each voltage divider tap for the scale desired, making sure that the indicating meter reads full scale each time. If the a.c. voltmeter method is used to set the taps, you must multiply the reading obtained on the meter by 2.82 to convert from r.m.s. value to peak to peak values. The meter is calibrated directly for 400 and for 100 volts peak-to-peak. These scales are used for 40-, 10-, 4-, and 1-volt peak-to-peak full-scale readings. The final operation Construction or selection of the cabinet is the last step toward completion of this scope. A metal cabinet for the instrument could easily be fabricated from aluminum or other sheet metal, or a sheet-metal shop would probably do the job for a reasonable fee. The rest of my equipment is in wooden laboratory-type cabinets, so a mahogany cabinet was constructed, coated with clear lacquer, and then lined with copper screening for shielding. Adequate shielding is important in any cabinet other than an all-metal type. When you are finished, you will possess an instrument worth well in excess of $600. With it you can measure and observe pulses of regular or random repetition rates. Transient voltages of extremely high speeds in the neighborhood of 1 and 2 microseconds with frequency components up to 5 and 6 mc can be clearly seen and measured. Steep-fronted leading edges of pulses such as encountered in radar or loran equipment stand out boldly and are faithfully reproduced. One glance at television horizontal sync and video pulses on this instrument as compared to any of the cheaper scopes currently available will show up the startling difference immediately. Many other applications will become apparent with experience in the use and versatility of this instrument. The Heathkit TC-2 Tube Checker was primarily designed for the convenience of radio and TV servicemen and will check the operating quality of tubes commonly encountered in this type of work. Test set-up procedure is simplified, rapid, and flexible. Panel sockets accommodate 4, 5, 6, and 7 pin tubes, octal and octal, miniature, triodes, pentayron, and black socket for new tubes. Built-in neon shot indicator, individual 3-position lever switch for each tube element, spring return test switch, 14 filament voltage ranges, and line-set control to compensate for supply voltage variations, all represent features of the TC-2. Results of tube tests are read directly from the large 4½" Simpson 3-color meter. Checks emission, shorted elements, open elements, and continuity. Wiring procedure has been simplified through the use of multi-wire color coded cable providing a harness type installation between tube sockets and lever switches. This procedure insures standard assembly and prepares "factory built" appearance to the instrument. New Construction Manual furnishes detailed information regarding tube set-up procedure for testing of new or unlisted tube types. No delay necessary for release of factory data. Here is a source of regulated D.C. voltage for circuit development work. Power supply voltage and current drain to the circuit under test are constantly monitored by the 4½" panel mounted meter. Separate 6.3 volt at 4 ampere A.C. filament sources available. The regulated and variable output voltage will be maintained within ±0.01% variations, and hum ripple will not exceed .012% at 250 volts under a 50 MA load. Completely isolated circuit, standby switch, and other desirable features, make the Model PS-2 extremely useful in a wide variety of applications. Here is an Audio Generator with features generally found only in the most expensive instruments. Sine wave coverage from 20 cycles to 1 Megacycle - response flat +1 db from 20 cycles to 400 Kc continuously variable 0 to stop attenuated output. Because the output voltage is relatively constant over wide frequency ranges, the AG-8 is ideal for running frequency response curves in audio circuits. Once set by means of the attenuator, this voltage may be relied upon for accuracy within ± 1 db. Instrument features low impedance 600 ohm output circuit and distortion less than .4 of 1% from 100 CPS through audible range. The Heathkit Decade Condenser provides a ready source of capacity values from 100 mmf to .111 mfd inclusive in capacity steps of 100 mmf. Silver plated contacts on heavy ceramic switches, assure positive contact for each switch position. Precise accuracy of the capacitors ±1% accuracy for close tolerance accurate work. NEW Heathkit HIGH FIDELITY PREAMPLIFIER KIT Here is the exciting new Heathkit Preamplifier with all of the features you Audiophiles have asked for and at a down-to-earth price level. Beautiful satin gold baked enamel finish, striking control knobs and arrangement, attractive custom appearance and entirely functional design. DESIGN: Uses three twin triode tubes in a shock mounted chassis, 2-12AX7 and 1-12AU7 structure tube shielded; plastic seal coil caps; ceramic capacitors, smooth acting controls; good filtering; excellent decoupling, low hum and noise level, and all aluminum cabinet. Special balancing control for absolute minimum hum level. Cathode follower, low impedance output circuit for complete installation flexibility. SPECIFICATIONS: Provides five switch selected inputs, 3 high level, and two low level, each with individual level controls. 4 position LP, RIAA, AES, and early 78 equalization switch. 4 position roll-off switch, 8, 15, 30, with one flat position. Separate tone controls, 18 db boost and 15 db cut at 50 CPS, treble 15 db boost, and 20 db cut at 15,000 CPS. Power requirements from Heathkit Williamson Type Amplifier power supply 6.3 volts AC at 1 ampere, and 300 volts DC at 10 MA. Overall dimensions 12½" wide x 5½" deep x 3¾" high. APPLICATION: The new Heathkit WA-P2 Preamplifier has been designed to operate with any of the Heathkit Williamson Type Amplifiers and is directly interchangeable with the previous Model WA-1 Preamplifier kit. Order your kit today and enjoy completely smooth control over the operation of your Hi-Fi system. Obtain the exact tonal balance of bass and treble with the precise degree of equalization you want. The design of the WA-P2 accommodates the newly established RIAA curve. HAM EQUIPMENT Heathkit AMATEUR TRANSMITTER KIT The Heathkit AT-1 Transmitter has established a high reputation and has been enthusiastically accepted by hundreds of experienced operators as well as beginners. Power input of 45 watts for the novice and suitable as a standby exciter for your higher powered rig later on. Model AT-1 uses a crystal or VFO excited and operates on 80, 40, 20, 15, and 10 meters. The pre-wound coils with the oscillator and amplifier are switched simultaneously by the rugged band switch. Meter switch allows a reading of the final plate and plate current on the panel mounted meter. Modulator input and VFO power sockets are provided as well as a key jack for CW operation. Other features include a crystal control filter, good shielding and a 52 ohm coaxial output. The 425 volt, 100 milliamper power supply and 6U4 rectifier are more than adequate for the 6AG7 oscillator multiplier and 6L6 amplifier doubler. Heathkit GRID DIP METER KIT The invaluable instrument for Hams, servicemen and experimenters. Useful in TV service work, for alignment of traps, filters, IF stages, peaking compensation networks, etc. Locates spurious oscillation, provides a relative indication of power transformer losses. Use it for measuring lossy loading circuits, connecting TVI, measuring CL and Q of components, and determining RF circuit resonant frequency. The variable meter sensitivity control, headphone and 500 microampere galvanometer meter, continuous frequency coverage from 2 MC to 250 MC. Prewound coil kit and rack included. LOW FREQUENCY COILS: Low frequency range extended to 355 KC by the use of two additional coils. Complete with dial correlation curves. Set 341-A for GD-1B and set 341 for GD-1A. Shpg. wt. 1 lb. Price $3.00 Heathkit ANTENNA COUPLER KIT Connects the Heathkit AT-1 Transmitter to any conventional Amateur transmitter. Will handle power up to 75 watts at its 52 ohm internal input. Matches a wide range of antenna impedances with its L type tuning network and neon indicator. A tapped inductance provides coarse adjustment and a transmitting type variable condenser sets it "right on the nose." Will operate on the 10 through 80 meter bands. Heathkit ANTENNA IMPEDANCE METER KIT MODEL AM-1 $14.50 Shpg. Wt. 2 lbs. Determine antenna resistance and reactance, transmission line impedance, and receiver input impedance. Works with one-half and one-quarter wave lines, half wave and folded dipole, harmonic mobile and beam antennas. Resistance range 0-100 microampere meter—frequency range 0-150 MC—impedance range 0-600 ohms. Heathkit VFO KIT The new Heathkit VFO is the perfect companion to the Heathkit Model AT-1 transmitter and is built specifically to drive any multi-stage transmitter of modern design. Good mechanical and electrical design improves operating stability. Coils are wound on stable mica formers, core forms using Litz or double cellulose wire coated with Polystyrene cement and baked for humidity protection. Variable capacitor of differential type is used, especially designed for maximum bandspread. Kit is furnished with carefully precalibrated scale which provides full over two-thirds of scale length. Smooth acting vernier reduction drive and illuminated dial provides easy tuning and zero beating. Power requirements 6.3 volts AC at 45 amperes, and 250 volts DC at 15 mils. Just plug it into the power receptacle provided on the rear of the AT-1 Transmitter. Seven band coverage 160 through 10 meters with 10 volt average RF output. Uses 6AU6 electron coupled Clapp oscillator and OA2 voltage regulator. Heathkit ANTENNA IMPEDANCE METER KIT MODEL AM-1 $14.50 Shpg. Wt. 2 lbs. Determine antenna resistance and reactance, transmission line impedance, and receiver input impedance. Works with one-half and one-quarter wave lines, half wave and folded dipole, harmonic mobile and beam antennas. Resistance range 0-100 microampere meter—frequency range 0-150 MC—impedance range 0-600 ohms. HEATH company BENTON HARBOR 20, MICHIGAN New Low Priced Heathkit Single Unit Williamson Type High Fidelity Amplifier Kit Here is the newest Heathkit Hi-Fi Amplifier at the lowest price ever quoted for a complete Williamson Type Amplifier circuit. The W-4 Model has been designed for single chassis construction, and only for the new Chicago Transformer Company Model BO-10 "super range" high fidelity output transformer. This transformer is a new development in the Hi-Fi field, is being offered at substantially saving over others of comparable quality. It is outstanding in performance and on the basis of our tests, we find it equal in every respect to transformers used in the W-2 and W-3 Heathkit series. Low Prices: Through utilization of a single chassis with resultant economy obtained through elimination of duplicate sheet metal fabrication, connecting cables, plugs, sockets, and a new Chicago "super range" output transformer, a 20% price reduction has been made possible without sacrificing kit quality. Components: The new Heathkit W-4 uses the same heavy duty power transformer and choke. It has all of the features of previous models including individual jacks and a wire wound control to balance the output tubes—plastic high quality capacitors and the exact circuitry previously utilized in Williamson Type Amplifiers. Intermodulation distortion and harmonic distortion are both at the same low level as in the W-2 and W-3 models. Construction: This is the opportunity for even the economy minded Hi-Fi enthusiast to enjoy all of the advantages offered through Hi-Fi reproduction of fine recorded music. Simplified step-by-step Construction Manual completely eliminates necessity of electronic knowledge or special equipment. Assemble this Amplifier in a few pleasant hours. Combinations Available: W-3M with Chicago "super-range" transformer only. Single chassis main amplifier and power supply. Shipping weight 28 lbs. Express only $39.75 Combination W-4 with Chicago "super-range" transformer only includes single chassis main amplifier and power supply with WA-P2 preamplifier kit. Shipping wt. 35 lbs. Express only $59.50 New Heathkit 20 Watt High Fidelity Amplifier Kit In keeping with the progressive policy of the Heath Company, further improvement has been made in the already famous Heathkit High Fidelity 20 Watt Amplifier. Added to the original design has been obtained by using a heavier power transformer. A new output transformer designed and manufactured especially for the Heath Company now provides output impedances of 4, 8, 16 and 500 ohms. The harmonic distortion level will not exceed 1% at the rated output. Model A-9B $35.90 Shpg. Wt. 24 lbs. Features: Outstanding features of the Heathkit 20 watt Amplifier include frequency response of ±1 db from 20 CPS to 20 KC. Separate (boost and cut) bass and treble tone controls. Four easily selected input jacks and a special hum balancing control. Flexibility is emphasized in the input circuits and proper equalization for all input devices is incorporated. Tube Lineup: 12AX7 magnetic preamplifier and first audio amplifier; 12AU7 voltage amplifier and phase splitter. Two 6L6 push-pull beam power output and 5U4G rectifier. The Heathkit Model A-9B is excellent for custom installation and is designed for outstanding service at a very reasonable cost. Heathkit Six Watt Amplifier Kit An outstanding value, this economically priced 5 watt Amplifier is capable of performance expected only in much more expensive units. Only 2 or 3 watts output will ever be used in normal home applications and Model A-7B will be more than adequate for this purpose. Model A-7B $15.50 Shpg. Wt. 10 lbs. Specifications: Two easily selected inputs are available for crystal and ceramic phone pickups, tuner, TV audio, tape recorder, and carbon type microphone. Model A-7B features separate bass and treble tone controls, push-pull balanced output stages, 4, 8, and 15 ohms, and extremely wide frequency range ±1½ db from 20 CPS to 20 KC. Not just a souped up AC-DC job. Full wave rectification, transformer operated power supply and good filtering, result in exceptionally low hum level. Model A-7C Provides a preamplifier stage and proper compensation for the variable reluctance cartridge and low level microphone. $17.50 Combinations Available: W-2 Amplifier Kit (Includes Main Amplifier with Acrosound Output Transformer, Power Supply and WA-P2 Preamplifier.) Shipping weight 37 lbs. Shipped express only $69.50 W-3M Amplifier Kit (Includes Main Amplifier with Acrosound Output Transformer and Power Supply.) Shipping weight 28 lbs. Express only $49.75 Heathkit Williamson Type Amplifier Kit Here is the famous kit form Williamson Type high fidelity Amplifier that has deservedly earned highest praise from every strata of Hi-Fi music lovers. Virtually distortionless musical reproduction, full range frequency response, and more than adequate power reserve. Output Transformers: This outstanding Williamson Type Hi-Fidelity Amplifier is supplied with the famous Acrosound TQ-300 output transformer. This quality transformer features the popular "ultralinear" output circuit for clean maximum power level. Separate chassis for amplifier and power supply. Specifications: Frequency response: Within 1 db from 10 cycles to 100,000 cycles. Harmonic distortion at 5 watt output is less than .5% between 20 cycles and 20,000 cycles. 1db distortion at 5 watts equivalent output .5% using 60 and 3,000 cycles. Output impedances of 4, 8, or 16 ohms. Overall dimensions for each unit 7" high x 5½" wide x 11½" long. Construction Manual: This fine kit is supplied with a completely detailed step-by-step Construction Manual and the only effort required is the assembly and wiring of the pre-engineered kit. Even the complete novice can successfully construct this Amplifier and have fun building it. Heathkit COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVER KIT An excellent example of typical Heath Company ability to produce top quality kit merchandise at ridiculously low prices is the AR-2 Communications Receiver. Here is a transformer operated all-wave receiver with all of the desired features and none of the disadvantages commonly encountered in so-called "economy sets." Receiver employs high gain miniature tubes and IF transformer chassis-mounted 5 1/2" PM speaker, headphone jack, slide rule dial with Ham Band planar identi-fier and vernier tuning with direct reading frequency scale. Covers full frequency range from 550 KC to 35 MC on 4 Bands with electrical bandspread tuning and logging scales. Other features are RF gain control with AGC on-off switch—phone—standby-CW panel switch—prewound coils in a shielded turret assembly and copper plated chassis and shielding. Uses 12BE6 mixer-oscillator, 12BA6 IF amplifier, 12AV6 detector-first audio, 12A6 beam power output, 12BA6 BFO oscillator, and 5Y3 rectifier. External control pad is provided for the cabinet of your choice or you can order the optional Heathkit cabinet featuring the full size aluminum panel. RECEIVER CABINETS Proxylin impregnated fabric covered plywood cabinet available for BR-2 and AR-2 receivers. Features heavy duty construction, internal reinforced speaker grill and protective rubber feet. For BR-2 Receiver, Cabinet 91-9 ........ $4.50 Shipping weight 5 lbs .................... $4.50 Heathkit FM TUNER KIT Here is an FM Tuner that can be operated with your Hi-F Amplifier or through the "phone" section of the ordinary radio. Completely AC operated to eliminate problems usually encountered in "economy type" AGC tuners. Features 8 stages of amplification with separate mixer and oscillator, 3 double tuned IF stages followed by a limiter discriminator providing maximum sensitivity and selectivity across the full FM frequency band of 88 MC to 108 MC. The tuning unit is factory assembled and adjusted to eliminate the most critical "fine end" alignment problems. The attractive slide rule dial and vernier tuning combine to make the Heathkit FM-2 Tuner simple to operate. MODEL FM-2 $22.50 Shpg. Wt. 8 lbs. Heathkit BROADCAST BAND RECEIVER KIT The Model BR-2 Broadcast Band Receiver is designed especially for the beginner without any sacrifice of quality. This receiver features a transformer operated preselector, high gain structure with slanted tuned F transformer, new rod type built-in antenna, and a trouble-free planetary tuning system. Exceptional performance is underlined by high sensitivity, wide selectivity, and excellent tone quality from the 5 1/2" PM chassis mounted speaker. Can be used either as a receiver tuner or as a complete set-up (12BE6 mixer-oscillator, 12BA6 IF amplifier, 12AV6 detector, 12A6 beam power output, and 5Y3 rectifier. MODEL BR-2 $17.50 (Less Cabinet) Shpg. Wt. 10 lbs. HEATH COMPANY · Benton Harbor 20, Mich. ORDER BLANK MAIL YOUR ORDER TODAY TO THE HEATH COMPANY BENTON HARBOR 20, MICHIGAN WALNUT 5-1175 From (PLEASE PRINT) \| QUANTITY \| ITEM \| MODEL NO. \| PRICE \| \|----------\|------\|-----------\|-------\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Enclosed find ( ) check ( ) money order for Please ship C.O.D. ( ) postage enclosed for _______ pounds. On Express orders do not include transportation charges—they will be collected by the express agency at time of delivery. ON PARCEL POST ORDERS insure postage for weight shown. ORDERS FROM CANADA and APO's must include full remittance. SHIP VIA ☐ Parcel Post ☐ Express ☐ Freight ☐ Best Way LOW-FREQUENCY SWEEP GENERATOR ADAPTER Sweep frequencies—audio to video—provided by this simple instrument By RICHARD GRAHAM Sweep generators have enjoyed a tremendous growth in popularity. With the wide-band frequency responses common in FM and TV such an instrument is necessary for proper alignment. Most sweep generators today are designed with only these applications in mind—the lowest output frequency is usually about 4 mc. But a sweep generator's usefulness can be extended considerably for numerous low-frequency applications of interest to both ham and experimenter. The low-frequency sweep generator adapter does just that—it extends the frequency range of the sweep generator from 4 mc down to a few cycles. This new added range includes all the commonly used audio, radio and video frequencies. Thus the device can be used to align the i.f. amplifiers of communications receivers for exact bandpass. Likewise the response curve of any selective i.f. strip can be obtained, be it at 50, 175, 455 or 1600 kc. The color subcarrier channels of a color TV set contain low-frequency components that necessitate use of a sweep generator with a comparatively low-frequency range. (See RCA's Practical Color Television, revised edition, page 68.) The sweep adapter can also be used for a variety of audio-frequency applications such as determining response and cutoff frequencies of an audio filter, response curves of equalizer amplifiers for magnetic phono cartridges, etc. The characteristics of various bass and treble controls can be quickly investigated. Similarly, the response of video amplifiers up to 4 mc can be visually observed. These are but a few of the more obvious applications of this device. The basic operation of the sweep adapter is to take the swept frequency out of the sweep generator and beat it against a stable fixed-frequency oscillator set at approximately 6 mc. For example, if the sweep generator is set at a center frequency of 6.455 mc and mixed with a fixed 6.0-mc signal, the output will consist of the sum and difference of these frequencies as well as the two original signals. However, all the frequencies in the plate circuit of the mixer will be attenuated except the difference frequency, 455 kc. Since the sweep generator is sweeping about 6.455 mc, the output will vary about a center frequency of 455 kc. Similarly, if the sweep generator were sweeping from 6 to 10 mc and this were mixed with a fixed oscillator at 6 mc, the output from the adapter would be sweeping over the 0- to 4-mc range. Thus the device can sweep the range from audio to video frequencies simply by adjusting the sweep generator center frequency and the sweep-frequency deviation control. The circuit The schematic of the adapter is shown in Fig. 2. The mixer and oscillator are combined in one 6BA7. The sweep generator output is fed to the control grid of the 6BA7. Coil L1 and capacitor C1 form the resonant circuit of a Hartley oscillator operating at approximately 6 mc. The exact frequency is not too important just so long as it provides a stable fixed frequency. The only requirement is that the fixed oscillator be higher in frequency than the highest frequency out of the adapter. For example, if the adapter is used for video sweeping up to 4 mc and if the beat oscillator in the adapter is set at 4 mc, then a pip appears on the response waveform on the scope at 4 mc. Therefore, 6 mc was arbitrarily chosen for the fixed oscillator frequency. The 6-mc oscillator frequency may have to be varied with sweep generators of different manufacture if any video applications are intended. This particular sweep adapter was used with a Heath TS-3 sweep generator, which is capable of extremely large sweep deviation. At 6 mc the sweep deviation is approximately 12 mc, i.e., the frequency of the output can vary from 6 to 18 mc in one sweep at maximum TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TV deviation. If the sweep generator available does not have at least a 4-mc deviation starting at 6 mc, some higher oscillator frequency must be chosen. The 6BA7 stage is not only a mixer and oscillator, but a video amplifier as well. The output circuit of the 6BA7 is shunt- and series-compensated for frequencies up to 5 mc. The output of this stage is fed into a conventional 6C4 cathode follower stage. A marker signal from an external signal generator can be injected into the cathode of the cathode follower through isolating resistor R7. This is a convenient method of identifying frequencies on response curves. The marker is not effective when the adapter is used for audio purposes because a marker pip on a response curve is actually the audio beat frequency produced by the marker signal generator and the sweep generator. The zero beat frequency is the center of the marker pip. Thus the marker would take up the whole response curve of an audio amplifier. Likewise for extremely sharp i.f. responses, the marker will appear on all sides of the response at once. However, it does serve as a rough marker even here. Since the sweep adapter requires only 15 ma at 250 volts d.c. and 6.3 volts a.c. at 0.45 amp, the power was taken from the sweep generator. Two minor modifications of the Heath TS-3 sweep generator were necessary. They may or may not be needed on other sweep generators. The blanking of the sweep generator during the return trace had to be removed. This was necessary because the blanking method used frequency-modulated the sweep-generator oscillator even when the deviation control was set to zero. This condition is normal for this instrument since the generator is primarily designed for wide-band applications. Blanking can be easily removed by adding a switch as shown in Fig. 3. If the adapter is used with other sweep generators, the constructor can easily determine if it is necessary to remove the blanking by hooking up the adapter and sweeping through an i.f. or other narrow-band amplifier strip. If the scope shows some sort of pattern even when the deviation control is set to zero, chances are the blanking method used in the generator is frequency-modulating the oscillator. Many sweep generators have a switch to remove blanking. Another modification—more of an operating convenience than a necessity and helpful when working with narrow-band i.f. amplifiers—is a means of reducing the maximum sweep width. This is done by adding 5,000-ohm resistor R9 in series with the width control in the Heath sweep generator. Resistor R9 can be made variable and placed on the panel of the sweep adapter. This will provide a coarse sweep-width control while the one on the sweep generator will act as a fine control. In this case R9 was simply a ENGINEERED FOR SALES SMARTLY STYLED CONSOLE WITH PIANO TUNING The striking control console is designed for beauty of design as well as ease of operation. Actuates the rotator with the slightest touch. Available in mahogany or ivory cabinet. STOP WATCH TUNING ACCURACY Pinpoint control system is unsurpassed in consistent accuracy of indication. Stops antenna instantly within ½ degree of desired position. No drift or ambiguity. POWERFUL INLINE DESIGN Supports direct deadweight load of largest stacked array. Resists downthrust and bending moment. Built-in thrust bearings. No extra parts to buy. No breakable offset bearings. REPLACEABLE FACTORY SEALED CARTRIDGE UNIT Sealed power drive unit eliminates the former need of dismantling the antenna when servicing. Simply loosen 3 screws to remove the sealed unit. BALANCED POWER Close tolerance 3200:1 reverted gear drive (within .002 in. tolerance) efficiently transmits 100% of developed power. No inherently weak worm gears. 390 DEGREE ROTATION 390 degrees—the broadest traverse range now in use—speeds and simplifies station selection beyond standard 360 degree revolution. COLORFUL "CARRY-ALL" CARTON Safely protects Roto-King en-route...eases on-the-job carrying of units...comes in handy in the shop or around the home. A JFD merchandising extra at no extra cost. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE COMPENSATION Advanced circuitry achieves automatic voltage compensation for stability and exactness of indication despite line voltage fluctuations. ROTO-KING IS LIKE A DIRECT LINE TO EVERY TV STATION IN YOUR AREA. Write for 8-page Roto-King engineering brochure No. 208. Model List RT100-M $44.95 Mahogany RT100-IV $44.95 Ivory Look to JFD for Engineering Leadership! MANUFACTURING CO., INC. 6101 16th AVENUE, BROOKLYN 4, N. Y. INTERNATIONAL DIVISION: 15 Moore Street, New York 4, U.S.A. JET-HELIX® "The RAINBOW Antenna" a radical new flat plane helical concept for VHF-UHF black and white or COLOR reception Compare its revolutionary microwave helix design that delivers highest signal strength on all channels with the least amplifying noise—the same helical configuration used in amateur and commercial reception where the ultimate in high gain and sharp directivity is vital. Compare its pre-assembled pin-joint construction with sensational new "Hi-Tension" aluminum element brackets that slash assembly time to seconds. You don't even need a screw driver because there is no hardware to tighten. It's automatic! Compare its tremendous consumer advertising support that presells your customers! Newspaper ad mats, direct mail displays, streamers, radio and television, movie commercials, national publicity. Compare its top-notch front-to-back (up to 23 db) and front-to-side (up to 20 db) ratios that reject co-channel and adjacent channel interference! 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JFD JET-HELIX—57.85%* \| ANTENNA \| CHANNELS \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| \|--------------------------\|----------\|----\|----\|----\|----\|----\|----\|----\|----\|----\|----\|----\|----\| \| "JET-HELIX" JET913S \| \| 8.3\| 8.6\| 9. \| 9.5\| 9.4\| 15.2\| 15.8\| 15.5\| 15.\| 14.8\| 15.1\| 15.3\| \| "JET-HELIX" JET913S-5 \| \| 9.2\| 10.5\| 11.1\| 10.5\| 9.8\| 13.5\| 14.4\| 14.8\| 15.2\| 15.5\| 15.5\| 15. \| \| "SUPERJET" JET213S \| \| 5.8\| 8.3\| 9.5\| 8.8\| 8.5\| 10.5\| 11.2\| 12.\| 13.5\| 13.8\| 13.6\| 12.9\| \| "SUPER POWERJET" JET213S-5 \| \| 7.5\| 9.5\| 11.2\| 10.5\| 9.3\| 11.8\| 12.2\| 12.8\| 13.2\| 13.3\| 14.2\| 14. \| \| "DODO" Screen Type REFLECTOR \| \| 4.75\| 4.5\| 7.2\| 7.1\| 7.\| 11.\| 11.2\| 11.8\| 11.5\| 11.1\| 12.1\| 12. \| \| "SUPER DODO" Screen Type REFLECTOR \| \| 5.3\| 6.8\| 8.8\| 7.3\| 7.5\| 9.3\| 11.2\| 11.8\| 12.\| 11.1\| 12.1\| 12. \| \| Broad Band Yagi with Phasing Stubs \| \| 4.3\| 5.7\| 4.5\| 7.1\| 9.\| 13.\| 14.\| 13.5\| 14.\| 13.\| 14.\| 15. \| \| Inline Yagi with Phasing Stubs \| \| 5.2\| 5.5\| 6.\| 8.\| 8.\| 11.5\| 9.5\| 10.\| 9.\| 11.\| 11.5\| 11.8\| \| Inline Yagi with Triple Dipole \| \| 6.25\| 6.5\| 8.7\| 8.5\| 9.\| 11.5\| 11.7\| 11.8\| 11.5\| 11.1\| 13.1\| 13.5\| \| Super-Inline Yagi with Triple Dipole \| \| 6.75\| 7\| 10.2\| 10.3\| 11.\| 11.5\| 12.2\| 12.8\| 13.5\| 13.1\| 14.6\| 15.5\| JFD MANUFACTURING Co., Inc. 6101 16TH AVENUE BROOKLYN 4, N.Y. INTERNATIONAL DIVISION: 15 Moore St., New York 4, U.S.A. TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR TV fixed resistor placed in the sweep generator for convenience. Construction details The unit is housed in a 4 x 5 x 6-inch steel box with a built-in chassis. The power leads connecting the sweep generator with the adapter should be shielded to prevent stray radiation. A 5-prong socket was mounted on the rear of the sweep generator so that the sweep adapter can be removed if desired. After the unit is completed it is necessary only to adjust coil L1 to set the unit into operation. This is done by placing the antenna of a receiver tuned to 6 mc near L1 and adjusting the coil for maximum indication in the receiver. Another method is to couple a grid-dip meter to L1 and adjust the slug in L1 for a dip at 6 mc. Either method is satisfactory since the exact frequency is not too important. Parts for sweep adapter Resistors: 1—51, 1—1,000; 2—2,200; 1—3,900; 1—22,000; 1—1 megohm, ½ watt; 1—15,000, 2 watts; 1—5,000, 5 watts (R9, see text). Capacitors: 1—100 μf., ceramic tubular; 1—300 μf., mica; 1—10 μf., mica disc; 1—0.05 μf., 400 volts, paper; 2—0.25 μf., 200 volt, paper. Miscellaneous: 1—68A7, 1—6CA, tubes; 1—coil (L1), 17 turns, No. 30 d.s.c., tap 3 turns from bottom, ¼-inch diameter, short-tuned; 1—form—coil, 22 ohms, 100 volts (L3); 100 μf.; 1—p.i.t. switch (blanking switch, see text); 1—d.p.d.t. switch; 1—cabinet and chassis; 2—tube sockets; 3—connectors for input, output and marker cables. The operation of the sweep generator with the sweep adapter is exactly the same as it was when the sweep generator was used by itself at higher frequencies. However, more care in operating the sweep generator is required. Since the blanking has been removed, double responses will appear on the scope which must be matched up by the phasing control on the sweep generator. Image responses will appear if the sweep width is set too high and the frequency of the generator too low. For example, if the sweep generator is set to sweep from 5 to 7 mc and the adapter output is sweeping through a 455-ke i.f. amplifier, two responses will appear on the scope. One response will be the image of the other (Fig. 4). ![Graph showing dual traces caused by too low a frequency and too much sweep.](image) Fig. 4—Dual traces caused by too low a frequency and too much sweep. the generator, like the TS-3, sweeps in one direction from the dial setting, this is only a matter of making sure the sweep dial is always set at some point above 6 mc. If this is done only one response will appear. END Introducing the Masterline Series For BETTER, MORE POWERFUL MASTER TV SYSTEMS Bonder-Tongue research and development have had one objective in mind: to enable local TV technicians to plan, install and maintain master TV systems of any size. As a result, the B-T program has succeeded in producing economical, easy-to-install, and easy-to-maintain equipment. A noteworthy example is the B-T 'Add-A-Unit' System with its complement of broadband amplifiers, distribution amplifiers and accessories. Now comes our greatest achievement in this field...the MASTERLINE Series. Three units are now ready—more will follow—with the result that the TV technician will now be equipped, better than ever, to undertake any task involving TV signal distribution. MASTERLINE AMPLIFIER A more powerful, cascode, all-channel VHF Amplifier with variable gain control for equalizing high and low bands. When used with AGC unit (Model MAGC) maintains non-varying output signal. Features: - Gain: 37db 170x1 - Impedance: 75 ohms input and output. - Flat response. - Input and output coax connectors. - Self-contained power supply. - Hammer-tone metal chassis with easily removable cover plate. - Weight—6½ lbs. Dimensions—9 x 6 x 5". - UL-approved. Model MLA $119.50 List Price MASTERLINE AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL Model MAGC A plug-in AGC unit designed for use with the MLA amplifier. Maintains constant output level, yet permits independent regulation of each band. Features: - Separate high and low band gain settings. - Acts as positive protection against overload. - Impedance: 75 ohms, input and output. - Input and output coax connectors. - Obtains power from MLA. - Hammer-tone metal chassis and cover. - Weight—2 lbs. Dimensions—6 x 4 x 5". - UL-approved. $59.50 List Price MASTERLINE MIXER-SEPARATOR A complete network unit employing no tubes and requiring no power. As a Mixer the MMS permits up to 12 VHF Yagis, each to be individually equalized, mixed and fed into one output line. As a Separator the MMS divides the output of a single line or broadband antenna into separate channels with an output (up to 12) provided for each channel. Each channel can then be individually attenuated, filtered or otherwise equalized. Features: - Has 12 tuned VHF channel terminals (input or output)—requires no adjustment. - Impedance: 75 ohms input and output. - Employs at least 4 resonant circuits for each channel. - Low mixing loss—1 to 3db. - Supplied with channel attenuator plugs—0 to 24db. - Has strain-relief clamp bars for cables. - Housed in Lead-coated chassis and mast mounting bracket with Aluminum weather-proof cover. - Weight—4 lbs. Dimensions—12 x 6½ x 4". $59.50 List Price Manufacturers of TV Amplifiers, Boosters, Converters, Accessories, and Originators of the B-T 'Add-A-Unit' Master TV System. For complete specification data and operating instructions, write Dept. ZA-3 BLONDER-TONGUE LABORATORIES, INC. WESTFIELD, NEW JERSEY the missing link in SPEAKER OPERATION Part II—Obtaining variable damping factors in amplifiers; determining critical damping factors By D. J. TOMCIK* The Electro-Voice Circlotron amplifier. The unit uses variable damping-factor control. value of internal resistance and consequently one value of damping factor which results in critical damping. This value can be called the critical damping factor (CDF). To visualize the damping-factor concept better, consider the amplifier output terminals a voltage source with zero impedance in series with a resistor equal in value to the internal impedance. Fig. 1 shows this arrangement with the proper amplifier load. The amplifier may be push-pull, cathode follower, or any other type, since the equivalent output circuit for all can be considered to be the same as that in Fig. 1. To measure damping factor of any amplifier it is necessary only to measure the output voltage under no-load and rated-load conditions. The formula for damping factor then becomes: \[ DF = \frac{E_{r1}}{E_{n1} - E_{r1}} \] where $ E_{r1} $ = rated-load voltage and $ E_{n1} $ = no-load voltage. From this formula we see that the damping factor is also a measure of the output regulation — how far the Damping factor To simplify matters and eliminate the variable of nominal impedance, the term amplifier damping factor is often used. The damping factor is equal to the nominal impedance divided by the internal resistance of the amplifier. For example, an amplifier whose internal resistance on the 16-ohm tap is 8 ohms has a damping factor of 2. For a given speaker there is one Chief Electronics Engineer, Electro-Voice, Inc. In every field of endeavor... manufacturing, the theatre, concert or contest... there is always one standout. In HI-FI equipment the standout is Pickering... pioneer in this field, responsible for the development and introduction of outstanding components for highest quality performance; every product bearing the Pickering name is engineered to conquer the challenge of optimum performance... in their manufacture the most stringent quality controls are exercised to assure and maintain the "Ne Plus Ultra" reputation for products featured by the emblem. SYNONYMOUS WITH HIGHEST QUALITY Design... Manufacture... Performance It's with good reason that professionals use Pickering Audio Components... they know the values built into Pickering equipment. INVESTIGATE and you too will use Pickering components for your HI-FI system.... You'll thrill to new listening experiences... you'll have the same high quality performance as leading FM/AM good music stations, network and recording studios... REMEMBER, leading record companies use Pickering Components for quality control. PICKERING and company incorporated • PICKERING PROFESSIONAL AUDIO EQUIPMENT Oceanside, L.I., New York "For those who can hear the difference" ... Demonstrated and sold by Leading Radio Parts Distributors everywhere. For the one nearest you and for detailed literature; write Dept. P-5. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS or PHYSICS GRADUATES with experience in RADAR or ELECTRONICS or those desiring to enter these areas... The time was never more opportune than now for becoming associated with the field of advanced electronics. Because of military emphasis this is the most rapidly growing and promising sphere of endeavor for the young electrical engineer or physicist. Since 1948 Hughes Research and Development Laboratories have been engaged in an expanding program for design, development and manufacture of highly complex radar fire control systems for fighter and interceptor aircraft. This requires Hughes technical advisors in the field to serve companies and military agencies employing the equipment. As one of these field engineers you will become familiar with the entire systems involved, including the most advanced electronic computers. With this advantage you will be ideally situated to broaden your experience and learning more quickly for future application to advanced electronics activity in either the military or the commercial field. Positions are available in the continental United States for married and single men under 35 years of age. Overseas assignments are open to single men only. Scientific and Engineering Staff HUGHES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORIES Culver City, Los Angeles County, California Hughes Field Engineer H. Heaton Barker (right) discusses operation of fire control system with Royal Canadian Air Force technician. Avro Canada CF-100 shown at right. Relocation of applicant must not cause disruption of an urgent military project. AUDIO—HIGH FIDELITY output varies from a constant-voltage source with changes in load. Amplifiers with high damping factors act more like constant-voltage sources than those with lower damping factors. Conversely, amplifiers with low damping factors act more like constant-current sources than those with higher damping factors. Hence a means is provided to vary the damping factor simply by controlling the regulation. This is easily done by using feedback in the circuit to obtain more or less constant-voltage or constant-current amplifiers. But, first, what damping factor requirements are necessary in a really good high-fidelity amplifier? We have seen in Part I that all speakers classed as high-fidelity units require positive values of amplifier resistance for critical damping. Only inefficient speakers in the very low price range require negative resistances. It is possible to obtain negative-resistance characteristics from an amplifier by using positive feedback. But since the speaker that requires this type of damping is mediocre at best, and since positive feedback may result in instability and increased distortion, negative-resistance amplifiers are unnecessary in the present state of the reproducing art. The highest practical damping factor is approximately 10 to 15. Since the d.c. coil resistance of a speaker generally makes up more than 75% of the total nominal impedance, amplifier damping factors greater than 10 or so have no appreciable effect on speaker damping. For example, a 16-ohm speaker with a 12-ohm d.c. coil will have a total series resistance of 13.6 ohms with a damping factor of 10, and a total series resistance of 12.4 ohms with a damping factor of 40. The difference in frequency response is not noticeable to the ear and hardly measurable. The lowest damping factors found in today's high-fidelity speakers range around 0.3 or 0.4. A good low limit for amplifier design would be 0.1 or 160 ohms on the 16-ohm tap. We have now established the limits to be between 0.1 and 15 to cover amply the range in modern-day speakers. The damping control should be calibrated directly in damping factor or internal resistance to simplify adjustment to a given speaker. Other considerations A good high-fidelity amplifier should also have a constant sensitivity with rated load applied, as the damping factor is varied. This results in a constant negative feedback which maintains the distortion and hum figures at constant low levels. In addition, the damping-factor control system should not be frequency-discriminating. Frequency discrimination will affect sensitivity more at some frequencies than at others and produce an undesirable tone-control action in the system. An effect which might be noticed NEVER THOUGHT WE COULD GET PICTURES WITH SO MUCH PUNCH 'TIL WE HAD THOSE SPRAGUE CAPACITORS PUT IN. Don't Be Vague...Insist on SPRAGUE Accept no substitutes. There is a Sprague Distributor in every sales area in the United States. Write for the name of your nearest source of supply today. Trademark Insist on Sprague CERAMICS Tiny, tough, dependable...in every application...whether discs, plates, buttons, or door knobs. And there's a Sprague ceramic capacitor to meet every service need. You give your customers dependability; serve and guard yourself against costly call-backs, when you use only Sprague Ceramic capacitors. Insist on Sprague TWIST-LOK® 'LYTICS Sprague TVL's fill the top performance bill in the toughest TV circuits. High temperatures, surge voltages, ripple currents won't faze them. Like all Sprague capacitors, Twist-Lok 'Lytics are your first line of defense against expensive call-backs. Insist on Sprague BLACK BEAUTY® TELECAPS® The most imitated capacitor Sprague ever introduced. But you get Sprague performance only when you insist on Sprague Telecaps. Hundreds of millions sold in use today as first choice of quality-conscious manufacturers and servicemen. It's the premium molded tubular at no extra cost. Get your copy of Sprague's latest radio and TV service catalog C-610. Write Sprague Products Company®, 81 Marshall St., North Adams, Mass. Distributors' Division of Sprague Electric Company WORLD'S LARGEST CAPACITOR MANUFACTURER JANUARY, 1955 NOW better performance than ever ANOTHER TURNER MICROPHONE VALUE TURNER MODEL 80 CRYSTAL—The level is now only -54db. A further improvement in this always outstanding performer. The Turner 80 is a powerful miniature crystal mike so tiny you can hide it in the palm of your hand. A really big performer within its frequency range. TURNER MODEL 80 SPECIFICATIONS Response: 80—7,000 c.p.s. Level: -54 db. Case: die-cast zinc alloy. Satin chrome finish. Crystal: bimorph moisture sealed. Blast and mechanical shock proofed. Cable: 7 ft. attached single conductor, shielded. LIST PRICE: $15.95 Matching C-4 stand as shown here $5.75 THE TURNER COMPANY 933 17th St., NE, Cedar Rapids, Ia. Canada: Canadian Marconi Co., Toronto, Ont., & Branches Export: Ad. Auriana, Inc., 89 Broad St., New York 4, N.Y. Franklin Announces New VACUUM TUBE VOLTMETER KIT Engineered by Electronic Craftsmen with over 30 Years Experience Model FV-1 $24.30 Quality parts—Finest on the market. ship. wt. Recessed handle — Sinks into case to permit stacking. Large 4½" meter—Easier to read than others. Etched panel—Smooth etched rubproof panel keeps wording legible. Low price — In spite of better grade parts. Model FV-1 sells for bargain price. Equal to, or better than competitive makes! Fast measurements with greater accuracy on 1½ volt low scale give more than 2½-inch scale length per volt. AC-DC ranges 0-1.5-5-15-50-150-500-1500 volts (1000 volt max. on AC). Ohm meter range from X1 to X100K and X1 meg. Measures 1 ohm to 1000 megohms. Many other features. Kit includes tubes, assembly material, test leads, manual for assembly. (Wired—$15.50) MAIL ORDER for MODEL FV-1 TODAY! FRANKLIN ELECTRONICS Free Bulletin! King St., Franklin Park, Ill. Enclosed find □ check, □ money order. □ Ship C.O.D. C.O.D. postage. Money back guarantee. Name ____________________________________________ Address __________________________________________ City Zone State ____________________________________ PUT THE HIGH IN HIGH FIDELITY! Whether you specialize in high fidelity service, custom building or simply want to build a top-notch outfit for yourself, this big 512-page book will guide you every step of the way. Helps you get better results at less cost. Shows what to do and what mistakes to avoid. Gives you a full understanding of the many different methods, circuits, designs, equipment, components and other subjects that are discussed whenever hi-fi fans get together. High Fidelity Techniques by John H. Newitt The book that says goodbye to guesswork in choosing, building and servicing hi-fi equipment. 512 pages 203 pictures Price $7.50 A COMPLETE GUIDE Written by one of the nation's leading experts, High Fidelity Techniques is completely up-to-date and easy to understand. From beginning to end, it is chock full of ready-to-adopt tips, service hints, outstanding ideas and data, charts and diagrams of the most helpful sort. 10-DAY FREE EXAMINATION! Dept. RE-15, RINEHART & CO., INC. 233 Madison Ave., New York 16, N.Y. Send HIGH FIDELITY TECHNIQUES for 10-day FREE EXAMINATION. If I like book, I will then promptly send $7.50 (plus a few cents postage) and keep it. Otherwise I will return book postpaid and owe you nothing! Name ____________________________________________ Address __________________________________________ City Zone State ____________________________________ OUTSIDE U.S.A.—Price $8.00 cash with order only. Money back if book is returned in 10 days. AUDIO—HIGH FIDELITY in a nonfrequency-discriminating system is that of high-frequency accentuation at low damping-factor values where a single wide-range speaker is used. This high-frequency boost is caused by the speaker inductive reactance becoming appreciable and affecting the gain of the amplifier at high frequencies. The effect is not present in multiple-speaker systems since the reproducing components are designed to present the nominal impedance over their working range of frequencies and are then cut off by the crossover network above their range. However, in a single-speaker system, the several decibels of treble boost are not serious and probably complement the high-end speaker roll-off due to the single-cone operation. In any event, if desired, the treble control can nullify this effect. Amplifier design With the requirements mentioned, we can proceed to design the output circuit of the amplifier, remembering the criterion that negative voltage feedback lowers the internal resistance while negative current feedback raises the resistance. We will probably want to settle on some minimum value of negative feedback to take care of the frequency response, distortion and hum. This usually falls between 15 and 20 db of loop feedback. It may turn out that we will need more than this minimum value, depending on the circuit and particular constants used. The circuit is first considered without loop feedback so as to determine the starting-point damping factor. The equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2 applies to all types of circuits as long as $ r_p $ is considered the effective plate resistance and $ R_L $ the load impedance referred to the primary of the output transformer. For example, the damping factor for push-pull 6V6's pentode-connected, with $ r_p = 64,000 $ ohms and $ R_L = 8,000 $ ohms, is \[ DF = \frac{8,000}{64,000} = 0.125 \] without loop feedback. To obtain the high damping factor of 10, negative voltage feedback is used around the loop until that value is obtained, say 18 db. Then if 9-db of negative current feedback is added while 9 db of negative voltage feedback is removed, the total negative feedback remains at 18 db; but the damping factor is now 0.125 as with no feedback. However, the sensitivity, frequency response, distortion and hum remain constant. This amplifier covers approximately the desired range of damping factors while the set requirements are maintained. The design procedure is applicable to all types of amplifiers, the only difference being in the initial value of damping factor with no loop feedback. The value of $ r_p $ will vary greatly with the type of circuit. A cathode-follower output stage results in a very low value of $ r_p $, approximately equal to the reciprocal of the transconductance. Generally, penAUDIO—HIGH FIDELITY todes in push-pull have high values. Triodes fall in between pentodes and cathode followers. The ultra-linear circuit is a combination midway between pentode and triode operation. The Electro-Voice Wiggin's Circotron circuit using two 6V6's in a bridge arrangement results in $r_p$ equal to 2,000 ohms and $R_L$ equal also to 2,000 ohms. Under these conditions, no loop feedback or equal voltage and current feedback results in a damping factor of 1. Overall negative voltage feedback increases the damping factor to values greater than 1, and over-all negative current feedback to values less than 1. Fig. 3 shows an arrangement in which the current and voltage feedback can be varied in any amount while the total feedback remains a constant. Resistor $R_v$ permits maximum desired current feedback when it is fully in the circuit. The value of $R_v$ is such that the total required voltage feedback is obtained when the slider of $R_v$ is at the cathode position. The ratio of $R_v$ to $R_s$ is chosen so that the voltage feedback is equal in value to the maximum current feedback when the movable arm of $R_v$ is at the $R_s$ end. The two potentiometers are ganged in such a way that an increase in voltage feedback causes a decrease in current feedback. Determination of CDF With the Fig. 3 circuit arrangement it is possible to obtain various damping factors by the turn of a knob. It is now necessary only to determine the CDF of the speaker to be used and then adjust the amplifier damping factor to that value. The Electro-Voice line of high-fidelity speakers includes the CDF value in their specifications. For those who would like to determine the CDF of their present speaker system, the equipment needed includes an oscilloscope, a calibrated variable resistance of about 50 ohms maximum, a flashlight battery, a momentary pushbutton switch, a 0.5-$\mu$F capacitor, a type 1N34 germanium diode and a 100,000-ohm resistor. The components are arranged as in Fig. 4. Carefully observe the polarity of the flashlight cell and the 1N34. Mount the speaker under test in its permanent enclosure since the baffle has some influence on the CDF value. The amount of coupling between speaker cone and enclosure is not very great. The cabinet resonances will not be appreciably affected by changing damping on the speaker, but the enclosure does contribute to the effective mass and stiffness of the speaker, which directly affects the value of CDF. The circuit of Fig. 4 operates as follows. When the switch is closed, the speaker cone is displaced due to the current flowing through the voice coil. The switch is then opened and the cone returns to rest position. The voltage it generates in so doing is observed on the oscilloscope. The external resistance shunting the speaker is ad- Smart Servicemen Are Modernizing Current TV Sets And... Making dollars By Using Conversion Chassis CC-1 And... ...The Only Truly Universal Plug-In Replacement Rectifier That Can Also Be Bolted And Soldered PATENT APPLIED FOR Get a copy of the latest Selenium Rectifier Replacement Guide from your distributor Starkes Tarzian RECTIFIER DIVISION 415 N. COLLEGE, DEPT. RE-I, BLOOMINGTON, IND. In Canada: 700 Weston Rd., Toronto 9, Tel. Murray 7535 Export: Ad. Auriema, Inc., New York City A Word Of Caution! Because there are numerous imitations, similar in appearance to the popular Wall-Thru, the TV Installer is cautioned to ask for the Original MOSLEY Wall-Thru — by name! For Quality, Value, Practical Design — insist upon the MOSLEY Wall-Thru . . . Another PREMIUM QUALITY MOSLEY Accessory for Better, More Profitable TV Installations! NEW! completely assembled 6 and 12 VOLT DC POWER SUPPLY Model D-612 ONLY $39.95 at a comparable KIT PRICE 0 to 8, 0 to 16v. completely variable; 0 to 10 amps. at 12v. continuous. Operates all auto radios. For relays, low voltage devices, battery charging, etc. Less than 5% ripple over rated ranges. Withstands high voltages. MODEL "B" FILTERED DC POWER SUPPLY For testing, servicing, operating low power 2-way mobile auto radios. Model "B" delivers 6v. at 20 amps. 2 Model "B"s in parallel deliver 6v. at 40 amps. $49.80 MODEL "S" Converts Battery Radios to AC ALL-Electric Assures ham-free reception from any 1½v., 4v., or 6v. battery radio under 115-volt, 50-60 cycle source. Fits battery space. Guaranteed three years. $11.10 See Your Parts Distributor or Write for Bulletin ELECTRO PRODUCTS LABORATORIES 4501-Ra N. Ravenswood Ave., Chicago 40, Ill. Canada: Atlas Radio Corp., Ltd., Toronto AUDIO—HIGH FIDELITY adjusted so that the scope trace indicates critical damping. This value of resistance is then equal to the necessary amplifier resistance to critically damp the cone. Thus the CDF is determined. The capacitor and 100,000-ohm resistor act as a filter to stabilize the scope trace when the switch is repeatedly opened and closed. If they weren't included, the trace would bob up and down on the screen, making observation almost impossible. This effect is due to the slow charge and discharge of the input capacitor of the oscilloscope. The 1N34 diode shorts out the positive voltage surge when the switch is closed so that only the motion of the cone on opening the switch is analyzed on the scope. In performing the test, start with the variable resistance high so the speaker is underdamped. Decrease resistance slowly until critical damping is obtained. In so doing, the point where the second and succeeding cycles just barely disappear is more easily seen. Approaching critical damping from the overdamped state is more difficult to observe. The switch should be continuously operated several times a second and the horizontal sweep adjusted to a low sweep rate. The curves in Fig. 5-a show the traces obtained for a speaker in an infinite baffle for the underdamped and critically damped states. Notice the absence of any second cycle when critically damped. In Fig. 5-b, the speaker was mounted in a very large bass-reflex box. Notice how the enclosure resonance remains even after the speaker is critically damped. In small bass-reflex enclosures, the resonant frequency of the port is close to the cone resonance and does not show distinctly on the curve. In this case, the patterns appear as in Fig. 5-a. The point of critical damping is reached when the second full cycle is just barely eliminated in all cases. The wave form for a slightly overdamped condition looks the same as that for the critical damping, the only difference being an amplitude decrease in the overdamped wave. Conclusion The CDF of any speaker can now be obtained and the amplifier matched to give optimum performance. Errors of ±50% in CDF do not appreciably change the performance of the speaker, so it is unnecessary to determine the needed amplifier resistance down to the last ohm. In fact, the point at which critical damping occurs will be rather broad when the above procedure is followed. However, great mismatch can result in a very appreciable loss of bass power—as much as eight or nine times. It is therefore worth the time and effort to determine the CDF and match the speaker-amplifier combination. You will have the satisfaction of knowing that the components are performing at their best and in this way providing more listening pleasure. END CREI prepares you quickly for success in The future is in your hands! The signs are plain as to the future of the trained men in the electronics industry. It is a tremendous industry, and—at the present time there are more jobs than there are trained men to fill them. But—when there’s a choice between a trained and untrained applicant, the trained man will get the job. Your biggest problem is to decide on—and begin the best possible training program. CREI Home Study . . . The Quick Way to Get There. Benefits Felt Right Away. Since 1927, CREI has given thousands of ambitious young men the technical knowledge that leads to more money and security. The time-tested CREI procedure can help you, too—if you really want to be helped. CREI lessons are prepared by experts in easy-to-understand form. There is a course of instruction geared to the field in which you want to specialize. You study at your convenience, at your rate of speed. Your CREI instructors guide you carefully through the material, and grade your written work personally (not by machine). Industry Recognizes CREI Training. CREI courses are prepared, and taught with an eye to the needs and demands of industry, so your CREI diploma can open many doors for you. Countless CREI graduates now enjoy important, good-paying positions with America’s most important companies. Many famous organizations have arranged CREI group training for their radio-electronics-television personnel. To name a few: All America Cables and Radio, Inc.; Canadian Aviation Electronics, Ltd.; Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; Columbia Broadcasting System; Canadian Marconi Company; Hoffman Radio Corporation; Machlett Laboratories; Glenn L. Martin Company; Magnavox Company; Pan American Airways, Atlantic Division; Radio Corporation of America, RCA Victor Division; Technical Appliance Corporation; Trans-Canada Air Lines; United Air Lines. Their choice for training of their own personnel is a good cue for your choice of a school. CREI also offers Resident Instruction at the same high technical level—day or night, in Washington, D. C. New classes start once a month. If this instruction meets your requirements, check the coupon for Residence School catalog. INFORMATION FOR VETERANS If you were discharged after June 27, 1950—let the new GI Bill of Rights help you obtain resident instruction. Check the coupon for full information. Get this fact-packed booklet today. It’s free. Called “Your Future in the New World of Electronics,” this free illustrated booklet gives you the latest picture of the growth and future of the gigantic electronics world. It includes a complete outline of the courses CREI offers (except Television and FM Servicing) together with all the facts you need to judge and compare. Take 2 minutes to send for this booklet right now. We’ll promptly send your copy. The rest—your future—is up to you. See Our Ad On The Next Page CAPITOL RADIO ENGINEERING INSTITUTE Accredited Technical Curricula • Founded in 1927 3224 16th Street, N.W. Washington 10, D. C. MAIL THIS POSTAGE-FREE POSTCARD TODAY CAPITOL RADIO ENGINEERING INSTITUTE Dept. 111-B, 3224 16th St., N.W., Washington 10, D. C. Please send me your course outline and FREE illustrated Booklet “Your Future in the New World of Electronics” . . . describing opportunities and CREI home study courses in Practical Electronics Engineering. CHECK [ ] Practical Radio Engineering [ ] Broadcast Radio Engineering (AM, FM, TV) FIELD OF [ ] Practical Television Engineering GREATEST [ ] Aeronautical Electronics Engineering INTEREST [ ] TV, FM & Advanced AM Servicing Name ____________________________________________________________ Street ____________________________________________________________ City ___________________________ Zone ______ State _______________ CHECK: [ ] Residence School [ ] Veteran To help us answer your request intelligently, please give the following information: EMPLOYED BY____________________________________________________ TYPE OF PRESENT WORK_______________________________ SCHOOL BACKGROUND___________________________________________ ELECTRONICS EXPERIENCE________________________________________ IN WHAT BRANCH OF ELECTRONICS MOST INTERESTED? ________________ The data that Launched Thousands of Careers is yours FREE to show HOW YOU CAN BE SUCCESSFUL IN RADIO-TV-ELECTRONICS Send for Your Booklet Today! You can plod along for years, getting a paltry increase now and then, enjoying little security, finding your work dull and drab. Then something happens. Things look up. You become more confident. Your earnings rise. You feel more important. "Luck," some may say. "Contacts," others may suggest. But in your heart, you will know the answer: "Training." And it all may have started the moment you filled out a coupon requesting a copy of a free booklet named "Your Future in the New World of Electronics." From this data you get knowledge of where you stand in Electronics. Tremendous expansion leaves this gigantic industry pleading for trained men. Top manufacturers sold billions of dollars worth of electronic merchandise in 1953. By 1960, the radio-electronics industry should do no less than 10 billion dollars per year, not counting military orders. Today there are over 97,000 radio-equipped police cars; an even larger number of taxis are radio equipped (at least 87,000); 32,000 civilian planes have radio; 35,000 American ships have radio. Today there are over 120,000,000 radios in use. There are 28,000,000 TV sets and 381 TV stations in operation. Color TV is coming into its own. Countless positions must be filled—in development, research, design, production, testing and inspection, manufacture, broadcasting, telecasting and servicing. To fill these posts, trained men are needed—men who somewhere along the line take time to improve their knowledge, their skills. Men who, today, perhaps, take two minutes to send for a booklet. "Your Future in the New World of Electronics" shows you how CREI Home Study leads the way to greater earnings through the inviting opportunities described above. However, CREI does not promise you a "snap." With an accredited technical school such as this, you must study to convert your ambition into technical knowledge you can sell in the fabulous Electronics market. Since its founding in 1927, CREI has provided thousands of professional radio men with technical educations. During World War II CREI trained thousands for the Armed Services. Leading firms choose CREI courses for group training in electronics, at company expense, among them United Air Lines, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Trans-Canada Airlines, Sears, Roebuck and Co., Bendix Products Division, All-American Cables and Radio, Inc., and RCA Victor Division. CREI courses are prepared by recognized experts, in a practical, easily understood manner. You get the benefit of time-tested materials, under the personal supervision of a CREI Staff Instructor, who knows and teaches you what industry wants. This is accomplished on your own time, during hours selected by you, and controlled by your own will power. This complete training is the reason that graduates find their CREI diplomas keys-to-success in Radio, TV and Electronics. CREI alumni hold top positions in America's leading firms. At your service is the CREI Placement Bureau, which finds positions for advanced students and graduates. Although CREI does not guarantee jobs, requests for personnel far exceed current supply. Now is the time of decision for you. Luck will not propel you forward unless it finds you trained. Contacts won't budge you an inch unless you have the skill to back them up. The answer is: Technical Training...and willingness to learn. Together they will bring you increased earnings in this new Age the Electronics. Fill out the postage-free reply card and mail it now. We'll promptly send you your free copy of "Your Future in the New World of Electronics." The rest—your future—is up to you. MAIL THIS POSTAGE-FREE POSTCARD TODAY THE servicing of high-fidelity tuners differs very little from the servicing of ordinary radio and TV receivers. Two factors, however, demand special consideration and care—noise and distortion. Distortion in both AM and FM tuners must be kept to a minimum. The better the high-fidelity amplifiers and speakers following the tuners, the more audible and annoying the distortion. Indeed, in the best systems, the total distortion at the output is likely to consist very largely of the distortion present in the output of the tuner. Almost all radio programs are heavily limited. And while limiting amplifiers are much better today than formerly, heavy limiting is usually obtained at the price of some distortion. Moreover, though the signal radiated by most stations may meet FCC standards as to distortion as transmitted, it will considerably exceed FCC standards as received because the high average modulation level drives the detectors into the high-distortion region of their operating curves. This will produce at least 1½ harmonic distortion (or about 4% IM) on even the best programs from the best stations on the best tuners. Clearly then, it is highly essential to minimize the distortion produced by the tuner as completely as possible. In AM tuners distortion is largely caused by the detector. Most tuners use diode detectors. To hold down the distortion the diode load is kept very high either by using grid-leak biasing (Fig. 1) in the following audio stage or by using a cathode follower after the diode (Fig. 2). In the first case, the diode load looks into a grid resistor of 3 to 10 megohms; in the second case, the grid resistor may be 1 megohm or less but the effective input resistance is multiplied up to 10 times by the current feedback of the follower. In either case, the diode should be capable of handling high modulation percentages with acceptably low distortion. If the distortion is high, check the diode detector and its associated amplifier. There is a simple check for diode loading. Feed an audio signal into the end of the diode load which goes to the following stage. Measure the output of the following audio amplifier as you sweep the signal from 200 to 2 cycles. If the input resistance of the audio stage is as high as it should be to maintain a high diode load (and keep distortion low), the response at very low frequencies should be very flat—even if the coupling capacitor is small. You should get not more than a 3-db drop at 20 cycles with any coupling capacitor larger than .001 μF if the following stage uses either a 10-megohm grid resistor or is a cathode follower. In fact, in a hi-fi tuner the response should be within 1 db. If the drop is greater than this, it is a pretty safe assumption that the diode will be too heavily loaded to keep distortion down to a safe minimum. This may be the fault of the design; if so, there is nothing you can do about it short of redesigning the audio end of the tuner. But if the audio stage is either grid-leak biased or uses a cathode follower, it is more likely to be a tube or component fault. The low-frequency response could be improved by increasing the size of the coupling capacitor but this will not help the loading; indeed it will load the diode more heavily at very low frequencies. A few AM tuners use the infinite-impedance or cathode-follower detector (Fig. 3). This detector is capable of handling high percentages of modulation with low distortion. For lowest distortion the cathode load is sometimes critical. If such a receiver develops high distortion, check the values of the cathode resistor (or resistors) and the r.f. bypass capacitor for leakage or shorts. Distortion in FM tuners* Excessive distortion in FM tuners is principally the result of misalignment of the i.f. amplifier and detector. For lowest distortion the i.f. bandwidth should be not less than 150 kc at the −6-db point and preferably from 180 to 240 kc. The curve should also be as symmetrical as possible. The discriminator curve should be very straight and the straight portion should be at least 200 and preferably 240 kc long. Therefore, when lowest distortion is called for, careful alignment with a scope, sweep generator and accurate markers is absolutely essential. Regeneration can produce serious distortion in FM tuners. It always shows itself as a badly shaped trace on the AUDIO—HIGH FIDELITY scope in visual alignment. If extreme peaking of coils misshapes the curve, look for regeneration. Cure it if you can; if you cannot, back off the trimmer on the offending stage to produce the most symmetrical and smoothest curve possible. A most annoying type of distortion can occur in FM tuners on remote or weak signals when the signal arrives by multiple paths, producing phase distortion which is reduced not much, if any, by the limiters. This type of distortion must be treated the same way as multiple-path ghosts in TV—by using a directional antenna and orienting it to eliminate all but one receiving path. Excessive limiting at the broadcast station can produce similar phase distortion which also is reduced not much, if any, by the limiters. The audible effects of these two types of phase distortion fall into the 10,000- to 15,000-cycle range principally and can be very annoying. Nothing, of course, can be done if the distortion is in the signal itself. However, antenna orientation will tell you whether it is due to multiple-path reception or to limiting. Another problem sometimes arises when extremely sensitive tuners are used on strong local stations—distortion may be produced by overdriving one or more stages, especially the converter. Theoretically, an overdriven i.f. or r.f. stage should become a sort of limiter and the distortion produced should be minimized by the limiting action. However, some of the distortion is phase or FM distortion and is not affected by the limiting action. This type of distortion can be diagnosed by reducing the input either with an attenuator pad or by using a very poor antenna—a 4- or 5-foot length of wire perhaps. Another possible cause of increased distortion may be found in the de-emphasis network following the detector. Under present standards FM broadcasting calls for a treble boost of 13.7 db at 10,000 cycles achieved by a 75-microsecond network. The receiver should have a complementary de-emphasis network of 75 microseconds or a slope of 13.7 db at 10,000 cycles. The pre-emphasis in the station has a tendency to accentuate distortion as well as treble tone. If the receiver does not provide complete or accurate de-emphasis, the result is higher audible distortion, as well as a shrill treble. Unfortunately, some tuners do not provide complete de-emphasis and others actually produce a treble boost of up to 10 db at 10,000 cycles, with a corresponding increase in audible distortion. Sometimes, too, a failure of components may shift the de-emphasis slope. Fig. 4 shows typical de-emphasis networks for the Foster-Seeley circuit $a$ and the ratio detector $b$. The network consists of a series resistor and a shunt capacitor. Individual values are not important and may vary. The important thing is that the time constant should be 75 microseconds. There is some range of tolerance and in practice a product of between 60 and 85 microseconds may be acceptable; the lower value produces a boost of about 2 db at 10,000 cycles, and the latter a slope of about the same value. You can also check the slope with an audio generator and meter. Apply the generator output to point X and measure the tuner output. Check the difference in reading between 1,000 and 10,000 cycles. It should be between 13 and 14 db down at 10,000 cycles. If the distortion seems high on all stations and the treble is also shrill, check the de-emphasis in the same manner. The resistor may be off-value or the capacitor open or leaky. If the time constant is not close to 75 microseconds, the simplest correction can be obtained by replacing the resistor with one whose resistance yields the required time constant (or produces the 14-db slope at 10 kc) with the capacitor already in the circuit. The series resistance produces a loss of gain and should not be too high; values up to 150,000 ohms will usually be all right if the following grid resistor is 500,000 ohms or larger. The technician should be careful not to blame signal distortion on the receiver. Record programs are especially likely to contain considerable distortion because of improper or careless equalization of the pickup, a worn needle or records which have been played too long and improperly stored. Before you tear up a tuner be sure the distortion is not in the signal. Tuner distortion will be fairly constant from station to station and with live or recorded material; signal distortion will vary from station to station and record to record. Receiver noise Aside from hum, a familiar problem to the service technician, the noises in hi-fi tuners take the form of inter-channel interference on AM and incomplete noise suppression on FM. High-fidelity reception of AM stations faces a difficult obstacle. For good treble response the bandwidth should be wide. Unfortunately, a wide bandwidth increases the interference from adjacent-channel stations. The problem is more serious in high fidelity because if the following amplifier and speakers have a flat response to 15 or 20 kc the interference is considerably more audible than in the ordinary radio. Designers try to minimize the problem by using a wide bandwidth in the i.f. section but following it with some sort of low-pass or band-rejection filter in the audio section to cut off the interfering noise. Another solution lies in making the bandwidth just narrow enough to attenuate the interference to a level low enough to minimize annoyance. When faced with this problem, see if the tuner uses a "whistle" filter. Such filters, whether of the low-pass or band-rejection type, can usually be easily recognized on a diagram or in circuit tracing: They require one or more inductances in the audio channel and often a complicated network of resistors and capacitors. They usually follow the detector and precede the first audio amplifier. The simplest way to test the operation of such a filter is to feed an audio signal ahead of the network and measure the output of the stage following the network or the tuner output. Sweep the signal from 5,000 to 15,000 cycles. You should get very severe attenuation (20 db or more) in the region between 7,500 and 11,000 cycles. If you do not, check the components of the network for opens, shorts and serious off-values. Careful alignment of the r.f. and i.f. channels is very important in hi-fi AM tuners, whether or not they use a whistle filter. Visual alignment is highly recommended. If the tuner uses a whistle filter, align the tuner for the flattest top on the response curve up to 10 kc on each side of center frequency. This will provide the flattest audio response. If the tuner has no whistle filter, careful alignment is even more important. Again visual alignment is very helpful, but in this case it pays to listen as well as look. Make the top of the response curve as flat as you can. But the sides should be as steep as possible and the attenuation at 10 kc each side of center should be at least 20 db. A combination of listening (for lowest interference when tuned to a station) and scope observation (for flattest top when using a sweep oscillator) should produce the best possible compromise. If your regular (not sweep) r.f. oscillator or generator permits the injection of an external a.f., an effective hi-fi alignment procedure is as follows: 1. Put the Clarkstan sweep-frequency record on a turntable. 2. Equalize it with the preamp to produce the flattest and straightest trace as observed on a scope. 3. Inject the equalized a.f. sweep into the signal generator and adjust gain for modulation of around 30%. 4. Inject modulated r.f. into the tuner. 5. Observe the trace at the output of tuner. 6. Align tuner to produce, first, as complete attenuation as possible at 10 kc; second, the flattest trace from 50 to 7,500 cycles. From ZERO to CAPACITY PRODUCTION IN THREE MONTHS! The same "advanced-engineering" that produced the CBS-Colortron and the Mirror-Back picture tube also engineered and built this modern CBS-Hytron plant at Kalamazoo, Michigan. The same drive typical of CBS-Hytron activity brought this complex industrial operation up to capacity production just three short months after first shipments began. For the ability to keep pace with your demands . . . for premium quality in TV picture tubes, look to the fastest-growing, most modern and forward-thinking company in the industry — CBS-Hytron. CBS-HYTRON Main Office: Danvers, Massachusetts A Division of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. A member of the CBS family: CBS Radio • CBS Television • Columbia Records • CBS Laboratories • CBS-Columbia • CBS International • and CBS-Hytron beyond a shadow of a doubt the most versatile 78 rpm crystal phono cartridge of them all! SHURE MODEL W78 THIS DUAL-WEIGHT, DUAL-VOLT PICKUP CARTRIDGE REPLACES 149 DIFFERENT MODELS OF 78-RPM CARTRIDGES! The W78 Dual-Weight, Dual-Volt Phono Cartridge replaces 149 different steel and aluminum case cartridges currently found in 78 rpm equipment! This versatility shows beyond a shadow of a doubt that the W78 is the most useful crystal phono cartridge ever designed for 78 rpm cartridge replacement business! Actual sales to servicemen prove that the versatile W78 cartridge is a replacement sensation—prove indeed that the W78 fills a great need—for here in one cartridge model is the answer to servicemen's inventory problems for 78 rpm cartridges! \| MODEL NO. \| TYPE \| LIST PRICE \| OUTPUT LEVEL \| MIN. NEEDLE FORCE \| RESPONSE TO \| NET WT. \| SHURE NEEDLE NO. \| \|-----------\|--------\|------------\|--------------\|-------------------\|-------------\|---------------\|------------------\| \| W78 \| Crystal\| $5.55 \| 4.0V or 2.0V \| 1 oz. \| 6,000 c.p.s.\| Dual Weight 25 grams or 12 grams \| None \| Dual-Weight Cartridge. Has weight slug secured by shrink-on band. With lead weight, net weight of cartridge is 25 grams. If 12 gram weight is desired, the shrink-on band can be cut off and the lead weight removed. In addition Model W78 has capacitor, furnished as accessory. Without capacitor output is 4.0 volts; with capacitor output is 2.0 volts. See your Shure Distributor or write the factory for Replacement Chart which lists the 149 crystal phono cartridges replaced by Model W78. SHURE The Mark of Quality SHURE BROTHERS, INC. • 225 WEST HURON STREET • CHICAGO 10, ILLINOIS AUDIO—HIGH FIDELITY Interchannel interference noise is often made worse by better-than-needed sensitivity. Try reducing antenna pickup by shortening the antenna or using merely the built-in antenna. FM Noise Noise in FM tuners is principally the result of incomplete limiting. It is well, however, to check the possibility that the noise is due to the audio end. This is especially so in tuners which also contain control units and preamps; the audio gain may be very high and any tube or resistor noise may be annoying. The check is very simple. If the tuner has an input selector switch, turn it from FM to another channel, preferably a high-level channel. If the noise is still there, the fault is in the audio end. Or you can remove the FM detector tube. If the noise continues, it is in the audio end; if it is greatly or entirely reduced, it is in the tuner portion. Incomplete quieting is almost always the result of insufficient sensitivity, although there is a possibility of trouble in the limiter stage or stages or the detector. If noise suppression is not complete even on the strongest stations, it is well to check the limiter and detector stages for faulty tubes or components. If replacements are necessary, be sure to use exactly the values specified. Limiters are designed with time constants which are very important; the constants can be maintained only by the original design values. Assuming that incomplete quieting has developed with time and is not the fault of design, the trouble can always be corrected by replacing tubes and realigning. In fringe areas, however, incomplete quieting may be the result of a combination of weak signals and poor receiver sensitivity. If restoring the tuner to peak sensitivity by changing tubes and realignment does not produce complete quieting, things still may not be entirely hopeless. Provide the tuner with a greater input signal. This can be achieved by using an antenna of higher gain and matching it and its lead-in to the receiver to produce maximum signal transfer. The techniques are the same as those used in improving TV reception. If the noise occurs on only one favored station, it may be eliminated by re-orienting the antenna. A booster may solve the problem also. It is hard to tell without actually trying a booster whether the improvement will be sufficient. But there is a useful rule of thumb: If the desired station signal is fairly uniform and constant but quieting not complete, the chances are 10 to 1 that the booster will do the job. However, if the station can be received only occasionally and is deep in the noise most of the time, the chances for improvement are poorer. If the receiver has a sensitivity of 5 microvolts or better, the chances of improvement are very small; but if the receiver sensitivity is less than 5 microvolts, the chances are good. TO BE CONTINUED WAS not surprised to ascertain from my tests that the new Ampex 600 tape recorder not only meets the specifications claimed for it (see the table), but thoroughly lives up to the enviably high standards set by its older and bigger brothers in performance, quality and workmanship. I was surprised, however, to find that despite its smallness and simplicity, the 600 is extremely versatile, easy to use and, above all, just about as foolproof as a tape recorder could be. The 600 is a single-speed job (7½ inches per second) and comes with single-track heads. The claimed response is attainable at a level 20 db below 0 VU. At higher levels the response slopes more severely in the treble because of tape saturation. This is true of all low-speed recorders because of the great amount of treble boost necessary to compensate for the low speed and tape characteristics. Fig. 1 shows the response curves I obtained at several levels with good, but not top quality, tape. At the −20-db level the high-frequency response is within 1 db to 12 kc and down only 4 db at 15 kc—also only 12 db down at 17.5 kc. There is a 3-db bass boost between 50 and 1,000 cycles, and a mere 2-db slope below 50 cycles all the way to 20 cycles. At the −10-db level (which would represent average musical peaks) the high-frequency response is down only 2 db at 10 kc, 6 db at 12 kc and 20 db at 15 kc while the bass is within ±2 db all the way down to 20 cycles. At the 0-db level, which represents maximum peaks, the bass is flat to 50 cycles and slopes to −4 db at 20 cycles; the treble TABLE I. AMPLEX 600 SPECIFICATIONS \| Specification \| Details \| \|-------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| Tape Speed \| 7½ inches per second \| \| Frequency Response \| 20 to 15,000 cycles per second; 2 db 50 to 10,000 c.p.s.; down no more than 4 db at 15,000 c.p.s. \| \| Signal-to-Noise Ratio \| Over 55 db below peak recording level at 3% total harmonic distortion. \| \| Flutter and Wow \| Under 0.25%. \| \| Playing Time \| 32 minutes with 7-inch, 1,200-foot reel. \| \| Rewind Time \| 90 seconds for full 1,200-foot reel. \| \| Playback Timing Accuracy \| ± 3.6 seconds in a 30-minute recording. \| \| Record Inputs \| Microphone: any high-impedance microphone. (Low-Impedance Conversion Kit, Catalog No. 9359 available at extra cost.) Line input: 1.2 volts for program level. \| \| Playback Output Power \| 1.2 volts into 10,000-ohm load at program level. \| \| Requirements \| 117 volts, 60 cycles; 0.52 ampere, 61 watts. \| \| Dimensions (Inches) \| Transport top area: 9 5/16 x 12½; electronic top area: 6¼ x 12½; depth below top plate: 5; height above top plate: 1½. \| \| Weight \| Less than 28 pounds, in portable carrying case. \| Fig. 1.—Response curves of Ampex 600. AUDIO—HIGH FIDELITY amplitude of frequencies above 5,000 cycles is a good 20 db down from that of the region between 70 and 1,000 cycles in which the peak powers of music occur. Incidentally, the response is just as flat and free of peaks or dips as the curves; continuous sweeps revealed no departure from the smoothness of the spot frequency curves. The specified noise level applies to the line-input channel and my measurements confirmed it. The listening quality of the recordings is superb. There was a scarcely perceptible difference between the sound of the tapes dubbed from such demanding records as the Spectrutone Musical Gadgetry and Cook Fiesta Flamencu and the original records themselves when a Ferranti pickup was used. This difference could be eliminated by some judicious treble boosting of the playback amplifier. There was no difference when the G-E pickup was used. Two input channels are provided, one for high-impedance mike and one for a line. The two channels can be mixed with individual volume controls, without switching. Either the input to the recording head or the output of the recorded tape itself can be monitored both with headsets (or amplifier) or with a meter. A monitor switch permits instant comparison of the input with the tape output while recording. It is even possible to produce an "echo chamber" effect when using the mike à la Les Paul by the simple expedient of feeding back a portion of the recorded output to the line input. The only equipment needed is a short length of cable with a phone plug at one end and a phono plug at the other. The 600 can very conveniently be tied into any hi-fi system so that off-the-air or off-the-record recordings can be made at a moment's notice. The assembly could be removed from the case and mounted in a cabinet, or vice versa, in not much over 10 minutes so the recorder could be used for both studio and portable use. The extremely simple mechanical section is of superb quality. A single synchronous motor is used very effectively. Editing is very rapid and simple, although for such fine touches as eliminating a final "g" from a word, the fact that the tape rides rather deep in the head assembly makes it rather difficult to mark precisely. Routine maintenance is reduced to a minimum; periodic cleaning of heads and idler and lubrication every 500 hours covers it. The service manual (available for $1.75 extra) is very complete and specific. The electronic portion, the diagram of which is printed in the Operator's Guide supplied with the equipment, is quite elaborate despite the small size. Here there are precise adjustments for all necessary factors—recording and playback equalization, recording, playback and monitoring level, biasing, noise balancing, etc. All these adjustments are through controls on the chassis—well out of sight and removed... Not a single channel antenna! Not another all-channel antenna! A radically new—radically different, original Winegard design idea . . . that for the first time permits channel peaking on any combination of channels you can think of. This means—it is now possible for you to have an antenna that is actually tailored to your area—that will deliver peak gain on the channels you are able to receive in your area. But! A brand new type of antenna...an antenna that gives you...for the first time...peaked performance on the stations in your area! It's the New WINEGARD Combo WHAT IS THE COMBINATION NEEDED IN YOUR AREA? \| CODE LETTER \| CHANNEL \| CODE NO. \| CHANNEL \| \|-------------\|---------\|----------\|---------\| \| A \| 2 \| 1 \| 7 \| \| B \| 3 \| 2 \| 8 \| \| C \| 4 \| 3 \| 9 \| \| D \| 5 \| 4 \| 10 \| \| E \| 6 \| 5 \| 11 \| \| \| 6 \| \| 12 \| \| \| 7 \| \| 13 \| PATENT PENDING Only the Combo gives you such extreme flexibility— Can be used as a single channel antenna. Can be used as an all-channel antenna. Can be used as a combination yagi peaked to the channels in your area. Can be used as a stacked array (stacking bars available for stacking 2 and 4 bays.) Can be used as a large screen array ("full size" reflector screens available for such use.) Features— Peaked to the channels in your area. Electro-lens Focusing. Light—compact—low wind resistance. Adaptable to any reception requirement—from close in to the most distant fringe areas. Quality—all weather construction—to withstand high winds and ice loading. Note: Due to limited space on this page, it is not possible to explain in great detail all the technical operating details, applications, etc. . . . of this amazing new antenna. So, for those who want all the facts, see your nearest jobber . . . or write directly to the Winegard factory. (P.S. Send us the combination of channels that you receive in your area.) See your jobber or write us for additional information about the Combo WINEGARD COMPANY 3000 SCOTTON BOULEVARD, BURLINGTON, IOWA Winegard—America's most wanted line of TV antennas—designed to make installations quicker—easier—and more profitable AUDIO—HIGH FIDELITY from any possibility of accidental disturbance. In short, the Ampex 600 can not only stand up with the very finest and most expensive studio type recorders as to high-fidelity quality but is capable of fine results even in unskilled hands. The Karlson enclosure The biggest and toughest obstacle to complete fidelity in most hi-fi systems is the inability of the speaker system to reproduce the lowest octave and a half—from 16 to 40 cycles—of the musical spectrum. Many expedients—some quite heroic—have been worked out for extending speaker response downward to include this last octave. Lately we have had many efforts to do the job with relatively small enclosures. A novel and successful one is the Karlson which, though only 34 x 24 x 15 inches in outside dimensions, claims and (to cut the suspense) can in fact deliver a response down to 16 cycles with a suitable loudspeaker. The Karlson could be called a wide-band resonator. It employs an air column as a resonant element. Air columns, however, though very efficient (as the pipes of a pipe organ can prove) have some bothersome properties. They are resonant when their length equals a quarter wavelength, but at higher frequencies they behave in a way very comparable to the behavior of a transmission line—or particularly a stub. Thus a column open at one end produces a strong fundamental and odd harmonics; but the reflection from the open end at frequencies for which the column is a half wavelength, or a multiple of a half-wave, is out of phase and results in cancellation—exactly as in a shorted stub. The over-all response curve is as in $a$ of Fig. 2. Mr. Karlson says that if the column is given a lip or slot at the open end, the peaks are broadened, as in $b$. If the slot is continued for more than two-thirds the column length and given an exponential shape, the result is a flat wideband response as in $c$. Readers who examine the Karlson enclosure will be hard pressed to see any resemblance to a column or pipe, and it is the harder to recognize since Mr. Karlson has also employed the Fig. 2.—Action of notched organ pipe. distance smashers! Telrex SUPER-PERFORMANCE 4-BAY "CONICAL-V-BEAMS" - THE FINEST FRINGE AREA ANTENNA EVER PRODUCED - UNEQUALLED FOR DISTANCES UP TO 200 MILES - "HURRICANE-BUILT" - WEIGHT APP. 16 LBS. The famous Telrex Model 8X-TV, undisputed distance champion for over 6 years. The accepted standard in fringe area installations...if the Model 8X-TV does not provide a usable signal, reception is either impossible or impractical. Built of weather-proven components throughout to withstand severest weather conditions. NEW VHF "KING PIN" BEST FOR B&W OR COLOR TV! The new Telrex "KING PIN"—utilizing the Patented "Conical-V-Beam" theory to perfection—provides excellent performance on both VHF and UHF. "Conical-V-Beam" dipoles afford best and most uniform match to 300 or 200 ohm line across entire band. Write for catalogs and prices today! TELREX HAS THE ANSWER TO ANTENNA PROBLEMS OVER 100 MODELS FOR EVERY TYPE INSTALLATION "CONICAL-V-BEAMS" are produced under U.S. Patent No. 23,346, Canadian Patent No. 500,436 and British Patent No. 691,485. Other patents pending. reflex principle to increase efficiency further. The result is an enclosure of quite complicated structure but one which does a spectacular job on the bass. I have had a Karlson on test for a couple of months and have tried it with speakers in just about every price range. Whether or not, as Karlson claims, it beats a 30-foot horn I could not determine, having no desire to build a 30-foot horn. But certainly it can put out an amazing bass, completely out of proportion to its size and far beyond the design capacity of the speaker used. The degree to which the last octave is covered will depend, of course, on the speaker—the lower its resonance, the flatter the response below 40 cycles. Every speaker seems to deliver from a half to a full octave more range than one would imagine from the speaker specifications. The RCA LC-1A and the older 515S2 both have resonance in free air of between 45 and 50 cycles. Both, in the Karlson enclosure, give a response down to 20 cycles which contains a large and dominant component of fundamental. In an infinite baffle both cut off severely below 30 cycles. Actually, what surprised me most was, not the performance with fine speakers, but what it did with inexpensive ones. For instance, I stuck a prewar Cinaudagraph of the PA type in it and the result was a startling bass. The medium-priced SL-12 (RCA) produced an exceptional over-all frequency response and a very smooth one. This suggests that those who can, or must, let their systems improve with time, might consider purchasing a Karlson enclosure in kit form for use initially with an inexpensive speaker. A fine characteristic, not shared by all speaker systems, is that it delivers excellent bass response at very low levels. Aside from the tremendous bass response, it has a very individual character easily and readily recognizable. First, the slot spreads the point source so that the orchestra fills the room more, so to speak, instead of seeming to be in the next room and audible through a small hole in the wall. This is all to the good. However, there is another effect which some will like more than others. It is what Mr. Karlson describes as "controlled ring time." Rather difficult to describe in words, it is definitely not cavity resonance nor really hangover. It might be called "built-in reverberation." In most rooms and to most ears, the result is a rather spectacularly improved feeling of presence. The speaker, not at all critical as to placement, can be put anywhere in a room. The bass response is not dependent on use in a corner. I suppose it could be put in a corner though I shudder to think what the resultant bass would do to the listener's ears. D-500 level indicator, test records Almost every audiophile who isn't a complete technical dub occasionally wants to measure the response of his PROGRESSIVE SPEAKER EXPANSION A new approach to personalized listening... by University A modest budget need no longer limit the quality and caliber of your hi-fi aspirations. University offers, for the first time in audio history, a tremendous selection of uniquely designed speaker and network components so brilliantly conceived and executed that it is now possible to design your loudspeaker system in successive, relative inexpensive stages . . . until what you have meets your listening requirements. Progressive Speaker Expansion by University makes it possible for you to buy a speaker today in terms of the system you want tomorrow! You are thus able to devote your present budget primarily in the initial selection of quality amplifying and program source equipment which cannot be economically altered or substituted at a later date. P-S-E makes your speaker choice an easy one. Depending upon your goal and space limitations, there are numerous University speaker systems that can be started at minimum cost with immediate listening satisfaction. start planning today... the University way! - Buy good amplifier and program source equipment which will do justice to your eventual University speaker system . . . and start with one of the versatile top quality speakers or combinations recommended in the P-S-E chart. - Build up to a deluxe speaker system with University components so designed that speaker and network can be easily integrated for better and better sound reproduction—without fear of obsolescence. - Own a P-S-E speaker system which meets hi-fi quality standards from the very beginning—and reach the highest standard of all—YOUR OWN. Do it with University P-S-E! Only University products can meet such flexibility of application and demanding performance requirements. University Loudspeakers, Inc. 80 SOUTH KENSICO AVENUE, WHITE PLAINS, NEW YORK For the complete illustrated Progressive Speaker Expansion charts, write Desk No. 41, University Loudspeakers Inc., White Plains, New York. Support the March of Dimes We're Proud! to have been closely associated with the TELEVISION & RADIO INDUSTRY... during the past 9 years and have benefited at its spectacular progress In the future as in the past we will continue to serve the Television Men and the Electronic Industry with the same high quality merchandise and equipment. As an added service we will send you free our monthly publication "The Almo Broadcast." Almo RADIO CO. 509 Arch St. Phila., Pa. BRANCH STORES Norristown, Pa., Camden, N. J., Atlantic City, N.J., Wilmington, Del., Salisbury, Md. ENJOY 3 COLOR TELEVISION FILTER SCREEN NOW Changes dull eye-straining black and white pictures into beautiful color tones. Seconds to attach. No tools needed. No batteries required. No wires. No mess. Order direct. Send $1 for screen size up to 16", $1.25 for 17" to 20", $1.50 for 21" to 24", $1.75 for 25" to 27". We pay postage except on C.O.D. orders. Satisfaction guaranteed. Inquiries from dealers also welcomed. Zingo Products, Johnstown 13, New York RADIO CONTROLLED Garage Door Operating Mechanism $24.50 Write for Information P. E. HAWKINS CO. 631 Prospect Kansas City 24, Mo. AUDIO—HIGH FIDELITY the material you need to check your phono system. For instance, if the response begins to fall off above 7,000 cycles, it's a pretty safe bet the needle is worn. Good recordings Fiesta Flamenco Cook 1027 Masterpieces from the Theatre New Orchestral Society of Boston Cook 2064 Organ in Symphony Hall Reginald Fort Cook 1055 These releases testify that the more the rest of the industry improves the more Cook seems to stay at the head of the parade. Fiesta Flamenco is a typical Cook release. The orchestra record is sound, the Spanish equivalent of a jazz jam session. From a hi-fi point of view it stands by itself and is one of the greatest recordings ever made by anyone. If it's transients you want—and everybody does to some degree—here is a treat. In fact it contains little but transients. Except for a guitar, an occasional burst of castanets and some sporadic singing, the music (and it is music) consists almost entirely of heel clicks and tape hand clapping and vocal ejaculations. I doubt that a TA set is faced with more extreme waveforms than some presented in this recording. Masterpieces of the Theatre, which includes an excerpt from Bizet's Carmen, Rossini's overture from La Gazza Ladra, Mendelssohn's Midsummer Night's Dream and von Weber's Euryanthe, is a horse of a different color. Most notable is the extreme dynamic range, the almost imperceptible traces of distortion in the attacks and the excellent definition even in the highest crescendos. Even in the biggest peaks—and some of them are in excess of 20 db above the average level—the separate instruments stand out clearly and distinctly, instead of merging into a vague boom or rumble. But this record has to be played loud—at least 500 milliwatts for the peaks, which, I assure you, is enough to bring the copiousness you live by your lonesome. At lower levels it falls nearly as flat as a record and storage egg. Organ in Symphony Hall is one of those rare records which tells you, not how good your system is, but how far short of perfection it still is. This is quite possibly the best recording of the pedal range of an organ and includes the whole bass spectrum down to and including 10 cycles. Americana for Solo Winds and String Orchestra Eastman Rochester Symphony, Howard Hanson conducting. Mercury MG 90063 The notable points about this record are: The music is pleasantly soothing, an excellent balm for nerves taunted by too much listening at high levels to the more modern symphonic and dissonant styles of modern sound demonstration records. It features the oboe, flute, clarinet, trumpet and English horn in solo works, reproducing them with great naturalness. In several passages the solo instrument plays against the heckling strings, offering an excellent opportunity to test system intermodulation—and your ear's ability to recognize it. Fully up to Mercury's recent high standards. Musical Gadgets Vol. 1 Spectritone AH-1002 If you remember those wonderful saloons and beer gardens of the pre-Prohibition days, this extraordinary recording will take you back so you can almost taste that great beer and smell the smoke from the pipes. If you can't remember but have wondered what stimulated people to cry into their beers before the juke box was invented, this will answer your question vividly. This disc records with remarkable fidelity some of the tremendously complicated mechanical music makers of the era before World War I, including several large saloon type music boxes, a variety of mechanical pianos and xylophones, and finally a hurdy-gurdy and a street piano and even a carousel band organ. Aside from its capacity for evoking nostalgia, this record offers some very interesting hi-fi material. The jacket says that microscopic inspection reveals that the record covers the range from 20-25,000 cycles. The complete fidelity with which, not only the music, but the various incidental noises are reproduced is indirect evidence of this. Simpson MODEL 260 MULTI-TESTER outsells all others combined! More technicians are using the Model 260 than any other high-sensitivity VOM. Over half a million Model 260's have been sold to date! 20,000 Ohms per volt. You'll find it wherever quick, accurate, electrical checks are needed. It's so handy, so dependable, so sensibly priced. Ask your jobber to show you the Simpson Model 260. Only $38.95, including Adjust-A-Vue Handle. Carrying cases from $6.75. world's most popular! MODEL 262 the new vom with a 7" meter 20,000 Ohms per volt DC, 5,000 Ohms per volt AC. 33 RANGES DC VOLTAGE: 0-1.6, 0-8, 0-40, 0-160, 0-400, 0-1600, 0-4000 volts (20,000 ohms per volt sensitivity) AC VOLTAGE: 0-3, 0-8, 0-40, 0-160, 0-800 volts (5,000 ohms per volt sensitivity) AF OUTPUT VOLTAGE: 0-3, 0-8, 0-40, 0-160 volts (0.1 microfarad internal series capacitor) VOLUME LEVEL IN DECIBELS: -12 to +45.5 DB in 4 ranges. Zero DB Power Level, .001 watt in 600 ohms. DC RESISTANCE: 0-500 ohms (4.5 ohms center), 0-5,000 ohms (45 ohms center), 0-50,000 ohms (450 ohms center), 0-500,000 ohms (4,500 ohms center); 0.5 megohm (450,000 ohms center); 0-50 megohms (450,000 ohms center) DC CURRENT: 0-80, 0-160 microamperes, 0-1.6, 0-16, 0-160 milliamperes, 0-1.6, 0-16 amperes (267 millivolts maximum drop) MODEL 262 complete with 2 test leads with removable alligator clips, 4,000 v. DC multiplier Dealer's Net Price, including Adjust-A-Vue Handle ...$59.50 Carrying Case ...$9.95 Accessory High Voltage Probe for 16,000 volts DC ...$11.50, 40,000 volts DC ...$12.50 SEE THEM AT YOUR JOBBER, OR WRITE... Simpson ELECTRIC COMPANY WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURER OF ELECTRONIC TEST EQUIPMENT 5203 W. Kinzie St., Chicago 44, Illinois, Phone: EStebrook 9-1121 In Canada: Bach-Simpson, Ltd., London, Ontario JANUARY, 1955 THE available variety of tone colors for both manuals of the Wurlitzer organ is obtained by mixing stops, since actually there are only two varieties of color, flute and trumpet. This scheme could be diagrammed only on a page at least several times the size of this, so only the upper manual is shown (Fig. 1). The upper manual is equivalent to the swell on a usual organ. The keys are shown in pictorial form, numbered from F18 to C61. C25 corresponds to middle C, 261.7 cycles. The reed chart above the upper-manual chart shows the 73 reeds and their notes, ranging from bass to treble. Let us see what happens when we play the upper manual with the SOFT FLUTE 8' stop pulled. Start by pressing middle C (key 25) and find it on the manual in Fig. 1. Note that a horizontal column of figures extends to the right from the SOFT FLUTE 8' marking on the chart. Follow the line of boxes upward from key 25 until it intersects the SOFT FLUTE 8' line; you will find a box with the number 25. This indicates that when C25 is pressed with the SOFT FLUTE 8' stop pulled, a pickup on reed No. 25 is energized. Next we must know which pickup on that reed is energized. Note that to the left of the SOFT FLUTE 8' marking is a square. According to the key at the bottom of the chart, all pickups for this stop are the soft flute pickups—tone screw immediately over the reed, with greater distance (and therefore less effect) than the other similar screw on the reed which is for normal flute tone. Thus, from Fig. 1 we know that under these circumstances we will get only a soft flute tone from the organ, at the pitch of middle C. Leaving the SOFT FLUTE 8' tab in the on position, we also pull the FRENCH HORN 8' tab. Again following the boxes up from key 25 to the FRENCH HORN 8' line, we find the number 25, indicating the same reed. But at the left of the FRENCH HORN 8' title is a triangle, which, after reference to the key at bottom, shows that a normal flute pickup screw has been energized. Now both screws on reed 25 are energized. Tone coloring We can make the tone quality more interesting by adding to the former two stops the one called TONE COLORING 2 3/4'. Following the boxes upward to the TONE COLORING 2 3/4' intersection, we find the number 44. Referring to the reed chart, we see that we have energized a normal flute pickup (triangle to left of TONE COLORING 2 3/4' designation) on the reed supplying a note G 1.5 octaves above our C25. This is approximately the third harmonic of our middle C (key 25). Let us add a fourth stop, TONE COLORING 1-3/5'. By the same process we find that we have added the normal flute pickup on reed 53, the E about 2.25 octaves above middle C, approximately... the fifth harmonic of middle C (key 25). Thus we can see that pulling TONE COLORING 2½' adds the third harmonic to any notes played at 8' pitch and pulling TONE COLORING 1-3/5' adds the fifth harmonic. This is carried on as far as possible until the TONE COLORING stops run out of reeds after which octaves are repeated, giving subthirds and subfifths. This scheme is simply a harmonic synthesis system somewhat similar in principle to the more complex Hammond system. The TONE COLORING stops which take care of only fifth and third harmonics are not the only parts of the harmonic synthesis system. The second harmonic, an octave above the 8' note, is handled by the ORCHESTRAL FLUTE 4' stop. When we play middle C with that stop pulled, we energize the flute pickup on reed 37, which is C an octave above middle C. The fourth harmonic is supplied by the PICCOLO 2' stop, which energizes reed 49, two octaves above middle C. Thus the system gives us control over the fundamental, second, third, fourth and fifth harmonics. There is also a BASS 16' stop which gives the subfundamental, one octave below the key struck. Naturally, these stops can be manipulated in many ways to give different tone colors. The upper manual also has two trumpet-tone stops which have no relation to the harmonic synthesis system, though they work the same way. The first is the TRUMPET 8' stop. Assuming we have struck middle C (key 25), with the TRUMPET 8' stop pulled, we find that we have energized a pickup on reed 25. From the semicircle opposite the stop name and the key below we see that it is the trumpet pickup—the strip of metal close to the end of the reed—which is energized. The second trumpet stop is the BASSOON 16', which energizes the trumpet pickup on the reed one octave below the key struck. Though the trumpet stops are not related to the harmonic synthesis scheme they can, of course, be added to any combination of flute stops to produce still more combinations. The lower manual operates in the same way, except that there is no fifth harmonic, but a sixth instead, plus an eighth. The lineup is as follows: Subfundamental—BASS 16' Fundamental—HORN 8' Second Harmonic—FLUTE 4' Third Harmonic—TONE COLORING 2½' Fourth Harmonic—PICCOLO 2' Fifth Harmonic—none Sixth Harmonic—TONE COLORING 1½' Eighth Harmonic—FIFE 1' In addition, the lower manual has a TENOR TRUMPET 8' which uses the trumpet pickups and an ACCOMPANIMENT 8' which uses the soft flute pickups. The keys of the lower manual energize many of the same pickups as those of the upper manual and do not add anything. Thus if key 25 on the upper manual is pushed with the TRUMPET 8' stop pulled, pushing key 25 on the lower manual with the TENOR TRUMPET 8' stop pulled will simply energize the same pickup, but will produce no additional sound. The pedals have no selection of stops, with a single tone quality obtained by making each one energize a separate pedal pickup screw on the lowest 13 reeds. An additional time-constant network is used at each pedal contact to make the pedal tones speak and decay more slowly than those of the manuals. Fig. 2 shows the connection board on the reed chamber to which all the keying leads go. This board, on its inner side, contains all the 165 printed-circuit time-constant filters. Each keyed pickup has 160 volts d.c. on it. The first eight notes of the trumpet pickups have only 50 volts, obtained by using special dropping resistors at the bass-end entrances of the corresponding stop rods. Fig. 3—The upper-manual key action. Loudspeaker is mounted beneath manuals. Fig. 4—Schematic of the vibrato circuit—less low-frequency oscillator. Fig. 5—Vibrato phase-shift oscillator. Primary control is the speed switch. You’ve made them the leader FOR 25 YEARS Ever since Mallory introduced the first commercial vibrators 25 years ago, they have consistently led the field. They have led... and are still leading... not only in quality but also in acceptance by service men and manufacturers alike. Service men prefer them. Surveys show that 5 out of 6 service men use Mallory vibrators for replacement work. Set manufacturers prefer them. More Mallory vibrators are used as original equipment than all other makes combined. Now better than ever. New standards of quiet operation are set by the latest Mallory vibrator. A floating mounting for the internal mechanism cushions out hum... makes these the quietest vibrators ever. See your distributor today. Ask him about the special Mallory Vibrator Deal—6 vibrators that cover 75% of your replacement jobs. And get a copy of the latest Mallory Vibrator Guide. ON AUTO RADIO JOBS BE SURE TO USE... MALLORY MIDGETROLS®—Simplified design cuts replacement time to minutes. Accurate tapers, noise-free operation, and excellent stability. Versatile line of single and dual types. MALLORY CAPACITORS — FP electrolytics... the only fabricated plate capacitors for replacement work... have long life expectancy. 85° C. Plascaps®, tubular plastic type, have permanent, moisture-proof terminal seals. CAPACITORS • CONTROLS • VIBRATORS • SWITCHES • RESISTORS RECTIFIERS • POWER SUPPLIES • FILTERS • MERCURY BATTERIES APPROVED PRECISION PRODUCTS P. R. MALLORY & CO., INC., INDIANAPOLIS 6, INDIANA Now! KAY-TOWNES brings you complete Protection from the Rear Plus Quick Rig! THE first SNAP-OUT ANTENNA WITH THE EXCLUSIVE DOUBLE LOCK FEATURE! Boom also folds to take less room in storage and for ease of installation. Sure-grip mast clamp holds in gale-force winds... will not slip or crush. Exclusive with KAY-TOWNES Elements will not droop sag or fold up on a Kay-Townes Antenna when they're nested and double locked in position to stay in position. New features that make the K-T "REAR-GUARD" America's most advanced TV Antenna! ★ Completely Preassembled, it's mechanically safe! ★ It snaps in place to stay in place! Elements are double locked in position! A K-T Exclusive! ★ No bolts or nuts to tighten on elements! Front to back ratio is better than 25/1 forward lobe 30° or better standing wave ratio 1.2:1 average. For Quality... Manufactured and distributed in Canada by Delhi Metal Products, Ltd. Delhi, Ontario Patents applied for RADIATION CURVE REPRESENTING ALL VHF CHANNELS Over 20 to 1 ratio on ALL Channels COPYRIGHT 1953 THE ANTENNA DESIGNED TO REJECT UNWANTED SIGNALS FROM REAR AND SIDES! In areas where many local stations or stations from near-by cities interfere with reception, ordinary antennas cannot filter out unwanted signals from sides and rear ... BUT the KAY-TOWNES REAR-GUARD, with a front to back ratio far in excess of 20 to 1, is designed for this particular job ... to give quality reception even in problem areas. Add to the REAR-GUARD'S pin point selectivity such exclusive K-T features as double locked and nested elements that cannot droop or sag, Sure-Grip Mast Clamp that holds in gale-force winds without slipping or crushing, extra rigid construction and wood dewel pins and crimped ends that relieve metal fatigue due to vibration ... they all add up to America's most wanted TV Antenna. ... for Performance look to KAY-TOWNES! The First Name in TV Antennas KAY-TOWNES ANTENNA COMPANY BOX 593B, ROME, GEORGIA Use the K-T Line of television accessories The new TV DOCTOR was written expressly for the novice by H. G. Cisin, noted TV educator and author. Mr. Cisin has trained thousands of TV technicians, many of them now holding high-ranking positions in television. His years of experience are embodied in this valuable book. TV DOCTOR contains just the info novices need to become TV servicing. No theory, math or complicated formulas or electrical information. Copyrighted Trouble Shooting Guide pinpoints maladies of TV troubles enabling you to diagnose faults without previous experience. It also applies to all TV sets, old and new. Special chapters on "Omnibus" TV, color TV, TV repair, TV sets, tuners, antennas, lead-ins, interference, safety suggestions, how to read schematic diagrams. Practical hints for TV servicing. Postpaid $1 ABC OF COLOR TV LEARN COLOR TV THIS EASY WAY! Just off the Press! H. G. Cisin's remarkable book takes the mystery out of Color TV. The author explains and explains this fascinating new TV development in a simple, down-to-earth manner. It actually translates the highly technical concepts of the research scientists into plain everyday language. Covers basic color principles, colorizing color pictures, the color signal, color TV reception, plus practical pointers on color TV servicing. The info TV servicemen must have to cash in on this rapidly expanding new field. Postpaid $1 FAMOUS "TV CONSULTANT" TV Serviceman's Silent Partner Get easy-to-use tips to solve toughest TV troubles. UHF section includes conversions, installations and servicing. Modern alignment methods shown for both VHF and UHF. Simple directions, tell exactly what to do and how to do it. Price includes 200 page TV Test Instructions. Over 300 pix. of actual sound and picture. Detailed directions tell where and how to make adjustments. Over 135 RAPID CHECKS. Many using old tube at same location. 125 illustr. of scope wave forms, diagrams, step-by-step instructions. Takes mystery out of TV servicing. NO THEORIDING. NO NEW TERMS. Practical service info covering all types of TV sets. Postpaid $2 NEW! 1954 TV TUBE LOCATOR TROUBLE INDICATING TUBE LOCATION GUIDE for over 3000 popular models from Admiral to Zenith plus PIX TUBES used in each model! Complete with storehouse of valuable TV servicing info. priced very low for large volume sales.... Postpaid $1 NEW! Trouble Shooting PIX GUIDE incl. TV TERMS Explained Sect. 1 is fully illustrated GPO to GPO covering all TV troubles and terms explained. Copyrighted Trouble Indicating illustrated chart tells where troubles occur in TV circuits and the resulting faults TV pictures. Sect. 2 explains hundreds of TV terms in non-technical language. Postpaid $1 NEW! TV TROUBLE TRACER Each vol. contains different copyrighted "Trouble Indicating" TV LOCATOR charts for over 800 and most popular TV models. Vol. 1 has older sets, vol. 3 newest 1954 models. 40 common picture troubles illustrated with source of cure. Vols. 1, 2 & 3.....Postpaid 50c ea. H. G. CISIN, PUBLISHER Order from your Jobber today, or if not stocked, order postpaid from: Harry G. Cisin, Dept. E-30 Amagansett, New York Enclosed find $........ Send postpaid ☐ Color TV ☐ TV Doctor ☐ TV Consultant ☐ TV Tube Locator ☐ TV Tracer, Vol. 1 ☐ TV Tracer, Vol. 2 ☐ TV Tracer, Vol. 3 Name Address City........... Zone..... State...... AUDIO—HIGH FIDELITY triode conducts. When the phase is reversed, the right triode conducts. This causes a continuous change in the phase of the V3 output signal over approximately a 90° range. When the left triode conducts, one signal of a given phase goes through. When the right triode conducts, the other quadrature signal comes through and there has been approximately a 90° phase shift. And the shift is smooth, for the signal emerging from the mixer is the vectorial sum of the two voltages at the plates of the two triodes. If both are conducting equally, as is the case at the 0°, 180° and 360° points of the low-frequency push-pull signal, the mixer output is 45° away from either extreme. Thus the phase at any instant is dependent on the contributions of the two triodes, a function of the relative low-frequency grid signals at that instant. These signals vary in a sine-wave manner, producing a phase swing that is smooth and natural. The output of the mixer is connected through C8 to a filtering stage which, by using frequency-selective negative feedback, cuts off sharply below 130 cycles so that none of the vibrato-frequency signal can affect the amplifier and speaker. Phase-shift circuit The oscillator is shown in Fig. 5; it is half a 6SL7-GT operating as a standard phase-shift oscillator. The primary control is the two-circuit three-point VIBRATO SPEED switch. In the FAST position R2 is used as the second resistor of the phase-shift network, determining the frequency at about 6.7 cycles. The second section of the switch connects the grid circuit of the other half of the 6SN7-GT, a phase splitter, to the arm of the VIBRATO DEPTH switch. This switch determines how much oscillator signal is sent to the phase splitter. When the VIBRATO SPEED control is at SLOW, R1 is in the phase-shift network, making the oscillator frequency about 5.7 cycles. When it is in the OFF position, the output section of the switch disconnects the phase-splitter grid from the oscillator output. Since the rate of phase swing and apparent music signal frequency swing depend on the oscillator frequency, the SPEED switch determines the vibrato rate in the music. And because the oscillator output determines how much total phase shift will occur, the DEPTH switch determines how deep or wide the vibrato will be. This vibrato circuit effectively does the same job as the Hammond vibrato scanner, but it does the job electrically, without moving parts, in a manner which can only be called elegant. Such a vibrato, with its ease of construction and compactness, does an almost impossible job which has puzzled many who wished to add automatic vibrato to guitar amplifiers and the like, only to be forced to settle for an inferior amplitude tremolo. SELLING COMPLETE STOCK OUT! of Nationally Advertised Radio & Television Testing Equipment, Parts, and Electrical Appliances to be sold regardless of cost. This is the opportunity of a lifetime! PRICES REDUCED UP TO 80% Below mentioned units are not kits, but all factory wired and brand new. Some models have been discontinued by the manufacturer, but every one is factory sealed and carries a one year, factory guarantee. \| Model \| Dealers Net Price \| Dur. Selling-Out Price \| \|-------\|------------------\|------------------------\| \| 1553 Multitester \| $29.50 \| $14.50 \| \| PB-100 Multitester \| $28.40 \| $15.00 \| \| 680-5000 Ohms per volt Multitester \| $27.65 \| $14.50 \| \| 670 Multitester \| $28.40 \| $14.50 \| \| W-11 Tube Tester \| $27.65 \| $14.50 \| \| 660 Signal Generator \| $42.95 \| $34.50 \| \| TV-50 Genometer \| $47.50 \| $38.00 \| \| Television Bar Generator \| $39.95 \| $22.50 \| \| 110 A.C.-D.C. Multitester \| $21.50 \| $11.50 \| \| 999, A.C.-F.M. & Television Signal Generator, A.C. Operated \| $39.50 \| $19.50 \| \| TC-10, A.C.-D.C. Multitester \| $14.85 \| $9.85 \| \| TC-75, Combination Test Speaker and Signal Tracer \| $39.50 \| $24.50 \| \| 543-S, Multitester \| $24.50 \| $14.50 \| \| 322, Tube Tester \| $41.50 \| $29.50 \| \| 461 AP Multitester \| $39.50 \| $19.95 \| \| 668, Electronic Multitester \| $74.50 \| $39.50 \| \| 665, A.C.-D.C. V.T. Volt-Ohm Capacity \| $95.40 \| $59.50 \| \| 200, A.C.-F.M. & Television Signal Generator, A.C. Operated \| $39.50 \| $24.50 \| \| 689-IF, Ohmmeter, in leather case \| $36.50 \| $19.85 \| \| 630, Wheatstone Resistance Bridge \| $145.00 \| $75.00 \| \| 637, Kelvin Wheatstone Res. Bridge \| $185.00 \| $100.00 \| \| 333, D.C. Volt-Ohm Milliammeter \| $26.95 \| $14.50 \| \| 102, Voltmeter \| $14.90 \| $11.90 \| \| 104, Voltmeter \| $24.95 \| $21.50 \| \| 106, Vacuum Tube Voltmeter \| $35.90 \| $28.75 \| \| 205-P, Tube Tester \| $47.50 \| $37.50 \| \| 206-M, Mutual Conductance Tube Tester \| $83.50 \| $67.50 \| \| 400, Oscilloscope \| $99.50 \| $79.50 \| \| 2V-6, D.C., D'Arsonval Type, 1 Milliammeter, Meter \| $9.95 \| $2.95 \| \| 507, F.S.-1.2 Milliam. Meter \| $12.95 \| $3.95 \| \| 331-JP 30 Amperes, Meter \| $12.95 \| $4.95 \| \| 3" D'Arsonval Type 1 Milliam, with calibrated Volt-Ohm Current Scale, Meter \| $12.95 \| $3.95 \| \| Radio & Phonograph Chassis Cradles \| $6.95 \| $2.95 \| \| 8" Glass Recording Discs, sold only in cartons of 24 \| $.75 each \| $.15 \| \| 12" Metal Recording Discs, sold only in cartons of 50 \| $1.50 each \| $.35 \| \| 180 ohm resistance line cords, 6 feet with plug, No. 22, stranded tinned copper push-back wire and 500 ft. spool \| $1.25 each \| $.35 \| \| 3 speed recordplayers with lifetime needle, portable case, speaker & amplifier \| reduced to $14.95 \| \| \| Capri, 3 speed recordplayers, cartridge with double-needle, plastic case, speaker and amplifier \| reduced to $19.95 \| \| \| Recordchanger \| $37.50 each \| $9.95 \| \| Automatic Pop Up Toaster, fully guaranteed \| $19.95 each \| $9.95 \| \| Electrical Waffle maker \| reduced to $3.95 \| \| \| Genuine imported Black Forest, hand-carved, custom-made, clock \| reduced to $7.95 \| \| \| Electronic oscillating massage with infrared heat combined \| $8.95 each \| $3.95 \| \| Teleton Radio, plastic cabinet \| reduced to $9.95 \| \| \| Fully Automatic Rotisserie and Broiler Combination, 7-way, with time clock, 3 heat element, double powered \| $69.50 \| $29.95 \| All prices are f.o.b. New York, 20% deposit with order, balance C.O.D., or full remittance with order WRITE, PHONE OR WIRE YOUR ORDER FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY, QUANTITIES ARE LIMITED. METROPOLITAN ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENT CO. 106 Fifth Ave., New York 11, N.Y. Telephone: OREGON 5-1707 Cable Address: METRONICS LIGHT-SENSITIVE NEON-TUBE CIRCUITS Interesting characteristic permits use as "photocell" By JOSEPH BRAUNBECK It is not generally known that most neon lamps, especially the low-voltage types, are considerably light-sensitive and may be used successfully as photocells for experiment. Illuminating a neon lamp results in a decrease in the striking voltage and in an increase in the so-called "dark current." This dark current is the current which flows through the lamp when the voltage across the electrodes is not sufficient for firing. Fig. 1 shows these characteristics. The simplest circuit for experimenting with a light-sensitive neon lamp is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a 100,000-ohm potentiometer for varying the supply voltage, a neon lamp, a limiting resistor and a sensitive meter. Any instrument having a deflection of 50 microamperes or less is usable. When the neon lamp is illuminated with a flashlight or exposed to sunlight, the pointer of the instrument will move a little. Currents up to 5 microamperes can be obtained. Though this is an interesting experiment, such a circuit is not useful for controlling any device by light—the current flow is too slight. Fig. 3 shows an amplifier with a relay in the plate circuit, controlled by a light-sensitive neon lamp. When light falls upon the neon lamp, the dark current increases. The resulting voltage drop across the 50-megohm grid resistor biases the amplifier tube to cutoff. When the illumination is removed, the bias disappears and plate current flows, energizing the relay. Adjust the neon-lamp voltage for maximum sensitivity when the hookup is finished. The circuit will operate from daylight in a shadowy room or from a 60-watt bulb at 2 feet. If there is no need for extreme sensitivity, this circuit can be used in much equipment containing photocells. The relay should have a resistance of about 1,000 ohms or more and a sensitivity of about 10 ma or less. Instead of the relay, or in series with it, a milliammeter with about a 10-ma full-scale deflection may be used for comparing light intensities. Fig. 1—Neon tube characteristics. Fig. 2—Simple experimental circuit. If a 50-megohm resistor is not obtainable, one can be made up of several smaller values. Any triode out of your junkbox can be used for the amplifier tube. Fig. 3—Improving circuit sensitivity. A more sensitive circuit using the 0A4-G cold-cathode trigger tube is shown in Fig. 4. When the neon lamp is illuminated, C1 is charged by the dark current. After reaching a critical ELECTRONICS voltage, C1 discharges across the grid-cathode circuit of the 0A4-G and fires that tube. ![Circuit diagram](image) Fig. 4—Circuit uses 0A4G trigger tube The circuit may be operated from an a.c. or d.c. supply. If a.c. is used, C2 is necessary to smooth the relay current. Anode current will flow only as long as light is present. For d.c. operation, C2 may be omitted. Plate current will flow until the circuit is interrupted by the switch. For these experiments you may use any type neon lamp with an ignition voltage lower than 100. This is because lamps designed for low striking voltages have activated electrodes, increasing their light sensitivity. Higher power illumination glow lamps perform especially well because their greater electrode surface results in increased sensitivity. A built-in resistor does not affect performance. I recommend types NE-34 and NE-40. As sensitivity varies widely for lamps of the same type, it is advisable to try different lamps until you find the best. It is also possible to build a relaxation oscillator for testing, as shown in Fig. 5. The light-sensitive neon lamp functions as a variable resistor for a relaxation oscillator using another neon lamp. To avoid confusing results, the second lamp has to be shielded against light, as it might also be sensitive. Illumination of a light-sensitive tube in this circuit increases the oscillator frequency. With a neon lamp of good sensitivity the frequency varies from about 1 cycle (darkness) to about 1,000 cycles (sunlight). This circuit is also useful for testing and comparing conventional phototubes. As neon lamps sometimes show a definite polarity, try each lamp "both ways." If you wish to compare lamps more accurately, the frequency of the relaxation oscillator may be lowered by adding a large charging capacitor of about 1 μf. This capacitor is indicated by the broken lines. If it is not in the circuit, the electrode capacitance of the second neon lamp acts as a charging capacitor. Fig. 5—Relaxation oscillator circuit. All these PLUS features at only $9.85 list each. AMERICAN PHENOLIC CORPORATION Chicago 50, Illinois In Canada: AMPHENOL CANADA LTD., Toronto RADIO-ELECTRONICS Here's a TV Multi-Outlet distribution system that gives clean, snow-free reception to every receiver... with an increase in signal strength and with signal-to-noise ratio maintained in the bargain. A single Multi-Outlet Jerrold System can feed 20 receivers, and Jerrold Distribution Amplifiers can be grouped for larger installations. Reception at each receiver, on all channels, will be the best the antenna can provide in the area. The complete Jerrold Distribution System designed for 24 hour operation is built to the same standards as larger Jerrold Community TV systems which serve as many as 5000 sets from a single antenna. Yet a Jerrold Multi-Outlet System costs less than half the price of ordinary installations using unsightly separate antennas for each receiver. Investigate this profitable field now! Send for free catalog sheets describing all components. INSTALLATION MADE EASY Profusely-illustrated booklet tells all about distribution systems—theory, cost estimates, installation, etc. Free with each ABD-1 Amplifier. 25c separately. Write for your copy today. LINE TAP IMPEDANCE MATCHER One for each receiver. Compensates for line response tilt. Completely isolates receivers from each other. Matches 72 ohm feed line to 300 ohm set. No tubes. LINE SPLITTER (if needed) Type TT604—Equally divides amplifier output up to 4 ways. No tubes. Cannot overload. DISTRIBUTION AMPLIFIER Type ABD-1—Amplifies antenna signal 25db, channels 2-13. Sensitive 5-tube cascade circuit. Exceptionally low noise—only .6db (approximate) over entire minimum 6 MHz bandwidth. Indoor. 115 volt operated. 72 or 300 ohm antenna input. 72 ohm output to "Splitter." Flat response for color. LOW-NOISE COAX Use any length to interconnect receivers, Amplifier and Line Tap compensator for line losses. The Model TV-50 GENOMETER A versatile all-inclusive GENERATOR which provides ALL the outputs for servicing: A. M. Radio F. M. Radio Amplifiers Black and White TV Color TV 7 Signal Generators in One! ✓ R. F. Signal Generator for A.M. ✓ R. F. Signal Generator for F.M. ✓ Audio Frequency Generator ✓ Bar Generator ✓ Cross Hatch Generator ✓ Color Dot Pattern Generator ✓ Marker Generator SPECIFICATIONS: R. F. SIGNAL GENERATOR: The Model TV-50 Genometer provides complete coverage for A.M. and F.M. alignment. Generates Radio Frequencies from 100 Kilocycles to 60 Megacycles on fundamentals and from 60 Megacycles to 180 Megacycles on powerful harmonics. Accuracy and stability are assured by use of permeability trimmed Hi-Q coils. R.F. is available separately modulated by the fixed 400 cycle sine-wave audio or modulated by the variable 300 cycle to 20,000 cycle variable audio. Provision has also been made for injection of any external modulating source. VARIABLE AUDIO FREQUENCY GENERATOR: In addition to a fixed 400 cycle sine-wave audio, the Model TV-50 Genometer provides a variable 300 cycle to 20,000 cycle peaked wave audio signal. This service is used for checking distortion in amplifiers, measuring amplifier gain, trouble shooting hearing aids, etc. BAR GENERATOR: This feature of the Model TV-50 Genometer will permit you to throw an actual Bar Pattern on any TV Receiver Screen. Pattern will consist of 4 to 16 horizontal bars or 7 to 20 vertical bars. A Bar Generator is acknowledged to provide the quickest and most efficient way of adjusting TV linearity controls. The Model TV-50 employs a recently improved Bar Generator circuit which assures stable never-shifting vertical and horizontal bars. CROSS HATCH GENERATOR: The Model TV-50 Genometer will project a cross-hatch pattern on any TV picture tube. The pattern will consist of non-shifting, horizontal and vertical lines interlaced to provide a stable cross-hatch effect. This service is used primarily for correct ion trap positioning and for adjustment of linearity. DOT PATTERN GENERATOR (For Color TV) Although you will be able to use most of your regular standard equipment for servicing Color TV, the one addition which is a "must" is a Dot Pattern Generator. The Dot Pattern projected on any color TV Receiver tube by the Model TV-50 will enable you to adjust for proper color convergence. With all controls and circuits set in proper alignment, the resulting pattern will consist of a crisp white dot pattern on a black background. One or more circuit or control deviations will result in a dot pattern out of convergence, with the blue, red and green dots in overlapping dot patterns. MARKER GENERATOR: The Model TV-50 includes all the most frequently needed marker points. Because of the ever-changing and ever-increasing number of such points required, we decided against using crystal holders. We instead adjust each marker point against precise laboratory standards. The following markers are provided: 189 Kc., 262.5 Kc., 456 Kc., 600 Kc., 1000 Kc., 1400 Kc., 1600 Kc., 2000 Kc., 2500 Kc., 3579 Kc., 4.5 Mc., 5 Mc., 10.7 Mc. (3579 Kc. is the color burst frequency.) The Model TV-50 comes absolutely complete with shielded leads and operating instructions. Only $47.50 NET SHIPPED ON APPROVAL NO MONEY WITH ORDER — NO C.O.D. Try it for 10 days before you buy. If completely satisfied then send $11.50 and pay balance at rate of $6.00 per month for 6 months. No Interest or Finance Charges Added! If not completely satisfied return unit to us, no explanation necessary. MOSS ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTING CO., INC. Dept. D-91, 3849 Tenth Ave., New York 34, N. Y. Please rush one Model TV-50, I agree to pay $11.50 within 10 days and to pay $6.00 per month thereafter. It is understood there will be no finance, interest or any other charges, provided I send my monthly payments when due. It is further understood that should I fail to make payment when due, the full unpaid balance shall become immediately due and payable. Name ____________________________________________ Address ___________________________________________ City _________________________ Zone ______ State _____ JANUARY, 1955 for complete protection in your circuit... The rectifier center is a real trouble zone. That's why all Radio Receptor selenium rectifiers are specially built and tested to eliminate arc-over danger, short circuits and heating at the center contact point. Even assembly pressure, or pressure applied in mounting the rectifier cannot affect its performance. This "Safe Center" feature of RRco. rectifiers is accomplished by deactivating the area of the plate under the contact washer... An added safety factor that gives protection during mounting and when the rectifier is in use. No wonder RRco. selenium rectifiers are preferred by leading manufacturers of radios, TV and other electronic equipment. Millions in use under all conditions—including high humidity—give eloquent testimony to their dependable service. Next time you need rectifier replacements demand the bright green RRco. units with "Safe Centers." We also manufacture transistors and silicon and germanium diodes Semi-Conductor Division RADIO RECEPTOR COMPANY, INC. In Radio and Electronics Since 1922 SALES DEPT.: 251 West 19th Street, New York 11 WAtkins 4-3633 • Factories in Brooklyn, N.Y. Technicians' News RACKET ALLEGED Four persons were taken into custody as a result of a raid on the Sutter Television Service, Brooklyn, N. Y. According to the District Attorney, whose Rackets Bureau made the raid, the concern has been doing a $350,000-a-year business, a large part of which was suspected to be in overcharges. The District Attorney's office stated that the company took service calls only by telephone and did no repair work whatever in the home. The minimum charge for a repair appeared to be about $18, though the majority of charges followed a pattern of $28.50, $37.50 and $45.70, it was said. It was also alleged by the District Attorney's office that in many cases new parts were taken out of TV sets and replaced with old ones, though it was not explained just how the company made money by the practice. LONG ISLAND PUSHES PRP A Public Relations Program, initiated by the Radio Television Guild of Long Island (N. Y.), will feature cooperative advertising and service of customer complaints. "Guild licensing," or issuing credentials to members who meet minimum technical and other requirements, has been under discussion and the Rules and Membership Committees have been assigned the job of classifying the membership. The proposed customer complaint bureau had been intended to work in cooperation with local Better Business Bureaus, but since there is no BBB nearer than New York City a different approach will be needed. Other proposals included a means of financing consumer repairs through a local bank, use of new and improved types of bill forms, group insurance and a service clinic. It was expected that the various committees handling the propositions would be able to synchronize their work so the proposals could be embodied in a package program for presentation to both the membership and to prospective members. NETSDA DEBATES LICENSES Licensing was the main theme of discussion at the November meeting of the National Electronic Technicians and Service Dealers Associations. The association's counsel, Mr. Joseph Forman, using the New York City bill as BRAND NEW FEATURES THAT MAKE TRIO THE LEADER IN '55 HEAVIEST BOOMS! Thick-wall, extra-sturdy 1 1/4" diameter Booms. Nothing approaching them for strength! Now used on ALL low-band yagis. Sensational INSTA-LOK CLAMP ("Good-Bye Nuts") This revolutionary clamp permits instant flip-out assembly, permanent alignment with ultra strength. Nothing stronger — nothing faster! Insta-Lok employed on ALL TRIO Antennas that have parasitic elements. New "VARI-CON" HEAD Four Hi-strength aluminum adjusting arms. Interlocking Butterfly sections. Heavier snap-action spring assembly. The "Vari-Con" is the only antenna with spring dampeners to lessen vibration and breakage. The "Vari-Con" head also used on the popular TRIO 88 Series. New MINI-TUP CONICAL HEAD Swing out element mounting plates, fan out elements into snap-fastenings and it's set! Used throughout conical line. New MYCASTYRENE INSULATORS USED THROUGHOUT TRIO LINE New TRIO ARISTOCRAT ROTATOR NOW AVAILABLE IN FOUR GLORIOUS COLORS! TRIO 88 Far superior construction. Rugged, foolproof — easily installed. Parasitic elements supported by TRIO's revolutionary new "Insta-Lok" clamps. Low channel dipoles supported by the strongest conical head made. No vibration — No element shedding. Completely pre-assembled. Available in single or two bay models. TRIO 66 Three dipoles provide exceptionally high gain on all VHF channels. Exclusive TRIO grid reflector gives improved performance. Extremely rugged yet lightweight. Pre-assembled — simply unfold and tighten reflector and dipole assemblies. Three vertical braces on reflector screen for increased strength. Available in single or two bay models. Ask To See America's Most Dependable And Beautiful Rotator: The New TRIO "ARISTOCRAT" TRIO Manufacturing Co. GRIGGSVILLE, ILLINOIS TRIO Leader in Antenna Development JANUARY, 1955 Here's another Jackson Test Instrument that takes color in its stride without changes. Years ago, Jackson "Service-Engineering" provided the basic design of this original Dynamic Tester. And, even the advent of color has not required changes. Jackson Sequence Switching not only provides test settings for every receiving type, new or old, but provides them so fast that you save valuable time in checking any set. And, that's money in your pocket, especially with the new 40-tube color chassis. Look at these Jackson features. Then see the 648 in action at your distributor's showroom. Simplified Operation—Only three control units to be set—Heater Voltage, Plate Control, and Sequence Switch. Only other adjustments are line voltage and shorts test. Super-Speed Use—Set up is speedy, clear and accurate. You can change from one tube to another in just seconds. No confusing levers. Only two rotary controls. All other tube test functions are provided by positive, push-button sequence switch. Either row of push buttons can be cleared instantly by merely pushing a button. Eliminates the chance for error. Tests All Types—Sockets and setting provided for all receiving tubes currently used, including subminatures, and the new 600-mil TV types. Spare socket positions provided for any new types. Metered Plate Current—Four-inch meter shows only the current flowing in the plate circuit. Meter calibrated in Good-Bad, as well as Percent Transconductance. Husky Filament Transformer—the right voltage for every receiving type from .75 volts to 117 volts. Ample current capacity for testing even the newest rectifiers. Fast, Accurate Shorts Test—Each element completely tested for possible shorts. Easily visible shorts lamp remains lighted only on actual short. No hard-to-understand meter readings. Test made under heated conditions. Noise Test—Plug in a set of headphones, and you have an audible indication of noisy tubes. Makes it easy to catch those tough ones that give trouble in audio and video circuits. Correct Test Voltages and Load Settings—protects tube under test against overloads. Even low-voltage battery types are provided with suitably low operating potentials. Meter is sufficiently sensitive that "Low-Scale" readings are not required. Rotary Settings Chart—Quickly provides the correct test settings for every receiving type. Chart is revised frequently. You get one-year free replacement chart service. Information on new types is rushed to your distributor as soon as information is available, by super-speed Bullet-In Service. Life-Line Indicator—An ingenious test that indicates when tube is approaching the end of its life. You can tell when to replace a tube, even before it actually goes bad. Automatic Line Voltage Indicator—You adjust the line voltage by watching the meter. Control then shows you the actual line voltage. Saves carrying a volt meter on house calls. Rugged Construction—Use the 648 on the bench. Carry it in your truck. Use it on home calls. It's made to "take a beating" for it's "Service-Engineered" for your kind of work. Available in These Styles Model 648 in bench type steel case ............... $104.50, net Model 648P Portable Model in Handsome Wood Case $109.50, net Model CB-48 Counter Base for bench type case ....... $ 8.50, net "Service Engineered" Test Instruments JACKSON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CO. 16-18 S. Patterson Boulevard, Dayton 2, Ohio • In Canada: The Canadian Marconi Company TECHNICIANS' NEWS (Continued) a basis, gave an excellent view of the problems to be met. SETTING THINGS STRAIGHT Recently in a San Antonio newspaper column appeared the "Confessions of a Local TV Repairman." He informed the readers that 90% of the TV receivers he was called on to repair could be fixed in a jiffy, with no need to remove the chassis. Of course he didn't make these quick repairs because people would balk at paying his price. The writer went on to enlighten his readers that a good technician can diagnose precisely what ails a set just by looking at the picture. (What if there is no picture?—Editor) The San Antonio Radio and Television Association immediately contacted the newspaper and set the record straight. As a result, an article was written from material furnished by the association. Starting out "At least 500 of San Antonio's sets will go on the blink tonight," it brought out the idea that TV receivers do break down and their repair is not always a simple matter. It informed readers that service technicians usually handle between 50 and 60 brands, each with its own peculiarities, and more often than not, needed repairs cannot be made in the home. SURE-FIRE SERVICE? A part-time service "technician" in the Milwaukee area, swears the Marts News (Milwaukee Association of Radio and Television Services), had trouble with a defective picture tube. No matter how he tried, the yoke and tube neck were stuck firmly together. Struck by a brilliant idea, he put the set in the backyard, loaded up his trusty .22 and fired. The implosion wasn't exactly atomic, but it did permit him to take the tube out in sections. But the bullet had also ripped through the yoke and mowed down a few other components in its path! Undaunted, our screwdriver-and-ideas repairman called up the owner of the receiver and informed her: "Madam, your set is shot!" END "It's a sympathy card from our service technician. He's sorry to hear our set's on the blink and he'll be out as soon as we pay our last repair bill." NEW SYLVANIA TUBE and TOOL TENDER ...ends "tool hunting" for good! Here's the newest idea in TV service cases. It's the Tube and Tool Tender's "PEG PLATE" panels and adjustable metal holders. With this combination, set up your tools in the arrangement that suits you best. Then enjoy the time- and temper-saving convenience of having the tools you want, right where you want them, whenever you need them. And of course the Sylvania Tube and Tool Tender also gives you generous tube and equipment storage. Your Sylvania Distributor has your Tube and Tool Tender now. It's another Sylvania exclusive, designed for your easier TV servicing, offered only by your Sylvania Distributor. It's spacious—carries tubes, tools, meter, mirror, parts... everything you need on your calls. FREE with the purchase of Sylvania Tubes $15 95 VALUE ... for only 32 Sylvania Tokens Remember, you get one Sylvania Token each time you buy 25 Sylvania Receiving Tubes. SYLVANIA SYLVANIA Electric Products Inc. 1740 Broadway, New York 19, N.Y. In Canada: Sylvania Electric (Canada) Ltd. University Tower Bldg., St. Catherine St. Montreal, P.Q. LIGHTING • RADIO • ELECTRONICS • TELEVISION • ATOMIC ENERGY JANUARY, 1955 New EMC instruments increase your testing ability EMC model 107 VTVM Directly measures capacity, resistance and complex waveforms peak to peak. This new multi-function meter contains an exclusive combination of features never before offered for less than $100. Expanded scale meter cannot burn out . . . measures capacity from 50 MMFD to 5000 MFD . . . inductance from 1.4 henries to 140,000 henries in 4 ranges . . . uses an electronic balanced push-pull circuit and peak to peak rectification . . . 1% multipliers for voltage capacity and resistance measurements . . . has zero center position for FM discriminator alignment. Measures directly in 6 ranges—peak to peak voltages of complex waveforms . . . between .2 volt and 100 volts—RMS values of sine wave voltages . . . between 1 volt and 1000 volts—capacity of condensers between 50 MMFD to 5000 MFD—resistance from .2 ohms to 1000 Megohms. model 107 complete with leads $48.90 kit form..........................$34.50 ACCESSORY PROBES AVAILABLE EMC model 206 mutual conductance tube tester Extremely accurate results with new ease of operation. Lever-type switches assure complete and extremely accurate testing of all present and future tube types regardless of element location. Mutual conductance checked on calibrated microhm scale and "reject-good" scale . . . tubes checked for gas content . . . 5 element tubes checked as pentodes . . . all tetrod, octal, miniature and subminiature tubes checked for both shorts and opens . . . sufficient plate current to check emission and mutual conductance . . . tests all tubes from .75 volts to 117 filament volts . . . checks for radio frequency and other noise . . . tests all cold cathode, magic eye, voltage regulators and ballast resistors . . . plus individual sections of multipurpose tubes . . . Individual tube sockets eliminate prong damage . . . instrument fuse replaced from panel front . . . handy built-in roll chart makes accurate testing easy. model 206 (hand rubbed oak carrying case) $83.50 MODEL 206C (sloping counter case) $79.50 MODEL CTA (picture tube adaptor) $9.95 SAVE MORE...SERVICE BETTER...with EMC precision test equipment. New EMC catalog of precision test equipment available...write Dept. RE-1 today! PISTON CAPACITOR, variable trimmer, JFD VC-13G, has traverse motion free from mechanical backlash, giving smooth capacitance tracking over complete range. A rigid grip at all times between the piston and inner wall of dielectric tube. The capacitor is relatively free from effects of vibration and shock. Temperature stability enables it to operate beyond +125°C and below -55°C. Voltages in excess of 10,000 d.c. easily withstood because VC-13G has low flashover path from outer electrode to mounting base.—JFD Manufacturing Co., Inc., 6101 16th Ave., Brooklyn 4, N. Y. D.c. current is from 50 μa to 15 amperes; a.c. current from 1.5 ma to 15 amperes. Decibels from -10 to +50 and resistance from 0.25 ohm to 10 megohms.—Phaestron Co., 151 Pasadena Ave., South Pasadena, Calif. LOUDSPEAKERS, Tru-Sonic models 152AX and 206AXA, 15-inch coaxial. Model 152AX houses 15-inch curvilinear cone and 2-inch voice coil with extra-large spider assembly. Uses 2½-lb Alnico. Reproduction down to 30 cycles; Metal-spun diaphragm with 1-inch voice coil provides high frequencies to 18,000 cycles. Free space cone resonance 48 cycles, nominal impedance 12 ohms, power capacity 20 watts. Model 206AXA has dividing network with high-frequency control and 7½-lb Alnico voice coil which operates two voice coils. Impedance 16 ohms and power capacity 30 watts.—Stephens Manufacturing Corp., 8538 Warner Drive, Culver City, Calif. VOLT-OHM-MILLIAMMETER, pocket-size Superior model 770-A, built around an 850-micro- POCKET-SIZE MULTIMETER, 555, has 43 ranges with accuracies of 2% d.c. and 3% a.c. for measurement of d.c. volts from 1.5 to 1,500 at 20,000 ohms per volt and a.c. volts from 1.5 to 1,500 at 2,000 ohms per volt. FINCO introduces SENSATIONAL New Antennas Patent No's 2,566,287 2,630,531 2,655,599 other patents applied for. FINCO 400-SA Trade marks of the Finney Company. Registration No.'s 559,104 575,345 FEATURING "FRO-BAC" FULL DIMENSIONAL SCREEN The engineering masterpiece of the antenna industry! The sensational, new Finco 400-SA eliminates rear signal interference (adjacent and co-channel), ghosts and electronic noise—delivers famous Finco high gain for clear, sharp pictures in the SUPER fringe area on all channels, UHF and VHF. The special electronic FRO-BAC screen has 80 sq. ft. of highest efficiency, FULL LENGTH reflector surface. Pre-assembled for quick installation. FINCO 200-A The ideal antenna for "in-between areas" . . . (too far out to use "Local" type antenna, too close to warrant use of a super-fringe antenna). The new Finco 200-A combines basic, double CO-LATERAL* design with exclusive Finco electronic patents to deliver unbeatable gain and performance in the Semi-Fringe area on all channels, UHF and VHF. Completely pre-assembled. FINCO 200-SA The Finco 200-SA was engineered specifically for the "in-between", semi-fringe areas where a FRONT-TO-BACK problem exists. The special FRO-BAC full dimensional screen eliminates rear signal interference, ghosts and electronic noise. This antenna delivers reception power that cannot be matched by ordinary antennas. Completely pre-assembled. Write for Free Literature Copyright 1954, The Finney Co. The FINNEY Company Dept. RE-15 4612 ST. CLAIR AVENUE • CLEVELAND 3, OHIO MODEL 14-S CONVERSION KIT FRONT-TO-BACK PROBLEM IN YOUR AREA??? MANY FINCO 400-A INSTALLATIONS??? This kit contains special electronic FRO-BAC screen and stainless steel hardware for quick conversion of models 400-A and 400 to model 400-SA. FOR TV . . . IT DODGES TROUBLE YOU CAN'T STOP Radio Relay station on route between Chicago, Ill., and Des Moines, Iowa. Every fifth or sixth relaying tower is a control station, where high-speed switching equipment enables a TV picture to skip out of a troubled channel and into a stand-by protection channel faster than the eye can wink. There's no way to stop atmospheric changes that threaten television with "fade." But, for TV that travels over Bell's Radio Relay System, Bell Laboratories engineers have devised a way to sidestep Nature's interference. When a fade threatens—usually before the viewer is aware—an electronic watchman sends a warning signal back by wire to a control station perhaps 200 miles away. An automatic switching mechanism promptly transfers the picture to a clear channel. The entire operation takes 1/500 of a second. When the fade ends, the picture is switched back to the original channel. This is an important addition to the automatic alarm and maintenance system that guards Bell's Long Distance network for television and telephone calls. It marks a new advance in Bell Laboratories' microwave art, developed to make your Long Distance telephone service, and your TV pictures, better each year. BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES Improving telephone service for America provides careers for creative men in scientific and technical fields. NEW DEVICES ampere D'Arsonval meter of 2% accuracy and housed in a 3 1/4 x 5 3/8 x 2 1/4-inch molded bakelite case. A.c. voltage ranges: 0-15, 30, 150, 300, 1,500, 3,000. D.c. voltage ranges: 0-5, 10, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1,500. Two resistance ranges: 0-01, 1 megohm. D.c. current ranges: 0-15, 150, 1,500 milliamperes. Decibel ranges: -9 to +6, +10 to +14 and +34 to +58.—Superior Instruments Co., 2435 White Plains Rd., New York 67, N. Y. LINEARITY GENERATOR, white dot, Winston model 160, provides both large and small white dots for ease of color receiver convergence adjustments plus vertical and horizontal bars for sweep circuit alignment. Internally generated vertical sync pulses and locked to line frequency give stable operation. Has r.f. carrier output and external modulation provisions.—Winston Electronics, Inc., 4312 Main St., Philadelphia 27, Pa. SIGNAL GENERATOR, Precision model E-300, provides accurate sine- and square-wave signals for direct performance testing of hi-fi audio amplifiers, carrier current systems and other wide-range devices. Continuous sine-wave coverage from 20 cycles to 200 kc in four bands; square-wave coverage from 20 through 20,000 cycles in three bands. Square-wave signals at 100, 750 and 500 kc. Output impedance on all variable-frequency ranges: 0-2,000 ohms, 0-10 volts r.m.s., flat within ±1 db. Accuracy ±2% from 50 cycles to 200 kc; ±1% from 50 to 50 cycles. Distortion: less than 1% from 20 cycles through 200 kc. Square-wave rise time at 20 kc: 0.5 microsecond.—Precision Apparatus Co., Inc., 92-97 Horace Harding Blvd., Elmhurst, L. I., N. Y. OSCILLOSCOPE, Heath model 0-10, essentially flat vertical channel response from 5 cycles to 1 mc; own on 1 1/2" screen at 3.58 mc (color TV sync burst frequency). Printed-circuit boards for reduced kit construction time and stable circuit operation. Full 5-inch (SUP1) cathode-ray tube. New type sweep generator circuit produces stable linear sweeps up to 500,000 cycles.—Heath Co., Benton Arbor, Mich. HYCON OSCILLOSCOPE model 617 and digital voltmeter model 615. Scope has 3-inch tube, 4.5 mc bandpass (=1 db, vertical amplifier), high deflection sensitivity (.01 volt r.m.s. per inch), internal calibrating voltages and edge-lighted bezel. Voltmeter replaces deflecting needle and multiple scales of conventional voltmeters with revolving 3-digit counter. Sensitivity ranges from 1 millivolt to 1,000 volts and 1,000 ohms to 10 megohms with accuracy ratios of 1% on dc and ohm, 2% on a.c.—Hycon Manufacturing Co., 2961 E. Colorado St., Pasadena 8, Calif. C-R TUBE TESTER, Superior model TV-40, tests all tubes from 7 to 30 inches by emission method. Indicates open ele- --- Get This Valuable Book FREE Yes, you get this big, new 1954 book, "150 Radio-Television Picture Patterns and Diagrams Explained", absolutely FREE! Just off the press! Gives complete 11x22" Schematic Diagrams on leading models Radio and Television Sets. Easy-to-read, large 8½"x11" pages, with full instructions on how to read and use the diagrams. A "must" in every Radio and Television technician's repair kit. You get this valuable book as a FREE Gift for asking to see Coyne's great new 6-book set, "Applied Practical Radio-Television"! At Last! Money-Making "Know-How" on Transistors, Color TV and Servicing Coyne's great new 6-volume set gives you all the answers to servicing problems—fast, quickly! For "know-how" that is easy to understand, you'll find everything you want in volumes 1 to 5 which contain over 5000 practical facts and data. They cover every step from principles to installing, servicing, trouble-shooting and aligning all types of radio and TV sets. So up-to-date it includes COLOR TV, UHF, adapters, converters. Also covers latest data on TRANSISTORS! Extra 802-Page Television Cyclopedia Included And then, for speedy on-the-job use, you get volume 6—the famous Coyne TELEVISION CYCLOPEDIA. It answers today's television problems on servicing, alignment, installation and others. Invaluable! And orders cross indexed. Use this 6 volume TV-RADIO LIBRARY free for 7 days; get the valuable Servicing Book ABSOLUTELY FREE! Educational Book Publishing Division COYNE ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 500 S. Paulina St., Dept. 15-T1, Chicago 12, Ill. --- Just for Examining COYNE'S New 6-Volume Set "Applied Practical Radio-Television" ON 7 DAY FREE TRIAL! SEND NO MONEY! Just mail coupon for 6-volume set on 7 days free trial. We'll include book of 150 TV-Radio Patterns & Diagrams. If you keep the set, pay $2 in 7 days and $2 per month until $22.50 plus postage is paid. (Cash price $20.95). Or you can return the library at our expense in 7 days and owe nothing. YOU BE THE JUDGE. Either way, the book of TV-Radio Patterns is yours FREE to keep! Offer is limited. Act NOW! FREE BOOK—FREE TRIAL COUPON! Educational Book Publishing Division COYNE ELECTRICAL SCHOOL, Dept. 15-T1 500 S. Paulina St., Chicago 12, Ill. YES! Send 6-volume "Applied Practical Radio-Television" for 7 days FREE TRIAL per your offer. Include TV-Radio Patterns & Diagram Book FREE. Name __________________________________________________________ Age_____________________ Address __________________________________________________________ City _____________________________ Zone ______ State______________ Where Employed ___________________________________________________ ( ) Check here if you want library sent COD. You pay postman $20.95 plus COD postage on delivery. 7-day money-back guarantee. WE ARE SHARING the success of our products WITH YOU as a CUSTOMER'S DIVIDEND in the most SENSATIONAL PRICE SLASHING EVER! Build your own SUPER DE LUXE 31-TUBE #630 TV CHASSIS #630 SUPER DE LUXE 31-TUBE TV KIT Engineered in strict adherence to the genuine RCA #630 plus added features • OPERATES 16" to 24" PICTURE TUBES • CASCODE TUNER • CASCODE YOKE • A LARGER POWER TRANSFORMER • KEYED AGC • 12" SPEAKER CONSOLE • AND MORE! All in solid, heavy castings and joinerless. You receive a COMPLETE SET OF PARTS AND TUBES. Everything needed is included. You assemble your own TV—FULL-SIZE easy to follow step-by-step ASSEMBLING INSTRUCTIONS included with each KIT. slashed to $99.99 Less CRT #630 SUPER DE LUXE TV CHASSIS LICENSED UNDER RCA PATENTS COMPLETELY READY TO PLUG IN AND PLAY— Similar in characteristics and features to the TV KIT above • Manufactured under license for the nationally known manufacturers • No effort or expense have been spared in workmanship or material to make this #630 SUPER DE LUXE TV CHASSIS the best performing for all of its area capacity and all-around performance. Customers report reception better than 200 miles from the nearest transmitter and city. All units carry the RCA three month guarantee • Our mass volume of manufacture on this CHASSIS (numbering thousands of customer customes) now makes it possible for us to reduce the price. slashed to $142.27 Less CRT We Also Sell The Complete Line of #630 TV CHASSIS. Catalog mailed on request. TECH-MASTER STANDARD CASCODE TUNER complete with tubes and instructions...$17.97 #639 TV BASIC PARTS KITS PUNCHED & WELDED CHASSIS PAN BRACKET AND SHIELD KIT (8 items) VIDEO & I.F. KIT (19 items) POWER TRANSFORMER #2115 VERTICAL BLOCKING TRANSFORMER FILAMENT TRANSFORMER #2115 FOCUS CONTROL COSINE DEFLECTION YOKE 70° Including LIFE-SIZE TV BUILDER INSTRUCTIONS #630 PARTS in COMPLETE SETS TV WIRE & SOLDER KIT, for any Set...$9.98 VIDEO TRANSISTOR KIT, female...4.97 VARIABLE CONTROL KIT, 6 controls...3.97 CARBON RESISTOR KIT, 107 resistors...4.98 WIREWOUND RESISTOR KIT, 10 resistors...1.76 BRACKET AND SHIELD KIT, 8 items...6.46 ELECTROLYTIC CONDENSER KIT, 6 cond. 4.96 TUBULAR CONDENSER KIT, 38 condensers 3.63 CERAMIC CAPACITOR KIT, 10 condensers 1.37 MICRO CONDENSER KIT, 10 condensers...97 TERMINAL STRIP KIT, set of 30...69 COMPLETE SET OF TUBES, 29 tubes...24.64 PULSE KEYED AGC KIT Finest, most accurate and the easiest Kit to install in #630 or in any other make TV receiver. Improves performance, and insures a steady picture on all channels. COMPLETE SET OF PARTS Including 6AU6 tube & Instructions was $4.59 SLASHED TO $2.99 CUSTOM-BUILT CABINETS #630 AND ALL OTHER TV SETS From Factory to You The VOGUE H-25", W-26", D-22" $35.91 The MAYFAIR H-37", W-28", D-24½" $79.34 The MANHATTAN H-40", W-26", D-25" $88.70 H-41", W-25", D-23" $53.43 4 LEADING STYLES in genuine mahogany or walnut (blond 10% extra) Ready drilled for any # 630 TV chassis and cutout for any 16", 17", 19" or 21" TV picture tube at no extra in price • Also supplied with undrilled knob panel for any other TV set • EVERYTHING NECESSARY for an easy perfect assembly is included • Each cabinet is delivered complete with mask, safety glass, mounting brackets, backboard, backcup, hardware and chassis & CRT assembling instructions • Each cabinet is shipped in an air cushioned carton from FACTORY to YOU! NATIONALLY KNOWN BRAND PICTURE TUBES BRAND NEW in Factory Sealed Cartons—With a Full Year Guarantee \| Size \| Brand \| Price \| \|------\|-------\|-------\| \| 17" \| 17BP6A \| $26.66 \| \| \| 211ER4B \| $39.21 \| \| \| 24CP6A \| $59.99 \| \| \| 27EP6A \| $74.31 \| Brooks CASCODE MANUAL 25¢ postpaid 72 OHM COAXIAL CABLE Slashed to Was to 100' — hank ... $4.84 ... $3.99 500' — spool ... 22.88 ... 18.18 1000' — two 500' spools ... 43.86 ... 37.96 Brooks LIFE-SIZE Edition #630 TV KIT BUILDER-SET OF INSTRUCTIONS only $1.25 postpaid HINTS FOR BETTER PICTURES ON 630TV 50¢ postpaid TV CRYSTAL-CLEAR LUCITE MASKS Finished in Rich Gold Leaf Finish Tube Size Overall Dimensions Was Slashed to 17" — Rect. 13½" x 17" ... $5.97 ... $4.56 21" — Rect. 18" x 22½" ... 8.86 ... 6.92 24" — Round 20½" x 26¼" ... 12.65 ... 10.84 27" — Rect. 21½" x 27" ... 15.48 ... 12.98 (Including Set of Rosettes) TV PLASTIC OPEN MASKS Used in conjunction with safety glass Was Slashed to 17" — Rect. 16½" x 17½" ... $1.96 ... $1.29 21" — Rect. 18" x 22½" ... 3.36 ... 1.92 24" — Rect. 21½" x 24½" ... 6.74 ... 4.93 27" — Rect. 21½" x 27" ... 7.23 ... 5.87 TV SAFETY GLASS IN HANDY SIZES Was Slashed to 13½" x 16½" ... $2.96 ... $1.79 15½" x 18½" ... 4.24 ... 2.24 16" x 22" ... 4.29 ... 3.89 17½" x 23¾" ... 5.24 ... 4.12 22½" x 25½" ... 6.47 ... 5.36 21½" x 27" ... 6.98 ... 5.64 BROOKS RADIO & TV CORP., 84 Vesey St., Dept. A, New York 7, N.Y. TELEPHONE Cortlandt 7-2359 NEW DEVICES (Continued) ments and interelement shorts and leakages of up to 5 meg-ohms. Tester socket attached to tube base. Ion trap need not be on the tube, and tube may be in set or in carton.—Superior Instrument Co., 2438 White Plains Rd., New York 67, N. Y. FM TUNER, Fisher model FM-80, equipped with two meters (one for sensitivity and one to indicate center of channel for micro-accurate tuning). Uses Armstrong system with two i.f. stages, dual limiters, cascade r.f. stage; has eleven tubes. Dual antenna inputs—72 and 300 ohms balanced. Full limiting on signals as weak as 1 microvolt. Sensitivity 1½ microvolts for 20 db of quieting on 72-ohm antenna input; 3 microvolts for 20 db of quieting on 300-ohm antenna input. Two bridged, low-impedance, push-pull follower outputs permit output cables of any length to 200 feet.—Fisher Radio Corp., 21-21 44th Drive, Long Island City I, N. Y. 12-INCH TURNTABLE, Rek-O-Kut Rondine Jr., designed for two-speed operation only—33⅓ and 45 r.p.m. Floating idler eliminates acoustical coupling between motor and turntable. Driven by 4-pole induction motor. Built-in retractable hub for 45-r.p.m. records and permanently affixed strobe disc for instantaneous speed checking.—Rek-O-Cut Co., 58-01 Queens Blvd., Long Island City 1, N. Y. SUPEREX FILTA-COUPLER, combines high-pass interference eliminator with two-set coupler, provides for two-set operation from one antenna, eliminates outside interference from both sets. Another feature: the freedom from inter-set interference.—Superex Electronics Corp., 23 Atherton St., Yonkers, N. Y. FLYBACK AND YOKE CHECKER, Cornell-Dubilier model BF-80, has oscillator circuit, 6V6 vacuum tube and 4½-inch microammeter with separate indicator scales for short, continuity and yoke tests. Open-circuited conditions detected in transformers, coils and switches, or shorted elements in vacuum tubes. Weight, 8½ lb.—Cornell-Dubilier Electric Corp., South Plainfield, N. J. WATCH FOR OUR FEBRUARY ISSUE ON SALE JAN. 25 The "happy medium" in the Regency line of high quality amplifiers. The two years research and development of the Regency HF1000 Ensemble are reflected in the quality of this "moderate-priced" line of Regency high fidelity. A50A Amplifier Audiophile Net $134.50 350P Pre-amplifier Audiophile Net $154.50 Regency Division, I.D.E.A., Inc. • Indianapolis 26, Indiana NEW DEVICES WIREWOUND CONTROL, Clarostat series 474, 1 3/8 inches, available in standard ohmages from 1 to 20,000 with electrical tolerance of 5% and independent linearity to 2%; rated at 2 watts. RESISTORS, 5- and 10-watt Tru-Ohm Econom units wound on ceramic bodies. Tin-plated copper leads attached to eliminate stresses being transmitted to the winding. Completely impervious to moisture.—Tru-Ohm Products, 2800 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago 18, Ill. Terminals directly fastened to winding, insuring low contact resistance and improving end terminals. Collector and terminal one piece eliminating rivets as mechanical fasteners and current conductors. Stop is integral with base instead of in the cover.—Clarostat Manufacturing Co. Inc., Dover, N. H. SIX REPLACEMENT TRANSFORMERS, Rca horizontal output types X106, X107, X108, X109, X110, X111, X112, (X113, 91 basis and 436 models) for Airline (Montgomery Ward), Firestone, Raytheon, Silvertone (Sears Roebuck), Trans-Vue, Wells Gardner, Conklin (Gamble Skogmo), Mitchell, Sentinel, Sparton, Truetone (Western Auto) and Sonora units. Operate in 65°-70° horizontal deflection systems. Rated at 11, 11.5, 18, 12.5 and 15 kv, respectively, under actual operation conditions.—Ram Electronics Sales Co., Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. FOUR REPLACEMENT FLYBACKS, Selscor model A-8248 replaces Crewey and Hallcrafters models and chassis; models A-8250 and A-8251 replace Du Mont models and chassis. Exact duplicates electrically and physically, they require no chassis or circuit alterations.—Chicago Standard Transformer Corp., Addison and Elston Aves., Chicago 18, Ill. ROTO-CUTTER, Alpert, for cutting and trimming wires in hard-to-reach places utilizes rotary shearing action. Tool is ¾-inch in diameter throughout its length of 6 inches. Reaches points in circuits inaccessible to conventional diagonal cutters and eliminates the necessity of removing parts and assemblies to reach a defective part. Will cut copper wire sizes up to 14 gauge.—Alpert Manufacturing Co., 2950 N. Holton St., Milwaukee, Wis. --- THIS IS IT! TEST EQUIPMENT YOU CAN'T BEAT FOR VALUE — PERFORMANCE — PRICE RCP ONLY $39.75 net Fast, reliable testing of flyback transformers and yokes The original FLYBACKER Incredibly sensitive, the model 123 Flybacker, made ONLY by RCP, immediately shows up a shorted turn in a flyback transformer or yoke. The same reliable design as the shop tests, tests can be carried out under operating conditions with the components in place in the TV receiver. Accept no substitutes . . . only RCP makes the Flybacker. RCP MODEL 123 All molded—unequaled by any other in its class ONLY $14.85 net ready to operate AC-DC MULTI-TESTER Greater multi-meter value than ever before at a far lower price. Square meter with 1000 amperes D'Arsonval movement gives 1000 ohms per volt sensitivity on DC. Battery for ohmmeter circuit is readily removable and replaceable without soldering or unsoldering. Truly a must for every laboratory, shop and service station. Its smart appearance is matched only by its high performance. RCP MODEL 480 Meets all today's needs . . . plus tomorrow's color requirements Portable TUBE TESTER Positively the greatest testing performance ever built into a tube tester. Tests all receivers, as well as in color TV receivers, gaseous transmitting, hearing aids, transistors, with CR adapter cable (available at slight additional cost), will check CR picture tubes . . . both black and white and color. RCP MODEL 327P See your distributor or write department RE-1 for latest RCP catalog. RADIO CITY PRODUCTS CO., INC. EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA --- All specifications given on these pages are from manufacturer's data. 5U4-GB RCA has announced the 5U4-GB, specifically designed for use in the power supplies of television receivers and radio equipment with high d.c. requirements. Its voltage ratings are the same as those of the 5U4-G, but the peak current rating of 1 amp per plate is considerably higher than the 675 ma of the 5U4-G. The 5U4-GB has a maximum peak inverse plate voltage of 1,550. Operated as a full-wave rectifier with an a.c. plate-to-plate supply of 900 volts in a capacitor-input filter, the 5U4-GB can deliver a d.c. output voltage of approximately 460 to the filter at a current of 275 ma. With a choke input to the filter, it can deliver 340 volts at 348 ma. 6AF4-A Another RCA announcement concerns the 6AF4-A, a miniature triode designed for use as an oscillator in tuners of u.h.f. television receivers. It is similar to the 6AF4, but is 3/8 inch shorter in over-all length to permit more compact tuner designs. 6550 Tung-Sol has announced a powerful new tube designed specifically for high-fidelity audio circuits. The tube, type 6550, is a pentode beam-power amplifier. It has a 35-watt plate dissipation rating that permits push-pull amplifier designs up to 100 watts output. The tube has an over-all length of 4 3/4 inches and a diameter of 2-1/6 inches. The base connections are the same as for the 6L6. Electrical characteristics are: heater voltage, 6.3; heater current, 1.8 amp; maximum d.c. plate voltage, 600; maximum d.c. cathode current, 175 ma; maximum screen grid voltage, 400. Typical AB, operating conditions for 100 watts output (values for two tubes) are: plate voltage 600, screen 300, control grid -31; zero signal-current, plate 115 ma, screen 4 ma; maximum-signal current, plate 273 ma, screen 41 ma. Load resistance 5,000 ohms plate-to-plate, peak grid-to-grid driving voltage 62. The tube may also be used as a single-tube class-A, amplifier with 250 volts on the plate and screen and -14 on the control grid, with 12.5 watts output and a load resistor of 1,500 ohms. Various other conditions are possible, including a triode push-pull amplifier with a plate voltage of 450. NEW TUBES (Continued) and grid voltage of -46. Output with this circuit is 28 watts, peak-to-peak driving voltage 92 and plate-to-plate load 4,000 ohms. 12SN7-GTA, 6AX4-GT, 6BX7-GT Development of three new "service-designed" TV receiving tube types—the 12SN7-GTA, 6AX4-GT, 6BX7-GT—was announced by G-E. Aside from improved construction, the 12SN7-GTA has 28% less bulb height (see photo), a maximum plate voltage rating of 450 per plate compared with 300 for the 12SN7-GT, and a maximum heat dissipation per plate of 5 watts. The construction design of the 6AX4-GT features protection against plate-cathode arc-overs that cause fuse blow-outs in horizontal deflection circuits. The 6BX7-GT is designed to reduce microphonics and vertical jitter in vertical deflection amplifiers. Silicon transistors Expanding their line of silicon transistors, Texas Instruments, Dallas, has announced their type 903 with an alpha (current amplification factor) of 0.90 to 0.95, type 904 with an alpha of 0.95 to 0.975, and type 905 with an alpha of 0.975 or better. The average alpha cutoff frequency of these transistors is 3 megacycles; their alpha rating is guaranteed. Another type, the 904A, has an alpha cutoff frequency of 8 megacycles and an alpha of 0.95 or better. 2N54, 2N55, 2N56 Westinghouse has announced three new germanium p-n-p junction transistors, types 2N54, 2N55, 2N56. They are designed for low-power, low-frequency amplifier applications. Each is capable of dissipating 200 milliwatts at 25°C. Their average cutoff frequency at the 6-milliwatt power level is 500 kc. The average current gain of the 2N54 is 0.97; for the 2N55, 0.95; for the 2N56, 0.92. High-power transistor Fabulous... Revolutionary... Completely New... MIGHTY MO* Pat. No. 2680196, others pending. the most powerful antenna ever built, featuring TESCON'S NEW exclusive DDP (Double Diamond Phasing) Tescon's miraculous Mighty Mo will make prime signal areas out of even the deepest fringe sections of the country. Mighty Mo... complete with DDP, an entirely new and revolutionary concept of phasing, will trap even the weakest signal and perk it up to a clear, brilliantly sharp, deep-toned picture. Tescon absolutely guarantees that each and every Mighty Mo will perform where other antennas have actually failed! Unshakeable proof, substantiated by exhaustive field tests, definitely shows that Mighty Mo does more than any other antenna manufacturer loudly claims his product will do. Theoretical ratings will never pay off. Rely on tested results... that's your real proof, that's your money in the bank. Here's Mighty Mo's proof... the results of ACTUAL FIELD TESTS. - On channels 2 to 13, Mighty Mo outperforms every other antenna manufactured today. - Higher uniform gain over all channels. Does not vary more than 1½ D.B. on any channel across band. Perfect on color TV. - Clearer, sharper, deeper pictures on all channels. - Higher average gain than 6 of the most advertised antennas MIGHTY MO'S FEATURES - DDP (Double Diamond Phasing) controlled phasing regulator enabling the weakest signals to be trapped and then boosted to a clear, magnificently sharp, photo-like picture. - 40" screen area... a must for color reception. - Largest screen area... over 70" of screen elements spaced less than 1/10 wave length apart for maximum reflector efficiency. - Highest front to back ratio ever achieved. - Absolutely no rear pick up or co-channel interference... no metallic blinds. - ½ wave element spacing on all channels for maximum gain. - Not preassembled... not an erector set type antenna. - Uniform gain response... no erratic gain and pattern. - Thoroughly tested for mechanical stress and strain... exceptionally rugged. - Guaranteed to perform where other antennas fail. Designed for VHF - UHF Style no. \| Stacked MM200 \| Single MM100 STOCK this red-hot, fast moving, money-making antenna... right now! TESCON TV PRODUCTS COMPANY SPRINGFIELD GARDENS 13, NEW YORK JANUARY, 1955 NEW TUBES (Continued) A transistor capable of delivering up to 5 amperes has been developed by Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. (see photo). The power-handling ability of this unit is made possible by a special structure that permits rapid flow of heat to the outside of the transistor. A feature of this unit is its high current gain even at collector currents up to 1 ampere. 6BQ6-GTB, 12BQ6-GTB, 25BQ6-GTB Three new tube types designed especially for use in the horizontal deflection amplifier of a television receiver have been released by RCA. The tubes, types 6BQ6-GTB, 12BQ6-GTB, and 25BQ6-GTB, are high-perveance beam-power units. The 6BQ6-GTB has maximum peak positive- and negative-pulse plate voltage ratings of 6,000 and 1,250, respectively, and a maximum d.c. plate supply voltage of 600, plate dissipation of 11 watts, screen-grid input of 2.5 watts. It is designed to deflect fully picture tubes having deflection angles up to 90°. The 12BQ6-GTB is like the 6BQ6-GTB except that it has a 600-ma heater for series-string operation. The 25BQ6-GTB is also the same except for having a 300-ma heater. These tubes can directly replace the 6CU6, 12CU6 and 25CU6. They will be double-branded 6BQ6-GTB/6CU6, 12BQ6-GTB/12CU6, 25BQ6-GTB/25CU6. AX5727 Amperex Electronic Corp. has added type AX5727 to its line of thyratron tubes. It is a ruggedized version of the standard type 2D21. The AX5727 is an inert gas-filled thyratron with negative control characteristics. It has a high control ratio which is stable over a wide temperature range. Germanium diodes Three new germanium diodes of the "all-glass envelope" type, have been announced by Amperex. The diodes, types 0A71, 0A73, and 1N87G, feature unusual resistance to humidity. The 1N87G is a high-quality video detector which offers high rectification efficiency, coupled with low loading on resonant circuits. The 0A71 is a high back resistance type designed for computer and general purpose applications. The 0A73 is designed for use as a video detector, having advantages similar to the 1N87G, and is intended for higher level i.f. signals where its greater back resistance eliminates sync clipping. OB2WA Designed as a replacement for the OB3, this Raytheon voltage regulator features rugged construction for use in critical military and commercial applications. So Simple...A Child Can Tune It! the new SKY CHIEF ANTENNA ROTATOR by Brach SINCE 1906 Finger tip tuning plus better performance... greater dependability ... superior design ... outstanding efficiency! Half a century of Brach electronic know-how makes the difference. And Brach's merchandising policy insures fair margin and mark up. FLEXIBLE WORM DRIVE BUILT-IN THRUST BALL BEARING AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL SAFETY STOPS PLUG-IN MOTOR WEATHER PROOF CONSTRUCTION PRECISION GEARING HOLLOW TORQUE SHAFT LUXURIOUS CONTROL BOX 365° DUO-DIRECTIONAL ROTATION BUILT-IN GUY RINGS WITH THIMBLES REINFORCED CASTINGS — HIGH STRENGTH ALLOYS BRACH MANUFACTURING CORPORATION Division of General Bronze Corp. 200 Central Avenue, Newark 3, N. J., HUmboldt 2-1500 JANUARY, 1955 New Year's News from Hallicrafters Model HT-30 SINGLE SIDEBAND TRANSMITTER/EXCITER - Highly stable VFO with full 100:1 ratio gear drive system built-in. - Stability comparable to most crystals .01%. - Ample gain for 55 db microphone with hum and noise 40 db down. - Full 40 watt lineal peak power output. - Unwanted sideband at least 40 db down. - Undesired beat frequency down 60 db or more. - T. V. I. suppressed. - Provisions for coaxial output fitting. - Built-in voice control circuit with bias switching for final amplifier. - AM-CW-SSB-19 tubes plus voltage regulator and 2 rectifiers. Model HT-30 ZENITH CHASSIS 20J22 With no high voltage present, the usual checks were made of the high-voltage filter capacitor and resistor, flyback transformer, screen voltage of the horizontal output tube, width coil and horizontal oscillator. Everything—that is, the voltages—checked perfectly. When the oscilloscope was connected to the plate of the damper and to the horizontal deflection yoke return, the familiar spikes were there as well as some transient oscillations. The set had a 20-$\mu$f 25-volt filter capacitor in the yoke return. Replacing this component with a 20-$\mu$f 450-volt unit produced plenty of high voltage minus the oscillation.—Wilbur J. Hantz EMERSON 661B The picture on this set had foldover lines and reduced height on the left side but it was not keystoning. The trouble looked very much like a defect in the damper circuit. The defect actually was in the horizontal deflection yoke. Resistances across the windings of the deflection yoke were 24 and 20 ohms. The replacement yoke measured 15 and 15 ohms.—Harry C. Keller TRAVELER 63R50-A There was no raster. Before checking the receiver circuits I checked the position of the focus coil and deflection yoke. The focus coil was jammed up against the yoke and was causing the vertical and horizontal deflection coils to short.—H. J. Wilbur G-E 21T4 TV CHASSIS In these sets sound-beat interference in the picture often originates in the sound discriminator circuit. If careful lead dress does not reduce or remove it, check the capacitor across the sec- TARGET ANTENNAS FOR UHF and VHF Model FR88 List $34.95 Target "88" for maximum all-channel fringe area performance with highest front-to-back ratio and minimum side pick-up. Model CR123 List $10.50 UHF corner reflector for top performance in fringe areas. All-aluminum hurricane construction. A high quality antenna. Also manufacturers of conical and Yogi-style antennas. The first to use Fiberglas insulators. S & A ELECTRONICS TOLEDO, OHIO EXAMINE FREE! GREATEST TELEVISION REPAIR BOOK EVER PUBLISHED! Here is the most complete and up-to-date book on television servicing available today—a book that gives you sure-fire how-to-do-it knowledge of TV repair, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. TELEVISION SERVICING New 1954 Edition. Completely Revised by Walter H. Buchsbaum Nowhere else will you find as much detailed step-by-step guidance on all the latest developments in TV sets—UHF tuners, converters, and late-model antennas; large-screen receivers; focusing and tuning tubes; and translators. The book brings you completely up to date on the latest techniques and equipment used in TV applications like industrial TV, television broadcasting, television education systems. Contents include: ALIGNMENT AND INSTALLATION—Video IF alignment—sweeping the video IF—aligning IF amplifier, mixer, and detector circuits—developing a systematic, professional approach to alignment; a trouble-shooter for you and keeps them satisfied. How to test and set-up—how to install antennas—final checkout—troubleshooting—SIX big chapters show you how to get the most from your Imperative Receiver—Load of Knowledge—Poor Picture Quality—Poor Sound Quality—Cathode Ray Performance. All you need to know to observe the trouble, decide where you're heading, it falls, and look up the remedies in the appropriate chapter. Mail coupon below for free trial copy. Radio-Electronics, Inc., Dept. AR-8-55 Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Send me TELEVISION SERVICING for 10 days FREE TRIAL. If I am not completely satisfied with it and owe nothing—or keep it and send $5.95 (plus postage) and 30 months for 2 months. Name________________________________________ Address_______________________________________ City_________________Zone____________State_____ SAVE! Send $5.95 with this coupon, and we'll pay postage and packing. Same return privilege and guarantee. Color’s bigger than ever! AND THE NEW 2ND EDITION OF TECHNOTES (Continued) ondary of the discriminator transformer (inside the transformer can). Its outside plate should go to the low side of the coil. If the capacitor is connected properly, the trouble can generally be eliminated by slightly detuning the primary winding. This method is not recommended for fringe areas. In such areas, try inserting 220-ohm suppressor resistors at the 6AL5 socket, as shown in the diagram.—Geo. R. Anglado MOTOROLA TV COMBOS In some cases, hum may be heard from Motorola 17F3 and similar TV combination receivers even when the TV and radio line switches are turned off. This trouble is caused by incorrect polarization of the leads from the AM-FM chassis to the speaker. It can be cured by reversing the leads from the speaker pin jacks. When reinstalling the radio chassis in the cabinet, take care to plug the speaker leads in so the ground wire from the radio chassis plugs into the pin jack connected to terminal 2 on the receptacle that receives the speaker plug from the TV chassis. Terminal 2 is the ground connection for the TV chassis.—E. M. Breckenridge MASK CUTTING In converting TV receivers for large screen tubes it is generally necessary to purchase a mask. These are brittle and crack easily. With 20-inch masks costing several dollars, spoilage is expensive. So if you have to cut down a mask to fit a cabinet, here is how it is done. Several inches can be cut away safely in just a few minutes by using a disc sander. Mine is installed on a bench saw. Cut a disc of wood the size of the saw blade and insert a nut and bolt in the center to permit attachment in place of the rotary saw. Various motor shafts will require different mountings. Cut a sheet of emery paper the size of the wood disc—I generally use coarse emery or sandpaper—and glue on. I have done this many times and never spoiled a mask. Some manufacturers recommend using a plane or file. I have tried that and chipped off edges.—Jacob Dubinsky TUNER ADJUSTMENT When servicing TV sets having turret or selector-switch type tuners, poor picture or sound can often be traced to a misadjusted oscillator slug. Apparently the slug becomes misadjusted due to mechanical shock during transit. The slug screw is usually located directly behind the channel selector knob. If the set is of the intercarrier type, adjust the slug for best picture and minimum buzz; if it is a dual-channel type, adjust the slug for best sound. In all cases use an insulated alignment tool for making the adjustments and preset the fine-tuning control to its center position.—John Comstock END LOW-POWER FREQUENCY MODULATOR* Patent No. 2,678,426 Robert E. Rawlins, North Hollywood, Calif. (Assigned to Lockheed Aircraft Corp.) This modulator is suitable for telemetering, radio transmission, or signal generation. It is effective at high frequencies without frequency multiplication. Its circuits are simple and non-critical. The modulating voltage is controlled by R1. Phase-splitter V1 contains plate load R2 and a cathode load R3. These provide out-of-phase voltages with R3 adjustable. The voltages feed the plate and grid of V2, an oscillator. In any high-frequency oscillator (like V2), the frequency increases with a more positive plate voltage or a more negative grid voltage. Either of these changes adds to the grid-plate potential difference and reduces the transit time between elements. Such voltage variations also affect the amplitude of the oscillations. A more positive plate voltage increases output, while a more negative grid voltage reduces it. In this circuit, the plate and grid voltages supplied from V1 are balanced out by R3. There is a definite setting at which the amplitude changes are equal and opposite. Thus AM is canceled out. At the same time, the voltage variations act in the same direction for FM, which is strengthened. Thus we have FM without AM when R3 is correctly set. A grounded-grid stage follows the oscillator for higher output to the antenna. --- GATING CIRCUIT Patent No. 2,685,039 Alfred D. Scarbrough, Pasadena, and Elwood E. Bolles, Los Angeles, Calif. (Assigned to Hughes Aircraft Co.) This gating circuit has several advantages over previous ones. It operates almost instantaneously and does not load the signal source. A square-wave source provides an extra signal. If the pulse arrives during the higher level of the square wave, that pulse is transmitted. Pulses which --- AMAZING BARGAIN The new 1955 TV Manual is the model of the year. Covers all important sets of all makes in one giant volume. Your price for this mammoth manual is only $3. This super-value defies all competition. Other volumes are only $3.50 and $2 each. Each manual has a whole year of service material. Includes all data needed for further TV pains. Section tells you how to find each fault and make the repair. More pages, more diagrams, more service data per dollar of cost. Get SUPREME, the best for less. Get SUPREME. --- TELEVISION SERVICING COURSE Let this new course help you in TV servicing. Amazingly complete. Only $3, full price for all lessons. Giant in size, mammoth in scope, topics just like a $200 TV course. Lessons on picture faults, circuits, adjustments, short-cuts, UHF, alignment facts, hints, hints, antenna problems, trouble-shooting, test equipment, picture analysis. Special, only $3. --- RADIO DIAGRAMS Here is your complete source of all needed RADIO diagrams and service data. Covers all makes and models, from pre-war old-timers; home radios; auto sets, combinations, changers, and portable sets; all makes and models. Still at pre-Korean prices! Only $2 for most volumes. All Radio Diagrams are large layouts, schematics, all needed alignment facts, parts lists, service data, trouble-shooting, stimulating, and helpful service hints. All volumes are large in size, 8½x11 inches, about 100 pages each. Write today for complete list of these low-priced manuals. --- SUPREME PUBLICATIONS, 1760 Balsam, Highland Park, ILL Radio Diagram Manuals Most-Often-Needed Series (See front illustration at left.) 1954 Radio Manual, $2.50 1953 Diagrams 1952 Radio 1951 Diagrams 1950 Manual 1949 Radio 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1926-1938 Manual, $2.50 Master INDEX only 25¢ Priced at ONLY $2 EACH NO-RISK TRIAL ORDER COUPON Radio Diagram Manuals Priced at ONLY $2 EACH Send today Radio manuals checked ☑ and TV manuals below. Satisfaction guaranteed. ☐ New 1955 Television Manual, $3. ☐ 1954 TV, $3. ☐ 1953 TV Manual, $3. ☐ UHF Manual, $1.50 ☐ 1952 Television Manual, $3. ☐ 1951 TV, $3. ☐ 1950 Television Manual, $3. ☐ 1949 TV, $3. ☐ 1948 TV, $3. ☐ 1947 & 1946, only $2. ☐ Television Servicing Course, complete, only . . . $3. ☐ I am enclosing $........... Send postpaid. ☐ Send C.O.D. I am enclosing $...... deposit. Name: .................................................. 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Write—Wire—Phone! \| Code \| Price \| \|------\|-------\| \| 0A2 \| 1.87 \| \| 0A3V75\| 1.4 \| \| 0A4 \| .60 \| \| 0A4G \| .60 \| \| 0B2 \| .90 \| \| 0B3/V80\| .90 \| \| 0C7 \| .50 \| \| 0D3/V810\| .85 \| \| 1A4 \| .35 \| \| 1A4P \| .35 \| \| 1A5GT\| .40 \| \| 1A6 \| .40 \| \| 1AB5 \| .35 \| \| 1AB5G\| .35 \| \| 1C5GT\| .40 \| \| 1D5 \| .40 \| \| 1D7GT\| .75 \| \| 1F4 \| .40 \| \| 1H4G \| .40 \| \| 1H5GT\| .40 \| \| 1J6G \| .59 \| \| 1L6 \| .61 \| \| 1LA4 \| .25 \| \| 1LA6 \| .75 \| \| 1LB5 \| .35 \| \| 1LC5 \| .35 \| \| 1LC6 \| .75 \| \| 1LE3 \| .75 \| \| 1LG5 \| .75 \| \| 1LM4 \| .75 \| \| 1M7GT\| .60 \| \| 1NGT \| .61 \| \| 1PG \| .60 \| \| 1Q5GT\| .55 \| \| 1R5 \| .47 \| \| 1S5 \| .47 \| \| 1S6 \| .40 \| \| 1S6G \| .40 \| \| 1S6GT\| .35 \| \| 1T4 \| .46 \| Our Tubes are Excellent Quality Because: 1. We've specialized in selling vacuum tubes exclusively for many years. 2. All our tubes are new, unused, and come from military surplus, various gov't. agencies and other surplus sources. Most of these tubes are brand new and that balance is removed from gov't. and other equipment. We have over 10,000 different types of tubes in stock. 3. Our modern completely equipped laboratories check every tube received. You are invited to see this special equipment and demonstrate its accuracy. Even though our inventories include almost every tube type made over the past 20 years—in quantities of more than a million—we are always unable to fill every order because of the tremendous demand for certain old-fashioned tubes required in your order. Minimum order $10.00. Terms: 25% with order, balance C.O.D. Please include postage. All prices subject to change without notice. WIDE-RANGE TAPE PLAYBACK Patent No. 2,685,618 Michael Rettinger, Encino, Calif. (Assigned to Radio Corp. of America) The upper frequency limit of a tape machine is determined by the gap width of its playback head. For example, at a tape speed of 7.5 inches per second, a 1-mil gap would reproduce a frequency of 12,500 cycles. At this speed and frequency, a complete cycle is recorded on .0005 inch of tape, which is equal to the gap width. Thus a complete magnetic cycle exists on the tape between the two pieces of the head, and all output is cancelled. For any given tape speed and gap width there is such a null frequency. This invention eliminates null frequencies and permits very wide frequencies used to be recorded and played back. It uses two tracks on the same tape (see diagram). Here the upper track has a conventional playback head. The lower track uses a playback head with a wedge-shaped gap. A crossover network divides and feeds the signals as shown. The tape travels through the machine at 18 inches per second, so there is no problem reproducing up to 10 kc with the 1-mil gap (upper playback head). The lower playback head has a gap tapered from 1 to 2 mils. Each section of such a gap has a different null frequency. For example, a 1-mil gap corresponds to a null frequency of 18 kc, but adjacent frequencies are reproduced. A 1.5-mil gap cannot reproduce 13.5 kc but passes adjacent frequencies. Therefore, the gaps form a wide pass all frequencies. To compensate for loss in the lower track, an attenuator cuts the output from the 1-mil head. Increased gain is provided in the amplifier. The result is uniform response from 50 to 30,000 cycles. Famous ALLIANCE TENNA-ROTOR ...at New low prices Lowest prices in the industry—Now you can sell famous Alliance Tenna-Rotor easier . . . step up your volume and profits! New, low prices will melt sales resistance. Quality and style go up...prices down—And there's an improvement in Alliance Tenna-Rotor quality that makes the new, reduced prices an even better bargain! Technical improvements are built into Alliance products—users get the benefits of research and progress . . . and at lower prices. Cooperation does it . . . thanks to the splendid cooperation of dealers and distributors the demand keeps climbing—and Alliance Manufacturing Co. has been able to step up production and the economies that result are passed along in these sharp price reductions! And now—a brand new low-price TENNA-ROTOR! Model K22—New, lowest priced rotator on the market! This new economy styled champion features finger tip control—sells on sight—is undoubtedly the biggest value in the industry! The Alliance line keeps pace with the coming changes in television and electronics. Alliance TV aids are styled right—built to last! They include three UHF Converters—Boosters—three Alliance Tenna-Rotors—the new Triceptor line of antennas. Add to this the Alliance radio-controlled Lift-A-Dor . . . electrically operated garage door opener; the first low-priced, quality, automatic garage door operator. Alliance is in its sixth year of continuous TV advertising! ALLIANCE PRODUCTS ARE PRE-SOLD! ALLIANCE MANUFACTURING COMPANY • Alliance, Ohio JANUARY, 1955 try This one ANTENNA CLIP A pair of miniature pin jacks soldered as shown to the sides of clothespin type TV antenna connectors will simplify connections to chassis with plug connectors to the antenna terminal board on the cover that must be removed for servicing.—Bruce A. Brown PLASTIC CABINETS Cracked and broken plastic radio cabinets can be repaired successfully. Use sandpaper or steel wool to remove gloss along both sides of the break on the inside of the cabinet. Wipe off the dust and coat the roughened surface with plastic or bakelite cement. Regular service cement will do but the special cements are better. When the first coat is about dry, apply a heavier coat and cement a strip of cloth on the inside of the cabinet to cover the space to be filled. When the cloth patch has dried, prepare wood putty with water according to the directions on the package to make a thick workable paste. Add spar varnish up to about 10% of the bulk of the paste and mix thoroughly. Use the paste to fill the cracks and holes. Leave a little excess on the surface to compensate for shrinkage and final rubbing down. While the patch is soft, any cracks that have sprung open should be held closed by pressure, using weights or a few turns of heavy string. Let dry overnight or longer. Plane off excess or rub down with steel wool or sandpaper backed with a pad. Work slowly to avoid abrading the outer surface of the cabinet. If the plastic is black or walnut in color, dry powdered lampblack or burnt umber pigment can be mixed with the putty along with the varnish. Or the smoothed patch can be painted with tube oil color thinned with japan drier. Allow extra drying time when lampblack is used. Left-over putty can be pressed into sheets between paper or pressed into paper tubes for future use. The dry TRY THIS ONE (Continued) product can be turned, drilled and worked like hardwood or any plastic. A cylinder cast in a short length of mailing tube is handy for making special end plugs for homemade test prods. Saw off a disc of the required thickness, drill a hole in the center, and then chuck it in an electric drill and spin against a wood rasp to turn it down to fit. An attractive instrument control knob with a pointer was made by slotting one side of a plastic bottle cap and inserting a strip of clear plastic with a scored hairline. The putty-varnish mixture was used to fill the bottle cap and cement in the pointer. When the mixture dried, a hole was drilled and tapped for a setscrew. This custom-built dial pointer served its particular purpose.—Van L. Ferguson ION-TRAP INDICATOR I use a simple photoelectric light meter that works perfectly and eliminates guesswork when adjusting ion-trap magnets on TV receivers. A mirror is not needed. The beam bender is positioned for maximum reading. The instrument consists of four inexpensive photovoltaic cells and a 50-$\mu$A d.c. meter or the basic range of a 20,000-ohms-per-volt voltmeter connected as shown in the diagram. The cells are mounted on a flat bakelite strip in a suitable housing that can be suspended against the screen by the meter leads. (For details on a simple mounting arrangement, see “Transistorized Commercial Killer” in the July, 1954, issue—Editor.) The unit is used with the photocell suspended against the screen and the meter on top of the set with the dial facing the rear. Tune the set to a vacant channel, advance the brightness control for an indication on the meter and then adjust the beam bender for maximum deflection on the meter.—George L. Garvin SMALL-PARTS BOX Small boxes partitioned into two or three sections are handy to have around any shop to keep the parts from a TV set when you remove it from a cabinet or strip the chassis. Sectioning is a great advantage because some of the screws in the back of a TV set may be differently threaded from those in other parts of the set, although they may look alike. Instead of dumping all the parts in one box and then having to sort the screws again, it saves your time and temper to use the divided boxes.—B. W. Welz OUTSTANDING for HIGH FIDELITY! Each Collins Tuner Kit is complete with punched chassis, tubes, power transformer, power supply components, hardware, dial assembly, tuning eye, knobs, wire, etc., as well as the required sub-assemblies: FM tuning units, AM tuning units, IF amplifiers, etc., where applicable. All sub-assemblies wired, tested and aligned at the factory make Collins Pre-Fab Kits easy to assemble even without technical knowledge. The end result is a fine, high quality, high fidelity instrument often less than half the cost—because you helped make it and bought it direct from the factory. FMF-3 Tuning Unit $15.25 with AFC $18.75 The best for FM. The most sensitive and most selective type of "front-end" on the market. 6 to 10 microvolt sensitivity. Image ratio 500 to 1. 616 tuned RF stage, 6AG5 converter, 6C4 oscillator. Permanently aligned variable and fixed-tune. Chassis plate measures 6½"x4½". In combination with the IF-6 amplifier, the highest order of sensitivity and FM can be obtained. Tubes included as well as schematic and instructions. Draws 30 ma. Shipping weight FMF-3: 2½ lbs. Dial available @ $3.85. IF-6 Amplifier $19.75 6 Tubes, Shipping Wgt. 3 lbs. FOR USERS OF COLLINS TUNERS: Receive $5.00 credit toward the new FMF-3A front end! Mail us your old front end with $13.75 and we will send you the new, improved FMF-3A with AFC, or refund the full amount of $18.75 and when we receive your old unit in return a check will be mailed you for $5.00. AM-4 Tuning Unit $24.50 Tops in AM superhet performance. A 3-gang tuned converter and 3-gang tuned stages with high sensitivity and selectivity. Assembly is completely wired, tested and aligned ready for immediate dial-up. Frequency coverage 540 KC to 1650 KC at a sensitivity of 5 microvolts. Tubes 6BA6 RF amplifier; 6B6 converter; 6BA6 oscillator; 6V6 detector. Draws 30 ma. @ 220 volts. Mounts on a chassis plate measuring 4"x7½". Shipping weight 2½ lbs. Dial available at $3.85. FM Tuner Kit $55 with AFC $58.50 The FM-11 tuner is available in kit form with the IF Amplifier mounted in the chassis, wired and tested by us. You mount the completed RF Tuning Unit and power supply, then after some simple wiring, it's all set to operate. 11 tubes: 6J6 RF amp, 6AG5 converter, 6C4 oscillator, 6BA6 1st IF, (2) 6AU6 2nd and 3rd IF, (2) 6AU6 limiters, 6AL5 discriminator, 6AL7-GT double tuning eye, 5Y3-GT rectifier. Sensitivity 6 to 10 microvolts, less than ½ of 1% distortion, 20 to 20,000 cycle response with 2DB variation. Chassis dimensions: 12½" wide, 8" deep, 7" high. Illustrated manual supplied. Shipping weight 14 lbs. FM/AM Tuner Kit $77.50 with AFC $81.00 The original 15 tube deluxe FM/AM pre-fab kit redesigned on a smaller chassis. The tuner now measures 14" wide by 12" deep by 7½" high. This attractive new front and dial assembly opens up new applications where space is at a premium. Kit includes everything necessary to put it into operation—punched chassis, tubes, wired and aligned components, power supply, hardware, etc. Kit comprises FMF-3 tuning unit, IF-6 amplifier, AM-4 AM tuning unit, magic eye assembly and complete instructions. All tubes included. Shipping weight 19 lbs. MAIL COUPON TODAY To: Collins Audio Products Co. Inc. RE-1 P.O. Box 348, Westfield, N. J. Please send me: ☐ FM Tuner Kit ☐ FM/AM Tuner Kit ☐ FMF-3 Tuning Unit ☐ with AFC ☐ with AFC ☐ with AFC ☐ IF-6 Amplifier ☐ AM-4 Tuning Unit NAME ............................................................... ADDRESS ............................................................ CITY ............................................................... STATE .......................... Amount for Kit $ ........... See weights, add shipping cost $ .......... Total amount enclosed $ Check ☐ Money Order ☐ WHEN YOU THINK OF TUNERS, THINK OF COLLINS AUDIO PRODUCTS JANUARY, 1955 1-TUBE DEFLECTION CIRCUIT The Ace Astra model 553 TV receiver (British) uses a novel 1-tube horizontal sweep generator and output circuit designed around a 6CD6-G. The circuit operates as a blocking oscillator. The feedback voltage needed to sustain oscillation is tapped off a section of the flyback transformer and fed into the grid through the hold control that varies the frequency by changing the R-C of the grid circuit. Negative-going sync pulses are tapped off the plate of the sync separator and fed through a differentiating network (R1-C1-R2) to the oscillator grid. STAGGER-TUNED I.F.'S Modern TV receivers often use stagger-tuned i.f. circuits because they develop more gain than an equal number of mutually coupled (double-tuned) stages adjusted for the same bandwidth. Another advantage of the stagger-tuned system is that its alignment is simpler. It is possible to obtain the desired over-all i.f. response by connecting a signal generator to the input of each stage in turn and adjusting the tuning slug for maximum response at the correct frequency. When designing stagger-tuned i.f. circuits, the average constructor finds it hard to determine the resonant frequencies and bandwidth of the tuned circuits to get the desired gain and over-all bandwidth. In Data and Circuits of Television Receiver Valves (Philips Technical Library), J. Jager introduces a novel and simple method of determining the resonant frequencies and stage bandwidths for a stagger-tuned system with any number of stages. (For American vestigial-sideband transmission, center the diagram on the center of the i.f. passband instead of the carrier.) Knowing the carrier frequency and the number of stages to be used in the i.f. strip, the first step is to determine the desired over-all bandwidth at 3-db points. Draw a baseline with linear calibrations 0.5 mc or less apart with the ends representing the 3-db points. (Assuming that bandwidth is 5 mc, a 5-inch line is a convenient length. Divide it into 10 equal parts with each division representing 0.5 mc.) Use the base line as a diameter and draw a semicircle. Now, divide the arc into a number of equal parts—one more than the number of stages in the amplifier strip. For example, a 4-stage amplifier has five tuned circuits—one input, three interstage and one output. —so the arc of the design diagram must have five parts. Draw a perpendicular line from the center of each part of the arc to the base line. The length of each perpendicular equals half the bandwidth B of that circuit; the point of intersection with the base line gives the center frequency. The diagram at $a$ gives the frequencies and circuit bandwidths for a 4-stage amplifier with a 21-me carrier frequency. Diagram $b$ gives the same data for a 3-stage amplifier. Note that in a stagger-tuned system there is a circuit tuned to the carrier frequency only when the system has an even number of stages. This data was taken from the application notes on the EF80 (RETMA equivalent is 6BX6) appearing in the reference mentioned previously. The notes also contain complete data for determining the desired circuit Q and the method of obtaining it. TAPE RECORDER SWITCH This photoelectric switch was developed as an automatic shut-off switch for a tape recorder. Its operation is based on a light beam shining across the tape path onto a photoelectric tube. When the tape is running through the machine, the light is blocked off and plate relay RY1 is released. The circuit is conventional except that the 117-volt power relay is wired so it locks in when its coil is energized momentarily by closing S1 to start the recorder. The power relay remains closed and the recorder operates as long as the plate relay is released (the light path is blocked off by the tape). The control circuit obtains power from a half-wave type power transformer (a Stancor PS-8415) but can take its power—100–150 volts at about 10 ma—from any radio or amplifier operated with the recorder. The plate-circuit relay is a Potter & Brumfield LM-5 with a 5,000-ohm coil. A 923 phototube was used because it was readily available. Other types can be substituted. A miniature 3S4 or a 3Q5-GT can be substituted for the 6SJ7 or 6SH7 shown by changing the filament supply to 3 volts. The only controls needed are the push-button switch and the switch for the light source. These can be mounted on the tape chassis and the rest of the circuit tucked away in an unused corner of the cabinet.—Russ Sherwin --- YOU CAN BUILD A Professional HIGH FIDELITY SOUND SYSTEM WITH TECH-MASTER AMPLIFIER and PRE-AMPLIFIER Kits The finest components obtainable are easily assembled by following the complete step-by-step pictorial diagrams. Your home assembled Tech-Master Amplifier and Pre-Amplifier kits will be of the highest professional quality with a frequency range of 8 to 100,000 cps at less than 1/4% distortion for normal listening levels. At All Leading Radio Parts Jobbers and Sound Dealers Literature Upon Request TECH-MASTER CORPORATION 75 Front Street, Brooklyn 1, N. Y. --- NEW EICO PROBES SCOPE PROBES - SCOPE DEMODULATOR PROBE - KIT $3.75 - WIRED $5.75 - LOW CAPACITY PROBE - KIT $3.75 - WIRED $5.75 - DIRECT PROBE - KIT $2.75 - WIRED $3.95 SPECIAL . . . All 3 Scope Probes - KIT $9.95 - WIRED $14.95 VTVM PROBES - VTVM RF PROBES - KIT $3.75 - WIRED $4.95 - PEAK-TO-PEAK PROBES - KIT $4.95 - WIRED $6.95 Sensational High Voltage Probe Model HVP-2 . . . ONLY $4.95 © 54 Extends range of VTVMs & VOMs to 30 KV pat. pend. Write for FREE Catalog CP-1 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT CO., INC. 84 Withers Street • Brooklyn 11, N.Y. --- New Secret Recorder with Built-In Microphone and Playback Facilities Available for the first time, a really secret and dependable tape recorder for your investigative work with full assurance of catching every word and whisper. Specially designed for all forms of fool-proof, sure-fire, investigative work. Completely self-contained, operates anywhere! Briefcase ingeniously camouflaged to open without disclosing recorder in operation. In-built super-sensitive microphone plus noise circuits record all sounds from a whisper to a roar. Picks up whispers at a distance of 12 feet and ordinary speech at 100 feet. Secret latch switch operates recorder. Provides 1½ hours of uninterrupted recording time. Built-in headphone playback. Tapes also play back on any 1½ ips recorder. Available to all legitimate commercial, professional, industrial, municipal, state and federal investigative agencies. SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER Limited for sixty days. Price subject to increase afterwards without notice. AMPLIFIER CORP. of AMERICA 398 Broadway, N. Y. 13, N. Y. I want to construct an all-wave receiver that uses commercial coils to cover the range from 540 kc to about 30 mc. Oscillator coils for this range are designed for intermediate frequencies around 450 kc. I want to use an i.f. around 1500 kc to minimize image interference on the shortwave bands.—H.T.H., St. Louis, Mo. The J. W. Miller Co. has a series of shortwave oscillator coils for 1500-ke i.f.’s and tuning ranges of 3.75 to 11, 8.5 to 23 and 12 to 36 mc. Modifying existing coils designed for 450-ke i.f.’s for 1500-ke operation is difficult and tracking is likely to suffer. The selectivity of a 1500-ke i.f. stage is not as good and the gain probably will not be as high as at 456 kc. For this reason we suggest an arrangement similar to that shown in the diagram. The set operates as a conventional superhet with a 456-ke i.f. in the first two ranges covering from 540 kc to 4.5 mc and as a double-conversion circuit on the 3.75–11- and 12.5–36-mc ranges. The gap in the tuning range between 11 and 12.5 mc will not be noticed in most instances. The diagram shows a 6BE6 mixer, 6C4 oscillator, 6BE6 second converter and 6BD6 first i.f. amplifier. On the first two ranges the incoming signal—either direct from the antenna or from an r.f. amplifier—is converted to 456 kc in the plate circuit of the mixer and then fed to the grid of the i.f. amplifier. On the two higher ranges the mixer converts the incoming signal to 1500 kc and feeds it into the second converter. The oscillator coils are Miller types A-727-C, B-727-C, C-727-W and E-727-W. Suffix C indicates oscillator coils designed for 456-ke i.f.’s and W indicates 1500-ke i.f.’s. Antenna and r.f. coils for each range have the same prefix letter and number with the suffixes A and RF substituted for antenna and r.f. coils, respectively. The oscillator coil for the second converter is a universal broadcast type such as the Miller 71-OSC or equivalent. Plan the tuner layout for the shortest possible leads to the bandswitch. Shield the coils to minimize suck-out and simplify switching. QUESTION BOX (Continued) OLD-BAND FM RADIO I want to convert a Pilot T-301 AM-FM receiver so the FM section covers the 88-108-mc band instead of the 40-50-mc band. Is there an inexpensive way of doing this without rebuilding the FM front end and i.f. circuits? —R. A. R., Philadelphia, Pa. Many readers have had good results with this inexpensive tubeless converter (see diagram) connected between a good FM (88-108-mc) antenna and the antenna posts of their old FM receiver. Response to our query on continuing the Question Box has swamped our staff with questions. If you don’t get your answer in a month or so, don’t worry—we’ll get to it in time. Incidentally, the Question Box will continue. All coils are self-supporting and are space-wound with an inside diameter of 7/16 inch. L1 is two turns of No. 18 insulated hookup wire interwound with L2. L2 is three turns of No. 10 solid enameled wire. L3 is 10 turns of No. 10 solid enameled wire and L4 three turns of No. 18 hookup wire interwound with it. The tuning capacitors are small air trimmers with a maximum capacitance of about 35 μF. L2 tunes to the new signal frequency and L3 tunes to a frequency in the 40-50-mc band. SURE-FIRE OSCILLATOR I am a Novice radio amateur with only a few months of experience with transmitter circuits. Please print the circuit of a crystal oscillator that I can use to drive an 807 directly on 80, 40 and 15 meters. I want to use fundamental crystals.—M. W. F., Central Islip, N. Y. This circuit, recommended by Petersen Radio Co., should provide sufficient output to drive your final. The inductor in the plate tank circuit must be tuned to the desired output frequency. The output may be at the fundamental or the second, third or fourth harmonic. You can use standard 25-watt coils in the oscillator plate circuit. The oscillator supply voltage should be 390 for best results. For QUALITY - PERFORMANCE - DEPENDABILITY Rad-Tel Tubes Guaranteed 1 FULL YEAR 70% to 90% OFF - Same Day Service - All Tubes Individually Boxed - 300 Types Always in Stock \| Type \| Price \| Type \| Price \| Type \| Price \| Type \| Price \| Type \| Price \| \|--------\|-------\|--------\|-------\|--------\|-------\|--------\|-------\|--------\|-------\| \| O1 \| .74 \| 6A6GT \| .44 \| 7A5 \| .55 \| 12B6M \| .63 \| 32L7 \| .89 \| \| O1A \| .68 \| 51A \| .74 \| 6A6 \| .49 \| 12B7 \| .65 \| 35 \| .88 \| \| O2B \| .81 \| 5U4G \| .55 \| 6C5 \| .39 \| 7A7 \| .68 \| 28Z7 \| .56 \| \| OC3 \| .72 \| 5U4S \| .75 \| 6C6 \| .58 \| 7AB \| .68 \| 12CM \| .52 \| \| OD1 \| .70 \| SW4ST \| .60 \| 6C6 \| .54 \| 7AD7 \| .79 \| 12H6 \| .56 \| \| 124M \| .65 \| 5U3GT \| .37 \| 6CD6 \| 1.10 \| 7A6 \| .64 \| 35C5 \| .51 \| \| IAS \| .49 \| 5Y4 \| .51 \| 6CF6 \| .64 \| 7AG7 \| .69 \| 12J7 \| .49 \| \| 12AT7 \| .47 \| SZ3 \| .45 \| 6CS6 \| .51 \| 7AH7 \| .79 \| 12K9 \| .59 \| \| 12AT8 \| .42 \| 6A6 \| .63 \| 6C6 \| .59 \| 7B4 \| .67 \| 12K7 \| .50 \| \| 1B3GT \| .73 \| 6A7 \| .69 \| 6E5 \| .48 \| 7B5 \| .45 \| 12SGT \| .62 \| \| IC5 \| .43 \| 6A84 \| .44 \| 6EGST \| .39 \| 7B6 \| .69 \| 12SAT7 \| .65 \| \| 1C7 \| .29 \| 6A85 \| .43 \| 6F6 \| .59 \| 7B7 \| .49 \| 12SM \| .63 \| \| 1G6 \| .74 \| 6AC7M \| .86 \| 6G6 \| .42 \| 7C4 \| .69 \| 12S7 \| .50 \| \| 1H4 \| .30 \| 6AF4 \| .90 \| 6H6GT \| .41 \| 7C5 \| .69 \| 12S7G \| .51 \| \| 1HGT \| .49 \| 6AF5 \| .56 \| 6J5GT \| .43 \| 7C6 \| .57 \| 12SK7G \| .63 \| \| 1L4 \| .46 \| 6AG7M \| .39 \| 7C7 \| .75 \| 12ST \| .57 \| 12SL7G \| .57 \| \| 1LA \| .59 \| 6AH4 \| .57 \| 6J7 \| .43 \| 7E6 \| .30 \| 12STG7 \| .52 \| \| 1L6 \| .69 \| 6AH5 \| .73 \| 6K6 \| .72 \| 7E7 \| .79 \| 12STG7T\| .52 \| \| 1L8 \| .67 \| 6AH6 \| .65 \| 6K6GT \| .45 \| 7E7 \| .79 \| 12STG7T\| .52 \| \| 1LC5 \| .59 \| 6AK5 \| .55 \| 6K7 \| .44 \| 7F8 \| .79 \| 12STM \| .49 \| \| 1LC7 \| .79 \| 6AK6 \| .59 \| 6L6 \| .64 \| 7G7 \| .89 \| 12VAGT \| .46 \| \| 1LC8 \| .57 \| 6AL5 \| .42 \| 6L7M \| .74 \| 7H7 \| .79 \| 12VAGT \| .46 \| \| 1LD5 \| .57 \| 6AL6 \| .42 \| 6N7M \| .63 \| 7J7 \| .79 \| 14A4 \| .69 \| \| 1LC9 \| .59 \| 6AM8 \| .78 \| 6N7M \| .63 \| 7J7 \| .79 \| 14A4 \| .69 \| \| 1LMH \| .69 \| 6AO5 \| .50 \| 6O7 \| .45 \| 7K3 \| .69 \| 14A5 \| .59 \| \| 1LN4 \| .49 \| 6AO6 \| .37 \| 6O7 \| .37 \| 7L7 \| .63 \| 14A7 \| .63 \| \| 1LN5 \| .59 \| 6AQ7 \| .70 \| 6S4 \| .48 \| 7N7 \| .69 \| 14AF7 \| .59 \| \| 1N5GT \| .67 \| 6AR5 \| .45 \| 6S7M \| .79 \| 7Q7 \| .66 \| 14BE6 \| .63 \| \| 1N5GT \| .67 \| 6AR6 \| .50 \| 6S7M \| 1.00 \| 7Q7 \| .66 \| 14BS \| .63 \| \| 1N5GT \| .58 \| 6AS6 \| 1.49 \| 6S8GT \| .53 \| 7S7 \| .79 \| 14CS \| .79 \| \| 1N5 \| .62 \| 6AT6 \| .41 \| 6S8GT \| .55 \| 7V7 \| .89 \| 14CT7 \| .79 \| \| 1N6 \| .64 \| 6AT7 \| .65 \| 6S8GT \| .41 \| 7X6 \| .54 \| 14CT7 \| .79 \| \| 1N5 \| .51 \| 6AU3GT \| .82 \| 6S8GT \| .41 \| 7X7 \| .70 \| 14ET \| .88 \| \| 1T4 \| .58 \| 6AU6 \| .46 \| 6S8GT \| .41 \| 7Y4 \| .69 \| 14ET \| .88 \| \| 1T5 \| .51 \| 6AU6GT \| .85 \| 6S8GT \| .49 \| 7Z4 \| .54 \| 14ET8 \| .69 \| \| 1U4 \| .57 \| 6AV6 \| .40 \| 6T7M \| .41 \| 7A6 \| .64 \| 14ET8 \| .69 \| \| 1US \| .50 \| 6AX4GT \| .65 \| 6S7KT \| .53 \| 12ABGT \| .61 \| 14J7 \| .84 \| \| 1V \| .43 \| 6B4 \| .54 \| 6LTGT \| .48 \| 14LS \| .37 \| 14J7 \| .84 \| \| 1X2A \| .43 \| 6BA6 \| .49 \| 12AS \| .39 \| 14KS \| .32 \| 14RT \| .79 \| \| 2A3 \| .30 \| 6BA7 \| .57 \| 6SQ7GT \| .46 \| 12AT6 \| .41 \| 14S7 \| .89 \| \| 2W3 \| .38 \| 6BC5 \| .54 \| 6SR7GT \| .45 \| 12AT7 \| .73 \| 14W7 \| .30 \| \| 2X3 \| .49 \| 6BD6 \| .45 \| 6ST1 \| .53 \| 12AT8 \| .66 \| 14W7 \| .30 \| \| 3A4 \| .45 \| 6BD6 \| .45 \| 6T4 \| .99 \| 12AUT \| .60 \| 14Y7 \| .62 \| \| 3B7 \| .27 \| 6BE6 \| .51 \| 6T8 \| .80 \| 12AV6 \| .39 \| 19BG6 \| 1.39 \| \| 3B8 \| .45 \| 6BF6 \| .45 \| 6T8 \| .53 \| 12AV7 \| .73 \| 19BT \| .79 \| \| 3BN6 \| .74 \| 6B16 \| .37 \| 6U6 \| .99 \| 12AV7 \| .73 \| 19BT \| .79 \| \| 3C6B \| .54 \| 6BG6G \| 1.25 \| 6U8 \| .78 \| 12AX7 \| .63 \| 24A \| .39 \| \| 3D6 \| .28 \| 6BH6 \| .53 \| 6V6GT \| .50 \| 12AZ7 \| .68 \| 25V6GVT\| .83 \| \| 3E6 \| .46 \| 6BL6 \| .49 \| 6W6GT \| .50 \| 12AZ7 \| .69 \| 25B6GTT\| 1.61 \| \| 3LF4 \| .69 \| 6BK8 \| .80 \| 6W6GT \| .57 \| 12B4 \| .68 \| 25L6GT \| .51 \| \| 3O4 \| .49 \| 6BM6 \| .80 \| 6X6 \| .37 \| 12B6 \| .49 \| 25M6GTT\| 1.62 \| \| 3OSGT \| .69 \| 6BL7GT \| .83 \| 6X6GT \| .37 \| 12B7A \| .60 \| 25SZ \| .66 \| \| 3S4 \| .58 \| 6BN6 \| .74 \| 6X8 \| .75 \| 12BD6 \| .45 \| 25Z6 \| .49 \| \| 3Y4 \| .58 \| 6BQ6GT \| .98 \| 6T6G \| .48 \| 12DE6 \| .26 \| 45 \| .94 \| \| 5AL4 \| .50 \| 6BQ7 \| .98 \| 7A4 \| .47 \| 12F6 \| .37 \| 45 Special \| .27 \| TERMS: A 25% deposit must accompany all orders—plus postage and handling charges. Orders under $10—$1.00 handling charge. Subject to prior sale. PLEASE: Send full remittance, please allow for delivery and add 10% C.O.D. charges! We refund all unused money! Dept. RE-1. When answering advertisements please mention RADIO-ELECTRONICS TV GLO-TEST Replaces $279 in TESTING EQUIPMENT This sensational new all-purpose tester does the work of equipment costing nearly 12½ times as much. Recently featured in RADIO-ELECTRONICS and other publications, the GLO-TEST has been bought and used enthusiastically by hundreds of TV and Radio Servicemen, Sound Technicians, Amateurs, Experimenters and Technicians. More than 50 different Test Features: AC/DC Measures Voltage to 50 KV; Signal Generator; Signal Tracer; Tube Tester; Resistor and Capacitor Measurements; Checks Distortion, Linearity. Accuracy is comparable to VTVM. GLO-TEST complete with test leads and instruction booklet, postpaid only $14.50. Send check or money order. Satisfaction guaranteed. Free literature on request. Dealer Inquiries Invited. V. A. ENTERPRISES, Dept. AA, 608 E. Rosecrans Blvd., Compton, Calif. FULLY GUARANTEED Just what the TV Doctor ordered... STANCOR EXACT REPLACEMENT FLYBACKS Whether the "patient" is a Crosley, a Muntz, an RCA, or any other brand, you can be sure of a prompt recovery when the prescription reads "STANCOR." Patient: Muntz Stancor A-8242 New Exact Replacement Flyback for Muntz TO-0028 and TO-0029 List Price $9.00 Patient: Crosley Super V, Hallicrafters Stancor A-8241 New Exact Replacement Flyback for Crosley 157820 and Hallicrafters 550251 List Price $8.10 FREE—HIGH FIDELITY Ultra-Linear Amplifier Bulletin 479 describing performance and construction of the 24 watt Stancor-Williamson Amplifier, using Stancor Ultra-Linear Output Transformer A-8072 ($15.00 net). Available from your distributor. CHICAGO STANDARD TRANSFORMER CORPORATION 3592 ELSTON AVENUE • CHICAGO 18, ILLINOIS EXPORT SALES: Roburn Agencies, Inc. • 431 Greenwich Street • New York 13, N.Y. Merchandising and Promotion Ward Products Corp., Cleveland, is promoting its 8-Ball automobile aerials with the offer of a hole saw, which will fit any ¼-inch drill, to service technicians and distributors who present 20 end labels from Ward 8-Ball cartons. Astron Corp., East Newark, N.J., has streamlined its capacitor line to promote sales by minimized duplication of types. Columbia Wire and Supply Co., Chicago, has designed a colorful new box for packaging its v.h.f.-u.h.f. foam polyethylene television transmission line. The box makes for easier storing and inventory and doubles as an attractive display. Cornell-Dubilier Electric, South Plainfield, N.J., and Radiart Corp., Cleveland, have launched the biggest consumer promotional campaign in their history to promote CDR rotors. TV spot announcements, direct mail, point-of-purchase displays and newspaper advertisements are being used. Permoflux Inc., Chicago, devised a new Insured Home Trial plan under which consumers may try Largo or Diminuette speaker systems in their homes for 15 days and return them for full refund if the system does not meet C-D IS THE ONLY COMPLETE LINE OF ELECTROLYTICS No matter what you need in electrolytic capacitors—C-D has it. Every type, shape and rating... all of consistent high quality proven by outstanding field performance. C-D capacitors are always reliable... and readily available—because Distributors who know, carry the complete Cornell-Dubilier line. Free! TV Capacitor "Replacement Guide"—and C-D Twist Prong Cross Index from your C-D Distributor. He's listed in your local Classified Telephone Directory. There are more C-D capacitors in use today than any other make. CONSISTENTLY DEPENDABLE CORNELL-DUBILIER CAPACITORS PLANTS IN SOUTH PLAINFIELD, N. J.; NEW BEDFORD, WORCESTER AND CAMBRIDGE, MASS.; PROVIDENCE AND HOPE VALLEY, R. I.; INDIANAPOLIS, IND.; SANFORD AND FUGUAY SPRINGS, N. C.; SUBSIDIARY: THE RADIANT CORPORATION, CLEVELAND, O Important Notice to SUBSCRIBERS If you're moving, please don't forget to send us your address as it appears on the copy of the magazine, including the numbers shown beside your name, as well as your new address. If possible, send us your address label which is pasted on the upper left hand corner of the back cover. If we receive this information before the 20th of the month, you will continue getting the magazine without interruption. Your cooperation will be most helpful and greatly appreciated. their requirements or expectations. Pyramid Electric, of North Bergen, N.J., has designed a two-color display rack for its capacitors. The company also brought out a new capacitor carton. Tele-Matic Industries, Inc., Brooklyn, N.Y., is offering its distributors a counter display for its Tele-Pal extension speaker for remote control personal TV listening. James B. Lansing Sound, Inc., Los Angeles, is distributing for a nominal fee mounted illustrations of early historical musical instruments to emphasize the beauty and craftsmanship of their Signature speakers and enclosures. Electrovox Co., East Orange, N.J., has designed a new 3-D display for its Walco needles. Javex, Redlands, Calif., is offering distributors a birch and maple shadow-box display with the purchase of $50 worth of Javex merchandise. Reeves Soundcraft Corp., New York City, has made a 12-inch easel for its Plus 50 magnetic recording tape available to dealers. Recoton Corp., New York City, has designed a counter display for its phono needle line. Production and Sales REMTA reported the production of 4,733,315 TV sets and 7,042,442 radios during the first nine months of 1954 compared with 5,524,370 TV sets and 10,149,163 radios for the 1953 period. September production of 947,796 TV sets was reported. Calendar of Events Symposium of Printed Circuits sponsored by RETMA Engineering Department, January 20-21, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Audio Fair, Los Angeles, February 11-13, Alexandria Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif. Symposium on Design of Complex Transistor Circuits sponsored by New York Section of IRE—Dr. John Linwill, Bell Labs, moderator; January 8, Engineering Societies Building, New York, N.Y., 9:45 A.M. Sales-builders by TACO MAGI-MIX ANTENNA Couplers An extremely efficient band pass filter permitting the use of a single transmission line with the following antenna combinations: Cat. No. 1425A High-band and low-band VHF antennas Cat. No. 1460 UHF and VHF antennas Cat. No. 1465 Two UHF antennas Cat. No. 1433 VHF high-band, VHF low-band and UHF antennas MULTI-SET Couplers Three models—Cat Nos. 820-2; 820-3; and 820-4 permit two, three, or four set operation respectively from a single antenna installation. Units split signal equally between receivers and provides necessary isolation to eliminate interaction between sets. Eliminate those trade-in headaches—sell a second set—not a second-hand set. SELECTRONIC Switch A multi-purpose, 300-ohm impedance switch with high-efficiency contacts for minimum loss. Used for manual switching from antenna to antenna, switching signal from one receiver to another, and ideal for use in high-fidelity signal switching. Taco, the oldest and most respected name in antennas, offers you real SALES-BUILDERS in the line of antennas, accessories and promotional backing. You can't lose with Taco as your brand. Stop in and see your Taco distributor. Pick up your copy of the Taco catalog and see for yourself why Taco has been the STEADY LINE since 1932... TECHNICAL APPLIANCE CORPORATION SHERBURN, NEW YORK In Canada: Hackbusch Electronics, Ltd., Toronto 4, Ont. YOU CAN OWN THE HIGHEST QUALITY IMPORTED HOME AUDIO SYSTEM FOR THE BARGAIN PRICE OF ONLY $173.90 Imagine! You Get 1. Ten-tone MOTEK TRANSPORT MECHANISM - Driven by three individual AC motors. - Speed 7 1/2 I.P.S., dual tracks. - All electrical push button switching and braking. - Hi-Fi record/playback and erase heads. - Frequency response better than 50 - 10,000 C.P.S. - WOW and FLUTTER less than .3% - Accommodates 7" reels (1200'). 2. Ten-tone EAP 2 AUDIO AMPLIFIER - Output 6 watts, 3 - 5 ohms impedance. - Separate power pack for remote installation to avoid HUM. - Record frequency range 50 - 10,000 C.P.S. - Erase and Bias frequency 45 kc/s. - Controls — record, play-back and amplifier selector switch, tone, volume, phono, master volume. - Input — for microphone, phono, radio and telephone pick-up with provision for mixing, also input for feeding into your present amplifier. - Presto tone compensation on record, to provide flat equalization. - Monitoring — Magic Eye Record Indicator, with provision for headphone monitoring (2,000 ohms). At Your Nearest Hi-Fi Center. FENTON COMPANY 15 MOORE STREET • NEW YORK 4, N.Y. EASY TO LEARN CODE It is easy to learn or increase speed with an Instructograph Code Teacher. Affordably priced, it provides long practice method yet developed. For beginners and advanced students. Available tapes for beginning alphabet to typical messages on all subjects. Speed range 10 to 40 WPM. Always ready—always QRM. ENDORSED BY THOUSANDS! The Instructograph Code Teacher literally "teaches" plain and simple. Beginners learn the alphabet, punctuation and master code without further instruction. Thousands of successful operators have "acquired the code" with the Instructograph System. Write today for convenient rental and purchase plans. INSTRUCTOGRAPH COMPANY 4701 Sheridan Rd., Dept. RC, Chicago 40, Ill. OSCIL-O-PEN Extremely convenient test oscillator for all radio servicing alignment. Small as a pen. Self powered. • Ranges from 100 cycles to 1000 megacycles u.h.f. • Output from zero to 125 v. • Low in cost • Used by Signal Corps. • Write for information. GENERAL TEST EQUIPMENT 38 Argyle Ave. Buffalo 9, N.Y. SOUND-OFF! Built fully automatic electronic brain. The MUSICOM cuts out commercials, lets your radio TV play only music! Priceless possession for home, business, office. Simple, low-cost construction. 2-tubes. Illustrated booklet, schematic, full instructions. PLUS special component, $3.50 with order. Free literature. NORMAN ELECTRONICS COMPANY P.O. Box 733 Brooklyn 1, N.Y. BUSINESS (Continued) receivers set an all-time record for monthly production. RETMA reported the retail sale of 3,658,927 TV sets and 3,269,115 radios, exclusive of automobile sets, during the first eight months of 1954. This compares with 3,546,407 TV sets and 3,875,293 radios for the 1953 period. New Plants and Expansion Raytheon Manufacturing Co., Waltham, Mass., opened a new equipment sales office in Los Angeles for its microwave, power and cathode-ray tube operations. D. R. Yoder was named district manager in charge of the new Western district sales office. He was formerly with RCA. Sylvania Electric Products, New York City, recently dedicated a new 51,000-square-foot TV picture-tube manufacturing plant in Fullerton, Calif. The company also completed automatic aluminized TV picture-tube facilities in Seneca Falls, N. Y., which will make possible the production of 25,000 more large size tubes per month. Insuline Corp. of America and National Electronic Manufacturing Corp. formally dedicated their new manufacturing facilities in Manchester, N. H. Radio Apparatus Corp., an affiliate of I.D.E.A., Inc., moved to 7900 Pendleton Pike, Indianapolis, home of the parent company. Haydu Brothers, Plainfield, N. J., a division of Burroughs Corp., acquired 30,000 square feet of additional space for the production and storage of reprocessed TV tubes. Pyramid Electric Co., North Bergen, N. J., constructed a new 27,000-square-foot building on its present site. It will house the executive and general offices, engineering and research laboratories, jobber division warehouse and shipping department. The space formerly occupied will be converted to additional manufacturing facilities. Clarostat Mfg. Co., Dover, N. H., purchased Campbell Industries Inc., Chattanooga, Tenn., manufacturer of specialized carbon type resistance products for TV-radio-audio, and military use. George S. Campbell will continue to head the new subsidiary as general manager. E-Z Way Towers, Inc., is now located in new larger quarters at 5901 E. Broadway, Tampa, Fla. Gudeman Co., Chicago, purchased Dilectron, Inc., Monrovia, Calif., ceramic capacitor manufacturer, and will operate it as a division. There will be no personnel changes. Imperial Radar and Wire Corp., New York, opened a new factory and warehouse in Van Nuys, Calif. Business Briefs ... RCA Service Co., Camden, N. J., was appointed by Theatre Network Television, Inc. to supervise installation and servicing of 50 large-screen closed circuit TV projection units which it has acquired for hotel use. U.S. Army release, Brand New—Never Used. Fully Guaranteed. This soldering iron can be used to solder or weld when connected to any six-volt storage lantern (has approximately 200 to 300 watts). The high intensity arc between the metal to be soldered and the carbon electrode (carbon is supplied free with iron) can be used to cut tin or aluminum alloys. Suitable also for light brazing and spot welding. Arc can be used for melting metals, cutting holes and solidifying metal castings. Also useful for analyzing metals and minerals. Battery soldering iron outfit includes 2 carbons, 3 heavy duty spring clips, 2 pieces 5 ft. heavy duty wire cable. (Battery not included.) Ideal for use where current is not available. Ship wt. 4 lbs. $1.95 ITEM NO. 147 UNUSUAL BUY (Ship. Chgs. 40c) POWERFUL ALL PURPOSE MOTOR Sturdy shaded pole A.C. induction motor, 1500 rpm, 1500 watts, 3" x 2" x 1½"; 4 mounting studs; ¾" shaft, 3/16" diameter; 110-120 volts, 50-60 cycles A.C. only. When geared down, this unit can operate on 18" turntable, weighing about 1 lb. dead weight. Use it for fans, displays, timers and other purposes. Ship wt. 2 lbs. $2.45 ITEM NO. 147 UNUSUAL BUY (Ship. Chgs. 35c) WATTHOUR METER Leading makes—reconditioned. Ideal for training, parks, etc. 10 volts, 60 cycles, 2-wire A.C. 5 amp. Heavy metal case, 6" x 3" x 2". Easy to install. Ship wt. 14 lbs. $4.50 ITEM NO. 33 NOW ONLY (Ship. Chgs. $1.25) WESTERN ELECTRIC BREAST MIKE Lightweight 2" carbon microphone, aircraft type. Breastplate mounting, adjustable 2-way swivel belt fastened straps. For radio broadcasting, communications etc. Complete with 6 foot plug cord, hard rubber plug, Sherridan type non-fraying finish. Ship. wt. 2 lbs. $1.98 ITEM NO. 152 NOW NEW PRICE (Ship. Chgs. 32c) AMAZING BLACK LIGHT 250-watt ultra-violet light source. Makes fluorescent articles glow in the dark. Fits into 12" box. For experimenting, entertaining, unusual lighting effects. Ship. wt. 10 lbs. $2.45 ITEM NO. 87 A SAVING AT (Ship. Chgs. 35c) 250 POWER TELESCOPE LENS KIT Make your own high powered & ft. telescope! Kit contains 2" dia., 1" focal length ground and polished objective lens and necessary eye pieces. Magnifies 50x to 250x. Full instructions. Ship. wt. 1 lb. $2.95 ITEM NO. 150 YOU SAVE AT (Ship. Chgs. 10c) HUDSON SPECIALTIES CO 25 West Broadway, Dept. RE-1-55 New York 7, N. Y. I enclose check or money order for items circled below. (Be sure to include shipping charges.) ON C.O.D. deposits 5% of order. Ship balance C.O.D. MINIMUM C.O.D. ORDER $5.00. C.O.D. ORDERS ACCEPTED ONLY WITH 20% DEPOSIT INVOICE ON ALL ORDERS Circle Items Wanted \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| 33 \| 152 \| 126 \| \| 123 \| Name ........................................ Picase Print Clearly Address .............................................. City ........................................ Zone ... State Watch for the February Issue of RADIO-ELECTRONICS On Sale Jan. 25 NEW STOCK OF FIRST QUALITY TELTRON TUBES GUARANTEED! . . . LOWEST PRICES EVER! All tubes individually boxed . . . unconditionally guaranteed for one year! FREE Bonus Offer! Model 625K - Illum. gear-driven "Speed Rolchart" - New lever-action switches for individual testing of every element - Tests all conventional and TV tubes May be bought outright from Teltron for $34.95 This Eico Tube Tester is yours FREE when you buy $199 worth of tubes or more within 60 days at Teltron. FREE $7.20 list value Bonus Box of three 6SN7 tubes and 25 assorted resistors with each order of $25 or more. SAME DAY SERVICE 48 Hour Postal Delivery To West Coast TERMS: Save weight by paying postage charges. All orders accompanied by full remittance will be shipped POSTAGE PAID anywhere in the continental U.S.A. 25% deposit required on C.O.D.'s. Minimum order $10.00. Open accounts to rated firms only. Send for Free complete tube listing and monthly special! Get on our mailing list. SPECIALS!—TILL FEB. 1 \| Type \| Price \| \|--------\|-------\| \| 1A7GT \| .53 \| \| 1H5GT \| .51 \| \| L14 \| .51 \| \| L16 \| .51 \| \| ILC6 \| .49 \| \| 1NSGT \| .51 \| \| T4 \| .51 \| \| US \| .41 \| \| X2 \| .65 \| \| 2A3 \| .35 \| \| 2A7 \| .35 \| \| 3Q4 \| .53 \| \| 3Q5GT \| .61 \| \| 354 \| .48 \| \| 3V4 \| .48 \| \| 5U4G \| .43 \| \| 5V4G \| .49 \| \| 5Y3GT \| .30 \| \| 5Y4G \| .40 \| \| EZ3 \| .47 \| \| 6A8 \| .40 \| \| 6K7 \| .40 \| \| 6A84 \| .43 \| \| 6A54 \| .52 \| \| 6A6G \| .65 \| \| 6A6HGT \| .65 \| \| 6A6S \| .96 \| \| 6A1S \| .43 \| \| 6A2S \| .43 \| \| 6A3S \| .48 \| \| 6A7S \| .37 \| \| 6AUSGT \| .60 \| \| 6AU6 \| .43 \| \| 6AV5GT \| .60 \| \| 6AV6 \| .37 \| \| 6AX4GT \| .60 \| \| 6AX5GT \| .60 \| \| 6BA6 \| .54 \| \| 6BA7 \| .58 \| \| Type \| Price \| \|--------\|-------\| \| 6BC5 \| .48 \| \| 6B7 \| .48 \| \| 6BF4 \| .48 \| \| 6BG4G \| 1.18 \| \| 6BK5 \| .75 \| \| 6BJ6 \| .51 \| \| 6BL7 \| .51 \| \| 6BK7 \| .78 \| \| 6BL7GT \| .78 \| \| 6BN6 \| .90 \| \| 6BPG \| .82 \| \| 6BY5G \| .60 \| \| 6BZ7 \| .95 \| \| 6C4 \| .41 \| \| 6CB6 \| .51 \| \| 6CU6 \| .92 \| \| 6D7 \| .42 \| \| 6FSGT \| .44 \| \| 6H6 \| .50 \| \| 6J5GT \| .49 \| \| 6K6GT \| .39 \| \| 6L6 \| .70 \| \| 6L7 \| .40 \| \| 6S4 \| .41 \| \| 6S8GT \| .65 \| \| 6SATGT \| .45 \| \| 6SB6 \| .61 \| \| 6SL7GT \| .60 \| \| 6SN7 \| .60 \| \| 6SQ7GT \| .38 \| \| 6T6 \| .71 \| \| 6UB \| .60 \| \| 6V3 \| .80 \| \| 6V6GT \| .48 \| \| 6W6GT \| .53 \| \| 6X4 \| .37 \| \| 6X6 \| .38 \| \| 6X8 \| .80 \| \| Type \| Price \| \|--------\|-------\| \| 7F8 \| .49 \| \| 7F9 \| .49 \| \| 12ALS \| .43 \| \| 12AT6 \| .37 \| \| 12AU6 \| .43 \| \| 12AU7 \| .58 \| \| 12AU8 \| .73 \| \| 12AY7 \| .73 \| \| 12AX4GT\| .60 \| \| 12AX7 \| .61 \| \| 12AZ7 \| .65 \| \| 12BA4 \| .46 \| \| 12BA7 \| .58 \| \| 12BE6 \| .46 \| \| 12BH7 \| .61 \| \| 12BY7 \| .65 \| \| 12BT8 \| .63 \| \| 12SL7GT\| .60 \| \| 12SN7GT\| .56 \| \| 19BG4G \| 1.48 \| \| 19T15 \| .42 \| \| 25CU4 \| .09 \| \| 25L4GT \| .41 \| \| 25ZS \| .55 \| \| 25Z6GT \| .34 \| \| 35AS \| .48 \| \| 35BE \| .48 \| \| 35CS \| .48 \| \| 35LGT \| .41 \| \| 35W4 \| .33 \| \| 35Y4 \| .42 \| \| 35ZGT \| .33 \| \| 50A \| .49 \| \| 50BS \| .48 \| \| 50CS \| .48 \| \| TYPE 80\| .00 \| \| 117LGT \| .20 \| \| 117T \| .33 \| \| 117ZGT \| .45 \| PHOTOGRAPHS RADIO-ELECTRONICS can use good photographs of service benches, service shops, high-fidelity audio layouts, and any other interesting and original radio-electronic devices. We will pay $6.00 each for good professional photos or equivalent, suitable for reproduction. Full information on subject photographed will increase their acceptability. The Editor, RADIO-ELECTRONICS 25 West Broadway, New York 7, N. Y. People Lee F. Holleran was promoted to general marketing manager of the RCA Tube Division, Harrison, N. J. A 20-year veteran with the company, he was general sales manager of the division for the past year. Edwin A. Freed was appointed general sales manager of General Instrument Corp., Elizabeth, N. J. He was formerly operational head and sales manager of the Elizabeth headquarters division. Col. Mark E. (Ted) Smith, recently retired from the U. S. Army, joined Hallcrafters, Chicago, as administrative assistant to the president. F. E. Anderson, distributor tube sales manager of Raytheon Manufacturing Co., Newton, Mass., was honored at a special anniversary luncheon tendered by the executives of the receiving and cathode-ray tube operations on the occasion of his 25th anniversary with the company. Robert J. Mueller was promoted to vice president in charge of sales for Walsco Electronics Corp., Los Angeles. He was formerly sales manager for the Walsco company. Suppress Interference with Miller FILTERS NO HERRINGBONE NO SOUND BARS NO JITTERS! This New TV HIGH-PASS FILTER will reduce interference which may be picked up by the i-f. amplifier of your tv receiver. The Miller No. 6168 High-Pass Filter diminishes spurious signals which arise from strong, local fields generated by: 1. Amateur radio transmitters. 2. X-ray or medical diathermy equip. 3. Short wave stations. 4. Industrial r.f. heating units. 5. Various electrical appliances. Filter is designed to attenuate all signals to 40 megacycles. All television channels passed with minimum loss. Installed easily in antenna lead-in. No tuning required. Dim. 1-7/16" by 1-7/8" by 3-1/2" high. Cat. No. 6168 Net Price $3.30 For 300-ohm line See your Wholesaler or write us for literature J. W. MILLER COMPANY 5917 S. Main St., Los Angeles, Calif. BUILDERS OF QUALITY RADIO INDUCTANCES SINCE 1924 FOR The Finest MASTER AMPLIFIED AND COMMUNITY TV ANTENNA SYSTEMS—Send Us Your Problem for FREE Engineering Advice. FREE: Important Technical Manual for Community and Master TV Systems FIELD STRENGTH METER, operates both on Battery and AC...$89. Write today for TRANSVISION, INC. NEW ROCHELLE, N. Y. HI-GAIN TUNER-BOOSTER LESS TUNES WITH DIAL $2.00 COMPLETE WITH TUBES $2.75 Save poor TV reception with a Hi-Gain Booster. Banish weak fringe areas, reduce snow. This unit comes to you complete with two 6L6 tubes and all necessary parts. Tubes in very efficient H-Q Circuit. Has 8 tuned circuits, each tuned to a different channel. Automatic compensation providing high gain on all channels. Built to last. Complete with all parts, no soldering. 12" x 10" x 3". Shipping wt. No C.O.D.'s. Send for TV parts bulletin. FRANK W. DECRAY & ASSOC. 11842 W. Jefferson Blvd. Culver City, Calif. JANUARY 1955 PEOPLE (Continued) James L. Brown was named regional manager, Midwest sales for CBS-Hytron, Danvers, Mass., with headquarters in Chicago. He was formerly with General Electric and Westinghouse. Robert L. Shoemaker was promoted to manager of the newly formed Sales Promotion Department of DuKane Corp., St. Charles, Ill. He was formerly manager of the Audio-Visual Division. Alfred F. Hunecke, former assistant to the executive vice president, succeeds Shoemaker, and J. McWilliams Stone, Jr., succeeds to Hunecke's position. Donald L. McKenna was named Tung-Sol sales representative in the Southeastern states working out of the Atlanta office. He was formerly in the Production Planning Department in Newark, N. J. Dr. Lee de Forest, "The Father of Radio," was honored at a dinner recently by members of the de Forest Pioneers. Dr. Allen B. Du Mont, president of Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories, presented Dr. de Forest with one of the first audion tubes, of a type presumed to have been lost many years ago. Dr. Lee de Forest receives one of the first audion tubes from Dr. A. B. Du Mont. Obituaries Frank G. Graczyk, purchasing agent for Quam-Nichols, Chicago, and associated with the company for 22 years, died of a heart attack. Simon Wexler, founder and vice president of Allied Radio Corp., Chicago, died suddenly last November in his office after being stricken with a heart attack. Mr. Wexler was a pioneer in the electronics industry, being among the first manufacturers of crystal sets and components. He was 56 years old at the time of his death. END The Quickest Way to the Best Jobs for • TV TECHNICIANS • SERVICEMEN • STUDENTS Have the ESSENTIAL math at your fingertips Elements of Mathematics for Radio, TV & Electronics You'll EASILY gain FULL COMMAND of the most important background requirements in TV from this book. You'll learn every step in the math you need to know to USE it for all such calculations as voltage drops, frequency resolutions, decibels, thousands of others. Thoroughly illustrated, the slide rule, useful rule-of-thumb tables, etc. Very clear and practical. NO mathematical smog! Radio & Television Mathematics Wherever your problem—to correct the power factor of a motor, find the impedance and length of matching stubs, calculate antenna transmission line, convert from polar to rectangular, etc.—in matter of seconds—you'll find the complete worked-out solution here. Fully indexed for quick reference on all common problems requiring math in radio & TV. Learn the SURE, QUICK methods of installation and servicing Mandi's Television Servicing The NEW printing of this famous service guide includes all latest improvements, full section on color. Clear, specific instruction on ALL techniques of TV set installation and servicing. Practical aids for locating trouble quickly and FULLY correcting it. Excellent material on angling; improving reception in difficult areas. 10-day FREE TRIAL The Macmillan Co., 60 Fifth Ave., New York 11 Please send me the books checked below. I will return them within 10 days, no charge, or return books in 10 days. (Send check or money order and we pay delivery charge) ☐ Elements of Mathematics by Fischer & Jacobs $7.20 ☐ Radio & Television Mathematics by Fischer $6.75 ☐ Mandi's Television Servicing $5.75 Signed_____________________________________ Address_____________________________________ This offer good only within continental limits of U.S.A. a complete, practical, how-to-do-it book on radio control! RADIO-CONTROL HANDBOOK— Gernsback Library Book No. 53 By Howard G. McEntee, W2S1. The book radio control fans—beginners and experts alike—have been waiting for. 192 Pages. 175 Illustrations. $2.25 Here's a book that skips theory and gets right down to the business of putting radio-control systems together so they will operate your model planes, boats, trucks, etc. Emphasizes the Practical RADIO-CONTROL HANDBOOK concentrates on construction details of a number of practical radio-control units which will actually work and work well. It also covers the hitherto neglected field of trouble shooting radio-control systems. Whether or not you know radio, this is a book for anyone and everyone interested in R/C. For the first time, it combines the necessary practical information on radio with detailed instructions on mechanical construction of control units. Written by an authority on Radio Control Howard G. McEntee's experience in radio dates back some 25 years. And he has been hailed as a leader in the model field for just as long. Probably no man living knows more about the practical application of electronics in model control, than the author. Certainly no one writes about it better. Here's a book slated to become a classic on model control by radio. Be the first in your area to profit from the ideas it gives you. CONTENTS OF RADIO-CONTROL HANDBOOK - Complex Control Systems - Motor and Auxiliary Controls - Single-Tube Receivers - Multi-Tube Receivers - Simple Transmitters - Complex Transmitters - Keying the Transmitter - Installation Parts - Adjustments - Test Instruments - Complete Control Systems MODEL CONTROL BY RADIO—No. 43 By Edward L. Safford. 112 Pages. 114 Illustrations. $1.00 Here's the perfect companion volume to Radio-Control Handbook. It offers thorough, well illustrated construction details for complete control systems for the beginner and more advanced fliers. The latest in guided missiles instruction, winner of awards in model-airplane meets. Some of the contents Basic concepts • Methods of tuning • Radio transmission • Wired transmitters • Wireless transmitters • Decoders • Relays • Power control circuits • Servomotors • Transmitter construction • Construction of receivers • Operation of decoders • Complete control systems • Receiver adjustment • Receiver adjustment hints • Transmitter hints. For a complete library on model control —order both books today. See your distributor—or mail this coupon GERNSBACK PUBLICATIONS, INC., Dept. 15 35 West Broadway New York 7, N.Y. Enclosed is my remittance of $....................... Please send me the following books postpaid. ☐ 53 Radio-Control Handbook $2.25. ☐ 43 Model Control by Radio $1.00. ☐ 39 ☐ 41 ☐ 42 ☐ 44 ☐ 45 ☐ 46 ☐ 47 ☐ 48 ☐ 49 ☐ 50 ☐ 51 ☐ 52 Name ........................................... Street ........................................... City ........................................... Zone ......... State........... (Please print clearly) Write today for new catalog including complete arkay line of radio, TV, phonograph, amplifier and test equipment kits. the world's finest kits arkay RADIO KITS, INC. 120 Cedar Street New York 6, N. Y. JANUARY, 1955 NEW! SUPER POWERFUL All Channel VHF-UHF TV RECEPTION IN ALL DIRECTIONS Only $23.50 Model AX-524 ROCKET DIRECTRONIC MOTORLESS TV ANTENNA 360° ELECTRONICALLY SWITCHED BEAM In addition to the ultra-fringe TV NEW 1958 Motorless Directronic will out-perform any ordinary motorized antenna. The original new 360° UHF-VHF TV Antenna offers "ground the cheapest, most efficient, and most OUT RINGS. Provides sharp, clear picture clarity. Built-in 4-way directional switch. Molded Insulator of Extreme tensile strength. 24 high-gain elements. 4-way directional switch. 4 reflector-directors, 1 self-matched tie rods. Universal Mounting Bracket. Designed for Switch. 10' Low-loss UHF-VHF Tubular THF-X Cable. Super UHF RECEPTION HI-GAIN YAGI Provides unexcelled geometrical Ultra-Fringe reception. Attains up to 30 db gain, using 2, 3 or 4 element arrays. Ghosts, interference eliminated. Each array provides 4 directors. No reflectors. And each array installs in low cost mounting bracket. Select the model required in your area. $1.95 ea. Model F-7A Channels 14-48 F-7B Channels 49-69 F-7C Channels 47-83 Matched stacking bars $0.30 pr. NEW LOW PRICE! RADIANT TELEROTOR Radiant's famous TR-2 is now available at a lower price. Powerful, rugged, weather-proof handles installations up to 150 lbs. Control box light indicates on-out. Long life, maintenance-free, sealed for life. Truly a good buy at its new low price. 12 conductor wire, 8 conductor wire $0.08 ft. $26.97 MODEL TR-2 --- Our Greatest BARGAIN 2-Bay 16-ELEMENT CONICAL ARRAY with Mid-Field Adapters Sturdy 5/8" Elements $4.99 IN LOTS EACH THREE SINGLE LOTS $5.30 Now, for the first time, Electronics had a BARGAIN like this. We made a special purchase so we can get these sensational prices. You can't find anything else that has everything. This conical array is a 16-element array with 16 ultra-fringe receiving rings resulting in excellent airborne reception. Includes all mounting hardware including its own 10' mast for greater gain on the high bands. Complete with one pair of stacking bars to easily assemble. Also packed in cartons of three 16-element arrays per carton, with two pairs of stacking bars. When purchased in single 16-element array: 1 Two-Bay Array with Strapping $5.30 each 3 Two-Bay Arrays per carton without Tie Bars $15.00 carton 4 Bay Ultra-Fringe Stacking Assembly for Conical Array $1.95 set 100 ft. UHF Tubular Lo-Loss Lead $4.95 Per Foot, 100 ft. Roll with Strapping $1.40 UVA Lightning Arrestor $0.69 HD Barlowson Antimite $0.67 UHF CORNER REFLECTOR ONLY $2.99 EACH LOT OF 6 SINGLE LOTS $3.50 EACH This hi-gain UHF Corner Reflector can only be offered you at this low, low price because we bought them in bulk across UHF band. Order Model F-6. --- TECHNICAL LITERATURE (Continued) of catalog numbers, high-altitude application, lead specifications, ripple voltage and complete engineering specifications. Illustrations consist of GC45 and GC46 series, dimensional drawings, typical performance curves for power vs. temperature, insulation resistance vs. temperature and change of capacitance vs. temperature. Gudeman Co., 340 W. Huron St., Chicago 10, Ill. SOLENOID CONTRACTORS Bulletin SC-9 describes a wide range of enclosed and sealed models with power ranges up to 250 amperes. It is fully illustrated with dimensional drawings. Military specification numbers, type numbers and specific approval information are also included. Guardian Electric Manufacturing Co., 1621 W. Walnut St., Chicago 12, Ill. COMPONENTS Smith's Catalog No. 55 lists in 25 pages plugs, jacks, connectors, switches, terminals, etc., with dimensional drawings. Among 50 new items listed are telephone type plugs and jacks, linen and nylon cable, nylon plastic cable clamps and panel fasteners. Herman H. Smith Inc., 2326 Noststrand Ave., Brooklyn 10, N.Y. WIRES AND CABLES A 6-page brochure on Chester Plasticoard and Plasticote wires and cables illustrates and describes antenna loop wire; telephone, coaxial and rotor cable; hookup wire, etc. Chester Cable Corp., Chester, N.Y. STRIP TURRET SYSTEM Ten-page Bulletin 54A describes the Vector strip turret system. Descriptions and photos of deck, tinker and wall turrets are also given. Vector Electronic Co., 3352 San Fernando Rd., Los Angeles 65, Calif. END --- Radio Thirty-Five Years Ago In Gernsback Publications HUGO GERNSBACK Founder Modern Electrics 1908 Wireless Association of America 1908 Electrical Experimenter 1913 Radio News 1919 Science & Invention 1920 Television 1927 Radio-Craft 1929 Science and Craft 1930 Television News 1931 Some of the larger libraries still have copies of ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER on file for interested readers. In January, 1921 Science and Invention (formerly Electrical Experimenter) Cold Light, by H. Gernsback Telegraphing Photos by Code The Geitow Radio Station Locomotive Cab Radio Signal Unique Portable Radio Set Turning Book Leaves Tunes Radio MORE JOBS than graduates Demand for our engineering graduates exceeds supply. Effective placement. Study in this world-famed college established 1884. Quarters start March, June, September, January. Bachelor's degree in 27 months Complete Radio Eng. courses. TV, UHF and FM. Also Mech., Civil, Elec., Chem., Aero. and Adm. Eng.; Bus. Adm.; Acct. Small classes. Well-equipped labs. Modern, Prep. course. Write Dean McCarthy, Director of Admissions, for Catalog and Campus View Book. TRI-STATE COLLEGE 2415 College Avenue, Angola, Indiana F.C.C. LICENSE Get your FCC commercial operator license quickly We specialize in rapid and thorough preparation for FCC examinations. Correspondence or resident training. Results guaranteed. Write for free booklet. GRANTHAM School of Electronics Dept. 101-C, 6064 Greenwood Blvd., Hollywood 28, Calif. (Phone HO 2-1411) GET INTO ELECTRONICS You can enter this uncrowded, interesting field. Defense expansion, new developments demand trained specialists. Many phases united in one: electronics theory and practice; TV; FM broadcasting; servicing. 36-week evening course, 12-week day-satellite course. Graduates in demand by major companies. U.S. Army, Navy, rep. trained. Begin Jan., March, June, Sept. Campus view book. Write today. VALPARAISO TECHNICAL INSTITUTE Dept. C Valparaiso, Ind. RADIO-TV ELECTRONICS CREI graduates in big demand. ECPD-approved. Accredited by Accrediting Institute. Curriculum. New classes start monthly. Free placement service for grads. Courses: Radio Engineering, including Broadcast or Television; AM, FM, TV. Day or resident students leading to "Associate in Applied Science" degree. Write for free booklet. Accepted for vets. CAPITOL RADIO ENGINEERING INSTITUTE Dept. RE, 3224-16th St., N.W., Washington 10, D. C. RADIO ENGINEERING 27 MONTHS DEGREE IN Intensive, specialized training including strong basis in mathematics and electrical engineering. Advanced radio theory and design, television. Modern lab. Low tuition. Self-paced. 12-week summer. Two year program. Facilities in Aeronautical, Chemical, Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering. Day, evening, resident. Enter March, June, September, December. Catalog. INDIANA TECHNICAL COLLEGE 1512 E. Washington Blvd., Fort Wayne 2, Indiana TELEVISION PREPARE FOR A GOOD JOB! BROADCAST ENGINEER: ELECTRONICS RADIO SERVICING Television Servicing (Approved for Veterans) SEND FOR FREE LITERATURE BALTIMORE TECHNICAL INSTITUTE 1425 EUTAW PLACE, BALTIMORE 17, MD. TV REPAIRMEN EARN TOP MONEY! IN JUST 12 MONTHS, COMPLETELY SELF-PACED TRAINING, INCLUDING COLOR TV. Streamlined course gives you all essentials for a good job as service man. Graduates in great demand; jobs are plentiful in this exciting field. Other electronic courses in radio operation and maintenance, Day or evening classes. Opportunity for employment in local industry, Army, Navy, Korea veterans. Write for Catalog 111 Today INDIANAPOLIS ELECTRONIC SCHOOL 312 E. Washington, Indianapolis 4, Ind. RCA INSTITUTES, INC. A service of Radio Corporation of America 350 West 41st St., New York 14, N. Y. OFFERS COURSES IN ALL TECHNICAL PHASES OF RADIO, TELEVISION, ELECTRONICS Approved for Veterans Write Dept. RE-55 for Catalog EARN MORE MONEY— BE A PROFESSIONAL TELEVISION SERVICE TECHNICIAN GET DOWN-TO-EARTH PRACTICAL TV TRAINING AND BE PREPARED FOR THE TOP PAYING SLOTS $10,000 PER YEAR JOBS. UHF—COLOR—VHF Master the latest, up-to-the-minute TV and Color TV developments QUICKLY. SEND FOR FREE BOOK TODAY! WESTERN TV offers real experience on live equipment in BIG SHOPS AND LABORATORIES in the shortest possible time under expert instructors. Graduates are in big demand because they have the "real experience" necessary for immediate "bench" or supervisory positions. Your mastery of theory phase of radio and TV servicing (AM, FM, VHF, UHF) will mean fast promotion...can demand better pay...develop highest probable chances of the "big jobs" in the fastest and most PRACTICAL and PERSONALIZED TRAINING BEHIND THEM. You concentrate all your time on being a PROFESSIONAL SERVICE TECHNICIAN. No special aptitudes and engineering background needed. YOU CAN EARN WHILE YOU LEARN. Special Finance Plan APPROVED FOR VETERANS. Find out how you can get into the TOP PAY GROUP — Send for this fact-packed book NOW! WESTERN America's Leading Television Servicing School Western Television Institute Dept. E-2-5 3415 Wilshire St., Los Angeles 15, Calif. Without obligation please send FREE fully illustrated booklet. (No salesman will call.) NAME____________________________________AGE________ ADDRESS______________________________________________ CITY_________________ZONE_____STATE__________ Become an ELECTRICAL ENGINEER Major in Electronics or Power BS Degree in 36 months Prepare now for a career as an electrical engineer or engineering technician — and take advantage of the many opportuni- ties in these expanding fields. You can save a year by optional year-round study. Previous military, academic, or practical training may be evaluated for advanced credit. Enter Radio and Television — courses 12 to 18 months You can be a radio technician in 12 months. In an additional 6-months you can become a radio-television technician with Associate in Applied Science degree. Color television instruction is included in this program. These technician courses may form the first part of the program leading to a degree in Electrical Engineering. Twenty-one subjects in electronics, electronic engineering and electronic design are included in these courses. Courses also offered: radio-television service (12 mos.), electrical service (6 mos.); general preparatory (3 mos.). Terms — April, July, September, January Faculty of specialists. 50,000 former students; annual enrolment from 48 states, 23 foreign countries. Non-profit institution. 82nd year. Courses approved for veterans. Residence courses only. MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Dept. RE-150, 1025 N. Milwaukee Street Milwaukee 3, Wisconsin Send FHHE illustrated brochures □ Career in Electrical Engineering, □ Career in Radio-Television. I am interested in_____________________(name of course) Name________________________________________________Age________ Address_________________________________________________________ City___________________Zone_____State__________ If veteran, indicate date of discharge______________________ TOP QUALITY TUBES ONE YEAR GUARANTEE We want your business now—and in the future too! That's why we carefully test every ELECTRON tube before shipping. We GUARANTEE that, not for 3 months but for ONE YEAR, Tubes will be FREE from defects. Transmitting, Special Purpose Tubes in stock, in huge quantities, for immediate delivery! Individually boxed, with three color captions. \| Type \| Price \| \|--------\|-------\| \| 0R2 \| .79 \| \| 0C5 \| .89 \| \| 0D3/V150.89 \| .89 \| \| 0Z4 \| .63 \| \| 1ASGT \| .63 \| \| 1AT7 \| .63 \| \| 1AX2 \| .59 \| \| 1B3 \| .69 \| \| 1B5T \| .69 \| \| 1GBT \| .94 \| \| 1G8T \| .94 \| \| 1L4 \| .49 \| \| 1L6 \| .49 \| \| 1LAG \| .79 \| \| 1L8 \| .79 \| \| 1LC5 \| .52 \| \| 1LS7 \| .52 \| \| 1LG5 \| .77 \| \| 1LM5 \| .77 \| \| 1PBDT \| .56 \| \| 1PBD \| .56 \| \| 1RS \| .54 \| \| 1S \| .54 \| \| 1SS \| .54 \| \| 1TA \| .45 \| \| 1U4 \| .39 \| \| 1UR \| .68 \| \| 1V \| .48 \| \| 1V2 \| .50 \| \| 1X2A... \| .59 \| \| 2X3 \| .39 \| \| 2XA \| .39 \| \| 3A4 \| .39 \| \| 3A5 \| .39 \| \| 3A6 \| .39 \| \| 3V4 \| .88 \| \| 3UG4 \| .88 \| FREE OFFER! 7 Assorted 12AT7 and 2 Volt tubes. List Value $1.50. With $2.00 Free with every order for $5.00 or more! NEW! EICO FLYBACK & YOKE TESTER KIT MODEL 944 Checks all flybacks & yokes instantly—in or out of set! - Detects even 1 shorted turn! - Exclusive separate calibration for air & iron-core flybacks for accurate testing of all types. - Tests continuity of coils, speakers, switches, etc. - Large 4½" meter, 3 colored scales. - Complete with easy instructions. - Compact, rugged, smartly styled. See it at your jobber today. Write for FREE Catalog CF-1 describing EICO's 38 Kits and 42 Wired Instruments. Prices 5% higher on West Coast. ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT CO., Inc. 64 Withers Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. When answering advertisements please mention RADIO-ELECTRONICS TELEVISION Big demand for graduates B.S. DEGREE IN 27 MONTHS in radio including TV engineering—V.H.F., UHF, AM and FM. Students use over $100,000 worth of equipment including 2 large commercial type transmitters in new TV lab. Intense specialized course includes strong basis in mathematics, science and advanced design in radio and TV. Hundreds of young men each year are earning engineering degrees in this recognized institution. Start early. Many have made their first experience in this industrial center. Low tuition. Competent instructors. Thorough, intensive practical program. Also B.S. Degree in 27 MO. in Aeronautical, Chemical, Civil, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. G.I. Gov't approved. Enter March, June, Sept., Dec. Free catalog. ENROLL NOW. INDIANA TECHNICAL COLLEGE 1715 E. Washington Blvd., Fort Wayne 2, Indiana LOWEST PRICED KIT $23.95 Wired $34.95 FIGHT POLIO! prevention treatment Join the MARCH OF DIMES National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis TELEVISION, by V. K. Zworykin and G. A. Morton. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 440 4th Ave., New York, N. Y. 6 x 9 inches, 1,037 pages. $17.50. The tremendous upsurge of television can be estimated by comparing this second edition with the original which appeared 14 years ago. Written primarily for engineers, the language (surprisingly enough) is such that it can be understood by persons at all technical levels. This is a refreshing departure from the average engineering textbook approach and, if encouraged, may start a trend toward understandable texts on advanced subjects. Primarily, the job of the book is to tell you all you need know about television transmission and reception. It does much more than that since it covers such topics as fundamental physical principles, electron optics, fluorescent materials. Television transmission and reception are carefully detailed in chapters on high-definition pictures, video pickup devices, picture-reproducing systems, television pickup tubes, video amplifiers, scanning and synchronization. You will also find sections on the fundamentals of color television, as well as television in industry. The book is conscientiously and thoroughly documented by bibliographical references at the end of each chapter. Not only are the latest developments listed, but the authors include material of historic interest. There is, for example, a section on mechanical scanning, an absorbing and useful introduction to modern electronic techniques. While this book is extremely readable, its sheer volume is such that its greatest value will be as a reference source.—MC DATA AND CIRCUITS OF TELEVISION RECEIVER VALVES (Book HIC in the Electron Valves series of Philips Technical Library), by J. Jager. Distributed in the U. S. A. by Elsevier Press, 155 E. 82nd St., New York, N. Y. 216 pages. $4.50. This book is essentially a tube manual covering the ten European vacuum tubes and two C-R tubes especially adapted to TV receivers. The tubes listed have RETMA equivalents. The first chapter (145 pages) gives complete technical data on the tubes along with design data for many circuit applications. For example, the ECC81 (12AT7) includes complete design data for use as an r.f. amplifier. TRANSISTORS: Theory and Application Just Published! Treats theory, practical applications and manufacture of transistors in a way useful to electronic engineers, radio and television workers alike. Discusses both silicon and germanium transistor—how they work, how they are made, and how they are used—step-by-step from basic principles to advanced topics. By A. Coblenz, Transistor Products Co., Boston; and H. L. Owens, Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. 313 pp., 115 illus., $6.00 --- ACOUSTICS A practical approach to better acoustics — for improved noise control, high fidelity music reproduction, and other applications. Uses the background of electrical engineers and communication physicists to solve a wide variety of acoustical problems. Discusses effects of sound in many aspects. By L. L. Beranek, Technical Dir., Acoustics Lab., M.I.T. 467 pages, 312 illus., $9.00 --- Principles of TELEVISION SERVICING Step-by-step information on all types of commercial receivers—how to install, service, and repair them. Shows how to do most testing with just three pieces of equipment: a signal voltmeter, oscilloscope, and alignment generator. Dozens of troubleshooting charts and suggestions for going into servicing business. By A. V. Ryabinoff, Dean, and M. Wolbrecht, Vice Pres., American TV Laboratory of California, 560 pp., 175 illus., $7.50 --- UNDERSTANDING RADIO Gives you complete introduction to practical radio—enabling you to build radio apparatus understandingly, reconstruct workable sets, and know the theory needed in following the modern trend toward more and specialized training of radio operators. An amazingly clear, step-by-step treatment, excellent for hard-to-learn subjects. By H. M. Watson, Consulting Radio Engr.; H. E. Welch and G. S. Eby, Stockton College. 2nd Ed., 700 pp., 536 illus., $6.50 --- NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE HANDBOOK Just Published—8th Edition! Explains how to handle wiring and installation jobs in line with the 1952 National Electrical Code. Gives Code rules in simple clear language tells WHAT they mean, HOW to apply them. New form and typesetting make book easier and quicker to use. Index lists Code Rules by subject and type of electrical installation. By A. L. Abbott, Revised by C. L. Smith, Elec. Field Engr., Natl. Fire Protection Assn. 8th Ed., 642 pp., 534 illus., $7.50 --- BOOKS (Continued) in grounded-grid, grounded-cathode, cascode and mixer-oscillator circuits. The section on the EF80 (6BX6) includes a considerable amount of valuable information on the design of 3- and 4-stage stagger-tuned i.f. amplifiers. Equally useful and interesting are the data and notes on tubes that are equivalents of the 6AB8, 6BX6, 15A6, 16A5, 21A6, 19W3, 19Y3 and 6BE7. Design data and application notes include such sections of the TV receiver as phase detectors, deflection oscillators and sync circuits. The second chapter is devoted to the intercarrier receiver and flywheel sync circuits. A number of unusual applications are discussed. Among them are a keyed sync separator operating as a pentode coincidence detector, the equivalent of a 6BE7 used as a multigrid phase detector and the same type tube used as a combination FM limiter and FM detector and squelch. The final chapter is a complete component-by-component circuit analysis of a typical TV receiver using the tubes covered in the book.—RFS --- MINIATURE INTERMEDIATE-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIERS, by Robert K-F Scall. (National Bureau of Standards Circular 548). U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. 46 pages, 40c. This booklet describes some of the work that has been done at the National Bureau of Standards in the development of miniaturization techniques for airborne electronic equipment. Details are given on three miniature high-gain, high-frequency (20- to 200-mc) i.f. amplifiers designed with emphasis on simplicity, circuit flexibility, ease of manufacture, and the use of subminiature tubes in low-noise input circuits. --- RELAYS FOR ELECTRONIC AND INDUSTRIAL CONTROL, by R. C. Walker. Chapman & Hall, London, England. 303 pages, 42 shillings. A handy reference guide for engineers, students, and experimenters interested in the principles and potentialities of the relay as a switching device. Text describes in detail the functions of all the many basic types of relays. --- TELEVISION RECEIVER DESIGN (Book VIII-A), by A. G. W. Uitjens, 177 pages, $4.50; (Book VIII-B) by P. A. Neeteson, 156 pages, $4.50. Published by Philips Technical Library, Eindhoven, Netherlands. Distributed in U.S. by Elsevier Book Co., New York City. Book VIII-A, I.F. Stages, deals with the application of the pentode in the i.f. stages of superheterodyne and r.f. stages of t.r.f. TV receivers. Book VIII-B, Flywheel Synchronization of Sawtooth Generators, analyzes the flywheel action of resonant circuits and discusses in detail automatic phase control as applied to TV deflection oscillators. --- INTERNATIONAL Selenium Rectifiers for TV RADIO Replacement the Replacement Rectifier that's Right! all types available from your parts distributor --- INTERNATIONAL RECTIFIER CORPORATION El Segundo, Calif. NEW YORK ORegon 8-6281 CHICAGO World's Largest Supplier of Quality Industrial Rectifiers ADVERTISING INDEX Radio Electronics does not assume responsibility for any errors appearing in the index below. - Alliance Radio Corp. ........................................ 163 - Allied Radio Corp. ........................................... 15 - Amco Corp. .................................................. 128 - American Phenolic Corp. .................................... 138 - American Radio Society of America ......................... 167 - Approved Electronic Instrument Corp. ....................... 164 - Arkey Corp. .................................................. 79 - Astron Corp. .................................................. 90 - Atlas Radio Corp. ............................................. 108 - Audel Publishers .............................................. 112 - Barry Radio Supply Corp. ................................... 144 - Bell Telephone Labs. ........................................ 148 - Binghamton Radio Corp. ..................................... 108 - Blund & Boyce, Inc. ......................................... 14 - Booth Radio & Television Club, Inc. ......................... 157 - Brach Mfg. Co., Inc. ........................................ 157 - Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. .................................... 150 - Burstien Applebee Co., Inc. ................................ 130 - CBS Hytron (Div. of Columbia Broadcasting System) ....... 17 - Clevite Corp. ................................................ 113, 114 - Channel Master Corp. ....................................... 70, 71 - Chicago Electric Mfg. Co., Inc. ............................. 120 - Chilton Co. .................................................. 120 - Claroast Mfg. Co. ........................................... 130, 148 - Cleveland Institute of Radio Electronics .................... 17 - Collins Radio Co. ............................................ 165 - Collins Audio Products Co. ................................ 165 - Commercial Radio Corp. ..................................... 164 - Concord Radio ................................................ 170 - Cornell-Dubilier Electric Corp. ............................ 170 - Coyne Electrical & TV Radio School ......................... 25, 149 - DeCray, Frank W. ............................................ 177 - DeVry Institute .............................................. 177 - Dumont, Allen B., Labs. .................................... Inside Front Cover - Dun & Bradstreet ............................................ 78 - Eddie Electronics ............................................ 175 - Eureka Electric Iron Co. .................................... 151 - Electro Products Laboratories. ............................. 112 - Electro-Voice, Inc. .......................................... Inside Back Cover - Electron Tube Wholesalers, Inc. ............................ 182 - Electronic Measurements & Ricks ........................... 32, 151, 187 - Electronic Measurements Corp. ............................. 146 - E-Z Way Towers, Inc. ....................................... 171 - Emerson Radio ............................................... 171 - Fenton Company .............................................. 174 - Finney Company .............................................. 147 - Franklin Electronics ........................................ 150 - General Test Equipment ..................................... 174 - Grantham School of Electronics ............................ 174 - Harris Radio ................................................ 154, 156, 158 - Hawkins Co., P.E. ........................................... 26 - Hughes Aircraft Co. ......................................... 738 - Horsesh Radio Co. ........................................... 178 - Hudson Scientific Instrument Co. .......................... 154 - Hudson Specialists ........................................... 175 - Hudson Research & Development Labs. ....................... 10 - Hycon Mfg. Co. .............................................. 104 - Indiana University .......................................... 162 - Instructionograph Co. ....................................... 174 - International Rectifier Corp. ............................... 174 - JFD Mfg. Co., Inc. .......................................... 102, 103 - Jackson Electrical Instrument Co. ........................ 144 - Jensen Industrial Corp. .................................... 144 - Jerrold Electronics Corp. .................................. 132 - Key-Tower Antenna Corp. ................................... 132 - Lafayette Radio ............................................. 159 - Lecroy Corp. ................................................ 159 - Magnolian Co., Typ. ........................................ 177 - Malloy Radio Corp., P. 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Co., Inc. .......................................... 124 - RCA Victor Div. (Radio Corp. of America) .................. 22, Back Cover - Radiall Corp. ................................................ 24 - Radiart Corp. ................................................ 24 Model AS-46 Matched two-position (300 ohm) Switch Tops in performance Model AS-18 Three-Position (300 ohm) Impedance matched, Low-Loss Antenna Switch Model AS-49 Four-Position (300 ohm) Impedance matched, Rotary Antenna Switch Model AS-47 Three-Position (72 ohm) Antenna, Phono, Audio and Microphone Switch Model AS-48 Two Position Co-Ax Switch for Antenna, Phono, or Microphone, etc. Prices slightly higher west of the Rockies Write for catalog. --- STANDARD BRAND TUBES "AT THE NEW LOW PRICES" - Individually boxed. - Only 1st quality. - Latest Date. - No private label, electrical or mechanical rejects. - No rebrands or rewashied "bargains." 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Model 10MVT ........................................ $10.00 each with instructions New Sensitive Geiger-Mueller Counter Kit contains 2 aluminum tubes, 1 "Vibracell" 9R3 plus the high-voltage converter described above. Sensitive 1/4" microammeter. Strictly a sensitive, deluxe unit. Measures 1/2" x 1/2" x 1/2". Kits $1.50 Manufactured by Kaybar Mfg. Co. in kit form. Wired & factory tested .................................. $84.75 Geiger Voltage Regulator VNR-130, subminiature, 1000 V.A.C. ........................................ $5.00 Brand New. Users net cost $5. Quantity in stock. 100 Amp (Fan Cooled) SELENIUM RECTIFIER STACK Input: Up to 10—0—10 V.A.C. Output: 1/2 V.D.C. This rectifier will handle 100 amps, convection cooled or up to 150 amps, fan cooled, depending on air flow. $11.98 piece. 1 lot of 3 or more $11 each TRANSFORMERS, ON SALE—FAST SHIPPED STACKS MADE TO ORDER—HOUR SERVICE In 5 minutes you can install new type rectifier in your old transformer. 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The Founding and Early Years of the National Association of Colored Women Therese C. Tepedino Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Women's History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits you. Recommended Citation Tepedino, Therese C., "The Founding and Early Years of the National Association of Colored Women" (1977). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2504. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2498 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: email@example.com. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Therese C. Tepedino for the Master of Arts in History presented May 20, 1977. Title: The Founding and Early Years of the National Association of Colored Women. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Jim F. Heath, Chairman Thomas D. Morris Bernard V. Burke The National Association of Colored Women was formed in 1896, during a period when the Negro was encountering a great amount of difficulty in maintaining the legal and political rights granted to him during the period of reconstruction. As a result of this erosion of power, some historians have contended that the Negro male was unable to effectively deal with the problems that arose within the Negro community. It was during this same period of time that the Negro woman began to assert herself in the affairs of her community. In the beginning, her work was done in conjunction with church groups and ladies auxiliaries to Negro male secret societies and fraternal organizations. In the 1890's, however, she began to form clubs of her own. This did not mean that the other organizational ties were severed, but rather that she added new priorities to her varied interests. Generally speaking, the women who participated in these groups were middle class women who saw needs within the Negro community and attempted, with their limited resources, to alleviate the problems. There were many clubs of Negro women formed during the period from 1890 to 1895, and there was a general feeling that unification of the clubs would be beneficial to the overall movement of Negro women. The major goal of the National Association of Colored Women was the uplift of the Negro race in all facets of life. The organization declared that it was not drawing the color line but that all clubs of women whose goal was to improve the life of the Negro were eligible to join. From the beginning, the goal that the National Association of Colored Women set up for itself was too broad in relation to membership and resources of the members. Instead of concentrating on one or two specific areas, such as kindergartens, reformatories for Negro youth, homes for the aged, or civil rights, the women divided their forces to such an extent that their effectiveness in dealing with the problems that plagued the Negro community was extremely limited. It is true that many fine examples of their dedication and unselfishness brought relief and in some cases institutions were established to aid their people, but more often than not the lack of unified efforts failed to produce the desired results. Besides the diffusion of goals, there was also the human factors of pettiness, un-co-operative spirit and a desire for self-recognition that disrupted the movement. Later, with the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the N.A.A.C.P., the National Urban League and other similar organizations dedicated to the improvement of the life of the Negro, the National Association of Colored Women lost much of its impact. In part this was caused by the limiting of the goals pursued by the new organizations. They concentrated their efforts on a few specific areas and refused to be distracted by a multiplicity of causes. Furthermore, the personnel of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the National Urban League were generally more professionally qualified to handle the problems that they attempted to solve. The thesis is based largely upon original sources: memoirs, autobiographies of the founders of the N.A.C.W. and periodicals and newspapers published between 1890-1930. THE FOUNDING AND EARLY YEARS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLORED WOMEN by Therese C. Tapedino A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HISTORY Portland State University 1977 TO THE OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH: The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Therese C. Tepedino presented May 20, 1977. Jim F. Heath, Chairman Thomas D. Morris Bernard V. Burke APPROVED: Michael F. Reardon, Head, Department of History Stanley E. Rauch, Dean of Graduate Studies and Research PREFACE The National Association of Colored Women is an organization composed of autonomous clubs of Negro women. The principal focus of this study is to recount the beginnings of the club movement of Negro women and the formation of the National Association of Colored Women. To comprehend why Negro women moved to form such an organization, however, it is important to understand the climate of opinion regarding Negroes in both the North and South during the years following the Civil War. # TABLE OF CONTENTS \| CHAPTER \| TITLE \| PAGE \| \|---------\|----------------------------------------------------------------------\|------\| \| PREFACE \| \| iii \| \| INTRODUCTION \| The Negro in the Post-Civil War Period \| 1 \| \| I \| Local Negro Women's Clubs \| 17 \| \| II \| The First National Organizations of Negro Women \| 34 \| \| III \| The Early Years of the National Association of Colored Women \| 68 \| \| CONCLUSION \| \| 99 \| \| BIBLIOGRAPHY \| \| 103 \| INTRODUCTION THE NEGRO IN THE POST-CIVIL WAR PERIOD Although the American Civil War in the nineteenth century brought an end to the institution of slavery in the United States, the attitudes of the nation in relation to the Negro, were still in flux. Toward the end of the war, both the North and the South were beginning to re-evaluate the position of the Negro in their respective areas. Southerners, in danger of losing the war and in desperate need for more men, considered allowing Negroes, both free and slave, to join the Confederate Armed Forces. Men such as Robert E. Lee felt that the participation of Negroes was necessary for the successful completion of the war. When, late in the conflict, the South finally allowed the slaves to join the armed forces, it did so with the understanding that the participating slaves would gain their freedom at the conclusion of the hostilities. Some Southern leaders even considered emancipating all slaves in order to gain foreign aid. Some officials in the Confederate government felt that emancipation might be necessary in order to place the Civil War on a basis other than freedom versus slavery. 1 Robert Cruden, The Negro in Reconstruction (New Jersey, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1969), 8. While these military and political maneuvers were occurring, Southern planters were confronted with grave economic problems, especially in relation to their slaves. Planters were faced with the enormous cost of caring for the slaves. Food, clothing, and shelter were at a premium. Before the war the cost of these items was great, but with the military conflict, the cost became prohibitive. One of the basic reasons for this was that trade was at a standstill, thus eliminating the major source of revenue for most planters. Besides this, planters near the military combat zone were forced into constant movement in order to protect themselves and to hide their slaves from the advancing Union Army. Planters living in both the Confederate and in Union occupied territory often either encouraged their slaves to grow their own food and sell the surplus where they could, or they left the slaves to fend for themselves. Meanwhile, in the Northern states, there was considerable controversy as to whether the Negro should be allowed to join the army. Despite the fact that the navy accepted Negroes almost from the outset of the war, the army did not. Only after much pressure was brought to bear by both White and Negro groups, did the army accept the Negro volunteer. Coupled with the reluctance of the army to accept the Negro recruit was the fact that most Northerners considered 2 Ibid., 8. 3 Ibid., 8-9. the Negro free but not equal to the White population. Even before the Civil War, Negroes in some cities were often segregated; their educational facilities were poorly equipped and their teaching staffs were inadequate. As the war drew to a close, many Northerners were fearful of a mass movement of Negroes into their section. Lower class workers were especially concerned. These individuals generally worked hard and received low wages for their labor. They feared that with the demobilization of the army and the predicted increase in European immigration to the North, the competition for jobs would be severe. If more Negroes came to the North in search of employment, they argued, the labor market would be faced with an unbearable strain. Furthermore, White laborers remembered that during the War, the Negroes had been used as strikebreakers. Consequently, many of the lower class Northern laborers felt that their economic security would be greatly jeopardized if the former Negro slaves came North. Besides laborers, skilled artisans also opposed an influx of Negroes into the North. These craftsmen did not wish the Negro to enter the crafts. Like the common laborers, these men felt that they would run the risk of either losing their jobs or having their wages lowered. 4 Ibid., 6. 5 Ibid., 2, 12. 6 Rayford W. Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877-1901, New York, The Dial Press, As a result of these feelings by the working class, those people in control of the fledgling groups of organized laborers sought to exclude Negroes from their unions. With the plea of labor for the closed shop, not only were some places of employment closed to non-union Whites but also to Negroes. This action of the unions brought about the widespread exclusion of Negroes in the areas of private industry. As a result some historians have contended that the Negroes in the North were driven to political action in order that they could find a means to cope with their economic problems. The emancipated Southern Negro fared even worse than those in the North. The Negro was grudgingly given his freedom, but he was not considered equal to the White populace. In fact, to many Southern people, the Negro became the living and ever present symbol of defeat, for the South, unlike the North, lay devastated after the War. Fortunes were liquidated by the collapse of the Confederate currency and securities, by the manumission of the slaves, and by the destruction of property. In part to ease the sting of defeat and to lessen the fear of the Negro, stringent laws were passed in some Southern states in relation to the freedman, and in particular to the problem of vagrancy. Generally referred to as 7 Ibid., 4. Cruden, The Negro in Reconstruction, 13, 3. 8 Cruden, The Negro in Reconstruction, 20-22. Black Codes, these laws sought to assure a measure of Southern White control to the war torn states of the former Confederacy. Although these laws differed from state to state, there were similarities. For the most part, the mobility of the Negro was restricted. For some months even before the war ended, slaves began to leave the plantations, a process intensified by the newly emancipated slaves. Some freedmen desired to locate relatives who had been separated from them during the period of slavery. Others hoped to find work on better terms than on plantations. Still others sought refuge in the towns, not in order to find work but rather to take advantage of their ability to move about freely. The cities, however, were also the congregating place for the soldiers of both armies and for the newly arrived Northerners, who came either to seek their fortunes or to help the freedman. The congestion in the Southern cities led to crimes, violence, and vice. The Black Codes were implemented as one method to deal with the problem. Most state Black Codes also restricted the legal and political rights of the Negroes. Although the freedman was allowed to enter into a legal marriage with one of his own race and some other types of contracts were permitted, he could not vote. Part of the reason for this was the fear that Abraham Lincoln's Republican Party would become the party of the freedman. Perhaps most important, 9 Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 7. however, was the fact that in some states and in particular in many localities the Negroes outnumbered the Whites. Consequently, in order for the defeated Southerners to have some measure of security and power, the Negro was denied the right to vote. Nor were the freedmen allowed to hold public office. Under the Lincoln and Andrew Johnson reconstruction policies, many Southerners who had participated in the Confederate war effort as leaders were also able to participate in the newly reconstructed state governments. As the Southerners were attempting to re-establish control of their respective states, the people living in the Northern states were becoming alarmed at the turn of events in relation to the Negro. Many Northerners worried about the political repercussions of the Black Codes. Some feared that if the freedmen were not given the vote, then some of the national laws favoring the industrial North would not pass Congress. Others who supported the abolitionist policies felt that the franchise was essential if the freedman was to retain his freedom. Another very important factor concerned the financial arrangement between the Federal Government and private citizens and corporations in relation to war bonds. During the War, many citizens and corporations had invested heavily in war bonds and in other ways had lent money to the Federal Government. Many Southern politicians in --- 10 Cruden, The Negro in Reconstruction, 23, 17-18. their election campaigns expressed their intention to have all debts incurred during the Civil War repudiated. Those people who had invested heavily in the war effort began to take the Southern verbiage on repudiation seriously and felt that the only way to prevent such action would be from the voting power of the freedmen. Consequently, more and more people began to feel that a change in reconstruction policy was needed. The changes that they sought would guarantee their interests and at the same time help the freedman, who many considered essential for the protection of Northern interests in the South. Therefore, some of the changes in reconstruction policy called for the granting of suffrage to the Negro and allowing him to hold public office. As a result, Congress divided the South into five military districts so that these changes could be implemented. Although many Negroes were elected to the radical reconstruction governments, at no time in any Southern state did the freedman completely control any Southern legislature. Consequently, radical reconstruction generally indicated integrated state governments in the South. Despite the fact that not all state legislatures during the various phases of reconstruction passed the same laws, some commendable laws were passed in many states. --- 11 Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 9-11. Among them was the liberalization of suffrage for Whites as well as Negroes. Imprisonment for debt was abolished as were the whipping post and the branding iron. A system of free public schools for both races was also instituted and women were given more rights. Many scholars of the reconstruction period, however, have preferred to dwell upon the abuses that occurred. It is true that in many instances fraud and corruption were used by those who were in power as well as those out of power. State debts rose to astronomical proportions. This development, however, was not limited to the reconstruction governments. On the national level, the administration of Ulysses S. Grant was also riddled by the same type of problems. Such ethical deviance might be better explained as part of the temper of the times, rather than the sordidness of reconstruction governments. By 1876, some Northerners had begun to change their attitudes toward Southern reconstruction. Many people urged that reconstruction should be terminated so that a return to normal relations could ensue. The average person was deeply frustrated by the inability of the Federal Government to find a quick and easy solution to the problem. --- 12 Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 9, 10. 13 August Meyer, Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Radical Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1963), 22. Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 18-20, 52-53. Cruden, The Negro in Reconstruction. of the freedman. More realistically, however, some Northern industrialists became aware that the Negro was no longer needed in order to secure an economic program favorable to the North. There had been a significant growth in Southern industrialization. As a result, the political climate in the South toward industrial development was becoming more favorable. Previously, Negro votes were considered necessary in order to support the industrial attitudes expounded by the Republican Party. Consequently, with the change in attitudes toward industrialization in the South, Negro votes were no longer considered essential. Besides these factors, many Northern industrialists who had business interests in the South, were more concerned with obtaining a semi-skilled labor force than being in the vanguard of justice and social reforms. Due to these varied elements and to the rise of new national issues, the remaining troops who symbolically enforced reconstruction withdrew in 1877 as part of the compromise that resulted from the controversial Hayes-Tilden election. Gradually, the newly found rights that the freedmen were given during the era of radical reconstruction began to be weakened. This erosion was not peculiar to the South but rather occurred in the nation as a whole. In 1883, the United States Supreme Court declared the Civil Rights Act --- 14 Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 37, 191, 192. of 1875 unconstitutional. The decision of the Court permitted private individuals to segregate the races and denied equal "social" rights to Negroes. Supporters of the Court's action have contended that the decision actually helped to reduce some of the violence in the South that was directed against Negroes. Paralleling the rise in segregation were actions, some legal and others less so, to discourage the Negroes from exercising their right of suffrage. In 1889, President Benjamin Harrison, in his first annual message to Congress, mildly criticized the South for its denial of political rights to the Negroes. Although Harrison was vague in his criticism of Southern policy, it was the first major threat to the White South since the end of reconstruction. Harrison's message helped to precipitate the revision of the Mississippi State Constitution in 1890. The major change that concerned the Negro was the so-called "Grandfather" clause by which a person could not vote if he was unable to read and write unless his father or grandfather was able to vote before 1867. The purpose of the amendment was to disenfranchise the Negroes while allowing most Whites to vote. Most Southern states soon followed the lead of Mississippi. 15 Ibid., 53-56. 16 Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 57-58. Other means of limiting the effectiveness of the Negro vote were the introduction of the poll-tax and literacy tests, the establishment of boards to question voters on the meaning of the constitution, and the designating of voting areas in inaccessible places. Some Negroes approved of some of these methods in order to obtain an educated electorate. Booker T. Washington, the president of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial School, and W. E. B. DuBois, a noted sociologist and historian of the Negro race, felt that if the electorate was educated then the government officials would be more responsive to the needs of all the people. DuBois, however, was very outspoken in regard to the voting qualifications. It was his contention that these laws be applied to all male voters and not directed only toward the Negro. The year 1890 brought another disappointment for the Negro on the national level. Since 1880, Senator Henry William Blair of New Hampshire had campaigned for a bill calling for federal assistance for ten years to public school systems throughout the nation. The amount of assistance proposed was to be allotted on the basis of the number of illiterates in a state above the age of ten in proportion to all illiterates in the United States. In states where --- 17 Hugh Hawkins, editor, Booker T. Washington and His Critics: Black Leadership in Crisis (Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company, 1974), 71. August Meier, Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1963), 198-197. separate schools existed for the races, the governor of the state was to provide information to the Secretary of the Interior stating that no discrimination existed in relation to either the raising or distribution of funds for the separate school systems. The Secretary of the Interior was to investigate any charges of discrimination or misappropriation of funds. In order to gain western support for his bill, Blair proposed the establishment of a common school fund. This portion of the bill provided for the construction of school houses in sparsely settled areas. Many Southern congressmen supported this bill. It was defeated, however, in the Senate in 1890 by a combination of New England and middle western senators who feared that government intervention would lessen local responsibility for the schools. The following year, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, proposed a bill that would guarantee federal supervision of federal elections. This bill met the same fate as the Blair education bill. In 1896, the United States Supreme Court rendered another monumental decision in relation to the Negro. It ruled in the Plessy v. Ferguson case that separate but --- 18 Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 52-53. "Editorial, The Blair Bill," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, March, 1911, I, 16-17. 19 Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 52-53. 20 Ibid., 191-192. equal accommodations were acceptable. The states were allowed to use their police powers in order to separate the races in public conveyances. This decision was reached despite the fact that it was common knowledge that separate accommodations were rarely equal. Although many Northern Whites did not support these developments in the South or on a national level, they did not vigorously oppose them. This was true of not only the manufacturing interests and politicians but also of many former abolitionists. For various reasons, these people began to feel that the Southern Negroes should be better prepared for citizenship. Many were discouraged by the fact that shortly after the Negroes were given the right of suffrage, they voted for their former masters. Others felt that the Negro population as a whole was not progressing at a rate commensurate with the time out of bondage. There were a few Negroes, such as W. E. B. DuBois, Robert Terrell, a Harvard graduate, and Mary Church, an Oberlin graduate, who were notable exceptions. These people, however, were partly White and some Northerners as well as Southerners attributed their success to their White ancestry. Affecting this feeling also was the theory of the survival of the fittest developed by Charles Darwin, an English scientist. This idea, popularized in the United States by 21 Ibid., 191-192. another Englishman, Herbert Spencer, led many people to question the innate ability of the Negro, and many accepted the argument that the Negroid race was inferior. As a result of this trend in thought, many Negroes felt that the only way in which they could better their condition was through self-help. Although this idea was not new to Negroes; it had played a minor role in Negro community affairs. From the mid-1880's, however, this concept took on new dimensions. It was during this time that Booker T. Washington secured the presidency of a new Negro industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama. Washington believed that one of the major ways for Negroes to improve themselves was through economics. In his speeches as well as with the school program, he stressed the importance of securing jobs and of practicing thrift. He argued that if the Negro could improve his economic position, all other facets of his life also would be enhanced. Publicly, he urged Negroes to dwell less on political and social matters and concentrate on practicing the gospel of wealth. He urged Negro communities to support the efforts of the small Negro businessman. Washington publicly portrayed --- 22 Herbert Aptheker, Afro-American History: The Modern Era. (New York: The Citadel Press, 1971), 31, 107. George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900-1912 (New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1958), 16. himself to the White population as an unobtrusive person who did not wish to obstruct their judgement. Washington gained national prominence, however, in 1895 at the Atlanta Exposition, and not earlier. It was during this event in Atlanta, Georgia that he delivered his famous speech incorporating his ideas of economic security and Southern hospitality toward the Negro. The ideas that he expressed were not new, but the manner in which he stated them and the fact that he was a Negro caused many White people to hail him as the leader of the Negro people. Although many Negroes approved of parts of his speech, it was largely the White people who proclaimed Washington as the Negro leader. In his new position as leader, Washington was afforded recognition and privileges that other Negroes were not allowed. Although the Jim Crow practices existed on railroads, special cars were put at his disposal by George Pullman, president and owner of the Pullman Palace Cars, whenever Washington traveled. Furthermore, Washington was presented with a lifetime certificate allowing him to vote in the town of Tuskegee, even though many other Negroes were not afforded this same right. In order that his 23 Hawkins, Booker T. Washington and His Critics, 170-173. 24 Ibid., 24-27. Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856-1901 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), 204, 205, 207, 232. Louis R. Harlan, editor, The Booker T. Washington Papers (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972), in four volume II, XXVI. position and that of the school would not be jeopardized, he did not publicly speak out on the treatment that other Negroes experienced. Although he clandestinely supported legal action involving the rights of Negroes, he deluded himself into believing that with economic success would come political equality and social betterment. As a result of the disenfranchisement of the Negroes, the Jim Crow laws, the inability of Negroes to secure meaningful employment, and the lack of aggressive leadership, the Negro male found it difficult to handle the changes occurring within his community. Consequently, a stabilizing force was needed in the communities to deal with the problems that were occurring. Since the Negro male was feeling inadequate in handling some of the problems, the Negro woman began to take a more direct role in the affairs of the community. Her efforts will be examined in detail in the next chapter. --- 25 Harlan, Booker T. Washington, 230-231. Hawkins, Booker T. Washington and His Critics, 68-69. Harlan, The Booker T. Washington Papers, vol. II, XXVI. 26 In the last few years some historians have disputed the contention concerning the inability of the Negro male to effectively deal with the problems within his communities. CHAPTER I LOCAL NEGRO WOMEN'S CLUBS While legal and extra-legal means were used to deprive Negroes in America of their liberties, some Negroes found solace in separate group activities. There were two major organizations, churches and secret societies, where Negroes were able to join together and obtain not only a social release from their plight but also to search for a solution to a number of their problems. In both instances, the Northern Negro was more advanced than his Southern counterpart by the very fact that he had more time to develop organizations to carry out his objectives. The experiences derived from these groups proved to be invaluable to the Negro woman as a means of awakening her social consciousness and providing her with the tools that she needed to rectify some of the problems that faced the Negro community. 1 Fannie Barrier Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," contained in A New Negro for a New Century: An Accurate Up-to-Date Record of the Upward Struggles of the Negro Race, by Booker T. Washington, (Chicago: American Publishing House), 383-384. Although Negroes living in the North had functional organizations since the late 1780's, separate Negro churches were a relatively new phenomenon in the South. Following the Civil War, various Northern churches ventured south in order to re-convert many of the newly emancipated slaves to Christianity. From the outset, both the Negro and White missionaries were deeply committed to the work of gaining new religious recruits. In the case of the White missionaries, their goal generally was to establish separate Negro churches, that is, churches where Negroes worshipped. The direction and guidelines, however, were to be obtained from the White parent organizations. Besides receiving religious instruction, the converts were also taught the fundamentals of cleanliness, the need for education and work and the necessity for thrift. In many congregations, special groups were organized in order that such goals could be put into practice. It was here that the Negro woman learned the basics of group organization and developed the rudiments of --- 2 Carol V.R. George, Segregated Sabbaths: Richard Allen and the Emergence of Independent Black Churches 1760-1840, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), vii. 3 August Meier, Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1963), 14. team work. Through her effort and devotion, the woman became the mainstay of the Negro church. Besides the church, many Negroes found that secret societies offered companionship and a forum for the achievement of other goals. In most instances, the secret societies were formed by the male members of the community who were aware of the needs of the community. In many ways the secret societies that developed in the South were an extension of the fraternal organizations founded by some free Negroes during the ante-bellum period. After the Civil War, the South experienced an expansion of the fraternal associations that were already in existence and the formation of the new secret societies. Although social by nature, these organizations were usually imbued with a more definite purpose. The goals of the various secret societies and fraternal organizations differed in particulars, but generally not in substance. They were basically concerned with the social betterment of the members, their families, or the community at large. Generally each society had a major emphasis, such as the care of the sick, the elderly, --- 4 Carrie K. Bowles, "The Negro Woman's Contribution to American Life," Interracial Review, vol. VI, January, 1935, p. 3. Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," A New Negro for a New Century, 383. Mary Church Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, (Washington, D.C.: Ransdell, Inc., 1940), 148. Mrs. John E. Melholland, "Talks About Women," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, vol. I February, 1911, p. 12. and the orphans, the securing of a decent burial for members, or providing for some other personal need. Frequently, the wives of the men in the secret societies banded together to form "ladies auxiliaries" to the male dominated organizations. Like their husbands, these women were usually among the more influential members of the community. Although many of the women were active church members, they also found time to devote to the auxiliaries. The basics of group organization and the rudiments of teamwork that these women acquired by working for the church groups were developed more fully. In most instances, the auxiliaries took on the goals of the society that they represented as their own. From this experience, the women became more aware of the ills that affected their communities. Furthermore, and perhaps more important, they were made conscious of the fact that while problems were difficult to solve, relief could be found. During the period that the Negro woman was becoming more aware of her ability to help the community in which she lived, the Negro male was confronted with the erosion of the liberties that had been granted to him during the period. --- 5 Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 148. Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," A New Negro for a New Century, 383-384. 6 Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," A New Negro for a New Century, 383-384. Melholland, "Talks About Women," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, vol. I, February, 1911, p. 12. of reconstruction. As for the Negro woman, in many instances she was becoming more cognizant of the world around her and of her ability to solve numerous problems through cooperation. In return, this provided her with a feeling of security. Yet, ironically at the same time, the Negro male was becoming more frustrated in the society in which he lived. Very gradually, from the late 1880's, some Negro women began to join together and form their own clubs. These new clubs of Negro women were separate from church organizations and the auxiliaries of the various secret societies. They were divorced in the sense that they did not take direction from these groups, even though most of the leaders of these new Negro women's clubs had generally received their early training in group work from the church and the secret societies. In joining these new clubs, however, women did not renounce their earlier affiliations, but rather added another cause to their priorities. Generally, the early clubs of Negro women were formed as a direct response to a very real and pressing problem within the Negro community. In most instances, a group of women chose one major area of concentration they wished to improve. Some, for example, organized in order to defray the expenses that a young man might incur while he studied for the ministry. Groups of women also formed associations --- 7 Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 148. in order to improve the school system, to seek better sanitation for their area, or to help young girls obtain employment. From these humble gatherings of a few women, the foundation of the early clubs was laid. In some instances, however, the clubs that were formed were inspired by the work of clubwomen belonging to the General Federation of Women's Clubs, a national organization of affiliated clubs comprised mainly of White women. Many Negro women who observed the work that was being done by the General Federation desired to be a part of the movement of progressive women and improve the quality of life in the neighborhood. Another reason for the popularity of the clubs was that it was not only fashionable but socially useful to belong to a club or an organization in order to be accepted by the community at large. This was true in the Negro as well as the White community. There was, however, one very important difference between most White women's clubs and the Negro women's clubs. The clubs of the White women were usually comprised of the more educated and affluent members of the race. For the most part, they had position and wealth, sometimes great wealth. Furthermore, they were generally concerned about their own social betterment. In contrast, the clubs of 8 Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," A New Negro for a New Century, 384, 395. 9 Ibid., 384. Negro women were composed of very few people of wealth and position. Instead, while most of the Negro clubwomen were financially solvent, they were not considered among the wealthy upper class of American society. They were, however, concerned about the problems relating to their race and in fact, desired the social uplift of the entire race and not just themselves. One of the first clubs formed by Negro women was the Woman's Loyal Union of Brooklyn and New York City. Two friends, Mrs. Victoria Earle Mathews of New York, a journalist and free lance writer, and Miss Maritcha Lyons, a Brooklyn school teacher, one day discussed the possibility of helping Miss Ida B. Wells. Miss Wells was a young Negro woman who was valiantly attempting to make the American public aware of the injustices that both Negroes and Whites were encountering as a result of the lynchings that were taking place in the United States. Not surprisingly, however, Miss Wells was primarily interested in 10 Ibid., 382, 383. 11 Ida B. Wells grew up in Memphis, Tennessee. As a young woman she taught school and was deeply involved in newspaper work. After losing her teaching position as a result of an article that she wrote criticizing the Negro schools in her district, newspaper work became her livelihood. While thus engaged, three of her close friends were lynched in Memphis on March 9, 1892. As a result of this, Miss Wells began her crusade against lynching. She carried out this crusade by newspaper articles and by lecturing on the subject of lynchings. 12 Alfreda M. Duster, editor, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), XIX, 78. the Negro lynchings. Consequently, Mrs. Mathews and Miss Lyons invited a group of their friends to meet and to assist in arranging a testimonial for Miss Wells on October 5, 1892. Ida B. Wells noted that several very important things occurred as a result of this testimonial. First, she received an invitation to accompany Miss Catherine Impey of Somerset, England, a Quaker by faith, on a tour of England, Scotland and Wales. The purpose of the tour was to inform people of the "color problem" in America, and especially to call attention to the numerous lynchings that were occurring. Consequently, Ida B. Wells spent the months of April and May, 1893 informing the British public about the lynchings that were taking place in America. Second, Miss Wells, received a sum of five-hundred dollars in order that she could start another newspaper. This talented young lady had previously owned a newspaper, the Free Speech and Headlight, in Memphis, Tennessee, but in 1892 her newspaper was destroyed by a mob. The participants apparently were annoyed by her outspoken stand against lynching. The third, and perhaps the most important result was the decision of the women who attended the testimonial to form a permanent club in 1892. This was the first Negro woman's club in any city that was not associated with a church organization or a secret society. 13 Ibid., XIX, 82. 14 Ibid., 81. The New Era Club of Boston, Massachusetts, organized in February, 1893, was another club formed during this time period. One of the most influential Negro women's organizations in the country, the major objective of this club was to educate the American public regarding the progress that Negro Americans had attained. In order to accomplish this goal, club members collected information relating to the Negro's progress and published this knowledge in the form of tracts, pamphlets, and newsletters. Besides this, the New Era Club took the initiative to work for reforms that would benefit the Negro community. Furthermore, this club, composed solely of Negro women, was the first organization of its kind to publish a monthly newspaper, the Woman's Era, also referred to as the New Era. It is difficult to ascertain the exact role of Miss Wells in the formation of the New Era Club, the first specifically organized as a civic club. According to Miss Wells, Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, one of the major organizers of the New Era Club and an associate of Julia Ward Howe, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony attended the testimonial that was given for her. As a --- Fannie Barrier Williams, "Club Movement Among Negro Women," contained in Progress of a Race or the Remarkable Advancement of the American Negro From the Bondage of Slavery, Ignorance and Poverty to the Freedom of Citizenship, Intelligence, Affluence, Honor and Trust, by J.W. Gibson and H.W. Crogman (Florida: Mnemosyne Publishing Inc., reprinted 1969), 207-208. Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," contained in A New Negro for a New Century, 390. result of the work done by Mrs. Mathews and Miss Lyons, Mrs. Ruffin conceived of the idea of the New Era Club. Miss Wells helped her organize the club after she returned from her speaking tour of England, Scotland and Wales. Although this explanation appears to be rather plausible, it is contradicted by certain very important facts. First, the New Era Club was actually organized before Miss Wells departed for the British Isles. Second, Mrs. Ruffin, the wife of a distinguished judge, George L. Ruffin, was a member of several influential clubs, some which were composed mainly of White women. It can be argued, that her involvement in these clubs gave this dedicated woman the background and the training to establish such a venture. She also possessed the drive, the skill, and the desire to form such a club. Although it is very likely that the impetus for the formation of the club may have been derived from the testimonial, the organization of the club was done by Boston women. Furthermore, only Miss Wells mentioned the fact that she was instrumental in the formation of the club. Nevertheless, the major factor to be considered was that the club was formed and that it became one of the most influential among Negro women. The monthly journal, the New Era, did much to activate Negro women in other states so that they too could follow the doctrine of self-help and improve their conditions. 16 Duster, (editor), Crusade for Justice, XIX, 81. 17 Williams, "Club Movement Among Negro Women," contained in Progress of a Race, 207-208. Miss Wells, meanwhile, was active in a variety of projects and programs designed to improve her race. During 1893, a World's Fair was held in Chicago and most Negroes felt that they had been slighted severely when it was learned that members of their race, requesting participation as individuals as well as groups, were denied any degree of involvement in the activities of the Fair. Miss Wells, who had just returned from her speaking tour of the British Isles, Ferdinand L. Barnett, an attorney, and Frederick Douglass, a leading reformer, attempted to inform the public of this slight by publishing The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition--The Afro-American's Contribution to Columbian Literature. This was an eighty-one page booklet. Their efforts were successful in that Negroes were granted a booth at the Columbian Exposition. Also, as a result of this activity, several new woman's clubs were formed. As early as 1889, Susan B. Anthony, the noted suffragist and reformer, had begun conferring and planning with influential women in the nation's capital to accomplish the goal of participating in the Chicago World's Fair. In order to accomplish this dream, the women who were working with Miss Anthony began holding parlor meetings. Miss Anthony was very closely associated with --- 18 Duster, editor, Crusade for Justice, XX. 19 Davis, Lifting as They Climb, 5. the woman's suffrage movement; a movement that was not highly esteemed by many men or women. Consequently, she felt that it would be advisable if she remained in the background. Despite these meetings, when the bill requesting financial support for the Columbian Exposition was introduced in Congress in January, 1890, no provision was made for women to have an active role in the planning of this event. After this was learned, Miss Anthony wrote a petition and her co-workers obtained the signatures of the wives and daughters of congressmen, supreme court justices, military personnel and other government officials. This petition was presented to Congress, and, although individual women were not named to the Board of Managers, women were appointed by the members of the board. As a result of this, a representative number of women were on planning committees. Although the women were participants in the events, they also conducted a Woman's Congress. Without the organization and foresight of Miss Anthony and her co-workers, not only the Negroes but also all women would have found participation in this event difficult to secure. The Chicago Women's Club was one of the clubs organized as a result of the Chicago World's Fair. To a large 20 Ida Husted Harper, The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, 742-747. extent, the development of this club was due to the efforts of Miss Wells. Earlier, a number of the more influential Negro men of Chicago had formed the Tourgee Club, named in honor of Judge Albion W. Tourgee, a White state judge friendly to Negroes in North Carolina during the reconstruction period and author of several books. The major reason for the establishment of the club and the erection of the clubhouse was to provide a place where important Negro visitors could be entertained. Eventually the managers of the clubhouse set aside Thursday afternoons for the use by women. To the dismay of the management, however, the Negro women of Chicago failed to take advantage of this opportunity. Consequently, Miss Wells was invited to speak to the women. During her speech, she informed the women of the club movement in the East and urged to women of Chicago not only to make use of the clubhouse but also to form a club of their own. Encouraged by Ida B. Wells, the women organized the Chicago Women's Club. Later, while Miss Wells was on her second speaking tour of the British Isles, the club changed its name to the Ida B. Wells Club in honor of this exceptional young woman. Another club of Negro women that was formed as a direct result of efforts to participate in the Chicago World's 21 Duster, (editor), Crusade for Justice, XIX, 120-124. Fair was the Colored Woman's League of Washington, D.C. This club was formed in 1892, and its structure was patterned after the General Federation of Women's Clubs. The women who formed the Colored Woman's League of Washington, D.C., hoped that they too could eventually have a national organization. Consequently, they attempted to develop a strong central core of leadership. This club, in the true spirit of self-help, instituted many programs to improve the living conditions in their community. According to Mary Church Terrell, one of the young women who was instrumental in the formation of the club, the fledgling organization was extremely fortunate in that most of the women members were well educated for their day. Many of these women, for example, were teachers and extremely interested in youngsters. As such they started kindergartens, day nurseries, sewing classes, and mother's meetings. During the mother's meeting the women discussed the problems of motherhood and homemaking. As a result of these discussions, many of the women were able to learn new ways of accomplishing tedious tasks as well as learning the value of a balanced diet and the necessity of cleanliness. Perhaps the most ambitious project that was started, however, was a night school. Classes were offered in German, --- 22 Davis, Lifting As They Climb, 20. Rayford W. Logan, The Negro in the United States: A Brief History (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1957), 57. 23 Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 148. English literature, and other subjects. Within a short period of time, this organization had a larger membership than any other Negro women's club in America. Many other Negro women's organizations formed between 1890 and 1895 throughout the United States and all of these associations stressed the spirit of self-help. Also, all of the clubs were searching for ways to improve the quality of life for the Negro people. They did this by temperance work, penny savings banks, and by initiating reforms. The women, whatever their educational backgrounds or their organizational abilities, were intense, sincere, and extremely dedicated. Besides those already noted, a few of the clubs that proved to be successful ventures were the Harper Woman's Club of Jefferson City, Missouri, and the Phyllis Wheatley Club of New Orleans, Louisiana, and the Woman's Club of Omaha, Nebraska. 24 Williams, "Club Movement Among Negro Women," contained in Progress of a Race, 207, 386-387. Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 148. 25 Ibid., 205-206. Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," contained in A New Negro for a New Century, 392-393. "Efforts for Social Betterment Among Negro Americans," The Fourteenth Annual Conference, contained in The Atlanta University Publications Nos. 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 (New York: Arno Press, 1968), 46. 26 Williams, "Club Movement Among Negro Women," contained in Progress of a Race, 205-206. Unfortunately, many of the early clubs soon ceased to exist. The major reasons for their quick demise were the lack of experienced leadership and the failure to establish, at the time of formation, clear but flexible guidelines. Furthermore, there was a diffusion of objectives within these clubs. The members attempted too much in a short period of time. Even though some clubs failed in the initial stages of the movement, this fact in itself had some beneficial results. It forced the women to ascertain the reason for the demise of the groups. While examining some of the defunct Negro clubs, a few of the ladies also studied the structure of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. They soon discerned that there was a need for a strong central leadership. Consequently, they reasoned that they should create an organization capable of supporting fledgling clubs in the varied states until these clubs were able to establish a firm foundation. Three astute women in particular did have the vision to take the leadership in the establishment of a national organization. They were Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin of the New Era Club of Boston and two organizers and leaders of the Colored Woman's League of Washington, D.C., 27 Ibid., 205-206. Mrs. Mary Church Terrell and Mrs. Helen A. Cook, a woman of culture, wealth, and experience. Their efforts were instrumental in establishing the first national organizations of Negro women. 28 Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," contained in A New Negro for a New Century, 386-387. CHAPTER II THE FIRST NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF NEGRO WOMEN In 1893, Mary Church Terrell, a teacher in the District of Columbia and a member of the Colored Women's League of Washington, D.C., proposed that the Negro club women of America form a national organization. In an article, "What the Colored Women's League Will Do," which appeared in Ringwood's Afro-American Journal of Fashion in June, 1893, Mrs. Terrell urged that the separate clubs of Negro women then in existence join together and form a national association similar to the General Federation of Women's Clubs. It was her contention that with a national base the Negro women would be able to combine their resources and accomplish numerous objectives that would benefit the race. As a result of this article, leaders representing clubs from several states asked that their organizations be affiliated with the Colored Women's League of Washington, D.C. Some of the states that were --- 1 Rayford W. Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir 1877-1901 (New York: The Dial Press, Inc., 1954) 335-336. Mary Church Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World (Washington, D.C.: Ransdell, Inc., 1940), 149. represented as a result of this union were Missouri, Colorado, Virginia, West Virginia, South Carolina and Pennsylvania. Most clubs, however, preferred to remain apathetic. Consequently, the Colored Woman's League of Washington, D.C. did not develop a true national character until 1894. In the intervening period it was the National Council of Women, a predominately White organization, that was largely responsible for the Colored Women's League of Washington, D.C. ultimately adopting a national character. The National Council of Women, it must be remembered, was formed in 1888 under the guidance of Susan B. Anthony, an internationally recognized reformer. The purpose of this organization was to join together national associations of women engaged in the trades, professions, reform movements and other social activities. It was hoped that in this manner women with diverse interests would become cognizant of the work done by women in other fields and that support and cooperation for the different areas of work could be attained. --- 2 Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 149. Fannie Barrier Williams, "The Club Movement Among Colored Women of America," contained in A New Negro for a New Century: An Accurate Up-to-Date Record of the Upward Struggles of the Negro Race, by Booker T. Washington (Chicago: American Publishing House, 1902), 287. A. Anna Jones Cooper, "National Association of Colored Women," Southern Workmen in Hampton School Record, September, 1896, vol. XXV, 173-174. 3 Ida Husted Harper, The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, 632-633, 639. Toward the end of 1894 Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery, corresponding secretary of the National Council of Women, invited the Colored Women's League of Washington, D.C. to send fraternal delegates to the triennial meeting that was to be held in February, 1895. In effect, this was an invitation for the League to join the National Council of Women. Consequently, the officers of the League wrote letters to the various member organizations in the different states and explained the invitation. As a result of this correspondence and a subsequent executive meeting held in Washington, D.C., a number of Negro women, led by Mary Church Terrell, accepted the invitation. In order to do so they formed the National League of Colored Women. At the same time officers of the newly created National League as well as the delegates to the meeting of the National Council of Women were chosen. The first national organization of colored women thus came into existence. Significantly, the formation of this national organization came into being without a national convention. The Colored Women's League had never called a convention and this fact was later used to discredit the League's "national" base. Despite the fact that the League did not call a convention, the member clubs held regular meetings and the officers were aware of the situation. --- 4 Cooper, "National Association of Colored Women," Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, XXV, 174. "Club Activities-Colored Woman's League," contained in Black Women in White America: A Documentary History edited by Gerda Lerner (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 451. Mary Church Terrell was not the only Negro woman who was astute enough to recognize the need for a national organization among Negro women. Another woman who did was Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin of the New Era Club of Boston and editor of the club's journal, the Women's Era. Using her position as editor to its ultimate advantage, Mrs. Ruffin began, during the summer of 1894, to agitate openly for the formation of a national organization of Negro women. In order that the subscribers of the journal, who were not only from Boston but also from throughout Massachusetts and from several other states, could express their opinion on the subject of a national organization, Mrs. Ruffin reserved a column in the journal for the publication of their comments. In this manner, the readers were able to learn the sentiments of other concerned club women. Such a column also helped expose readers of the journal to the pros and cons of unification. It was generally conceded that a national body was not only practical but also essential if the club women truly hoped to carry out their plans to elevate the Negro race. They had already seen the demise of many clubs due to the lack of leadership and guidance. Furthermore, many women felt that if a national organization had been in existence at the time of the Chicago World's Fair, some of the confusion and disappointments in relation to Negro exhibitors and Negro displays would have been eliminated. Besides this, it was felt that if a national convention was held, even if it was decided that a permanent body would not be formed, the convention itself would eliminate some of the obstacles encountered by Negro women as a result of racial prejudice. A convention would help to show, for example, that Negro women were concerned, intelligent and rational human beings, characteristics which some people of the Negro as well as the White race denied. Even though the club women recognized the need for a national base, a catalyst was needed before they began to make overt plans to implement this dream. The major stimulus that would bring these hopes to fruition occurred in 1895. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, the young reformer-journalist who was attempting to end the lynch law in America, again traveled to the British Isles. Her oratory aroused the English public and stimulated the formation of the British Anti-Lynching Society. Her work abroad did not go unnoticed in the United States. John J. Jacks, a Missouri editor and president of the Missouri Press Association, receiving reports from England, became alarmed at the growing support that Miss Wells was generating for the American --- 5 Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," contained in A New Negro for a New Century, 396-397. Negro while she was abroad. Consequently, in the spring of 1895, he wrote an open letter addressed to Miss Florence Belgarnie of England, a member of the British Anti-Lynching Society and a friend of Ida B. Wells-Barnett and of Susan B. Anthony, the noted suffragist. In his widely publicized letter, the Missouri editor attempted to defend the actions of some Southerners while negating the work of Miss Wells. Mary White Ovington, The Walls Came Tumbling Down (New York: Schocken Books, 1970), 124. It should be pointed out that while Miss Ovington's book is valuable for its substance, it is unreliable in relation to names, dates, and places. Furthermore, there is some confusion as to the name of the Missouri editor. All the sources that were consulted were in agreement on his last name—Jacks. The confusion is in relation to his first name and middle initial. He has been referred to as James J. Jacks and John W. Jacks. The majority of the sources consulted, however, referred to him as John J. Jacks. Ida B. Wells married Ferdinand L. Barnett in 1894. Lerner, Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, 436. "No Color Line at Milwaukee Biennial. Mrs. Ruffin, A Brilliant Colored Woman of Boston, Has Her Credentials as a Delegate. Club She Represents a Worthy One and Duly Qualified Member of the Federation," Chicago Times-Herald, June 8, 1900, section 5, p. 3. Fannie Barrier Williams, "Club Movement Among Negro Women," contained in Progress of a Race or The Remarkable Advancement of the American Negro From the Bondage of Slavery, Ignorance and Poverty to the Freedom of Citizenship, Intelligence, Affluence, Honor and Trust by J.W. Gibson and H.W. Crogman (Florida: Mnemosyne Publishing, Inc., reprinted 1969), 209. Alfreda M. Duster, editor, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 242. Most sources claim that the letter was written to Miss Belgarnie. One source, however, stated that it was sent to the British Anti-Lynching Society, while another claimed that Jack's statements were issued at an address of the Missouri Press Association, of which he was president. He stated that "the Negroes in this country were wholly devoid of morality, the women were prostitutes and all were natural thieves and liars." Not surprisingly, the Afro-American club women were infuriated by these statements. Throughout the United States, mass meetings of Colored women were held in order to refute the charges leveled by the president of the Missouri Press Association. Mrs. Ruffin of the New Era Club of Boston was especially active. She began making arrangements for calling the first national convention of Negro club women. The express purpose of this convention was to repudiate the anti-Negro statements contained in Jacks' letter. The gathering was scheduled to last for three days, July 29 through 31, 1895. On the appointed day, delegates representing twenty-five clubs from ten different states assembled at Berkeley. Lerner, Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, 436. Williams, "Club Movement Among Negro Women," contained in Progress of a Race, 209. "No Color Line at Milwaukie Biennial.—Mrs. Ruffin, A Brilliant Colored Woman of Boston, Has Her Credentials as a Delegate. Club She Represents A Worthy One, and Duly Qualified Member of the Federation," Chicago Times-Herald, June 3, 1900, section 5, p. 3. Williams, "The Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," contained in A New Negro for a New Century, 396-397, 400. Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 335-336. Hall in Boston, Massachusetts. The women in attendance were considered by most Negroes to be the best representatives of Negro womanhood. Many of them were members of some of the most influential White woman's clubs. They were sincere reformers and their dedication and devotion to easing racial problems in America was well known. A large percentage of the women were college graduates, and many either were or later became teachers, writers and artists. A few of the women were moderately wealthy. The women were keenly aware of the problems that faced the Negro race, and they were brave enough to attempt changes that they felt would help Negroes become productive contributors to the development of American life. Primarily, they hoped the conference would help to foster a different attitude toward the Negro, especially the Negro woman. Jacks, in his letter, had made serious statements about the Negro woman and her morality. The Missouri editor verbalized feelings Some of the clubs that were represented at the Boston Convention were: Women's Era Club, Boston, Massachusetts; Colored Woman's League, Washington, D.C.; Women's Loyal Union, New York and Brooklyn; Colored Woman's League, Kansas City, Missouri; Phyllis Wheatly Club, New Orleans, Louisiana; Women's Club, Omaha, Nebraska; Women's Afro-American Union, Flushing, Long Island, New York; Women's Club, Jefferson City, Missouri; Tuskegee Woman's Club, Tuskegee, Alabama; Women's Club, Los Angeles, California; W.C.T.U., Charlotte, North Carolina; Working Women's League, Providence, Rhode Island; Women's Progressive Club, Salem, Massachusetts; Belle Phoebus Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. "Meeting of Colored Women. Representatives of Many Societies Have Their Initial Session in Boston," Chicago Times-Herald, July 30, 1895, p. 12. shared by many Whites of that period. Therefore, the women felt that it was imperative for them to discuss, study and repudiate the charges presented by John J. Jacks. At the meeting, a significant event occurred. Shortly after the women gathered in Boston, they realized that the convention would be a wasted venture if they only confined themselves to the remarks of the Missouri editor. Consequently, they decided to enlarge the scope of the convention and consider other matters that were of particular interest to women, especially Negro women. In her opening address, Mrs. Ruffin conveyed these thoughts. She felt that the convention should provide an opportunity for the delegates to confer with each other on a wide variety of matters that they considered important. From this interchange of ideas, she hoped that the club women would encourage each other in their chosen areas. Mrs. Ruffin stated further that the Negro women were not drawing the color line; all women who were interested in the welfare of the Negro were welcome to participate. Among the White women who did was Lucy Stone, a noted --- 11 Williams, "The Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," A New Negro for a New Century, 397, 400-401. Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 335-336. "Meeting of Colored Women. Representatives of Many Societies Have Their Initial Session in Boston," Chicago Times-Herald, July 30, 1895, p. 12. 12 Williams, "The Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," A New Negro for a New Century, 397, 400-401. abolitionist and advocate of the woman's rights movement. Also present was Miss Stone's husband, Henry B. Blackwell, a leading abolitionist and a well-known reformer. The infamous letter written by Jacks generated several hours of spirited discussions. Resolutions were passed denouncing the Missouri editor and repudiating the allegations that he had made. The women also passed a resolution expressing their appreciation to Florence Belgarnie for the concern that she had shown for the Negro people living in the United States. Another item that was considered by the convention delegates was the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, W.C.T.U. Mrs. Libbie C. Anthony of Jefferson City, Missouri and a member of the Woman's Club of that city, spoke of the work that the W.C.T.U. was accomplishing, especially in the South. She also declared that Miss Conference of Colored Women. "A Representative Gathering in Berkely Hall Today—Plans for a National Organization," Boston Evening Transcript, July 29, 1895, p. 3 Elizabeth Lindsay Davis, Lifting as They Climb (n.p., n.d.) 17-19. "The Beginnings of the National Club Movement, 'Address of Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin to the First National Conference of Colored Women (1895)," contained in Black Women in White America, edited by Lerner, 441-443. "Meeting of Colored Women. Representatives of Many Societies Have Their Initial Session in Boston," Chicago Times-Herald, July 30, 1895, p. 3. "In Secret Session: Long Discussions of the Colored Women's Conference - Resolutions on the Jack Letter," Boston Evening Transcript, July 30, 1895, p. 3. "Meeting of Colored Women. Representatives of Many Societies Have Their Initial Session in Boston," Chicago Times-Herald, July 30, 1895, p. 12. Francis E. Willard, one of the major organizers of the W.C.T.U., was a true friend of the Negro people. Although most of the women in attendance were aware of the work of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and supported it in theory, if not always in practice, their feelings concerning Miss Willard differed. In the highly spirited debate that ensued regarding the temperance leader, Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin argued that Miss Willard could have taken a stronger stand on the subject of lynchings. Furthermore, it was Mrs. Ruffin's contention that from interpretation of Francis Willard's comments, lynching was almost a necessary evil. Mrs. Florida R. Ridley, also of Boston and the daughter of Mrs. Ruffin, offered tangible evidence by quoting from various newspaper and magazine articles. Many delegates agreed that this material substantiated the allegations made against Francis E. Willard, and some of the women became disenchanted with Miss Willard as a result of these statements. They passed, nevertheless, a resolution endorsing the work of the W.T.C.U. This was due mainly to the fact that the women were quick to realize that the 15 "Did Miss Willard Hedge? Her Sentiments on Lynching Not Quite Clear. Closing Sessions of the National Conference of Colored Women," Boston Evening Transcript, July 31, 1895, p. 3. "Colored Women and Miss Willard. Endorsed the Temperance Work But Not Her Views on Lynching," New York Times, August 1, 1895, p. 14. "Mediates for Miss Willard. Mrs. Libbee B. Anthony Seeks to Set Her Right with Colored Women," Chicago Times-Herald, August 1, 1895, p. 10. work of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union was extremely beneficial to their race. Many of the women felt that some members of the race spent their money too freely on alcoholic beverages. Consequently, they felt that personal prejudices concerning Miss Willard should not cloud their view of her organization. Other subjects discussed enthusiastically by the delegates ranged from higher education for women to the convict lease system. The abuses of this system especially concerned the women because of the attending brutality of the system. Perhaps the most important topic that was brought up for discussion during this convention was the formation of a national organization. Although the New Era Club of Boston took the initiative to call the convention and was also instrumental in mentally preparing the women to see the benefits of a national body by advocating a union through its journal, the Woman's Era, it did not expect the other clubs to affiliate with it. The New Era club women recognized that each club was proud of --- 16 "Did Miss Willard Hedge? Her Sentiments on Lynching Not Quite Clear. Closing Sessions of the National Conference of Colored Women, Boston Evening Transcript, July 31, 1895, p. 3. "Colored Women and Miss Willard. Endorse Her Temperance Work but not Her Views on Lynching." New York Times, August 1, 1895, p. 14. 17 "Did Miss Willard Hedge? Her Sentiments on Lynching Not Quite Clear. Closing Sessions of the National Conference of Colored Women," Boston Evening Transcript, July 31, 1895, p. 3. its own accomplishments, which ranged from the fight against lynching to the establishment of homes for the elderly. Consequently, in order for the body to truly reflect a national nature, each club should be allowed to retain its autonomy. A few delegates argued, however, that a completely new association was imperative. In this manner, the more astute members present realized that the better known women from the nation could lead this august body. Although the above reasoning was sound, there was a slight problem. When the call for a convention had been issued by the New Era Club, members from the National Colored Women's League made plans to send representatives to the convention. It was their intention to ask the assembled delegates to approve the status of the National League and to adopt its name. They hoped to accomplish this by pointing to the fact that Mrs. Terrell was the first to publicly suggest that a national organization was needed. Also, the delegates from the National League intended to show that they already had a national base and status. 18 Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 148-149. Williams, "Club Movement Among Negro Women," contained in Progress of a Race, 209. 19 Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 150. Cooper, "National Association of Colored Women," contained in Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, XXV, September, 1896, p. 174. Mrs. Terrell and Mrs. Cook, the delegates representing the National League, conveyed these facts to the convention members. It was, however, the contention of several delegates that the National League was in reality several local clubs, working on a local level, for the benefit of a particular locality. In other words, the League was national in name only. Carrying the matter one step further, it was pointed out that the delegates at the convention represented more clubs than were affiliated with the National League. As a result, some of the delegates felt that the League should join forces with the convention delegates and form a new organization independent of any existing association. Furthermore, it was quickly noted that since the National League did not issue the call for a convention, its proposal for unification under its name was out of order. Consequently, on the last day of the convention, after all arguments had been heard, the Negro women agreed to form a new organization called the National Federation of Afro-American Women. The name that they chose reflected their strong desire to establish their identity. The delegates representing the National League of Colored Women refused, however, to join the newly-created National Federation. Although many of the women felt that this --- 20 Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 149-150. Davis, Lifting As They Climb, 20-21. action was one of pettiness, it should be pointed out that Mrs. Cook, president of the National League, did not have the authority to commit the League. When the call for the convention was issued, no one expected that a new national organization would be formed; consequently, no provisions had been made by the League members for such an event. The officers of the newly formed National Federation of Afro-American Women were some of the most competent leaders among the Negro women. In the selection of these women to head the new organization, there was no contest. Mrs. Booker T. Washington of Tuskegee, Alabama was elected president. The women chosen as vice-presidents were Mrs. Mary H. Dickenson of Providence, Rhode Island, Mrs. Cruen of Charleston, South Carolina, Mrs. Mahanett of Omaha, Nebraska, and Mrs. Mable Garner of New York. The first corresponding secretary was Mrs. Lizzie C. Carter of New York, while the recording secretary was Mrs. Florida R. Ridley of Boston. Mrs. Libby C. Anthony of Jefferson City, Missouri was elected treasurer. Mrs. Victoria Earle Mathews of New York was made chairperson of the executive --- 21 Cooper, "National Association of Colored Women," Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, XXV, September, 1896, p. 174. committee. The Woman's Era was designated the official organ of the association. The purpose of the National Federation of Afro-American Women, as formulated by the members of the convention, was to work for the "elevation, progress and moral improvement of colored women in America." Not everyone was satisfied with the outcome. Mrs. Booker T. Washington, president of the new body, and many of the other thoughtful women did not wish to create any ill will among the group members. They were cognizant that Mrs. Cook did not have the authority to consolidate with the National Federation. Therefore, in one of the incorporating resolutions the women stated that they were "looking towards union with the National League already formed." The significance of this first national convention of Negro women cannot be overlooked. For many of the women, this was the first time that they became aware of the work done by other club women in the different states. In many cases, their provincial attitude toward problems --- 22 "To Form a National Society, Colored Women in Session at Boston Decided Upon a Federation," Chicago Times-Herald, August 2, 1895, p. 10. Lerner, editor, Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, 440. Williams, "Club Movement Among Negro Women," contained in Progress of a Race, 209. 23 Editorial, Washington Bee, August 17, 1895, p. 2. 24 Cooper, "National Association of Colored Women," Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, XXV, September, 1896, p. 174. broadened. Intemperance, inappropriate child care, homeless children, and other local problems took on national significance. From the exchange of ideas that this gathering provided, the women were able to discuss the methods that worked in some instances and analyze the reasons for failure in other cases. In so doing they gained hope for the future and confidence that through their efforts the Negro race would greatly benefit. Another important factor was that the ladies did not complain about the existing conditions but rather sought means by which they could better these conditions. When the club women returned home it was with a new feeling of vigor and unshakable confidence that through their efforts life for themselves and others would be better. The club movement among Negro women, that had in some cases been imitative of White women's clubs, now had direction. The new organization was sympathetic to the needs and the problems of Negro club women and open to offer guidelines for action. The only disappointing feature of the convention was that there were two national organizations of Negro women, instead of one. Mary Margaret Washington, the wife of --- 25 August Meier, Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1963), 135. Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," contained in A New Negro For a New Century, 384, 393, 396, 400. Booker T. Washington and president of the National Federation of Afro-American Women, and Helen A. Cook, president of the National League of Colored Women, immediately began making plans to open discussions on consolidation. Both organizations appointed committees to consider an acceptable basis for unification. The joint committee met during the Colored Women's Congress that was held during the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia during the fall of 1895. Apparently the discussions were fruitful, for shortly after the meeting of the joint committee, the National League began preparing for its first national convention. The convention was scheduled for July 14 through July 16, 1896 in Washington, D.C. The major purpose for the calling of the convention was to discuss the possibility of unification. As such, an invitation was sent to the National Federation asking that representatives be sent to participate in some of the discussions. Due to this breakthrough, the National Federation decided to reschedule its planned convention from December in Nashville, Tennessee to July 20 through 24, 1896 in Washington, D.C. This was just one week after the opening of the National League of Colored Women's convention. --- 26 Cooper, "National Association of Colored Women," Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, XXV, September 26, 1896, p. 173-174. 27 Cooper, "National Association of Colored Women," Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, XXV, September 26, 1896, p. 173-174. The National League held its first convention at the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C. There were approximately one hundred delegates in attendance, representing clubs from the cities of Baltimore, Maryland; Kansas City, Missouri; Denver, Colorado; Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harper's Ferry, West Virginia; Saint Paul, Minnesota; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Newport, Rhode Island; Norfolk, Virginia; and Washington, D.C. Although the major purpose of the gathering was to consider the advisability of a merger with the National Federation, the women discussed other topics and passed several resolutions. Lynchings, for example, were denounced in strong terms and the women recommended that laws be passed that would hold counties responsible for the lynchings that occurred within their boundaries. The delegates proposed that the families of the persons lynched receive large indemnities from the particular county involved. In this way the delegates hoped that lynching would become an 28 "Morality Their Creed. First Session of Colored Women's Convention. An Address by Mrs Douglass. She Thinks That Justice Could Be Aided by the Placing of Women Upon the Police Court Bench - Report of the Credentials Committee Shows Delegates from Many Cities - Appointment of Standing Committees - Progress of Work in Several Branches," The Washington Post, July 15, 1896, p. 7. Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 150. "Colored Women's League. An Interesting Program Arranged for the Meeting Tomorrow." Washington Evening Star, July 13, 1896, p. 8. economic matter, and, as such, would force the counties to be more vigilant in its enforcement of the law. Another topic that made for a lively discussion concerned discrimination toward the Negro. It was the contention of the delegates that not only the Whites but also the Negroes had struggled to maintain and preserve American institutions. They considered it a definite insult that despite their actions, some states had passed laws requiring separate transportation carriers for the Negroes. They were also disillusioned by the refusal of the hotel and culinary establishments to accommodate them. Furthermore, they were unhappy about the lack of Black representation on school boards. The women were most upset, however, with the Supreme Court's Plessey v. Ferguson decision. This decision, which became a landmark in American jurisprudence, accepted the principle of separate but equal accommodations for the Negro, even though in the majority of cases, separate facilities were rarely equal. The women charged that these actions were "unjust, un-Christian, and unworthy of the high claims of America." They demanded that --- 29 "Mrs. Cook Re-Elected. Officers for a Year Chosen by Colored Woman's League. An Address by Bishop Arnett Reviews the Life of Bishop Payne and Cites it as One Particularly (sic) Worthy of Emulation on the Part of Colored Boys - Mrs. Anna E. Murphy Pays a Tribute to the Memory of Kate Field - A Set of Resolutions were Adopted." The Washington Post, July 17, 1896, p. 4. the Negro be accorded the same rights as other citizens living in America. The women also felt that special recognition should be granted to Justice Harlan of the United States Supreme Court for the support that he showed for the Negro through his dissent in this case. Besides the above matters, the delegates endorsed the work of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. They also decided to do everything possible to promote higher education for Negroes, especially Negro women. Besides this, they gave recognition to the work that Atlanta University of Atlanta, Georgia, was doing in compiling statistics about Negroes living in the cities. The major item for consideration, however, was consolidation with National Federation. It was the decision of the club women that comprised the National League that, if a merger could be effected without the complete loss of their autonomy, or the eradication of their goals and principles, unification would be acceptable. Most of the delegates agreed with Mrs. Blanch K. Bruce, wife of the Senator from Mississippi, that maintenance of two national organizations would be a waste of energy and strength. Two organizations would lead to a duplication of projects. 30 Ibid., 4. 31 Ibid., 4. and more importantly, a division of talent and leadership. They considered this last point especially detrimental, since there were very few women of color who had the training and ability to lead the Negro club women of America. Consequently, during an executive session, a committee of seven was appointed to meet with the National Federation of Afro-American Women. The members selected were Miss A. V. Thompkins of Washington, D.C., Miss Julia F. Jones of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Miss Coralie L. Franklin of Washington, D.C., Miss Anna Holland Jones of Kansas City, Missouri, Mrs. Ruth Collett of Baltimore, Maryland, Mrs. Florence A. Barbour of Norfolk, Virginia, Mrs. E. E. Williams of New York City. Mrs. F. J. Jackson and Miss E. G. Merrill were chosen as alternates. It was hoped that the National Federation would appoint a similar committee of seven to meet with the committee chosen by the National League. It was the intention of the delegates of the National League that both committees be given the power to act and that the meetings would begin on the second day of the convention of the National Federation. 32 Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 150. Davis, Lifting As They Climb, 20-21. 33 "Mrs. Cook Re-Elected. Officers for a Year Chosen by Colored Woman's League. An Address By Bishop Arnett Reviews the Life of Bishop Payne and Cites it as One Particularly (sic) Worthy of Emulation on the Part of Colored Boys - Mrs. Anna E. Murphy Pays a Tribute to the Memory of Kate Field - A Set of Resolutions were Adopted," The Washington Post, July 17, 1896, p. 4. "Second Day's Session," The Washington Bee, July 25, 1896, p. 4. The day before the National Federation met at the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church in Washington, D.C., Mrs. Booker T. Washington, president of the organization, spoke with reporters. She stated that the major reason for the calling of the convention in Washington, D.C. was to enable the officers and members of the two organizations to meet and hopefully bring about a union between the two groups. She stated that she would do everything in her power to accomplish unification. She contended that the work embarked upon by the organizations was too important to be neglected due to group jealousies and dissension. But not all of the delegates held Mrs. Washington's views. Some of the officers claimed that the National Federation was the larger of the two organizations and was the more practical, since it worked very closely with the unenlightened members of the Negro race in an attempt to improve their standard of living. Such printed statements in the newspapers did not make for a conciliatory attitude. The majority of the women, however, as well as the editors of the Washington Bee, an influential Negro newspaper, were in favor of unification. --- 34 "May Unite Their Forces. Officers of the Two Colored Women's Associations Concur. Second Annual Convention Today of the National Federation. Following Closely Upon the Convention of the National League," The Washington Post, July 20, 1896, p. 10. "They Say," The Washington Bee, July 18, 1896, p. 4. "Cannot Agree," The Washington Bee, July 18, 1896, p. 4. "Mrs. Booker T. Washington Presides," Boston Evening Transcript, July 20, 1896, p. 10. "General News," The Washington Bee, July 18, 1896, p. 2. The first convention of the National Federation of Afro-American Women was a memorable occasion in many respects. Harriet Tubman was present. During the American Civil War, she was a conductor on the underground railroad and was reputed to have never lost a passenger. Also in attendance were Mrs. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Mrs. John M. Langston, the wife of the noted congressman from Virginia, Mrs. B.K. Bruce, wife of Senator Bruce, Mrs. Booker T. Washington, wife of the president of Tuskegee Institute of Alabama, as well as Mrs. Rosetta Sprague, the only daughter of Frederick Douglass. According to the committee on credentials, there was more than a fifty percent increase in the number of clubs represented. The previous year, there had been twenty-five clubs affiliated with the national body; a year later, 1896, there were sixty-seven clubs. A total of fifty-four 35 "Colored Woman in Convention. Sixty-Seven Clubs Represented in a Washington Gathering," New York Times, July 21, 1896, p. 10. Duster, editor, Crusade For Justice, 243. "The Afro-American Woman. Hon. John W. Ross, District Commissioner Welcomes Them to the National Capital in a Timely Speech. Mrs. Booker T. Washington, Presided," The Washington Bee, July 25, 1896, p. 4. delegates attended the convention, with some of the women representing more than one club. Boston, Atlanta, and New York City, sent the largest delegations. The main objective of the convention was to discuss the work already begun by the clubs and to make plans for future work that would better the conditions of the Negro people in the industrial as well as the religious sectors of their lives. Clubs belonging to the National Federation were engaged in "mission, rescue of women in There is some discrepancy as to the number of clubs represented at the convention. One source claims there were thirty-four clubs while all the others contend that sixty-seven clubs were in attendance. "Colored Women in Convention. Sixty-Seven Clubs Represented in a Washington Gathering," New York Times, July 21, 1896, p. 10. "Assisting Their Race. Second Annual Convention of Afro-American Women. Delegates from Many States. The Sessions Presided Over By Mrs. Booker T. Washington of Alabama - Address of Welcome in Nineteenth Street Baptist Church by Rev. Dr. Brooks - Response by Mrs. Sprague - A Review of Auxiliary Work by Mrs. Bruce," The Washington Post July 21, 1896, p. 4. "The Afro-American Women. Hon. John W. Ross, District Commissioner Welcomes them to the National Capital, in a Timely Speech. Mrs. Booker T. Washington Presided," The Washington Bee, July 25, 1896, p. 4. "Assisting Their Race. Second Annual Convention of Afro-American Women. Delegates From Many States. The Sessions Presided Over By Mrs. Booker T. Washington of Alabama - Address of Welcome in Nineteenth Street Baptist Church by Rev. Dr. Brooks - Response By Mrs. Sprague - A Review of Auxiliary Work by Mrs. Bruce," The Washington Post, July 21, 1896, p. 4. "General News," The Washington Bee, July 18, 1896, p. 2. distress, philanthropic, domestic, and educational work. On a broader scale, the delegates discussed the problem of lynching. Once again, the Negro club women of the United States denounced lynchings and other forms of mob violence. Resolutions were passed commending the efforts of Ida B. Wells-Barnett in her attempt to abolish the lynch law in America. Praise was also expressed for the British Anti-Lynching Society and especially for its secretary, Miss Florence Belgarnie. The women also commended the Republican Party for its 1896 platform deploring lynchings. Resolutions were passed supporting the work of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. In relation to the Supreme Court of the United States, however, the ladies --- 38 "The Afro-American Women. Hon. John W. Ross, District Commissioner Welcomes Them to the National Capital in a Timely Speech. Mrs. Booker T. Washington Presided," The Washington Bee, July 25, 1896, p. 4. "Assisting Their Race. Second Annual Convention of Afro-American Women. Delegates From Many States. The Sessions Presided Over By Mrs. Booker T. Washington of Alabama - Address of Welcome in the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church by Rev. Dr. Brooks - Response By Mrs. Sprague - A Review of Auxiliary Work by Mrs. Bruce," The Washington Post, July 21, 1896, p. 4. 39 "Are Rivals No Longer. Colored Woman's League and Federation Now United. Full Set of Officers Elected. The Last Day of the Federation's Sessions Taken Up in Christening Its Youngest Member, Master Barnett - Many Speeches and Papers - Resolutions Criticising The Supreme Court for Sustaining the Single Coach Law. Lynching Denounced," The Washington Post, July 23, 1896, p. 4. were highly critical. It was their contention that the decision to allow separate but equal accommodations on public conveyances was "unjust, un-American and unconstitutional." They felt that the highest tribunal in the country was bowing to racial prejudice. It was the intention of these women to educate the Negro public to these facts in hopes that they would use public transportation sparingly, if at all. It was hoped that the railroads would incur financial losses which would then encourage the railroads to fight the separate car laws. In relation to the convict lease system, the women classified the system as legalized slavery and vowed to work for its abolishment. On the lighter side, Charles Aked Barnett, the eight-week old son of Ida B. Wells-Barnett was made an honorary member of the National Federation and christened "Boy of the Regiment." But the topic that held the attention of everyone was the possibility of a merger with the National League of Colored Women. On the first day of the convention of the National Federation of Afro-American Women, a committee of seven was selected to meet with a similar committee appointed by the National League. The women that comprised the committee for the National Federation were Mrs. Victoria Earle Mathews of New York, Mrs. Rosa D. Bowser of 40 Ibid., p. 4. 41 Ibid., p. 4. Richmond, Virginia, Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin of Boston, Massachusetts, Mrs. Libbie C. Anthony of Jefferson City, Missouri, Mrs. Addie Hunton of Richmond, Virginia, Mrs. Selina Butler of Atlanta, Georgia, and Mrs. Mary Church Terrell. The joint committee selected Mrs. Terrell as its chairwoman. It is interesting to note that Mrs. Terrell was listed as residing in Memphis, Tennessee, a city that she left at six years of age, instead of Washington, D.C. Furthermore, Mrs. Terrell did not represent the National League of which she had been a member since its formation, but rather the National Federation. On the second day of the convention of the National Federation, the joint committee met in the parlor of the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church. The full convention was in conference in the main section of the church. The joint committee met for the entire day, breaking only for a hurried lunch. Apparently both sides were anxious for --- 42 "Second Day's Session," The Washington Bee, July 25, 1896, p. 4. "The Afro-American Women. Hon. John W. Ross, District Commissioner Welcomes Them to the National Capital in a Timely Speech. Mrs. Booker T. Washington Presided," The Washington Bee, July 25, 1896, p. 4. "Assisting Their Race. Second Annual Convention of Afro-American Women. Delegates from Many States. The Sessions Presided Over by Mrs. Booker T. Washington of Alabama - Address of Welcome in the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church by Rev. Dr. Brooks - Response by Mrs. Sprague. A Review of Auxiliary Work by Mrs. Bruce," The Washington Post, July 21, 1896, p. 4. Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 150-151. unification, for, according to the account given by Mary Church Terrell, one of the most difficult items on the agenda was the selection of a name for the new body. Members of both organizations were desirous of using the name of the group that they represented. Consequently, it was decided that the words "league" and "federation" had to be omitted. In place of those words, "association" was substituted. "Afro-American" was not used, but "colored" was. Therefore, the name that was decided upon was the National Association of Colored Women, N.A.C.W. When the joint committee met with the full convention that evening, all the delegates were anxious to learn what --- 43 Josephine Yates, "National Association of Colored Women," Voice of the Negro, I, July, 1904, p. 285. Davis, Lifting As They Climb, 20-21. "Uniting Their Forces. Committees of Colored Women Agree on Details. Officers Will Be Elected Today. The Name of the Consolidated Afro-American Federation and the Woman's League will Be The National Association of Colored Women - Convention of the Federation in Session All Day - Address By Mrs. Booker T. Washington and Many Others," The Washington Post, July 22, 1896, p. 4. Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 150-151. Mrs. J. Silone Yates, "Report of the National Council of Colored Women's Clubs to the National Council of Women at Washington," The Colored American Magazine, May, 1905, p. 258. had transpired. The joint committee was given power to act and their word was to be final. The decision of the committee was: That we do consolidate under the name of the National Association of Colored Women. That the officer/s/ shall be chosen on a basis of Equality by a joint committee. That neither Association shall assume any of the liabilities of the other incurred prior to consolidation. That the Association shall support the work already planned by each of the old organizations. That a joint Committee should draft a constitution and elect officers for the ensuing year.44 The following day, while the convention was engaged in the morning session, the members of the joint committee notified the delegates that by the evening session they would announce the officers of the new organization. Apparently, some of the convention delegates objected to this procedure. It was their feeling that the joint committee was partial to the National League of Colored Women and that the interests of the National Federation were not being tended to in an appropriate manner. Some of the delegates questioned the honesty of the National --- 44 "Uniting Their Forces. Committees of Colored Women Agree on Details. Officers Will Be Elected Today. The Name of the Consolidated Afro-American Federation and the Women's League Will Be The National Association of Colored Women - Convention of the Federation in Session All Day - Address By Mrs. Booker T. Washington and Many Others," The Washington Post, July 22, 1896, p. 4. "Second Day's Session," The Washington Bee, July 25, 1896, p. 4. League in relation to the membership that it claimed. The dissenters felt that the League had inflated its membership rolls in order to be on an equal basis with the National Federation. At this point, Mrs. Terrell secured the floor. She chided the delegates for their un-Christian approach and asked if they wished harmony or rivalry. If they preferred the latter, then she was bewildered and was unable to comprehend why a committee had been appointed. She asked the delegates if a membership count was more important than unity of purpose among club women. If it was, she stated that she would resign. This speech by Mrs. Terrell helped to solidify the support for consolidation among the delegates. In fact, The Washington Bee claimed that Mary Church Terrell was largely responsible for the unification of the two groups of Negro club women. After this discussion was completed, the selection of the officers was begun by the joint committee. The choosing of the president was an extremely difficult --- 45 "Are Rivals No Longer. Colored Woman's League and Federation Now United. Full Set of Officers Elected. The Last Day of the Federation's Session Taken Up in Christening Its Youngest Member, Master Barnett - Many Speeches and Papers - Resolutions Criticizing the Supreme Court for Sustaining the Single Coach Law. Lynching Denounced." The Washington Post, July 23, 1896, p. 4. 46 Ibid., p. 4. "Mrs. Terrell's Triumph," The Washington Bee, July 25, 1896, p. 4. assignment. According to the account by Mrs. Terrell, almost every prominent Negro woman in the United States was nominated, as well as all the members of the joint committee, but to no avail; agreement could not be reached. Several times during the proceedings, prayers were offered by the delegates in order that they could receive divine guidance and make a final but a wise choice. After many hours, Mary Church Terrell was chosen president of the National Association of Colored Women. The selection of the other officers proceeded quickly. The joint committee selected seven vice-presidents. The Negro women chosen to fill the positions were, in order of ascendency, Mrs. Fannie Jackson-Coppin of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin of Boston, Massachusetts, Mrs. F. E. Harper of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mrs. Josephine Silone Yates of Kansas City, Missouri, Mrs. Sylvanie Williams of Abbeyville, South Carolina, and Mrs. Lucy Thurman of Jackson, Michigan. Mrs. Alice Ruth Moore of New Orleans, Louisiana was elected recording secretary, while Miss --- 47 Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 151. A. V. Thompkins of Washington, D.C. was selected corresponding secretary. The treasurer was Mrs. Helen A. Cook of Washington, D.C. The journal of the New Era Club, the Woman's Era, edited by Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, was delegated the official organ of the National Association of Colored Women. The motto chosen by the delegates was "Lifting As We Climb." As for the membership in the N.A.C.W., it was open to all women's clubs whose purpose was to improve the living conditions of the Negro race. Another major objective of the National Association of Colored Women was to raise the quality of home life. It was the belief of the women that the future of the Negro race depended upon the children. As a result, a strong emphasis was placed upon the "mothers' meetings." The aim of such meetings was to teach the women new ways to cook various types of foods, the importance of a balanced diet, cleanliness, and, most important, proper care for the children. Their concern, however, did not terminate at this point. They also worked to establish day care centers, kindergartens, reformatories, homes for the aged. 48 Lerner, (editor), Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, 440-441. "All United," The Washington Bee, July 25, 1896, p. 4. 49 Josephine Yates, "National Association of Colored Women," The Voice of The Negro, I, July, 1904, p. 283. Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 335-336. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: The History of the American Negroes (New York City, Vintage Books, 1956), 407. and orphans, as well as other social agencies. The women also sought means to fight various forms of racial discrimination. In this way they hoped to achieve their goal as stated in Article II of the constitution of the National Association of Colored Women, "To secure harmony of action and cooperation among all women in rising to the highest plane of home, moral and civil life." 50 Anna H. Jones, "A Century's Progress for the American Colored Woman," The Voice of the Negro, September, 1905, II, 633. R.R. Morton, "Organized Negro Efforts for Racial Progress," The Annals, (New York: Kraus Reprint Co. 1971), November, 1928, CXXX, 260. B.F. Lee, Jr., "Negro Organizations," The Annals, September, 1913, XLIX, 133-134. Ovington, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, 124. 51 "Efforts for Social Betterment Among Negro Americans," The Fourteenth Annual Conference. Contained in The Atlanta University Publications, Nos. 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 (New York: Arno Press, 1968), 47. Mrs. Silone Yates, "Report of the National Federation of Colored Women's Club to the National Council of Women at Washington," The Colored American Magazine, May, 1905, p. 258. CHAPTER III THE EARLY YEARS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLORED WOMEN The National Association of Colored Women quickly became the leading secular organization of Negro middle class women. After the first convention of Negro club women was held in 1895, new impetus was given to the club movement. Newspapers in the major cities had carried reports of the convention and of the formation of the National Federation of Afro-American Women. Many Negro women who had been unaware of the possibilities of a united front began to join together and to form clubs of their own. Many of these newly organized clubs sought to gain membership in either the National Federation of Afro-American Women or the National League of Colored Women. Consequently, when the two organizations merged in 1896, both could report an increase in membership over the previous year. Although there was a growth in membership, the officers of the new organization were aware that in order for the movement to be a potent force in changing the social, economic, political, religious and moral conditions within the Negro communities, more adherents were needed. It was the contention of the clubwomen that until the poor, the working women, and the wives of the tenant farmers were made aware of the benefits of self-help, the Negro communities would border on stagnation. Therefore, an all out effort was made to not only encourage the formation of new clubs but also to have these clubs affiliate with the N.A.C.W. Due to the fact that this membership drive was one of the major emphases of the N.A.C.W., the internal structure of the organization developed in a rather unplanned manner. During the initial stages of development, there was no thoughtful grouping of clubs according to goals, nor was a major effort made to establish correspondence between all the clubs and the national organization. In effect, the clubs were left to their own devices in their attempt to achieve their objectives. Unfortunately, this lack of direction caused some clubs to make the same errors that other clubs made. The major reprieve from this situation was the annual convention. At the meetings, a delegate from each club read reports about the activities of the --- 1 Addie W. Hutton, "The National Association of Colored Women," contained in A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, 1910-1932, vol. II, edited by Herbert Aptheker (New York: The Citadel Press, 1951), 35. Mrs. J. Silone-Yates, "Report of the National Federation of Colored Women's Clubs to the National Council of Women at Washington," The Colored American Magazine, May, 1905, p. 261. club, and discussed the successes and failures that the club experienced. It was during these sessions that the exchange of ideas between club women occurred. During the remainder of the year, however, there was no one appointed by the national body to assist clubs experiencing difficulty in achieving their goals. As this need became more pronounced, the officers began to seek a means to remedy the situation. The first president of the N.A.C.W., Mary Church Terrell, slowly began to develop an internal structure that would consist of departments. It was left to her successor, Mrs. Josephine Silone-Yates of Jefferson City, Missouri, who was elected in 1901, to implement fully this plan. Under this system, the president of the organization appointed women who were experienced in certain areas, such as kindergartens or reformatories, to head the corresponding department. Through this system, departments were created that represented the major fields of endeavor of the clubs. This categorizing of the goals helped the women to analyze the problems that they faced. Furthermore, they were able to assess whether or not the obstacles that they were experiencing were of a national --- 2 Hutton, "The National Association of Colored Women," contained in A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, 1910-1932, vol. II, edited by Herbert Aptheker, 33. or local character. With this knowledge they were in a better position to effectively handle the conditions that they encountered. Besides developing a departmental system, some of the club women also began to form state federations. This movement to form state federations closely followed a similar movement within the General Federation of Women's Clubs, G.F.W.C., an organization composed almost exclusively of White women. In 1900, at the Milwaukie biennial convention of the G.F.W.C., some White club women began to agitate for the exclusive representation of state federations at the national conventions. It was the feeling of these women that there were too many delegates present. It was their contention that a meaningful completion of business was virtually impossible. Although the National Association of Colored Women did not have the extensive membership that the General Federation possessed, the more astute leaders of the N.A.C.W. realized that --- 3 A.W. Hunton, "Women's Clubs: The National Association of Colored Women," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, II, 17-18. "Efforts for Social Betterment Among Negro Americans," The Fourteenth Annual Conference, contained in The Atlanta University Publications nos. 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, (New York: Arno Press, 1968) no. 14, p. 47. Addie W. Hutton, "The National Association of Colored Women: Its Real Significance," The Colored American Magazine, August, 1908, 417-4k8. Hutton, "The National Association of Colored Women," contained in A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, 1910-1932, vol. II, edited by Herbert Aptheker, 33-35. within the near future their conventions also would become unwieldy. Consequently, Negro women from various states began to organize into state federations. Besides the above mentioned reason, there were other advantages to such groupings. Some women felt that a state organization would form a closer working unit. The clubs could draw upon the experiences that each had encountered and learn from their errors. Also, competition between clubs in the same locality could be reduced. Another factor concerned conventions. The N.A.C.W. no longer held annual conventions, instead, biennial conventions were held. Since the leaders of the movement to form state federations proposed to hold annual meetings, the members would be able to outline a program, establish priorities, and effectively work toward the goals outlined at the convention. Furthermore, it must be remembered that the women were familiar with their states and were attuned to the needs of particular localities. With this knowledge, the basis for their efforts became more realistic and conceivable to the members. On the other hand, --- 4 A.W. Hunton, "Women's Clubs: The National Association of Colored Women," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races May, 1911, II, 18. Hutton, "The National Association of Colored Women," contained in A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, 1910-1932, vol. II, edited by Herbert Aptheker, 34. most of these women were ill-prepared to attack these same problems on a national level, partly due to the complexity of the nation as a whole. State federations, like the individual clubs, were to be accepted into membership by the National Association of Colored Women if certain requirements were met. The state federations were to be composed of several autonomous clubs from the state that they represented. Besides this qualification, each federation was required to work toward a goal that would benefit the entire state. This last point proved to be the most beneficial. Usually, the individual clubs were small. Therefore, the goals that they set for themselves had to be rather limited, if they were to be realistic. With the advent of the state federations, however, the club women could engage in more ambitious projects, such as a state reformatory for Negro youth. The financial burden alone for such a project would have been insurmountable for a club of twenty members. 5 Mrs. Josephine B. Bruce, "The Afterglow of the Women's Convention," The Voice of the Negro, November, 1904, I, 542. Hutton, "Women's Clubs: The National Association of Women's Clubs", Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, May, 1911, II, 18. W. A. Hunton, "Women's Clubs: State Conventions" Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, September, 1911, II, 210. 6 Jessie Fausett, "The 13th Biennial of the N.A.C.W.", Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, October, 1922, XXIV, 253. Hunton, "The National Association of Colored Women," contained in A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, 1910-1932, vol. II, edited by Herbert Aptheker, 34. Hunton, "Women's Clubs: The National Association of Colored Women," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, May, 1911, II, 18. The goals or projects that the club women belonging to the National Association of Colored Women set for themselves usually dealt with children, the aged or infirmed. In part, it was their concern for the children that led many clubs to establish "mother's meetings". In the North, these meetings were usually held in the poorer neighborhoods to allow a greater number of women to attend. In the South, club women attempted to contact the wives of the tenant farmers as well as the poor living in the cities. The purpose of these meetings was to instruct those in attendance on proper child care and better and more efficient ways of housekeeping. Many club women felt that the solution to the "race problem" depended upon the children. Thus, they hoped to provide as many advantages for the children as they could. As the influence of the club women began to be felt, more concern for the children was generated within the communities. Many women who lived in the poorer areas of the cities worked. Some of these working women were cognizant of the problems and influences of the neighborhoods. Yates, "Report of the National Federation of Colored Women's Clubs to the National Council of Women at Washington," The Colored American Magazine, May, 1905, 259. Hutton, "The National Association of Colored Women: Its Real Significance," The Colored American Magazine, August, 1908, p. 421. Josephine Silone-Yates, "Kindergartens and Mother's Clubs: As Related to the Work of the National Association of Colored Women," The Colored American Magazine, June, 1905, p. 307. and felt that day nurseries and kindergartens should be established. Although kindergartens and day nurseries were usually the outgrowth of mother's meetings, this was not always so. In fact, some clubs had established kindergartens and day nurseries for the children of working women that had never conducted "mother's meetings". Of the two, day nurseries and kindergartens, the latter project perhaps was the most ambitious. Before the 1890's, there were very few kindergartens in the United States. The majority of those that were in existence were private ventures. The Colored Women's League of Washington, D.C. was among the first clubs of Negro women to establish not only kindergartens but also training centers for the teachers. Mary Church Terrell, a teacher in the District of Columbia, was largely responsible for the Colored Women's League following this course. Mrs. Terrell and several other teachers were concerned about --- 8 Yates, "Report of the National Federation of Colored Women's Clubs to the National Council of Women at Washington," The Colored American Magazine, May, 1905, 261-262. Yates, "Kindergartens and Mother's Clubs: As Related to the Work of the National Association of Colored Womwn," The Colored American Magazine, June, 1905, p. 307-308. Hutton, "The National Association of Colored Women" Its Real Significance, The Colored American Magazine, August, 1908, p. 421. Mary Church Terrell, "Club Work of Colored Women," Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, 1901, XXX, 437-438. "Club Activities: Colored Women's League," contained in Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, edited by Gerda Lerner, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 451-452. A.W. Hunton, "Women's Clubs: Caring for Children," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, June, 1911, II, 78-79. the lack of educational skills that young students possessed. They felt that if they opened a kindergarten the advantages for the young would improve. In order to facilitate the development of the kindergartens in the nation, Mrs. Terrell wrote a pamphlet dealing with the progress that the Negro woman had achieved since reconstruction. At the Chicago and Buffalo biennial conventions of the N.A.C.W. in 1899 and 1901 respectively, the Association assumed the cost of publication and sold the pamphlet at the convention. Mrs. Terrell also attended the thirtieth convention of the National American Suffrage Association, of which she was a member, and sold copies of the pamphlet. The proceeds from these sales were donated to the N.A.C.W.'s ways and means committee with the explicit purpose of helping kindergartens. In many cases the establishment of kindergartens was hampered by the lack of funds and/or teachers. In Chicago, Illinois, however, a different type of problem presented itself. Apparently, the Chicago Women's Club, also known as the Ida B. Wells Club, decided to start a --- 9 Mary Church Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World (Washington, D.C.: Ransdell, Inc., 1940), 153. Josephine Yates, "National Association of Colored Women," The Voice of The Negro, July, 1904, 1, 286. "Club Activities: Colored Women's League," contained in Black Women in White America: A Documentary History edited by Gerda Lerner, 451. Yates, "Kindergartens and Mother's Clubs: As related to the Work of the National Association of Colored Women," The Colored American Magazine, June, 1905, p. 307, 309-310. kindergarten. Two members of the club were trained kindergarten teachers but were unable to secure a position. The Armour Institute conducted a private kindergarten in the area, but the waiting list was long. Many of the Negro people living in the area did not want the club women to establish the kindergarten. They felt that if the women were successful, then Negro children would be excluded from the Armour Institute. The club women, however, prevailed. Educators in some cities credited the National Association of Colored Women and its member clubs with the incorporation of kindergartens into their public school systems. Negro youth were helped in other ways. While the Alabama State Federation was studying the feasibility of various projects, it discovered that there were one-hundred and five reformatories in the nation and only seven of those were in the South. Alabama had one reformatory, but it was for White boys. Consequently, Negro children who were convicted of a crime, no matter how serious, were either sentenced to work in the coal mines. Fannie Barrier Williams, "The Club Movement Among Colored Women of America," contained in A New Negro for a New Century: An Accurate Up-to-Date Record of the Upward Struggles of the Negro Race, by Booker T. Washington (Chicago: American Publishing House, 1902), 417-418. Alfreda M. Duster, editor, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 249-250. of the state or to prison with adult law breakers. In order to rectify this situation, the Negro club women of Alabama decided to establish a reformatory for Negro boys. Although the idea was conceived in 1899, it took nearly nine years for the women to raise enough money to purchase a farm near Montgomery, Alabama. By 1906, this reformatory was receiving Negro boys. Later in 1912, the women turned the Mt. Megis Boys Reformatory over to the State of Alabama. After the state assumed the operation of this correctional center, the women began to work toward the erection of a girls reformatory. The Virginia State Federation also began a reformatory for Negro girls. Unlike the club women of Alabama, --- Hunton, "Women's Clubs: The National Association of Colored Women," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, May, 1911, II, 18. Fausett, "The 13th Biennial of the N.A.C.W.," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, October, 1922, XXIV, 258. "A Conference of Negro Women," The Survey, August 3, 1918, XL, 514. "Social Uplift," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, February, 1912, III, 141. "Social Uplift," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, December, 1912, V, 60. Hunton, "Women's Clubs: State Conventions," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, September, 1911, II, 211. Hutton, "The National Association of Colored Women," contained in A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, vol. II, edited by Herbert Aptheker, 34-35. "The Horizon, The National Association of Colored Women," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, April, 1920, XIX, 214. "The Alabama State Federation," The Colored American Magazine, October, 1908, p. 547. "Social Uplift," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, March, 1911, I, 7-8. Josephine T. Washington, "Child Saving in Alabama," The Colored American Magazine, January, 1909, p. 49-51. Cornelia Bowen, "Women's Part in the Uplift of Our Race," The Colored American Magazine, March, 1907, p. 40. the culmination of the fund raising project came dramatically. Apparently in 1912, a sixteen-year-old Negro girl killed her employer, a White woman in her fifties. Although there was some question as to the girl's mental stability and the degree of premeditation, she was condemned to death. Despite several stays of execution, she was executed. It was the feeling of many Negro as well as White citizens of Virginia that if a reformatory for Negro girls had existed, she would have been committed to the institution. The State Federation of Virginia, formed a few years earlier, had been diligently working toward the establishment of such an institution. After the execution, their dream was realized. Negro club women across the country engaged in other types of social service. The Phyllis Wheatly Home Association of Detroit, Michigan, organized in 1897, was --- 12 Hunton, "Women Clubs: The National Association of Colored Women," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, May, 1911, II, 18. Carrie K. Bowles, "The Negro Woman's Contribution to American Life," Interracial Review, January, 1933, VI, 3. "A Conference of Negro Women," The Survey, August 3, 1918, XL, 514. Mary White Ovington, The Walls Came Tumbling Down (New York: Schocken Books, 1970), 122-123. "Virginia Christian," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, September, 1912, IV, 236. "Christian Virginia vs. Virginia Christian," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, September, 1912, IV, 237-239. Hunton, "Women's Clubs: State Conventions," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, September, 1911, II, 211. Hutton, "The National Association of Colored Women," contained in A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, 1910-1932, vol. II, edited by Herbert Aptheker, 34-35. concerned with the aged and infirm. The twenty-four members of the club rented a small house in Detroit in order to start a home for the elderly. When the home opened, the club women received seven elderly women. Projects such as the above were not uncommon for the Negro club women. In most cases they were successful. Many clubs were able to obtain the assistance of the Negro as well as White citizens in order to accomplish their goals. In some cases the clubs also applied for funds from the respective state governments and philanthropic societies. Individual clubs and state federations often donated the institutions that they founded to the respective states. An example of this was the presentation of the Mt. Megis Boys Reformatory to the State of Alabama by the State Federation of Alabama. While the individual clubs and state federations were engaged in various types of social service work, the national body was not idle. Besides offering moral and financial support to club projects, the National Association of Colored Women also pursued various activities. At conventions, memorials and resolutions were passed condemning lynchings, the convict lease system and the Jim --- 13 "Club Activities: Phyllis Wheatley Home Association of Detroit," contained in Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, edited by Gerda Lerner, 542-453. 14 Hunton, "Women's Clubs: State Conventions," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, September, 1911, II, 211. Crow laws. On the matter of lynchings, the N.A.C.W. in 1918, ran a full page ad in the New York Times. The advertisement featured a lynched Negro with the caption, "The Shame of America." The funds for this ad were collected by the clubs and sent to the national body as requested. The national headquarters also directed that studies be made concerning the convict lease system. As a result of these studies the N.A.C.W. recommended the abolishment of this system and worked toward this goal. In part, the work that was done in the area of reformatories for Negro youth was to save the young people from becoming victims of the system. Many of the club women considered the convict lease program a form of legal slavery. In relation to the Jim Crow laws, the national body attempted to educate the Negro public about the discriminatory practices. They proposed that Negroes avoid buses, trains, theaters, restaurants and other places where discrimination was practiced. The N.A.C.W. encouraged boycotts against the street car company which discriminated against Negro passengers. Although such direct action tactics were occasionally successful, the success was usually limited. The N.A.C.W. was outspoken in other areas where it felt that Negroes were unfairly treated. During 1906, there was considerable racial tension in Brownsville, Texas. Apparently, after several racial incidences, approximately twelve Negro soldiers from Fort Brown rode into Brownsville and "shot up" the town. One person was killed and several injured. The soldiers returned to the fort unnoticed. The next day, inquiries were made at the fort. Stationed at Fort Brown were three regiments of Negro soldiers. None of these soldiers would either admit to the incident or accuse those who were involved. Angered by this, President W.E.B. DuBois, "DuBois on Two Negro Conventions, 1899," contained in A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, 777. Mary Church Terrell, "The Progress of Colored Women," contained in the Voice of Black America: Major Speeches by Negroes in the United States, 1797-1971, edited by Philip S. Foner (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972), 646. Ida B. Wells Barnett, "Let the Afro-American Depend But on Himself," contained in Black Women in a White World: A Documentary History edited by Gerda Lerner, 538-540. Mary White Ovington, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, 177. "Meetings", Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, September, 1912, IV, 219. Faustett, "The 13th Biennial of the N.A.C.W.", Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, December, 1921, XXIV, 260. "Opinion, Mrs. Talbert," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, December, 1923, XXVII, 56-57. Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," contained in A New Negro for a New Century, 404-405. Terrell, "Club Work of Colored Women," Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, March, 1901, XXX 436. "National Association of Colored Women, 1904," contained in A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, 889-890. Theodore Roosevelt dishonorably discharged all three regiments. Three of the discharged men were holders of the medal of honor. Protests against the President's action came from all sectors of society and not solely from the Negro community. Mary Church Terrell, John E. Milholland, a White liberal, and other people of both the Negro and White races, organized indignation meetings. The National Association of Colored Women also conducted an investigation. All efforts, however, were to no avail. President Roosevelt would not alter his stand. Furthermore, leaders of the N.A.C.W. were instrumental in the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the N.A.A.C.P. This organization was composed of White and Negro people who were interested in the Negro obtaining political and economic equality. Mary Church Terrell, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary B. Talbert, the current president of the National Association of Colored Women, were among the charter members. As this organization gained in respectability and prominence, it became a potent force in fighting for Negro --- 16 George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900-1912 (New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1958), 212-214. Arna Bontemps, 100 Years of Negro Freedom (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1961), 211. rights. In fact, it quickly overshadowed the existence and work of the National Association of Colored Women. Besides these activities, the National Association of Colored Women engaged in projects that would encourage racial pride. For example, they restored the house that Frederick Douglass had owned. Douglass, a former slave and abolitionist, was considered one of the most prominent Negro leaders at the time of his death. He bequeathed the house to his wife, Helen Pitts Douglass, but due to a legal technicality, the house reverted to all legal heirs. Mrs. Douglass, aware of her deceased husband's position in the community, mortgaged the house in order to purchase it from the other heirs. Her intention was to save the house for the Negro people. Unfortunately, she died before the mortgage was paid. A few enterprising citizens formed the Frederick Douglass Historical Association with the intention of making the home a monument for the Negro people. They hoped that the mortgage would be paid in a short period of time. Despite their efforts, the members of the historical association found this to be a difficult task. In 1916, at the Baltimore convention of the National Association of Colored Women, a proposal was made to study the feasibility of assuming the mortgage. After several meetings, the members of the board of directors of the --- 17 W.E.B. DuBois, "Postscript, Ida B. Wells Barnett," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, June, 1931, XXXVIII, 207. Mary White Ovington, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, 177. Mary Church Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World, 194-195. Frederick Douglass Historical Association decided to resign if the National Association of Colored Women would assume the responsibility of acquiring the house. The N.A.C.W. accepted the challenge and within two years paid off the mortgage. In order to accomplish this feat, the women raised over five-thousand dollars. The national body enlisted the assistance of all the Negro people. Club women canvassed the cities in which they lived in order to reach their goal. All donations were accepted no matter how small. They asked segregated Negro schools to sponsor a fund raising drive in which children would be asked to bring a penny. In areas where Negro children attended schools with White children, the church ministers were asked to collect funds during Sunday School. Adults were asked to donate a dime for the cause. To celebrate the redemption of the Frederick Douglass house, the club women of the National Association of Colored Women burned the mortgage on the front steps of the house. On a national basis, the organization also supported the United States during World War I. The association was credited with raising five-million dollars during the Third Liberty Loan Drive. They devoted their time and energy to help their country, despite their protests against the discrimination of Negro service personnel. "National Association of Colored Women's Clubs," Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, December, 1922, LI, 544. "Meetings" Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, October, 1916, XII, 297. Duster, Crusade for Justice, 73. "A Conference of Negro Women," The Survey, August 3, 1918, XL, 514. Faustett, "The 13th Biennial of the N.A.C.W.," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, October, 1922, XXLV, 258. "The Douglass Memorial," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, August, 1917, XIV, 164. "The Douglass Home," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, February, 1916, XL, 81. Mary B. Talbert, "Concerning the Frederick Douglass Memorial," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, August, 1917, XIV, 167-168. "A Frederick Douglass Memorial," The Colored American Magazine, March, 1907, 199-200. Mrs. Mary B. Talbert, "The Frederick Douglass Home," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, February, 1917, XIII, 174-175. "The Horizon. The National Association of Colored Women," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, April, 1920, XIX, 214. "The Horizon," Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, February, 1923, XXV, 180. "A Conference of Negro Women," The Survey, August 3, 1918, XL, 513-514. Elizabeth Lindsay Davis, Lifting As They Climb, (n.p., n.d.), 60. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom (New York City: Vintage Books, 1956), 470-471. Although the National Association of Colored Women became involved in many successful projects, it did not become a vigorous force in Negro communities. There were many reasons for this failure. In part the women were plagued with jealousy and pettiness between themselves. Inter-club rivalry within the same community was also detrimental. In some instances, the formation of state federations alleviated the situation but did not eradicate the problem. Furthermore, some of the Negro women's clubs were too imitative of White women's clubs; even adopting White club's goals and constitutions in entirety. Other clubs adopted long and entangled by-laws and, as a result, spent most of their time arguing over the by-laws and parliamentary procedures. In relation to the national body and some of the larger clubs, too many departments and committees were organized, many of them with overlapping objectives. Consequently, their effectiveness was greatly reduced. Other clubs were not realistic in their aims, attempting to do too much, too soon, and without the proper resources. In other cases, the club women were ill-prepared to handle the problems that they encountered in their communities; many times they applied stop-gap measures that seemingly covered the problem but did not solve it. Perhaps if the national organization had focused on one or two particular problems, such as kindergartens; reformatories, or homes for the aged, infirmed, or orphans; the organization would have become a stronger influence in Negro communities. In fairness to the women, it should be stated that they received little direction or help from the outside. Although the Negro fraternal and secret societies as well as church organizations gave verbal support to the N.A.C.W., substantial help was rarely forthcoming. Consequently, the club women were forced to rely on their own resources. One of the areas where the women could have expected to receive considerable guidance was from the General Federation of Women's Clubs. This aid, however, did not materialize. The National Federation had been formed in 1890, and it was composed of clubs whose members were predominately White, although several northern and mid-western clubs had a few Negro women as members. Fannie Barrier Williams, "Work Attempted and Missed in Organized Club Work," Colored American Magazine, May, 1908, p. 281, 285. Williams, "Club Movement Among Colored Women in America," A New Negro for a New Century, 427-428. Fannie Williams, "The Club Movement Among Colored Women," contained in Progress of a Race or the Remarkable Advancement of the American Negro From the Bondage of Slavery, Ignorance, and Poverty to the Freedom of Citizenship, Intelligence, Affluence, Honor and Trust, by J.W. Gibson and H.W. Crogman (Florida: Mnemosyne Publishing, Inc., 1969), 215-216, 229-230. "Women Divided," The Washington Bee, August 19, 1899, p. 4. The constitution of the G.F.W.C. did not specifically exclude Negro women's clubs, but none were accepted or even applied for membership until 1900, when the New Era Club of Boston, Massachusetts was affiliated with the Massachusetts State Federation of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. During the spring of 1900, the president of the state federation asked Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, president of the New Era Club, to apply for membership in the G.F.W.C. When the application for membership was made, a copy of the constitution was forwarded along with a statement of the aims and objectives of the club. From the material forwarded, it was evident that the club was composed of Negro women. Within a short period of time, Mrs. Ruffin received a certificate and a letter from the president of the G.F.W.C., Mrs. Rebecca Lowe of Atlanta, Georgia, stating that the club was accepted into the federation. In June of 1900, the General Federation of Women's Clubs held its biennial convention in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Mrs. Ruffin was chosen to represent not only the New Era Mary L. Wood, The History of the General Federation of Women's Clubs for the First Twenty-two Years of Its Organization (Massachusetts: Norwood Press, 1912), 128-131. Hereafter cited as The History of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. "No Color Line At Milwaukee Biennial." Mrs. Ruffin, a Brilliant Colored Woman of Boston, Has Her Credentials as a Delegate--Club She Represents a Worthy One, and Duly Qualified Member of the Federation." Chicago Times-Herald, June 3, 1900, section 5, p. 3. "Club Women's Congress: Numerous Delegates Arrive at Milwaukee. Fifth Biennial Conference Opens There Tomorrow. There Are Represented 2500 Clubs. Reorganization Is the Main Question This Year." Boston Evening Transcript, June 4, 1900, p. 5. Anna D. West, "Mrs. West Speaks Officially For the First Time Facts Are Officially Given on the Woman Era Question," Boston Evening Transcript, June 16, 1900, p. 4. "Mrs. Ruffin Complimented. The State Federation of Women's Clubs Yesterday Adopted a Resolve which Depreciates the Action of the General Federation," Boston Evening Transcript, June 16, 1900, p. 4. Williams, "The Ruffin Incident--1900," contained in Black Women in White America: A Documentary History, edited by Gerda Lerner, 448. Pauline E. Hopkins, "Famous Women of the Negro Race: Educators," The Colored American Magazine, July, 1902, p. 210. "Pleads for Equality. Mrs. Ruffin States Her Case. Says the Southern Women Were All Banded Together and that Mrs. Lowe Did Everything Possible to Insult Her," Chicago Times-Herald, June 11, 1900, p. 8. Club but also the Massachusetts State Federation. The New England Women's Press Association elected her as an alternate delegate. Mrs. Ruffin was one of the few Negro women belonging to this press association. When it was learned that a Negro club had been admitted to the G.F.W.C., a great furor arose. Some White club women, especially those from the South, sought to nullify the action of the president. Mrs. Lowe, the president, was one of the prime movers. After a careful study of the constitution and by-laws, the women felt that "No Color Line at Milwaukee Biennial. Mrs. Ruffin, a Brilliant Colored Woman of Boston, Has Her Credentials as a Delegate. Club She Represents a Worthy One and Duly Qualified Member of the Federation," Chicago Times-Herald, June 3, 1900, section 5, p. 3. "Principle Rather than Color That Is Why the New England Woman's Press Association Indorsed Mrs. Ruffin's Position at Milwaukee," Boston Evening Transcript, June 7, 1900, p. 7. "Color Question Pre-Eminent. Still Agitates Club Women's Convention. It May Dominate the Election for President. The Reorganization Plan Meets Defeat. Biennial Convention of 1902 May Come to Boston," Boston Evening Transcript, June 7, 1900, p. 7. Mary L. Wood, The History of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, 129-130. Bertha Damaris Knobe, "Club Women's Work. Lively Times for Convention. Opening Day of Biennial at Milwaukee Will Include Indiana Controversy, Reorganization Matter and Color Line." Chicago Times-Herald, June 4, 1900, p. 8. Bertha Damaris Knobe, "Club Women Bar Colored Sisters. Action of the General Federation Board of Directors. Vexed Question Settled. Matter Will Not come Up Before the Biennial Convention--Indiana Controversy Over. Chicago Times-Herald, June 5, 1900, p. 5. "Women's Club Convention. Mrs. Ruffin, A Colored Delegate Gets a Seat, But Her Club is Barred." New York Times, June 5, 1900, p. 6. "Pleads for Equality. Mrs. Ruffin States Her Case. Says the Southern Women Were All Banded Together and that Mrs. Lowe Did Everything Possible to Insult Her," Chicago Times-Herald, June 11, 1900, p. 8. the club could be rejected during the meeting of the executive board. The board passed on some of the decisions rendered by the president. Unfortunately, the executive board would not meet until the convention was in session. Mrs. Lowe and other women who did not want the New Era Club to be recognized by the convention or in the organization, used parliamentary procedures to deny Mrs. Ruffin a seat at the convention as a delegate of the New Era Club. The methods startled the supporters of Mrs. Ruffin and before they could recover, the damage was done. Mrs. Ruffin had considerable support from the clubs of the North and the mid-West, and despite the loss of her seat as a delegate of the New Era Club, she still had a seat as a representative of the Massachusetts State Federation. She elected, however, to remain loyal to the New Era Club and was, consequently, banned from the convention. The White Club women's major concern dealt with Negro clubs entering the G.F.W.C. and not Negroes belonging to predominately White clubs in the federation. There was concern among the members of the organization that if clubs of Negro women joined the General Federation, the clubs of Southern women would succeed from the federation. Due to "Women's Convention Ended. Mrs. Rebecca Lowe of Atlanta Re-Elected President--Massachusetts and New Hampshire Represented in the New Directorate--Mrs. Ruffin Will Take Legal Action Against the Federation." Boston Evening Transcript, June 9, 1900, p. 22. Anna D. West, "Mrs. West Speaks Officially. For the First Time Facts Are Given on the Woman Era Club Question." Boston Evening Transcript, June 16, 1900, p. 4. "Mrs. Ruffin Complimented. The State Federation of Women's Clubs Yesterday Adopted a Resolution Which Depreciates the Action of the General Federation." Boston Evening Transcript, June 16, 1900, p. 4. "State Federation Eighth Annual. Today in South Weymouth the State Federation of Women's Clubs Convened--Rotation in Office Adopted, and Working Girls Clubs Admitted According to Amendment." Boston Evening Transcript, June 15, 1900, p. 7. "Club Women's Last Day. Mrs. Lowe Is Now Likely to Be Re-Elected. Mrs. Anna West Named to Board of Directors. The Color Question Skillfully Evaded. It Will Probably Be Left to Incoming Board." Boston Evening Transcript, June 8, 1900, p. 5. "The Massachusetts Caucus. Action Further than to Appoint a Committee to Petition for the New Era Club's Re-instatement, was Decided to be Unadvisable." Boston Evening Transcript, June 5, 1900, p. 6. Wood, The History of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, 129-131. Bertha Damaris Knobe, "Champion Colored Women's Cause. Delegates Oppose the Exclusion of Mrs. Ruffin. Warn Fight is Probable. Directors of the General Federation of Clubs Urged to Reconsider Their Action." Chicago Times-Herald, June 6, 1900, p. 5. the nature of the problem, it was decided to hold the matter in abeyance until the next biennial. Another matter that was held over was the question of reorganization. Both of these problems merged during the interim. Two plans came to the forefront. The names given to the plans were from the states that proposed them. The Georgia Plan proposed that the word "White" be inserted into the constitution of the G.F.W.C. In relation to the West, "Mrs. West Speaks Officially. For the First Time Facts Are Officially Given On the Woman Era Club Question." Boston Evening Transcript, June 16, 1900, p. 4. "Mrs. Ruffin Complimented. The State Federation of Women's Clubs Yesterday Adopted a Resolve which Depreciates the Action of the General Federation." Boston Evening Transcript, June 16, 1900, p. 4. "Club Women's Last Day. Mrs. Lowe Is Now Likely to Be Re-Elected. Mrs. Anna West Named to Board of Directors. The Color Question Skillfully Evaded. It Will Probably be Left to Incoming Board." Boston Evening Transcript, June 8, 1900, p. 5. Wood, The History of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, 131, 156. Bertha Damaris Knoeb, "Fifth Biennial Closed. Delegates to the General Federation Leave Cream City. Club Women Return Home. Meetings Declared to Have Been a Complete Success--Echoes of the Color Controversy." Chicago Times-Herald, June 10, 1900, p. 6. Bertha Damaris Knoeb, "Club Women's Work. Lively Times for Convention. Opening Day of Biennial at Milwaukee Will Include Indiana Controversy, Reorganization Matter and Color Line." Chicago Times-Herald, June 4, 1900, p. 8. Williams, "Club Movement Among Negro Women," contained in Progress of a Race, 219-224. matter of reorganization, they desired to exclude the representation of state federations at the biennial convention and have only individual clubs represented. In this manner, the Negro clubs would definitely be excluded from the General Federation of Women's Clubs. On the other hand, the Massachusetts Plan called for exclusive representation of state federations at the biennial conventions. Furthermore, they wanted all clubs of the state federations to be members of the General Federation. In order to insure the continuation of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, a compromise was needed. The substitute plan allowed the state federations to "determine what clubs should be accepted into their organizations." In order for the individual clubs to join the General Federation, however, they had to be recommended by the executive board of the state and approved by the unanimous vote of the General Federation's executive board. This compromise was approved at the Los Angeles convention in 1902. It effectively banned clubs of Negro women from the General Federation of Women's Clubs. --- 26 Wood, The History of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, 154-157, 162-163, 345. Hopkins, "Famous Colored Women of the Negro Race: Club Life Among Colored Women," The Colored American Magazine, August, 1902, pp. 274-277. Rayford W. Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877-1901 (New York: The Dial Press, Inc., 1954), 150. Hopkins, "Famous Women of the Negro Race: Educators," The Colored American Magazine, July, 1902, pp. 210-212. Duster, (editor), Crusade for Justice, 269-270. Williams, "Club Movement Among Negro Women," contained in Progress of a Race, 219-224. Prior to balloting, however, several rumors and announcements were made in an attempt to discourage discussion of the proposal. According to the stories, Booker T. Washington, a Negro leader of national prominence, Theodore Roosevelt, president of the United States, Julia Ward Howe, a leading club woman, and Senator William Hoar, a consistent supporter of Negroes, felt that the Negro women's clubs should not be admitted to the G.F.W.C. and that the matter should not be discussed on the convention floor. Later, it was learned that the stories were false. One of the few supporters for the Negro club women at the Los Angeles convention was Jane Addams, the founder of Hull House in Chicago, Illinois. Despite her speech and her reputation, she was unable to sway the delegates. It must be remembered that these events were not occurring in a vacuum. During this same period, the American Federation of Labor also permitted the exclusion of Negroes on a local level. Furthermore, Theodore 27 Hopkins, "Famous Women of the Negro Race: Educators," The Colored American Magazine, July, 1902, p. 211. Allen F. Davis, American Heroine, 129-130. Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought, 256. Logan, The Negro in the United States: A Brief History (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1957), 52. Hopkins, "Famous Women of the Negro Race: Club Life Among Colored Women," The Colored American Magazine, August, 1902, pp. 274-277. Roosevelt was cultivating a more "lily-White" Republican Party in the South. The desire of the nation as a whole was reunion. In order to accomplish this, many people were willing to allow racists, from the North as well as the South, to dictate policy. The basic aim was the economic development of the nation. The action of the General Federation of Women's Clubs therefore, coincided with the national trend. The effect upon the National Association of Colored Women, however, was enormous. When it was learned in 1900, that the New Era Club of Boston, Massachusetts was a member of the G.F.W.C. new hope was given to the Negro women. Many felt that the women of the nation, both White and Negro, could effect a new era of race relations, as well as improve the general climate of American society. Several other clubs of Negro women considered joining the General Federation. The club women felt that they would gain in experience, and obtain advice and help in carrying forth their goals. Instead, the Negro club women were left to themselves. They did not have the wealth, time, energy or experience to attempt many of the projects that the Negro people needed. Despite this, they tried and incredibly succeeded in many instances. Yet, the lack of recognition by the General Federation of Women's Clubs hampered the development of the National Association of Colored Women. Unlike the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the N.A.C.W. did not have a strong base. It diffused its efforts by attempting to accomplish what it was not prepared to do. Although its membership increased, there was quantity and not quality in the areas of ability, leadership and organization among the members. CONCLUSION The National Association of Colored Women was formed in 1896, during a period when the Negro was encountering a great amount of difficulty in maintaining the legal and political rights granted to him during the period of reconstruction. As a result of this erosion of power, some historians have contended that the Negro male was unable to effectively deal with the problems that arose within the Negro community. It was during this same period of time that the Negro woman began to assert herself in the affairs of her community. In the beginning, her work was done in conjunction with church groups and ladies auxiliaries to Negro male secret societies and fraternal organizations. In the 1890's, however, she began to form clubs of her own. This did not mean that the other organizational ties were severed, but rather that she added new priorities to her varied interests. Generally speaking, the women who participated in these groups were middle class women who saw needs within the Negro community and attempted, with their limited resources, to alleviate the problems. There were many clubs of Negro women formed during the period from 1890 to 1895, and there was a general feeling that unification of the clubs would be beneficial to the overall movement of Negro women. Forces outside the Negro community, however, were needed to stimulate the movement for unification. The precipitating factor in the formation of the first organization of Negro women with a truly national base was a letter by John W. Jacks, a Missouri editor, in which he degraded Negro womanhood. Out of this controversy came the formation of the National Federation of Afro-American Women. The following year, 1896, this organization, the National Federation of Afro-American Women merged with another group, the National League of Colored Women, to form the National Association of Colored Women. The major goal of the National Association of Colored Women was the uplift of the Negro race in all facets of life. The organization declared that it was not drawing the color line but that all clubs of women whose goal was to improve the life of the Negro were eligible to join. From the beginning, the goal that the National Association of Colored Women set up for itself was too broad in relation to membership and resources of the members. Instead of concentrating on one or two specific areas, such as kindergartens, reformatories for Negro youth, homes for the aged, or civil rights, the women divided their forces to such an extent that their effectiveness in dealing with the problems that plagued the Negro community was extremely limited. It is true that many fine examples of their dedication and unselfishness brought relief and in some cases institutions were established to aid their people, but more often than not the lack of unified efforts failed to produce the desired results. Besides the diffusion of goals, there were also the human factors of pettiness, un-co-operative spirit and a desire for self-recognition that disrupted the movement. Later, with the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the N.A.A.C.P., the National Urban League and other similar organizations dedicated to the improvement of life of the Negro, the National Association of Colored Women lost much of its impact. In part this was caused by the limiting of the goals pursued by the new organizations. They concentrated their efforts on a few specific areas and refused to be distracted by a multiplicity of causes. Furthermore, the personnel of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the National Urban League were generally more professionally qualified to handle the problems that they attempted to solve. In many instances the National Association of Colored Women acted as a catalyst in regard to the N.A.A.C.P. and the National Urban League by pointing out specific problems. The latter organizations, however, usually had the personnel, financial backing and a stronger voice in swaying public opinion than did the women. Furthermore, after the 1930's, the work of the National Association of Colored Women, was superceeded by the change in attitudes toward governmental responsibility in America. The movement from a laissez faire society to a general welfare state on both the national and state levels of government negated many of the projects that the Negro woman's organization had once sponsored. With this change in attitude and the resultant shift of responsibility from individual self-help to governmental aid made many of the activities of the National Association of Colored Women no longer necessary. The organization itself, however, was founded on a rather strong basis, for it still exists. With new leadership and a new set of issues, it may once again be revitalized as a basic factor in Negro community affairs. BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES: PRINTED MATERIALS: Anthony, Susan B. and Harper, Ida Husted. The History of Woman Suffrage. Indiana: The Hollenbeck Press, 1902, in six volumes, volumes 4 and 5. Authors and places of publication vary for the six volumes. Davis, Elizabeth Lindsay. Lifting as They Climb. n.p., n.d. Duster, Alfreda M. (editor). Crusade For Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. Harper, Ida Husted. The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony: Including Public Addresses, Her Own Letters and Many from her Contemporaries During Fifty Years. Indianapolis: The Hollenbeck Press, 1908. volume II. Harper, Ida Husted. The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony: Including the Triumphs of her Last Years, Account of Her Death and Funeral and Comments of the Press. Indianapolis: The Hollenbeck Press, 1908. volume III. Ovington, Mary White. The Walls Came Tumbling Down. New York: Schocken Books, 1970. Terrell, Mary Church. A Colored Woman in a White World. Washington, D.C.: Kansdell, Inc., 1940. PERIODICALS: Bowles, Carrie K. "The Negro Woman's Contribution to American Life." Interracial Review, January, 1933, VI, 2-3, 13. The Colored American Magazine, 1900-1909. "A Conference of Negro Women." The Survey. August 3, 1918. 513-514. Crisis, A Record of the Darker Races, 1910-1940. "Efforts for Social Betterment Among Negro Americans," The Fourteenth Annual Conference. Contained in The Atlanta University Publications Nos. 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. New York: Arno Press, 1968. Lee, B. F., Jr. "Negro Organizations." The Annals. September, 1913, XLII, 129-137. Morton, R. R. "Organized Negro Efforts for Racial Progress." The Annals. November, 1928, CXXXX. Southern Workman and Hampton School Record, 1895-1922. Voice of the Negro, 1904-1907. Washington, Mrs. Booker T. "The Gain in the Life of Negro Women." The Outlook, January 30, 1904, LXXVI, 271-274. NEWSPAPERS: The Afro-American Ledger. The Baltimore Sun. Boston Daily Globe. Boston Evening Transcript. Buffalo Morning Express. Chicago Daily News. Chicago Inter Ocean. Chicago Times-Herald. Chicago Tribune. Detroit News Tribune. Louisville Courier Journal. Louisville Times. Milwaukee Journal. Milwaukee Sentinel. Nashville Banner. New York Times. St. Louis Post Dispatch. Washington Bee. Washington Post. Washington Star News. SECONDARY SOURCES: Adams, Russell L. Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-American Publishing Company, 1964. Aptheker, Herbert. Afro-American History: The Modern Era. New York: The Citadel Press, 1971. Aptheker, Herbert, editor. A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. New York: The Citadel Press, 1951. volumes I and II. Baker, Ray Standard. Following the Color Line: American Negro Citizenship in the Progressive Era. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1964. Bardolph, Richard. The Negro Vanguard. New York: Rinehart and Company, Inc., 1959. Bennett, Lerone, Jr. Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, Inc., 1969. Bontemps, Arna. 100 Years of Negro Freedom. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1961. Boulware, Marcus H. The Oratory of Negro Leaders: 1900-1968. Connecticut: Negro Universities Press, 1969. Clayton, Edward T. The Negro Politician: His Success and Failure. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, Inc., 1964. Conrad, Earl. Harriet Tubman. Washington, D.C.: The Associated Publishers, Inc., 1943. Cruden, Robert. The Negro in Reconstruction. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969. Davis, Allen F. American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. Ebony Pictorial History of Black America: Reconstruction to Supreme Court Decision 1954. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Company, Inc., 1971. vol. II. Fishel, Leslie H., Jr., Quarles, Benjamin. The Black American: A Documentary History. Glenview: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1970. Foner, Philip S., editor. The Voice of Black America: Major Speeches by Negroes in the United States, 1797-1971. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972. Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom: The History of the American Negroes. New York: Vintage Books, 1956. George, Carol V.R. Segregated Sabbaths: Richard Allen and the Emergence of Independent Black Churches, 1780-1840. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. Harlan, Louis R., editor. The Booker T. Washington Papers. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972. Four volumes. Harlan, Louis R. Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856-1901. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. Hawkins, Hugh, editor. Booker T. Washington and His Critics: Black Leadership in Crisis. Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company, 1974. Holt, Rackham. Mary McLeod Bethune: A Biography. New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1964. Kellogg, Charles Flint. NAACP: A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1909-1920. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press, 1967. Lerner, Gerda, editor. Black Women in White America: A Documentary History. New York: Pantheon Books, 1972. Logan, Rayford W. The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877-1901. New York: The Dial Press, Inc., 1934. Logan, Rayford W. The Negro in the United States: A Brief History. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1957. Meier, August. Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1963. Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Oxford History of the American People. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. Mowry, George E. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900-1912. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1958. McDougald, Elise Johnson. "The Task of Negro Womanhood." contained in The New Negro: An Interpretation, edited by Alain Locke. New York: Arno Press, 1968. Pike, James S. The Prostrate State: South Carolina Under Negro Government. New York: Loring and Mussey, 1935. Rudwick, Elliot M., W. E. B. DuBois: Propagandist of the Negro Protest. New York: Atheneum, 1968. Washington, Booker T. The Story of the Negro: The Rise of the Race from Slavery. New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1909. Volumes I and II. Williams, Fannie Barrier. "The Club Movement Among Colored Women of America." Contained in A New Negro for A New Century: An Accurate Up-to-Date Record of the Upward Struggles of the Negro Race, by Booker T. Washington. Chicago: American Publishing House, 1902. Williams, Fannie Barrier. "Club Movement Among Negro Women." contained in Progress of a Race or The Remarkable Advancement of The American Negro From the Bondage of Slavery, Ignorance and Poverty to the Freedom of Citizenship, Intelligence, Affluence, Honor and Trust, by J.W. Gibson and H. W. Crogman. Florida: Enemosyne Publishing Inc., reprinted, 1969. Wish, Harvey, editor. The Negro Since Emancipation. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1964. Wood, Mary L. The History of the General Federation of Women's Clubs for the First Twenty-two Years of Its Organization. Massachusetts: Norwood Press, 1912. Woodward, C. Van. Origins of the New South, 1877-1913. Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1951.
Already sold to WCBS-TV New York and WCAU-TV Philadelphia, THE FARMER'S DAUGHTER charmed a solid 38% share of all women and 36% share of young women viewing television in the time period during her last year on the network. Moreover, nearly half (44%) of THE FARMER'S DAUGHTER'S audience was made up of women while all other situation comedics averaged only 34% female viewers. Additionally, THE FARMER'S DAUGHTER reached more women during her network run than any of the successful situation comedies now in syndication which appeared on the networks concurrently with her. The National Nielsens also report that THE FARMER'S DAUGHTER, which averaged an 18 rating and a 30% share of audience from 1963 to 1966 (the network run), also averaged a 37% share of all children viewing during the time period. THE FARMER'S DAUGHTER...101 half-hours (28 in color). Distributed exclusively by SCREEN GEMS. OFF-NETWORK SERIES FROM WARNER BROS.-SEVEN ARTS F TROOP (65 HALF-HOURS) 77 SUNSET STRIP (149 HOURS) MISTER ROBERTS (30 HALF-HOURS) NO TIME FOR SERGEANTS (34 HALF-HOURS) ROOM FOR ONE MORE (26 HALF-HOURS) LAWMAN (156 HALF-HOURS) BOURBON STREET BEAT (39 HOURS) BRONCO (68 HOURS) THE DAKOTAS (19 HOURS) THE ROARING 20's (45 HOURS) MAVERICK (124 HOURS) SURFSIDE 6 (74 HOURS) THE GALLANT MEN (26 HOURS) CHEYENNE (107 HOURS) HAWAIIAN EYE (134 HOURS) SUGARFOOT (69 HOURS) COLT .45 (67 HALF-HOURS) NOW AVAILABLE IN SELECTED MARKETS WARNER BROS.-SEVEN ARTS NEW YORK: 200 Park Avenue • (212) 986-1717 CHICAGO: 550 West Jackson Blvd. • (312) 372-8089 DALLAS: 508 Park Avenue • (214) 747-9925 LOS ANGELES: 291 S. La Cienega Blvd., Beverly Hills • (213) 657-1771 TORONTO, ONTARIO: 11 Adelaide St. West • (416) 364-7193 FIRST-RUN TELEVISION SERIES FROM WARNER BROS.-SEVEN ARTS THE PROFESSIONALS 13 half-hour TV SPORTS SPECIALS in COLOR highlighted by 23 Pro-Stars from Basketball with Wilt Chamberlain to Rodeo with Larry Mahan. MARINE BOY 78 exciting half-hour underwater adventures in COLOR starring Marine Boy, Neptina and Splasher. COUNTRY MUSIC HALL 26 swinging Country & Western half-hours in COLOR hosted by award-winning recording star, Carl Smith. BOSTON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA 26 one-hour TV CONCERT SPECIALS featuring conductors Erich Leinsdorf, Charles Munch, William Steinberg, Richard Burgin, Aaron Copland. MAN IN SPACE 6 one-hour TV SPACE SPECIALS (5 in COLOR) about America's trip to the moon and its consequences. Produced with the cooperation of the United States Air Force and NASA. NIGHT TRAIN 26 one-hour rhythm and blues variety programs showcasing today's big Nashville sound. NOW AVAILABLE IN SELECTED MARKETS WARNER BROS.-SEVEN ARTS NEW YORK: 200 Park Avenue • (212) 986-1717 CHICAGO: 550 West Jackson Blvd. • (312) 372-8089 DALLAS: 508 Park Avenue • (214) 747-9925 LOS ANGELES: 291 S. La Cienega Blvd., Beverly Hills • (213) 657-1771 TORONTO, ONTARIO: 11 Adelaide St. West • (416) 364-7193 ACCENT ON YOUNG WOMEN To reach the young women in the nation’s 12th ranked television market, consider and buy KRLD-TV’s dominance. The January 1968 ARB Television Audience Estimates show that Channel 4 delivers more women (18-34), per average quarter-hour, 9:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M., Monday thru Friday, than any other station in the market — leading the second station by 54.4%. To put the accent on young women in the Dallas-Ft. Worth market, place your next schedule on KRLD-TV. represented nationally by HR KRLD-TV 4 The Dallas Times Herald Station DALLAS—FT. WORTH CLYDE W. REMBERT, President BROADCASTING, April 8, 1968 Cost of news Events of past week—President Johnson's decision not to seek second term, assassination of Martin Luther King and subsequent developments—will make 1968 costliest news year in broadcast journalism's history, says one network budget officer. Networks were prepared for expensive convention and election coverage, and probable big-city riots this summer. Peace bid, death of Dr. King, and resulting pre-emptions, realignment of news forces, line charges, etc., are setting TV and radio news budgets all askew. Another flare-up in Middle East—and no newsmen discount that possibility—before year's end would completely torpedo network's optimistic profit projections for the year, it's said. Loevinger to stay? Sudden change in presidential race may have effect on complexion of FCC even this year. Though Commissioner Lee Loevinger has served formal notice of intention to leave FCC (portending possible shift in voting control) on June 30, President Johnson's withdrawal could have bearing on his status. His close personal friend and mentor is Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey. Last thing Judge Loevinger would want to do is cause him slightest travail—if Mr. Humphrey indeed becomes candidate for presidential nomination. This could be accomplished, paradoxically, by Judge Loevinger doing practically nothing at all. Though his term expires June 30, law permits him to serve until his successor is qualified with no change in perquisites. It's presumed that President Johnson would prefer not to make new appointment to FCC unless necessary, leaving that option to his successor. Although Judge Loevinger is making no statement either way, it's known that his colleagues of usual majority (Hyde, Lee, Wadsworth) would like to see him stay on, while those of minority would relish just opposite. How it happened Here's story behind President Johnson's news-making appearance last Monday at opening session of National Association of Broadcasters convention. Week before there had been signs from persons near President that he might respond to NAB invitation (CLOSED CIRCUIT, April 1). Formal invitation went to White House on Wednesday before convention, but there was no return word until 1 a.m. on day he appeared (see story, page 28). Nobody's saying who advised President to go to Chicago, but speculation centers on two presidential confidants, Leonard Marks, director of United States Information Agency (and lawyer with broadcast practice before he took present job), and Frank Stanton, CBS president. Dr. Stanton flew to Chicago with President. Casualty One feature pre-empted from NAB agenda by President's speech was showing of seven-minute color films prepared for convention by Vice President Hubert Humphrey. In film Mr. Humphrey exhorted broadcasters to take strong role in civil-rights problem, and he's said to be disappointed that message didn't get through. He had submitted to at least one re-take, despite his busy schedule. Just in case Although New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller insists he is not and won't be active candidate for Republican presidential nomination his staff apparently is taking no chances. Members have been quietly compiling data on nation's top-50 TV markets. If he does turn active candidate, as his brother, Governor Winthrop Rockefeller of Arkansas, has predicted, TV is sure to get heavy ride—as it did in his uphill but successful 1966 campaign for re-election as governor. Mail call FCC Commissioners Kenneth A. Cox and Nicholas Johnson are expected to put in mail this week letters containing questions of their own for Oklahoma license-renewal applicants, whose licenses expire June 1. Commissioners last month decided to seek supplemental information from applicants after frequent disagreements with colleagues on whether they had sufficient information on which to reach decisions on renewals (BROADCASTING, March 18). But commissioners, who are handling bulk of work themselves with aid of personal staffs, will not query licensees of all 100 AM, FM and TV stations in state. Indications were that about one-third will be contacted, including owners of all 16 commercial TV outlets. Radio station operators will presumably be selected on basis of market they serve. Smaller talk Joe Pyne, top-rated talker of syndicated radio and television, is suffering from virus infection and cutting back on shows. He'll continue two-hour weekly TV program that originates at KTTV(TV) Los Angeles and is syndicated by Hartwest, New York, but fate of daily radio show that Hartwest syndicates is in question. He's discontinuing late-night local talk strip on KTTV, but will go on with daily early-morning local show for KLAC Los Angeles—from studio that KLAC intends to build in his home. Movie buy Shetland Co. (appliances) is preparing sponsorship of motion-picture showings in 21 major markets, supplementing its current spot-TV flights. Shetland, division of S.C.N. Corp., Salem Mass., for three of its appliances will sponsor feature-film telecasts (some 90 minutes, others two hours) under title of Standing Ovation Theater, most of films to run April 25, and few on weekend that follows. Advertiser will cluster its commercials in three breaks. Stations on Shetland list include, among others: WPIX(TV) New York, KABC-TV Los Angeles, WBBM-TV Chicago, WTTG(TV) Washington, WHDH-TV Boston, WJZ-TV Baltimore, WJBK-TV Detroit, KDKA-TV Pittsburgh, KPIX (TV) San Francisco, WITI-TV Milwaukee, KSTP-TV Minneapolis-St. Paul, WVUE(TV) New Orleans, WTVJ(TV) Miami, WJW-TV Cleveland. Weiss & Geller, New York, is Shetland's agency. Camera market Visual Electronics Corp. will announce new three-tube Plumbicon color-TV camera of its own manufacture in early May at about same time its profitable representation contract with Philips Broadcast Equipment Corp. expires. Philips is setting up own offices to handle PC-70 camera and related products. Visual's camera is to be in production this fall. Week after week, WJW-Television is being turned on more often by more people than any TV station in Cleveland. Why? Because of local programming, like hard-nosed newscasts, Indians and Browns games, top-flight movies. Because of leading CBS programming. Because of the color trend we started and are continuing to lead. In short, because WJW-TV gives Cleveland what it wants—with style. So when you think Cleveland, think WJW-TV. WJW-TV CLEVELAND We're turned on \| NEW YORK \| LOS ANGELES \| PHILADELPHIA \| DETROIT \| MIAMI \| \|----------\|-------------\|--------------\|---------\|-------\| \| WHN \| KCBS \| WBFG \| WJBK \| WGBS \| \| TOLEDO \| CLEVELAND \| CLEVELAND \| DETROIT \| MILWAUKEE \| \|----------\|-------------\|-------------\|---------\|-----------\| \| WSPD \| WJW \| WJW-TV \| WJBK-TV \| WITI-TV \| \| ATLANTA \| TOLEDO \| BOSTON \| \|---------\|--------\|--------\| \| WAGA-TV \| WSPD-TV\| W3BK-TV\| STORER BROADCASTING COMPANY BROADCASTING, April 8, 1968 LBJ speech to National Association of Broadcasters in Chicago sets tone for 46th annual meeting: TV-radio are of towering importance as tools of journalism, but neither is being used to its capacity. See... THE MAJOR MISSION...27 Rebellion is in the wind on broadcast labor front. The Teamsters union has started organizing radio stations. Communications Workers of America is active among unorganized broadcast employees. See... ALL IS NOT QUIET...58 FCC Chairman Hyde calls on nation's broadcasters to do more than they have to date in reporting on—and thereby helping to alleviate—underlying causes of civil disorders and racial tensions. See... MORE RACIAL COVERAGE...29 As expected FCC's proposed tough standards governing concentration of station ownership in a market come under attack at NAB convention. NAB counsel Anello and Commissioner Cox present opposing viewpoints. See... THE GREAT DEBATE...65 Networks waste little time after President Johnson announces his withdrawal from race to petition congressional committees for shelving of equal-time rules, but Congress is still too stunned by LBJ's action. See... 315 SUSPENSION SOUGHT...40 Ford Foundation plans production cost awards for new educational programs; allocates money for special election coverage, radio, children's workshop; Ford funding will be from $20 million to $25 million. See... FORD'S BOOST...70 ABC-TV president Elton Rule tells network affiliates of prospect of "a complete reappraisal" of station compensation; says payment adjustments "must be faced," they will come, and soon. See... ABC-TV COMPENSATION...50 TVB report shows investment in national and regional spot TV in 1967 reached about $1.19 billion, less than 1% over 1966. Procter & Gamble still top Spot TV spender, but nine of top 100 lay out $3 million-plus. See... SPOT'S SLUGGISH YEAR...84 CBS-TV affiliates head-off, at least temporarily, network's move to have them carry this year's political campaign specials, convention, election coverage without compensation. See... CBS RECONSIDERS...52 Equipment manufacturers at NAB convention display radio automated products as well as new color-TV gear, attract widespread attention; equipment trend is toward greater reliability, simpler operation. See... EXHIBITOR KEYNOTE...92 DEPARTMENTS AT DEADLINE.................................9 BROADCAST ADVERTISING..................84 CHANGING HANDS............................74 CLOSED CIRCUIT.............................5 DATEBOOK....................................14 EDITORIAL PAGE.............................116 EQUIPMENT & ENGINEERING.................92 FANFARE.....................................100B FATES & FORTUNES..........................100E FINANCIAL REPORTS........................91 FOR THE RECORD............................102 INTERNATIONAL..............................100D LEAD STORY..................................27 THE MEDIA...................................51 MONDAY MEMO...............................22 OPEN MIKE...................................19 PROGRAMING.................................76 WEEK'S HEADLINERS.........................10 WEEK'S PROFILE.............................115 Published every Monday by Broadcasting Publications Inc. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and additional offices. Subscription prices: Annual subscription to regular issues $10. Annual subscription including Yearbook $20.00. Add $2.00 per year for Canada, $4.00 for all other countries. Subscription order form required. Regular issues 50 cents per copy. BROADCASTING Yearbook published every January, $10.00 per copy. Subscription orders and address changes: Send to Broadcasting Circulation Department, 735 18th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. On changes, please include both old and new addresses plus address label from front cover of magazine. What makes a station STAND TALL? Who Needs More Bosses? We Did! KMBZ's management — a restless, innovative crew — wanted the station to be more responsive to Kansas City's needs, tastes and desires. So KMBZ sought "outside-the-station" comment on editorials, programming — the works. KMBZ invited a group of men to act as its advisory board. Good men. A former mayor of Kansas City . . . a past president of the Kansas Farm Bureau . . . an industrialist . . . a board of education member . . . an attorney . . . a personnel director for a large industrial firm. When men like these are asked for advice, they rightfully react like bosses. They expect people to listen. KMBZ did. So did more and more people in the Kansas City area. The station must have done something right. KMBZ is Number One* in the Kansas City area. Source: Hooper, Feb.-March, 1968, Mon.-Fri., 7 a.m.-noon and noon-6 p.m. City Location \| FM Radio \| AM Radio \| Television \| Shortwave Radio ---\|---\|---\|---\|--- New York, N.Y. \| WQAM Stereo \| \| KIRO 50,000 Watts \| KIRO ① \| WNYW No. 1 Seattle, Washington \| KIRO Stereo \| \| KIRO 50,000 Watts \| KIRO ① \| WNYW No. 2 Kansas City, Mo. \| KMBCR Stereo \| KMBZ 5,000 Watts \| KSL ② \| WNYW No. 3 Salt Lake City, Utah \| KSL Stereo \| KSL 50,000 Watts \| KSL ② \| WNYW No. 4 Boise, Idaho \| KBOI Stereo \| KBOI 50,000 Watts \| KBOI ③ \| WNYW No. 5 Idaho Falls, Idaho \| KID Stereo \| KID 5,000 Watts \| KID ③ \| Studios in New York, N.Y. Affiliated With C.P. The BONNEVILLE Group Bonneville International Corp. BROADCASTING, April 8, 1968 Bahamian political spots are dropped FCC has told WAME Miami in effect to stop carrying political spot announcements that are aimed at Bahamas Islands. Commission said Friday (April 5) such programing is inconsistent with purpose for which station is licensed. Spots were bought by opposition United Bahamian Party, which said it has been unable to obtain time on government-owned stations in Bahamas. UBP is vying with ruling Progressive Liberal Party in election Wednesday (April 10). In all, four Miami stations were involved in what developed last week into international incident after Bahamian government complained to U. S. State Department over Miami area outlets carrying programs of UBP. Commission queried WAME, WGAS and WBBD Pompano Beach by telegram after complaint was relayed by State Department. Commission asked nature of programs and whether they were intended for U. S. or foreign audience. WGAS, which was carrying five-minute program it said was of general interest to its audience, and WBBD, which was carrying spots, dropped programing. WAME said it would continue carrying spots unless directed to drop them. Fourth station is WINZ, which picked up schedule of UBP spots on Thursday. It dropped them on advice of counsel Friday, after commission adopted its letter to WAME. WGAS said last week it had taken programs off at suggestion of commission. And WBBD said State Department had said station "should stop embarrassing it" by carrying spots. WBBD officials were surprised by government's reaction to its airing of UBP spots, since station had carried spots for both UBP and PLP in last election, 15 months ago, without adverse reaction. Discount for politicos Political candidates buying time on WOR New York will be charged at rates set 40% under published card-rate during this election year regardless of frequency ordered. According to Robert Smith, general manager, who made announcement Friday (April 5), policy was declared so as to give all political candidates same break and help those who may have limited funds to buy time. 'Gene' pumped most of N.H. ad budget into radio Most of reported $126,000 advertising budget of Senator Eugene McCarthy in recent New Hampshire primary went into radio, according to Radio Advertising Bureau. In special study, RAB found radio ad campaign consisted of 7,200 spots carried on some 25 radio stations within three-week period. It was reportedly most complete radio saturation campaign in New Hampshire history. According to RAB, Richard Williams, executive VP of Weston Associates Inc., Manchester, N. H. ad agency, which bought time for Senator McCarthy, said radio allowed senator to answer opponent's charges same day they were made. Radio campaign, RAB says, was deliberately low-key and forthright, "despite vigorous opposition by many New Hampshire Democratic leaders." Eight sign for summer Eight advertisers have purchased time on Mutual's news and sports programs to extend through summer season, it was announced Friday (April 5). Sponsors are Ford Motor Co., through J. Walter Thompson Co.; R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. (Winston cigarettes), through Wm. Esty Co.; General Motors Corp. (Oldsmobile), through D. P. Brothers & Co.; Florist Transworld Delivery, through Post, Keyes, Gardner Advertising; General Motors Corp., through McManus, John & Adams, for "GM Mark of Excellence" campaign; General Motors Corp. (Frigidaire), through Dancer-Fitzgerald-Sample; AT&T, through N. W. Ayer & Son, and E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co., through N. W. Ayer & Son. Networks mobilize in wake of King killing Buildup of events at home and abroad, capped by killing of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis (see page 38), continued Friday (April 5) to draw upon full network news facilities and personnel. Rapidity of major new developments in politics, Vietnam war and civil rights was responsible for President Johnson appearing on TV-radio networks in unprecedented frequency—five out of six days, March 31 through April 5, with exception of Tuesday (April 2). Rundown of Friday's network coverage of assassination of Dr. King: At noon ABC News presented half-hour wrap-up of events around assassination. Again at 1:15 p.m., ABC-TV broke for filmed coverage of arrival of Dr. King's body in his home city of Atlanta. Interview with Dr. Ralph Abernathy, new director of Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and report by Keith McBee of racial disorders in downtown Washington. CBS-TV gave 50-minute report, starting at 7:06 a.m. NYT, with Joseph Benti; pickups of Washington developments at noon reporting on White House conference, followed by specials and reports at 1:15-2 p.m. and 3:02-3:12 Negro stations shift programing for weekend Radio stations whose programs are beamed primarily to Negro audiences changed to special formats Friday (April 5) in wake of assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King. WLJB New York cancelled all commercials and switched to all news operation, concentrating solely on coverage related to murder of Dr. King. At request of New York Mayor John Lindsay WLJB said it would remain on air till midnight Friday. WLJB is daytimer due to go off air at sunset. Besides city officials in studio, station's all-Negro staff frequently urged restraint on listeners. In Chicago, WVON dropped all commercials and substituted sacred music in memorial to Dr. King. And WORT that city switched to "soft" music, freedom songs and air pleas for contributions to Southern Christian Leadership Conference in honor of Dr. King. Contributors were named on air. Senator Charles Percy (R-III.) in taped phone call said move was best evidence of responsible broadcasting and wished it were nationwide. WEEK'S HEADLINERS James L. Greenfield, formerly assistant editor, New York Times and assistant secretary of state for public affairs from 1962-65, appointed VP for news, Westinghouse Broadcasting Co. He assumes post relinquished by Gordon Davis, who became VP-Los Angeles two months ago when WBC-owned KFWB was converted to all-news station. Mr. Greenfield will supervise and coordinate WBC's news activities, including its worldwide foreign news service and its Washington news bureau. His earlier service includes 10 years with Time Inc. in overseas and domestic news posts. Francis L. Boyle, executive VP and vice chairman of board of Robert E. Eastman & Co. since July, 1965, elected president. He joined Eastman in 1959 as head of Detroit office, and subsequently became secretary, VP and administrative VP. Mr. Boyle succeeds Joseph P. Cuff, who becomes chairman of the executive committee. Robert E. Eastman continues as chairman of board. For other personnel changes of the week see FATES & FORTUNES p.m. NBC's Today show staff worked through night to prepare special two-hour program for Friday morning (7-9) devoted to Dr. King. Program included pickup from WSB-TV Atlanta where Reverend Sam Williams, friend and former teacher of Dr. King, participated in discussion with civil rights leaders; interview by Don Oliver of Reverend Ralph Abernathy, who was Dr. King's deputy, originating at WMC-TV Memphis studio; discussion by Herb Kaplow and Jean Smith (latter had been covering Dr. King's march in Memphis) with Senators Fred Harris (D.-Okla.) and Edward W. Brooke (R.-Mass.). Other NBC pickups later Friday: bulletins and program interruptions including 1:12-2 p.m. special, coverage of President Johnson's White House meeting with civil rights leaders, announcement of Sunday as day of mourning and president's cancellation of trip to Hawaii. Mutual was gathering reactions from overseas, while broadcasting reports from its Memphis correspondent, Marvin Scott. Network's World in Review program Saturday (4:06 p.m. with repeat at 7:06 p.m.) was to be turned over to events related to Dr. King's assassination. All networks prepared for coverage tonight (April 8) of President Johnson's scheduled address to joint session of Congress. Adds CATV holdings H&B American Corp. has bought four CATV systems in Southern California; they are Yucca Valley, Joshua Tree, Morongo Valley and Twentynine Palms (including Marine base there). Consideration was $1.4 million for total of 4,800 subscribers, bringing H&B American's total to over 115,000 customers. Sellers were Paul Schmitt, Frank Thompson and others. Network TV billings up Network TV billing gains for first quarter of 1968 ranged from 9.3% for NBC-TV to 0.6% for CBS-TV, according to estimate released Friday (April 5) by Broadcast Advertisers Reports. ABC-TV was shown with 2.3% gain. Comparisons are with first quarter of 1967. BAR figures showed first-quarter totals as follows: ABC $115,116,000 this year as against $112,464,800 year ago; CBS $157,664,200 vs. $156,657,100; NBC $144,154,800 vs. $131,894,700. Three-network total was put at $416,935,000, up 4% from $401,016,600 in first quarter of 1967 (see page 89). Runaway war chest International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees and Moving Picture Machine Operators Union has earmarked $100,000 in additional funds to promote its case against runaway TV and movie production. Richard F. Walsh, president of powerful trade organization, has been granted emergency powers to help fight for more film-making by TV and movie producers in this country. He was scheduled on Friday (April 5) to attend Washington conference called by California's two Republican senators, Thomas Kuchel and George Murphy. Number of other film union officials were to be present including John Dales of Screen Actors Guild and John Lehners of Hollywood AFL Film Council. Strike settlement bleak Efforts to come up with compromise to threatened Directors Guild of America strike on April 30 against Association of Motion Picture and Television Producers continue to prove futile. First across-table confrontation between two camps took place on Thursday (April 4) and by Friday (April 5). Word from those who had met was that situation is bleak. MPTP is planning to draft white paper on situation. Appeal to National Labor Relations Board is being considered. Strike would stop all film-making in this country. Chief area of contention is credit billings for directors. Minow leaves Curtis Resignation of Newton N. Minow, former FCC chairman, as director and $31,250 annual special consultant, to Curtis Publishing Co. was made known Friday (April 5). Mr. Minow's resignation took place Dec. 31, 1967, it was reported, but didn't become known until board meeting April 4 in Philadelphia. He had been brought in to help deficit-ridden magazine publishing company in 1964. He declined comment on his resignation. Shanks remains at SEG In surprise move, Screen Extras Guild has rehired H. O'Neil Shanks for one-year term as national executive secretary. Action was taken by board of directors of talent union after it previously voted not to renew Mr. Shanks contract. He has held job since 1946. McLean dies P. Scott McLean, 43, VP-Television Sales at AVCO Broadcasting Corp., Cincinnati, was found dead in his apartment Wednesday (April 3). He had been ill for several months. Mr. McLean was elected VP in 1966 after 16 years with AVCO in various positions, including VP and general manager, WLW(TV) Indianapolis, VP-Eastern Division Television Sales, New York, and general sales manager, WLW Cincinnati. He is survived by two sons and daughter. Personal relationships are a delicate thing. They have to be cared for constantly. Sometimes you give a little here and take a little there. You understand. And sometimes, you even smile a little. It's what keeps personal relationships personal. Communities are made up of people. Like people, each has its own personality. Each responds in a different way. That's why each of ABC's owned radio stations is programmed differently. We call it "People to People Radio." We don't program our stations with a computer. Or a formula. We program our stations with people. People who understand their individual communities' needs. People who speak the idiom of their communities. People who react to people. And to whom people react. It's our philosophy of programming. We don't have a formula. We build a close personal relationship between each ABC owned station and the community it serves. And people react. ABC OWNED RADIO STATIONS PEOPLE TO PEOPLE RADIO WABC New York • KQV Pittsburgh • WXYZ Detroit • WLS Chicago • KGO San Francisco • KABC Los Angeles Modern communications have far outreached Paul Revere's one-man, one-voice effort, memorialized by Cyrus E. Dallin's famed statue in Boston. But few have had a more lasting impact on the entire course of history. The ability of Storer stations to communicate with viewers and listeners directly and convincingly is another important reason why it is good business to do business with Storer. Regardless of the type of programming, Storer stations keep in close touch with the needs and desires of the people they serve, assuring large and receptive audiences for your commercial messages. You'll find that Storer's national representatives and station sales personnel can communicate, too — to keep you abreast of new developments, furnish accurate lists of availabilities, provide fast confirmations and on-time invoicing in exact accordance with quoted rates. For details, contact Storer Television Sales or Major Market Radio — or the Storer station in your area, direct. \| OS ANGELES \| MIAMI \| MILWAUKEE \| NEW YORK \| PHILADELPHIA \| TOLEDO \| TOLEDO \| \|------------\|-------\|-----------\|----------\|--------------\|--------\|--------\| \| KGBS \| WQBS \| WITI-TV \| WHN \| WBG \| WSPD-TV\| WSPD \| \| ATLANTA \| BOSTON \| CLEVELAND \| CLEVELAND \| CLEVELAND \| DETROIT \| DETROIT \| \|------------\|--------\|-----------\|-----------\|-----------\|---------\|---------\| \| WAGA-TV \| WSBK-TV\| WJW-TV \| WJW \| WCJW (FM) \| WJBK-TV \| WJBK \| Were You Pleased with Your New Ratings? We hope so, but if you are one of the station owners or managers who just can't figure out why things came out the way they did, maybe we can help. Ratings can only tell you what happened, not why? The old system of trial and error is a method of correcting rating problems that isn't necessary any more. In time consumed, money spent, and income lost because of unsatisfactory program periods, it can be most expensive. Through our consultation and supervision of sound, depth research in your market, you can find out not only what your strengths and weaknesses are, but also those of your competitor as well. No matter what you may have heard or read, images are important—not only the station's image as a whole, but the image strength and weakness of every personality and program under your direct control. Image movement, up or down, in many cases precedes rating change by six months to a year. Studies for our clients have taken us not only into twenty-one of the top thirty markets, but into markets below the top one hundred. We have also done work for a large number of the leading station groups and two of the three networks. All in all, we have completed over one hundred major TV and radio studies, encompassing some 55,000 in-person, in-depth interviews. If you are concerned about current ratings and would like a sound objective look at your station and its relationship to the market, give us a call for a presentation with absolutely no obligation on your part. M&H McHugh and Hoffman, Inc. Television & Advertising Consultants 430 N. Woodward Avenue Birmingham, Mich. 48011 Area Code 313 644-9200 DATEBOOK A calendar of important meetings and events in the field of communications. Indicates first or revised listing. APRIL April 8—Tenth annual Broadcasting Day, co-sponsored by Florida Association of Broadcasters and University of Florida. Speakers include Charles Stone, NAB vice president and radio; Walt Brink, managing director, NCTA, and Red Barber, sportscaster, University campus, Gainesville. April 8–13—Atlanta International Film Festival, sponsored by Eastern Airlines, Eastman Kodak, and Atlanta film-production firm Chemex East. Awards will be given for features, documentaries, short subjects, TV commercials and experimental films. Roxy theater, Atlanta. April 9—Meeting of Broadcast Advertising Club of Chicago, featuring Stephen B. Laubach, president, ABC Radio, speaking on "Radio's Tuned-In Listeners and Tune-On Advertisers." Sherman hotel, Chicago. April 9—Annual congressional affair, sponsored by Pennsylvania Association of Broadcasters. Sheraton-Park hotel, Washington. April 10—Meeting of National Association of Broadcasters-National Cable Television Association committees on CATV copyright. Washington. April 11—Annual meeting of stockholders of Avco Corp. to elect directors and independent auditors, to vote on resolution relating to pension plan, and to transact other business. North Charleston, S.C. April 15—Deadline for filing comments on FCC's proposed rulemaking that would permit type-approval of AM modulation monitors that do not incorporate indicating meters. April 15–16—Foreign policy conference held by Department State for editors and broadcasters. Speakers will include Secretary of State Dean Rusk. Interested parties may request invitations from: Office of Media Services, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20526. April 15–18—Communications conference sponsored by Biblicum Publishers, Catholic Office for Radio and Television. Speakers will include: Lionel Baxter, vice president for radio, Storer Broadcasting Co.; Roy Daniel, director, Television Information Of-fee, Radio Remick, vice president, news, WTVJ(TV), Miami; Frank J. Shaker, vice Jr., president, CBS Television Services; John Berg, chairman of creative plans board and associate producer, director, BRDO; Michael Donovan, VP and media director, Papert, Koenig & Lois; Kalman B. Druck, president, Hashe-Rotman & Druck; James T. Fox, president, WJW-TV, Fox; John F. Moynihan, president, John Moynihan & Co., and Warren Schwed, president, Grey Public Relations. Marco Polo hotel, Hollywood, Fla. April 16—Announcements of nominees for 1968 Television Academy Awards of National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. New York and Hollywood. April 16—Chicago chapter of The National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences' "Salute to Canadian Television," featuring Canadian Counsel General Stanley Allen. WMAQ-TV, Chicago. April 16—Newsmaker luncheon sponsored by the International Radio and Television Society. Waldorf-Astoria hotel, New York. April 16–18—18th annual broadcast industry conference sponsored by San Francisco State College. Broadcast media awards are voted to enteries of university members in both radio and television. San Francisco State College, San Francisco. Inquiries about entry details should be addressed to Professor Benjamin Draper, radio-TV-film department. San Francisco State College, San Francisco 94132. 1968 RAB REGIONAL SALES CLINICS April 25—Minneapolis, Holiday Inn-airport. May 21—Kansas City, Mo., Sheraton Motor Inn. May 22—Chicago, Sheraton Chicago. June 4—Boston, Somerset hotel. June 6—Philadelphia, Sheraton Philadelphia. June 14—Little Rock, Ark., Marion hotel. April 17—Annual shareholders' meeting of American Telephone and Telegraph Co. to elect directors and auditors and to act upon other matters. Boston. April 17—Annual shareholders' meeting of General Telephone & Electronics Corp. to determine number of and elect directors; to consider and act upon amendment of certificate of incorporation and upon proposal concerning cumulative voting and pre-emptive rights. Conrad Hilton, Chicago. April 18—Luncheon meeting of Chicago chapter of The National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, featuring as guest speaker David Susskind on "What's Good About Television." Continental Plaza, Chicago. April 18—Annual stockholders meeting, Time Inc., to elect directors, to eliminate limitation on number of directors and to transact other business. Time & Life Bldg., New York. April 18–19—Seventh annual college conference held by the International Radio and Television Society; IRTS first faculty conference to be held concurrently on the same morning. Speakers include Walter A. Schwartz, president, ABC Radio; Richard S. Salant, president, CBS News and Dan Durgin, president, NBC-TV. Roosevelt hotel, New York. April 18–25—Seventeenth Cine-Meeting, held by International Film, TV film and Documentary Market (MITED) for producers, renters and distributors of feature and documentary films for cinema and TV presentation. For information contact: Largo Domodossola 1, 20145-Milan, Italy. April 18–20—Annual spring convention of Oregon Association of Broadcasters. Speakers include Douglas Anello, NAB general counsel. Thunderbird motel, Eugene. April 19—Eightieth annual Western Heritage Awards Presentation, sponsored by National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center. Civic Center Music Hall, Oklahoma City. April 19–21—Spring convention of Louisiana Association of Broadcasters. Holiday Inn, Monroe. April 21—National Association of Educational Broadcasters Educational Television Stations Division meeting. Statler Hilton, New York. April 22—Radio workshop and luncheon, sponsored by Advertising Club of Metropolitan Washington. Shoreham hotel, Washington. April 22—Annual luncheon of the Associated Press, preceded by annual business meeting of AP members. Clark M. Clifford, secretary of defense, is speaker. Waldorf-Astoria, New York. April 22–26—Eighth annual TV newsmag workshop co-sponsored by National Press Photographers Assn. U.S. Defense Dept. and University of Oklahoma. Center for continuing education, Norman, Okla. Contact: Ernie Crisp, WFBM-TV, Indianapolis. April 23—Annual stockholders meeting, General Precision Equipment Corp., to elect directors, approve appointment of independent public accountants, and other business. Biltmore hotel, New York. April 23—Annual stockholders meeting of There's a big, responsive audience in YOUR MARKET waiting to get re-acquainted with WOODY WOODBURY. They've enjoyed him for years as a top-draw nightclub performer, they remember him as host of ABC-TV's "Who Do You Trust?"; and they know him as a comedy record star and campus favorite across the nation. And now . . . they're waiting to see him as host of his own daily 90-minute variety program . . . THE WOODY WOODBURY SHOW. With 48 weeks of new shows, and only four weeks of reruns, THE WOODY WOODBURY SHOW is a unique first run syndication property. Strip it five times weekly in either a ninety minute or one hour version. In color, on videotape. Loaded with big name stars, THE WOODY WOODBURY SHOW is a daily happening. Your audience wants to get re-acquainted with WOODY. Don't keep them waiting any longer. THE WOODY WOODBURY SHOW is produced by Metromedia Television, the innovator and leader in station-produced programs for the television industry. Distributed by WOLPER TELEVISION SALES A Metromedia Company 485 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10017 (212) 682-9100. it's WOODY The moment you begin to radiate 5 million watts of UHF... Madison Avenue gets the picture RCA has a new transmitter-antenna combination with the kind of radiated power that reaches Madison Avenue. We call it Omni-Max (maximum UHF in all directions). Put it on-air, and you get five million watts of effective radiated power. On Madison Avenue that means coverage, and coverage means sales. And there's more than just that. You protect your investment. You cover the outlying towns before somebody else does. Nobody can "outpower" you. The new UHF transmitter is RCA's TTU-110A. It delivers 110 kilowatts of output power. The new UHF antenna is the Polygon. It is a high gain antenna. It will radiate five megawatts. In short, with this maximum power allowed by the FCC, you have the means to take over the territory. And you hold it! Call your RCA Field Man. Tell him you'd like to turn on Madison Avenue. He'll show you how five million watts of ERP UHF can reach the people who buy the time. Isn't that the kind of performance you really want? RCA Broadcast and Television Equipment, Building 15-5, Camden, N.J. 08102 The RCA Omni-Max system is the most powerful UHF antenna-transmitter combination you can buy. The transmitter is RCA's TTU-110A, featuring diplexed amplifiers with efficient vapor-cooled klystrons. Ready for remote control. Combine it with the new Polygon five-sided Zee-Panel antenna, which features uniform pattern, excellent circularity for super-gain UHF. E 41 ST Zenith Radio Corp., Chicago. April 23—Annual stockholders meeting of Foote, Cone & Belding Inc. to elect directors, approve new class of 100,000 shares preferred stock; increase common stock to 4,000,000 shares and other business, Continental Plaza, Chicago. April 23-25—Annual conference, Petroleum Industry Electrical Association. Among speakers is Frederick W. Ford, president of the National Cable TV Association, who will speak on "Tomorrow's Technology Today," Galveston, Texas. April 24-27—National convention of Alpha Epsilon Rho, national honorary radio-television fraternity. Tulsa, Okla. April 25-27—Annual convention, Texas CATV Association. Marriott motor hotel, Dallas. April 25-May 2—The Golden Rose of Montreux eighth annual TV competition held by the Swiss Broadcasting Union and the town of Montreux under auspices of the European Broadcasting Union. Open to programs in color and in black and white. April 26—Institute of Broadcasting Financial Management board of directors meeting. WGN Chicago. April 26-28—Meeting of Pennsylvania AP Broadcasters. George Washington Motor Lodge, Allentown. April 28-29—Annual spring convention of Texas Association of Broadcasters. Flagship hotel, Galveston. April 28-30—William Allen White Centennial symposium on theme "Mass Media in a Free Society." Speakers will be: Theodore F. Koop, US vice president; William Allen, syndicated columnist and former director of USIA; Bill Moyers, publisher of Newsday and former Presidential news secretary; Stan Freberg, radio and television comedian and head of own agency; Bosley Crowther, New York Times, movie editor, and Ben Bagdikian, news analyst. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. April 28-30—Annual meeting of affiliates of ASCAP, Los Angeles. April 28-30—Meeting of the board of directors of the American Women in Radio and Television. Century Plaza hotel, Los Angeles. April 30—Deadline for filing reply comments on FCC proposed rulemaking to permit type-approval of AM modulation monitors that do not incorporate indicating meters. MAY May 1-5—17th annual national convention of American Women in Radio and Television, under theme of "Century of Communications." Speakers include: Ronald Reagan, governor, California; John Grissel, John Grissel Productions; Irving Stone, novelist; Leonard Marks, director of USIA. Panelists include: Thomas Sarnoff, vice president, NBC; Dr. Fred Kapp, vice president, Hughes Aircraft Co.; F. G. Rogers, president, IRMA's data processing division; John Paul Goodwin, chairman of board, Goodwin, Dannenbaum, Littman and Wingfield Inc.; William Dozier, president, Greer Productions; Dr. Lee du Bridge, president, California Institute of Technology; Arch Madsen, chairman of board, Bonneville Broadcasting Corp.; Norman Felton, president, Arena Productions; Daniel S. Parker, chairman of board, Parker Pen Co. Century Plaza hotel, Los Angeles. May 2-4—18th annual convention of Kansas Association of Radio Broadcasters. Speakers include Vincent Kasliewski, NAB president; Senator John F. Pearson, chairman of Senate Commerce Committee's Communications Subcommittee; Grover Cobb, NAB chairman of joint boards, and E. G. Faust, president of Iowa Broadcasters Association. Holiday Inn Midtown, Wichita. May 2-4—18th annual spring convention of Alabama Broadcasters Association. Speakers include: Jack Harris, president and general manager, KPRC-TV Houston; and Robert Cahill, legislative assistant to chairman, FCC. Admiral Sennes hotel, Mobile. May 3—20th anniversary ball of Bedside Network of Veterans Hospital Radio and Television Guild, featuring Allen Ludden and Betty White. New York Hilton, New York. May 3-8—Annual meeting of Canadian Association of Broadcasters. Chateau Champlain, Montreal. May 5-10—103d technical conference of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. Papers will be presented on following topics: Inconspicuous film; high-speed photography; laboratory practices and color-quality control; photographic and allied science; photosensitive materials for motion pictures and television; theater presentation; and techniques for small-format films; studio practices; sound; education, and medicine. Century Plaza hotel, Los Angeles. May 6-7—Meeting of the board of directors of the American Women in Radio and Television. Century Plaza hotel, Los Angeles. May 9-10—Spring meeting of Washington State association of Broadcasters. Speakers include: Arthur Stanblier, Washington attorney. Chinook hotel and Motor Inn, Yakima. May 6-9—First annual instructional broadcasting conference, sponsored by National Association of Educational Broadcasters, on theme "Communication Technology and the Person Left Behind." Sessions have been scheduled on: early childhood education for disadvantaged, development of meaningful educational systems for specific groups, methods of dealing with communication opportunity in remote areas, and more appropriate utilization of communication technology in dealing with society's problems. Sheraton Jefferson, St. Louis. May 7—Annual stockholders meeting of RCA. Vote on continuation of amended incentive plan, amend stock option plan and elect directors. Butler University, Indianapolis. Indicates first or revised listing. OPEN MIKE More good vibrations EDITOR: I was astonished and delighted with the biographical sketch (BROADCASTING, March 18). It is far and away, albeit tongue in cheek, the best done and subjectively most flattering piece following an interview that I've ever had the good fortune to see.—Gordon Stulberg, president, CBS Theatrical Films, North Hollywood. EDITOR: I've always known of BROADCASTING's tremendous circulation in the right places and now I'm tremendously impressed at the readability as evidenced by the recent Profile (BROADCASTING, March 11). From Alaska to Maine—by letter, telephone and wire—I've heard from so many friends in the industry. All were amazed that I was a "bird watcher." But what kind of "bird?" Thanks a lot!—Julian F. Haas, KAGH Crossett, Ark. Preserve old radio programs EDITOR: I have been following with interest the letters of individuals seeking old radio programs. As a professor of speech, I have been attempting to build such a collection. My students were all born after television was introduced to the U.S. Their only understanding of radio programming, pre-1950, comes from such recordings as I have been able to acquire. I would be happy to correspond with individuals who would like to exchange such materials. I would also like to appeal to the broadcast industry to preserve whatever material is still extant and make it available in some form for the growing public who is interested. . . .—Marvin R. Bensman, department of speech, WRUV-FM, University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, Burlington, Vt. BOOK REVIEW "The Golden Geese," by Everard Meade. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. 274 pp. Former head of the TV department for Young & Rubicam, Mr. Meade says in a jacket blurb: "I am the latest ungrateful dog in a long line of advertising men who bite the hand that feeds them." Perhaps. His first novel concerns a convention of Madison Avenue types indulging in "romance and tomfoolery" at White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.—the annual site of the American Association of Advertising Agencies confab set for late April this year. Mr. Meade notes this novel "should end my convention invitations forever." Probably. host-narrator CESAR ROMERO presents 39 Half-Hours of Excitingly Varied Entertainment in BREATHTAKING COLOR THE DRAMA AND ADVENTURE OF LIFE among PEOPLE IN ACTION ALL NEW FILM created by veteran film directors, writers and cameramen leading professional production units assigned to specific regions and countries. (This is the very first time movie cameras have penetrated many of the regions seen on CESAR'S WORLD.) There's REAL ACTION . . . Ethiopian horsemen play a wild game with Death . . .! Touareg "Blue Men" (nemesis of the Foreign Legion) brave the Sahara . . .! A Stone Age community survives into our own time . . .! Brazilians carve the world's most modern city out of the jungle . . .! Man triumphs over the deep freeze of Antarctica . . .! GREAT CHANGE-OF-PACE PROGRAMMING Each Program is a Different Kind of Story—an Authentic Episode in the Epic of Life around the Globe. "Cesar's World" You FEEL you're there . . . ! ... on-the-spot action with unusual peoples in their own vital stories. ... real sounds recorded on location; the voices, the music, the sounds all around. ... vibrant color in all the kaleidoscopic splendor of costume and panorama. produced by AKKAI INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTIONS in association with United Artists Television Entertainment from Transamerica Corp. FOR THE WHOLE FAMILY! TV critics should try the view from TV's side of the street Some years ago everyone was talking about Chicago jazz. But as I recall I found myself unable to distinguish between Chicago jazz, New Orleans jazz, Kansas City jazz, St. Louis jazz and New York jazz. My conclusion was that when Louis Armstrong played in New Orleans it was New Orleans style but when he played in Chicago it became Chicago style. It also is hard for me to distinguish between advertising produced in Chicago, advertising produced in New York or advertising produced in San Francisco. I know New York agencies that come to Chicago for art work and I know Chicago agencies that go to New York for layouts. I know agencies in both cities that go to Hollywood for TV commercials. This being so, I find little to distinguish campaigns produced by agencies in New York from campaigns produced by agencies in Chicago. Some campaigns in both cities are good and some campaigns in both cities are not so good. I guess advertising is like jazz and so many other things; it depends upon the perspective from which you view it. This may explain something about the criticism of advertising. Whipping Boy - I share a feeling that advertising has become a whipping boy for the left-wing professors. I also am afraid that this principle of damning advertising has become a way of life and even has affected many in the advertising profession. Yet such a high percentage of advertising is good and such a small percentage is subject to criticism. The good greatly outweighs the infinitesimally small bad. One problem encountered in any critical analysis of advertising is the fact of total disagreement among the critics themselves. What you find objectionable, I find humorous. What someone considers pornographic, another will consider educational. What is advertising anyway? If anyone tells you he is in advertising, do you know what he does? The man who posts bills is an advertising man. The boy who throws circulars at your door is in advertising. Advertising managers are in advertising. Salesmen for TV, radio and FM stations are in advertising and so are salesmen for newspapers and magazines. Then there are agencies, etc. So it becomes very hard to pinpoint a critic of advertising unless you know just what he is shooting at. Certainly we can all join in objecting to advertising on the air or in print that is offering impossible trade-in deals on automobiles or using bait to sell furniture and appliances. Fortunately the advertising profession has been largely instrumental in setting up a means to combat this type of fraudulent advertising in the Better Business Bureau. Over the years it has been very successful. But despite this progress a limited group of highly socialistically inclined individuals have taken upon their own shoulders the responsibility of attempting to destroy the very institutions that have made the U.S. great. From the outcries of reformers in Congress, from the screams of liberal professors and from the diatribes of get-rich-quick writers, one would assume all business is operated by crooks and the only honest men are in the ranks of politicians and social economists. The repeated schemes of politicians to provide an income for everyone without requiring work to produce that income, plus the varied other schemes of the same nature, collectively running into billions of dollars, raise the question of where is the money coming from? It can only come from business under our free enterprise system. The catalyst making the system work, of course, is advertising. Ads Better - I think it is safe to say there has been a great deal of improvement in all advertising during the past few years. At one time advertising was a humorless, almost bludgeoning process of attempting to beat the viewer, listener or reader over the head to buy a given product. This has changed. Today the trend is to be light, entertaining and informative and at the same time to create an awareness of a generally favorable attitude for the product advertised. This trend has been especially evident in television. Good or Bad? - Often I have been asked if a commercial was a good one or not. Many not in our business can watch them go by on the screen and immediately declare the ones that were good or bad. I'm in advertising and I can't do that. It simply isn't that simple. To me a good advertisement or commercial is one that sets up a definite objective, aims directly at this objective and finally achieves it. Unless I know what the objective is in the first place and how well it is achieved, I am incapable of deciding whether the spot is good or whether it isn't. When we speak of advertising the man on the street thinks in terms of consumer products—cigarettes, a candy bar, a cold remedy or a breakfast food. This is certainly one phase of advertising and a very important one but not the only phase. The man in the street seldom thinks of, say, advertising that is corporate in nature, produced by companies to tell other companies what business they are in, the diversity of products they manufacture, etc. The economic function and impact of advertising is far broader than most would suspect. So whether you are watching some of the imaginative commercials produced here in Chicago or some of those just as ingenious being made abroad, when the voice of dissent is raised, don't panic. Remember the point of perspective—and suggest to the dissenter he try looking from your side of the street too. Leon Morgan was elected chairman of Buchen Advertising in January. His earliest business experience was in aviation in Chicago, when he founded the Chicago Aviation Co. in about 1924. This company operated the Chicago Air Park which eventually became Midway Airport. He joined Buchen in 1936 as an account executive; was elected vice president in 1941; was made treasurer of the company in 1948, and was elected president of Buchen in 1958. THE NETWORKS WATCH US. METROMEDIA TELEVISION BRINGING TV BACK ALIVE WNEW-TV NEW YORK / KTTV LOS ANGELES / WTTG WASHINGTON, D.C. / KMBC-TV KANSAS CITY REPRESENTED NATIONALLY BY METRO TV SALES The 1970s were a decade of profound change, marked by social upheaval, technological advancements, and cultural shifts. Here’s a glimpse into some of the key trends and events that defined the era: Sports:* - Hockey: The sport gained immense popularity, with the National Hockey League (NHL) experiencing significant growth. Teams like the Montreal Canadiens and the Boston Bruins dominated the league, showcasing the skill and intensity of the game. Automotive Industry: - Sports Cars: The 1970s saw the rise of high-performance sports cars, with brands like Ferrari and Lamborghini leading the way. These vehicles not only offered speed but also style, making them symbols of luxury and status. Food Culture: - Comfort Food: The decade was characterized by a shift towards comfort foods, with hearty soups and stews becoming popular. These dishes provided warmth and sustenance during the colder months. Fashion: - Bold Patterns: Fashion trends included bold patterns and vibrant colors, reflecting the era’s exuberance and individuality. Zebra print became particularly fashionable, symbolizing a break from traditional styles. These elements collectively paint a vivid picture of the 1970s, a time of dynamic change and cultural evolution. Videotaping has gotten so good, it has a new name! Tape is more versatile than ever! Everybody knows the key advantages of video tape. You work fast. You see your work as you go. You can be more daring and experimental. But perhaps you didn't realize how sophisticated the art of videotaping has really become: You can edit instantly... electronically... frame by frame. You can use slow motion, fast motion, stop motion and reverse action. You can go out on location. And you can combine all types of existing footage (stills, film) with new footage. Now, the most life-like color yet: "Scotch" Brand Color Tape Plus. "Scotch" Brand Video Tape No. 399 gives you the ultimate in color fidelity. The brightest, clearest, most life-like color ever. Color Tape Plus is so ultra-sensitive, you can use the most subtle lighting techniques. Copies are perfect. Blacks and whites are stronger. And No. 399 is almost impossible to wear out. So please don't call it videotaping any more. There's now a new name for this complete creative medium... electography! Want more facts? Write: 3M Company, Magnetic Products Division, 3M Center, St. Paul, Minn. 55101. "…for the betterment of the total community…" WBAL-TV is proud to be the first mass media ever named to the Honor Roll of the Baltimore Afro-American newspapers. This unique award, begun in 1939, was presented to WBAL-TV for "... (being) the first local major communication medium to pronounce and implement a policy of equal employment opportunity." "... its commendable efforts to include all segments of the community in its news coverage." "... its timely, provocative, and informative examination of critical political and community issues..." January 23, 1968 Stake YOUR advertising on OUR reputation! WBAL TV BALTIMORE Nationally represented by Edward Petry and Company Maryland's Number One Channel of Communication The major mission: journalism At a convention that began with newsmaking speech by a retiring President, broadcasters get the word that information is their most important product The President of the United States made an event out of the National Association of Broadcasters convention last week. He also established the theme of the annual meeting. The theme: Television and radio are of towering importance as instruments of journalism, but neither is being used to its capacity. It was a theme that was repeated, with variations, in speeches by Vincent T. Wasilewski, NAB president, and Rosel H. Hyde, FCC chairman. And the significance that the broadcasters themselves are beginning to attach to their journalistic mission was recognized in two other convention events: The NAB presented its Distinguished Service Award to the veteran newscaster, Lowell Thomas, and the association introduced a new feature in its formal convention agenda, a panel featuring newsmen in a discussion of broadcast news. Many of the broadcasters had already gathered in Chicago when the President went on national networks at 9 p.m., Sunday, March 30, with what turned out to be the stunning news that he had decided against accepting renomination. That broadcast was seen in numerous convention suites and on special monitors set up at a dinner meeting of CBS-TV affiliates. No one at the convention site knew then that the President would fly in the next morning to appear at the opening session. Since assuming the Presidency, Mr. Johnson had studiously avoided attending broadcasting functions, a practice that had been taken to mean he wished not to emphasize his family's broadcast interests in Texas, which are in trust. Word of the President's intention to address the convention began to spread only shortly before the first session was scheduled to open. Attendance at opening sessions is traditionally large. This time it filled the ballroom of the Conrad Hilton hotel. Many stood to hear the President (see page 28). Lowell Thomas said, after receiving his award and before the arrival of the President: "I'm here to welcome LBJ back into the broadcasting industry." The same sentiment seemed to run through the delegates. On the days that broadcast management was discussing its journalistic obligations and opportunities, broadcast newsmen were busy on one major story after another (see round-up, page 38). The heavy volume of broadcast reports to be seen on television sets and heard on radios in the convention hotels lent further emphasis to the journalistic theme that was developing at the broadcasters' convention. It was in that atmosphere that Mr. Wasilewski told the broadcasters that however far they had advanced in the collection and presentation of news, they needed to advance still farther (see page 34), that Chairman Hyde urged them to do more to improve communications between whites and blacks (see page 32), and that the panel of newsmen examined their craft and its problems (see page 42). Mr. Johnson had affected the convention in more ways than one. The President addresses NAB. Listening are (l-r) Vincent T. Wasilewski, NAB president; Lowell Thomas, veteran newscaster and winner of NAB Distinguished Service Award; Dr. Norman Vincent Peale, who introduced Mr. Thomas; Grover Cobb (hidden by President), chairman of NAB; John A. Schneider, president, CBS Broadcast Group, and Thomas Murphy, president, Capital Cities Broadcasting, in which Mr. Thomas is a major stockholder. Don't confuse issues—LBJ Chicago message urges emphasis on progress, rather than negative news With his time as President fast running out, Lyndon B. Johnson flew to Chicago last week to remind the nation's broadcasters of the "enormous power" in their hands, and to urge them to use it to clarify rather than confuse the great issues of the day. He suggested he does not think they always succeed in using their power well, that they focus on the negative aspects of life while passing over the progress being made to improve conditions at home and abroad—including progress generated by his administration. The text, delivered at the opening session of the National Association of Broadcasters convention on Monday morning, echoed criticisms of the medium he had made in earlier statements. But it took on special significance coming against a background of his decision not to seek renomination. That decision, he said, grew out of his determination to protect the integrity of the Presidency from the divisiveness and partisanship he sees rearing the country in this election year as a result of civil discord at home and the Vietnam war abroad. He said he hopes, by his action, to be "able to pass on to my successor a stronger office, strong enough to guard and defend all the people against all the storms that the future may bring us." But he indicated that care will be needed on the part of news media in the coming campaign. This, he said, "is a time when emotion threatens to substitute for reason. Yet, the basic hope of democracy is that somehow amidst all the frenzy and the emotion, that in the end, reason will prevail." Power and Responsibility • He said he didn't intend to sermonize in matters of fairness and judgment. His only purpose, he said, was to remind his listeners that "where there is great power there must also be great responsibility" and that this "is true for broadcasters" as it is for Presidents and those seeking the Presidency. And there is no denying the "enormous power" that broadcasters have, he said. "You have the power to clarify and you have the power to confuse." He said men in public life cannot rival broadcasters' opportunity to reach the public day after day, hour after hour, and thus to "shape the nation's dialogue." "The words that you choose, hopefully always accurate, hopefully always just, are the words that are carried out for all of the people to hear," he said. "The commentary that you provide can give the real meaning to the issues of the day or it can distort them beyond all meaning. By your standards of what is news, you can cultivate wisdom, or you could nurture misguided passions." He also said that for all of its power as a medium, broadcasting hasn't solved all problems of communication. "It tends to put the leader in a time capsule," he said. "It often requires him to abbreviate what he has to say. 'Too often, it may catch a random phrase from his rather lengthy discourse and project it as the whole story.'" He wondered how many men in public life "have watched themselves on a TV newscast and then been tempted to exclaim: 'Can that really be me?'" The President's appearance was the dramatic highlight of the convention, perhaps of any convention in recent memory, and was attended by some 2,500 delegates who crowded into the Grand Ballroom of the Conrad Hilton hotel, site of the NAB's 46th convention. Delegates were still talking Monday morning of the President's stunning Sunday night announcement that he would not seek, or accept, renomination, when word began circulating that he had finally accepted an invitation to address the convention. Short Notice • NAB President Vincent Wasilewski received word from the White House at about 1 a.m. CST Monday that the President would arrive at the Conrad Hilton at about 10:30 a.m. This required some schedule tinkering, since that was the time that Lowell Thomas was to receive the NAB's distinguished service award. Mr. Thomas finally sandwiched his off-the-cuff remarks around the President's appearance (see page 33). The networks had what one official at CBS-owned WBBM-TV, called a "hairy time" setting up equipment for live coverage on some two-and-a-half-hours notice. An improvised pool arrangement was set up, with NBC providing the remote truck and two black-and-white cameras and feeding the networks, CBS making arrangements for the lines from Illinois Bell Telephone, and ABC making the audio pickup. Ampex Corp. used the opportunity to introduce its new $50,000 BC-200 studio color camera which had been on exhibit at the convention. A crew moved it into the ballroom and fed pictures back to the exhibit booth, where they were recorded on four high-band color Videotape recorders. The President was warmly received when he appeared in the ballroom and at the conclusion of his speech. But he was interrupted by applause only once, when he said that, "the defense of our media is your responsibility" and that, "as long as I have anything to do about it," government will not intervene in that role. But the attention given the President was rapt; there were no scraping chairs or nervous coughs. Different Atmosphere • The atmosphere was markedly different from that surrounding the last appearance of a President at an NAB convention. That was in 1961, when John F. Kennedy, in the first bloom of his first months in office, addressed the NAB, in Washington, with America's first man in space, astronaut Alan Shepard, in tow. The air was filled with promise, and the mood was festive. Last week, the mood was sober, almost somber. The smiles of the dignitaries on the platform, and of the President, were brave rather than gay. CBS President Frank Stanton, an old friend of the President's who flew in from Washington with him, looked grim as he came out onto the stage as a part of the presidential party. So did Mayor Richard Daley, of Chicago, a power in the Democratic party, who had greeted the President at the airport and rode into Chicago with him. He appeared to be blinking back tears at the conclusion of speech. Throughout his remarks the President sounded the theme of the critical importance of communication. He said: "I understand far better than some of my severe and perhaps intolerant critics would admit my own shortcomings as a communicator. How does a public leader find just the right word or the right way to say, no more or no less than he means to say, bearing in mind that anything he says may topple governments and may involve the lives of innocent men?" TV's Impact - He reflected on the impact made by television in bringing into America's homes, each evening, scenes from the Vietnam war. "No one can say exactly what effect that might have had on millions of American people," he said. "Historians can only guess at the effect that television would have had during earlier conflicts on the future of this nation, during the Korean war, for example, at the time when our forces were pushed back there to Pusan . . ." He appeared particularly troubled by what he suggested was a lack of balance in coverage of the news. Noting that his speech Sunday night, in which he also announced a halt to the bombing of most of North Vietnam, "was a message of peace," he said it occurred to him that "the medium may be somewhat better suited to convey the actions of conflict than to dramatizing the words that the leaders use in trying and hoping to end the conflict." It is "more dramatic to show policemen and rioters locked in combat than to show men trying to cooperate with one another," he said. "The face of hatred and bigotry comes through much more clearly, no matter what its color, and the face of tolerance, I seem to find, is rarely newsworthy. "Progress, whether it's a man being trained for a job or millions being trained, or whether it's a child in Head Start learning to read or an older person, 72, in adult education, or being cared for in Medicare, rarely makes the news, although more than 20 million of them are affected by it. Perhaps this is because tolerance and progress are not dynamic events such as riots and conflict are events. "Peace in the news sense," he said, "is a condition. War is an end. Part of your responsibility is simply to understand the consequences of that fact, the consequences of your own acts. And part of that responsibility, I think, is to try as very best we all can to draw the attention of our people to the real business of society in our system—finding and securing peace in the world, at home and abroad." He noted also that broadcasters are "legally selected trustees of a great institution on which the freedom of our land utterly depends. The security, the success of our country, what happens to us tomorrow rests squarely upon the media which disseminate the truth, on which the decisions of democracy are made." And he urged broadcasters to guard their media against "the works of divisiveness, against bigotry, against the corrupting evils of partisanship in any guise. For America's press, as for the American Presidency," he said, "the integrity and the responsibility and the freedom—the freedom to know the truth and let the truth make us free—must never be compromised or diluted or destroyed." FCC Chairman Rosel H. Hyde has called on the nation's broadcasters to do more than they have to date in reporting to the nation on—and thus helping to alleviate—the underlying causes of the country's civil disorders and racial tensions. The chairman, speaking at a luncheon meeting at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago last week, said: "If we are not to have a retreat from national progress, the nation must come to understand much more deeply and meaningfully its problems and the courses open to it. None of you, I know, will deny that you have an important role to fulfill in this vital task." Chairman Hyde, who was sounding a theme he has touched on several times recently, spoke a day after President Johnson, in a surprise visit to the convention, told the broadcasters that the security and success of the country depend on the media that disseminate the truths on which the decisions of deSpecial Award presented to WWL-TELEVISION "...for the most extensive public service campaign in the history of local television in America." PRESS CLUB of NEW ORLEANS 1968 AWARDS PROGRAM SPECIAL AWARD WWL TV PROJECT LIFE Last month, for only the third time in its history, the Press Club of New Orleans was moved to present its "Special Award." The recipient was WWL-TV. And the citation read, in part, "...for the most extensive public service campaign in the history of local television in America." Quite a citation. But WWL-TV's "Project Life" was quite a campaign. It was carried on throughout the entire year of 1967. Its ambition: to reduce traffic death and injury in New Orleans. And it did. As Mayor Victor Schiro said: "Because of Project Life we suffered 2500 fewer accidents than the year before; there were 1000 fewer injuries. And the death toll was reduced by 12. It was as if, by some miracle, an entire month's accident toll had been prevented." But the citation from the New Orleans Press Club said it best: "We feel that WWL-TV, in Project Life, has produced a pioneering effort that can be, and should be, widely imitated. The station was not afraid to ignore the shotgun approach to public service, and to focus on one major issue with all those documentaries, all those editorials, features, spots and promotional efforts. It was not afraid to give a writer and a cameraman an entire year to study one important issue. We believe such boldness paid off. And we believe that such boldness is necessary if the communications industry is to continue to serve the public well in the face of those ever increasing pressures of time, space and money." mocracy are made (see page 28). Chairman Hyde recalled that the President's National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, in warning of the danger of civil disorder facing the nation, said that the media can contribute to healing the wounds of dissension "and none more so, I believe, then broadcasting, the most powerful communicating force available to man." Mobilize All Resources - In the assault upon major social ills, he added, "we must mobilize all of our informational resources. You must take up the challenge of the [commission's] report—that the causes and consequences of civil disorders and underlying race problems are not receiving adequate coverage by media." He said he recognizes the work broadcasters have done in the field. But, he said, "in light of the growing dimensions of the problem, more is needed from all sectors including the broadcasters, and it must be done soon." The chairman stressed that he was not prescribing a course of programing for broadcasters: "That would be presumptuous of me." And he sought to remove the issue from the question of whether legal responsibilities are involved: "My text is not from the Communications Act, nor from legal requirements, but rather concerns the matter of leadership and conscience." He urged broadcasters to check into various reports on the problems involved, to study their resources and their communities, and to decide how they can best serve. "This is not just another story—another issue of public importance. It is a major crisis which calls for the best in an industry and profession which has never failed a call from the nation." Fairness Doctrine - In discussing the activist role he feels broadcasters should play in community affairs, he touched on the commission's fairness doctrine—with which broadcasters who perform such a role frequently become involved. He sought to rebut charges that the commission's action in modifying its fairness doctrine rules applying to personal attacks are "strategic or procedural maneuvers" in connection with the Seventh U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals case in which the legality of the rules is being challenged. The commission two weeks ago exempted from the rules commentary in news programs and in on-the-spot coverage of news events, as well as news interviews (BROADCASTING, April 1). "We are eager as anyone to have the courts promptly review our actions with respect to the fairness doctrine," he said. The commission's revisions, he added, "would be an excellent beginning and one which I believe can be realistically achieved," he said. The chairman told the broadcasters they could help in loosening the fetters of the equal-time law if they demonstrated—in two-candidate races in which minor parties are not represented—what could be generally achieved if the revision were enacted. He noted that commission records indicate that broadcasters have not often given free time even when only the major parties were involved in a race. In discussing CATV and spectrum management, he sought to ease broadcasters' fears that the communications explosion would affect their use of the spectrum. He noted that "the assumption" on the part of some writers is that an all-wire television system is an eventual certainty as a means of obtaining a large share of spectrum for use by other services. If such a proposal were submitted to the commission, it would require "the most careful and detailed study which should include its economic, sociological as well as technical impact," he said. Confidence Warranted - He added: "I see no reason why you should not approach the future with boldness and confidence in our free, diversified, locally oriented system of broadcasting. You have a singular product, and a unique way of bringing it to the people. The ability of broadcasting as a mass medium to reach the attention of everyone with multiple sources of material in a manner appropriate to locality, interest, and ability is an important national asset." The television share of the spectrum will not escape untouched, however. The chairman noted that, in view of the pressing needs of land-mobile radio, "it is likely that additional use will have to be made of spectrum space allocated to television." He said, however, that the commission will "weigh the equities and be fair in our decisions. "There is no threat to television or its future lurking beneath the surface here," he said. "Rather, it is an effort by the commission to meet the radio needs of our society by striking a reasonable balance in providing necessary spectrum space for the many kinds of communications services required in the public interest." Two weeks ago he told a Senate Appropriations Subcommittee that the commission is preparing a rulemaking aimed at providing for land-mobile sharing of UHF channels (BROADCASTING, April 1). And in his news conference, he stressed that the proposal "would look to additional uses rather than to dislocating" present ones. He said there is room "for substantial additional use". However, he also indicated there may be some slight impact on existing teleLowell Thomas: man who filled time 'til LBJ arrived Lowell Thomas, broadcaster, lecturer, writer, explorer and world traveler, was standing on the stage of the Grand Ballroom of the Conrad Hilton, in Chicago, shortly after 10:30 a.m. on Monday, the newest recipient of the National Association of Broadcasters' distinguished service award. He had no prepared text, in keeping with his lecture-circuit practice. It was fortunate, for as he said: "I understand it would be to my advantage to stay loose." The 76-year-old Mr. Thomas, who over the past 50 years had seen so much of history happen, from the desert warfare of World War I to the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, had been picked to appear before the convening NAB members at the precise moment when history was to touch the 46th NAB convention. President Johnson had selected that time—some 14 hours after his historic announcement that he would not seek, or accept, renomination by his party—to address the convention. NAB's invitation to appear was a standing one. So Mr. Thomas's job, simply, was to fill time until the President arrived at 11 a.m. CST. And he performed the assignment, it was generally agreed, with wit and style (even if he did refer to a story about himself in BROADCASTING magazine while looking for it in an NAB convention directory published by another trade journal). "I'm here," he told the audience, "to welcome LBJ back into the broadcasting industry," a reference to the Johnson family's broadcast holdings in Texas that are being held in trust so long as Mr. Johnson is President. Then, in reference to the nature of his assignment, he recalled that, early in his days as a broadcaster, someone once said that his epitaph would read: "Here lies the bird who was heard by millions who were waiting to hear Amos 'n Andy." After this morning, they'll put something else on my tomb: 'Here is the bird who was heard by thousands of people who were waiting to hear LBJ.'" The uncertainty as to the time that the President would arrive and take over the microphone led Mr. Thomas to give the answer he said that Willard Walbridge, KTRK-TV Houston, one of the members of his honor guard, had given when he was asked when the interruption would come. "The answer to that conundrum is the same as in the case of an 800-pound gorilla. They asked him where he was going to sleep. And he said, any place he damn well wanted to." At 10:59 a.m., finally NAB President Vincent Wasilewski approached Mr. Thomas, and politely shooed him from the microphone, to announce: "Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States." When the President left the stage 32 minutes later, after stating, as he had on Sunday night, that he was bowing out of the presidential contest because of a determination to keep the Presidency out of the divisive, partisan battle he sees shaping up, Mr. Thomas returned to the microphone for a comment, before his inevitable, "So long until tomorrow." "Whatever my politics may be," he said, "I'd like to pay a tribute to a man who has carried, I believe, the heaviest burden of any President in history, and I believe he has shown he is, indeed, a man of great courage. I would like to salute him again." vision use of the spectrum. He said that use of VHF channels is not being ruled out, but "the emphasis is on UHF." He did not specify when the notice of proposed rulemaking would be issued, but suggested that it would not be immediately. "It will take a lot of doing," he said, pointing out the complex nature of the proposal. The chairman, in an apparent reference in his speech to the strong stand broadcasters have taken against giving up spectrum space, urged them to work with the commission on the matter. It would serve "your best interest to use your expertise to seek a solution having the least disruptive effects rather than charting what may appear to be a noble but unwise course to preserve the status quo." Chairman Hyde touched on two additional points—perennial ones—in his news conference: five-year licenses for broadcasters and, is television a wasteland. He said he favors extending the broadcast license period from three to five years (which would take an act of Congress to accomplish) but that a majority of four members of the commission does not. He said he did not bring the subject up in his speech because it would appear that "I am playing up to the industry." In view of the civil disorder commission's report that the ghetto relies almost entirely on radio and television for news and information, television "is certainly no wasteland," he said. More news could be good TV news Wasilewski says best defense against more controls is more journalistic activity Broadcasters were told by their appointed leader last week that their best defense against government controls is an expansion of their journalistic function. Vincent T. Wasilewski, president of the National Association of Broadcasters, said broadcasters have journalistic muscles they haven't used yet. But "if we build the muscles in the form of news, information, editorializing and discussion, then we really don't have to worry about the bully on the beach kicking sand in our faces," Mr. Wasilewski said. The NAB president identified major threats that he said confronted broadcasting: direct broadcast to the home by satellite, transfer of the television service from broadcast frequencies to cable, continuing attempts to control or influence program content. The counter to all of these, he said, is an increased emphasis on information programming. "The conveying of news, information, public affairs is really our greatest strength and our greatest protection," Mr. Wasilewski said. "It is our claim to significance; it is our best defense against the imposition of controls, our best assurance that we will never become Silly Putty in the hands of government or anybody else." After LBJ - Mr. Wasilewski delivered his advice in a luncheon speech at the NAB convention last Monday, a couple of hours after President Johnson had addressed the same group (see story, page 28). The President, said Mr. Wasilewski, "has reminded us of the vital role that broadcasters perform in helping the people to learn the truth and to find their own way toward their common goals and ideas. . . . On behalf of the National Association of Broadcasters—and of the entire broadcasting industry—I respond to the President that we appreciate our responsibility." Mr. Wasilewski renewed the NAB's proposal that Congress suspend the equal-time law so that broadcasters could give greater exposure to major presidential candidates without having to accord the same exposure to obscure aspirants (see page 40). He said he did so in view of Mr. Johnson's announcement that he would not be a candidate. Guidelines - To the broadcasters Mr. Wasilewski recommended four principles to "guide us and others as we move through changing times": 1. Broadcasting, he said, "must be free of program controls by government or any organized group." Mr. Wasilewski said broadcasting is a part of the free press. 2. Broadcasting "must continue to be decentralized and multi-voiced." He said that if television were to be converted into a national wired system, it would become a "common-carrier monolith," to the damage, and perhaps destruction, of local stations. A system of direct-to-home satellite distribution implies another threat to local programming and local stations. 3. Broadcasting "must continue to be available without charge to the American public." This was an affirmation of the traditional NAB stand against pay television. 4. Broadcasting "must combine local and national elements to provide full and balanced service." Resistance - Mr. Wasilewski emphasized the need for broadcasters to conduct "our never-ending battle against attempts to control or influence or dictate the content of what we broadcast." The attempts may come from many sources. "Sometimes it takes the form of an incident in a local community where pressure is brought to put 'this' on the air or keep 'that' off," said the NAB president. "Sometimes it is a ruling of the FCC, imposing a fairness doctrine which smothers initiative and discourages debate on controversial questions; then stretches that doctrine—speciously or capriciously—to cover the advertising of products. "Or an FCC ruling—under the fairness provisions—telling a station which had already offered candidates time that it had not offered enough time, that it had not offered the right time, that it had not offered the time in precisely the right form. "Sometimes, it is a bar association ruling which attempts to isolate the people from what should be a public process. "Sometimes, it is pressure from people who think broadcast programming is too bland—or those who think it is too controversial—or from those who think there isn't enough religion—or those who think documentaries may have too much bite. "All of these people seem to believe, in the words of Mark Twain, that 'nothing so needs reforming as other people's habits.'" Today, said Mr. Wasilewski, there is mention of a need for controls over news. "Some people," he said, "think reports of the Vietnam war should be laundered. Many think that operating rules should be written which stations and networks should be required to follow. I cannot think of anything more perilous." But to fight for the rights of journalistic freedom is not enough, Mr. Wasilewski said. "It is really somewhat ludicrous for us to fight hard for these rights and yet use them only minimally." Despite the great progress that broadcast journalism has made, said Mr. Wasilewski, "there is still much unused capacity; there is much more muscle than has yet been used." He said that the mission of broadcasting was similar to that of a university, as described by Reinhold Neibuhr, the prominent theologian: "The function of a great university is to maintain a tradition while transforming it." "That," said the NAB president, "is also the function of a great industry." In Miami it’s 61° and sizzling Radios throughout southern Florida are climbing up to 61. And 61 on the radio dial is WIOD Miami. The sound of the majority. A total sound. An adult sound. Music that’s listenable and memorable. News and sports coverage that’s authoritative and immediate. Community service features that educate and entertain. In Miami and southern Florida, 61 is very hot. WIOD 61 on the Miami dial Represented nationally by Edward Petry & Co., Inc. Unconv ABC believes what this country's viewers need is a choice. And we're giving it to them. With new ideas, new ways of doing things. This year, television viewers can take their political conventions gavel-to-gavel las usuc on the other two networks. Or in an unusual 90-minute Instant Special every night on ABC, ABC News will be monitoring the conventions throughout the day and constantly editing the coverage to bring you all of these significant events each night. And, of course, we'll break into our regular programming to bring home any exceptional events as they happen on the floor—or off. Day or night. Unconventional? Maybe that's why ABC keeps getting so many young adult viewers. Even more important, so many young-thinking viewers. For young-thinking advertisers. That's our ticket. ABC Television Network entional A wild week for news on air First it's LBJ speech, then peace feelers, then Martin Luther King President Johnson's Sunday-night bombshell (March 31) signaled the start of a hectic news week for broadcast journalists. And the assassination Thursday night of civil-rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made the pace even more hectic. (see this page). At week's end there was no indication the news would slacken as the scene shuffled from planned peace talks in Honolulu to racial unrest in the U.S. It started about 9:40 p.m. EST on March 31, when the President told the nation he had ordered a halt to bombing in 90% of North Vietnam and, more surprising, that he would neither seek nor accept his party's nomination for the Presidency. His address was carried by all three commercial TV networks and the Public Broadcast Laboratory National Educational Television hook-up at 9 p.m., pre-empting scheduled Sunday night fare: an ABC-TV rerun of "Johnny Belinda;" a Smothers Brothers rerun on CBS-TV; Bonanza on NBC-TV; and Canadian pianist Glen Gould on PBL. Newsmen were taken by surprise. They apparently anticipated "just another LBJ speech" as one TV journalist said, but they got one of the most striking stories of the decade. Immediately following the President's announcement, the networks presented commentary on the speech from some of their respective news personalities, and in the case of NBC, from three U.S. senators as well. All on-air participants appeared as surprised and confused as most of the viewing audience was. Late Movie - ABC spent seven minutes after the President concluded his speech discussing its meaning. The network then reverted to its regular programming and began the rerun of "Belinda." ABC-TV extended its late-evening news show from 15 to 25 minutes to deal with the President's speech. CBS-TV and NBC-TV filled out the balance of the hour—from about 9:40 to 10—with commentary, and then picked up their regular Sunday evening programs, Mission: Impossible and High Chapparal. As at ABC, newsmen of either network could do little more than express astonishment at the President's speech, and one commentator, CBS-TV's Roger Mudd, expressed a desire to go home, sleep on it, and come back the following morning with his comments. CBS technicians provided the pool pick-up from the White House. On Sunday evening, PBL had presented a half-hour show featuring a talk with Senator Eugene McCarthy (D-Minn.), a contender for the Democratic nomination, before the President's speech; it then cut to the President and followed with a 40-minute public discussion of the announcement from Madison, Wis.; an 18-minute program on a Madison war referendum; and five minutes of commentary by PBL correspondent Edward P. Morgan. NBC-TV later carried a 40-minute news special report at 11:30 p.m. and NBC Radio presented a 15-minute report at 11:35 p.m. Today show staffers reportedly worked through Sunday night and the following morning so that Monday's entire two-hour Today could be devoted to President Johnson's speech. Radio Too - Mutual carried the President's speech live to affiliates, and from 10:05 to 10:30 p.m. presented a round-table discussion among MBS newsmen, a program which "got pretty good clearance from our affiliates," an MBS official said. On Monday (April 1), the networks were busy again, this time at New York City's Overseas Press Club, where Senator Robert F. Kennedy (D-N.Y.), contender for the Democratic nomination, presented his views on the President's announcements from 10 to 10:25 a.m. At noon, ABC, CBS and NBC radio and television carried the President's speech to the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago (see page 28). Later that day, the networks went live from Milwaukee and covered Senator McCarthy's 4 p.m. news conference on the eve of the Wisconsin primary. The rest of the day was relatively quiet. The only interruption to regular programming occurred at 10 p.m. on CBS-TV, which presented a one-hour news special, Peace, Politics, and the President, pre-empting The Carol Burnett Show. NET presented a one-hour special at the same time. NBC Radio carried a 25-minute report at 10:05 p.m. from Washington. On Wednesday morning, the first reports that North Vietnam might accept President Johnson's offer to talk peace began coming in shortly after 10 a.m. Regular broadcast schedules were interrupted throughout the day with news of the reports, and finally, shortly after 5 p.m., the networks carried Mr. Johnson's acknowledgement of the reports from North Vietnam and word to newsmen he would be leaving for Honolulu to confer with U.S. officials on Thursday night (April 4). ABC-TV, CBS-TV and NBC-TV carried his approximately three-minute announcement live and in color from the White House. The President's trip was later to be put off by the King assassination. On Wednesday evening, both ABC-TV and NBC-TV presented half-hour color specials on the week's developments: ABC-TV pre-empted Dream House at 8:30 p.m., and NBC-TV delayed for 30 minutes the start of the Tonight show at 11:30 p.m. Network officials were unable to assess the cost of covering the week's events and the losses incurred through pre-emptions. According to one news executive, the news situation at week's end remained "too fluid for us to begin costing out our coverage." What was certain late Thursday (April 4) was that additional news breaks and additional expenses were bound to accrue from weekend developments. That's the plus you get with every Reeves Color Videofilm* tape-to-film transfer. It's that little extra that makes the difference. True blues, real reds, white whites, and all. 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(212) OR 9-3550 TWX 710-581-4388 TM Reeves Sound Studios Section 315 suspension sought Networks waste little time after Johnson withdrawal to petition congressional committees for shelving of equal-time rules President Johnson's sudden withdrawal from the 1968 presidential race brought forth last week an almost equally sudden resurgence of hope among broadcasters for a suspension of the equal-time provisions of Section 315 of the Communications Act. The morning after the President's announcement CBS President Frank Stanton wired congressional leaders, calling for suspension, with ABC and NBC soon following suit. On the Hill, however, the congressional leaders seemed too stunned by the President's action to immediately bring into focus all the ramifications—including the changed implications for broadcast coverage of the campaign. Some Democrats, cognizant of earlier reported White House opposition to legislation that would permit face-to-face television debates involving an incumbent President (or that would put the onus of refusing such a debate on the President), seemed hesitant to respond to the changed situation, as though expecting that Mr. Johnson might still stand in need of the statutory protection of the law now on the books. Representative Harley Staggers (D-W. Va.), chairman of the key House Commerce Committee, told reporters that no move was underway by his committee to lift Section 315 requirements, and thus permit broadcasters to air appearances by major candidates without engendering a rash of demands for equal time by splinter candidates. One Commerce Committee member, however, responded to the news by introducing a bill patterned after the 1960 suspension, which permitted the Kennedy-Nixon television debates. Representative Lionel Van Deerlin (D-Calif.), who was once a broadcast newsman, said debates involving an incumbent President would be clearly unworkable, but the absence of an incumbent in the coming campaign would make his bill (H.R. 16406) desirable. Support • Representative John Dingell (D-Mich.), a Commerce Committee activist who supports present fairness and political-broadcasting controls and urges some others, nevertheless said he could accept the Van Deerlin bill, which would be limited to campaigns for President and Vice President in this campaign only, and would not include the primary races. Mr. Dingell said, however, that he would prefer legislation that would grant fixed allocations of broadcast time to candidates for use as they saw fit, while at the same time outlawing purchased time by candidates. In the Senate, Commerce Committee member Frank E. Moss (D-Utah) supported the position taken by the major networks and called for a waiver of the equal-time stipulations. "My main reason for calling for this action," Senator Moss said, "is because I feel it would result in a return to basic issues as the main theme of political debate instead of the present theme, that of conflicting personalities." It was noted that the Senate is in a position to move expeditiously on a Section-315 suspension. The Senate Commerce Committee held a hearing that covered the matter last summer (BROADCASTING, July 24, 1967) and subsequently held several inconclusive committee meetings on the issues, but is now, therefore, in a position to vote out suspension legislation without further ado. The matter now, said a staff member, is under active consideration. No Answer • Nevertheless, replies to the network's correspondence had not been formulated or sent by late Thursday (April 4) by either the House or Senate panels. Dr. Stanton's Monday-morning telegram called for an immediate suspension so that radio and television could be "permitted to do the most effective job possible between now and November." Dr. Stanton also repeated the CBS offer "of prime time for an extended series of joint appearances of the major parties' presidential candidates and their vice presidential candidates during the eight-week period from Labor Day to election day," if a suspension is enacted. NBC President Julian Goodman, also sent telegrams to members of the House and Senate committees. Referring to President Johnson's Monday-morning address before the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago (see page 28), Mr. Goodman said the President's appearance "underscores the responsibility of broadcasters to cover fully and fairly the candidates and their positions on the issues in this presidential campaign." He, too, called for an immediate lifting of restrictions, repeating NBC's offer of last year to make four evening half hours available to the major parties for appearances of their presidential and vice presidential candidates. Still the Same • ABC reminded congressmen that its position favoring suspension or repeal of equal-time restrictions has not changed since appearances before the Senate last year or before the House during the fairness-doctrine panel discussion held last month (BROADCASTING, March 11). The NAB responded to President Johnson's remarks about responsibilities of broadcasters with a presidential statement of its own. NAB President Vincent T. Wasilewski said: "In view of the President's remarks last night [Sunday, March 31] withdrawing as a candidate for the presidential nomination, and in view of his mandate, we think that the Congress should immediately suspend the equal-time doctrine in order to permit a broader dialogue among the several candidates for the Presidency at this crucial time in our history." BROADCASTING, April 8, 1968 HOW TO REACH OUT TO PEOPLE. Our weekly audience totals 27 million. That’s 1 out of every 5 adults. Or $5\frac{1}{2}$ million more cumulative listeners than CBS. In short, RADAR shows we have the largest weekly adult audience in all network radio. Which means reachability is as simple as nbc. Source: Audience data are based on RADAR estimates, Spring 1967, a 4-Network Study, and are subject to the qualifications of this study which are available on request. News put under the microscope And diagnosis by broadcast journalists is that it's healthy Seven broadcast journalists examined the product of their craft last week, picked out a flaw here, a lack of attention there, but on balance gave the impression that the product is both good and valuable. The seven, members of a panel on broadcast news that wound up the National Association of Broadcasters convention, roamed over such matters as broadcast coverage of riots and the Vietnam war, the extensiveness of news and special programming and the pervasiveness of government news management. Major criticism, and it was low key, came from Matthew Culligan, president of MBS, who faulted both print media and broadcasting generally for what he said was a failure to put the Vietnam war in proper perspective. Criticism of noncommercial television was heard, too, if only by indirection. Edward P. Morgan, former ABC commentator, who is now chief correspondent for the Public Broadcasting Laboratory, spent much of his time defending PBL against the criticism it has received since its inaugural program last fall. Other Panelists - Other participants were Reuven Frank, executive vice president of NBC News; Elmer Lower, president of ABC News; Jack Harris, president of KPRC-TV Houston, Jay Crouse, WHAS-AM-FM-TV Louisville, Ky., and William Small manager of CBS News in Washington. Mr. Frank rejected the notion that television has overplayed civil-rights militants or in any way precipitated the riots that have hit the nation's cities over the past several summers. He felt that the American people who blame television "felt humiliated" over what they took to be the Negroes' rejection of their efforts to help them, and had "looked for a new element" to blame. (He noted that a more scientific approach was taken by the President's Commission on Civil Disorders and the Justice Department, which concluded that television didn't cause the riots.) The feeling developed, he said, that what television reported it must have caused, and added: "This is not new. The ancient Persians used to execute messengers who brought bad news." Why Militants? - In response to the question: "Why doesn't television show civil-rights moderates?" he said, the first answer is that, at NBC, a check showed that moderates had been shown far oftener than the militants. "But the second reason is more important," he said. "This year's militant is next year's moderate." One criticism of television in connection with the civil disorders he accepted was that contained in the report of the President's Commission on Civil Disorders—a lack of reporting on conditions in the ghetto before riots, "on what makes a militant militant." Mr. Lower similarly defended television against criticism of its coverage of the Vietnam war. Television must be "doing something right" in performing that role, he said, "since so many of its critics—some hawks, some doves—disagree among themselves on what is wrong with the coverage. "The controversy proves that the coverage is getting to the people where they live as coverage of no other war has before." War is Hell - "We don't seek to shock, horrify, or sensationalize," he said. "We seek to impart news." Some of the material "is terrifying," he conceded, but "it is valid and important." The reporting, he added, simply proves that "war is hell". He also denied that battles are shown at the expense of the nonshooting elements of the war. The pacification program and peace efforts are presented, Mr. Lower said. But there is room for improvement, he said. There is need for a better picture of the over-all military situation. Also, since television is a visual medium, its practitioners tend to concentrate too much on pictures, not enough on writing, he said. "And some aspects of the war—like corruption—don't lend themselves to filming." He noted it's not easy to get film of a bribe taking place. Picture from Vietnam - Mr. Culligan's criticism of the war coverage was based on a 21-day trip to Vietnam. "It's only when you go out to that part of the world and talk to people that you start to get some idea of what's going on," he said. Vietnam is "not an isolated, insulated event, but a part of political life out there." He said the American reporter's major fault is his failure to take "an anthropological view of the people and an historical view of the war." He also said that the most severe critics of the American press he had encountered in Vietnam were the older reporters, not the military. He said they felt that many of the new companies, print and broadcasting, rotated their representatives into and out of Vietnam too fast, and failed to provide adequate briefings for the newsmen. But as for the effort the networks are making to provide news and special events programming generally, CBS's Mr. Small said that if it isn't enough, it's The car we sponsored in last year's Soap Box Derby went all the way to the final heat at Akron... and almost made it to the winner's circle. But at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, our cameras and microphones are* in the winner's circle... and everywhere else there is any action or excitement. In fact, we have the only facilities at the Speedway for telecasting live action. We actually feed live action on qualification days to the other Indianapolis stations. And we originate the closed-circuit race telecast which goes each Memorial Day to over 200 theaters coast to coast. What do we do the rest of the year? More of the same... offering our audience the most complete sports and news coverage, the most thoughtful and responsible public affairs programming, the finest broadcast service in the Indianapolis market. And remember: The stations that serve best sell best. Ask your Katzman about The WFBM Stations. We were a close third at Akron... but we're a clear first in Indianapolis! The Best keeps getting better. New PE-350 Live-Color Camera. Chroma enhancement on all color channels. New optics. New preamplifiers. And customer-oriented conveniences. That's a peek at General Electric's new PE-350 live color camera. It's the result of wide industry acceptance of the PE-250, plus two years of GE engineering development. The new PE-350 has enhancement on all 3 chroma channels—not just the red channel. New optics and new preamplifiers give you the best sensitivity in the industry. The PE-350 has an eight-position color filter wheel to compensate for color temperature changes. Instantly adapts to light changes from high noon to dusk. And we've added a host of customer-oriented conveniences to the PE-350. Two more talent tally lights are installed under the lens; the color filter wheel can be quickly adjusted by the operator's hand wheel on the right side of the camera housing. And for access to the viewfinder yoke and the high-voltage power supply, a weatherproof hatch is located on top of the camera housing. New PE-250 Retrofit Kits. Protect your investment—add two years of advanced design to your PE-250 in a few hours of modifications. Hundreds of present PE-250 owners can take advantage of the improved performance capability of the new PE-350 camera with the choice of 3 kits. There's a kit to update your optical system and circuitry. And two kits that make your PE-250 as modern as a PE-350 for remote telecasts. Better at General Electric. New from General Electric—15 KW VHF transmitter with solid-state circuits. Greater reliability, less maintenance and better performance. We've got new solid state drivers. We replaced 91 tubes with high-reliability silicon transistors, retaining only a few long-life high power tubes. And the new TT-515 transmitter has built-in direct crystal control of audio and visual carrier frequencies. A pair of TT-515 transmitters are ideally suited for 30 KW parallel operation. New Video Distribution Switcher. Top performance, computer logic, readily adaptable to automation. The new TS-301-A Video Distribution Switcher is designed to meet expanding programming needs. Solid-state and modular, the new distribution switcher handles a minimum of 10 inputs and 6 outputs to a maximum of 100 inputs and 96 outputs. New computer logic circuitry saves wires and connections, reduces maintenance. The new TS-301-A gives clean, sharp switching due to solid-state design. Excellent performance results from superior isolation of inputs and outputs, lower signal-to-noise ratio, better overall frequency response, and lower differential phase and gain. GE-568 New Color Optical Multiplexer. The most versatile in television. Four projector inputs, 2 color camera outputs—unparalleled film programming flexibility. Ideal where space is at a premium, the PF-12-A color multiplexer makes four projectors do the work of six. In a single 8' x 8' film island, 2 film projectors and 2 slide projectors can feed into 2 color film cameras—all in color. You can use one projector and one color film camera on the air and at the same time use the other projectors and camera for previewing, recording, or rehearsals. Should one camera become inoperable, you can immediately switch any projector to the other camera, without losing air time or going to monochrome. "If we helped just one youngster..." "Project Youth," a special telecast by the Fetzer station in Lincoln, was produced last summer to help Nebraska teen-agers learn from the admitted mistakes of others. It featured a panel of prison inmates who discussed their lives and the anguish resulting from their mistakes. If the program helped just one youngster, we think our efforts were well spent. The Fetzer Stations \| Station \| Location \| \|-----------\|-------------------\| \| WKZO \| Kalamazoo \| \| WKZO-TV \| Kalamazoo \| \| KOLN-TV \| Lincoln \| \| KGIN-TV \| Grand Island \| \| WJEF \| Grand Rapids \| \| WWTV \| Cadillac \| \| WWUP-TV \| Sault Ste. Marie \| \| WJFM \| Grand Rapids \| \| WWTV-FM \| Cadillac \| \| WWAM \| Cadillac \| plenty. He ticked off recent block-buster specials by each of the networks, including CBS's three-part documentary on the Warren Commission Report, ABC's four-hour documentary on Africa, and NBC's special on former Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. He was less upbeat about the subject of news management in Washington. He said there is "no more of it than there ever was, and that's pretty bad." He said there are those in government "whose job is news management, just as it is that of sources who want to use us, like Stokely Carmichael." Mr. Morgan, in defending PBL's performance, said PBL is "a kind of experiment" that critics "who relate us to commercial television overlook." He said the Ford Foundation funded PBL with $10 million as a means of determining whether there was an appetite—not for a replacement for commercial television and radio—but for an alternative. He expressed the view that the experiment has "proved itself out." Although the reaction from the public has been "modest," he said, the reaction he has received, personally, indicates "there is a hunger from a modest sector of the public for variation." May Have Asked for It - He also indicated that PBL may have left itself open to the kind of criticism it has received. "We were a little smug in the beginning," he said. "We believed the ads that we were something totally new, when NET (National Educational Television) and other, commercial networks did pretty well." Mr. Harris, who is a former newsman, said stations should spare no effort to convey the precise shadings of truth in a story. "Never before has such an effort been made to impart news," he said, "yet, never before has the public been so confused." Mr. Crouse who listed some special programs KPRC-TV has produced to deal with specific problems in Houston, noted that some people think that television can help to solve the problems that cause the riots. "So do we," he said. "We believe our job—the greatest challenge we ever faced and the greatest opportunity—is to make sure they're not disappointed." Mr. Crouse dealt with a problem troubling many stations as summer approaches with the possibility of more civil disorders—whether coverage of those events should be restricted in order to avoid inflaming them. Guidelines on coverage may have some role, he said, "but they must be voluntary. We must protect the right to be our own editors." "People have a right to know a disturbance is breaking out," he said. BROADCASTING, April 8, 1968 What's Bill Veeck doing these days? Great news for advertisers! Bill is doing the best 5 minute sports show in radio today--and it can be bought on a local or regional basis. Humorous, off-beat, authoritative, in-depth -- Bill discusses personalities, deals, angles and ideas with a unique, personal "inside knowledge" of all amateur and professional sports. He's different. He's great. No wonder he's the favorite of millions of sport fans. Make Bill your spokesman. He's one of the most merchandisable names in the business. Your advertising message will reach a loyal audience. Get the details--Call: All-Star Radio & TV Productions 1431 N. State Pkwy • Chicago • 312-664-0907 (collect) The new 1000 Series is the most powerful and versatile line of industrial refrigeration equipment ever offered by Carrier. It's also the most economical. The 1000 Series is available in capacities from 25 to 100 tons. It's available with either a hermetic or semi-hermetic compressor. And it's available with a wide variety of optional features. The 1000 Series is designed for maximum efficiency. It has a high coefficient of performance, low operating costs, and low maintenance requirements. It's also designed for maximum flexibility. It can be used in a wide variety of applications, including food processing, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. The 1000 Series is also designed for maximum safety. It has a built-in safety system that automatically shuts down the unit in case of an emergency. It also has a built-in alarm system that alerts operators to any potential problems. The 1000 Series is also designed for maximum convenience. It has a user-friendly control panel that makes it easy to operate. It also has a built-in diagnostic system that helps operators quickly identify and fix any problems. The 1000 Series is also designed for maximum reliability. It has a rugged construction that can withstand the toughest conditions. It also has a long service life, with many units still in operation after 20 years. The 1000 Series is also designed for maximum environmental impact. It has a low GWP (Global Warming Potential) refrigerant, which reduces the impact on the environment. It also has a high energy efficiency rating, which reduces the impact on the environment. The 1000 Series is also designed for maximum customer satisfaction. It has a comprehensive warranty program that covers all parts and labor. It also has a dedicated customer support team that is always ready to help. The 1000 Series is the perfect choice for any industrial refrigeration application. It offers the best combination of power, versatility, efficiency, safety, convenience, reliability, environmental impact, and customer satisfaction. Continental’s most delivered 50 kW delivers you most for your money! MONEY IN THE BANK \| modulation \| power \| \|------------\|-------\| \| 0% \| 82 kw \| \| 30% \| 92 kw \| \| 100% \| 120 kw\| These average power consumption figures show how economically you can operate Continental’s Type 317C 50,000 watt AM broadcast transmitter. The low power consumption at 100% modulation takes on more significance as your station’s average modulation climbs toward 100% because of high limiting and speech clipping. JUST THREE CABINETS Continental’s 317C is completely self-contained, including a 5 hp, 2,000 cfm blower housed inside the transmitter cabinets. Plate transformer is in a separate, self-contained enclosure next to transmitter. COMPACT Entire transmitter is 144” wide, 78” high, 54” deep and uses 54 sq. ft. of floor space. External plate transformer is 24” wide, 61” high, 38” deep. Wide doors give easy access to all cabinets, with walk-in access to driver and power distribution cabinet. LOW SHIPPING COSTS More money in the bank: Continental’s Type 317C has a net weight of approximately 6,600 lbs.; three-cabinet configuration ships easily and inexpensively via truck, rail, ship or plane; standard fork lift equipment will do the job on-site. LOW INSTALLATION COSTS How’s this for helping your profit picture? Minimum installation costs with Continental’s 317C. Simple air intake and exhaust duct, main power panel and you’re in business. One Continental customer was on the air 36 hours after receiving shipment. Right. On the air 36 hours after the transmitter cabinets were delivered to his station site. And he did it himself, reading our instruction book. 27 317C INSTALLATIONS WRKO WMOO WKVM KWJJ WCCO CHQM YVLL YVMR WLAC KOMA DWS(2) WOR WNEW(2) XETRA AFRTS(4) RAI KYW BURMA BROADCASTING SERVICE RADIO CAROLINE RADIO SAHARA RADIO DOLPHIN BRITAIN RADIO Continental Electronics Co. MAIL ADDRESS: BOX 17040/DALLAS, TEXAS 75217 A SUBSIDIARY OF LTV ELECTROSYSTEMS, INC. ABC-TV to revise compensation RULE TELLS AFFILIATES PAYMENT ADJUSTMENTS MUST COME, AND SOON The prospect of "a complete reappraisal" of the network-affiliate relationship as it involves station compensation was held out as unavoidable by Elton H. Rule, president of the ABC-TV network, in an address to ABC-TV affiliates last week. He said he made the statement not as a "threat," an "announcement" or a "pronouncement," but as "acknowledgement that there is a problem" that "faces all of us." His assertion followed a reference to CBS-TV's bid to its affiliates to carry CBS's 1968 political campaign, conventions and election coverage without compensation from the network (BROADCASTING, April 1; also see page 52). The CBS's move, he said, "underscores the fact" that a reappraisal of compensation relationships "must be faced." Another mutual problem, he said at another point, lies in the proposed but temporarily postponed AT&T rate increases. "Frankly," he said, "we could not absorb the additional $3 million that this rate hike would mean. You try the answer: Who's to pay?" He said ABC is fighting the proposed rate increase "tooth and nail" and urged affiliates to do so too. In discussing payments to stations, Mr. Rule brought in the question of compensation methods for such programming as ABC's late-night Joey Bishop Show and cautioned the affiliates that "we cannot, much longer, avoid the reality that revolutionary measures will be upon us shortly." Seeking Answers - He said there "obviously is a solution" to the compensation problem as there is to "all problems" that broadcasters have faced, though "we don't know what the answer will be. But not to acknowledge that a change is coming is like putting your head in the sand. "The solution? I don't know. But we must find it together and it must be equitable." Nor did he say whether ABC-TV would follow CBS-TV's lead and ask affiliates to carry political coverage without compensation. But it seemed clear that the whole issue—long-term as well as short—would be raised again, probably in detail, at the general meeting of ABC-TV affiliates with network management in Los Angeles April 28-30, if not before. The Los Angeles meeting replaces the one normally held in conjunction with the National Association of Broadcasters convention. Last week's ABC-TV affiliates meeting, held in Chicago on March 31 before the NAB convention opened, was limited to election of affiliate officers (see page 100E), followed by talks and a presentation by ABC and ABC-TV officials. Other highlights included: - Leonard H. Goldenson, president of ABC, revealed that the company's planned offering of $75 million in debentures is no longer necessary. Without elaborating, he said the company had worked out arrangements with banks so that a public offering will not be needed, and that the registration of the proposed offering with the Securities and Exchange Commission will be withdrawn. - Mr. Goldenson also told the affiliates he had "complete confidence in the future growth and strength of ABC" in all its aspects and particularly in the going to compete, but we're going to do it differently." - A new format for ABC Evening News With Bob Young, with features and commentary on fashion, society, sports, finance, science and other fields supplementing coverage of the day's hard news in the early evening newscast, was previewed by Elmer W. Lower, president of ABC News. The changes will be introduced gradually but should be fully evident by Monday, May 13, Mr. Lower said. - If the new approach to evening news is to work, Mr. Rule said, there will have to be two feeds in the eastern and central time zones, as the other networks now provide. These are slated to start July 15. - In the long run, Mr. Rule suggested, "prime-time news may enlarge our scope of service to your audiences and it may prove competitive counter-programing." He told the affiliates that "our future approach to prime-time or fringe-time network news will be the subject of much discussion and study both individually and collectively." - Mr. Rule reproached the other networks for accepting "shared minutes"—60-second commercials shared by different advertisers—and said ABC had "lost a very substantial amount of business" by rejecting such orders, which he said had come from at least a dozen advertisers who have since taken them to other networks. He accused CBS of starting the practice and NBC of "forcing it on their affiliates." As to ABC's course, he said "the pressures are fantastic, and I tell you in all honesty I don't know how long we can hold out." - If the affiliates want 63-second breaks, Mr. Rule said, they will have to get them on some sort of formula akin to the one considered but shelved by the stations a few months ago—one in which some breaks would be lengthened by shortening others. Longer breaks must be achieved "on a quid-pro-quo basis with your viewers," he said. "Whatever we add, we must also subtract. If you get in prime time, you must give back in prime time." - As a matter of "consistency," however, he told the affiliates they would get one more 63-second break this fall. He noted that they now get 63-second breaks after one-hour specials in which they lose their normal mid-program breaks. "To be completely consistent with that policy," he said, "we will make available a 63-second break between The FBI and The Sunday Night Movie when The FBI is fully sponsored by a single advertiser." (Ford has renewed its full sponsorship of FBI for next fall.) Competitive Aim • While recognizing that ABC and affiliates share some common problems, Mr. Rule made clear that ABC is out to win the three-network race—"and win we will." He also noted that "we have a lot of good things going for us," including younger audiences, increasingly strong daytime lineups, a healthy sports schedule and "big" prime-time business. "Prime time," he said, "is our prime business activity. The second quarter is sold out. As a matter of fact, by March 22 we had written more dollar business for the second quarter than we did for the entire quarter last year. We are well on our way to the same position for the third quarter." In addition, he said, "we have already written over $125 million in business" for next season, including orders for more program sponsorships (as opposed to participations) than ABC has had "in many years. "We are matching our competitors order for order," Mr. Rule declared. "The outlook is healthy for a strong three-network economy next season and we are entering it confidently." New Effort • He said ABC's 1968-69 line-up will be "the most expensive schedule ever to appear on ABC" and will be launched Sunday, Sept. 22, supported by "a record advertising, promotion and publicity effort." Mr. Rule reviewed highlights of the 1968-69 schedule, which will be previewed in detail for affiliates at the Los Angeles meeting, and also announced "our first program commitment for 1969-70"—a series of one-hour programs, Harold Robbins' The Survivors, developed out of an agreement announced some time ago between ABC-TV and Mr. Robbins and cited by Mr. Rule as an example of "unconventional" programing ABC is shooting for. "It is an original novel written for television, not adapted for television, by today's hottest novelist," Mr. Rule said, adding that the first major actors for the series had just been signed: George Hamilton and Lana Turner. Other sources estimated production costs for the series, to be produced by Universal TV, at $250,000 an hour. Mr. Rule also assured the affiliates he would take a personal part in handling "a concern of yours that I've shared over the past eight years" as a station manager: "the scheduling of movies and specials during local [audience-measurement] sweep periods." He said that "we are very much aware of the importance of the sweeps, and I promise you to become personally involved in scheduling during these critical times for you." New Directions • In outlining the new format for ABC's evening newscast Mr. Lower said ABC News had achieved a stature, professionalism and ability to compete with other news organizations that now permitted it to "begin to be different." The first step in that direction came --- They keep marching backward into the future The Society of Television Pioneers, an organization so loosely knit that only its inertia keeps it from falling apart, stirred briefly last week in celebration, or at least observance, of its 12th anniversary. Like the groundhog, the society's membership comes out with dependable regularity once a year—during the National Association of Broadcasters convention. It eats a hot breakfast, witnesses another stellar performance by its Repertory, Dance and Recitation Company and then, like the groundhog, disappears for another year. The society's proudest boast is that "we ain't got no noble purpose," and its perennial president, W. D. (Dub) Rogers, ex-broadcaster, now mayor of Lubbock, Tex., describes its progress with a phrase from Marshall McLuhan (who he claims stole it from a society report): "We march backward into the future." But for all its aimlessness, the society's Repertory, Dance and Recitation Company comes to grips with momentous problems and events, and in this year's performance its members were Indians of the Tribe of Schmohawk, defending themselves against spectrum-grabbing invaders and, in the end, welcoming Great White Father LBJ back to the tribal council: "He wants his primary affiliation back." Shown here in tribal regalia and war paint are (l to r) Ernest Lee Jahncke Jr., NBC; John Fetzer, Fetzer Stations; Sol Taishoff, Broadcasting and Television magazines; President Rogers; Clair R. McCollough, Steinman Stations; Carl Haverlin, retired president of Broadcast Music Inc., and Ray Hamilton of Hamilton-Landis, station broker. Last week's meeting included one unaccustomed piece of business. Glenn Marshall Jr. of WJXT(TV) Jacksonville, Fla., unable to attend, sent word asking to be replaced as secretary-treasurer. He was immediately re-elected by acclamation. It was the first society election in members' memory. with the announcement in January that ABC would provide 90-minute wrap-ups of political convention highlights beginning at 9:30 p.m. rather than carry the proceedings live and in full. "This is not going to be a case of 'joining the convention proceedings' at 9:30," he said. "On most nights we may not switch live to the convention floor at all. But if, on balloting night, there is a ding-dong political fight, we will take you there. We always have that option." He also reported that writer Gore Vidal, a liberal, had been signed in addition to conservative William F. Buckley Jr., and that "they'll go at it 20 minutes or so a night" during the conventions. Of the new evening-news approach, he asked: "What shibboleth of journalism says the final shape of the product has to be the same on all three national networks?" ABC News' idea, he said, will be to cover the day's news, present it interestingly and be different enough to attract attention away from the competition. CBS reconsiders noncompensation plan After lively Chicago session with affiliates, network takes second look at its political-coverage request CBS-TV affiliates succeeded last week in heading off, at least temporarily, the network's move to have them carry this year's political campaign specials and convention and election coverage without compensation (BROADCASTING, April 1). Whether they would succeed in completely blocking the move remains to be seen. After a two-hour session on Sunday, March 31, in Chicago, followed by a shorter conference on Monday, leaders of the affiliates reported that CBS-TV network officials had agreed to reconsider their request for waiver of compensation on the political package. CBS officials confirmed that they had decided to take a second look at the proposal. It was considered virtually certain that the network would complete its review in time to present the results to the affiliates at their annual meeting next month in Los Angeles, if not before then. CBS had asked the affiliates to "share the enormous responsibility we have undertaken in the presentation of these events" by giving up compensation—a sacrifice that CBS officials claimed would amount to less than one-fifth the loss that CBS is taking on political coverage. If compensated on the same reduced basis used in 1964, the affiliates would receive an estimated $1.2 million to $1.4 million for carrying the political coverage this year. Station sources estimated the loss would average about $6,000 per affiliate if all political compensation were waived. Affiliate Leaders • A seven-man special committee of affiliates, led by Tom Bostic of KIMA-TV Yakima, Wash., chairman of the CBS-TV Affiliates Board, spearheaded opposition to the plan in conferences with Thomas H. Dawson, CBS-TV network president; William B. Lodge, vice president in charge of affiliate relations and networking, and Carl Ward, affiliate relations vice president. In what was described by affiliate sources as "a lively session," the CBS officials reportedly stressed that the network was losing huge sums on political coverage and that the nominal loss affiliates would take by giving up compensation for these events would be little enough for them to contribute to a public-service effort of such magnitude. The affiliate representatives were said At the Sunday night banquet for CBS-TV affiliates in Chicago: Louis Simon, KPIX(TV) San Francisco; William B. Lodge, CBS-TV vice president-affiliate relations; Tom Bostic, KIMA-TV Yakima, Wash.; Thomas H. Dawson, president, CBS TV Network; Thomas Murphy, Capital Cities Broadcasting. "For Excellence in educational, informational and public affairs broadcasting" 1968 Ohio State Award CITATION: "...commended as a distinguished effort by a local station to develop an in-depth report on a critical but little understood defense complex centered in the area of the broadcast station. Well-organized and effectively paced narrative is complemented by fine color photography and good location sound. The initiative of Station WOW-TV in securing authoritative comment of high-ranking military leaders; the integration of historic footage; the care and scope of the research involved; the production values exhibited; and the air time expended — pay off in the total impact and informational effect of this impressive hour-long program." WOW STATIONS HONOR ROLL OF AWARDS WOW Radio — George Foster Peabody Honor Citation (1941); George Foster Peabody Award (1947); Ohio State Award (1948); Radio Pioneer's Hall of Fame: John J. Gillin Jr. (1954). WOW Radio & TV — George Foster Peabody Award (1957). WOW-TV — National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Regional Award (1964-65); Ohio State Award (1968). "FIFTEEN MINUTES FROM WAR" A WOW-TV Omaha hour-long color documentary about the U.S. Strategic Air Command, which headquarters at Omaha. WOW-TV 6 OMAHA A CBS AFFILIATE One of the award-winning Meredith stations. MEREDITH STATIONS: WOW AM-TV-FM Omaha; WHEN AM-TV Syracuse; KCMO AM-TV-FM Kansas City; KPHO AM-TV Phoenix to be "sympathetic" to CBS's position but to feel, nevertheless, that a complete waiver of compensation was "too much for the affiliates to give." Much of the criticism of CBS's move has been based less on objection to the move itself than on fears for what it may lead to—erosion of compensation in other program areas as well. Westinghouse Broadcasting, for one, has protested that CBS seems to be moving toward a policy of compensating for programs that affiliates can pre-empt and replace, such as network movies, but not compensating for those that are hard or impossible to pre-empt and replace locally, such as political coverage and professional football. Rumors Discounted • There were reports last week that CBS affiliates would carry the political coverage without compensation—but would delete the network commercials and replace them with public-service announcements. These reports were generally discounted, however, not only by CBS affiliate leaders but also by authoritative sources at other networks who were following the CBS developments closely. Leaders of the CBS-TV Affiliates Association said their organization certainly would recommend no such action. But no one would deny that some individual affiliates might try this course, if necessary, although the consensus appeared to be that few would do so, and some sources insisted it could not be done without breaching the network-affiliation contract. On the other hand, critics of CBS's no-compensation plan contended that enforcement of the plan itself, without affiliate agreement, would breach the contract. CBS-TV has two advertisers signed for part sponsorship of its political package: Travelers Insurance, through Young & Rubicam, for one-quarter sponsorship, and Humble Oil, through McCann-Erickson, for one-eighth sponsorship. It was in relaying these orders that CBS asked affiliates to accept "on the basis of no station payments." The seven-man committee that represented CBS affiliates in last week's negotiations with the network, in addition to Chairman Bostic, were four former chairmen of the affiliates board and two current members. The former chairmen were Thomas Murphy of Capital Cities Broadcasting; Richard A. Borel of WNNS-TV Columbus, Ohio; Carl Lee of WKZO-TV Kalamazoo-Grand Rapids, Mich., and Tom Baker of WLAC-TV Nashville, Tenn. The current members of the board, aside from Chairman Bostic, are Robert Wright of WTKO-TV Meridian, Miss., and Ken Bagwell of WJW-TV Cleveland. NBC-TV officials meanwhile have assured their affiliates that they will be paid for this year's political coverage on the same basis used for the 1964 campaign, totaling an estimated $1 million (BROADCASTING, April 1). ABC-TV officials see the CBS no-compensation bid as reflecting a need for reappraisal of basic compensation relationships but have not indicated whether they will or won't ask their affiliates to waive political-coverage compensation this year (see page 50). More muscle for UHF's That's theme of idea-swapping session of ACTS in Chicago All-Channel Television Society, a self-styled "very poor and dedicated" organization, had an active coming-of-age debut at last week's National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. Just like any of television's lusty operations, UHF's own trade organization held an information-packed breakfast meeting and symposium on Tuesday (April 2). Some 150 early-rising UHF broadcasters heard speeches by Martin E. Firestone, their general counsel, and by Judge Nat Allen, chairman of the National Television Translator Association, before taking part in panel discussions on financial planning, equipment and engineering, programing and sales. In a nearly four-hour session, ACTS, barely a gleam in anyone's eye at last year's convention, succeeded in getting its members to selflessly share tips on what it takes to run a UHF station. Throughout it was evident that here was an organization convinced that if the bells of financial disaster toll for one of its members they toll for all. With William Putnam, president of ACTS, as well as of Springfield Television Broadcasting Corp., in authoritative and flamboyant style in his role as chairman of the session (speakers who lingered beyond a time limitation were literally clubbed from behind with a wicked-looking shillelagh), the UHF meeting got underway with a spirited attack on CATV by Judge Allen. Urging UHF broadcasters to get into TV broadcasting "with both feet," the speaker, a district judge in Montana, made it clear that his organization's aim "is to get out of business and let the stations take over." He blamed the FCC for slow translator growth and the fast development of cable TV and for "creating an untenable monopoly the Department of Justice will some day have to undo." Judge Allen, chief spokesman for the some 3,000 translators in the country, pointed out that UHF coverage areas could equal VHF coverage areas in size, through the use of modulator equipment available today by which translators can originate. "With such a unit and with that unit controlled by the push of a button at your own TV, every translator . . . could cut away and put on a separate announcement for the merchant of some store in that smaller community which it serves, while your own TV station carried an announcement of strictly local interest where the station is," he said. Beware the FCC • Warning that the FCC and cable people will join in some day "getting rid of you," Judge Allen strongly recommended that UHF broadcasters own commercial translators and make them profitable. "This is the way to give service to the public. This is the way to be sure of your market. No one can switch you off your own translator and put on a distant station . . . this is the way to assure a free over-the-air television system in America," he said. Mr. Firestone, general counsel for ACTS in Washington, followed Judge Allen's keynote address with a status report that emphasized the need for UHF stations to "work like hell" to protect their growth and development. UHF broadcasters have to be prepared for a "long fight" to protect their channels from land-mobile and other service demands, he said. Indicating that planning for profit at a UHF station is like playing "big boy's Monopoly," Aaron J. Katz, vice president for planning and administration, U. S. Communications Corp., kicked off the panel discussions with some financial hints. He told how his company has tried to develop substantial cash flow savings through more creative equipment financing for its UHF stations in Philadelphia and San Francisco. "We believe that a combination of lease and the use of our investment credit as a consideration to institutional credit sources will provide us with an annual constant in the area of 15% with payments spread over a longer term, instead of 26%," he explained. New Credit Lines • As a young executive from the Bank of America, San Francisco, sat in the audience busily taking notes, Mr. Katz told his fellow UHF broadcasters that they have to create new lines of credit outside of banks because their returns are all in the future and that they have to "act like Indian fakirs with a bed of nails." They have to generate and create lines of credit they do not possess now, was his suggestion. During the equipment and engineering discussion, David M. Baltimore, vice president and general manager, WBRE-TV Wilkes-Barre, Pa., recommended that UHF stations use "the maximum Did Percy open his VP campaign with NAB speech? Incredibly young-looking, smooth and polished Senator Charles H. Percy (R-III.), a politician likely to succeed, told a management luncheon at last week's National Association of Broadcasters convention that it had gotten the worst of a horse trade when it substituted him as a speaker for the senior senator from Illinois. But Everett M. Dirksen (R-III.), Senate minority leader, suffered a hip injury and was confined to Washington by doctor's orders. So Senator Percy, contacted on short notice by Ward L. Quaal, president of WGN Continental Broadcasting Co., made the trip to Chicago by private jet through foul weather. And the some 1,000 broadcasters attending the concluding convention luncheon (April 3) laughed, applauded, gave strict attention to his every word and most demonstratively responded with standing ovations both before and after the first-term senator's address. In a far-ranging speech that ran for more than 45 minutes, Senator Percy touched on President Johnson's decision not to run for re-election, the general political scene in this country, the war in Vietnam, the responsibilities of Congress and the American people in the current crisis, the tax bill, the need for more and better housing, federal spending, the trend towards laws protecting criminals, the speeding of the output of M-16 rifles, the duties of business and unions, the foolishness of waging a "holy war" against Communism, recognition of Red China, aid to countries who want to help themselves and the role of the Republican Party. He also found time to attack war hawks and tariffs on imports. And just for a moment—barely a moment—he reminisced about sponsoring documentary shows on the three TV networks, while head of Bell & Howell Co. "I remember how disappointed I was when the Nielsens came in and showed that people were turning us off by the millions," he said. It was the only mention of disappointment during the luncheon. The NAB didn't lose a senior senator; it gained a vice presidential hopeful. amount of power you can get." According to Mr. Baltimore: "A first-class telecaster puts out a first-class signal." He also recommended that UHF receiving antennas be kept away from chimneys. William P. Kusack, vice president, engineering for WFIL(TV) Chicago, came out solidly in favor of standardized transistorized modular plug-in equipment for UHF stations. He suggested that "no consideration be given" to monochrome cameras. Instead, he recommended the purchase of four-tube Plumbicon color cameras because they require less maintenance time than three-tube cameras. Mr. Kusack pointed out that except for the transmitter and antenna, there is no difference in the technical operation of equipment between a UHF or VHF station. In one of the most detailed and significant talks delivered at the ACTS symposium, Leonard B. Stevens, vice president for operations, U.S. Communications Corp., stressed that for the independent UHF station in an intermixed market, "programing is still the name of the game." The best signal money can buy, a high-powered sales organization, are all meaningless, he said, without "attracting programing to bite into the network station's share of your market." If an independent UHF station, especially in the small and medium-size market, does a mediocre job of attracting local viewers, it's dead, he maintained, because last year's spot decline indicates that "the honeymoon is over" even for affiliated stations. Mr. Stevens pointed out that, on the other hand, because the network stations in Philadelphia regarded new UHF operators as "a bunch of rank amateurs," UHF penetration in the market is now 77%—the highest in the country. According to the latest American Research Bureau estimates, quoted by Mr. Stevens, UHF's share of audience in Philadelphia is 16%, up from 11% in January 1968, from noon to 5 p.m.; 27%, up from 25%, from 5 to 7:30 p.m.; 11%, up from 9%, from 7:30 to 11 p.m. (and 13% from 7:30 to 9 p.m.); 12%, up from 11½%, from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. To add emphasis to this performance by the three UHF stations in Philadelphia, the U.S. Communications Corp. executive revealed that his company will report more than $6 million in revenues this year. He concluded that "the modern indie, with a top-grade signal, strategically programed, can make it in practically every market that has three network affiliates." Survival Kit = George J. Mitchell, vice president and general manager, WKEF(TV) Dayton, Ohio, told UHF operators who are basic network affiliates or per-program affiliates that "the only way to survival lies somewhere between filling airtime and spending yourself into oblivion." He cautioned against programing that "reproduces overhead like coat hangers in a dark closet." He also pointed out that possibly at the 60% to 70% penetration level, "when you are coming between 40% and 50% of what the big V's in your market are," UHF management should look to switch from splinter group programing to all mass-appeal product. His rule of thumb for UHF stations is to program from a budget, while sticking to set buying price and program formulas. Among other things, he also suggested that stations don't program live until they can afford it and to program for the long haul because "there's only one way to eat an elephant—a bite at a time." Andrew E. Jackson, vice president and general manager of WMKO(TV) Muskegon, Mich., was loudly applauded when he grandly announced that his small-market UHF operation showed total operating cost of $11,200 last February and total billings of $11,400. This modest profit corner was turned, he said, after only 11 months on the air, by total reliance on locally produced and free-film programing. He feels there's "great potential" for small-market independent UHF stations throughout the country using WMKG's kind of "local radio" concept. In the sales seminar, John A. Serrao, vice president and general manager, United Artists Broadcasting Inc., recommended that UHF stations in markets smaller than the top 50, concentrate on local retail sales. He also suggested that such stations underwrite the cost of maintaining a young salesman in New York so that he can be ready to pitch for every national spot availability request. John B. Sias, president, Metro TV Sales, reported that there's "real gold" in the national spot "hills." He assured UHF stations that national advertising can be sold. Dirty Three-letter Word - Harry H. Wise, president of The Hollingbery Co., urged the affiliated UHF stations to place the greatest emphasis on the early and late fringe time areas. "That's where the most national spot dollars are spent," he said. Milton Grant, president and general manager of WDCA-TV Washington, said that in selling, "UHF is a dirty word." Added Mr. Grant: "We are not selling UHF or VHF. We are selling television. The FCC has given us that. That is what the agency or the client is buying." W. Robert McKinsey, president and general manager of WJRI-TV Atlanta, pointed out that the key to making local sales "is just making more sales calls than the competition." This is a necessity, he indicated, because "our income from each sale is so small that we must have many, many advertisers on the air every day." FCC Commissioners Robert E. Lee, Lee Loevinger and Kenneth A. Cox were the guests of ACTS for the breakfast meeting and symposium, with the last named commission member remaining throughout the long morning of activities. In brief remarks at the conclusion of the session, Mr. Cox assured the UHF broadcasters that the commission is not trying to give away their spectrum space. "I'm not fully convinced that you don't need those 70 channels," he said. Allott contends FCC 'confused' on goals The FCC's appropriations outlook may be even gloomier in the Senate than has already been indicated by Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman Warren G. Magnuson (D-Wash.). Last week the ranking Republican subcommittee member, Senator Gordon Allott (R-Colo.), in some afterthoughts following the FCC's appearance seeking funds, said he'd "never seen the commission more confused on where they're going." During the hearing (BROADCASTING, April 1), Senator Magnuson (who also serves as chairman of the Commerce Committee) warned that cuts necessitated by economy moves underway in the Senate should be expected by the commission. Several days after the hearing, Senator Allott, in a report filmed by Time-Life Broadcast for its Denver outlet, KLZ-TV, expressed his displeasure with the commission's presentation, and came close, some observers believed, to calling for FCC Chairman Rosel H. Hyde's resignation. Later, however, he told BROADCASTING that the thrust of his remarks was that, in light of the confusion at the commission, changes in personnel were indicated as a means of clearing the air and reducing the complexity of the FCC's policies. He added that his advocacy of new blood wasn't aimed at spilling the blood of any specific present member of the FCC and that if he were, in the future, to call for specific resignations there would be no doubt about who would be meant. At the hearing, Senator Allott's criticism focused on inadequacies of the fairness doctrine in protecting candidates from personal attack, the commission's extension of the fairness doctrine to product advertising and the lack of clear standards for differentiating between comment and editorials in fairness cases. Bid for FM renewal turned down by FCC James E. Miller of Oklahoma City has lost a bid to have the FCC rescind an order deactivating KYFM(FM) Oklahoma City. The station's renewal application was dismissed and its call letters were deleted in February after it had gone silent for long periods of time. Mr. Miller reportedly advanced $22,000 for the station apparently without knowing that he needed commission approval of the transaction and without knowing that the commission was considering a move to withdraw the license. The matter was complicated further when Great Empire Corp. applied for KYFM's frequency, 98.9 mc. Once that was accepted by the commission, the matter would be put into hearing. Mr. Miller asked the commission to rescind the order and renew KYFM's operating authority, so he could apply for assignment to him of the station's license. In a letter to him the commission denied the request. In a concurring statement, Commissioner Nicholas Johnson suggested he file an application for a new license for the facility. The commissioner noted: "Insofar as [Mr. Miller] has been a victim of deceptive practices, his remedy, if any, ought properly to lie in a court of law." TUBE-UP NOW FOR THE NEW BASEBALL SEASON and get the kind of live color remotes you want Right now is the right time to tube-up for the up-coming baseball season—and the political conventions and elections—and get improved color, improved system sensitivity from your remote cameras. How? Re-tube with: EEV 4½" ELCON Target Image Orthicons. 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VISUAL ELECTRONICS CORPORATION 356 west 40th street • new york, n.y. 10018 • (212) 736-5840 YOUR MAJOR SOURCE FOR ADVANCED EQUIPMENT All is not quiet on the labor front FIRST OPEN LABOR CLINIC WARNED OF IMPENDING TROUBLES, NEW UNIONS The International Brotherhood of Teamsters has started organizing radio stations. The Communications Workers of America is active among the unorganized broadcast employees. Broadcast union members are militant, more willing than ever before to strike for their wishes. They have increased their staying power. Wage increase patterns of previous years have gone down the drain. Rebellion is in the wind and the atmosphere is charged with inflation and tight manpower conditions. Stations can expect a good deal more labor unions in their shops. They are going to have to work harder to negotiate with each. Legal decisions can be expected to go against them. Fewer and fewer stations will be able to afford the luxury of giving in to labor's demands. This is some of the toil and trouble that's in store for broadcasters according to information revealed at the National Association of Broadcasters annual radio-television labor relations clinic, held in Chicago last week. ABC's Richard L. Freund, Storer Broadcasting's Abiah A. Church and NAB's Ron Irion hoisted these warnings at a two-hour afternoon session Monday (April 1), attended by some 500 broadcasters. At the same meeting Sam Zagoria, one of the five members of the National Labor Relations Board, and William E. Simkin, director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, pinpointed government's responsibilities in resolving labor disputes. In addition, Mr. Zagoria took it upon himself to tell the station operators how they should program television. It was the first time in NAB history that the annual labor clinic was open to the public. It also was the first time that representatives of the NLRB and the Conciliation Service addressed an NAB convention about labor-management relations, as well as offering programming suggestions. 'Alien' Unions • The most urgent warning of impending labor troubles was issued by Mr. Irion, NAB's assistant director of broadcast management. He told of the comparatively new labor developments that involve two unions "alien" to the broadcasting industry, ones that "will further fragment the medium." The Communications Workers of America, he charged, is organizing the unorganized broadcast employees on a national scale. The Teamsters Union has won the right to represent workers at WRIG Wausau, Wis., and, although still trying to carve out a collective bargaining contract with the station, Student broadcasters told to plan ahead Some 200 members of the Intercollegiate Broadcasting System got taken down by one of their elders for worrying too much about the present and not showing much concern for their future in broadcasting. The occasion was a general caucus at the IBS convention in Chicago, held on the eve of the National Association of Broadcasters convention and the elder was Clair R. McCollough, president of the Steinman Stations, Lancaster, Pa., and longtime activist in NAB and industry councils. Mr. McCollough was on a panel with J. Leonard Reinsch, president of Cox Broadcasting Corp.; FCC Commissioner Lee Loevinger, and Sol Taishoff, editor and publisher of BROADCASTING and Television magazines, who was also moderator. The questions from the student broadcasters centered on the difficulties they have in getting funds to operate collegiate FM stations, and they wanted to know why they couldn't either sell time on their noncommercial stations or at least get commercial licenses. After 45 minutes of that type of continuing questioning and with the students seemingly unwilling to accept the reasons offered by the panel, Mr. McCollough blew his cool. "Stop worrying so much about whether you should have 10 w commercial FM's and worry about where you're going in the future—30 years from now," he admonished his audience. "What happens in the future may be a little problem now, but you should be looking ahead—get with it." On that note the caucus ended and the students instead of filing out came forth to greet the panel and hear a little more about looking ahead. is nevertheless out to organize all jurisdictional units within radio stations whether they be announcers, engineers, stagehands or clerical workers. Mr. Freund, vice president, labor relations for ABC, New York, claimed that the America Federation of Television and Radio Artists strike against the three networks a year ago and the National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians walkout against his company last fall are emphatic indications of rising union membership militancy. Among the lessons to be learned from this "revolution in the ranks," he said, were that union leaders no longer do the leading and management's message has to go directly to the membership. Based on last year's difficulties, broadcast workers have set their wage sights higher than ever before. Management has to be mentally prepared for the possibility of further strikes. Mr. Church, vice president and assistant secretary of Storer Broadcasting, Miami, saw a substantial increase ahead in the number of unions operating within the station province. "Broadcast unions will be very active," he predicted. He told of contracts running to 50 pages. "You'd better bargain every line of it," he stressed. Rougher Negotiations - Mr. Church, a former NAB staff attorney, also warned of adverse legal decisions in the labor field and of increasingly difficult negotiations. He suggested that station operators keep their unorganized workers happy with equitable handling of overtime assignments, deserved merit wage increases, impartial treatment for all by superiors and by meeting industry standards of compensation. The station group executive particularly urged station management to replace "the misfit and the incompetent" employee before he winds up being the one that organizes the shop. "Don't be paralyzed by union demands," he said. "Be prepared to get a livable contract." In a straightforward, pointedly noncontroversial presentation, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation's Mr. Simkin described his service as that of "a man in the middle." He assured the broadcasters that labor mediators can't tell them what to do and said he was "happy to have no power." Pointing out that radio-TV labor problems make up a small part of the mediation service workload, Mr. Simkin reported that of 20,000 mediation and conciliation service assignments, 8,000 actual cases handled and 2,000 strikes throughout the country in the last year, only 151 assignments, 70 cases and 12 strikes involved broadcasters. NLRB's Mr. Zagoria, who said he felt like "a tiny sparrow invited to a nest of eagles," concerned himself mostly with pecking away at TV's programing practices. He suggested that stations examine their program mix which so much of the time depicts the "dopey father" and the "flirtatious mother." Instead television should "excite interest in how people make a living," reflect pride in the skill of hands. Mr. Zagoria, a one-time reporter for the Washington Post, told of a newspaper colleague who worked in broadcasting but was not encouraged to report his labor stories on the air unless he embellished them with as much conflict as the cowboys-and-Indians show that followed on the station. He observed that there was not much point in raising sons to be radio-TV labor reporters. He called for more broadcast coverage of ghetto youths, working wives and moonlighting fathers. Before asking Mr. Zagoria a question from the floor, Eldon Campbell, vice president and general manager of WFBM-TV Indianapolis, said he was glad to see the NLRB representative join the 100 million others in the country "as a program manager." ABC Radio is here to stay That's Goldenson's message as he scotches 'ridiculous fairy tales'; black ink expected for networks by 1969 Some 740 broadcasters affiliated with one or another of ABC Radio's four new network services were assured last week that the revolutionary new operation is making progress, will probably get into the black in 1969 and in any case reflects ABC's intention to stay in radio. Striking out at "ridiculous fairy tales" about ABC management's intentions, Leonard H. Goldenson, president of ABC Inc., told the affiliates that "nothing could be further from the truth" than rumors that ABC would give the concept a short try and get out of radio networking if it didn't succeed. "We are in business to stay," Mr. Goldenson told the meeting, held March 31 in Chicago. "We believe in radio. We are convinced that the new four-network-services concept is the modern, up-to-date way of increasing the power and prestige of radio. And the progress to date has been tremendous—and it's going to get better and better." Bright Billings - Walter A. Schwartz, president of the ABC Radio network, said second-quarter billings will more than double those for the first quarter and that "we already have more billings on the books for our third quarter than we now have for what's going to be a very successful second quarter. "At the rate indicated by these sales and by sales already in for the fourth quarter," Mr. Schwartz said, "the ABC Radio network will be in the black as early as 1969." The new concept was put into operation Jan. 1 with ABC providing four different services compatible with the local programing of four different groups of affiliates. The networks are the American Contemporary, Entertainment, FM and Information networks. Mr. Schwartz said that where ABC's old one-network operation had 420 affiliates last year, the four networks Discussing the ABC Radio network's plans for covering the 1968 political conventions, are (l to r): Herbert Granath, vice president in charge of sales; Ralph W. Beaudin, group vice president for radio of ABC Inc.; Walter A. Schwartz, President, ABC Radio network; and Thomas O'Brien, vice president and director of radio news. The FM network's news, for instance, is fed at 15 minutes past the hour, so its convention reports will be scheduled at 20 minutes past the hour. The Contemporary network feeds its news at five minutes before the hour, the Entertainment network on the half-hour and the Information network on the hour. Mr. Schwartz said the only times all four network services would simulcast convention coverage would be during the keynote addresses, the presidential and vice presidential acceptance speeches and—if news events warrant it—possibly some of the balloting or related events. Affiliates Vote ■ Affiliates of each of the four ABC networks elected an affiliates advisory board to make recommendations to and consult with network management. Membership of the four boards was announced as follows: American Information network: Si Goldman, WJTN Jamestown, N.Y. (northeast); Edward D. Allen Jr., WDOO Sturgeon Bay, Wis. (north central); Bernard E. Neary, WGBS Miami (southeast); James E. Reese, WGGM Gulfport, Miss. (south central); George C. Hatch, KALL Salt Lake City (mountain), and John Behnke, KOMO Seattle (Pacific). American Contemporary network: John J. Sheard, WLAV Grand Rapids, Mich. (northeast); Ben Laird, WUZQ Green Bay, Wis. (north central); John Lee Davenport, WISE Asheville, N.C. (southeast); R. E. Lee Glasgow, WACO Waco, Tex. (south central); Rod Louden, KASH Eugene, Ore. (Pacific). American Entertainment network: Dick James, WBWB Youngstown, Ohio (northeast); Dee Coe, WWCA Gary, Inc. (north central); Charles Blackley, WTOL Staunton, Va. (southeast); Williar Chapman, WCRT Birmingham, Ala. (south central); Richard McKee, KQX Denver (mountain); Bert Files, KDA Los Angeles (Pacific). American FM network: Bill Shaw, WPTH(FM) Fort Wayne, Ind. (northeast); Pat Nugent, WIVC(FM) Peoria Ill. (north central); Frederic Brewer, WPFX(FM) Pensacola, Fla. (southeast) George Kravis, KRAV(FM) Tulsa, Okla. (south central); Craig Bowers, KMY(FM) Denver (mountain); Reid Leath, KSFR(FM) San Francisco (Pacific). Ways to boost smaller markets Pengra advises secondary markets to program for audience involvement Bigger audiences, better ratings and more spot-advertising business were among the close-to-the-heart subjects explored by secondary-market television broadcasters in a wide-ranging session last Monday (April 1) at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. CATV, copyright law, ascertaining and meeting community needs, remote-control operations and editorializing were also examined in the panel session, held at the convention's opening TV assembly with Hamilton Shea of Gilmore Broadcasting Group, who is chairman of the NAB secondary-market TV committee, as moderator. Panelists, also members of the committee, were Marshall Pengra KUTV(TV) Tyler, Tex.; Thomas L. Young, KWLT-TV Waterloo, Iowa; Allan Land, WHIZ-TV Zanesville, Ohio; James W. Higgins, WWNY-TV Carthage-Watertown, N.Y.; Dale G. Moore, KGVO-TV Missoula, Mont., and Ray Johnson, KMED-TV Medford, Ore. Digging In ■ Broadcasters in secondary markets, defined as those below the top 100, were advised by Mr. Pengra to pursue a course of audience involvement, local orientation and alert promotion in their quest for higher ratings. "Involve your audience in every possible way—be interested in [your audiMarch 16, 1968 Mr. Franklin G. Sisson WWJ-TV 622 Lafayette Blvd. Detroit, Mich. 48231 Dear Mr. Sisson: Earlier this week one of the live half hours that I was scheduled to do with George Pierrot was bumped in favor of the continued live coverage of the Senate Foreign Relation Committee's questioning of Dean Rusk. I later learned that I would be paid in full, even though I did not do the show. It is my purpose in this letter to commend you on your fair thinking; but even more, to let you know how excellent and important your full coverage of that vital current event was. Your willingness to forfeit revenue in order to fulfill your responsibility in keeping the public informed, provides a standard of television broadcasting of which you can be proud, indeed. These are troubled times. I believe that the nation is at a point of real crises. It seems to me that your station, and the network with which you are affiliated, did the American people and your own broadcast medium a mature and intelligent service. I wish to return my fee to you for the program I did not do. With it are my heartiest congratulations for a job well done. Very sincerely yours, Stanton A. Waterman ence] and keep them interested in you," he said, recommending emphasis on local news (including as many local names as possible), interviews, city-commission discussions and editorializing. Mr. Young, dealing with ways to comply with FCC requirements that stations learn and meet community needs, told of annual clinics conducted by his KWWL-TV in which local leaders are given tips on tailoring their materials for best use by the station and, in return, offer their views of the station's service and how it might be improved. KWWL-TV also conducts public-service clinics in other towns it serves, he reported. Editorializing, according to Mr. Land, can be both profitable and effective in secondary markets, and "the smaller the market, the more effective it is." Even if there is opposition to a given editorial policy, he suggested, "if you're doing what is good for the community, you can't go too far wrong." Editorializing, he advised, should be kept the province of ownership and top management. Mr. Land called upon NAB to campaign for removal of "fairness" and other limitations on editorializing. "If a station is out of sync with its community," he said, "it's going to hear about it" from listeners. VHF Automation • Mr. Higgins reported on NAB's efforts, unsuccessful thus far, to get FCC to authorize remote control of VHF transmitters. He noted that in denying the NAB's last petition the FCC left the door open and in fact encouraged a new filing, which he said NAB hopes to submit in May. This time, Mr. Higgins reported, the petition should be supported by all who believe in it—not by just the handful who filed in support of the earlier one. As part of the preparation for the new filing, he said, three stations—KTTV(TV) Los Angeles, KMBC-TV Kansas City and WNEW-TV New York—are currently being operated by remote control, apparently successfully. These tests are expected to continue about 30 days longer. The three stations are owned by Metromedia. Pending copyright legislation and litigation were reviewed by Mr. Moore and NAB General Counsel Douglas Anello. Mr. Anello thought there was no chance that CATV copyright legislation would be passed at this session of Congress. But he was "reasonably sure" that the U.S. Supreme Court would decide two pending CATV cases before it recesses in June. One of these is the United Artists-Fortnightly case, and Mr. Anello said he was inclined to think the court would hold CATV liable for copyright except perhaps within the same community served by the station whose programs it picks up and rebroadcasts. The other is the so-called San Diego jurisdictional case, and Mr. Anello said he would guess the court will rule that FCC can regulate all CATV. Getting Together • Mr. Johnson suggested that one way to get national and regional advertisers to add secondary markets to their buying lists is through a joint effort by competing stations to enlarge and promote the entire market. "Improve the market potential," he advised, "and then you can fight over the dollars." He also recommended that stations supply their reps and prospective clients with better information on their markets and, wherever possible, show how they can help specific advertisers solve specific problems. Mr. Shea said that, along the same line, his stations were trying to develop information on product movement for clients and relate it to TV coverage areas,, so that advertisers will have a better idea of their advertising investment—and their competitors"—in relation to sales in a given area. Mr. Shea also reported that the secondary-market TV committee is compiling a catalogue of audience-measurement problems reported by broadcasters, in hope that solutions can be developed. NBC NETWORK NEWS IN COLOR WAS A HARD ACT TO FOLLOW. THEN WHO-TV BROUGHT LOCAL COLOR NEWS TO DES MOINES. "We knew that a lot of WHO viewers were seeing NBC network news in color. Our early-evening half hour of local news backed up to it, so we decided to make the switch to full color," says Robert Wilbanks, WHO-TV News Director. "Our viewers were pleased with the change, and we couldn't be happier with the results both then and now." Lisle Shires, Chief News Photographer, tells more about the switch. "It was very easy. And in more than a year of operation I don't think we've had a bad piece of color film. We can shoot everything in color that we did in black-and-white. If anything, the Kodak color films have given us even more latitude." As far as process ease with Kodak ME-4 chemicals, Ward McCleary, Promotion Manager for the station, takes up where Shires left off. "Ask the network crew about that. Since we are a primary NBC network station, they used our lab for processing footage from the National Farmers' Organization convention held in Des Moines. We got nothing but compliments on the process, the lab, and the quality." WHO-TV had expert Kodak assistance when they switched to color. Kodak technical help is always just a phone call away. Your station will probably go to color sooner or later. Call Kodak before it gets any later. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ATLANTA: 5315 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Chamblee, 30005, 404—GL 7-5211; CHICAGO: 1901 West 22nd St., Oak Brook, 60523, 312—654-0200; DALLAS: 6300 Cedar Springs Rd., 75235, 214—Fl 1-3221; HOLLYWOOD: 6706 Santa Monica Blvd., 90038, 213—464-6131; NEW YORK: 200 Park Ave., 10017, 212—MU 7-7080; SAN FRANCISCO: 3250 Van Ness Ave., 94119, 415—776-6055 How to get fired before you get hired. The kids giggled, but really it was a pretty sad performance. Susan McReynold's was applying for a job with Humble. She chewed gum in the interviewer's face. Then yawned, so the interviewer could see it was gum. She scratched her head when asked for her Social Security number. She left blanks in the employment application and crossed out other parts. Susan didn't get the job. Luckily, she already has one. She works for Humble, in the personnel department. Her yawning, scratching, gum chomping performance was put on for the graduating seniors at Wheatley High School in Houston, Texas. Object: to show the kids how to get fired before you get hired, if you ask for a job in the wrong way. Miss McReynolds and Helen Hillyer, another Humble employment counselor (she plays the part of the company interviewer) have put on their show several times in the Houston area. They don't just fun around with the wrong way to do things, either. They show the right way, including inside tips on how to land a job. It helps the kids. We're glad, because we've learned, as we go about our business of making good products and a fair profit, that there's added satisfaction in doing something more for people. Humble is doing something more. HUMBLE Oil & Refining Company America's Leading Energy Company The great debate on one-per-market rule Topic comes up as expected at NAB convention; Cox given 'equal time' to discuss new rule The expected attack by the broadcasting industry on the FCC's proposed new rules governing concentration of station ownership in a market (BROADCASTING, April 1), bubbled right to the surface early in last week's National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. On one side was Douglas A. Anello, NAB general counsel, who was scheduled on the radio assembly agenda to report on current activities in Washington. On the other side was FCC Commissioner Kenneth A. Cox, who happened to be in the audience and who was not scheduled to take part in the session. Although they did not share the platform at the same time, the commissioner was given "equal time" to respond to Mr. Anello after the NAB executive criticized the proposed rule. Mr. Anello contended the rule, which would bar owners of any fulltime broadcast facility in a market to acquire another station (whether AM, FM or TV) in that market may be leading to "enforced divestiture." The rule would allow a daytime AM to acquire an FM or TV in the market, and Mr. Anello contended that it "doesn't make much sense" to allow that type of purchase while not allowing an FM station to purchase a daytime AM. Additionally, he said, "the commission states that licensees cannot be granted to people already owning facilities in the market. It would appear that if no facility was owned, a complete package of AM, FM and TV could be transferred." "We would hope," he continued, "that this is the minimum grandfathering rights the commission would cover. Despite claims of nonforced divestiture, unless current licensees could transfer in a package, it amounts to enforced divestiture." Cox View = Commissioner Cox, offered the microphone "in the interest of fairness", explained that the commission's concern in the matter is "control of media" in a single community and that if there is more than one station in the market and they are all "independently viable the public is better off." "Obviously," he said, every time you have two or three stations under single ownership you have fewer voices." Relating to Mr. Anello's opinion on divestiture, Commissioner Cox noted that the proposal "does not contemplate divestiture now." As for the NAB counsel's feeling that a station package could be transferred under the proposed rule, Mr. Cox said that if that reading is correct "we'll have to change the proposition." He added that the commission had not asked for comments on the rule until late June and felt that much time gives all broadcasters an opportunity to comment. "We have a pretty good idea of what you're going to say," he added, "but we'd like it in black and white." Small-Market Radio = The Small-Market Radio Committee report at the meeting covered a variety of subjects ranging from what is being done to encourage young people to pursue a career in broadcasting to the way a small-market radio operator can use CATV to create a small-market localized TV station. Raymond Plank, WKLA Ludington, Mich., committee chairman, reviewed the activity in developing junior college broadcasting courses and forming high school broadcast clubs. At the other end of the panel, John Jacobs, WDUN Gainesville, Ga., suggested that the small radio station that has a CATV franchise can create televised local newscasts "merely by putting an inexpensive closed-circuit camera" in front of the newscaster and the same theory can be applied to interviews, sports or talk shows. Such simulcasting produces increased revenue, he said, and added that the broadcaster's prestige in the community would probably also show an increase. One committee member, John Hurlbut, WMWC Mount Carmel, Ill., suggested that broadcasters only have to "start talking" to be heard at the FCC. In the next breath he criticized his small-market brethren who had been pushing for FCC help in making third-class operator licenses easier to get. When the commission did get around to announcing a proposed rulemaking, he went on, a very small number of broadcasters took the time to send comments. If the FCC had decided then to turn down the whole idea on the basis that the NAB's pleas had not been supported by the stations, he continued, the broadcasters could blame only themselves. (The commission did approve the third-class ticket proposal.) Radio Value = In the annual Radio Advertising Bureau presentation at the convention, Miles David, RAB president, declared that the new story radio has to sell is "not one of radio numbers but of radio's numberless value" to the public. He showed a new RAB presentation designed to show that radio is a "fact of life" and which stressed radio programing as a "basic communications link." Radio, he said, is today "more essential to the domestic tranquility of this nation" than at any other time. "We're a source of instant reassurance" in troubled times, he said. Mr. David described some new RAB projects, including Operation 5200, which has a goal of 100 sales calls per week for a year. To date, more than NAB officially opposes one-per-market The National Association of Broadcasters went formally on record last week in opposition to the FCC's proposed new ruling which would bar licensees of full-time stations to acquire another station of any type in that market (BROADCASTING, April 1). At the NAB convention in Chicago the association passed a resolution asking the FCC to either rescind the proposal or at the least allow transfer applications filed after March 28, which would fall within the scope of such a rule, to be processed under existing rules. The resolution said the proposed rules would have a "stagnating effect on the growth of broadcasting, particularly in the small markets where additional service can often only come about through the normal expansion of the local broadcaster" and that there has been no showing of a "public interest need." The NAB also adopted a resolution reaffirming the association's opposition to any extension of music rights payments to performers and record manufacturers since such fees would "place the major burden on those least able to afford it—the small stations." Hefner's pad scene of swinging blast say NAB playboys Hugh M. Hefner, editor-publisher of Playboy, invited selected broadcasters over to the house last week while they were attending the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. Going to Mr. Hefner's house turned out to be a happening. Scene above shows part of the main hall of Hefner mansion. Blank screen at upper right center was used for projection of psychedelic light patterns. Statue in left foreground stands on stereo controls. Visitors were received by Playboy-type girls in costumes ranging from mini-miniskirts to caftans. Some hostesses wore little but luminescent paint that glowed in the dark between bursts of psychedelic lights. When the hard-rock band wasn't playing, the Hefner stereo shook the walls. In Mr. Hefner's elaborate sound-system, amplifiers are the most important parts. Guests with quieter tastes walked down one flight of stairs to the tropical pool where they were offered swim trunks and a chance to splash with hostesses in bikinis. In the adjacent billiard room a Playboy girl racked up the balls. At the other end, in the Ping Pong room, another girl of formidable structure, met a succession of challengers, including Vincent T. Wasilewski, NAB president, who is said to be skilled at the game under ordinary conditions. Mr. Wasilewski failed to keep his eye on the ball and never hit a shot. He left early with his wife. Those who wanted to get still 1,500 calls have been made, he said. He stressed that RAB is trying to get some previous advertisers to return to radio, "including tobacco. We didn't give up on tobacco eight months ago and we're glad we didn't." The RAB president also noted that the firm's revenues have increased by 26% in the past three years and that extra money has allowed a major expansion of services including the opening of a new office in Detroit. Heading that office are Edward Hearn, an RAB executive, and Lou Dean, who formerly had been vice president at D. P. Brother, Detroit, on the General Motors account. Metromedia holds option for Boston UHF Metromedia Inc. has its eye on Boston; on WREP(TV) there to be exact. The diversified communications firm with group broadcast holdings has an option to acquire the channel 25 station for $3 million, but it cannot exercise that option until 1971. It paid $250,000 for the option late last year. WREP, which is still not on the air, is owned by Integrated Communication System Inc. Stockholders include Augustus P. Loring and Freeman Hill, each 13.14%; Leonard S. Sait, 18.21%; Lee Sterman, 5.34%; Roger Griswold, 9.63%, and others. They received the grant Dec. 30, 1965. If Metromedia acquires WREP, it would be the third UHF acquisition by that company; in 1960 it bought WTVP(TV) Decatur, Ill., for $570,000. It sold the channel 17 station (now WAND(TV)) in 1965 to LIN Broadcasting for $2 million. Only last month MM received FCC approval to buy KSAN-TV San Francisco; it paid $1 million for the channel 32 station (BROADCASTING, March 25). FCC moves to expedite cases The FCC has adopted another new pleading standard designed to reduce the commission's caseload in CATV proceedings. The standard was established during a CATV case involving Marcus Theatres CATV Systems Inc. last week. The system notified the commission it intended to begin operations in Menominee, Mich., and import five of the eight signals it would carry. The proposal was opposed by three Green Bay, Wis. stations—WBAY-TV, WLUK-TV and WFRV-TV. The stations asked the commission to rule that the proposal falls within the hearing provisions of the rules or that if these provisions should not be applicable, they should be permitted an extension of time in which to file for special relief. They contended that Menominee is in a top-100 market and that therefore the proposal is subject to a hearing. The commission denied the top-100 market finding, but gave the stations 30 days in which to file objections to the CATV proposal which will involve a mandatory stay of its operations. However, the commission noted it wasn't going to follow this procedure any longer because "it invites a surplus of pleadings and creates undesirable delay in an area where we have promised expeditied action." The new procedure requires any station which complains about a CATV operator's intention to begin a new service to file "substantive objections" to the proposal. Under the old procedure a station would seek a ruling whether the service is in a top-100 market, and then, assuming the CATV proposal is a below top-100 market situation, would ask for 30 days in which to file its main objections. The commission said it would now be in position to consider the entire matter simultaneously rather than consider it on two separate occasions. It further noted that the new procedure would not apply to cases now on file, but will be applicable in the future. farther away from it all could slide down a fireman's pole to the sub-basement and a bar with practically no illumination at all. Down there liquor was served in unbreakable plastic as a safety precaution against broken glass. The Hefner establishment thinks of everything. The host arrived late. Some time after 1 a.m. he materialized through a private entrance to the main room, accompanied by a lean blonde about an inch taller. He was dressed in a sharply cut British suit and a tie knotted like a hawser. He talked casually with a number of guests in the brief interludes between deafening blasts of music. Considerably later the party broke up. At no time had it been mentioned that on the day the party began Mr. Hefner had issued a brief announcement of an intention to enter television production in association with David Sontag, onetime director of specials at ABC-TV. The announcement said that several program ideas based on the numerous Playboy enterprises are in development. Status quo won't do for radio Mark Century seminar told broadcasting must break new trails, not just play good golf with the client Programing, promotion, sales, service and social responsibility were stressed as keys to successful radio station operation at a seminar sponsored by the Mark Century Corp. last Monday (April 1) during the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. Ed Winton of WOCN Miami, Stanley N. Kaplan of WAYS Charlotte, N. C., Ralph Beaudin of ABC and Frederic Gregg Jr. of LIN Broadcasting Corp. were panelists for the session, the seventh annual radio seminar conducted by Mark Century in conjunction with NAB conventions. Milton Herson, president of Mark Century, told the approximately 350 broadcasters at the breakfast meeting that radio faces constant change and challenge and must be alert to oppose unwarranted government regulation, sell its "unmatched" effectiveness as an advertising medium, serve "all the people" and "cultivate new sources of revenue." Why Not Liquor? = One new source, he suggested, might be liquor advertising. Other media "accept it without qualms," he said, so "why not the broadcaster?" Promotions used to introduce WOCN and its new good-music cluster format to Miamians and to build listenership were described by Mr. Winton, co-owner of the station. He stressed that, far from taking a background-music approach, WOCN consistently seeks listener involvement. Mr. Winton also called for the appointment of a "graduate broadcaster"—someone with day-to-day experience in broadcasting—to the FCC. The commission, he said, needs such a man "as badly as we need him there." Mr. Kaplan, president of WAYS, advised broadcasters to program for their audiences, never for sales. Top-40 broadcasters originally succeeded under this formula, he said, but in many cases subsequently abandoned it—and started going downhill. Needed Ingredients = Whatever the format, he said, "great production, good people [and] imaginative promotion" are vital. "The better a station is programmed, whatever the format, the more determined it will be not to program for sales. Not only does this mean that the audience will not be sacrificed on any dollar scale, but it means the station will not be over-commercial—not just because of the NAB code but out of the economic necessity to be competitive. As all stations diminish the amount of commercials they will carry, they will raise their rates accordingly and they will deliver a better product to any advertiser." Mr. Kaplan said WAYS had increased its gross from $167,000 to about $1.4 million in three years of Kaplan ownership. They're now in the process of buying a second station, he said, and hope to have their full complement of seven AM and seven FM stations within five years. ABC Radio's Progress = In a review of ABC Radio's new four-network concept, Mr. Beaudin, ABC Inc. group vice president for radio, emphasized its values to affiliates as well as to ABC. He also spoke out against station reps who either had opposed the plan or were not, in his opinion, selling radio aggressively enough—or both. "This plan," he said, "will open flood gates of radio dollars. ABC Radio networks will be able to handle but a small percentage of these dollars because we don't have the inventory. Spot is the one to gain the most from the success of this plan. "ABC Radio networks and our six, and hoped-for seventh, stations will get our share. Why? Because we will fight for it. We're not interested in standing still. We're not interested in the status quo. We refuse to take a short-term view of radio because we, unlike some of the service arms of the business, have a real investment in radio. "We can't just fire people, close offices, merge with someone else. We have to stand and take it. Well, we're tired of being the poor relation. We at ABC are very successful in radio by today's standards, but that doesn't take care of tomorrow... "This will succeed faster than I originally thought. The advertising community is ready for something new in radio and we at ABC know we have it." No Time for Lethargy = The broadcaster's responsibility to act constructively in a time of social change and crisis was underscored by Mr. Gregg, president and chairman of LIN Broadcasting. "There is no place in our lifetime, today or tomorrow," he said, "for the broadcaster who thinks he can rest on his laurels after he has sold enough spots to make a profit, scheduled enough Smokey Bear promos to cover his FCC renewal requirements... bawled out Hosts and panelists at Mark Century Corp.'s seventh annual programming and sales seminar (l to r): Marvin Kempner, president of Mark Century Sales Corp.; Fred Gregg, president and chairman of LIN Broadcasting Corp.; Ed Winton, co-owner of WOCN Miami; Stanley Kaplan, president of WAYS Charlotte, N.C.; Ralph Beaudin, ABC Inc. group vice president for radio, and Milton Herson, president of Mark Century Corp. his national rep for a spot that showed up on the competition, and played a good game of golf with a client." "Talk confined only to material values must be expanded to consideration of human values," he asserted, "because human values are what is at stake in the time in which we live. . . . "In [today's] environment can you stand back when your disk jockeys are saying 'burn, baby, burn'? Is it right for the newsman to take an isolated incident in the Negro community and blow it out of proportion for his lead story because it will capture a lot of attention? Can you abstain from making a managerial judgment of a record that borders on the erotic or pornographic? Are you capable of uninvolvedness when issues in your city desperately need maximum exposure?" Broadcasters, Mr. Gregg concluded, "must be more attuned to the needs of the people of our communities, must be more professional and creative as communicators and showmen, must be more adroit and judicious in the handling of our responsibilities than ever before. . . . We must search constantly for the most purposeful role we can play in our changing society." Marvin Kempner, president of Mark Century Sales Corp., presided over the seminar. CATV rule study applied in 2d case A study that questioned the effectiveness of the FCC's CATV rules in protecting small-market TV stations has found still another application. The study last month bolstered opposition by three VHF's in the Colorado Springs-Pueblo, market (ranked 138th) that objected to the service proposed by Vu- more Video Corp. in Colorado Springs (BROADCASTING, March 18). Now that study is the basis for an evidentiary hearing request by KOAL-TV Pueblo to investigate proposals by Pueblo TV Power Inc. to import five Denver signals into Pueblo. KOAL-TV contends, by citing the conclusions of the study, that CATV penetration would not only bar the development of future stations (three UHF channels are allocated to the market, none of them used) but would also threaten the viability of the three operating VHF outlets. The study further contends that the commission's nonduplication rules will not provide adequate protection for the stations. During nonnetwork hours (all three VHF's are network affiliates), "which typically produce the most revenue for the stations and are the difference between profit and loss operation," the study claims, importation of Denver signals would create "the anomalous result" of local market stations faced with more than twice the competition faced by the Denver stations in their larger market. The study was prepared by Robert L. Coe and James G. Saunders of Ohio University's Center for Research on Broadcast Management and Economics. Mr. Coe is a former ABC vice president. In addition to a hearing on the Pueblo proposal, KOAL-TV wants the commission to combine it with the Vumore plan because both proposed CATV activities "are in the heart of the cities of the market, containing the great bulk of the television homes within the predicted grade A contour area of the market." KOAL-TV asked that the Pueblo TV importation notice be stayed and that should the commission decide to permit the CATV to implement some service during the hearing, that service should be limited to three local Colorado Springs-Pueblo station—KOAL-TV, KKTV(TV), KRDO-TV and noncommercial KRMA-TV Denver. Dille issues battle cry Future of TV head says broadcasters must fight moves to convert TV to wire Broadcasters were called upon last week to stand ready to contribute their skills, information and probably financial support to a massive drive against efforts to "phase out broadcasting and phase in wirecasting." John F. Dille Jr. of the Communica Group of Indiana, chairman of the National Association of Broadcasters' Future of Television Committee, issued the call in warning against efforts not only to reduce television's spectrum space but to go further and set up a "wired city" concept under which television, and eventually other services, would be delivered to homes entirely by cable. Although many broadcasters "have found this idea utterly fantastic and not to be taken seriously," Mr. Dille said at the opening television assembly of the NAB convention last Monday (April 1), the Future of Television Committee "assures you that the proposal, although still in embryonic stage, is a matter to be taken seriously by all broadcasters." Do Your Homework • He told broadcasters to prepare themselves to answer claims that with a wired city homes would save money because they wouldn't need antennas and could use cheaper sets; that broadcasters would save money because they wouldn't need transmitters and towers; that the quality of pictures delivered by wire would be universally excellent; that the spectrum space used by broadcasters could be more efficiently used by others; that a wired system would speed development of shopping services, credit purchases and other functions by coaxial cable, and that the wired system could be readily expanded for additional channels. Mr. Dille said that although broadcasters take an opposite view—contending, for example, that the cost of a wired city would be prohibitive and unnecessary and that a wired system could not reach rural areas and ghettos now served by broadcast TV—everyone in broadcasting should understand the threat and the arguments behind it. Slow Erosion • "Your committee is not saying that this transition will come about overnight," he said. "The process of erosion will more likely take effect, and the phasing out of wireless and phasing in of wire might be attempted over a period of at least 10 years." But that doesn't make the threat any less real or make it less vital for broadcasters to "face the fact that many of the points that have been made in favor of wired city have immediate superficial appeal to those in high places," Mr. Dille asserted. He noted that the NAB, on recommendation of the Future of Television Committee and with the endorsement of the NAB board, is embarking on "an intensive, and quite likely expensive, effort to defeat this concept of a wired city, by whatever name it may be called. "We shall be calling upon you for your skills, for information about your local programing and perhaps eventually for monetary contributions to a war chest in what could turn out to be a fight for the very survival of free television in the U.S. . . . Broadcasters historically have had to battle for their great system. I am certain that if this crisis develops further, broadcasters will respond with strength and in unity." Administrative group's budget gets the ax The House Appropriations Committee has cut the budget of the fledgling Administration Conference in half. The newly formed body is to spark and coordinate procedural reforms in administration agencies, including the FCC. Although $250,000 was asked for, the committee only approved $125,000, but noted that a supplemental appropriation is pending for $88,000. Jerre S. Williams, chairman of the Administrative Conference, told committee members in testimony made public last week that the $250,000 sought was "clearly inadequate," but that more was not sought because of statutory limitations. He also indicated that an effort was to be mounted by the Administrative Conference to have the statutory limit changed, and if that effort is successful the conference would probably seek another supplemental appropriation. The $88,000 supplemental currently before Congress will, if granted, provide the conference's first official funds. The conference, although established by statute in 1964, remained unorganized until this year, when Mr. Williams was sworn in as its first chairman, and other conference members were named. The conference has developed a list of potential subjects for study, Mr. Williams told the congressmen. Items include the question of whether agencies follow judicial procedures more closely than necessary, elimination of unnecessary cases, delegation of authority to staff levels, reduction of reporting requirements on those being regulated and considerations of ethics and ex parte influences. Bay Broadcasting set for ch. 38 S.F. FCC Hearing Examiner Charles J. Frederick has recommended in an initial decision that channel 38 in San Francisco be granted to Bay Broadcasting Co. The examiner said he would deny a competing application by Reporter Broadcasting Co. principally because it had allegedly failed to establish its financial qualifications and to show it could present its programing with its proposed staff. Bay Broadcasting is owned by Edward D. Keil (4.12%); Wilson F. Foster (18.74%); Reuben A. Isberg (6%); Kathleen K. Rawlings and Helen Wallace (each 13.87%); David V. Keil (11.24%); James F. Dalton, Patricia Mitchell, Leslie R. Rhodes, Guy J. Welch (each 3.75%); Westel Co., equipment distributor (7.42%); Frederick B. Higbie (4.69%), and others. Mr. Foster is currently sports director for KGO-TV San Francisco. Both Mrs. Rawlings and Mrs. Wallace have had prior TV production experience. Miss Mitchell is coproducer with Mr. Foster of TV sports programs. Mr. Rhodes is West Coast manager of rep firm Bernard Howard Co. and holds 7½% interest in KFAX San Francisco. Mr. Welch is an engineer at KTVU-TV Oakland-San Francisco. TV board gets four new members, two re-elected Six broadcasters were elected to two-year terms on the National Association of Broadcasters television board at last week's convention. Two of the six—Arch L. Madsen, KSL-TV Salt Lake City, and Willard E. Walbridge, KTRK-TV Houston—were re-elected to their second terms. Pictured with Vincent T. Wasilewski, NAB president, are newly elected board members, (l-r): Mr. Madsen; A. Louis Read, WDSU-TV New Orleans; Donald P. Campbell, WMAR-TV Baltimore; Mr. Wasilewski; Richard C. Block, Kaiser Broadcasting Corp., Oakland, Calif., and Joseph E. Baudino, Westinghouse Broadcasting Co., Washington. Mr. Walbridge was not present, having been called back to his home in Texas because of illness in the family. Ford's boost for public TV Foundation plans production cost awards for new programs; allocates money for special election coverage, radio, children's workshop The Ford Foundation last week announced an expanded and diversified program to aid public broadcasting financially during 1968. Between $20 million and $25 million will go for the development of local and regional as well as national programming, for noncommercial radio as well as television. That amount will probably exceed the $22.7 million invested by the foundation during 1967 (BROADCASTING, Feb. 19), while adding significantly to the more than $150 million invested during the last 18 years. McGeorge Bundy, president, and Fred W. Friendly, consultant, made the announcement Wednesday (April 3) at the foundation's luxurious new building near the United Nations in New York. As they explained it, the program represents a renewed commitment by the foundation to support public broadcasting through what Mr. Bundy called "this critical period," while permanent governmental financing has yet to be arranged. Mr. Bundy noted the "exceptionally heavy agenda" of the House Ways and Means Committee, including the proposed income tax surcharge, as an obstacle to resolving quickly the issue of permanent financing, which he said might take as long as "two or three years," though he "hoped it would not take as long as five." Entrance Into Programming - The program also represents the foundation's first major step into the area of programming, a step he said, "we take only with the greatest caution on the basis of wide consultation with many public broadcasting figures." Specifically, the program calls for: - Establishment of a Project for New Television Programming, for whose first year of operation the foundation trustees have voted $5 million. Under the project, noncommercial stations and state and regional networks will compete with programming proposals for production cost awards. Proposals must be for series of at least three one-hour or six half-hour programs. A small committee of independent figures in the arts and public affairs will be established by May 15 to judge proposals for series, some of which will be ready for broadcast by the fall. Recipients may charge up to 20% of their awards against general overhead of their series. - Increased support for National Educational Television. Grants to NET, which were fixed at $6 million per year, will probably be increased to $8 million per year. In addition, $1 million will go to NET and the Public Broadcasting Laboratory for coverage of the 1968 elections. PBL is in its first year of operation under an initial $7.9 million Ford grant against a total $10 million for two years. - A preliminary grant of $250,000 to the Children's Television Workshop. Ford and the Carnegie Corp. have pledged half-support of the $5 million workshop, co-operatively with several government agencies (BROADCASTING, March 25). - A commitment of $500,000 to noncommercial radio, which Mr. Bundy described as "equally extraordinary and much more economical than public television." Satellite Position - Messrs. Bundy and Friendly, in discussing talks with PTV station managers about the programming project, described it generally as "the proper, unifying thing to do right now." And while stating unequivocally that "our eye is still very much on that satellite proposal" for noncommercial television interconnection, he also said that "interconnection right now would have to be at the cost of the stations." It was felt by some observers that PTV networking, which has long been a bone of contention between Ford and Carnegie, the two most important public broadcasting forces, may be being put aside in favor of progress across a broader front. As Mr. Bundy said, "The presumption of instant success might easily accomplish birth control on public broadcasting. Year by year, decade by decade, it has grown. Much too slowly. But it is going to continue to grow by learning and doing, and within the limits of our strained resources, we are going to reinforce that growth." 'Delicate persuasion' or 'blackjack'? The All-Channel Television Society is only one year old but program distributors and equipment manufacturers already are beginning to feel its muscle. About a month ago the executive committee of the trade organization decided to open its rolls to associate members. Last week at the breakfast meeting and symposium ACTS held in Chicago as part of the National Association of Broadcasters convention (see page 54), organization President William L. Putnam bluntly announced a list of nine companies who have joined as associate members, reportedly each paying $1,000 for the privilege. They are Four Star International, Independent Television Corp., MCA TV division of MCA Inc., Romper Room Inc., Sarkes Tarzian Inc., The Marconi Co. Ltd., The Hollingbery Co., General Electric Co. and Dresser-Crane, hoist and tower division. Acknowledging that he was talking about "persuasion of a delicate nature" and hazarding a quick look at FCC Commissioners Kenneth A. Cox, Lee Loevinger and Robert E. Lee who were present at the meeting, Mr. Putnam finally decided "the hell with it" and strongly suggested that UHF broadcasters deal with these program distributors and equipment manufacturers whenever possible as way of showing appreciation for their financial support. And although some potential associate members of ACTS indicated to BROADCASTING that they'll probably be satisfied to help sustain an industry that's opening up new business opportunities for them, others complained of "blackjack" tactics and at least one prominent UHF operator admitted that he felt the whole associate member idea was being handled "in a crude manner" that displayed "a hungry" tendency. Martin E. Firestone, general counsel of ACTS, however, claimed that what his organization was doing did not essentially differ from the associate member policies of the National Association of Broadcasters itself. Bigger FM goal than black ink Ellis tells NAFMB that medium must deal with problems plaguing nation Broadcasters have a responsibility to themselves and their stockholders to turn red ink into black, but they also have the responsibility to deal with the "social, economic, moral and ethical problems plaguing our cities, states and nation." Elmo Ellis, WSB-FM Atlanta, outgoing chairman of the National Association of FM Broadcasters, opened the NAFMB March 29-31 convention in Chicago by asking the 400 delegates "how do you intend to meet not just the challenges of broadcasting, but how will you answer the summons to make sound sense" of the problems of the public? He contended that broadcasters cannot live in a profit-and-loss vacuum apart from the realities of what is happening outside the station offices. "We must never stop learning, never stop growing and never stop making our contributions as communicators toward intelligent progress and peace in this country," he said. FM, although retaining a technical superiority over AM, can no longer promote itself as strictly a quality medium because quantitative factors must be added in, he said. The real test, Mr. Ellis added, is "what do we propose to accomplish, what is the significance of what we give the listener and how is he receiving it." At the NAFMB awards luncheon Commissioner Lee Loevinger discussed the commission's new notice of proposed rulemaking on multiple ownerships, and suggested that the "best thing a daytimer can do is to buy an FM and then sell off the AM, because the daytime AM is not a complete station." (The rule would allow a daytimer to purchase an FM station in the same market.) He called FM the "service of economic opportunity" and said that what "we're obviously heading towards is establishment of FM as a completely independent service. You're going to face the problems AM and TV have faced of serving the mass audience" while having to satisfy the high-brow critics of the medium. The FM Rep • The name of the game is communications and communications between station and representative is vitally important if the rep is to properly handle your station, William Codus, general sales manager of CBS/FM told an NAFMB session. For the rep to properly understand a station, he said, "you've got to do a selling job . . . the same type of selling job you do on a client. You must instill enthusiasm in the rep." Keeping the rep informed of changes in personnel, programming and spot availabilities, is vital he added. A Needed Commodity • Merchandising is a necessary commodity to the FM station that wants to operate profitably, according to Lee J. Walters, executive vice president of Stern, Walters & Simmons, Chicago. He maintained that 10 to 15 years ago it was permissible for an FM operation to practice isolationism but "not today because competition is becoming keener and the successful stations of tomorrow must include merchandising in their bag of tricks." FM, he said, doesn't have to pretend it is a good buy, because in "countless markets" it is a good buy. "You're now in a position," he added, "to sell from real strength," and that strength includes having fewer commercials than AM. David Yellin, director of broadcasting, Memphis State University, Memphis, charged the broadcasters to give of their "energy and skill to capture the thousands upon thousands of college students who can be your listeners today and tomorrow." He suggested the broadcasters: set up an intern program with students and an intern program with faculty; set up a program for broadcasters to lecture and teach at colleges; offer equipment, personnel and money to closed-circuit and college FM stations; use the university's resources for research and development, and set up a cooperative program with the colleges to build FM audiences. Gary Gielow, KPEK(FM) San Francisco, was elected chairman succeeding Mr. Ellis. Both are regional directors. Other officers, all reelected: Abe J. Voron, WQAL(FM) Philadelphia, president; David Polinger, WTMF(FM) New York, vice president and regional director; Edward F. Kenehan, Washington, secretary, and Morton Marks, New York, treasurer. Regional directors re-elected in addition to Mr. Gielow and Mr. Ellis were: E. J. Meehan, WPBS(FM) Philadelphia; Gunther Meisse, WYNO-FM Mansfield, Ohio; Ted Arnold, WHBF-FM Rock Island, Ill., and Charles Balthrope, KEEZ(FM) San Antonio, Tex. Don Lebrecht, WBZ-FM Charlotte, N. C., in addition to Mr. Polinger were elected directors. FM in the small market Operators talk about the methods they use to make FM profitable Proof of FM's viability in a small market was center stage in Chicago Sunday (March 31) as the 46th National Association of Broadcasters convention began with some 700-800 broadcasters at FM Day sessions. Hugh Dickie, WTMB-FM Tomah, Wis., said: "The only thing we give away is the time and temperature and if we could sell that, we would. "We have no demographics, no statistics," he said, but FM is being sold because "we know our area and we have people who believe in it to sell the station." Citing as an example of how special events are sold to advertisers who do not ordinarily buy the station, he noted that a series of high-school wrestling matches was sold and fed to an 18-station statewide network. Charles F. Boman, WLJM(FM) Gadsden, Ala., said that when the station went on the air in 1966, "we emphasized radio rather than FM" and hammered at the idea that Gadsden would now have four radio stations. He said that 99% of the FM advertisers are also on his AM station, WJBY, and that even the advertisers consider the stations separate. "They send separate checks in separate envelopes," he noted. WLJM has been in the black since the day it went on the air, he continued, adding that it sometimes beats out the AM in billing. Need for Salesmanship - "FM is people who buy things they are sold on buying" Charles M. Stone, NAB vice president for radio, told the FM Day audience. He noted that the "far too many FM operators are disproving that lack of rating information contributes to rack and ruin." He asked whatever happened to "the magnetism of enthusiastic personal selling—door-to-door advertiser and agency selling," adding that management can't wait "until the agency estimator tells the time buyer to tell the associate media director to tell the media director that the purchase of FM is justified." Failure of advertisers to take advantage of stereo commercials, was criticized by Harold Tanner, WLDM(FM) Detroit, chairman of NAB's FM Committee. He said that stereo had contributed to FM's image and "is making the medium more accepted every day." Advertisers are not producing many stereo commercials, he said, and urged them to take advantage of stereo's capabilities. In programming, he felt FM broadcasters "must continue to experiment" with new concepts and be able to interpret them "into even more effective programming." Technical Outlook - It may not happen tomorrow but it seems likely that FM receivers will be developed and sold domestically to pick up subchannel signals that are now being fed into specific locations, Harold Kassens, assistant chief of the FCC broadcast facilities division, told the FM Day audience. Such receivers are now in use in Europe. Operators with subcarrier authorizations, he said, may have some problem because the public may receive the signals, but, he added, "you should be able to retain your [background music] customers." Mr. Kassens noted that some educational broadcasters are now putting separate general-appeal programs on their multiplex stereo channel and felt that commercial broadcasters will be looking in that direction in the not-too distant future. Answering a question, Mr. Kassens noted that the "one weak link" in the FM chain is lack of a "good car antenna." He recalled that over 20% of FM's are now using dual polarization and said "we've done all we can in the equipment line" to improve FM. However, the auto FM antenna isn't as good as it should be, he added. FCC Commissioner Robert E. Lee called the commission's notice of inquiry on use of automatic FM transmitters "one of the most substantive progressive steps contemplated since remote control . . ." To those broadcasters operating in stereo he offered a "gimmick," designed to add a lot of realism to telephone call-in shows. He suggested putting the caller on one channel and the station announcer on the other. Only FM, he added could use that idea. A beauty for radio Chris Noel, with an infectious smile and a little girl's voice filled with grateful acknowledgement, last week became the first Miss National Radio Month of the National Association of Broadcasters. Miss Noel, hostess of the Armed Forces Radio Service's A Date with Chris received the title for her "use of radio to bring home a little closer to our servicemen overseas." In accepting the award from NAB President Vincent T. Wasilewski, Miss Noel said she had grown up with radio and that "it's more important in Vietnam than here at home. It's the only thing that really seems the same—and it's important to them." Sullivan wants variety in FM "If there are 14 stations in a market, I'd like to see 14 formats and then you'll get 14 people into see the agencies. But if seven of you do one thing and seven another, you might as well draw straws to see which two get in to the media buyers." That was John V. B. Sullivan's way of putting the FM creativity story on the line at the National Association of FM Broadcasters convention in Chicago March 29. Mr. Sullivan, president of Metromedia Radio, New York, was the first speaker at a new NAFMB session, "Open Mind," a one-hour forum. He spoke with the air of a man who is honestly enthusiastic about FM's future and he charged that FM's success will be in diversified programming rather than in one or two formats. The FCC's ruling on AM-FM nonduplication and the advent of talk formats, he said, "have helped us more than anyone knows because [they have] made us create, made us work, made us innovate." He cited the audience and advertiser increases Metromedia has shown in its markets since the AM-FM nonduplication ruling went into effect in 1965. By the fall of that year, he said, separate programming formats had been established at all of Metromedia's FM's. One year after separating programming Metromedia's seven FM's showed 750,000 different listeners per week, according to American Research Bureau figures, he noted. A year later in 1967, with only six stations, the audience was estimated at 1.1 million. Billing Doubled - Mr. Sullivan reported that as of the end of March billing for 1968 was nearly double that of 1967 and the increase came with one less station. "Money is coming into FM" and FM generally is "achieving status with media people as a new medium," he pointed out, because in New York where so many national buys are made, "FM stations are being programmed as if they are radio stations." He noted that Metromedia is seeking FCC approval to sell WCBM-FM Baltimore and purchase WASH(FM) Washington because "we have faith in FM and Washington is a market where we can do some good." Mr. Sullivan recalled that he had been in Detroit a few weeks earlier and said that one of the big-three auto makers has plans to make FM-AM radios, rather than AM-only, the automotive standard. Delay voted on CPB's seed money The House Commerce Committee last week approved an administration bill to change the Corp. for Public Broadcasting's appropriation authorization for $9 million in federal "seed money" from fiscal 1968 to fiscal 1969. But the action showed that controversy raised at the hearing on the bill (BROADCASTING, April 1) was still very much alive. The measure passed on a vote of 18 to 7 by the full committee, after earlier approval by the Communications Subcommittee, which registered one dissenting vote—that of Representative James Harvey (R-Mich.), who had warned during the hearing that he would oppose the bill. The committee report, in recommending the legislation to the floor, was filed Thursday (April 4) with minority views (in opposition to the bill) signed by six committee Republicans. Not Urgent ■ The minority views note that the Carnegie Foundation and the Ford Foundation had both warned during hearings last year on the Public Broadcasting Act, which chartered the CPB, that direct appropriations of federal funds would jeopardize the corporation's independence. They also cite the delay by the President in naming the CPB board members as proof that public broadcasting was not as urgent a cause as proponents maintained during the passage of the basic legislation. "We do not find that there has been any meaningful work since the passage of the act to hit upon a workable scheme for permanent financing," the minority views hold. "During the time since the passage of the act, however," the report continues, "the fiscal buzzard has come home to roost." The minority members conclude that the CPB can "likely . . . be carried on with private funds alone." The Dissenters ■ The minority views were signed by Samuel L. Devine (R-Ohio), Anchor Nelson (R-Minn.), James T. Broyhill (R-N.C.), Mr. Harvey, Albert W. Watson (R-S.C.) and Clarence J. Brown Jr. (R-Ohio). Additional views were also appended to the report by Mr. Nelson, who explained that he had supported the original legislation but now hoped that private funds could carry the ball. Along with the six Republicans who recorded their displeasure with the bill, one Democrat—David E. Satterfield (Va.)—was reported to have voted against the measure during the closed-door committee meeting. In defense of the bill, the majority report cites delays in establishing the CPB and notes merely that money not needed in fiscal 1968 (ending June 30) would be needed in fiscal 1969. Staff members said it was technically possible for the bill, already passed by the Senate, to reach the House floor before the Easter recess but noted that Rules Committee approval would be needed first. How to promote UHF Julian F. Myers, who owns a UHF station in Southern California, is determined to put pizzaz in the UHF industry cause. Last year, he came up with the name ACTS (All-Channel Television Society), which was promptly adopted as the title for UHF's trade organization. At last week's National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago, Mr. Myers, who also operates a Beverly Hills, Calif., public-relations outfit, ran another promotional flourish up the UHF flagpole. He proposed three annual national "ACTSions Awards," perhaps to be presented on network television. One would be for the station that made the outstanding contribution to all-channel television. A second would be for the performer who made the outstanding contribution. And the third would be for the individual outside of the television business who was similarly inspired. Just to prove that a good PR man never stops trying, Mr. Myers calls his KKOG-TV Ventura, Calif. "KKOG into 16, Kalifornia's Koast of Gold scene." ABS hits one-per-market rule Opposition is tied to FCC's earlier presunrise rulemaking The Association on Broadcasting Standards last week indicated that it would add to the crescendo of dissent to the FCC's proposed rulemaking to limit station acquisitions to one per market (BROADCASTING, March 25). In a closed-door meeting on Tuesday (April 2) at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago, the board of directors of ABS decided that they "would enter the fray in this area of multiple ownership and this area alone," even though the trade organization usually restricts its activities to the spectrum interests of class-III regional broadcasters. The decision to oppose the FCC rulemaking was made because ABS feels its members have been misled by the commission. Before adopting new presunrise rules last year, the commission reportedly suggested that regional full-time AM stations which would be hurt by interference from daytime stations could recoup by going into FM operations. But now, as a result of the FCC's proposed one-to-a-customer ownership edict, ABS members would not be able to seek an FM remedy for their spectrum interference problem. The presunrise quandry was the chief topic of separate technical and general membership meetings held by ABS also at the NAB convention. Political Move ■ George S. Dietrich, executive director of ABS, charged that the FCC rulemaking on the presunrise issue was "obviously a political decision," and William J. Potts, attorney for the organization, said the rules turned out "worse than we thought." He pointed out that an appeal of the presunrise rules is now pending judgment in the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New York (BROADCASTING, March 25). Reversing the rulemaking of a federal agency "is always difficult," the communications lawyer indicated. Still, Mr. Potts remains "hopeful" that the court will stay any presunrise rule changes. He also expressed belief that the most recent FCC presunrise proposal, one which would change the starting time for presunrise operations from 6 a.m. "local standard time" to 6 a.m. "local time," may "lead to endless confusion." At the conclusion of the general membership meeting the board of directors of ABS was increased from 16 to 17 men. Ken Flenniken, vice president and general manager of WDEF Chattanooga, Tenn., resigned from the board, while James M. Ward, executive vice president and general manager of WLAC Nashville, and Leslie G. Arries Jr., vice president and general manager of WBEN Buffalo, N.Y., were added to it. George Comte, vice president and general manager of WTMJ Milwaukee, James Schiavone, general manager of WWJ Detroit, and Frederick S. Houwink, vice president and general manager of WMAL Washington were re-elected for one-year terms each as president, vice president and treasurer, respectively. Pellegrin purchases Levittown newspaper Frank Pellegrin, former president of H-R Television Inc., New York-based television station representative firm, has bought the 22-year-old weekly Levittown (N.Y.) Tribune. Price was undisclosed. Arthur Milton, formerly with the New York World-Journal-Tribune, has been named publisher and general manager of the 9,000 circulation weekly serving central Long Island. The newspaper was bought from Andrew Lang, Associated Press columnist. Mr. Pellegrin is president of Pellin Enterprises Inc., which owns WRLO Knoxville, Tenn., and is a multiple CATV owner, as well as holding real-estate interests in New York, Florida, Nebraska, Illinois, Colorado and Washington, D.C. It also has a one-third interest in Manhattan Audio Co., New York sound recording firm. Reminder given on CARS deadline The FCC put out a reminder last week that short-term licenses for common carriers that serve CATV expire April 22. That is 60 days after the commission adopted its second report and order in the Community Antenna Relay Service (CARS) proceeding (BROADCASTING, Feb. 19). At that time the commission closed the books on the first CARS proceeding, which prescribed conditions CATV-serving microwave applicants must meet in order to qualify for common-carrier frequencies in the 6,000 mc band until 1971. They must show that at least 50% of their customers are unrelated to them and will use at least 50% of the service. Those carriers that can't qualify would have to apply for frequencies in the new CARS band, 12,700-12,950 mc (BROADCASTING, Oct. 18, 1965). The commission said those filing by April 22 "for continuing authority" in CARS or regular renewal in the common-carrier service would receive a 30 day extension of their operations pending commission action on their applications. The commission also noted that any requests for waivers of the 50% requirements, "which are in effect merely late-filed petitions for reconsideration of the commission's action which granted 'short-term' license renewal, will not be favorably entertained." Cobb is only runner in chairmanship race Unless there is a sudden spurt of applicants to be chairman of the National Association of Broadcasters, the NAB selection committee probably will not meet again until just before the association's June board meetings in Washington. When the committee met last week in Chicago during the NAB convention, the only announced candidate was Grover Cobb, KVGK Great Bend, Kan., the incumbent chairman (BROADCASTING, April 1). Robert W. Ferguson, WTRF-TV Wheeling, W.Va., chairman of the committee which is made up of board members whose terms were concluded this year, said it was "delighted to know" of Cobb's availability for a second one-year term. Rex Howell, KREE Grand Junction, Colo., had indicated he would be a candidate for the chairmanship, but last week he withdrew his announcement of availability. Changing hands... ANNOUNCED - The following station sales were reported last week subject to FCC approval. - KRDS Tolleson (Phoenix area), Ariz.: Sold by E.O. Smith to Southwestern Broadcasters Inc. for $350,000. Buyers are headed by James Gordon Douglas III. Buyers own KPRI San Diego and KGEL Roswell, N.M. KRDS operates full time on 1190 kc with 250 w. Broker: Blackburn and Co. - WSBS Great Barrington, Mass.: Sold by J. Leo Dowd and wife to Donald A. Thurston (52%) and William H. Vanderbilt (48%) for $180,000. Messrs. Thurston and Vanderbilt have same percentages in WMNB-AM-FM North Adams, Mass. WSBS is 250 w daytimer on 860 kc. - KSJV-TV Hanford (Fresno area), Calif.: Sold by Cy Newman and associates to Spanish International Broadcasting Co. for $40,000 plus assumption of obligations totaling less than $75,000. Station, which received its construction permit in 1962, went black last year. Buyer is licensee of KMEX-TV Los Angeles and KWEX-TV San Antonio and holds construction permit for WXTV-TV Paterson, N. J. (New York area). Station reports it has lost over $100,000 since 1966 when Mr. Newman and group bought the channel-21 construction permit for less than $100,000. Stockholders will not realize anything in the current transaction, it was stated. Waiver of three-year ownership rule is also being requested. APPROVED - The following transfer of station interests was approved by the FCC last week. (For other FCC activities see For the Record, page 101.) - WMIN-AM-FM Minneapolis-St. Paul and WMIL-AM-FM Milwaukee: Sold by Gene Posner and associates to Milton Maltz and Robert G. Wright for $935,000. Messrs. Maltz and Wright own WNYR-AM-FM Rochester, N. Y.; WBRB-AM-FM Mt. Clemens and WTAK Garden City (Detroit area), both Michigan and WTTF-AM-FM Tiffin, Ohio. Mr. Posner and family founded WMIL in 1947 and purchased WMIN in 1963. WMIN is a daytimer on 1290 kc with 1 kw. WMIL-FM operates on 95.7 mc with 25.5 kw. WMIN is on 1400 kc with 1 kw days and 250 w nights. WMIN-FM operates on 102.1 mc with 100 kw. Fines upheld in unapproved transfer The FCC has upheld a $5,000 fine levied against KEEDO Inc., Longview, Wash., but reduced a forfeiture against KENY Bellingham-Ferndale, Wash. from $2,500 to $500. The case involved an unauthorized transfer of station ownership and control (Broadcasting, July 10, 1967). A commission probe contended that Whatcom County Broadcasters Inc., licensee of KENY, had relinquished control of the station to a new corporation formed by Russell Hudson and Holly Bishop of KEEDO Inc., licensee of KEEDO Longview. KENY, which had been silent for financial reasons, was put back on the air by KEEDO principals. They denied their participation in the station's operations, but the commission disagreed, saying it "can find no basis for remission or reduction" of the fine. KENY, which was returned to the control of Whatcom last July, has since gone silent again. The commission granted permission to maintain that status since Whatcom was placed in receivership. Due to Whatcom's financial condition, the commission reduced the forfeiture as well. St. Louis ETV clarifies record The St. Louis Educational Television Commission is letting it be known that it hadn't been trying to put anything over on anyone in connection with its application for a television construction permit that the FCC granted, then withdrew. The error, if anyone's, was the commission's, it says. At issue was the commission action, on March 6, setting aside a construction permit authorizing the educational group to make substantial changes in its noncommercial station, KETC-TV. A principal reason, the commission said, was that the St. Louis ETV relied on matching construction funds from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare that had not yet been made available (Broadcasting, March 11). But the ETV commission last week notified media that the application had been tendered with a covering letter specifying that the request was "contingent" upon receipt of federal matching funds. And the ETV commission attached to its letter a copy of the minutes of its March 4 meeting to make the point that it was an FCC goof. The minutes quoted an ETV commission member as stating that the FCC, on Feb. 14, had "unexpectedly" granted the permit and that the commission's Broadcast Bureau had since indicated the commission "was quite embarrassed" about the "premature" issuance of the permit. Two days later, the commission announced it was setting the grant aside. Media reports... Equipment donation - Metromedia Inc. has donated more than $53,000 worth of television equipment to the University of Missouri at Kansas City. The equipment had been used in black-and-white telecasting by KMBC-TV Kansas City, which now uses color equipment. The school hopes to use the equipment in establishing a closed-circuit system and a training laboratory for radio-television majors. KFBR joins NBC - KFBR Nogales, Ariz., has joined NBC Radio as an affiliate. Bernard Wilson is general manager of KFBR, which operates on 1340 kc with 250 w. Syndication business good—but... SOME TFE MEMBERS BEGIN TO WONDER WHO NEEDS IT Television program syndicators who took sales shows on the road to the NAB fair last week fell into two camps, and one camp came away from the Chicago meeting with some very grumpy members. Their decisions in the next few weeks could change the face of film expositions at future conventions of the National Association of Broadcasters. There was the group that scattered itself around the convention, pitching tents in individual locations and luring healthy traffic to sample their wares. And there was the tribe of Television Film Exhibit members who gathered again under their common big-top to share one another's audience. They were generally disappointed by the turnout. Success of the dispersed selling method this year may have brought the end of cooperative efforts by the other film salesmen to work in a common location under common ground rules under the umbrella of TFE. "It's very slow, and I'm very disappointed, and it's a big bust—and forget it," said one dissident member of Television Film Exhibit 1968. And it may be forgotten. Traffic at the traditional fifth floor Conrad Hilton location was so disappointing that TFE's future is in doubt. The organization, at best a loose association of competitive syndicators, may become no association at all. In a year when the syndication market has been revitalized by the growing purchasing strength of UHF TV stations and a significant increase in station pre-emption of network programs it was the more agonizing for TFE members—especially those tucked away in the back corridors of the TFE floor—who missed the throngs they had been used to in previous years. The TFE Question • It wasn't that those with strong programs weren't finding any takers, rather that many wondered what good, if any, TFE membership had done them. This year TFE shrank to 21 of the 44 companies who set up suites during the convention to excite the program appetites of station men. There were 27 members last year. Across the street, even across town, and on other floors of the Hilton, other syndicators claimed they were getting all the attention they wanted. Meanwhile TFE members who had agreed to restrain their prize giving and keep their hostesses out of the halls were wondering what had happened. The members met Wednesday to discuss their common problem, decided nothing about the future of the organization, but agreed to meet again in four to six weeks in New York. It is known that at least two of the larger members of TFE are considering pulling out. Pierre Weiss, executive vice president, sales, for United Artists Television said he had not decided whether he would return to TFE next year. And one of TFE's founding companies, another large syndicator, may go it alone in 1969. Such defections may be more than TFE can sustain. The organization may be more helpful to the smaller companies, which might not expect to receive the same attention. The 1968 TFE cocktail party, one of the most expensive social sessions at the NAB convention, attracted many, but seemingly not so many as in years past. This year guests heard the music of Lex Baxter. Music, liquor, food, hall and attendant expenses reportedly came to an $18,000 tab for TFE members. if they did not have the proximity of the larger ones. And the larger ones are loathe to think they may be giving more than they are receiving from the association. Neither miniskirts nor minigolf seemed to be the answer this year to the slower traffic. The $1,500 each that TFE members ante up to participate may be more than they care to pay in the future. The TFE cocktail party, a social cynosure of NAB conventions and reportedly an $18,000 effort this year, could disappear with the dissolution of the organization. Disappointments • Al Unger, syndication vice president of Independent Television Corp. and chairman of TFE '68, acknowledged the show had not lived up to expectations, but insisted it had been successful "from the standpoint that business was written." An official of a major syndicator, who belonged to TFE last year, said he had dropped out because he could not get a decent location on the TFE floor and because he had grown tired of "the carnival atmosphere" associated with the group's activities. He said a little old lady coming through the TFE exhibits last year, finding no prizes given away in his suite, had taken a plate of peanuts off the bar and emptied them into her shopping bag. Some TFE members thought the self-imposed discipline of keeping hostesses out of the halls had been an unnecessarily debilitating restriction, and others considered the prohibition on individual company prize giving had been responsible for the decline in exhibit interest. TFE has tried to solve the prize problem by having a common prize setup with entry blanks available in all members' suites with daily drawings. This year prizes included a week-long vacation for two in Hawaii and three RCA color TV sets. (The Hawaii trip was won by Richard Burton, manager of WRFT-TV Roanoke, Va.) One company in TFE, King Features, got around the prize restriction by taking photo portraits of station visitors to its suite and promising to mail them two weeks later. Others relied on sexily clad, if not always attractive, hostesses to catch the attention of wandering visitors to the show. Enticements • Outside of TFE, the attention-grabbers employed by syndicators varied sharply from standard give-aways to the evening-party atmosphere of the "Lion's Club" suite in the Executive House, a mile from the Hilton, where MGM-TV had trouble attracting visitors and promoting its Man from U.N.C.L.E., which the company claims is the fastest moving property it has ever handled. Over the years film exhibitors have generally calmed down their NAB convention promotion techniques, and the 1968 session seemed to continue in the direction of lower-key selling. The trend from bare legs to bare facts and relaxed low-pressure sales methods is regarded as being a healthy sign by the NAB. As in past years a number of syndicators claimed significant sales made during the convention, but most indicated that they consider their presence at the NAB meeting as a means of making contacts, getting station programmers to think about their product—getting business under way rather than writing it. Most of the major program distributors—TFE members and others—were in a euphoric mood about the general state of the syndication market. Allowing appropriate windage for zeal about their own business prospects, they seemed genuinely pleased with reaction to their shows. And UHF was widely credited for this situation. One syndicator went so far as to say that UHF was the principal factor that had kept syndication a going business by bringing price competition into markets where it would otherwise not have existed. MCA indicated that its last year's sales of off-network series to UHF had come to about $2.5 million and that this year its UHF business might double that. Movies Hot - The popularity of features continued high at the convention. The MCA Universal Films (50) list with a strong network record has already sold in 77 markets. But one MCA executive describing the company's NAB strategy said: "I haven't talked sales since the show began and I don't intend to." Twentieth Century-Fox, another company away from TFE's halls, said interest in its new off-network offerings had been strong and that some business had been written. Screen Gems indicated interest in Farmer's Daughter was growing after purchases by two CBS-owned stations and that Hazel was still moving well. Screen Gems is considering production of a new daytime show for across-the-board stripping to be called Doctor's Diary, a sort of Divorce Court in a doctor's office. The camera would be looking over the doctor's shoulder as he counseled women patients on personal problems such as what advice to give a 16-year-old daughter about the pill. A group-station operator is believed to be considering production of a program of similar format. Paramount and Desilu, who merged during the year, were both TFE members last year, but this year set up shop at the Sheraton-Blackstone as did 20th Century-Fox and Screen Gems. Paramount's feature package was said to be moving well. Independent Television Corp., with a prime position on the TFE floor, said it had made 17 sales of its Heart of Show Business 90-minute special, six of them at the convention, as well as finding strong interest in its new series, Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, a TFE stalwart, claimed good traffic through its suite, said it had made two sales of 77 Sunset Strip and got a good response to its Volume 13 features and its Charlie Chan features. United Artists, another of the large TFE members, reported a good showing for its Rat Patrol. The convention showcase brought a spate of special product to broadcasters, including a large number of taped programs, as well as a profusion of color tape series. Trans-Lux announced 10 new first-run syndicated programs, concentrating on talk formats with personalities such as Arlene Francis, Phil Lind, Murray the K, and Pat McCormick. Walter Schwimmer division of Bing Crosby Productions said it was pleased with reaction to the pilot of a new half hour series, The Many Worlds of Christopher Wells, to be shot on location in U. S. cities. CBS Enterprises, still doing a bonanza business with Perry Mason (it has just released a second Perry Mason package) contemplates a coproduction with Goodson Todman for a rejuvenated What's My Line that would sell as five half hours per week. CBS Enterprises said it had favorable reaction to the plan during the Chicago meet. An introductory film has been made. With newsman Wally Bruner as host, the show would strive for a younger audience profile than it had received toward the end of its long run as a CBS-TV prime-timer. ABC Films' 43 new-to-syndication Invaders episodes kept traffic brisk, and the same company's Girl Talk, now in 80 markets, was expected to add others soon after the NAB session. New product from Official Films at the convention included 26 hours of the Ray Anthony musical variety show, a half-hour panel program called What's the Law? with Henry Morgan host to guest celebrities and a one-hour entertainment vehicle hosted by Robert Morse. Golden Eagle, with a package of seven color films and looking for other features, is a new subsidiary of Exquisite Form Industries, representing that company's effort to break into the television business. Golden Eagle claimed to have made five sales of the small feature package within the top 25 markets. American International Television, with its Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, Young Adult Theater and Gold Record series, used the Nelson family as a drawing attraction to its suite at the Ambassador East, far from the action at the Hilton. There were other syndicators who used their program celebrities to draw attention to their exhibits. One was Wolper Television Sales, which had Pierre Salinger, the star of one of its shows, on hand. Interest in Mr. Salinger as a member of the Kennedy organization picked up noticeably at the convention as the national political fortunes shifted drastically. WBC Program Sales, still riding strong with Merv Griffin and Mike Douglas, reported enthusiasm for its four planned David Frost specials, the first of which is now being edited. Walter Schwimmer division of Bing Crosby Productions was finding good reaction to a new version of its Let's Go to the Races, It's Racing Time. Similarly Triangle Programs said it had a good response to its auto racing and Dream World Series shows. Teledynamics created a stir with its Bill Burrud series, Wonderful World of Women, with a new half-hour segment on nudism. As an Teledynamics representative said: "We have a little trouble with it in the Bible belt." Krantz Films' Tape Net presented its The 20 Hour Week package of taped series designed for across-the-board station presentation. Mark Century Corp. and TM Productions were both pleased with reaction to their station service segments. Mark Century's Colorskope service now comprises 179 segments including a variety of program openings, closings, promos and ID's. --- Self-regulation of fairness suggested A middle ground on fairness-doctrine administration—between outright repeal and FCC methods now in force—has been spelled out in comments solicited by House Commerce Committee Chairman Harley O. Staggers (D-W.Va.). Asked by the chairman for his reactions to a House Commerce panel discussion held last month, Kurt Borchardt, former committee counsel, suggested that professional broadcast journalists could explore the possibility of establishing decentralized machinery for handling certain fairness complaints. Mr. Borchardt, now a lecturer in the graduate school of business administration at Harvard University, was asked by Mr. Staggers, who is also chairman of the Investigations Subcommittee, for an analysis of the statements filed during the panel discussion held by the subcommittee (Broadcasting, March 11). Mr. Borchardt observed that some machinery for handling and rectifying complaints is necessary "because the government and not the impersonal forces of the marketplace determine who may operate a broadcast station." In suggesting that professional organizations of newsmen rule on complaints, Mr. Borchardt noted that other professions—"the legal and medical professions, for example—provide such machinery for the local handling of complaints involving unprofessional conduct." Relief for FCC - If professional self-regulation proves feasible, he adds, "Congress might be persuaded to relieve the FCC, initially perhaps for limited periods, of the responsibility of handling fairness complaints regarding specific programs." Such professional bodies might also work out acceptable proposals, by devising "adequate safeguards," for modification or suspension of the equal-time stipulations governing candidates' appearances on radio and television (see page 40). In analyzing the various positions presented during the hearing, Mr. Borchardt noted that four different kinds of fairness seemed to be under consideration, and that different public-issue situations could call for different kinds of fairness. The first area would be that of all broadcast stations in relation to the total national audience. Second would be the fairness of a particular station over a period of time in relation to its regular audience. Third would be fairness regarding a particular program and its immediate audience, and fourth would be fairness "in relation to a person attacked in the course of a particular program." In other words, he explained, criteria to be considered would be: "fairness by whom, in relation to whom, with regard to what and with regard to what time horizon." He suggested that overall license-renewal procedures could adjust the broader fairness violations while local machinery, set up and run by panels of professional newsmen, might deal with specific program complaints. Neighborhood TV show starts in New York Inside Bedford-Stuyvesant, a twice-weekly half-hour neighborhood news and entertainment series, is to begin today (April 8) on Metromedia's WNEW-TV New York. Sponsored by Consolidated Edison, the New York Telephone Co. and the First National City Bank for 13 weeks at what a spokesman described as "special package rates," the show is aimed at the nearly 500,000 residents of the Brooklyn ghetto. Negro hosts of the series are James Lowry and Roxie Roker. Guests will include neighborhood figures, volunteer professionals and amateur talent. The series was initiated by Franklin Thomas, president of the Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corp., and Fred Papert, chairman of Papert, Koenig, Lois Inc., New York advertising agency. "At the end of the 13-week period, Mr. Papert said, "it is hoped there will be advertisers standing in line to get into the show." Mr. Papert emphasized the commercial nature of the series and said it allowed continuity. "This way, we won't have to go back hat in hand to a foundation for more money if the show is a success." Inside Bedford-Stuyvesant will be seen Mondays and Wednesdays at 7-7:30 a.m., and repeated at 12:45 a.m. The production cost was estimated at $45,000 for the 13-week series. Golden Eagle Films opens in New York The establishment of Golden Eagle Films Ltd., New York, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Exquisite Form Industries Inc., New York, was announced last week. It will acquire feature films and programs for distribution to stations and is now in the process of assembling its first group of properties. Stephen Ronald Reiner, an attorney for Exquisite Form, has been named president of the new venture. The distribution company will make its headquarters at 14 Pelham Parkway, Pelham, N. Y., and will have executive and sales offices at 385 Fifth Avenue, New York 10016. CBS's Collingwood in Hanoi Charles Collingwood, chief European correspondent for CBS News, arrived in Hanoi Friday, March 29, for an indefinite stay. He will produce television and radio reports. He was admitted by the North Vietnamese government on his U.S. passport as a journalist accredited to CBS News. He is the first American network news correspondent to be admitted in recent years, according to CBS News. Mr. Collingwood interrupted his sabbatical in Mexico for the special assignment. State's good name An attempt to draft a bill giving states equal time when attacked on air during political campaigns is one of first announced projects of Representative Charles Griffin (D-Miss.), successor and former assistant to John Bell Williams, one-time ranking majority member of the Commerce Committee and now governor at Mississippi. Representative Griffin says he perceived the bill's need during his campaign against civil-rights figure Charles Evers when, as Mr. Griffin subsequently charged in a complaint to FCC, Mr. Evers said on an NBC news program "everything bad, nothing good" about Mississippi. Mr. Griffin said he asked for equal time not as a candidate but to defend the state, but was turned down by network and commission. TV program outlook Jacobs and TVQ give predictions of winners for 1968-69 TV season Some 400 broadcasters last week got two predictions of how next season's TV shows should fare. One came from Herb Jacobs, president of TV Stations Inc., a film buying-consultant firm, and the other came from audience studies of the Home Testing Institute/TVQ. The information was given out at TVSI's annual breakfast seminar during the National Association of Broadcasters convention. Mr. Jacobs saw the prime-time schedule (by half hours) with CBS getting 28 firsts, 11 seconds and 11 thirds; NBC with 19 firsts, 22 seconds and nine thirds, and ABC with three firsts, 17 seconds and 28 thirds. He called NBC's new half-hour Saturday entry, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, the best new show of the coming season. The TVQ figures, called PIQ's (Program Idea Quotient), are based on favorable responses from those who were given a story outline and asked if they would watch the shows. The highest PIQ of 45 went to the last half-hour of NBC's Saturday night movie; the lowest PIQ of 17 went to the final half-hour of the Tuesday CBS Reports. By half-hour periods, PIQ gave ABC six, CBS 26 plus one tie and NBC 17 plus one tie. More Features ■ In addition to the figures and predictions, Mr. Jacobs noted that an increase in feature-film packages in the past year and a half seems to be tied to the soft spot-TV market. He recalled that from 1963 to 1966, when the spot market was strong, film purchases were static, but toward the end of 1966 as the spot market eased, feature-film sales increased. He also pointed to a recent Warner Brothers-Seven Arts study of the use of feature films to replace prime-time network shows (BROADCASTING, March 25) as further evidence of film's importance in the affiliated station's schedule. The study, covering only the top-50 markets, showed there were at least 82 affiliates running 96 local prime-time features per week during Nov. 1967. Mr. Jacobs said that the study dealt only in nonclearances, and did not take into account special network pre-emptions, and covered only feature-film usage, not syndicated programs, local specials or other types of programming. The network with the most nonclearances, Mr. Jacobs said, was CBS, followed by ABC and NBC. The highest nonclearance period on CBS was the Friday Night Movie, he added. The Outlook ■ The predictions by half-hour periods by network (ABC, CBS, NBC programs in that order). The first figure is Mr. Jacobs' estimate of first, second or third and the second is the PIQ figure. Sunday: 7—Land of the Giants 2, 32; Leslie 2, 33; New Adventures of Huck Finn 3, 26; T.V.Giants 3, 31; Gentle Giant 34; Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color 2, 31; 8—Hawaii Five-O* 20; Ed Sullivan 2, 33; Disney 1, 34; 8:30—Movie 1, 2, 32; Sullivan* 3, 36; Mothers-in-Law 3, 28; 9—Movie 2, 30; Smooth Talkers* 3, 32; Bonanza 36; Movie 1, 2, 31; Bonanza* 3, 33; Bonanza 1, 37; 10—Movie 2, 35; Mission Impossible 1, 34; Phyllis Diller 2, 37; 10:30—Movie 2, 36; Mission Impossible* 3, 35; 11—Movie 3, 37; Monday: 1:30—Avengers* 3, 26; Gunsmoke 1, 37; 1 Dream of Jeannie 2, 29; 8—Avengers 3, 26; Gunsmoke 1, 37; Red Skelton 1, 38; Laugh In 2, 29; 8:30—Peyton Place 1, 26; Lucy Show 1, 41; Laugh In 2, 29; 9—Outcasts 3, 25; Modern Family 34; Movie 2, 32; 9:30—Outcasts* 3, 25; Family Affair 3, 36; Movie 2, 34; 10—Big Valley* 3, 28; Carol Burnett 2, 35; Movie 1, 36; 10:30—Valley* 3, 27; Big Valley 2, 35; 11—Movie 1, 39; Tuesday:* 7:30—Young Detectives 3, 28; Lancer 1, 32; Jerry Lewis 2, 29; Detectives 3, 28; Lancer 1, 32; Lassie 2, 30; 8:30—I Take a Thief 2, 27; Red Skelton 38; Julia 3, 30; 9—Chief 3, 28; Skelton 1, 38; Minnie 2, 32; 9:30—Johnny Carson 3, 34; Day Day 3, 34; Movie 2, 34; 10—That's Life* 2, 29; CBS Reports 3, 18; Movie 1, 40; 10:30—That's Life* 2, 30; CBS Reports 3, 18; Movie 1, 43; Wednesday: 7:30—Here Comes the Brides* 3, 29; Daktari 2, 30; Virginius 1, 33; 8—Brides 3, 29; Daktari 2, 30; Virginius 1, 33; 8:30—Peyton Place II 2, 28; Good Guys 38; Virginian 1, 36; 9—Movie 2, 30; Bevery Hillbillies 1, 32; Frosty Magic 1, 37; 9:30—Movie 2, 32; Green Acres* 35; Movie 1, 36; Jonathan Winters* 3, 31; Movie 2, 29; 10:30—Movie 1, 38; Outcasts 3, 25; Thursday: 7:30—Uglylest Girl in Town 2, 25; Blondie 3, 31; Deanie Boone 3, 32; 8—Flying Nun 2, 30; Ninotchka 3, 30; Boone 3, 30; 8:30—Beugetched 1, 36; Hawaii Five-O 3, 30; Ironside 3, 31; 9—That Girl 3, 29; Movie 1, 34; Ironside 2, 32; 9:30—Tales of Unknown 3, 26; Movie 1, 38; Dragons 2, 29; 9:30—Tales of Unknown 3, 26; Movie 1, 38; Dean Martin 2, 30; 10:30—(Local time on ABC): Movie 1, 42; Marx* 2, 41; Friday: 7:30—Operation Entertainment 3, 26; Wild Wild West 31; High Chaparral 1, 32; 8—Entertainment 2, 28; Wild West 2, 31; Chaparral 1, 32; 8:30—Road House 3, 26; Gomer Pyle 42; Name of the Game 2, 26; Deanie Richard 3, 30; Movie 3a; Name of the Game 2, 28; 9:30—Guns of Will Scarlet 1, 39; Movie 2, 35; Name of the Game 2, 28; 10:30—(Local time on ABC): Movie 1, 42; Star Trek* 3, 26; 10:30—Judd 2, 29; Movie 1, 42; Star Trek 3, 26; Saturday: 7:30—Dagney Game 2, 26; Jackie Gleason 1, 38; Adam 12 2, 27; 8—Newlywed Game 2, 28; Gleason 1, 41; Get Smart 2, 32; 8:30—Adam 12 2, 27; Newlywed Game 3, 31; Ghost and Mrs. Muir 1, 34; 8—Walt Disney's Hogan's Heroes 3, 29; Movie 1, 35, 9:30—Hogan's Heroes 2, 27; Peterson Junction 3, 32; Movie 1, 38; 10—Palace 3, 27; Mannix 2, 32; Movie 1, 42; 10:30—(Local time on ABC): Mannix 2, 32; Movie 1, 45. New AP service unveiled in Chicago The Associated Press last week announced a new taped voice feature service, AP Voice Features, to be offered on a subscription basis to its broadcast members. Robert Eunson, assistant general manager in charge of the AP broadcast division, announced the new service in Chicago at the annual convention of the National Association of Broadcasters. He said the service was being inaugurated in response to member requests. The service will include a news commentary by newscaster Morgan Beatty, who recently retired from NBC; a sports show, a women's program and other features by AP specialists in the fields of business, science, entertainment and religion. Subscribers will receive four programs daily, five days a week. Each segment will run 3-and-½ minutes. James Wessel, AP's director of special projects, broadcast news department, will supervise the preparation of material for the new service. UPI, the other major wire service, introduced a voice service some time ago. Program notes... Here's Merv ■ Westinghouse Broadcasting's syndicated Merv Griffin Show, 90-minute entertainment program, has been scheduled for two more years on wNEW-TV New York and kTTV(tv) Los Angeles, Metromedia stations. It is shown weeknights at 8:30 p.m. local time. Additions ■ Perin Film Enterprises, New York, has obtained syndication rights east of the Mississippi for the Emery Film catalogue, the "Solid Gold" package of 20 feature films. Perin has also added a one-hour special, Have You Heard of the San Francisco Mime Troupe? to its library. Transplants examined ■ NBC-TV's Today show (7-9 a.m. EST) will devote its April 12 program to consideration of the scientific, medical, legal, moral, social and psychological aspects of human transplants. Guests will include Dr. Donald S. Frederickson, director of the National Heart Institute in Bethesda, Md.; Dr. Milford O. Rouse, president of the American Medical Association, and Dr. Christian Barnard of Cape-town, South Africa, in a filmed interview. Alcoholism ■ NBC-TV will present a documentary, The American Alcoholic, Friday, April 12 (10-11 p.m. EST). The program was filmed at six rehabilitation centers. Skelton's replacement ■ Summer replacement for CBS-TV's The Red Skelton Hour (Tuesdays 8:30-9:30 p.m.) will be Showtime, a variety program produced in London by ATV. It will begin June 11. Honored interviewer ■ Distinguished guests who have been interviewed by Deena Clark on her Moment With over NBC-owned wRC-TV Washington during the past seven years appeared at a reception last week given by James Pipkin, executive vice president of Texaco, and Joseph Goodfellow, an NBC vice president. On hand at wRC-TV KABC cautious about success of its ombudsman service More than a year ago KABC Los Angeles editorialized in favor of a bill that would have set up a statewide ombudsman service, one that would bring together the citizen and the proper government agency to handle the citizen's inquiry or complaint. The measure failed in the legislature, but the radio station was struck by public response to its editorials on the subject. So KABC began offering its own ombudsman service. Listeners are invited to write, telephone or contact the KABC talk-show moderators if they have a problem or question involving "bureaucratic red tape." Listeners who dial the Michael Jackson, Mary Gray, Ray Briem or Steve Allison talk shows are put on the air live. Typical questions may involve a request for information on how a neighborhood can get the city to put a crossing guard near its school, or advice on where one goes to lodge a complaint about excessively high garage bills. Talk show producers Ron Bradford and Joan Simmons, as well as assistant program director Bob Walsh, who supervises the on-air calls, are armed with a stack of city, county, state and federal contact books. An awareness of government operations makes it possible for them to usually find the appropriate agency, get connected with a responsible official, and put that person on the air to answer the caller's question. Listeners who prefer to send their questions in, or who would prefer to discuss them privately, are switched to Jim Zaillian, community relations director for the ABC-owned station. Taking pains to answer every communication, he points people to where they may get answers to their questions. Cautionary Outlook - After operating as a radio ombudsman for about a year now, KABC still is cautious about the results. "We've been put to the test by listeners," notes Ben Hoberman, KABC vice president and general manager, "but so far they haven't overwhelmed us. We get about 50 calls and letters a day," he reports. "Our staff is big enough to handle that load, but if it continues to grow we may have to take on new help." The point Mr. Hoberman emphasizes is that "unless you have good personnel willing to fulfill the station's promise to the public, you may find being ombudsman to your community a tough challenge." But along with the challenge comes a bonus here and there. An example is the ombudsman calls that lead to news breaks or editorial ideas. A citizen the other week called to say he lost a day from work by following the instructions given by a beeper phone at his district courthouse on how to pay a traffic fine. The radio ombudsman dialed the telephone number and discovered that the complaint was valid—the instructions given were wrong. The presiding judge of the court refused to change the message. KABC editorialized against the system. County supervisors subsequently ordered all district courts to use either correct recorded messages or to answer citizen calls directly. Few Crackpots - Reportedly the station has received few nuisance calls or calls and letters from chronic complainers. On-air questions are chosen for their general interest content. It's hoped that the caller not only gets an answer—and frequently a broadcast promise of satisfaction—but other listeners learn how they can get action on the same problem, while enjoying the satisfaction of seeing someone beat city hall. Most importantly the ombudsman service has given KABC a selling point with advertisers. The station claims to have audience believability based on a reputation for caring about and helping listeners. "The name of the game is to get them to listen and to keep them as listeners," says Mr. Hoberman. "If we can combine sincere public service with the kind of competitive broadcasting policy it takes to win and influence people, we're home free." Yet Mr. Hoberman is quick to point out that while considering the ombudsman service "exciting and rewarding," he's not yet prepared to recommend it generally to stations. "There's a way to go yet before we can report to others that the voyage is a safe one," he cautions. of 1968 Winter Olympic Games, to exclusive long-term agreements for TV appearances. Her first assignment will be for an NBC-TV special which will be presented during the 1968-69 season. Miss Fleming last week announced she has turned professional. Farmer's daughter in Philadelphia and New York - Screen Gems has placed into syndication 101 half-hour episodes of The Farmer's Daughter and has made initial sales to WCBS-TV New York and WCAU-TV Philadelphia, according to Dan Goodman, SG vice president of the syndicated division. The comedy series was carried on ABC-TV from 1963-66. Follow that man - NBC News has assigned three correspondent teams to cover the three leading candidates for the major parties' presidential nominations. Diplomatic correspondent Elie Abel will head the team covering Senator Eugene McCarthy (D-Minn.), Herb Kaplow will travel with Richard M. Nixon; and Charles Quinn will head coverage of Senator Robert F. Kennedy (D-N. Y.). Travel on TV - Trans-Lux Television Corp. reports it has acquired TV distribution rights to Wide, Wide World, a new half-hour travel series produced by Carl Dudley. Among the subjects filmed by Mr. Dudley in recent months are a Bastille Day celebration in Tahiti; elephant preserves in Madras, India; fire walking in Fiji and stone-age tribes of New Zealand. Bob Elston goes national - L & S Program Planners, Chicago, is offering in national syndication a weekly interview program, The Bob Elston Pump Room Show, which was aired locally in Chicago for many years. Address: 333 N. Michigan. New featurette - F&P Productions of Kansas City has made available a new radio package entitled This Is The Day That Was. The series is made up of one-minute featurettes designed to run each day and dealing with historical events, legends, superstitions and famous birthdays that fall on each date of the year. Animated return - Filmation, North Hollywood, Calif., will produce the animated adventures of Batman for CBS-TV. Series will bow in September. According to Filmation's Norm Prescott, Lou Scheimer and Hal Sutherland, Batman will be produced in association with National Periodicals Publications. Latter firm also owns rights to two other filmation series, Superman and Aquaman, both CBS-aired. Executive producer for National Periodicals is Alan Ducovny. Lucky Pierre - The one-hour special, With Pierre Salinger, syndicated by Wolper Television Sales (a subsidiary of Metromedia), will be telecast the same day and at the same time—on April 21 at 7-8 p.m.—on eight stations. Wolper said the sales were made to the stations, which then decided to telecast the special on a same day-same time basis. Stations are WNEW-TV New York, WKRS-TV Philadelphia, WKBN-TV Detroit, WKBG-TV Boston, WBHK-TV San Francisco, WTTG(TV) Washington, WKBF-TV Cleveland and KPLR-TV St. Louis. Studio rentals - Warner Bros.-Seven Arts is making the company's Burbank (Calif.) studios available to other production firms for rental. It's the first time the Warner Bros. lot has been opened to tenant companies. N. Gayle Gitterman, director of facility operations for Paramount Pictures, has joined W7 to supervise facility rentals on the 102-acre studio property. Gospel - National Educational Television and the Canadian Broadcasting Corp. will co-produce a 90-minute color video tape special of The Trumpets of the Lord, James Weldon Johnson's period folk musical, during mid-April for presentation on the CBC May 8 and on NET May 10. Again - CBS News will present another conversation between Eric Sevareid and longshoreman-philosopher Eric Hoffer during the 1968-69 season. Their first conversation, Eric Hoffer: The Passionate State of Mind, was originally broadcast Sept. 19, 1967, and again on Nov. 14. Bill Leonard, CBS News vice president and programing director, said it was hoped Mr. Hoffer's appearances would become an annual event. Church conference - Broadcast news services for the Uniting Conference of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church, to be held April 21-May 4 in Dallas, will be available to radio and TV stations across the country, it was announced by Nelson Price, director of broadcast services for the conference and director of the radio-TV department for the Methodist Television, Radio and Film Commission (TRAFCO), Nashville. The broadcast services will include actuality telephone news reports, facilities for filming TV newsclips and sound-taping. The prerecorded phone reports will be available throughout the conference by dialing (214) 742-6166. Network debut - Bill Burrud Productions, Hollywood, which currently has seven travel-adventure series in international syndication, will co-produce with a pet food advertiser a half-hour color series to be shown on NBC-TV in the summer. The series, Animal Kingdom, will be sponsored by Kal Kan Foods, Los Angeles, out of Honig-Cooper & Harrington, same city. Kal Kan, associated with Burrud in the production, will be making its debut as a network television advertiser. The action-adventure half-hour, which will be filmed on location in both the U. S. and abroad, starts on NBC-TV Sunday, June 16 in an early-evening time slot. UA travels - United Artists Corp., New York, is co-producing a half-hour color film travel-adventure series with Akkad International Productions, Hollywood. The series, Cesar's World, will feature actor Cesar Romero as host. Film footage for the show is now being shot in Africa and Latin America. The initial agreement calls for 39 episodes with an option for additional 39 shows. New production field - Arena Productions, best-known for The Man From U.N.C.L.E., is moving into the legitimate theater field this spring by financing the off-Broadway production of a new three-act contemporary play by television writer Larry Cohen. The play is the first for Mr. Cohen, who has written for and created such series as Branded, The Invaders, Blue Light and Coronet Blue. Primarily a TV production company headed by producer Norman Felton, Arena Productions will begin production of a new series, The Strange Report, for NBC-TV in England this summer and also is developing several movies for Paramount Pictures. AFRTS reunion - Rollie Rowlands of KYSN Colorado Springs is trying to schedule a reunion of all former members of the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service who still are in broadcasting. Interested parties should contact Mr. Rowlands at 2914 Greenwood Circle, Colorado Springs 80910. Three tales of cities - CBS News will present a series of three one-hour specials on the urban crisis June 18, 24 and 25 (10-11 p.m.) focusing on the decay of U. S. cities, steps being taken to cure urban ills and the cities of the future. The specials will be sponsored by the Institute of Life Insurance, through J. Walter Thompson Co. Baltimore broadcast - Baltimore Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro III has begun a weekly five-minute report to the people Sundays at 1:55 p.m. (EST) in color on WBAL-TV Baltimore. Entitled The Mayor's Report, the program allows Mr. D'Alesandro to inform Baltimoreans of the legislation he is proposing and what his thinking is on many major issues of the day. He will also use the series to increase citizen participation and community involvement. Gone West - Mike Douglas Entertainments Inc., Philadelphia and New York, has opened a West Coast branch at 315 South Beverly Drive, Beverly Hills, Calif. Vincent Andrews Jr. heads the new office. Syndicating spies • I Spy, which is completing its third season on NBC-TV and will formally enter domestic syndication in the fall, has already been sold in 15 markets, according to Jacques Liebenguth, NBC Films sales vice president. The sales are to: WOR-TV New York, KHJ-TV Los Angeles, WBMM-TV Chicago, WCAU-TV Philadelphia, CKLW-TV Windsor-Detroit, KTUU(TV) Oakland-San Francisco, WNAC-TV Boston, WTOP-TV Washington, WUAB(TV) Cleveland, WDUS-TV New Orleans, KING-TV Seattle, KGW-TV Portland, Ore., WHCT-(TV) Hartford, Conn., WHBQ-TV Memphis, and KHQ-TV Spokane, Wash. Papal film • The National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures (NCOMP) and the National Catholic Office for Radio and Television (NCORT) are producing a motion picture on the life of the late Pope John XXIII. The film will be distributed to theaters and subsequently released to television. British Accent • Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Peter O'Toole, Sir Laurence Olivier and Sir John Gielgud will be interviewed in Britain over the next few weeks by Larry King for the half-hour Profiles series, which is syndicated to stations by Spectrum Distribution Inc., a division of Transcontinental Investing Corp. The series is produced at WTVJ(TV) Miami and the inclusion of European personalities represents an extension of the program's format, according to Hardie Friberg, president of Spectrum. Psychic series • The phenomena of psychic occurrences is the subject matter of a new half-hour color series being developed by Palomino Productions, Hollywood, for Four Star International, North Hollywood, Calif. Both film and video tape will be used to combine dramatizations of scientific findings with actual case histories. Tentative title for the projected series is Shadow and Substance. WTTG airs plusses and minuses of Indianapolis Municipal strengths and weaknesses in a Midwest metropolis, Indianapolis, were to be spotlighted in the nation's capital last night (April 7) in a one-hour documentary produced and paid for by WFBM-TV Indianapolis, a Time-Life station. Presented on WTTG(TV) Washington, Indianapolis—What's in a Name, was five months in the making at a cost of $10,800. The film attempted to analyze housing and militancy in the city's Negro ghetto; alleviation of traffic congestion and its sister ailments; controversy over a new professional basketball franchise; recent cultural innovations and future plans of Indianapolis Mayor Richard G. Lugar. The program was produced by Chuck O'Donnell, written by Jim Hetherington and narrated by Bob Gamble, all of WFBM-TV. IATSE plans to fight foreign production The International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees announced last week that its general executive board has given President Richard F. Walsh emergency powers "to take whatever steps may be necessary to combat foreign film production by American producers." The board's action included an initial appropriation of $100,000 to acquaint the public with "the facts of crippling unemployment in Hollywood and, to some extent, in other parts of the country as well." Mr. Walsh said that IATSE's campaign will stress that it is "grossly unfair" that millions of American dollars should be paid out for foreign production of feature films and TV series as well as commercials that are used to advertise American goods primarily for American consumption. Pot-program inquiry to start May 6 The FCC will "make the scene" in Chicago May 6 to begin its investigation into a marijuana party filmed by WBMM-TV Chicago. Chief Hearing Examiner James D. Cunningham will conduct the inquiry according to standard investigatory procedure, although he has been given the discretion of excluding the public from the hearing if he feels that's in the public interest. The pot probe was prompted by allegations that the CBS-owned station had staged or encouraged Northwestern University students to conduct a marijuana party, which was filmed and broadcast last November. WBMM-TV officials have denied the allegations, but the commission said contrary statements by "other persons in a position to know the facts" made a hearing necessary (Broadcasting, March 18). Why did KCOP-TV, Los Angeles, just renew BILL BURRUD'S travel-adventure programs for the 14th consecutive year? Because, according to Gary Waller, KCOP's Director of Programming, Burrud programs deliver ratings, attract sponsors and produce ideal demographics. For sales-producing information contact Tony Azzato at... TELEDYNAMICS CORP., 165 W. 46th Street, New York, N.Y. Telephone (212) 586-6052 Spot's sluggish year: up less than 1% BUT NINE OF TOP 100 INCREASED THEIR SPENDING $3 MILLION The investment in national and regional spot television in 1967 reached an estimated $1,194,014,700, rising slightly (less than 1%) from the $1,189,346,000 allocated to the medium in 1966, according to the 12th annual spot-television report released today (April 8) by the Television Bureau of Advertising. Procter & Gamble was again the leading spot TV spender with expenditures of $78,878,700, up 1.2% over 1966. Nine of the top-100 advertisers added $3 million or more to their spot budgets in 1967 (see list). TVB pointed out that spot's performance in 1967 paralleled that of advertising in general as total advertising showed its smallest increase since 1961. The food and food products classification was again spot television's largest advertiser group with allocations of $306,460,600. The second largest category was toiletries and toilet goods with investments of $147,839,900. As in previous years, nighttime TV attracted the largest amount of spot TV expenditures ($415,490,100). Advertisers continued to prefer the longer messages with almost $7 out of every $10 allocated to one-minute commercials. The 20-second-30 second category rose from an 18.6% share in 1966 to 19.7%, probably indicating increased popularity for the 30-second message, TVB observed. \| Category \| Amount \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|------------\| \| Agriculture & Farming \| $5,291,100 \| \| Apparel, Footwear & Accessories \| 17,884,600 \| \| Automotive \| 52,769,200 \| \| Beer - Wine \| 74,889,900 \| \| Building Materials, Equipment & Fixtures \| 4,372,600 \| \| Candy & Gum \| 40,586,100 \| \| Confectionery & Soft Drinks \| 113,508,400\| \| Consumer Services \| 28,471,500 \| \| Drugs & Remedies \| 63,439,500 \| \| Entertainment & Amusement \| 10,730,400 \| \| Food & Food Products \| 306,460,600\| \| Furniture \| 1,452,600 \| \| Household Fabric & Finishes \| 1,488,700 \| \| Industrial Materials \| 1,929,300 \| \| Jewelry, Optical Goods & Cameras \| 1,539,200 \| \| Laundry Soaps, Cleansers & Polishers \| 99,167,500 \| \| Laundry Preparations \| 22,143,100 \| \| Laundry Soaps & Detergents \| 41,505,800 \| \| Office Equipment, Stationery & Writing Supplies \| 3,711,100 \| \| Office Machines, Furniture & Accessories \| 281,600 \| \| Pens, Pencils & Stationery \| 3,429,500 \| \| Pet Products \| 21,008,300 \| \| Pet Foods \| 20,599,200 \| \| Pet Supplies \| 409,100 \| \| Publishing & Media \| 2,683,900 \| \| Television, Radio, Musical Instruments & Records \| 6,511,200 \| \| Musical Instruments \| 210,800 \| \| Records & Tape Recordings \| 1,676,300 \| \| TV Sets, Radios, Phonographs & Recorders \| 4,463,200 \| \| Miscellaneous \| 160,900 \| \| Tobacco Products & Supplies \| 48,403,100 \| \| Cigarettes \| 46,437,500 \| \| Cigars & tobacco \| 1,647,700 \| \| Smoking Accessories \| 323,300 \| \| Toiletries & Toilet Goods \| 147,839,900\| \| Cosmetics & Beauty Aids \| 21,190,600 \| \| Dental Supplies & Mouthwashes \| 32,055,000 \| \| Deodorants & Deodorants \| 11,385,300 \| \| Hair Products \| 41,412,900 \| \| Razors & Blades \| 8,887,700 \| \| Shaving Creams, Lotions & Men's Toiletries \| 7,161,400 \| \| Toilet Soaps \| 12,734,900 \| \| Misc. Toilet Goods \| 13,012,100 \| \| Toys & Sporting Goods \| 19,387,100 \| \| Sporting Goods \| 560,300 \| \| Transportation & Travel \| 33,000,000 \| \| Airplanes \| 24,658,200 \| \| Buses \| 3,668,600 \| \| Car Rental \| 3,923,300 \| \| Railroads \| 765,000 \| \| Steamship Lines \| 60,900 \| \| Miscellaneous \| 25,475,200 \| Total: $1,194,014,700 NOTE: New product classifications are being added to the report each year. used in this report. Changes were made to make the data for spot television more comparable to product class data published for other media. Source: Tvb-LNA/Rorabaugh 1967 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL SPOT TV EXPENDITURES TOP 100 ADVERTISERS (Source: Tvb-LNA/Rorabaugh) 1. Procter & Gamble $78,878,700 2. General Foods 43,105,000 3. Coca-Cola Co./bottlers 36,661,300 4. Colgate-Palmolive 33,311,000 5. Lever Brothers 24,689,100 6. Bristol-Myers 21,822,900 7. William Wrigley Jr., Co. 21,756,400 8. Warner-Lambert Pharma. 16,287,500 9. Continental Baking Co. 16,222,900 10. American Tobacco 14,848,300 11. General Mills 14,185,800 12. PepsiCo., Inc./bottlers 13,946,300 13. Kellogg 13,517,500 14. Alberto-Culver 13,432,600 15. Quaker Oats 13,002,300 16. American Home Products 12,589,800 17. Shell Oil 12,235,900 18. Ford Motor Co., dealers 11,414,200 19. Corn Products 10,336,000 20. Gillette 10,010,000 21. Seven-Up 9,934,600 22. General Motors Corp., dealers 9,678,800 23.Ralston Purina 9,395,100 24. Philip Morris 9,345,300 25. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco 9,145,700 26. Standard Brands 9,141,400 27. Miles Labs 9,050,700 28. Johnson & Johnson 8,853,400 29. American Can Co. 8,653,000 30. Mars Inc 8,509,500 31. Brown & Williamson Tobacco 8,080,400 32. Jos. Schlitz Brewing 7,667,600 33. H. J. Heinz 7,354,900 34. Campbell Soup 7,033,300 35. Borden 6,961,800 36. Chrysler Corp., dealers 6,927,600 37. Kraft Products 6,837,400 38. American Tel. & Tel. 6,702,100 39. Nestle Co. 6,592,700 40. General Motors 6,242,900 41. Sterling Drug 6,180,700 42. Royal Crown Cola 6,111,500 43. Scott Paper 5,984,900 44. Liggett & Myers Tobacco 5,802,000 45. Sears, Roebuck 5,802,000 46. Canadian Breweries 5,823,300 47. Pabst Brewing 5,752,300 48. National Biscuit 5,667,600 49. National Dairy Products 5,547,400 50. Hills Brothers Coffee 5,189,200 51. Standard Oil Co. of Ind. 4,913,800 52. Carnation Co. 4,899,800 53. Camp-Wallace 4,855,000 54. Pillsbury 4,789,000 55. Armour & Co. 4,552,600 56. United Air Lines 4,551,500 57. Ford Motor 4,515,300 58. S. C. Johnson & Son 4,499,100 59. Beatrice Foods 4,479,600 60. Norwich Pharmacal 4,285,300 61. Chesebrough-Ponds 4,270,000 62. Rheingold Corp. 4,056,300 63. Heublein Inc. 4,002,400 64. E & J Gallo Winery 3,787,100 65. Hunt Foods & Industries 3,737,100 66. Richardson-Merrell 3,724,300 67. Associated Brewing 3,703,200 68. Gulf Oil 3,688,700 69. American Airlines 3,498,100 70. International Tel. & Tel. 3,422,200 71. P. Ballantine & Sons 3,440,300 72. Pet Inc. 3,415,400 73. United Vintners 3,415,400 74. Mead Johnson & Co. 3,408,600 75. Standard Oil Co. of Calif. 3,372,100 76. Noxell Corp. 3,284,000 77. Eversharp 3,140,500 78. Canada Dry Corp. 3,133,400 Nine advertisers recorded increases of $3 million or more in Spot TV in 1967: \| 1967 Billings (000) \| $ increase over 1966 (000) \| \|---------------------\|-----------------------------\| \| Continental Baking Co., Inc. \| $16,223 \| +$3,097 \| \| American Tobacco Co. \| 14,848 \| +5,212 \| \| Alberto-Culver Co. \| 13,433 \| +4,104 \| \| Quaker Oats Co. \| 13,002 \| +4,240 \| \| Shell Oil Co. \| 12,236 \| +4,293 \| \| Nestle Co., Inc. \| 6,593 \| +3,477 \| \| Scott Paper Co. \| 5,585 \| +3,404 \| \| Armour & Co. \| 4,553 \| +3,404 \| \| Norwich Pharmacal Co. \| 4,285 \| +3,025 \| The top 5 product classifications showed the following investment changes in 1967: \| Product Classification \| % Change '67 vs. '66 \| \|------------------------\|---------------------\| \| Food & Food Products \| $306,460,600 \| +0% \| \| Toilettries & Toilet Goods \| 147,839,900 \| +5% \| \| Confectionery & Soft Drinks \| 113,508,400 \| -2% \| \| Laundry Soaps, Cleansers & Polishes \| 99,167,500 \| -3% \| \| Beer & Wine \| 74,889,900 \| -15% \| Six major product categories recorded sizeable gains in 1967: \| Product Category \| % Change '67 vs. '66 \| \|------------------\|---------------------\| \| Apparel, Footwear & Accessories \| $17,884,600 \| +7% \| \| Consumer Services \| 28,471,900 \| +19% \| \| Entertainment & Amusement \| 10,730,400 \| +51% \| \| Pet Products \| 21,008,300 \| +10% \| \| Toilettries & Toilet Goods \| 147,839,900 \| +5% \| \| Transportation & Travel \| 33,076,000 \| +13% \| Source: Tvb-LNA/Rorabaugh Retailer tells FM men of opportunity FM has a golden opportunity to become the "cutting edge in the retailers, total media attack" if the stations take advantage of their own strong points and learn to fully evaluate the weak points of their competition—all other media. That message to the National Association of FM Broadcasters convention in Chicago March 29 (see page 71), came from a retailer who puts about 80% of its annual $5 million ad budget in newspapers, which are raising costs without proportionate circulation increases and which have as much a clutter problem as does TV. Richard B. Schlesinger, vice president for advertising, Carson Pirie Scott & Co., Chicago, pointed out that retailers are becoming "increasingly aware of their media problems. There is the cost squeeze that is affecting both large and small advertisers. For newspapers, for example, both space and production costs are increasing dramatically, while in our case at least, their circulations fail to keep up with our move to the suburbs." Mr. Schlesinger spoke less then an hour before a $7.5 million fire raged through Carson's a block away. He said cost of using TV in a major market "nearly eliminates the possibility of frequency, an essential ingredient in moving merchandise." And in both papers and television, he continued, "there is the factor of clutter... The sheer mass of advertising in a large metropolitan paper makes the advertiser's job extremely difficult. As a result there has been a definite decrease in newspaper advertising effectiveness." With all these problems facing the retailer who has for years used newspapers as his prime medium and who is now experimenting with TV, radio "and more particularly FM radio... [has] a golden opportunity" to reach the retailers as they re-evaluate media strategy and move toward market target evaluation, Mr. Schlesinger noted. Recommendations ■ He offered six ways broadcasters can take advantage of the prevailing situation: - Develop and know your full potential by picking your target market and programing to it consistently. - Sell intelligently by developing presentations based on market target demographics and by hammering away at cost advantage related to favorable demographic material. Don't "wheel and deal. All this does is depreciate your product and the whole medium." - Sell creatively by developing service and providing copywriting, and sell "your lack of clutter." - Know your prospect by recognizing that "the love affair between newspapers and retailers has been going on for a hundred years and that newspapers know retailers, their structures and their peculiarities." - Know your competition by being aware of all their plusses and minuses; and know how they sell so FM can be positioned properly in relation to the other media. Mr. Schlesinger emphasized that retailing is in a "period of explosive change [and] . . . our manufacturers' attitude toward use of media is also changing." He said this was a vital point since about one-third of the annual $2.5 billion display advertising budget is in co-op money from manufacturers to local stores. N.W. Ayer acquires Seattle ad agency N. W. Ayer & Son Inc., Philadelphia, has acquired Frederick E. Baker Advertising Inc., Seattle. The subsidiary will be known as N. W. Ayer-F. E. Baker, and will remain in its headquarters in the Joseph Vance building with the same staff. Frederick E. Baker, who founded the agency in 1940, will be president and chief executive officer of the combined operation, with Brydon S. Greene, Ayer executive vice president and Pacific region general manager, as chairman of the board. Other board members will be Neil W. O'Connor, president of Ayer, Robert O. Bach, Ayer senior vice president and director of creative services, and five other officers and former owners of the Baker agency. As a client of both, the Boeing Co., was responsible for bringing the two together. Ayer purchased Alexander-Butterfield Ltd., London, last August. Baker Advertising reportedly billed over $4 million in 1967, and gained five new accounts. Ayer, citing 17 new accounts, bills an estimated $111 million, with $46 million in radio-TV. RAB small market group expanded at Chicago meet The Radio Advertising Bureau's new 14-member marketing committee held its inaugural meeting in Chicago last week and on the same day four new members were added to RAB's small market advisory committee. Members of the marketing committee are John Aldren, KOA Denver; Leslie G. Arries Jr., WBEN Buffalo, N. Y.; Daniel B. Burke, WJR Detroit; Elmo Ellis, WSA Atlanta; Philibin S. Flanagan, Henry I. Christal Co., New York; Harvey Glascock, WNEW New York; Ben Holmes, Edward Petry & Co., New York; Stanley N. Kaplan, WAYS Charlotte, N. C.; Milton Maltz, Malrite Stations, Mount Clemens, Mich.; Reggie Martin, WSPD Toledo, Ohio; Herbert J. Mendelsohn, Bartell Stations, New York; Richard J. Monahan, Kops-Monahan Communications Inc., New Haven, Conn.; Charles K. Murdock Jr., WTWC Cincinnati, and Andrew M. Ockershausen, WMAL Washington. The committee reviewed industry sales problems and opportunities and discussed practical methods of improving audience research firms' understanding of the way radio is marketed. New members of the small markets advisory committee are Charles H. Adams, WAZE Clearwater, Fla.; Ross E. Case, KWAT Watertown, S. D.; Robert A. Fick, KROC Rochester, Minn., and James Heavner, WCRL Chapel Hill, N. C. Discussing agency acquisition are (l to r): Brydon S. Greene, executive vice president and Pacific region general manager of Ayer, who will be chairman of the board of Ayer-Baker; Bruce F. Baker, vice president-administration of Baker Advertising and a member of the board of directors of Ayer-Baker; Neal W. O'Connor, president of Ayer, and Frederick E. Baker, founder of the Baker organization who will be President and chief executive officer of Ayer-Baker. Piel Bros. (Piels Beer), through Papert, Koenig, Lois, both New York, has renewed its sponsorship of Minnesota Fair Celebrity Billiards, syndicated television series by Harold J. Klein Film Assocs., for an additional 17 weeks of new productions. Piels originally signed for 13 shows in 14 eastern markets, and used its option to repeat the 13 starting this month. Drewrys Ltd., South Bend, Ind., parent company of Piels, through Tatham-Laird & Kudner, Chicago, will sponsor the show in 11 markets in Michigan, Illinois and Indiana. Four advertisers have signed for sponsorship of the triple crown horse races —The Kentucky Derby May 4 (4-5 p.m. EDT), The Preakness May 18 (5-5:45 p.m. EDT) and The Belmont Stakes June 1 (5-5:45 p.m. EDT)—on CBS-TV. Sponsors are Pabst Brewing Co., Milwaukee (Kenyon & Eckhardt, Chicago); Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh (Ketchum, MacLeod & Grove, Pittsburgh); John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co., Boston (McCann-Erickson, New York); and The Triumph Corp., Baltimore (Needham, Harper & Steers, New York). Armstrong Cork Co., Lancaster, Pa., will sponsor two one-hour variety specials, Girl Friends and Nabors starring Jim Nabors, and an Andy Griffith Special on CBS-TV during the 1968-69 season. Armstrong's agency is BBDO, New York. PepsiCo Inc., New York, on behalf of its divisions, Pepsi-Cola Co. and Frito-Lay Inc., will sponsor a one-hour color TV special, Rompl, on ABC-TV April 21 (7-8 p.m.). The agency is Foote, Cone & Belding, New York. Viking Carpets Inc., division of Commercial Carpet Co., through David Singer Associates Inc., both New York, and Kentucky Fried Chicken Corp., through Noble-Dury & Associates Inc., both Nashville, have each purchased half-sponsorship of Andy Williams' third special on NBC-TV this season. Entitled H. Andrew Williams' Kaleidoscope Co., the program will be broadcast Sunday, April 28 (10-11 p.m. EST). Polk Miller Products Corp., Lynchburg, Va. subsidiary of A.H. Robins Inc., Richmond, Va., has planned a television and consumer magazine campaign for its Sargent's Pet care products. Separate spot TV campaign will feature the Sentry dog collar and the newly developed Sentry cat collar in major markets primarily in the spring-summer months. N. W. Ayer & Son, New York-Philadelphia, is the agency. Consolidated Cigar Corp. (Dutch Masters Cigars) through David, Oksner & Mitchneck, both New York, will sponsor The Comedy of Ernie Kovacs, on ABC-TV Tuesday, April 9 (10-11 p.m. EST). The program, presenting a selection of specials the late comedian wrote, produced, directed and appeared in, including commercials he did for Dutch Masters, is being coordinated by Edie Adams, Mr. Kovac's widow, with Milt Hoffman as executive producer. Green Giant Co., LeSeuer, Minn., will use TV, print and in-store displays to promote two new bean products in Phoenix; Hartford, Conn.; Houston and Minneapolis, where they are being test marketed. The new items, brown sugared pork and beans in tomato sauce and Ovcencrook beans in molasses sugar, were said to be prepared using the Quick Cook process for consistent color, texture and flavor. Leo Burnett Co., Chicago, is the agency. American Express Co., through Ogilvy & Mather, both New York, will sponsor for the second year a series of half-hour specials, NFL Action, presenting highlights of the 1967-68 pro-football season. Produced by NFL Films, the 21-week series will be shown in 25 markets. Anderson-Little Co. Inc., Fall River, Mass., through Bo Bernstein & Co. Inc., Providence, R.I., has announced a $300,000 re-entry into TV advertising after a ten-year absence. One minute and 20-second commercials scheduled for stations in Boston, Providence, New Haven and Hartford, Conn., and Portland, Me., this year will push the firm's retail clothing line. Anderson-Little has 23 outlets in New England. Bonanza Air Lines Inc., Phoenix, through MacManus, John & Adams, Los Angeles, will use radio, television, newspapers and outdoor posters in a concentrated four-week spring advertising campaign covering four western states. It's estimated that the campaign, which will run into May, will involve more than $100,000 in expenditures. Radio schedules include some 6,000 spots on 68 stations in Los Angeles, San Diego; Phoenix, Tucson and Yuma, all Arizona; Las Vegas, Reno and Salt Lake City, in addition to smaller communities in the areas close to these markets. Presto Food Products Inc., Los Angeles, through Anderson-McConnell Advertising Agency, that city, begins a 20-market television campaign in the West and Southwest this month that will run for 13 weeks. The promotion, on behalf of the advertiser's pre-whipped Real Whip frozen topping, will carry the theme: "Lick-the-beater flavor without a lick of beating" in 30 and 60-second color spots. Stations' spots may disrupt ratings The February-March audience measurements of the American Research Bureau and A. C. Nielsen Co. for Atlanta and Los Angeles will carry notations that one station in each of those markets used practices that may have had an effect on the ratings. The stations involved are WQXI-TV (formerly WAAT-TV) Atlanta and KHJ-TV Los Angeles. In both cases the stations reportedly broadcast announcements telling viewers how to fill in their ratings diaries. ARB said it would carry a front-cover mention of a special notice inside the book and refer to the notice on each page. Nielsen spokesmen also said they would note the stations' action in their reports. It is understood the Broadcast Rating Council is also looking into the situation. The ARB reporting period was Feb. 14-March 12 and the Nielsen period was Feb. 15-March 13. Copy Provided ■ ARB said that KHJ-TV had provided the rating service with a copy of the announcement and the location and frequency of the messages. It said the Atlanta station had not supplied the contents of the on-air messages or the number of times they ran. ARB said KHJ-TV ran a total of 148 announcements during the period. The WQXI-TV announcement, incorporating both visual and aural, as monitored by ARB, had the voice over: "Some viewers in the Atlanta area are now keeping a diary showing their TV viewing. If you have a diary and are watching [name of program], your diary should look like this" (shows open diary with entries). KHJ-TV's announcement was similar: "If you've been chosen to keep a record of your TV viewing and are watching [name of program] be sure to fill in the correct channel number and call letters." ARB said the Atlanta station felt the announcements "would enhance the accuracy of diary entries." Hal Taylor Productions formed Hal Taylor, former radio recording director and TV music producer for J. Walter Thompson Co., has joined with Neil O'Brien, former Kenyon & Eckhardt producer, and John Westing, former producer for McCann-Erickson, to form Hal Taylor Productions Inc., a new radio-TV commercial production firm based in Scarsdale, N. Y. Secret formula is hard work An AM billing $325,000 in town of 13,000 tells NAB how it's done The agenda included such events as the introduction of Chris Noel, an attractive Hollywood starlet and disk jockey whose programs are heard in Vietnam as Miss National Radio Month and the debut before the convention of Stockton Helfrich as NAB Code Authority director (see page 52), but the star of the Tuesday morning radio assembly at last week's National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago was the owner of a 1 kw AM in Moberly, Mo. Some 1,000 broadcasters were on hand to hear Jerrell A. Shepherd, owner of KWIX Moberly, describe the proper way to wave a magic wand to produce giant-sized billings. His speech had been titled "Billing $325,000 in a town of 13,000" and the audience had pens and pencils at the ready. No Genies - But if they thought he was going to say the secret was to whisper "Open Sesame" and then walk into a world bulging with dollars, they were wrong. Reaching billing of that size was not an overnight miracle and it required considerably more sales effort than simply handing a contract to a prospective advertiser. Mr. Shepherd said there was "no magic formula" and that only "hard work and determined effort" produced results. As he described it the KWIX hard-work formula had eight parts: - Program to attain means community involvement. "If the advertiser listens, he believes everyone does; if he doesn't listen he thinks no one does." - Think of the station as more of a sales organization than a programming organization. "The sales bring us income to do all the things we want to do." - Believe the station is the "basic advertising medium, not the supplemental medium." Most local retailers do basic advertising on KWIX and use supplemental budgets in the newspaper. - Have a flat rate and use only 30-second spots in "clusters of two." - Believe in the value of the product and raise rates accordingly. - Use only "price and item" copy to move goods and services and to help the local businessman hear the cash register ring daily, not once in a while. - Operate on a regional basis. Half of the income comes from outside Moberly and KWIX is considered the local station throughout the region. - Set long-range goals and honestly pursue them. Mr. Shepherd noted that average billing in 1960 was $12,000 a month and that in 1961 a long range goal of $20,000 a month was established. Billings that year hit $172,528; rose to $197,434 in 1962; went up to $236,199 in 1963, and reached $288,162 in 1964. Since the $20,000 goal had been reached, he said, the goal was set at $25,000 per month and in 1967 billing for KWIX was $325,357. The Whole Budget - One of the pitches KWIX uses, he explained, is to always go for 100% of an advertiser's budget for the "basic medium." The advertiser who gives you his whole budget, he continued, "is also one of your best salesmen since he can't admit spending foolishly." Mr. Shepherd also explained his philosophy in not running any public-service spots, but using that time for commercials. He noted that "nowhere in the FCC regulations does it say you have to give them away. It just asks how many are you giving away." Since the newspapers don't give away display ad space, he continued, there seemed to be no sense in giving away commercial air time. He contended that the newspaper, rather than turn over a lot of potential ad space to a public service campaign, would satisfy the local head of such a drive by giving him a "front page story with his picture. He values that real high." The KWIX philosophy, he said, is to run news stories on public service projects. And, he added, since that practice started the station has been relicensed twice even though it puts a "big fat zero" in the FCC questionnaire box asking how many public-service spots the station is going to carry. Mr. Shepherd said that when a station has "an income of quantity coming in, many of the little problems disappear," and he pointed out that the high billings have enabled KWIX to increase its mobile news operation, improve its equipment and retain capable personnel. Agency appointments... - Roberts Dairy Co. of Omaha has awarded its consumer advertising and corporate public relations account to '68 network TV billings slightly ahead of '67 Network billing in the first quarter of 1968 increased 3.5% over the comparable period of last year to reach a total of $417.1 million, according to an announcement last week by the Television Bureau of Advertising. Based on data supplied by Leading National Advertisers, TVB reported that daytime billing rose 4.5% to $136.2 million for the quarter, while nighttime climbed 3% to $280.9 million. Billing for March 1968 totaled $139.5 million, a 0.6% gain over March 1967. \| Network Television Net Time and Program Billings by Day Parts and by Network (Add $000) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\| \| January-March \| 1967 \| 1968 \| % Chg. \| Daytime \| 1967 \| 1968 \| % Chg. \| \| Daytime \| $130,258.0 \| $136,181.0 \| + 4.5 \| Daytime \| $43,269.7 \| $43,458.7 \| + 0.4 \| \| Monday-Friday \| 96,010.0 \| 96,876.9 \| + 0.9 \| Monday-Friday \| 33,897.1 \| 30,436.3 \| -10.2 \| \| Saturday-Sunday \| 34,248.0 \| 39,304.1 \| +14.8 \| Saturday-Sunday \| 9,372.6 \| 13,022.4 \| +38.9 \| \| Nighttime \| 272,724.4 \| 280,893.5 \| + 3.0 \| Nighttime \| 95,363.5 \| 96,042.5 \| + 0.7 \| \| Total \| $402,982.4 \| $417,074.5 \| + 3.5 \| Total \| $138,633.2 \| $139,501.2 \| + 0.6 \| ABC \| CBS \| NBC \| Total ---\|----\|----\|----- January \| $34,708.7 \| $55,886.5 \| $48,045.7 \| $138,640.9 February \| 41,979.5 \| 49,901.3 \| 47,051.6 \| 138,932.4 March \| 38,900.6 \| 52,270.0 \| 48,330.6 \| 139,501.2 Revised Source: LNA/TVB George Gould sets up N.Y. production firm The formation of a tape and film production company specializing in commercial and programing was announced last Thursday (April 4) by George K. Gould, who has resigned as executive vice president of Videotape Productions, New York and Hollywood, to organize the new enterprise. Mr. Gould said that the production organization, which has the working name of Teletronics Corp., New York, is expected to be in operation by July 15. He now is in the process of assembling a staff. Mr. Gould said that at the outset the company will accentuate film commercials but will be active in the tape and programing areas. In 1956 Mr. Gould organized a videotape production studio called Telestudios Inc. Over the past 12 years, he has continued in top posts with NTA Telestudios, MGM Telestudios and with Videotape Productions, which is owned currently by MGM and the 3M Co. New method for TVB funding? Instead of membership dues, Cash proposes percentage of sales A suggestion that the Television Bureau of Advertising might be better financed through commissions on the sales it makes than by conventional membership dues was advanced last week by President Norman E. Cash. He offered the thought, without elaboration, in a report on TVB activities at last Monday's television assembly of the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. TVB has made presentations to more than 200 top advertisers in the last few months and has put $18 million in sales "on your books," he told the TV broadcasters, adding: "Maybe instead of dues, TVB should take a commission on sales." He said the bureau is servicing some 450 accounts aside from work on target prospects including 36 "secret" accounts. He singled out station representatives for special praise for their teamwork with TVB in making sales presentations. Rising Expectations - Mr. Cash told the broadcasters that although 1967 sales left something to be desired and 1968 had not got off to a fast start, he thought television would be "in good shape" economically by the end of the year. Based on preliminary surveys he predicted that figures on the first quarter of 1968 would show TV sales up about 3% over first-quarter 1967, with local up 7%, spot up 2% and network about even with year-ago levels. Turning to the big potential of the automotive advertising market, he noted that selling in Detroit is highly competitive and by no means inexpensive. "If you want to sell Detroit," he said, "let's put up the money to sell it." Retailers' use of television is growing on a large scale, spearheaded by widespread TV advertising by Sears, Roebuck, Mr. Cash reported. An analysis of retail advertisers in television, he said, indicates that the more commercials a store uses, the more likely it is to continue in television. TVB added 23 new members during the past year, Mr. Cash said, putting its current roster at 275 stations, three networks, 12 station-representation firms, one producer/syndicator (MGM-TV) and 26 associate members and universities. New research tool to measure ad effects A marketing-media research service designed to enable broadcast stations and newspapers to provide advertisers and agencies with a continuing, market-by-market study of the effects of advertising is being offered by Media Service Inc., a marketing research organization, in conjunction with the Trendex Co. MSI President Albert B. Shepard anPREVIEW: Only uncle, not the beer, is near A spirit from the past returns to keep an eye on the spirits of the present as Erie Brewing Co., Erie, Pa., introduces a new campaign for its Koehler beer. Uncle Jackson Koehler, a Dutch brewmaster who founded the brewery in 1847, dominates the campaign as he watches (from the picture frame in the above commercial) over his descendants, making sure they're still brewing Koehler with his incomparable "Dutch Touch." Emphasis is put on the fact that Koehler's is from a family brewery with "pride in product." With the major portion of the $500,000 plus ad budget slated for broadcast, Uncle Jackson will be haunting markets in Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio through Lando Inc., Pittsburgh. The commercials were produced by Colodzin Productions with musical arrangements by Advantage Productions. Mr. Shepard said the service would cost about $45,000 per year for media in the top 15 markets, with price descending along with the size of the market. The service will include bimonthly reports containing, by product, share-of-purchase graphs, and provide an index on brand share within each market, as well as biannual and annual reports on such matters as total awareness, percentage of brand loyalty, share of purchases, by brand, and reasons for buying or switching brands. Mr. Shepard said the information could be used in new product introduction, testing copy, selecting media and testing media weight, scheduling and evaluating length of commercials, network vs. spot. "In addition," he said, "media will now be able to offer advertisers and agencies continuous research for such primary purposes as product introduction, media evaluation, competitive product performance, market share trends, and selection and value of markets." He noted that from a sales application standpoint, stations will have an exclusive franchise enabling the advertiser to measure his advertising investment. Mr. Shepard also said that the service would include specialized research for station management. It will cover such areas as program and personality evaluations, public opinion and station image studies, and audience profile studies. Mr. Shepard said that much of the research information being offered is available now, but only on a "one-shot basis. We're doing this on a market, by-market, continuing basis." Ad run to denounce trade tower bounce Opponents of New York's World Trade Center took a seven-column ad in the New York Times to urge citizens to write Governor Rockefeller to intercede and "protect your television viewing." The 110-story twin towers are expected to create TV interference problems during their construction by bouncing signals from the Empire State building broadcast mast back into Upper Manhattan, the Bronx, Westchester and Putnam counties. Sponsors of the ad were "The Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center," a group of 90 real estate men, headed by Lawrence A. Wien, who also heads the syndicate controlling the Empire State building. When the trade towers are completed, the broadcast mast will be moved there from the Empire State. Teleprompter earnings up more than revenue Teleprompter Corp., New York, reported record-high earnings and revenues during 1967. The multiple CATV owner, which is also a major supplier of large screen, closed-circuit television for sports, business meetings and special events, last week reported that revenues increased by 1.9%, but earnings shot up by 32.2%. The annual stockholder meeting will be held May 7 in New York, the company also announced. For the year ended Dec. 31: \| \| 1967 \| 1966* \| \|----------------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Earned per share \| $1.19 \| $0.86 \| \| Gross revenues \| 6,557,127 \| 6,435,368 \| \| Net earnings** \| 315,086 \| 292,618 \| \| Extraordinary item \| 734,406 \| 501,572 \| \| Net income \| 1,050,102 \| 794,190 \| Restated to conform to 1967 classifications. After federal income taxes but before extraordinary item. Sonderling merges with Teleservice Sonderling Broadcasting Corp., Oak Park, Ill., station group owner, has signed a merger agreement with Modern Teleservice Inc., New York distributor of television film and commercials, for 130,000 shares of Sonderling stock. The transaction was valued at more than $3.8 million based on the closing price of Sonderling stock of 29% on the American Stock Exchange Thursday (April 4). Modern Teleservice reported sales of $3,250,000 in 1967. Sonderling's nine-month report showed a 10% increase in gross revenues to $4.8 million, but a 7% drop in per-share earnings in 1967 (from 77 cents to 72 cents). Sonderling stations are WOPA-AM-FM Oak Park, Ill.; KFOX-AM-FM Long Beach-Los Angeles, WWRL New York, WOL-AM-FM Washington, WDIA-AM-FM Memphis, KDIA Oakland-San Francisco and WLKY-TV Louisville, Ky. MCA's main business was television in '67 Television was the principal source of revenue for MCA Inc. in 1967, with approximately 43% of the gross of $224,338,898 accruing from its sales of series and features to TV, according to the company's annual report. The report, which provided additional information on results for 1967 released last month (BROADCASTING, March 11), was the first time that MCA Inc. has issued a breakdown of TV revenues. The report noted that the "World Premiere" features, licensed to NBC-TV, have been an important source of income. During 1967-68 the series produced by Universal Television (MCA production subsidiary) for network prime-time showing were Dragnet, Ironside, Run for Your Life, and The Virginian, all on NBC-TV. Television films, less amortization but including feature length productions for original release to TV, were carried at $58,025,906 in 1967, compared to $45,438,926 in 1966. MCA's other income came from motion picture distribution (30%), music and records (20%) and other operations (3%). 50-50 rule costs cited by N.Y. Times The New York Times Co., newspaper publisher and licensee of WQXR-AM-FM New York, in its annual report to stockholders last week announced increases in net earnings, net income and dividends during 1967. Although WQXR-AM-FM experienced one of its best years in business volume, the FCC's 50-50 ruling, which allows major-market FM stations to duplicate only 50% of their AM affiliate's programming, caused an increase in operating costs for the stations, the company said. Dividends of $2.50 a share, including a special year-end dividend of $1.50 a share, were paid in 1967 on the common stock compared with 47 cents a share last year when the stock was split on a five-for-one basis. For year ended Dec. 31: \| \| 1967 \| 1968 \| \|----------------------\|------------\|-----------\| \| Earned per share \| $5.18 \| $4.28 \| \| Operating revenue \| 194,253,395\| 172,920,361\| \| Net income from operations \| 10,120,138 \| 8,184,150 \| \| Dividends from Spruce Falls Power & Paper Co. \| 1,290,053 \| 1,171,319 \| \| Net income \| 11,290,190 \| 9,355,469 \| Financial notes... - MCA Inc. reports that its board of directors has authorized a three-for-two split of the outstanding common stock, subject to stockholder approval at the annual meeting on June 4, 1968. The company said that if the split is approved, the board of directors intends to increase the quarterly dividend to 15 cents per share on the common shares outstanding after the split. - John Blair & Co. reports its board of directors has declared a cash dividend of $20 per share on the common stock of the company, payable on May 15, 1968, to shareholders of record on April 15. A dazzling array of hardware Radio automation as well as new color-TV gear attract widespread attention at NAB's biggest convention display of equipment "Not a record year, but one of the best." "Traffic was off just a bit, but quality was up." "The mood was 'buy'... many off-the-floor sales." "Give us a few weeks for follow-up, then we'll really know if the soft hardware market these past six months is about over." So ranged the comments of equipment manufacturers in Chicago last Wednesday evening as they packed up their multimillion-dollar display at the National Association of Broadcasters convention and headed for home. The exhibits for several years have been dominated by color TV gear—but this year radio product also scored well, especially automation packages (see box page 97). The continuing trend toward solid-state plug-in modules for both TV and radio components was clearly evident among all exhibitors, a move calculated to meet the growing demands for greater reliability, simpler operation and overall economy. Integrated circuitry popped up plentifully among TV signal processing gear and some audio components too, signalling that the ultimate of compactness and total system automation is fast approaching (see predictions of RCA's Dr. George H. Brown, page 94). Color TV equipment once again was the glamour girl of the NAB displays. The offerings of new lighter-weight studio color cameras and the promises of the sudden proliferation of small portable color cameras (Ampex, CBS Labs, Norelco) captured the eye as readily as did the pretty models they pictured. RCA also has a tiny color TV camera but did not show it. Trail marker: Virtually every major manufacturer's color camera this year uses Plumbicon pick-up tubes; the preferred configuration now is three tubes, but four-tube models are still being offered. Video recording product scored well even though the high-band color tape machine has yet to see a sales year as golden as 1966, birth of the high-band generation which has enabled multiple dubbing. The instant-replay disk machines also drew crowds last week as did the new automatic push-button electronic color tape editing systems. A break-through in electron beam printing of 16 mm monochrome film directly from video tape masters was claimed by 3M Co. 3M hopes the new transfer machine will make 16 mm color film prints within another two years. NAB's equipment displays pushed back the Conrad Hilton's walls still more this year and spilled out onto the great open balconies rimming the main entrance lobby. Exhibitors heretofore could only guess at booth traffic. But this year they got a significant Sunday-through-Wednesday head count via guards with counters at the front balcony door to the Ampex exhibit: a total of 22,653 "white badges." (NAB registered 5,305 white badges; it issued red ID's to the other 3,000 who manned exhibits and film suites). Nearly 9,000 white badges visited Ampex Sunday, indicating heavy repeat visiting. Ampex Corp. reported total sales of $7.2 million on the floor at the NAB show. "It was a near record in individual product sales," according to Larry Weiland, marketing manager, audio-video-communications division. He said sales of the new lightweight BC-200 studio color camera (two-tube Plumbicon, $50,000) ran "beyond expectations" as did high band recorders. RCA salesmen as of Wednesday evening held more than a hundred orders for the new lightweight studio TK-44A color camera, a three-tube Plumbicon model ($74,800) introduced at the show which will come off the production line starting in January 1969. Barton Kreuzer, division vice president and general manager, RCA Commercial Electronic Systems Division, said reaction to the entire RCA product line this year, including video tape and new UHF transmitters, was "especially gratifying." RCA's older four-tube TK-42 color camera line now totals 401 units at 157 stations. It continues available in refined version. William Gaither, marketing manager of General Electric Co.'s Consumer Electronics Division, said he was "pleased with the orders and impressed with the leads and interest shown" in GE's new compact PE-350 color camera ($75,600), a four-tube (Plumbicon) advanced version of the PE-250 introduced two years ago. GE claims 240 stations now use its color camera and/or color film chain but doesn't admit specific count for each. Philips Broadcast Equipment Corp. also tallied more than a hundred orders for its latest version of the Norelco PC-70 studio color camera, the original three-tube Plumbicon system, plus about a dozen sales of its new portable PCP-70 "Little Shaver" color camera. Philips (Norelco) this year expanded its offerings to a full line of broadcast gear, including a 55 kw UHF solid state transmitter made by its new English affiliate, Pye Ltd. Abe Jacobowitz, general sales manager of Philips Broadcast, expressed much pleasure over the high traffic flow at his firm's exhibit. He noted that in just two years the PC-70 camera population in the world has soared to over 600 units, including more than 400 in the U.S. After a couple of years of optical supply problems for its new Polychrome color camera, Sarkes Tarzian Inc. last week demonstrated good color pictures for its latest model camera and reported off-the-floor sales during the show. The Polychrome ($70,000) now employs Plumbicon tubes and is available for 30-day delivery in either three or four-tube configurations. The first two cameras were sold to William L. Putnam and put on the air the week before the NAB at WWLP (TV) Springfield, Mass., according to Biagio Presti, manager of the STI broadcast equipment division. James B. Tharpe, president of Visual Electronics Corp., reported high interest in the broad range of broadcast gear displayed by his firm which gives up its Norelco affiliation in early May. He reported multiple sales action. He said "several" of Visual's new 55 kw UHF transmitters ($285,000) were sold, one to the new WTML (TV) Miami. Miniature TV cameras were hot. Ampex Corp.'s new BC-100 backpack portable ($100,000) already has had six months of ABC-TV use in sports coverage. Philips displayed the production version of its new PCP-70 camera shown earlier in prototype to the National Association of Educational Broadcasters at Denver last November. It is expected to get all three network use within weeks. CBS Labs. had no sooner lifted the wraps from its new tiny color camera—which also will operate completely wireless (BROADCASTING, April 1) and remote control—when Philips sneak previewed its own even smaller (camera head, 6.5 lbs., less lens) color camera, an experimental version using three tiny developmental Plumbicon tubes. To put whipped cream on its surprise cake, Philips went a step further last week in disclosing new color camera developments also affecting the studio models. It reported a new extra-sensitive standard-size Plumbicon tube to be available soon for its PC-70 cameras which more truly reproduces the red tones. Most smaller exhibitors last week reported brisk sales of their product lines or greatly improved gathering of "hot" prospect leads. All "first timers" appeared well satisfied and said they will return. One indication of the rising interest in AM and FM product might be drawn from the experience this year of one major supplier in this field, Collins Radio Corp. Collins officials reported "more actual buying at the show this year" even though traffic flow seemed to be a bit less. Collins unveiled several new products this year and cited "good acceptance." Just how significant is the cost savings broadcasters might expect in new equipment featuring integrated circuitry? One hint may come from a radio automation system supplier which is using IC's in some components. He noted that a couple of years ago he paid a supplier $44 for a plug-in transistor board for one circuit function in the system. The board measured about 4 x 5 x 1 inches. Today the board is replaced by a tiny IC chip that performs even better. It's cost: 75 cents. Media potential not realized RCA's Brown says business slows down communications progress Broadcasting's programing and advertising capacity is no longer limited by the engineering factor. The only brake today upon the fullest creative employment of the electronic media's communication potential is one of economics—or perhaps politics. This was the message of one of the industry's engineering pioneers last week in Chicago at the National Association of Broadcasters. It was related by Dr. George H. Brown, executive vice president for research and engineering, RCA, before Monday's engineering luncheon. "We as engineers are all set for a bright and shining future," Dr. Brown said, "but we have to wait for the business to catch up to us." He urged engineers to reorient themselves, to stop merely thinking equipment and to become "systems planners." The RCA executive said he means "broadcasting systems—extending from the advertiser's order form to the audience living room. We need to figure how that long chain which ends up in the food store or the automobile agency can be made more effective as well as less costly. And we shouldn't wait for Fred Friendly to do it for us." Many major trends evident in equipment today find their stimulus to be substantially economic rather than engineering even though the engineering makes it all work, Dr. Brown noted. The shifts to solid-state devices and integrated circuits generally speaking don't make equipment work better, he said, but they "have reduced power requirements, increased reliability and made possible smaller equipments. For these economic reasons they gradually have replaced tubes." Again he cited, the trend in UHF to full 5 megawatt power or in FM to substantially higher powers is partly because of the impressive rate card image, not merely because of modest coverage gains obtained. He noted savings in outages more than compensate for initial cost of dual transmitters, another trend. Automated Future = "In the future," Dr. Brown predicted, "we will see stations automated from front door to antenna. Not just programing but rather the whole process—from time availabilities to scheduling, to program- ing, to billing, to preparation of FCC forms, yearly statements and tax returns—will be carried on continuously from a single computer." Such a computer, he explained, could be interrogated by the station representative to determine availabilities, by the network for clearance and by group station management for daily or hourly reports. "Doing all of this is easily within today's state of the art insofar as the technology is concerned," Dr. Brown said. "All we need do is work out the programing," he emphasized, "and persuade stations to change their ways to fit the machine." Direct Transmission • When will satellite transmission come? Dr. Brown answered: "When the economics and the politics let the engineers get at it." Direct satellite feed of 20 channels into the home is possible, he said, but it will take a synchronous satellite with 1 kw power. This amount of power means the satellite must carry a solar-cell array of a few thousand square feet in area, he said, "and this will require a major development effort." Integrated circuits promise equipment so small that even the push buttons to operate it will have to be eliminated and with them the operator, he said, thus hastening full automation. "Fortunately IC's will eventually reduce circuit costs so much that all kinds of automatic self-compensating circuits will be practical," he added, "even redundancy on redundancy if that's the way we want it." Probably too these units will incorporate still newer devices and phenomena, he suggested, such as integrated field-effect circuitry, space-charge-accumulation devices, solid-state plasma oscillators and perhaps even holograms. But it's not basically technical development that's needed, he concluded. "What we must do," he said, "is somehow persuade the moneybags—stations and manufacturers—to put some dough into the spadework necessary to wrap up our engineering ideas into practical work-a-day packages." 5-year-old SBE adopts by-laws The Society of Broadcast Engineers, founded in 1963, finally adopted bylaws last week. It also is now legally incorporated (in the District of Columbia), has a professionally accredited set of financial books and a record of minutes of its meetings. An application for tax-exempt status has been filed with the Internal Revenue Service. "We've put the society on a good, sound basis. We've made it something respectful and intend to keep it that way," Charles Hallinan, outgoing president and chief engineer of WKOP-AM-FM Binghamton, N. Y., told SBE members at last week's National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. Earlier, Mr. Hallinan gave a brief review of the organization's current status. Total membership is 640, up from 550 last year. Currently there are 19 chapters across the country, compared to 15 a year ago. Of the total chapter line-up, only eight are active, but five of the inactive ones are reportedly ready to activate soon. Green Bay, Wis., is expected to begin this month and Boston probably will start by the end of April or early in May. New chapters may unfold in Albany, Buffalo, Syracuse and Pittsburgh. Albert Chismark, director of engineering, WHEN-AM-TV Syracuse, N. Y., who was elected president for a one-year term, assured SBE members that "we now have a society of which we can be proud." He looked forward to "a brighter and more prosperous future," where broadcast engineers are no longer looked on "as a necessary evil." For the most part last week's annual general membership meeting, which lasted 45 minutes, was taken up with discussion of how SBE can increase its ranks and prestige. Reports of training programs for potential new members and of the production of a half-hour training film were made. Besides Mr. Chismark, Lewis Wetzel, assistant director of engineering, Triangle Stations, Philadelphia, was elected executive vice president. Directors elected were Fred Bartlett, chief engineer, KGHL Billings, Mont.; Ken Benner, staff engineer, KSTP-AM-FM Minneapolis; Albin Hillstrom, chief engineer, KOOL-AM-FM-TV Phoenix; William Kelly, director of engineering, WNEW-TV New York; Leslie Learned, director of engineering, Mutual Broadcasting System; Leo W. Roetz, R. F. engineer, ABC New York; John T. Wilner, vice president and director of engineering, Hearst Corp., Baltimore; Benjamin Wolfe, vice president, engineering, Westinghouse Broadcasting Co., New York; and Otis Freeman, director of engineering, WPIX(TV) New York. Mr. Hallinan, who served two terms as president, was named executive secretary. Presunrise holds daytimers attention* Presunrise operations dominated the deliberations of the Daytime Broadcasters Association at a meeting in Chicago last Wednesday (April 3) during the National Association of Broadcasters convention. Wallace E. Johnson, assistant chief of the FCC's Broadcast Bureau, held out hope that the U.S. and Mexico will reach an agreement this year that will include provision liberalizing presunrise use of Mexican clear channels, but he held out no hope for U.S. daytimers' getting authority for presunrise operation on Canadian 1-A channels. Mr. Johnson also reported that decisions may be issued by the FCC in the next few weeks on three rulemaking proceedings affecting daytime stations, including one proposing to change 6 a.m. sign-on time from standard to local time—a matter of an hour's difference in daylight-saving-time months. The possibility that the absence of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Cuba may give daytimers an edge in technical assignments was raised by one broadcaster who said his engineers' calculations indicated his station could operate with 328 watts and still give Cuba the protection required by treaty, but that the FCC then authorized him to operate with 500w. He wondered whether this didn't give him some reason to hope that an application for full-time operation might be granted. Mr. Johnson didn't appear to knock down the theory completely. He said the U.S. is abiding by the provisions of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement although there's some question about "what Cuba is doing," but that "if you have information indicating you could operate unlimited time, you should file it." Some 75 DBA members attended the meeting, which was conducted by Ray Livesay of WLBH Mattoon, Ill., chairman of the DBA board; Dick Adams of WKOX Framingham, Mass., president, and Benedict Cottone, Washington attorney who is counsel to the association. --- UHF tuners hit blank wall But station spokesmen vow to continue battle for easier UHF tuning The great UHF-set-tuner polemic ended in a hung jury last week. Meeting behind closed doors at the National Association of Broadcasters convention, UHF broadcasters, TV set manufacturers and set-tuner makers (some 50 in all, with the contending camps about equally divided) accomplished little more than they had in a meeting last month (BROADCASTING, March 11). They ended an almost three-hour, sometimes raucous session, in a smoke-filled, sweltering Conrad Hilton hotel conference room Tuesday afternoon (April 2) by agreeing to immediately form an all-industry advisory committee of 12 or more members and to meet again within 30 days for further dialogue in Washington under the guidance of FCC Commissioner Robert E. Lee. Representatives of the UHF antenna manufacturing business are to be added to the committee that will be formed. The decision to set up a further meeting seemed to be made more as a reflection of weakening flesh after the stupefying verbal confrontation than as any indication of a kindling of spirits. It also was made in an atmosphere charged with FCC Commissioner Kenneth E. Cox's observation that perhaps legislation is the only answer to UHF demands for improved tuners, just as it was required to bring about the manufacture of all-channel sets. Commissioner Cox presided at the meeting in the absence of Commissioner Lee, who had a conflicting meeting (he was represented, however, by his engineering assistant, Robert G. Weston). The chief spokesman for the manufacturers was Jack Wayman, staff vice president of the Electronic Industries Association's consumer products division. Leading the verbal onslaught of the UHF broadcasters was William L. Putnam, president of the All-Channel Television Society, a trade association. Makers' Views - At last week's meeting, representatives of the TV-set manufacturing industry pointed out that the commission, in response to the all-channel law of 1964, made it clear that its purpose was to see receivers made with all-channel capability and that it would not seek to insure the best possible capability. Among other things it was argued that all manufacturers are working on improved tuners, that solving the problem of better tuners is going to cost the consumer considerably more money, that UHF tuner information is of a highly competitive and proprietary nature and that manufacturers with improved tuners have had trouble selling them to the public. It was suggested that maybe the problem was not with the tuner but instead involved the receiving antenna. The main emphasis by the manufacturers throughout was on research and development problems. "The state of the art is just not there yet," it was concluded. The UHF broadcasters charged that the set manufacturers have barely lived up to the letter of the all-channel law and not at all to the spirit of it. One broadcaster pointed out that it took a public demand stemming from Ralph Nader's criticism of automobile makers to get that industry to build safety features into cars after first claiming that such a move was not feasible and too expensive. The broadcaster threatened to take UHF's case to the public (last week's meeting was closed to newsmen at the insistence of manufacturers). Another broadcaster declared: "We are not asking for special favors, we just don't want you to do us any special disservices." A third broadcaster pleaded for a 20- or 24-channel dial, with eight or 12 positions reserved for UHF stations. Mr. Putnam, who also heads Springfield TV Broadcasting Co., claimed that he could produce a single dial for all channels for a reasonable price within a two-month period and not have to go 10 miles from his station in Massachusetts. This was greeted by a spontaneous chorus of suggestions from the manufacturers that Mr. Putnam get out of the broadcasting business, where he obviously must be wasting his time. Philadelphia Cited - Still another broadcaster cited the situation in Philadelphia where the three UHF independent stations in the market get substantially smaller comparative audiences for the same programs that are played on the independent VHF stations in New York. The point made was that the difficulty in tuning accounts for the loss of audience. At one point in the proceedings charges such as fraud and misrepresentation were hurled at the set makers. The manufacturers countered: "You have not presented one fact. We presented facts as we know them." It was here that Commissioner Cox stepped in. "I don't want anybody to get mad here," he said. If more useful use of spectrum is not generated, maybe the commission will have to "exercise muscle" and seek legislation for improved tuners, he indicated. The manufacturer answer to this was: "You can't legislate invention." Among manufacturers represented at last week's meeting were Westinghouse, Zenith, Admiral, RCA, Sylvania, Emerson, General Electric, Motorola and Warwick Electronics. Among the UHF broadcasters represented were David Steel Sr., WCTU-TV Charlotte, N.C.; David M. Baltimore, WBRE-TV Wilkes-Barre-Scranton, Pa. and George J. Mitchell, WKEF-TV Dayton, Ohio. A previous meeting on the tuner problem was held in Washington in March at ACTS's instigation. Commissioner Lee set up last week's meeting because the UHF broadcasters were not satisfied with the results of the first meeting (BROADCASTING, March 18). X-radiation study reveals brand names In its survey of the 1,124 color-television sets owned by U.S. Public Health Service employees in the Washington area, the National Center for Radiological Health found 268 that emitted measurable radiation but only 66 that measured at or above the recommended maximum of 0.5 milliroentgen per hour. There were 24 brands in the total surveyed group. Proportionately, sets with radiation above the maximum levels ranged from 61.4% of one manufacturer, 50% in the case of two other manufacturers, down to 1.4% of another brand. Here's the list: \| Brand \| Sets Surveyed \| Sets with X-radiation at or above 0.04 mR/hr \| Sets with X-radiation at or above 0.5 mR/hr \| \|-------------\|---------------\|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------------------------------------------\| \| RCA \| 380 \| 78 \| 20 (5.8%) \| \| Zenith \| 102 \| 58 \| 15 (11.7%) \| \| Sylvania \| 100 \| 7 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Motorola \| 75 \| 32 \| 4 (5.3%) \| \| GE \| 72 \| 5 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Sears \| 71 \| 18 \| 1 (1.4%) \| \| Magnavox \| 69 \| 23 \| 10 (14.5%) \| \| Philco \| 45 \| 3 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Airline \| 33 \| 13 \| 1 (3.0%) \| \| Admiral \| 30 \| 5 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Westinghouse\| 19 \| 1 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Heath \| 18 \| 1 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Dumont \| 16 \| 0 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Panavision \| 15 \| 3 \| 1 (6.7%) \| \| Setchell-Carlson \| 13 \| 13 \| 8 (61.5%) \| \| Packard-Bell\| 7 \| 3 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Muntz \| 6 \| 1 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Curtis-Mathis \| 4 \| 0 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Delmonico \| 2 \| 2 \| 1 (50%) \| \| Symphonic \| 2 \| 2 \| 1 (50%) \| \| Bradford \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Clairtone \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 (0%) \| \| AMC \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Panasonic \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 (0%) \| \| Total \| 1,124 \| 268 \| 66 \| Set makers keep calm on X-rays Emphasize, after listing of high-radiation sets, that levels are still below danger point Color television set manufacturers were nervously keeping their cool following identification last week of the brand names of the 1,124 color TV receivers tested for X-radiation by the National Center for Radiological Health. None of the major manufacturers had any comment to make publicly, although all emphasized that there is no showing of specific health hazards to TV viewers sitting in front of sets radiating in excess of the recommended levels. Those levels—0.5 milliroentgens per hour at two inches from the source—were established well below the danger point, it was also noted. The NCRH reported last month that 66 of the receivers tested in Washington registered at or above the recommended radiation level (BROADCASTING, March 18). The surveyed receivers were all owned by employees of the Public Health Service who volunteered them for testing following last year's recall by GE of more than 100,000 color receivers with excessive radiation because of a faulty shunt regulator tube. Part of the reason for the manufacturers' calmness, it develops, is that there has been a noticeable lack of alarm by the public to the radiation question. Most TV set makers report few inquiries and these have been met, apparently with success, by reassuring statements. For example, RCA has a "Standby Statement on Radiation," dated Feb. 8, that makes the point that "every RCA color receiver is designed and manufactured to meet the standard on radiation established by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Management (NCRP)." And, RCA points out, should the standard be exceeded by "malfunction or by faulty adjustment" during servicing, there still is little fear of a health hazard "because of the large margin of safety provided by the NCRP standard." An RCA spokesman noted that only 5.6% of the RCA sets tested by NCRH emitted radiation above the recommended levels "and it was possible to correct these on the spot." And, RCA added: "None of the sets were radiating at a level that has been proven hazardous on the basis of recognized scientific or medical data." Margin for Error = Other TV set makers had no public statements, but sources generally stressed that the NCRP standard is well below the levels of radiation that are considered dangerous. As an example of what most of the set manufacturers are doing to conform to NCRP standards and to allay the public's fears, take Setchell Carlson Co., St. Paul, Minn. Setchell Carlson registered one of the highest above-level readings in the Washington test, with eight of its 13 sets showing excessive radiation. H.B. Christian, Setchell Carlson executive vice president and general manager, noted that the receivers tested in the Washington survey were all made two or three years ago when all TV manufacturers were following the Underwriter Laboratories' specification of a ceiling of 2.5 mR/hr for radiation from color sets, which he noted was the maximum recommended by the NCRP at that time also. UL's standard has since been revised downward to agree with NCRP's present ceiling. Mr. Christian also explained that it was discovered during the Washington survey that one Setchell Carlson set owner had substantially increased the voltage of his set in an endeavor to get a crisper picture; radiation increases geometrically with voltage increases, Mr. Christian commented. Three or four other Setchell Carlson sets radiating in excess of the standard were found to be the result of replacement of voltage rectifier and shunt regulator tubes, he said. Other "bad" sets were found to be misaligned, obviously by TV repairmen, he added. When the radiation scare broke last year, Mr. Christian recalled, Setchell Carlson was on the verge of designing its new line. With radiation in mind, the company proceeded to design its sets and to set specifications for its tube suppliers that required radiation at a level no higher than the NCRP standard. It also, he pointed out, hired Midwest Radiation Consultants Inc., Minneapolis, to monitor the company's production of color TV sets on a random sampling basis. And, he added, Setchell Carlson now uses heavier lead-coated steel in its shielding. Danger Remote = In making public the names of the color TV receivers tested in the Washington area, James G. Terrell Jr., director of NCRH, stressed that where excess radiation was found the fault in many instances was due to a component not necessarily made by the manufacturer of the set, or to changes in voltage made by TV repairmen. It cannot be assumed, he stated, that a given model or make of a color TV receiver is or is not emitting harmful radiation just because one such set was found in this category in the Washington survey. "Although the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area survey might possibly be representative of all color television sets in the Washington area," he said, "the survey cannot be considered as representative of the estimated more than 14 million color television sets in use in the United States." At the present time, Mr. Terrell noted, NCRH has no power except to investigate radiation from color sets. A bill giving NCRH authority to establish standards for TV sets as well as medical-dental X-ray devices has passed the House (BROADCASTING, March 25). This bill and others on the same topic will be the subject of a hearing before the Senate Commerce Committee beginning May 6. Senator E. L. Bartlett (D-Alaska) will preside at the radiation hearing. NCRH is, however, working with set manufacturers, Mr. Terrell said, to make sure that radiation from new color receivers is kept at or below the recommended levels. NCRH has no plans to survey all color sets in the country, Mr. Terrell said last week. There aren't enough trained technicians and there aren't sufficient instruments to permit this, he commented. He said again what he had said before; the public should be sure to sit at least five feet from the set when viewing. The effects of radiation are greatly diminished by distance, it is pointed out. Not Proved - TV set makers were not entirely quiescent during the NCRH presentation last week. J. Edward Day, Washington attorney and former U.S. postmaster general, who represents the Electronic Industries Association, stated that there is no scientific documentation that radiation over the NCRP level is perilous. According to some experts, Mr. Day observed, levels 20 times or even 30 times greater than the NCRP level are not dangerous. TV set makers, Mr. Day said, are aiming at producing color receivers with radiation no higher than the levels that are already in the environment. They are also initiating a program to train servicemen to be aware of these potential dangers, he said. And, he concluded, the industry is not opposing regulation. BEVR cameras will be ready next year Cameras for use in the Broadcast Electronic Video Recording (BEVR) system developed by CBS Laboratories are expected to be available for delivery "sometime during 1969," officials reported last week at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. Facilities for recording color programs, commercials and other TV materials by the revolutionary BEVR process are also expected to be in operation some time next year. BEVR is a technique for transmitting in color from specially recorded black-and-white film and is said to produce high-quality pictures at relatively low costs (BROADCASTING, Oct. Gates radio station automates everything but listeners Gates Radio's automated radio station pulled the crowds and provided a conversation catalyst normally reserved for color TV cameras at the National Association of Broadcasters engineering exhibits last week. It was symbolic of the automation trend among many of the major exhibitors, TV as well as radio. Both programing and transmitting equipment operate automatically, allowing extended periods of unattended studio operation. Musical selections, spots and news can be integrated into the system on rotary and single-cartridge reproducers. In the system displayed, two Criterion 55 multiple cartridge reproducers supply music for a maximum of almost 20 hours. The three rotary multiple cartridge reproducers when combined with the Randomax random-select programer can pick any one of 72 spots—commercials, station ID's and promotional spots. Gates's SP-10 programer provides the commands to operate the system. Network cue equipment, upon receiving a control tone, fades out the music and joins the network for newscasts. Automatic logging equipment prints out the time and event of each program element. This log, combined with the station's master program schedule, provides an FCC accepted program log. Transmitter logging equipment converts analog readings into conventional log form that can be easily read thus freeing the operator from routine meter readings and entries. If operations deviate from the norm an alarm is sounded for transmitter adjustment or the system will automatically shut down. Equipment for the automated system costs $44,500. The equipment displayed was specifically designed for a 1 kw AM station. While his son Jon listens to the programing, Glenn F. Bircher (center), president and general manager, WINU Highland, Ill., discusses the glass-enclosed automated radio station display with Lawrence J. Cervone, general manager, Gates Radio Co. The material circulated last week did not indicate costs, but earlier estimates placed the price of a BEVR camera at $15,000 to $20,000. The cost of making BEVR copies of color-TV film and tape material has been put at about half the cost of making conventional color-film duplicates. Expected Questions - Felix A. Kalinski, president of the CBS/Comtec Group, made the BEVR camera-production and recording-facilities timetable estimates in a memo circulated to CBS representatives in anticipation of questions that broadcasters and others might ask at the NAB convention. The memo said CBS would license manufacturers to produce and distribute the BEVR cameras but would itself handle the processing of the BEVR film for commercial and educational broadcasters, advertising agencies and other customers. Mr. Kalinski said preliminary evaluations of BEVR have been conducted at CBS Labs and that a second evaluation phase, including closed-circuit tests at the labs and CBS-TV network facilities, would begin shortly. He expressed confidence that these tests will prove BEVR's ability "to provide high-quality performance under normal broadcasting conditions." More precise 1969 dates for availability of cameras and commencement of BEVR recording operations will be made when arrangements for manufacture of the camera have been completed, Mr. Kalinski said. BEVR has not yet been demonstrated publicly, but a picture of a BEVR reel (below), which is said to produce 35 mm-quality color from the specially encoded 16 mm black-and-white film, was shown at the NAB convention. --- TV automation: all or nothing at all THAT'S ADVICE GIVEN TO WORKSHOP BY THE EXPERTS Television broadcasters considering automated equipment for their stations should think big and not restrict themselves to equipment for switching. They also should keep in mind that computer-oriented equipment should be the station's servant, not the other way around. This was part of the message delivered to broadcasters attending a television automation workshop at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago last week. Deane B. Moore, CBS-TV, said that stations should not consider automation if only switching is involved. They should use computer-oriented equipment to do other jobs—in billing, preparation of station logs, storing information, among others. And James O. Moneyhun, of Sarkes Tarzian Inc., Bloomington, Ind., said automation is not just for station breaks. "These are not the most complicated part of station operations." He stressed that the automated device should be "an integral part of the system, and not an appendage of it." Plan Ahead - Kenneth P. Davies, Central Dynamics Ltd., Montreal, made the same point in advising broadcasters to take an over-all look at their automated equipment needs, and plan carefully. If maximum benefits are to be derived, he said, broadcasters must look at all their departments. Failure to do so can result in chaotic situations in areas not automated. The advice to make the computer fit into the station's existing pattern of operations was given by Mr. Moore. In answer to a question as to the specifications a station should set in shopping for computer equipment, he said that a broadcaster should look first at operations in his sales, traffic control and other departments, then introduce a system to match that mode of operation, "rather than the other way around." Mr. Moore early in the panel outlined the pluses to be obtained from automated equipment—reduction in personnel costs, improvement in the quality of on-the-air product, and cuts in staff workload—as well as the minuses—costs of the equipment, the exacting requirements of programming the computer, and errors that are built into the system and that are not easily detectable. One broadcaster who was a member of the panel—James C. Wulliman, WTMJ-AM-FM-TV Milwaukee, indicated that the automated equipment that his station has installed, along with a training program for employees, has paid off. He said that the station has experienced a reduction in the number of makegoods and rebates since acquiring its computer. The panelists also agreed, however, that often there can be no substitute for an engineer's judgment in switching. Accordingly several stressed that the equipment should be sufficiently flexible to provide for manual as well as automatic operation. Other panelists on the program were B. van Benthem, AMP Inc., Harrisburg, Pa., and Theodore Sells, WMAL-TV Washington. The moderator of the program was Benjamin Wolfe, Westinghouse Broadcasting Co., New York. --- To automate or not to automate? "How does the disk jockey at my top-40 station get up tight and get with it if I automate my operation? I could lose my number-one market position if I turned my DJ off." Preserving spontaneity in the face of a mechanical invasion of station operation bothered a few attendants of a radio automation workshop in Chicago last week, but according to automatic equipment manufacturers their business is strong now and appears still stronger in the future. Panelists and audience at the session all seemed to agree it is essential to keep audiences from recognizing that machines lurk behind their entertaining radio voices. But equipment makers and station managers already using automatic equipment claimed that the work of the machines is quite easily disguised. As one said, "they never know." According to Paul Schafer, president of Schafer Electronics, there are already more than 1,000 automated radio stations in the U.S. and advancing technology will keep the number growing. Mr. Schafer said technological developments in the next two years are apt to bring many times the advances that have been made within the last 15 years. A station man present said he had a $75,000 order in his pocket for Schafer equipment, but if there was going to be so much improvement so soon he thought he would just as soon wait to spend his money. Mr. Schafer acknowledged that in some instances it would be wiser to wait for new equipment. Elmo Franklin, sales manager of the automatic tape systems division of Gates Radio, described a cautious approach of his company to station automation and warned that "automation is not automatically going to improve your station. It's not a panacea for poor billings or inefficient personnel." Danny Coulthurst of International Good Music, another manufacturer of station automation equipment, emphasized the importance of feedback from users of the equipment in the development of new systems. "Usually the better designs in automation come from programing people," he said. Comsat lists TV use of satellites in '67 Transoceanic communications satellites were used for television almost 210 hours during 1967, the Communications Satellite Corp. reported last week. During last year, the two Atlantic Ocean satellites were used a total of 92 hours and 50 minutes from Europe to North America, and 63 hours and 12 minutes from North America to Europe. The Pacific Ocean satellite was used for a total of 53 hours and 47 minutes for TV transmissions. Comsat reported 24 hours and 30 minutes from North America to Japan; nine hours and nine minutes, Japan to North America; three hours and 15 minutes, Hawaii to North America; 11 hours and 23 minutes, North America to Hawaii; five hours and 11 minutes, Hawaii to Japan, and 59 minutes, Japan to Hawaii. Principal TV usage, the company's annual report to the President and Congress indicated, was for news. Comsat also discussed its proposed $58 million, twin-synchronous satellite pilot domestic service, now pending FCC decision, in which it suggested serving the Mountain and Pacific states with TV, radio and communications services. Comsat also said that preliminary technical and economic studies indicate that broadcasting radio and TV signals directly to the home from high powered satellites would be technically feasible "within the next few years." The economic and political questions, however, Comsat said, present more difficult questions. It voiced its objection to the laying of a new trans-Atlantic cable capable of handling 720 voice circuits at one time. An application for FCC approval of a $90 million cable and microwave radio relay system was filed last week by AT&T, ITT World Communications, RCA Communications and Western Union International. One of the reasons given for asking permission to lay the new cable, according to the companies, is that "all existing satellite circuits are now being used to full capacity" and "present planned satellite capacity on this route will be exhausted by 1970." Meanwhile, Comsat officials are scheduled to provide a briefing tomorrow (April 9) for House Commerce Committee members on the corporation's progress and future plans. Comsat's James McCormack, chairman and chief executive officer; Joseph V. Charyk, president, and David C. Acheson, general counsel, are to appear before Chairman Harley O. Staggers (D-W. Va.) and the full committee. No surprises in presunrise comments PROPOSED RULE WOULD EASE PRESENT RESTRICTIONS The FCC's latest presunrise rulemaking has drawn a predictable response from those class-II stations whose complaints last year prompted the commission inquiry. And not unexpectedly several class-I-A clear-channel stations want the commission to stand fast by its new presunrise rules. At issue is a proposal that would ease restrictions placed on presunrise operations by class II's on I-A clear channels located west of the dominant station. The proposal was urged by a number of those stations in petitions for reconsideration of the commission's presunrise rules adopted in June 1967 (BROADCASTING, July 3, 1967 et seq.). The new standard specified 6 a.m. standard time as the presunrise starting time for daytimers and full-time stations using different facilities at night. But certain class II's, faced with a partial loss of early service, appealed the standard. And the commission, in its notice setting up the current rulemaking, said it had discussed the issue with Canadian authorities, with which the original rules were propounded, and found that modification of the agreement could be effected to provide some relief. However, where the commission sought comments on several guidelines, such as protection to be afforded I-A's and other full-time stations, it received an intransigent response from the class II's. A typical comment came from KFAX San Francisco, a class II on 1100 kc with 50 kw. It noted that WKYC Cleveland, dominant station on that frequency, had conceded that KFAX's sign-on at 5 a.m. "will not cause any interference" to WKYC, "It borders on the ridiculous," KFAX said, "not to permit [it], as it has for more than 30 years, to continue to sign-on with its daytime facilities at 5 a.m. local time, which is after sunrise the year round at Cleveland." Status Quo • Several other class II's (among them KGNS Los Angeles; KXL Portland, Ore.; KMMJ Grand Island, Neb.; KIEV Glendale, Calif., and KXA Seattle) urged a return to the status quo of their operations before the June 1967 order. However, Clear Channel Broadcaster Service (CCBS), a group of 11 independently owned class I-A's, claimed that these stations are located in areas well served by local full-time stations, and that additional hours of presunrise operation are not necessary to provide local service. The proposal, CCBS said, shouldn't be adopted, principally because of the interference that would result. But it also claimed that the proposal would "further erode an important natural resource"—class I-A clear channels. Both NBC and CBS opposed the proposal as well. NBC emphasized that the need for new class II presunrise service on I-A channels has not been established and "is not a service on which the public has come to rely." CBS noted "there is no basis" for assuming any gains in service would result from the proposal and that, in fact, it would "simply extend the losses" in both rural and urban service resulting from such presunrise operations. One substantive suggestion came from WAIT Chicago, a class II on 820 kc with 5 kw, but it noted it had made the proposal before in connection with other commission inquiries into presunrise operations. WAIT said a simpler formula would permit class II's, wherever located, to sign on at 6 a.m. in the time of the dominant station or actual sunrise at the dominant station, whichever is earlier. In a related matter the commission denied a request by KXL to extend the time for filing comments on the proceeding. The commission said its prompt resolution "is highly desirable" since pre-6 a.m. operation by certain class II's would, "if decided on," require revision in the U. S.-Canada agreement and "could take a certain amount of time." And the commission also noted that KXL's position (and no doubt that of other parties) has already been made known when "the whole subject of presunrise operation by such stations" was explored in other related parts of presunrise rulemakings. Spectrum battle kitty voted AMST members to pay an extra quarter's dues to build up war chest for land-mobile battle Members of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters have voted to put money where the organization's officers' mouths have been in opposing proposals to shift some or all of the spectrum now used by television to land-mobile and other nonbroadcast users. Indications were, however, that the organization's opposition to reallocation moves will not be implacable, but rather will be aimed at determining whether nonbroadcasters can squeeze more use out of the spectrum space they now occupy. Some 180 representatives of the AMST member stations, meeting at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago, unanimously approved a resolution calling for an immediate assessment of an additional one-quarter's dues to finance needed research in spectrum management. The resolution also authorizes the AMST board or executive committee to levy an additional one-quarter's dues assessment, if necessary, in the fiscal year beginning July 1. Officials would not put a dollar figure on the amount the special levy would raise. They said only that it will be substantial, although not as large as the $100,000 that the NAB has pledged to support research in the developing battle over the spectrum. NAB and AMST are now the principal sources of funds for the Spectrum Study Committee, which is composed of six industry groups that have joined forces in the spectrum battle. The others are the All Channel Television Society (a one-year-old all-UHF group), the National Association of Educational Broadcasters, Television Bureau of Advertising and the Television Information Office. Other Sources ■ AMST President Jack Harris, of KPRC-TV Houston, told the membership that the study group plans to tap other possible sources of revenue—among them the networks and station representative groups. The SSC completed its organization at the convention in a meeting in which William Carlisle, NAB vice president for television, was elected chairman, and Lester Lindow, executive director and assistant secretary-treasurer of AMST, was elected vice chairman. The AMST membership's vote last week constituted an endorsement of the steps its officers have taken over the past several months in helping to establish SSC and in preparing for the research projects that the approved funds will make possible. AMST officials outlined a three-stage effort. In the first, studies will be prepared for consideration by the President's Telecommunications Task Force, which is scheduled to make its report by Aug. 14. AMST and other broadcaster groups have expressed concern over what they feel is a bias on the part of the task force's staff toward an all-wire communications concept. The second stage will involve whatever further studies the task force report indicates are necessary. And the third, "long-range project," looks to preparations for the day when, it is expected, the issue goes before Congress for resolution. Proposed Studies ■ The studies will include analyses of land-mobile radio's use of the spectrum and of the report of the FCC-created land-mobile advisory committee, which concluded that additional spectrum space for the service is necessary; studies on improving the efficiency of the nonbroadcast uses of the spectrum, as well as on how FCC allocation procedures might be improved to increase spectrum-management efficiency. Mr. Harris told the membership that he opposed compromise proposals now being offered including those calling on broadcasters to give up some channels to, or sharing their frequencies with, nonbroadcast users. That would only be an opening wedge, he said. The FCC is now preparing a rulemaking proposal that would provide for land-mobile sharing of UHF channels. There was some flexibility, however, in his position. "Perhaps somewhere along the line accommodations will have to be made to provide additional spectrum space for land-mobile users," he said. "But before this is done with any..." broadcasting channels, we have to be sure that both the land-mobile users and federal-government users are efficiently using the spectrum space they already have." The AMST members voted for the extra assessment after they were warned of what the organization's officials said were the dangers they faced in the spectrum battle. Mr. Harris said the "continued use of the spectrum by television broadcasters is in jeopardy." Mr. Lindow said: "Our very survival and our very existence" are at stake. He noted that powerful groups including the National Association of Manufacturers have set up organizations "for the purpose of taking television broadcast frequencies away from you." Selling Spectrum - Ernest Jennes, Washington counsel for AMST, warned that there are economists who want to lease or sell spectrum space to the highest bidder, who believe the FCC cannot cope with spectrum-allocation problems and who want a centralized executive department which would set policy and make allocations for all users. He also discussed the so-called wired city concept in which a wired system with capacity of 20 or more channels provides not only television but pay television, facsimile transmission, and data retrieval and other services. He and Mr. Lindow indicated that such a development would not be a happy one for CATV systems, despite their existing heavy investment in and growing experience with wired systems. The most obvious characteristic of a wired system, Mr. Jennes said, is that there would be a complete separation of distribution and programming, "with AT&T and the large independent telephone companies" running cable all over the country and tying into homes for a fee. Mr. Lindow said a wired city would not be operated by the local CATV system. In other matters, AMST members elected August C. Meyer, WCIA (TV) Champaign, Ill., to succeed William B. Quarton, WMT-TV Cedar Rapids, Iowa, on the board of directors. Mr. Quarton, who is retiring soon from active broadcasting, was elected director emeritus. The only change made in the executive committee by the board of directors was the replacement of John H. DeWitt Jr., WSM-TV Nashville, with Arch Madsen, KSL-TV Salt Lake City. Mr. DeWitt is moving toward retirement. RCA creates broadcast systems department The establishment of a broadcast systems department in the Commercial Electronics Systems Division of RCA was announced last week by Barton Kreuzer, division vice president and general manager. The new department covers broadcast equipment engineering, product management and sales activities. The department will function under a three-executive team headed by Andrew F. Inglis, a division vice president, who has been responsible for engineering and product management activities for the past two years. Mr. Inglis's associates are Edwin C. Tracy, division vice president, broadcast sales, and Andrew L. Hammerschmidt, division vice president, broadcast engineering and product management. Mr. Inglis, who joined RCA in 1953, formerly was associated with a Washington consulting firm in the broadcast field. Mr. Tracy joined RCA in 1939 as a television engineer and has held various sales-executive assignments. Mr. Hammerschmidt began his association with RCA in 1941 as a TV engineer with its subsidiary, NBC, and was named vice president of engineering and facilities administration for the network in 1956. He joined RCA in 1961. L. to r: Messrs. Inglis, Tracy and Hammerschmidt at the Century Plaza hotel in Los Angeles. Exhibit chairman Warren Strang of the Hollywood Film Co. reports that there are no more booths to sell and eight companies are on a waiting list. The SMPTE show will officially open on May 6 with a ribbon-cutting ceremony in which Mr. Strang, conference vice president, E. B. McGreal of Producers Service Co. and SMPTE President G. Carlton Hunt of De Luxe-General laboratories will participate. Acoustical conference - A technical conference on the science of acoustics will be held April 11 on the Evanston, Ill., campus of Northwestern University, the school's technological institute announced last week. Harry F. Olson, vice president, RCA Laboratories, who will speak on trends in sound reproduction research, is among those featured. Generator availability - Cohu Electronics Inc., San Diego, announces the availability of its 2600 series Black Burst generator. The company claims that the generator, which supplies a composite and either and or non-composite black video signal to a video switching system, "is an important accessory for the color television studio." The price of the unit is $600, with delivery a minimum of three weeks. Multi-million backlog - The VR-5000 and VR-7800, two video tape recorders introduced by Ampex Corp. last November, are now in distribution against an estimated backlog of more than $3 million in orders. The VR-5000, said to be the smallest and lowest-price recorder Ampex has ever offered, weighs 62 pounds and sells for $995. The VR-7800 has a price range from $9,950 to $16,500, depending on features. Both recorders are for closed circuit TV applications and reportedly are fully compatible with each other. TIO plans rating booster 60 million students and teachers will be targets of guides to cultural shows The Television Information Office has set out to improve ratings for cultural and documentary shows that achieve much critical acclaim, but turn up in the lower section of any ratings chart. TIO is aiming to use teachers and administrators to "multiply not only the audiences but the utility and the effectiveness of some exceptional programming." The project was outlined last week by Roy Danish, TIO director, at the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. He said 60 million students, teachers and administrators make a collective target for a new audience promotion that "will offer positive benefits not only to those youngsters and their teachers but to broadcasters as well." Key to the project, he said, will be Teachers' Guides to Television, to be published twice a year starting this fall. Selected Programs - Each issue, to be distributed at the beginning of each semester, will involve 14 programs and will permit the teacher to "prepare his classes for the viewing of selected programs," Mr. Danish said. "Bibliographies will be provided, classroom exercises will be suggested and follow-up projects will be outlined," he added. First response to the project, he said, has been "more than gratifying" and when the guides grow in usage, ways will be found to make "the total community more aware of the help which the industry provides in the all-important area of education." He said initial benefits from the guides will be to "demonstrate under the best possible circumstances what many of television's values and uses are. Not only will the impact be felt in the classroom itself but also in the homes of students, where parents will be made aware of the value of television as an educational resource." Additionally, he went on, "there will be increased tune-in for certain programs, which all too often, are only marginally successful or less. As audiences for these programs grow, you may be able to offer an increasingly rich mix to your viewers." Local Plans - Mr. Danish said that at first the guides will deal only with programs released nationally, but that ways are being studied to localize the impact of the guides. He noted that "every available resource is needed to improve the quality of education" and that television is "the only link to the outside world for millions of young people in the big-city ghettoes and rural slums." Under the new project, he continued, "the television set will now also become an important and familiar element in their formal education." The TIO director added that television has continually moved forward "as an effective social force" that has "become the primary news source for most Americans and has involved more people in more ways than were thought possible or likely 20 years ago." Headliners Club announces awards Six radio and four television stations have been honored by the National Headliners Club for "consistently outstanding journalistic performances during 1967." The Atlantic City organization last Friday (April 5) announced its annual awards. WVVA Wheeling, W. Va., received the award for public service for its program The End of the Beginning. For consistently outstanding radio coverage of news events by a station in cities over 250,000 population, WINS New York was the winner for its coverage of a major fire in Queens. KABC Los Angeles was judged top entry for consistently outstanding radio editorials as exemplified by its year-long campaign against an antiquated law entitled "Economic Double Jeopardy". The judges voted a citation plaque to WNEW New York for its "dramatic and stirring" interview with a young girl delinquent in "A Child Again". For the "sheer drama and excellent presentation" of its special program John F. Kennedy: A Tribute to a Man, the Judges also awarded a citation plaque to WMAQ Chicago. Two special citation plaques were awarded to ABC for Africa; and to NBC's Pauline Fredericks in recognition of her long career in television newscasting and especially for her efforts as the network's United Nations correspondent. For consistently outstanding news coverage by a major market station as exemplified by its coverage of the Detroit riots, WXYZ-TV Detroit was honored; and for cities under 300,000 Canada's CPPL-TV London, Ontario was the choice in the newscasting category for its Final Hours of Expo '67. The award for consistently outstanding TV editorials was voted to KWTV (tv) Oklahoma City; and the award for outstanding public service went to WWL-TV New Orleans for Project Life. The broadcasting awards, plus 19 award winners in the print media categories, will be presented at the 34th annual Headliner Luncheon in Atlantic City on April 20. Drumbeats... McAndrew honored - William R. McAndrew, NBC News president, received the personal achievement award of the Catholic Broadcasters Association March 28 at the CBA convention. at Notre Dame University, South Bend, Ind. Mr. McAndrew was cited for "intelligent news sense and judgment, integrity as a television executive, and RCA grants - Gerald Paul Quinn and Christian Brown, writers for NBC, last week were named David Sarnoff Fellows, two of 13 fellowships announced for graduate study in the 1968-69 academic year by the RCA education committee. Both men will enroll at the University of California at Los Angeles. The fellowships, established in honor of the RCA board chairman, range in value to as much as $8,000 each. Mr. Quinn was reappointed a fellow and will continue his studies for a Master of Arts degree in fine arts, concentrating on cinematography. Mr. Brown will be studying for a MA in fine arts in the field of theater arts, with emphasis on TV and radio. Shannon to serve again - Paul Shannon of WTAE-TV Pittsburgh has agreed to serve for the second consecutive year as national carnival chairman for the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America. Through his daily afternoon program, Adventure Time, he has urged young viewers to organize neighborhood backyard carnivals to raise money for the fight against muscular dystrophy. Over a six-year period, Shannon's efforts have brought $140,000 to the cause. Sport's awards - Chris Schenkel of ABC and Jim Murray of the Los Angeles Times have been named the nation's best sportscaster and sportswriters respectively for 1967 at the annual National Sportswriters and Sportscasters awards banquet in Salisbury, N. C. It was the third time both Messrs. Schenkel and Murray have received the awards. Constitutional copies - WJZ-TV Baltimore, in cooperation with the Maryland Constitutional Convention, is distributing 250,000 copies of the proposed new state constitution, according to David E. Henderson, general manager. Copies were delivered to every library in Maryland and to colleges, universities, state and city officials, bar associations, and a number of service organizations. Through an extensive spot campaign, WJZ-TV is announcing that proposed constitutions are available at all libraries. NAB awards four scholarships Four university students last week received scholarships of $1,250 each from the National Association of Broadcasters. The recipients of the annual Harold E. Fellows scholarships are: James S. O'Rourke, University of Notre Dame; Jean Enersen, Stanford University; Marshall E. Poole, University of Illinois, and Everold Hosein, University of Kansas. In the past NAB offered $2,500 annually in scholarships. This marks the first year that $5,000 was given. The scholarships are administered by the Association for Professional Broadcasting Education. Hope to get AWRT award The American Women in Radio and Television Inc. has selected Bop Hope as the recipient of the organization's first Silver Satellite award. It will be presented May 2 at AWRT's 17th annual convention at the Century Plaza hotel in Los Angeles. Established at last year's convention in Atlanta, the Silver Satellite annually honors a man or woman who contributes outstandingly to communications. The award is a piece of abstract sculpture designed by AWRT member Billi Haeberle of WCCO-TV Minneapolis. WCAU-TV takes top NATAS award Three television stations were honored by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences during last week's National Association of Broadcasters convention in Chicago. WCAU-TV Philadelphia won the station award and WWL-TV New Orleans and WRC-TV Washington received special citations. The station award for WCAU-TV's Now Is the Time was accepted by Bruce Bryant (c), vice president and general manager of the station. Newton N. Minow (l), former FCC chairman and now a Chicago attorney, made the presentation as Robert W. Ferguson, WTRF-TV Wheeling, W. Va., chairman of the NAB TV board, looked on. WCAU-TV's program was described as an anthology of the American Negro's attitudes toward himself and the white man from days of slavery to the present. The special citation is a new award which was presented for the first time last week. It is designed to encourage stations to direct programming in the interest of disadvantaged youths and is part of NATAS's participation in the President's Council on Youth Opportunity. WRC-TV received the citation for The Other Washington, a program about the Negro ghetto in one portion of the city. WWL-TV's citation was for The Other Side of the Shadow, a program dealing with the retarded child. Agencies to aid in summer-job effort Forty advertising agencies located in large population centers across the country have agreed to a request of Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey to participate in an extensive summer youth communications program. Agency officials recruited will enlist the cooperation of all media to convey news features and public-service advertising in the interest of jobs, education and recreation for disadvantaged youth in large cities. Dan Seymour, president of J. Walter Thompson Co., New York, is national communications counsellor for the President's Council on Youth Opportunity. Assisting Mr. Seymour in this project are John Crichton, president, and Lawrence Reedy, vice president, American Association of Advertising Agencies. Canada plans for satellites Domestic system would relay TV programs, phone and data communications The Canadian government released a policy white paper last week outlining its proposals for a domestic communications satellite system by 1971 or 1972. The system would provide television, telephone and data communications from coast to coast and into the far North. A mixture of government and private funds would be used to finance what is estimated to be a $100-million venture. As far as possible every component of the system, from the satellites in orbit to ground stations, would be made in Canada. But Canada would obtain outside assistance, probably from the U.S., in launching the satellites. The system calls for a pair of satellites in synchronous orbit 22,300 miles above the equator. In synchronous orbit the satellites stay in the same place in space in relation to the earth. Two satellites would be put in orbit to overcome solar effects that can interrupt a single satellite periodically or to correct a possible malfunction. A standby satellite on the ground could be put up on short notice if one of the orbital satellites failed. Cost estimates for the three satellites range from $40 million to $75 million. Putting the satellites into orbit would cost between $5 million and $12 million. Ground Stations - At least two major ground stations would be required, able to both send and receive all television, telephone and data signals, at a cost of $3 million to $5 million each. About five smaller ground stations, costing $1 million to $2 million each, would be used to fill in regional gaps across the country. To provide complete TV coverage, about 30 ground stations would be required, equipped to receive TV only and to retransmit programs through regular means to homes. Cost for a TV-only ground station is about $100,000 each. The costs do not account for the fact that a satellite has a life span of five to seven years. The $100 million estimate for a domestic satellite program is a middle figure, somewhere between the minimum necessary to establish a coast-to-coast system and maximum number of channels for TV, voice and data communication that could be set up. The white paper said the minimum number of TV channels for any satellite would be four. Each TV channel could carry up to 600 two-way telephone channels. The biggest satellites under consideration would have a 12 TV-channel capacity. A greater number of TV channels would increase the satellite's weight and cost, it was noted. Limited Parking Space The white paper conveyed a sense of urgency on the domestic satellite question. It said: "The development of communications satellites is proceeding rapidly in Europe and the United States, and these will soon be laying down signals over parts of southern and eastern Canada. "Furthermore, there will be early occupation of that synchronous orbit parking space which is of interest to Canada. Unless an early start is made on a Canadian domestic system it may well be overtaken by events. . . ." The white paper also said the satellite question pointed up the need to develop new regulatory legislation on telecommunications. It said the government was considering "new legislation which will ensure the comprehensive regulation of telecommunications services, both terrestrial and satellite." Industry Minister Drury announced in Ottawa that Robert M. MacIntosh of Toronto, joint general manager of the Bank of Nova Scotia, will make a special study to determine the best mixture of government and private ownership for the satellite system. Mr. MacIntosh would recommend the best corporate, financial and management structure of the special corporation the government would establish to run the satellite operation. Mr. Drury said he hoped the corporation could be set up by next fall. CTV wins fight over copyright fees The Supreme Court of Canada ruled last week that the CTV Television Network need not pay royalty fees to the Composers, Authors and Publishers Association of Canada Ltd. for musical works in network shows CTV distributes. CAPC already receives from TV stations belonging to the network fees amounting to 1½% of the gross amount the stations are paid for use of their facilities in television programs. Mr. Justice Louis-Philippe Pigeon, writing the unanimous judgment, said CTV sends programs to affiliates by shipping a video-tape copy or over facilities provided by Bell Canada. In every case, the delivery was not a public performance but a private act of distribution. Affiliates hold licenses giving them the right to "perform the works through television broadcasts." Mr. Justice Pigeon said: "The authorization to make use of the copyright... was given by CAPAC to the affiliated stations and it cannot be said to proceed from CTV." He said CTV only "effectively provided the means of doing that which CAPAC had authorized." DDB to work with Havas, French agency Doyle Dane Bernbach, New York, has established a "working association" with France's largest agency, Havas Conseil, to begin July 1. A DDB group working out of Havas offices will primarily perform creative work for DDB clients in France, while Havas will handle other activities. No stock will be traded, but there will be an exchange of advertising and marketing information. --- FATES & FORTUNES Alvin R. Kracht, F. Paul Pracilio and William Ryder, with J. M. Mathes Inc., New York, elected senior VP's in account management, creative services and Florida operations, respectively. David F. Schiele, advertising manager for Bardahl Oil Co., St. Louis, joins Krupnick & Assoc. agency, that city, as mechanical production manager, succeeding Russell Sewall, who resigns to join St. Louis Sticker Co. as general manager. Robert Altman, sales account executive with WCAU Philadelphia, appointed local sales manager of WCAU-FM. Alfred Schoelles, production manager with Weil, Levy & King, Buffalo, N. Y., agency, joins Rich Advertising Co., that city, as manager of internal operations. George W. Allen, account supervisor at Danver-Fitzgerald-Sample, Los Angeles, and previously with CBS for 14 years, retires to his home at Lake San Marcos near Escondido, Calif. He plans to develop TV properties he owns and do PR work. Don Patton, national sales manager of KTLA(TV) Los Angeles, named local sales manager. George E. Robinson, creative super- --- Doubleday named Robert Doubleday (l), VP and general manager of KATV(TV) Little Rock, Ark., elected chairman of the ABC-TV Affiliates board of governors at meeting March 31 in Chicago (see page 50). He succeeds Burton B. LaDow (r) of KTWK(TV) Phoenix. Harold (Hack) Wooley, KCPE-TV Salt Lake City, and William W. Warren, KOMO-TV Seattle, named new members of affiliates board. They take seats held by Mr. LaDow and Leslie Norins, KEYT(TV) Santa Barbara, Calif., whose term also expired. STRIKE OUT ARTHRITIS Milton Sherman, director of advertising research, Sullivan, Stauffer, Colwell & Bayles, New York, elected VP. Francis W. Lanigan, senior VP and board member of Benton & Bowles, New York, elected president of Lake-Spiro-Shurman, Memphis agency, succeeding Avron Spiro, who moves to chairman of board. E. A. W. (Ted) Smith, director of special projects, sales, Katz Radio, New York, named director of business development, Major Market Radio, that city. James Thrash, manager of Television Advertising Representatives, Atlanta, joins WQXI-TV, that city, as sales manager. Aaron Ehrlich, group supervisor in radio-TV department of Doyle Dane Bernbach, New York, named VP. William F. Suessbrick Jr., VP with Pappert, Koenig, Lois, New York, joins Richard K. Manoff Inc., as VP and management supervisor. John Staiano, promotion art director with Revlon Inc., New York, joins Bishopric/Green/Fielden, Miami, as art director. Lester Teich, art director with McCann-Erickson, Chicago, joins Kenyon & Eckhardt, that city, in similar position. Bruce Baldwin joins Post-Keyes-Gardner, Chicago, as copy supervisor. Dee Heather, account executive with H-R Television, New York, and Roy Flanders, account executive with WOR-AM-FM, that city, join Edward Petry & Co., New York, in similar positions. Thomas V. Wess, visualizer/designer, and Thomas C. Wright, art services assistant, with Needham, Harper & Steers, Chicago, named to newly created positions of design group director and associate designer, respectively. Robert W. Harkness, account executive with WNBF-TV Binghamton, N. Y., named local-regional sales manager. Edward L. Schwarz, regional sales manager in Rhode Island with The Magnavox Co., joins WTEV(TV) New Bedford, Mass., in newly created position of director of marketing services. William Parker, copywriter for Hixon & Jorgensen Inc., Los Angeles, appointed senior copywriter for West, Weir & Bartel, Beverly Hills, Calif. Richard A. Foley, account executive with Grey Advertising, New York, joins The Gumbinner-North Co., Chicago, as VP and account supervisor. Bernard D. Kahn, executive VP for creative services, Grey Advertising, New York, since March 1965, resigns for personal reasons. Gary L. Moggio joins Blair Television, St. Louis, as account executive, succeeding Ken Eidemann, who resigns. John A. Gellatly appointed account executive with Clinton E. Frank, Inc., James Rogers, with Dancer-Fitzgerald-Sample, New York, joins Cunningham & Walsh, that city, as account executive. Ross Weller joins Mathison Advertising, New York, as account executive. Bettee Holden, sales manager for KWXX Cathedral City, Calif., appointed account executive for Paul H. Raymer Co., Los Angeles. MEDIA Martin H. Percival, director of sales for WOR-FM New York, appointed general manager. Alan Bowles, program director for KRKD Los Angeles, appointed station manager. Earl Steil, with WAIT Chicago, joins WKFM(FM), that city, to direct acquisition of new business and station property development. Joe Thompson appointed general manager of KUZZ Bakersfield, Calif. Alan Bowles, program director with KRKD Los Angeles, appointed station manager. Dale Wright, assistant sales manager for WMAR-TV Baltimore, named business manager. Abram E. Patlove, systems development director for Continental CATV Inc., Hoboken, N. J., elected to newly created position of VP in charge of systems operations. B. Jay Baraff, with FCC's Common Carrier Bureau, Washington, joins law firm of Cole, Zylstra & Raywid, that city. Leroy V. Rockwell, special projects coordinator for noncommercial KUON-TV Lincoln, Neb., named executive director of Nebraska Educational Television Council for Higher Education, that city. Clyde R. Spitzner, general sales manager, Triangle Stations group, assumes additional duties as station manager of Triangle's WFIL-TV Philadelphia, succeeding George A. Koehler, who became general manager of WFIL-TV and chief executive of station group Feb. 1 (Broadcasting, March 25). N. Joseph Welling, administrative assistant to director of broadcasting for Ohio University (noncommercial WOUB-AM-FM-TV Athens, Ohio, named associate director of broadcasting. New APBE slate headed by Hungerford Arthur Hungerford (2nd from r), Pennsylvania State U., University Park, Pa., was elected president of Association for Professional Broadcasting Education last week in Chicago. He succeeds Roy E. Morgan, Wilk Wilkes-Barre, Pa. New APBE officers (1 to r): Henry Fletcher, KSEI Pocatello, Ida., re-elected treasurer; Marianne B. Campbell, Avco Broadcasting, VP; Mr. Hungerford and Harold Niven, APBE executive secretary and VP-planning and development for NAB. Other members of APBE board: Thomas E. Bolger, WMTV(TV) Madison, Wis.; Eldon Campbell, WFBM-AM-TV Indianapolis; Hugh Cordier, U. of Illinois; Walter B. Emery, Michigan State U.; Sherman P. Lawton, U. of Oklahoma; and Owen S. Rich, Brigham Young U. PROGRAMING Milton (Ted) Raynor, Jerry Kurtz and Richard S. Ellman, all executives with Television Enterprises Corp. and Feature Film Corp. of America, appointed VP of business affairs, executive VP of worldwide sales and VP in charge of feature sales, respectively, for Commonwealth United Entertainment, Beverly Hills, Calif., division of Commonwealth United Corp. CUC recently acquired TEC and PFCA. Renee Valente, producer with Screen Gem's television program production division, New York, named executive director of talent for all division's film and tape production. George Walsh, producer-director with WFIL-TV Philadelphia, named program director, succeeding Lewis Klein, recently appointed director of television programming for parent Triangle Stations group (Broadcasting, March 25). Phil Brochstein, midwestern advertising and promotion manager for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, appointed director of advertising and merchandising for entertainment division of Commonwealth United Corp., Beverly Hills, Calif. Milt Platt, VP and general sales manager of Comet Film Distributors, New York, joins Times Film Corp., that city, in similar position. George Thomas, with WCAU Philadelphia, named manager of production and operations for WCAU-FM. Rod McKean, with KRXD Los Angeles, appointed production director. Glenn Ivey, with KTHT Houston, joins KLUE-AM-FM Longview, Tex., as operations director. Burdick Myre, assistant program manager for WZZM-TV Grand Rapids, Mich., named manager of special projects and Production Thirteen, film production unit of station. Russell Vossen, production manager of WZZM-TV, named assistant program manager. Guenter Schack, director of advertising and publicity, Paramount International Films Inc., New York, appointed foreign director of publicity and advertising, United Artists Corp., that city. Bill Rowan, with WTN(TV) Albany, N.Y., named sports editor. Frank Scott, general manager of KAON Omaha, elected president of Nebraska AP Broadcasters Association. Don Butler, associate news director with KID-AM-TV Idaho Falls, Idaho, named news director of KID. Craig Kuhlman, staff member, named associate news director. Roger Grimsby, news director for KGO-TV San Francisco, named anchorman for late news at WABC-TV New York. Both are ABC-owned stations. Lucille Rich, field representative for New York State Commission for Human Rights, New York, joins WCBS-TV, that city, as reporter. Douglas E. Caldwell, news director with WHOX Lancaster, Ohio, joins non-commercial WOUB-AM-FM-TV Athens, Ohio, as assistant news director. FANFARE Dorothy M. Leffler, manager of magazine division of CBS-TV press information, retires, with no plans announced. Charles E. Morris Jr., PR manager for Ekco Products Inc., Wheeling, Ill., subsidiary of American Home Products Corp., joins Edward H. Weiss & Co., Chicago, as PR manager. A. Glenn Kyker, promotion manager for WWJ-AM-FM-TV Detroit, appointed promotion development manager. W.R. Williams, assistant promotion manager succeeds him. EQUIPMENT & ENGINEERING Murray Tucker, with WEAT-AM-TV West Palm Beach, Fla., joins WWTV-TV Cadillac-Traverse City and WWUP(TV) Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., as director of technical operations. Glenn Smith, supervisor of engineering for KMSP-TV Minneapolis-St. Paul, named director of engineering. Robert N. Vendeland, assistant general manager of Conrac division of Conrac Corp., Covina, Calif., equipment manufacturer, named general manager. Sidney V. Stadig, director of engineering for WBC Productions, New York, joins Visual Electronics Corp., that city, as manager-headquarters sales. Bernard Koval, chief engineer for WABC New York, joins WBZ Boston in similar position, succeeding Don Parker, who joins KFWB Los Angeles. WBZ and KFWB are Westinghouse Broadcasting stations. Robert H. Platt, VP-finance, elected president of Magnavox Co., New York, succeeding Frank Freimann, who died March 31 (see below). Mr. Platt also named to executive committee with two other directors: Gerard M. Ungaro, former VP and general counsel, and George F. Smith, VP and consultant to company's government and industrial division. DEATHS Donald J. Wilkins, 63, VP and head of Washington bureau of American Advertising Federation, died after brief illness March 3 at Suburban hospital, Bethesda, Md. In 1927 Mr. Wilkins served as advertising representative for Chicago Tribune before joining Roche, Williams, Cleary Inc., Chicago, as account executive. After serving in World War II and Korean conflict he worked for Robert W. Orr Assoc., PR firm, and Erwin Wasey Inc. and Ruthrauff & Ryan before joining AAF to serve as government liaison and director of annual conference on advertising government relations. He is survived by wife, Mary, two daughters and two sons. Buckingham Wilcox Gunn, 56, senior VP, director and member of executive committee of Clinton E. Frank Inc., Chicago, died March 31 in Highland Park (Ill.) hospital. Mr. Gunn began in broadcast department of J. Walter Thompson Co., Chicago, in 1933, joining WGN, that city, in 1943. In 1949 he went to Foote, Cone & Belding, Chicago, before joining Clinton E. Frank in 1955. He is survived by wife, Marilyn, two sons and daughter. Gene L. Cagle, 54, president of group owner Bass Broadcasting Co. and owner of KRIO McAllen, Tex., died of heart attack March 31 at his home in Fort Worth. Mr. Cagle began as announcer and salesman with KFJZ Fort Worth in 1933, becoming manager in 1938 and in 1941 manager of parent Texas State Network properties; he was named president in 1944. He is survived by wife, Christine, and daughter. Frank Freimann, 63, president of the Magnavox Co., died March 30 of heart attack in his New York home. Mr. Freimann became VP of Magnavox in 1938, when that company merged with one he founded in 1930 in Chicago—Electro Acoustics Products Co. He was elected executive VP in 1942 and president in 1950. He is survived by two daughters. Nicholas Samstag, 64, promotion director at Time Inc. for 17 years, died of cancer last Tuesday (March 26) at Lenox Hill hospital, New York. Mr. Samstag, who joined Time in 1939 as circulation promotion manager, was named promotion manager in 1942 and promotion director year later. In this position he handled promotion for radio and television programs sponsored by Time. Mr. Samstag formed his own consulting firm in 1960, specializing in public relations, advertising and promotion services for communications companies. He is survived by three sons. Gordon McCulloh, 69, retired VP of Cunningham & Walsh, New York, died March 31 at United hospital, Port Chester, N. Y. Mr. McCulloh began as copywriter with Newell-Emmett Co., predecessor to C&W where he was elected VP in 1951. He is survived by his wife Virginia, two sons and three daughters. Annie Neal Hunting, 58, retired FCC hearing examiner, died of heart attack March 31 at her home in Arlington, Va. Having joined FCC in 1934, Mrs. Hunting served as hearing examiner from 1952 until her retirement in 1964. She leaves no survivors. Grace H. Sniffin, 61, NBC employee for 40 years, died April 1 at Rockville Center, N. Y. Miss Sniffin, before retirement two years ago, was executive secretary to Marion Stephenson, VP, administration, NBC Radio. FOR THE RECORD STATION AUTHORIZATIONS, APPLICATIONS As compiled by BROADCASTING, March 27 through April 3 and based on filings, authorizations and other actions of the FCC. Abbreviations: Ann.—announced, ant.—antenna, aur.—aural, CATV—community antenna television, ch.—channel, carrier, hours, CTR—construction permit, D.—day, DA—directional antenna, ERP—effective radiated power, k.—kilocycles, kW—kilowatts, L.—low, sub.—subset, mc—megacycles, med.—modification, N.—night, PSA—pressurized service authority, S.—standard, communications authorization, SH.—special hours, SS—special service authorization, STA—special temporary authorization, trans.—transmitter, UHF—ultra high frequency, U.—unlimited hours, VHF—very high frequency, vis.—visual, w.—watts, “—educational. New TV stations APPLICATIONS New Orleans — Rault Petroleum Corp. Seeks UHF ch. 38 (614-200 me); ERP 864 kw vis., 120.6 kw aur. Ant. height above average terrain 1,985 ft.; ant. height above ground 339 ft. P. O. address: 810 Richards Building, New Orleans 19. Estimated construction cost $495,410; first-year operating cost $325,000; revenue $340,000. Geographic coordinates 29° 57' 13" north lat.; 90° 04' 28" west long. Type ant. RCA TTU-50CL. Legal counsel Welch and Morgan; consulting engineer A. D. Ring and Associates. Principals are Mr. Rault Jr., president (100%). Mr. Rault owns independent oil producing company and is restorer. Mr. Rault is also president of Rault Petroleum Corp. and has numerous other business interests. Mr. Rault is member of Board of Regents, Loyola University, licensees of WWL and WWL-TV New Orleans. Ann. March 29. Anaheim, Calif. — Hanna Communications Corp. Seeks UHF ch. 66 (775-800 me); ERP 50 kw vis., 18 kw aur. Ant. height above average terrain 1,998 ft.; ant. height above ground 1,985 ft. P. O. address: 100 Woodward Building, Washington 20005. Estimated construction cost $1,223,200; first-year operating cost $750,000; revenue $750,000. Geographic coordinates 33° 51' 02" north lat.; 117° 39' 09" west long. Type trans. RCA TTU-50CL. Type ant. RCA TTU-146K. Legal counsel: Surber, Kline, Gould and Greene; consulting engineer Lohnes and Culver. Principals are Albert R. treasurer and Anna Broccoli, president (each 50%). Mr. & Mrs. Broccoli each own 50% of Warfield Productions Inc., film producer and Mr. Broccoli is 69% owner of Hanna-London operation. Mr. Broccoli is also 49% shareholder in Swiss film production company. Ann. March 29. FINAL ACTIONS ■ FCC denied petition by Liberty Television, joint venture comprised of Liberty Television Inc. and Siskiyou Broadcasters Inc., for permission to new issue to hearing for TV CP for ch. 8, Medford, Ore. Liberty is competing for the grant with the State Board of Higher Education and Medford Printing Co. Action by commission denied petition by Liberty for review of review board memorandum opinion and order released Dec. 14, 1967. In that order, review board refused to add new claim against State of Oregon as to whether it had complied with studio location requirements of rules. State of Oregon owned or controlled facilities of KOAP-TV Portland, and KOAC-TV Corvallis, both Oregon. Action March 27. ■ Review board in Minneapolis, TV broadcast proceeding, Docs. 73810d(1) et al., granted request for additional time for oral argument filed March 20 by Association of Maximum Service Television Operators in protest that AMST may devote 30 minutes to presentation of oral argument. Action March 29. ■ Review board in Atlantic City, TV broadcast proceeding, Docs. 177689-177689, granted joint request for agreement of applicants for old licenses filed Jan. 26 by South Jersey Radio Inc. and Atlantic City Television Co.; agreement is approved; application of Atlantic City Television Co. is dismissed without prejudice; application of South Jersey Radio Inc. is granted subject to conditions and proceeding is terminated. Action April 3. ACTIONS ON MOTIONS ■ Hearing Examiner Thomas H. Donahue on April 1 in Utica, N. Y. (Rust Craft Broadcasting Co. v. H. Inc.) TV ch. 20 proceeding, granted motion by Rust Craft for continuance of certain procedural dates and continued hearing on non-engineering portions of case from April 30 to June 3 (Docs. 17932-4). ■ Hearing Examiner Jay A. Kyle on March 28 in Boston (Patriot State Television Inc. and Boston Heritage Broadcasting Inc. v. TV ch. 20 proceeding), granted request of Boston Heritage and denied extended hearing from April 1 to May 6 (Docs. 17742-3). ■ Hearing Examiner Jay A. Kyle on March 28 in Gainesville, Fla. (Minnishall BroadcastCo. and University City Television Cable Co.) TV proceeding, ordered that proceedings be filed on or before May 1, and replies by May 15 (Docs. 17680-2). - Hearing Examiner Chester F. Naumowicz, Jr., on March 28 in Medford, Ore., State of Oregon, ruling by and through State Board of Higher Education, Liberty Television, a joint venture comprising Liberty Television Inc. and Siskiyou Broadcasters Inc. and Medford Printing Co. v. Church, 8 proceeding, on request by Liberty Television, set aside previous procedural order filed at April 29, 1967, denial of written direct testimony on all non-engineering matters, identification of witness and witnesses to be called, limitations on scope of oral direct testimony; May 1 for exchange of written engineering testimony and indication of scope of oral engineering testimony; May 6 for verification of witnesses for cross-examination and scheduled May 13 for commencement of hearing (Docs. 17680-2). - Hearing Examiner Chester F. Naumowicz, Jr., on March 28 in Medford, Ore., State of Oregon, ruling by and through State Board of Higher Education, Liberty Television, joint venture comprising of Liberty Television Inc. and Siskiyou Broadcasters Inc. and Medford Printing Co. v. Church, 8 proceeding, granted petition by Medford for leave to amend application to update its financial showing (Docs. 17680-2). Existing TV stations FINAL ACTIONS - KBHK-TV San Francisco—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to change ERP to 1030 kw vis., 400 kw air, type trans., ant. height 1260 ft. Action March 28. - KSAN-TV San Francisco—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to make changes in ERP 1030 kw vis., 38.9 kw air, study location to be determined, San Francisco, change type trans. Action March 27. - KWWL-TV Waterloo, Iowa—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to change ERP to 181 kw vis., 38.9 kw air, change type ant. and ant. height 1980 ft. Action March 28. - WAVE-TV Louisville, Ky.—Broadcast Bureau granted motion CP to change ERP to 527 kw vis., 52.7 kw air, trans. location to west side of Cherokee Road 4 miles northwest of I-65, Albany, change type trans. type ant., ant. structure, ant. system, increase ant. height to 1320 ft. and mod. of CP to extend completion date to Sept. 27. Action March 27. - WBGL-TV Lexington, Ky.—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to change ERP to 1000 kw vis., 100 kw air, type trans. type ant. and ant. structure, ant. height to 1000 ft. Action March 28. - WRBG-TV Cambridge, Mass.—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to install an auxiliary trans. at 633 block east of Harvard Avenue, and Route 128, Northham and CP to change ERP to 727 kw vis., 125 kw air, trans. location 0.5 mile east of Highland Avenue, and Road 128, Northham, change type structure and increase ant. height to 1180 ft.; condition received March 28. - WJZ-TV Baltimore, Md., N. J.—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to change ERP to 782 kw vis., 143 kw air, type trans., type ant. and system, ant. height to 1100 ft.; condition received April 1. - KRET-TV Richardson, Tex.—Broadcast Bureau granted motion CP to make change in ant. system. Action March 28. ACTION ON MOTION - Hearing Examiner David J. Kraushar on March 26 in Moline, Ill. (Moline Television Co. (WQAL-TV) and Community Telecasting of Moline TV proceeding), scheduled certain procedural dates and postponed hearing to June 11 at 10 a.m. (Docs. 17683-4). CALL LETTER APPLICATION - WCOJ-TV, D. H. Overmyer Broadcasting Co., Newport, Ky. Requests WXIX-TV. CALL LETTER ACTIONS - Rovan Television Inc., Macon, Ga. Granted WMCN-TV. - Cathedral of Tomorrow Inc., Akron, Ohio. Granted WCOT-TV. New AM stations APPLICATIONS - Lake Havasu City, Ariz.—Lee Shoblom. Seeks 980 kc, 5 kw P. O. address: Box 9246, Denver 2026. Estimated construction cost $10,400; first-year operating cost $10,000; revenue $38,000. Principals: Lee Shoblom, sole owner. Mr. Shoblom is PR director of KBTR and KBTV(TV), both Denver and is owner of Shoblom Productions, radio program syndication service, Denver, and Maricopa Broadcasting Co. Seeks 1580 kc, 1 kw P. O. address: 418 West 1st Street, Phoenix 3065. Estimated construction cost $33,450; first-year operating cost $35,000; revenue $50,000. Principals: Frank Decker, Morris B. owner. Mr. Morris is radio-TV coordinator for Arizona Department of Agriculture and has no interest of car washing firm, Ann. March 28. FINAL ACTIONS - Webb-Sumner-Tutwiler, Miss.—All-Delta Broadcasting Co. (VCC) denied application seeking 1140 kc 5 kw D-N and denies request for waiver of Sec. 1.569 of rules. P. O. address: 1000 South Greenwood, Miss. 38930. Estimated construction cost $21,711, first-year operating cost $21,551.60; revenue $46,000. Principals: William W. Hardy, sole owner. Mr. Hardy owns furniture and appliance company. Action March 27. - WNCB-TV, Jacksonville, N. C.—against review board decision granting CP for new daytime AM station to Brown Broadcasting Corp., Jacksonville, N. C. Brown and Dixie filed mutually exclusive applications for CP's for new 1000 w, class II daytime station to operate on 1290 kc and have same design. Action Feb. 28, 1966. Both hearing examiner in his initial decision, and review board in its decision of July 19, 1966, decided in favor of Brown. In same action commission held in abeyance petition of Onslow Broadcasting Corp., licensees of WNCB-AM, both Jacksonville, N. C., asking review of review board decision granting Brown's application. Action March 27. OTHER ACTIONS - Review board in Costa Mesa-Newport Beach, Calif. AM broadcast proceeding, Docs. 17572 et al., denied appeal of hearing examiner's recommendation, opinion and order filed Feb. 13 by Charles W. Jones Jr. Orange Radio Inc., Pacific Fine Music Inc., and Topanga Malibu Broadcasting Corp. Action March 28. - Review board in East St. Louis, Ill., AM broadcast proceeding, Docs. 17556-17557, granted petition for extension of time filed March 28 by East St. Louis Broadcasting Co. and extended to April 12 time within which to file responsive pleadings to petition to enlarge issues filed by Metro-East Broadcasting Co. on March 20. Action April 1. - Review board in Springfield, Mo., AM broadcast proceeding, Docs. 17611-17623, granted petition for extension of time filed March 28 by Upahur Broadcasting Co. and extended to April 12 time within which to file responsive pleadings to petition to enlarge issues filed by Giant Broadcasting Co. on March 15. Action March 29. - Review board in Bowling Green, Ohio, AM broadcast proceeding, Docs. 18299-18300, granted petition for extension of time filed March 28 by Ohio Radio Inc. and extended to April 12 time within which to file responsive pleadings to petition to enlarge issues filed March 15 by WMSG Inc. and extended to April 12 time within which to file reply to opposition and supplemental opposition to petition to enlarge issues filed by Ohio Radio Inc. Action March 29. - Review board in Sallieville, Ky., AM broadcast proceeding, Docs. 17755-17776, granted petition to dismiss for leave to amend for proposed amendment for waiver of public notice and for grant of application filed Feb. 6 by Wheeler Mayo d'Arcy, Inc. and Southern Television Broadcasting Corp.; agreement is approved; amendment filed Feb. 6 by Big Basin Radio is accepted and approved. Sallieville Broadcasting Corp. is dismissed with prejudice. Application of Big Basin Broadcasters Inc. is granted, subject to condition set forth; and proceeding is terminated. Action March 29. - Review board in Bayamon, P. R., AM broadcast proceeding, Docs. 17800-17801, petition for extension of time filed March 26 by Broadcast Bureau excepted and extended to April 10 time for filing exceptions to initial decision released March 27. Action March 28. ACTIONS ON MOTION - Chief Hearing Examiner James D. Cunningham on March 28 in Lebanon, Pa. and Catskillville, Md. (Lebanon Valley Inc. and Radio Catskillville Inc. AM proceeding), granted petition by Radio Catskillville and extended from March 29 to April 2 to file proposed findings (Docs. 18333, 18339). - Hearing Examiner Isadore A. Honig on March 29 in Wanchese, Midway Park and Mayaville, all North Carolina (Outer Banks Radio Co., Onslow County Broadcasters and Hendon M. Harris) AM proceeding, denied petition by Onslow County for leave to amend application (Docs. 17886-8). - Hearing Examiner Isadore A. Honig on March 29 in Wanchese, Midway Park, Outer Banks Broadcasting Co. and Metro-East Broadcasting Inc.) AM proceeding, granted petition by Metro-East Broadcasting Inc. for extension of time to April 5 to file proposed findings; and to April 22 for replies (Docs. 17254-6). - Hearing Examiner Jay A. Kyle on March 28 in Bellaira, Tex. (T. J. Shriner) AM proceeding, granted motion of Broadcast Bureau to dismiss application of T. J. Shriner for CP without prejudice for failure to prosecute (Doc. 17653). - Hearing Examiner Chester F. Naumowicz, Jr., on March 28 in Cleveland, Ohio (Kittyhawk Broadcast Corp.) AM proceeding in Docs. 17243-7, 17248-30, granted petition by John S. Tedesco for leave to amend application to reflect recent increase in his broadcast holdings. Existing AM stations FINAL ACTIONS - WENN Birmingham, Ala.—Broadcast Bureau granted motion CP to make changes in ant. system. Action March 28. - KHIL Willcox, Ariz.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering increase in power and installation of new type trans. Action March 29. - KDEW Dewitt, Ark.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering new station. Action March 29. - KOST Los Angeles — Broadcast Bureau granted license covering installation of new type ant. Action March 29. - KXWQ Wasco, Calif.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering use of former main trans. as an auxiliary trans. at main trans. location to be operated on 1050 kc, 1 kw. Action March 29. - WSWN Belle Glade, Fla.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering use of former main trans. as an auxiliary trans. at main trans. location to be operated on 500 kc, 1 kw. Action March 29. - WGMA Hollywood, Fla.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering completion date to July 11. Action March 29. - WLOR Thomassville, Ga.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering change in location of ant.-trans. and studio. Action March 28. - WYRW McLeanburg, Ill.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering new station. Action March 28. - KLRL Estherville, Iowa—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering new AM station. Action March 29. - WFIA Louisville, Ky.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering use of former main trans. at main trans. location as an auxiliary trans. to be operated on 900 kc, 1 kw. Action March 29. - WEGO Concord, N. C.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering change in ant. condition, gain, and ground systems. Action March 28. - WRKK Murphy, N. C.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering use of former main trans. at main trans. location as an auxiliary trans. Action March 28. - WBKN Youngstown, Ohio—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering installation of auxiliary trans. at main trans. location. Action March 28. - WMPT South Williamsport, Pa.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering increases in daytime power and installation of new trans. daytime. Action March 28. - WRYN San Juan, P. R.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering change name to Quality Broadcasting Corporation of San Juan; condition. Action March 28. - WEBB Jamestown, Tenn.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering new station, specify 12-element trans. Action March 28. - FCC denied objections filed by WTOP Washington to commencement of operation by STC Broadcasting Co. of nighttime program transmission from station WJBK Detroit with new 5 kw, 12-element directional ant. system. Action March 27. OTHER ACTION - FCC accepted application of KPLC Lake Charles, La. to change facilities from 1 kw D-N and 5 kw to lower band to 5 kw D-N, operating unlimited time on 1470 kc. Action March 27. ACTIONS ON MOTIONS - Hearing Examiner Jay A. Kyn on March 28 in Bowling Green, Ohio. [WMGS] and Ohio Radio Inc.) AM proceeding, scheduled further hearing conference or motion and opened evidence; hearing scheduled for May 8 (Doc. 19260-1). - Hearing Examiner Chester F. Naumowicz Jr. on March 28 in Charlotte, N.C. (Western North Carolina Broadcasters Inc. [WWNT]) license renewal proceeding, reopened hearing record and scheduled further hearing for April 8 (Doc. 17660). FINES - Commission has denied request by United Broadcasting Co., licensee of KVQG Ogden, Utah for reduction or cancellation of $1,000 forfeiture imposed. Action March 27. - FCC notified WKZT Casey, Ill. and WQFM-FM, White, La. of apparent liability for forfeiture of $500 for willfully or repeatedly failing to observe provisions of rules. Action March 27. - Commission has ordered KENY Bellingham-Ferndale, Wash. to pay forfeiture of $300 for violation of Sec. 310(a) of Communications Act of 1934, for unauthorized transfer of control of KENY and for repeated violation of rules by failing to file periodic corporate ownership, control, and supplemental ownership report showing change in organization of the station to provide actual operator licensees to make regular performance measurements and to maintain modulation and frequency monitors. Action March 27. - Commission has ordered KXRL Kearney, Neb., to pay forfeiture of $5,000. Notice of apparent liability dated January 15, 1967 sent to licensee for failure to file report showing change in ownership or control. Application shows change in organization of the station to provide actual operator licensees to make regular performance measurements and to maintain modulation and frequency monitors. Action March 27. - Commission has ordered KXWV Xaver, La., to pay forfeiture of $5,000. Notice of apparent liability dated February 15, 1967 sent to licensee for failure to file report showing change in ownership or control. Application shows change in organization of the station to provide actual operator licensees to make regular performance measurements and to maintain modulation and frequency monitors. Action March 27. - Broadcast Bureau by letter of March 28 notified following stations of apparent forfeiture liability in amounts indicated for failure filing of renewal applications: KRIB Mason City, Iowa, $200; WMBR Joplin, Mo., $100; KCUL Rolla, Mo., and KLTI Macon, Mo., $25. CALL LETTER APPLICATIONS - Quitman Broadcasting Co., Marks, Miss. Requests WQUA. - WUNIS Wiggins Radio Inc., Lewisburg, Pa. Requests WUDO. CALL LETTER ACTIONS - KMOP, Golden State Broadcasting Inc., Tucson, Ariz. Granted KHYT. - FM Broadcasting Co., Chardon, Ohio. Granted WBKC. PRESUNRISE SERVICE AUTHORITY - Broadcast Bureau pursuant to Sec. 73.39 of rules granted until further notice, following a show cause proceeding, authority from 8:00 a.m. local time or sunrise at given station, whichever is later, to sunrise times specified in statement of authorization, with daytime antenna height and power as shown: KTU Sullivan, Mo., 500 w. Action March 7. KHOS Tucson, Ariz., 250 w. Action March 8. - Broadcast Bureau granted pursuant to Sec. 73.39 of rules until further notice, following a show cause proceeding, service authority from 8:00 a.m. local time or sunrise at given station, whichever is later, to sunrise times specified in statement of authorization, with daytime antenna height and power as shown: WMAD Madison, Wis. 500 w. and WITM Potsdam, N.Y. 126 w. Action Feb. 28. KFVZ Weyauwega, Wis. Action March 8. - Broadcast Bureau granted temporary presunrise operation pending final outcome of ABS v. USA & PCC (case No. 31835, U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit). WQXI Utica, N.Y. 3 kw. Action March 1. WBXL Lexington, Ky. 1 kw. Action March 4. KSCJ Sioux City, Iowa. Action March 6. KXCI Los Angeles 5 kw. Action March 8. WNXT Portsmouth, Ohio 5 kw. Action March 11. WKXY Sarasota, Fla. 1 kw. Action March 12. WOAX Oxnard, Calif. 5 kw. Action March 14. WALM Albion, Mich. 1 kw. Action March 26. New FM Stations APPLICATIONS - Eufaula Ala.-Dixie Radio Inc. Seeks 82.7 mc. ch. 224, 1 kw. Ant. height above average terrain 84 ft. P. O. address: Box 301, Eufaula 36207. Estimated construction cost $4,000; first-year operating cost $2,000. Principals: C. A. McClure, president (91%) et al. Applicant owns WULA Eufaula and WCHK-AM-FM Canton, Ga.; WNGV Montgomery, Ala.; WGBA-FM and WHND, both Columbus, Ga. Ann. March 29. Roanoke, Ala.—Earl E. Manning Jr. Seeks 95.3 mc. ch. 237, 2.5 kw. Ant. height above average terrain 100 ft. P.O. address: Box 709, Roanoke 36274. Estimated construction cost $14,699.50; first-year operating cost $12,000; revenue $19,000. Principals: Earl E. Manning, Jr., sole owner. WLRR Lenoir, Ala. Ann. March 29. - Van Buren, Ark.—Mr. George Dorness Seeks 100.1 mc. ch. 265, 3 kw. Ant. height above average terrain 300 ft. P.O. address: 7114 Main, Van Buren 72901. Estimated construction cost, none reported; first-year operating cost, none reported; revenue none reported. Principal: George Dorness, sole owner. Mr. Dorness is sole owner of KPDF Van Buren, Ann. March 29. - Upland Calif.—West Coast Communication Inc. Seeks 95.3 mc. ch. 236, 10 kw. Ant. height above average terrain minus 5,996 ft. P. O. address: 100 North Orange Avenue, Rialto 92376. Estimated construction cost $5,058; first-year operating cost $49,000; revenue $35,000. Principal: Armadine M. Smith, secretary. Ann. April 1. WMJQ Cordele, Ga., Southernhawk Broadcasting System Inc. Seeks 98.3 mc. ch. 252, 3 kw. Ant. height above average terrain minus 5,996 ft. P. O. address: 100 North Orange Avenue, Rialto 92376. Estimated construction cost $20,708.36; first-year operating cost $49,000; revenue $35,387. Principals: James R. Riner, president (97%); Applicant owns WMJQ Cordele, Ga. and WQXO Waltham, WTHI East Point (50%), and WIAZ Albany (35%), and Georgia Ann. March 28. - Wauchula Fla.—Brush Broadcasting Co. Seeks 97.5 mc. ch. 258, 3 kw. Ant. height above average terrain 196 ft. P. O. address: Box 1148, Wauchula 33878. Estimated construction cost $13,100; first-year operating cost $4,000; revenue $7,500. Principals: Georgia M. Bush and Gerald A. Brush (each 50%); George M. Bush is owner of radio & television repair firm, which is 50% owned by applicant. Ann. April 1. WMJQ Cordele, Ga., Southernhawk Broadcasting System Inc. Seeks 98.3 mc. ch. 252, 3 kw. Ant. height above average terrain minus 5,996 ft. P. O. address: 100 North Orange Avenue, Rialto 92376. Estimated construction cost $20,708.36; first-year operating cost $49,000; revenue $35,387. Principals: James R. Riner, president (97%); Applicant owns WMJQ Cordele, Ga. and WQXO Waltham, WTHI East Point (50%), and WIAZ Albany (35%), and Georgia Ann. March 28. - Hazlehurst, Miss.—Southwestern Broadcasting Co. Seeks 97.5 mc. ch. 258, 3 kw. Ant. height above average terrain minus 100 inches. P. O. address: Box 680, Hazlehurst, Miss. 39085. Estimated construction cost $14,485; first-year operating cost $35,000; revenue $7,800. Principals: Louis Alford, Phillip D. Brady and Albert M. Smith (each 33.3%); Mr. Alford, Mr. Brady and Mr. Smith also are licensees of WAFF and WCCA (FM) McComb, Miss. and WJFH Jackson, both Mississippi; and KAUL Pine Bluff, Ark., both Arkansas. Mr. Alford is attorney. Mr. Smith also owns 50% of WKFO Pretess, Miss. Action March 27. - Watertown, N. Y.—R.B.G. Production Inc.—Broadcast Bureau granted 97.5 mc. ch. 248, 3 kw. Ant. height above average terrain 131 ft. P. O. address: 1833 State Street, Waterford 13601. Estimated construction cost $14,485; first-year operating cost $35,000; revenue $10,000. Principals: James Graham, president. Applicant licensee of WOTT Waterford. Action March 28. - Commission on March 25 granted request of Cumberland Valley Broadcasting Co. and extended filing time for filing comments on proposal to add FM channel 280A to McMinnville, Tenn. OTHER ACTIONS - Review board in San Fernando, Calif., FM broadcast proceeding, Doc. 17198, denied appeal from hearing examiner's adverse ruling filed January 30 by Manuel G. Martinez, Action March 28. - Review board in Toa Alta, P.R., FM broadcast proceeding, Doc. 17886, dismissed issues filed by applicant; issues filed by Mr. Arocho Broadcasting Corp., Manuel P. R. Action March 28. - Review board in Fort Worth, Tex., FM broadcast proceeding, Docs. 17911-17912, granted joint request for proposed agreement filed March 4 by KFWB Inc. and Lee Broadcasting Corp.; agreement is approved; application of KFWB Inc. is dismissed with prejudice; application of Lee Broadcasting Corp. is granted; petition to enlarge issues filed Jan. 12 by "T-T" Broadcasting Corp. is granted and proceeding is terminated. Action March 28. - Review board in Pleasantville, N.J., FM broadcast proceeding, Doc. 18005-18006, granted petition opposing designation order and motion to delete certain issues extent indicated; denied in all other respects; filed February 27 by Atlantic City Broadcasting Co. Action April 1. - Review board in Waco, Tex., FM broadcast proceeding, Docs. 17939-17941, granted petition to enforce order filed Jan. 14 by KWTX Broadcasting Co. to extend indicated and denied in all other respects; granted request for leave to file supplemental pleading and motion to reopen and to enlarge issues. Filed Feb. 1 by KWTX Broadcasting Company. Action April 1. ACTIONS ON MOTIONS - Hearing Examiner Charles J. Frederick on March 26 in New York City, Ind. Gospel Broadcasting Co. of Fort Wayne Inc. and Fort Wayne Broadcasting Co. (FM) proceeding, granted uncontested petition of Broadcaster, extended it to April 16 time for filing proposed findings and on examiner's own motion, extended to April 26 time for filing objections (Docs. 17585-17586). Hearing Examiner Charles J. Frederick on March 26 in New York City, Teaneck, N. J. (New York University and Fairleigh ## SUMMARY OF BROADCASTING Compiled by BROADCASTING, April 1, 1968 \| ON AIR \| TOTAL \| NOT ON AIR \| TOTAL \| \|--------\|-------\|------------\|-------\| \| Licensed \| CP's \| Licensed \| CP's \| \| Commercial AM \| 4,171 \| 14 \| 4,185 \| 84 \| 4,269 \| \| Commercial FM \| 1,768 \| 46 \| 1,814 \| 250 \| 2,064 \| \| Commercial TV-VHF \| 496 \| 9 \| 505 \| 13 \| 518* \| \| Commercial TV-UHF \| 118* \| 30 \| 148* \| 158 \| 306* \| \| Educational FM \| 323 \| 13 \| 336 \| 32 \| 368 \| \| Educational TV-VHF \| 68 \| 5 \| 73 \| 3 \| 76 \| \| Educational TV-UHF \| 55 \| 23 \| 78 \| 31 \| 109 \| ## STATION BOXSCORE Compiled by FCC, Feb. 29, 1968 \| Licensed (all on air) \| COM'L AM \| COM'L FM \| COM'L TV \| EDUC FM \| EDUC TV \| \|-----------------------\|----------\|----------\|----------\|---------\|---------\| \| 4,166a \| 1,764 \| 614a \| 321 \| 120 \| \| CP's on air (new stations) \| 14 \| 40 \| 38 \| 11 \| 29 \| \| Total on air \| 4,180a \| 1,804 \| 652a \| 332 \| 149 \| \| CP's not on air (new stations) \| 87 \| 254 \| 172 \| 36 \| 36 \| \| Total authorized stations \| 4,267b \| 2,058 \| 824 \| 368 \| 185 \| \| Licenses deleted \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| CP's deleted \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| * Includes two AM's operating with Special Temporary Authorization. Includes three VHF's operating with STA's, and one licensed UHF that is not on the air. Dickinson University), FM proceeding, granted petition of Fairleigh Dickinson to amend application to reflect election of Fairleigh S. Dickinson Jr. to membership on Board of Trustees; removing Edward T. T. Williams; reopened hearing record; accepted amendment and reclosed record (Docs. 17484-5). ## Existing FM stations ### FINAL ACTIONS KXOA-FM Sacramento, Calif.—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to change ant.-trans. location to one mile south of Sacramento between American St. and North Street, Sacramento, change studio location to 355 Commerce Circle, Sacramento, install new type trans. type, and Action March 28. KJQY-FM Stockton, Calif.—Broadcast Bureau granted mod. of CP to change type trans. type ant. Action March 28. KXFM-FM St. Petersburg, Fla.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering increase in ERP, change in transmission line. Action March 28. WFLA-FM Tampa, Fla.—Broadcast Bureau granted mod. of CP to make changes in ant. system, ant. height 770 ft. Action March 28. WFDT(FM) Columbia City, Ind.—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to replace expired permit for new station. Action March 28. WCSL-FM Columbus, Ind.—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to install new type trans., dual polarized type ant., ERP 20 kw, ant. height 1,000 ft. Action March 28. WJEJ-FM Hagerstown, Md.—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to install auxiliary ant. with ERP of 2.35 kw, ant. height 1,230 ft. Action March 28. WAIC(FM) Springfield, Mass.—Broadcast Bureau granted CP to make changes in ant. system. Action April 1. KBFL(FM) Buffalo, Mo.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering installation of new type trans., change frequency, ERP 11.5 kw, ant. height 170 ft. Action March 28. WFQM(FM) San Juan, P. R.—Broadcast Bureau granted mod. of license to change name of licensee to Quality Broadcasting Corp. of San Juan, condition. Action March 28. WGOA-FM Memphis—Broadcast Bureau granted license, license expired, permit for FM station waived of Sec. 1334(b) of rules. Action March 29. WATV-FM Oak Ridge, Tenn.—Broadcast Bureau granted license covering new station, type ant., studio location same as trans. Action March 28. WESR-FM Tasley, Va.—Broadcast Bureau granted mod. of CP to change type trans., type ant., ERP 50 kw, ant. height 330 ft.; condition. Action April 1. ### FINES Broadcast Bureau, by letters of March 26 notified following stations and operators of failure liability in amounts indicated for late filing of renewal applications: KWDM-FM, Des Moines, Iowa; KXOA-FM(CFM) Crestwood, Mo.; KCGL-FM Holla, Mo., $100 and KJDI(FM) St. Louis, $100. ### CALL LETTER APPLICATIONS * WIEF(FM), C. P. Broadcasters Inc., Auburn, Ind. Requests WIEF-FM. * KPGO-FM, KPG Inc., Portland, Ore. Requests KPGO(FM). * Leslie L. Cunningham, The Dallas, Ore. Requests KICV(FM). * Tennessee College, Chattanooga, Tenn. Requests WDYN(FM). * WDIA-FM, WDIA Inc., Memphis. Requests WTCV(FM). ### CALL LETTER ACTIONS * Niles Broadcasting Co., Niles, Mich. Granted WNIL-FM. * Channel 10 Inc., Duluth, Minn. Granted WQX-FM. * WRVF-FM, American Colonial Broadcasting Corp., San Juan, P.R. Granted WKVM-FM. * Louis D. Lingner, Lewisburg, Tenn. Grants WJUM-FM. ### EXTENSION OF COMPLETION DATES #### ALL STATIONS * Broadcast Bureau granted mod. of CP's to extend completion dates for the following stations: KFRC, San Apple Valley, Calif., to Sept. 15; KXFM-FM, Florence, Oct. 3; WLQP-FM Jesup, Ga., to July 1; KEEL-FM Shreveport, La., to Sept. 14; WSTK(FM) South Bend, Ill., to May 1; WKNX-FM, San Jose, Ind., to Apr. 28; WHTV-TV Meridian, Miss., to Sept. 29; WELO-FM Tupelo, Miss., to Sept. 29; KGOS-FM, Grand Forks, N.D., to Sept. 29; KOWH-FM Omaha, Neb., to June 1; KBWL(FM) Carson City, Nev., to Sept. 13; WECT (AM) Wilmington, N. C., to Sept. 29; KFM Washington, D.C., to Sept. 13; condition; WTNS Columbus, Ohio, to Sept. 22; WTNS-FM Columbus, Ohio, to Oct. 1; and WFM Austin, Tex., to Oct. 1. Action March 29. * Broadcast Bureau granted mod. of CP to extend completion dates for following stations: KXFM-FM, San Apple Valley, Calif.; KXFM-FM Chico, Calif. to Sept. 23; WTVT(FM) Tampa, Fla., to Sept. 28 and KIMM Rapid City, S. D. to April 13. Action March 28. ### RENEWAL OF LICENSES, ALL STATIONS * Broadcast Bureau granted renewal of licenses for the following stations and co-pending auxiliaries: KGCL East Prairie, and KJKO St. Joseph, both Missouri, WSAL-AM-FM Logansport, Ind. Action March 29. * Broadcast Bureau granted renewal of licenses for following stations and co-pending auxiliaries on March 29: KELA Helena, Mont.: KCMS Manitou Springs, Colo.; KDWA Hastings, Minn.; KKM Clinton, N. D.; KRM Denver; KRAM-FM Bismarck, N. D.; KGCX Sidney, Mont.; KGLE Glendive, Mont.; KHRE Minot, N. D.; KILO Grand Forks, N. D.; KIWA Aitkin, Minn.; KLIZ-AM-FM Brainerd, Minn.; KLMO Longmont Colo.; KNDC Hettigee, N. D.; KNDM(AM) University Park, Ill.; KQFM Colorado Springs; KTS-FM and WLLO-FM both Minneapolis; KRSS Rapid City, S. D.; KETV(AM) Denver; KDAI-TV Duluth, Minn.; KGVO-TV Missoula, Mont.; KLTZ-TV Denver; KLS-P-TV Minneapolis; KOAA-TV Pueblo, Colo.; KULR-TV Lincoln, Mont.; KXGN-G Cleaveland, Mont.; KRM-TV Denver; and KOTA-TV Rapid City, S. D. * Broadcast Bureau granted renewal of licenses for following stations and co-pending auxiliaries on March 29: KCBL-FM Greeley and KCSU-FM Fort Collins, both Colorado; KCDU-FM Grand Forks, N. D.; KEDD(FM) Brookings, S. D.; KXMS(FM) Mankato; KSJN-FM New Brighton, and KSRP-FM Collegeville, both Minnesota; KXUM(FM) Missoula, Mont.; KUMD-FM Duluth, and KAUS-TV Austin, both Minnesota; KUND-FM, KUNP-FM, and KUDT-TV Fergus, and KELO-TV Sioux Falls, both South Dakota; KEYC-TV Mankato, Minn.; KPBZ-TV Great Falls; KQX-TV Billings, S. D.; KRT-TV(AM) Colorado Springs; KMOT-TV Minot, N. D.; KQAX-TV(AM) Grand Forks, Billings, S. D.; KORN-TV Mitchell, and KPLO-TV Reliance, both South Dakota; KRDO-TV Colorado Springs; KXW-TV Rochester, Minn.; KXRV-TV Great Falls, Mont.; KSOO-TV Sioux Falls, S. D.; KSTP-TV St. Paul, Minn.; KXBT-TV Minneapolis, and KXW-TV Williston, both North Dakota; KXAB-TV Aberdeen, S. D.; KXXB-TV Valley City, N. D.; KXLF-TV Butte, Mont.; KXMT-TV Billings, KXCM-TV Minot, KWDY-TV Fargo and WDAZ-TV Devils Lake, all North Dakota; KXW-TV Duluth, West, Minneapolis, both Minnesota; KXMA-TV(AM) Fargo, N. D.; KCTA-TV and KCTI-TV both St. Paul, KXKV-TV Vermillion, S. D.; KXCM-TV Appleton, and WDSF-TV Duluth, both Minnesota. * Broadcast Bureau granted renewal of licenses for following stations and co-pending auxiliaries on March 29: KATE Albert Lea, Minn.; KBHB Fargo, N. D.; KILO Benson, Minn.; KRT-TV Trinkels, Colo.; KCUE-AM-FM Red Wing, Minn.; KIXM-AM-Ticknall, N. D.; KJMA-Mooreville, Minn.; KOS-AM-Belvidere, S. D.; KDWB-St. Paul, Minn.; KEYD Oakes, N. D.; KFBF Great Falls, Mont.; KKFV Bedford, N. D.; KQPL Pueblo, Colo.; KFGO Fargo, N. D.; KFLY Walsenburg, Colo.; KGLC Rugby, N. D.; KGM-FM Bismarck, N. D.; KGVN-AM-KLQ Libby, Mont.; KLFD Litchfield, Minn.; KLYQ Hamilton, Mont.; KLOM Lovejoy, Colo.; KOLV Mobridge, S. D.; KQK Austin, Minn.; KQPA-CO Colorado Springs; KVRH Salida, Colo.; KWAD Wadena, Minn.; KXLO Levelland, Texas; KXMA Bismarck, N. D.; KMP-CMP Pine City, Minn.; WJW-WI St. Cloud, Minn.; WLOL Minneapolis; KRNW-FM Bristedt, Colo.; KTCR-FM and WAYL(FM) Minneapolis. * Broadcast Bureau granted renewal of licenses for following stations and co-pending auxiliaries on March 29: KARE-Aberdeen, S. D.; KARL Miles City, Mont.; KATX Austin, Minn.; KBFW-AM-FM Blue Earth, Minn.; KBFR Beloit, Wis.; KCBM Lemon, S. D.; KCBM Borgen, Mont.; KCBMR Bismarck, N. D.; KCBW Wahpeton, N. D.; and Breckenridge, Minn.; KCBL Boulder, Colo.; KCBM Bismarck-Mandan, N. D.; KCBW Butte, Mont.; KBRK Brookings, S. D.; KBRR Leadville, Colo.; KTRD Denver; KQAM-AM Fort Collins; KCRF Pierre, S. D.; KCJB Minot, N. D.; KCOR Fort Collins, Colo.; KCSA Pueblo, Colo.; KDAK Casper, Wyo.; KDAI Duluth, Minn.; KDBM Dillon, Mont.; KDEN-AM-FM Denver; KDDO Littleton, Colo.; KDUZ Hutchinson, Minn.; KDW-FM Pueblo, Colo.; KEM-AM-FM Sioux Falls, S. D.; KEVL Long Prairie, Minn.; KFAM-AM-FM St. Cloud, Minn.; KFKL Green Bay; KFMM-AM-FM Farmington, N. D.; KGFH Billings, Mont.; KGHS International Falls, Minn.; KGHW Minneapolis; KGJG Grand Junction, Colo.; KGVV-AM-FM Bismarck, Mont.; KHOW-Denver; KIMM Rapid City, S. D.; KISD Sioux Falls, S. D.; KJAM-AM-FM St. Paul, Minn.; KJHL-AM-Denver; KLMR Lamar, Colo.; KLOH Pipeston, Minn.; KLPM Minot, N. D.; ## Professional Cards \| Name \| Company/Position \| Address \| Phone \| \|-------------------------------------------\|-------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------------------------------------------------------\|------------------------\| \| JANSKY & BAILEY \| Consulting Engineers \| 1812 K St., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 \| 296-6400 \| \| JAMES C. McNARY \| Consulting Engineer \| National Press Bldg., Wash., D.C. 20004 \| Telephone District 7-1205 \| \| GEORGE C. DAVIS \| CONSULTING ENGINEERS RADIO & TELEVISION \| 527 Munsey Bldg., Washington, D.C. 20004 \| 783-0111 \| \| COMMERCIAL RADIO EQUIPMENT CO. \| \| Everett L. Dillon, Gen. Mgr.; Edward R. Bennett, Asst. Mgr. PRUDENTIAL BLDG. 147-1319 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005 \| Member APOE \| \| A. D. Ring & Associates \| \| 42 Years' Experience in Radio Engineering \| 1710 H St., N.W. 208-6850 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20006 \| \| GAUTNEY & JONES \| CONSULTING RADIO ENGINEERS \| 930 Warner Bldg., National 8-7757 Washington, D.C. 20004 \| Member APOE \| \| KEAR & KENNEDY \| \| 1302 18th St., N.W. Hudson 3-9000 Washington, D.C. 20006 \| Member APOE \| \| A. EARL CULLUM, JR. \| CONSULTING ENGINEERS INWOOD POST OFFICE \| DALLAS, TEXAS 75209 (214) 631-8360 \| Member APOE \| \| GUY C. HUTCHESON \| \| 817 Crestview 4-8721 P.O. Box 808 1100 W. Abram Arlington, Texas 76010 \| Member APOE \| \| SILLIMAN, MOFFET & KOWALSKI \| \| 711 14th St., N.W. Republic 7-6646 Washington, D.C. 20005 \| Member APOE \| \| GEO. P. ADAIR ENG. CO. \| CONSULTING ENGINEERS Radio, Television, Communication Electronics \| 2029 K St., N.W., 4th Floor Washington, D.C. 20006 Telephone: (202) 825-4664 \| Member APOE \| \| KEAN, SKLOM & STEPHENS \| CONSULTING RADIO ENGINEERS \| 19 E. Quincy Street River Grove, Illinois 60546 (A Chicago Suburb) \| Phone: 312-467-2401 \| \| HAMMETT & EDISON \| CONSULTING ENGINEERS Radio & Television \| Box One, International Airport San Francisco, California 94128 \| (415) 342-5208 \| \| JOHN B. HEFFELFINGER \| \| 9208 Wyoming Pl. Hilland 4-7010 KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI 64114 \| \| \| JULES COHEN & ASSOCIATES \| \| Suite 716, Associations Bldg. 1145 19th St., N.W., 659-3707 Washington, D.C. 20036 \| Member APOE \| \| CARL E. SMITH \| CONSULTING RADIO ENGINEERS \| 8200 Snowville Road Cleveland, Ohio 44141 Phone: 216-526-4386 \| Member APOE \| \| VIR N. JAMES \| CONSULTING RADIO ENGINEERS \| Application and Field Engineering 345 Calaveras Blvd.—80206 \| Phone: (Area Code 303) 333-5562 \| \| A. E. Towns Assoc., Inc. \| TELEVISION and RADIO ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS \| 727 Industrial Road San Carlos, California 94070 \| (415) 592-1394 \| \| PETE JOHNSON & Associates \| CONSULTING AM-FM-TV ENGINEERS \| P.O. Box 4318 304-325-6281 Charleston, West Virginia \| \| \| MERL SAXON \| CONSULTING RADIO ENGINEER \| 622 Hookles Street Lufkin, Texas 75901 634-9558 632-2821 \| Member APOE \| \| WILLIAM B. CARR \| CONSULTING ENGINEERS \| Walker Bldg., 4028 Daley Fort Worth, Texas AT 4-9311 \| Member APOE \| \| RAYMOND E. ROHRER \| Consulting Radio Engineers \| 317 Wyatt Bldg., Washington, D.C. 20005 \| 347-9061 \| \| E. HAROLD MUNN, JR. \| BROADCAST ENGINEERING CONSULTANT \| Box 220 Coldwater, Michigan—49036 Phone: 517—278-6733 \| \| \| JOHN H. MULLENLEY and ASSOCIATES \| \| Suite 71, 1150 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Phone: 282-223-1180 \| Member APOE \| \| ROSNER TELEVISION SYSTEMS \| ENGINEERS CONTRACTORS \| 120 E. 56 St. 29 South Mall New York, N.Y. 10022 Plainview N.Y. 11003 \| \| \| FRANK A. ZOELLER \| TELEVISION SYSTEMS CONSULTANT \| 20 Years' Experience Box 356 • San Carlos, Cal. 94070 (415) 593-1751 \| \| \| TERRELL W. KIRKSEY \| Consulting Engineer \| 5210 Avenue F Austin, Texas 78751 (512) 454-7014 \| \| ### Service Directory COMMERCIAL RADIO MONITORING CO. - PRECISION FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS - AM-FM-TV - 103 S. Market St., Lee's Summit, Mo. - Phone Kansas City, Lechlerd 4-3777 CAMBRIDGE CRYSTALS - PRECISION FREQUENCY MEASURING SERVICE - SPECIALISTS FOR AM-FM-TV - 445 Concord Ave., Cambridge, Mass. 02138 - Phone (617) 876-2810 SPOT YOUR FIRM'S NAME HERE - To Be Seen by 100,000* Readers - —means that the designating station owners and managers, chief engineers and technical supervisors of am, fm, tv and facilities facilities - ARB Continuing Readership Study contact* - BROADCASTING MAGAZINE - 1735 DeSales St. N.W. - Washington, D.C. 20036 - for availabilities - Phone: (202) 638-1022 KLTF Little Falls, Minn.; KLTZ Glasgow, Mont.; KLDI Denver; KLHI Marshall, Minn.; KNAW Burlington, Colo.; KNDV Lead, S. D.; KNJU AM-FM New Ulm, Minn.; KNWC Sioux Falls, S. D.; KOAA-AM-PM Denver, Colo.; KOAM-AM-FM Hot Springs, S. D.; KOPI Kalispell, Mont.; KQKQ Mitchell, S. D.; KOTA Rapid City, S. D.; KQRM Rapid City, S. D.; KQVC Valley City, N. D.; KQYB Bismarck, Mont.; KQUR Grand Rapids, Minn.; KPQF Denver; KQRR Kingsburg, Calif.; KQUB Pueblo, Colo.; KRAK East Grand Forks, Minn.; KRAI Craig, Colo.; KRFQ-AM-AM-FM Owatonna, Minn.; KRLN Grand Forks, N. D.; KROX Crookston, Minn.; KSDR Watertown, S. D.; KSEN Shelby, Mont.; KSLV Monte Vista, Colo.; KSKH Shopperville, Minn.; KSKO Aspen, Colo.; KSOX Sioux Falls, S. D.; KSTP-AM-AM-FM St. Paul, Minn.; KTRQ Thief River Falls, Mont.; KUBB Montrose, Colo.; KUOM Minneapolis; KURL-AM-AM-FM Billings, Mont.; KUSD Vermillion, S. D.; KVCK Rapid City, S. D.; KVFC-AM-AM-FM Fort Collins, Colo.; KVOR-AM-AM-FM Colorado Springs; KVOX-AM-FM Moorhead, Minn.; KWWT Waterloo, Iowa; KXDR-AM-AM-FM Denver, Mont.; KWSR Billings, Colo.; KWVR Denver, Mont.; KXLP Butte, Mont.; KYLT Missoula, Mont.; KXMT-AM-AM-FM Missoula, Mont.; KXSW Stillwater, Minn.; WCAL Northfield, Minn.; WDAY Fargo, N. D.; WDYG Minneapolis; WEDY-AM-AM-FM Ely, Minn.; WEVE Eveleth, Minn.; WHBL Virginia, Minn.; WHW Winthrop, Minn.; WMFG Hibbing, Minn.; WMWJ St. Paul, Minn.; WMW-AM-AM-FM Springfield, Minn.; WNTC Minneapolis; WPBC-AM-AM-FM Minneapolis; WDAY-FM Fargo, N. D.; KBPI (FM) Detroit, Mich.; KCMS-AM-AM-FM Manlius, Springs, Colo.; KGFB-AM-AM-FM Great Falls, Mont.; KGLM Longmont, Colo.; KLQV-FM Loveland, Colo.; KKNR-AM-AM-FM Golden Valley, Minn.; KVMN (FM) Pueblo, Colo. and KWLW-FM Willmar, Minn. Translators FINAL ACTIONS - WTAR, Everett, Mass.: In-Broadcast Bureau granted mod. of CP for UHF TV translator station to change trans. location to Southern Securities Building, Fourth and Union, Everett, Mass., to make changes in ant. sys. Action March 28. - K70BL Wheeler County Tex.-Broadcast Bureau granted mod. for UHF TV translator station to change frequency from ch. 70, 806-812 mc. to ch. 78, 854-860 mc. make changes in ant. sys. also change to K78CM; condition. Action April 1. - Broadcast Bureau granted mod. of CPs to change construction dates for following UHF TV translator stations: K70KD, Enumclaw, Wash. to Sept. 29; K76CQ Pasco, Wash. to Sept. 29; K76CQ Spokane, Wash. to Sept. 29; K70EF, Spartan and Steptoe, Wash.; Washington to Sept. 29 and K81BE Walla Walla, Wash. to Sept. 29. Action March 28. ACTION ON MOTION - Hearing Examiner Issuere A. Honig of March 28 in Cumberland, Md. and Wellersburg, Pa. (Tri-State Television Corporation, Inc. and Wellersburg TV, Inc.), TV translator licensees, granted motion by Tri-State Television, Inc. and postponed further prehearing conference scheduled for April 2 to April 16 (Doc. 1768). RENEWAL OF LICENSES - Broadcast Bureau, granted renewal of licenses for the following UHF and VHF TV translator stations on March 28: K70CM Community, K13FJ Bayport, K13FEF Cofeeville, K13FJ San Ardo; K13GS Carmel Valley Village, K02BY Hayfork, K08EQ Valley View, K122F Potomac, K122F Potter Valley; K08EE Potter Valley; K08DK Potter Valley, K122F Julian Creek, K122G Indian Creek, K04DD Weaverville; K04R Hayfork; K12AD Alturas, K17A1 Boonville; K17A1 Boccalona, K17A1 Chico, K17A1 Boonville, and Philo, K17BU Boonville, and Philo, K18BC Concord and Walnut Creek; K17BB-AM-AM-FM Danville, K17BB Chester Westwood and Greenville; K73BT Summerville and Herlong; K70AP Greenville; K72CO Caribou, K72CO-AM-AM-FM Likely, K77AU Likely; K78BR Lone Pine; K80BE Lone Pine; K82AW Lone Pine; K80BE; K80AJ and K80BJ all at Mariposa Base; K80Q and K80QB both Gilroy and Mount Gilan Hill; K79AA, K77BB and K78AD, all at Mariposa, K78AE at Palo Verde Valley; K11AB Bylone; K77DB Barstow, K75BK Victorville; K70DF Running Springs, Hemet and Ontario; K71AF Cedarville, K72AZ, K78BL and K74AK, all Ukiah, all California. CATV FINAL ACTIONS - Commission has affirmed order denying petition for waiver of Sec. 74.1103(e) of CATV rules in ordering Trans-Video of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. to give carriage and nonduplication to KFSA-TV Fort Smith, Ark. - FCC authorized Resort Television Cable Co. Ltd. to continue operating in Rock, Ark., market with distant signals. Commission waived hearing requirement of Sec. 74.1103 (top-100 TV markets rule). Action March 27. - FCC denied petition by Rust Craft Broadcasting Co., permittee of KFSA-TV Jacksonville, Fla. seeking for reconsideration of CATV authorization for General Cablevision of Palatka Corp. General Cablevision of Palatka was authorized Nov. 8, 1967 to operate in Palatka with following Federal Signal, Inc. CATV systems: KFSK-TV, WFGA-TV and WJCT(TV) at Jacksonville; WESH-TV, Daytona Beach; WUFT(TV) Gainesville; WJCT(TV) and WJCT(TV) both Orlando, WJCT(TV), WDVO-TV and WPTV(TV) are distant signals. Action March 27. - FCC authorized Cablevision of Dunn Inc. to operate CATV systems at Dunn and Dunn, N. C. North Carolina. Commission denied opposition to television petition for waiver and special relief filed by Capital Cities Broadcasting Corp., licensee of WTVD-TV Durham, N. C. Action March 27. - FCC stayed order requiring Tower Communications Systems Corp. to comply with Sec. 21.712 of rules to grant program equality to television stations that receive microwave distribution. On March 27, FCC denied Tower petition for reconsideration of order that Tower provides microwave service to CATV system in Cincinnati Ohio. Action March 27. - FCC denied petition of Buckeye Cablevision Inc. Toledo, Ohio to have FCC expedite hearing to determine whether carriage of local and/or TV signals consistent with public interest and quality TV in Toledo. Buckeye did get Commission to expedite review procedure. Action March 27. - FCC terminated hearing into request by CP of Cablevision Corp. Darlington, S. C. to carry signal from station in Columbia, S. C. Hearing was set by commission on October 11, 1967 to determine whether FCC should consider the distant signal of WLOV-TO, would require lease charges or WPDN- Florence, S. C. for obtaining CATV station. Action March 27. - TV Cable Service Coleman Texas. FCC dismissed as most request for waiver of Sec. 74.1103 of the rules. OTHER ACTIONS - Review board in Buffalo, N. Y. CATV proceeding, Doc. 1898, granted extension for extension of time filed March 20 by Buff Broadcasting Co. and extended to April 5 time within which to file reply briefs to exception in proceeding. Action March 28. - Review board in Lower Belle, W. Va. CATV proceeding, Doc. 1768, granted joint petition for extension of time filed March 28 by C & S TV Inc. and Capital Cities Broadcasting Corp. and extended to April 8 time within which to file reply briefs to filings to petition to review order denying motion to quash filed by Asbury & James TV Cable Service on March 8. Action April 1. ACTION ON MOTIONS - Hearing Examiner Isidore A. Erning on March 29 in New York, Greensfeld, Monson, Palmer, and Ware, all Massachusetts (Plaza Communications, Inc.) CATV proceeding, scheduled certain prehearing dates and postponed hearing scheduled for April 2 to April 16 (Doc. 18034). - Hearing Examiner David I. Kraushar on March 28 in Warwood, W. Va. (Center TV Cable) cease and desist proceeding, terminated hearing, recommended and certified case to commission (Doc. 18025). - Hearing Examiner Chester F. Naunheim on March 29 in Athens, Ala. (Athens TV Cable of Alabama Inc.) CATV proceeding, granted joint motion by Athens TV Cable and North Alabama Broadcasters Inc. and continued hearing pending further order (Doc. 18025). - Hearing Examiner Chester F. Naunheim Jr. on April 1 in W. Va. (Diplomatic Transmission Inc.) CATV proceeding, granted request by Broadcast Bureau and extended to April 10 time to file proposed findings (Doc. 17853). - Office of Opinions and Review on March 21 in Williamsport, Pa. (Trans-Video of Pennsylvania, Inc.) CATV proceeding, granted request by Broadcast Bureau and extended to April 10 time to file proposed findings (Doc. 17674). - Office of Opinions and Review on April 1 in Lower Belle, Malden, Dupont City, Rand and George's Creek all West Virginia (Asbury and James TV Cable Service) CATV proceeding, granted request by C & S TV Inc. and Capital Cities Broadcasting Corp. for extension of time to April 8 to file replies to petition to set aside, terminate and terminate proceeding in Doc. 17698. - Hearing Examiner Herbert Shifman on March 29 in Bluefield, W. Va. (Bluefield Television Cable and Bluefield Cable Corp.) CATV proceeding granted to dismiss petition by Bluefield Television Cable Corp. to extent that proceeding in Doc. 17469 is terminated forthwith, dismissed as moot the March 29 Bluefield motion for post-hearing discovery, postponement having already been granted without reference to motion (Doc. 17469). Ownership changes APPLICATIONS WAAX Gadsden, Ala. Seeks transfer of control from R. Ronald Clark Broadcasting Corp. to Charles Smithul (38.4% before, 60% after). Principals: Michael H. McDougald, president, Charles Smithul, chairman of board. Consideration: $13,500. Ann. March 29. - WHH Redding, Cal. Seeks assignment of license from High Fidelity Stations Inc. to California Northwest Broadcasting Co. for $65,500. Principals of High Fidelity Stations Inc.: Thomas Kelly, president, principals of California Northwest Broadcasting Co.: Carl R. McConnell, president and Mr. and Mrs. John L. Smith, real estate proprietors. Mr. McConnell is president and 50% owner of leasing company, pellet mill, racetrack and freight forwarding corporation. Mr. McConnell also has 47.5% interest in Shasta Broadcasting Corp., licensee of KVIQ-TV Fresno, Calif. KVIQ received from California and with wife is 100% owner of KVIQ-TV Eureka, Calif. Ann. April 1. - WJZM (FM) Chicago, Ill. Seeks assignment of CP from Radio KFPI Inc. to Southwestern Broadcasters Inc. for $175,000. Principals of Radio KFPI Inc.: Lawrence Shinn, president, Principals of Southwestern Broadcasters Inc.: James Gordon Douglas III, president, and Josephine Douglas, secretary. Mr. Douglas is licensee of KGFL-Rockwell, N. M. William H. Moore III is treasurer and 20% stockholder of KCLN Clinton, Iowa. Ann. April 1. - WGAA Cedarattah, Ga. Seeks assignment of license from Franklin Proctor to Fullerton Radio Inc. for $200,000. Principal: J. Franklin Proctor, sole owner. Principals of Fullerton Radio Inc.: James H. Faulkner, president (75%), Robert W. Thoburn, vice president (15.38%) et al. Mr. Faulkner is 100% owner of Baldwin (Bay Minette, Ala.) Times, 50% owner and president of insurance company, director of bank, 3% owner, and president of milling company. Mr. Faulkner is also 100% owner and majority stockholder of Faulkner Radio Inc. licensees of WJZM and WJZM-FM both Bay Minette, Ala. WLRB and WLRB-FM in Auburn, Ga., permittee of WAOA Opelika and WFFI Auburn, both Alabama. Mr. Thoburn is vice president and 100% stockholder of WFAI Honolulu Inc. Ann. March 29. - WFAI Honolulu, Hl. Seeks transfer of control from WFAI Sheraton to Kalani Rhodes (none before, 100% after). Transfer involves bankruptcy proceeding in which Kalai W. Rhodes is unsecured trustee. Ann. April 1. - WFS-T-AM-FM Carbondale, Mo. Seeks transfer of control from Elbridge F. Stevens (none before, 100% after) to Murray and Allison J. Briggs (each 50% before, each 50% after). Principals: Elbridge F. Stevens and Murray and Allison J. Briggs and Alison J. Briggs, vice president and treasurer, respectively. Consideration: $118,000, worth of notes payable. Ann. April 1. - WKYR Cumberland, Md. Seeks transfer of control from Robert K. Richards and Frederick L. Allman (each 50% before, none after) to Fraser Remus Jr. (none before, 100%). Principals: Messrs Richards and Allman, each own 50% of WKYR. WKYR owners, Richards and Allman, each own 50%. Principals of Reams Communications Corp.: Fraser Remus Jr., president and treasurer, (100%). Mr. Remus is 40% owner and president-treasurer of WCWA Payable in advance. Checks & Money Order only. - SITUATIONS WANTED 25¢ per word—$2.00 minimum. - APPLICANTS, if tapes or films are submitted please send $1.00 for each package to cover handling charge. Forward remittance separately. All transcriptions, photos etc., addressed to box numbers are sent at owner's risk. BROADCASTING expressly repudiates any liability or responsibility for their custody or return. - HELP WANTED 30¢ per word—$2.00 minimum. RADIO Help Wanted—Management Ohio daytimer needs experienced working manager to help quality write Box C-346, BROADCASTING. Upper midwest small market 5 kw fulltime station needs triple threat combo man for management. Must have experience. Not imperative that you have engineering experience, but worth more money if you do. Three to four hours board work in engineering and writing is of necessity. Will do some traffic work and programming. Want stable sober person, then wants to be managed. Box D-98, BROADCASTING. Sales manager for small to medium market. Located in the south east. Excellent opportunity has been things. Send resume and picture. Box D-50, BROADCASTING. Station Manager, midwest. Profitable suburban major market, expanding group. Open now. Complete information requested in answer. Obtain first letter. Box D-100, BROADCASTING. Manager, excellent salary. J. Elkin, WELV, Ellenville, N.Y. Help Wanted—Sales Providence-Rhode Island—solid salesman—proven track record—management capability—multiple group—good starting salary, plus—Box D-105, BROADCASTING. Mature salesman with management ambition. Nationwide chain, high growth looking for the best. Send resume, sales record and photograph. Box D-135, BROADCASTING. KBOO, Portland, an old station with new plans, seeks mature salesman capable of eventually assuming sales management responsibilities. Send complete selling man experiences direct. Phone 228-4116. Energetic sales "pro" looking for something better. Great opportunity for experienced self-starter in fast growing market near New York City. Healthy draw, car expenses, good account list. 50% commission from personal. Most modern, medium market facilities east of the Mississippi. Call Bill Miln at Al Elikin (914) 623-6700. Write WKQW, Brooklyn Heights, N.Y. 11204. Very successful local AM/FM wants another good salesman, send brief resume and photograph: WLNG, Sag Harbor, Long Island, N.Y. Salesman/announcer—permanent. Good small market. Stock available to right man. Excellent pay. WORC, Worcester, Va. Sales representatives needed for rapidly growing international advertising promotion company. Sales representative earning up to $2000 a week doing national wholesale and retail promotions in automotive, grocery, appliances and department stores. Must also capture inventory. Must have ability to direct and motivate men. If you have a background in sales, including sales promotion and can be bonded, send resume to: P.O. Box H-12334, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33733. 5kw CBS affiliate desires a young energetic salesman. Will be willing to train an experienced broadcaster desiring to learn sales. Must be able to use experience, manage, and sell sales manager and become part of a four man sales staff. Details first letter to Ken Hawkins, Box 907, Sikeston, Missouri 63801. A great opportunity awaits in northwest Florida. Aggressive 5 kw NBC good music station seeking the right man with proven track record. Join our professional broadcast organization. Send complete resume, including sales history. Mail to Bill Terry, Commercial Manager, Box 1669, Pensacola, Florida. Help Wanted—(cont'd) Sales—(cont'd) Broadcast account counselor wanted; we will teach experienced broadcaster. Our present counselor, who earns $767.00 weekly (records available for inspection), being promoted. Location: Park San Francisco. Send complete resume, photo to Jim Anderson, President, Columbia School of Broadcasting, Box 18006, San Francisco 94118. No way can a good sales manager will last another 10 years? Progressive new station wants dynamic salesman with feet on the ground and eyes in the sky. Resume or call today. Valley Group, 141 College St., Lewiston, Maine. 207-704-1531. Help Wanted—Announcers Want to move up to 200k market? Clever in the studio. Send resume & resume to Box C-161, BROADCASTING. First phone announcer, no maintenance, excellent climate and salary at 5 kw AM and 50 kw FM. Send complete resume. Send tape and name to Box C-258, BROADCASTING. New major market contemporary needs professional personalities, newsmen, salesmen. First class, extra pay. Box D-107, BROADCASTING. All major market format station in metropolitan area. Seeking first class announcer. Must be able to gather and write local news. Send tape, resume. Box D-121, BROADCASTING. All broadcasting school graduates and also those who are in school right now. Please send resumes to Box D-140, BROADCASTING. Announcer with good knowledge of middle-of-the-road radio station strong on news and production, including commercial writing. Opportunity for sales if experienced or adaptable. Salary will fit. Individual. Letters now; confidential. Box D-139, BROADCASTING. Experienced staff announcer, play-play sportscaster, full Blue Cross, and life insurance. Beautiful community AM/FM station in growing market. If you live in New Mexico or adjacent state, rush letter to D.K. Burns, KRSN, P.O.B. 740, Los Alamos, New Mexico. Wanted top announcer with first phone for prime spot on MOR station. Station is in number one radio position in the state. Opportunity for man wanting to join broad operation. "Good salary & good working conditions." Send resume to Jack Brewer, KWQW Radio, Box 770, Chickasha, Oklahoma. Top 100, five kilowatt fulltimer needs announcer. First class licensees, but not absolutely necessary. Send tape and resume to KWEW, Box 777, Hobbs, New Mexico. Opening for 3rd phone announcer for moderately active community. Industry salary of $6,000. Station strong on local news and community activities. Must have solid experience in contemporary music industry. Call Ed Findlay, Publishing Company, station with full company benefits. Send tape, resume, and photo to Gary Wright, WCST, Columbus, 47201. Morning drive personality. First phone. Medium market. M.O.R. 24 hour station. New studio. Progressive organization. Many fringe benefits. Salary open. Contact: Manager, WITY, Danville, Illinois. 217-448-1313. Help Wanted Announcers—(Cont'd) Outstanding opportunity for a professional sounding radio announcer seeking permanent position with one of the nation's finest stations, Radio-Talk pioneers of the Pelzer Stations. Our working conditions, fringe benefits, and advancement possibilities are tops in outstanding community. Send complete resume and salary requirements to WKZO Radio, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001. Announcer, first phone, no maintenance, excellent climate and salary at 5000 watts. AM Gulf Coast. WLIQ, Corporation Beach House, Mobile. Send information and tape today. One KW single needs announcer, copy writer and copy-play man with at least two years' experience. Good pay, long day. Call or write Claude Jones, WRON, Ronceverte-Lewisburg, West Virginia. 304-645-3222. CBS affiliate with adult MOR appeal wants announcer with good voice and experience for AM, FM shift. Good pay; excellent working conditions. Send tape and resume to WISQY, Box 2255, Decatur, Illinois 62525. 24 hour soul station is accepting tapes from qualified R&B—dj. WTCB Indianapolis, Indiana. Great opportunity on new station for news or music man. Call, write, resume-tape. Company owned. WJZ, Group 141 College St., Lewiston, Maine. 207-704-1531. The McLendon Corporation is seeking career minded announcers for its Schuster equipped good music stations throughout the United States. Must have good voice. Send tape and resume to Chuck Boyles, National Program Director, The McLendon Corporation, 2008 Jackson St., Dallas, Texas. Baltimore market station needs announcer with first class licensees and night shift. Call Charles Doll. (301) 681-1480. Nature's backyard has a radio station, too. Here in Lander, Wyoming, we fish, hunt and camp as intimately as you might want to a man. Raise your kids among the air and good schools. We need a salesman-announcer at five kw CBS affiliate. Good lots of room for making adjustments. Higher pay for your first phone. Tell all and tape to Box 430, 42520. Female announcers—need two for station in beautiful Oklahoma community, Elk City and Weatherford (college town). Light secretarial duties and board shifts. Prefer experience. Will consider well qualified females. Send tapes, info, photos, etc., Box 889, Elk City, Oklahoma. Or call (not collect) Bob Whitehill, 405/CA 5-3333. Good voiced announcer with production and sales experience. Good opportunity with growing group operator for rapid advancement to PD or management. Send tape and resume to P.O. Box 22852, Greensboro, N.C. Have immediate opening for 40 dj. Multiple owner offers excellent opportunity for advancement. First phone preferred but not essential. Call Bill Smith Brd. Glen Burnix, B'Ham 871-0383. MOR afternoon of evening announcer with some experience. Interest in sales or sports will be considered. Call Pete Wolf 517-539-9688. Announcer-dj with first class ticket needed in mid-Michigan station. Call: 517-224-3237, Bob Ditmer. Help Wanted—Technical Station needs 1st class engineer. Experienced only, salary open. Must know all phases of how to operate 50-10 kw transmitter. General maintenance and wiring. Send record with a D/A2, Box C-240, BROADCASTING. Engineer for directional fulltimer and FM in Atlanta. No 1st phone necessary. Experience helpful but not required. No announcing. Send resume and salary requirements to Box C-360, BROADCASTING. Chief engineer, Medium market AM/FM station in Ohio. No 1st phone. Ideal community. $150/wk. Box D-23, BROADCASTING. Came to the sunshine. Southwest's fastest growing markets needs engineer. Must be experienced in all phases of studio and transmitter operations. Excellent opportunity for phone man who takes pride in his work; is self-motivating. Box D-72, BROADCASTING. Engineer. First class license. Control board and AM-FM transmitter duties at 5,000 watt station in Ohio. No announcing. Box D-95, BROADCASTING. Chief engineer for 2 AM, 2 FM stations. Station will call can be set-up for individual with proper qualifications. Must have automation. Immediate opening in eastern New York state. Box D-97, BROADCASTING. Assistant chief, first ticket, directional experience, no announcing. $150.00 weekly. Start Baltimore area. Box D-110, BROADCASTING. Engineer-Announcer, Florida top 40 station. Must be working engineer, first announcer. Too pay and benefits for right man. Box D-117, BROADCASTING. First phone chief engineer for full time AM-FM Ohio station. Must be strong on maintenance. Box D-124, BROADCASTING. Qualified engineer trainee with first phone for south Texas station. Box D-135, BROADCASTING. Christian, Chief engineer for 50 kw FM...all sacred. KAMB, Box 1375, Merced, Calif. 95340. 209-783-2611. Combo man with first phone. Light maintenance. Preferably family man. MOR format. Salary open. Coastal Alabama. Send resume. Addition to WABF, Fairhope, Alabama 36532. Immediate opening for first class engineer. Age no barrier. Will train beginner. Station WAMJ, Aberdeen, Md. Immediate opening for first class engineer. Send resume to John Wright, WKHM, Jackson, Michigan 49201. Immediate opening in top AM-FM, Atlanta, 1st phone with maintenance experience. No heavy work. Send resume to Technical Director, WQXI, Atlanta, Ga. Engineer wanted. Daytimer adding FM. Position immediate and permanent. WRMP Thibodaux, Louisiana, Phone 305-287-1121. Experienced chief engineer. Care for our modern equipment and do a professional 20 hours MOR announcing weekly. Permanent position. Located in beautiful coastal community. $150 weekly plus start. WSTU/WMCF FM stereo. Stuart, Florida. Help Wanted—News News director, must be experienced reporter and on-air news personality capable of directing department and personally airing some time. News outlet. Experience in creation of editorials, documentaries and public service programs. No. 1 station in major market with good news sources. Send resume and references. Box D-113, BROADCASTING. Newman—Long Island station morning news, morning, breakfast, late, interviews. Send tape and resume. Box D-132, BROADCASTING. Announcer-newsman needed by middle-music network station in Texas resort city. No tape please. Box D-167, BROADCASTING. Eastern Iowa, on or about June 1st, needs Newsman. Station is heading in-depth news reporting, editorials, documentaries and minute newscasts. Need experienced man who probably has worked staff and wants to move up. Good pay. Send complete resume, picture, and tape. Write Bernard M. Jacobsen, Manager, KROS, Clinton, Iowa. News—(conf'd) Kansas City's top newscast station is expanding its staff and needs well seasoned newsguy with strong delivery and field experience. Must be willing to find newscast theme, no top base. Tape for system. Send tape and resume to Bob Higby, News Director, WDAR-TV, Kansas City, Missouri. No phone calls. Newsman wanted—immediate opening for young, energetic newsman. Good delivery necessary. Modern starting salary but excellent opportunities for advancement. Unusual benefits including 3 week vacation. Call or send full particulars with tape to H. M. Thomas, WRC-TV, Arlington, New York. Central Pennsylvania full time news-talk formatted station has immediate opening for experienced news writer-broadcaster for morning team that pulls no punches. Opportunity to learn. 1000 watt FM. $100/wk for qualified person. Call Terry Parker, News Director, WYRM, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104, 814-612, or send tape and resume. Newsman: self starter needed immediately with local news gathering experience. Night shift for N.Y.C suburban daytime. For more information fill out card and mail today. We are #22, looking for right man to join us and make us #1. If you can type, interview, write, and produce a news story from scratch, this is the job for you. You'll secondary to news gathering ability. Working conditions are excellent. Studios are modern. Can you cut the mustard? Call today for interview, 914-823-8001. Production—Programming, Others Major market operation on eastern seaboard has immediate opening for program director. Needs tactful, intelligent man who is able to maintain and improve top ratings. We have proven track record. 100,000 watt FM station. Compensation: Commensurate with billing. Box D-91, BROADCASTING. Radio engineer with excellent technical qualifications for Texas resort city. Box D-160, BROADCASTING. Creative copywriter for Corpus Christi radio station. Box D-168, BROADCASTING. Production director to supervise, write and produce commercial in MOR station. Creative and quality voice. Will telephone. Desire bigger market. Call 516-368-0238 or write Box D-170, BROADCASTING. Third phone with four years of experience in C&W music. Prefer C&W. Box D-112, BROADCASTING. Negro beginning broadcasting graduate. Will relocate anywhere. Veteran. Box D-132, BROADCASTING. Experienced Negro dj, available now. Universal source. Call 201-947-3173. Box D-137, BROADCASTING. First phone dj, combo, Everything secondary to top. Very experienced. Good commission position. Will stick with it. Very dependable—no experience. Box D-138, BROADCASTING. Versatile announcer (MOR, R&R, authoritative, newscaster, interviewer, baseball play by play) experienced. Personable. Not a front man. Production man to handle some sales. Box D-139, BROADCASTING. Good voice announcer-dj. Authoritative reader. Will relocate. Box D-141, BROADCASTING. Happy dj-announcer, experienced, adult sound, tight board. Authoritative newscaster, 3rd endorser. Experienced. Interested some sales. Box D-142, BROADCASTING. Smiling disc jockey, current and oldies, tight board. Authoritative, mature. Sports play by play, solid news. Third endorsed. Box D-143, BROADCASTING. Professional top 40 disc-jockey personality with 10 years' experience. Not interested for larger market, better pay, married, late 20s, draft free, employed now. Box D-144, BROADCASTING. DJ—tight board. Ambitious young family man, draft exempt, 1st class ticket, 2½ years experience. References, 3rd references. DJ and reporter, can do production. Box D-145, BROADCASTING. About two years experience, some college, third phone. Box D-146, BROADCASTING. Deejay—newsman. Experienced, 3rd endorsed, tight board. Dependable, creative, versatile. Sales welcomed. Box D-147, BROADCASTING. Experienced versatile announcer. Rock MOR, R&R, production. Four years experience. Number two college station. Now working million mark. Married, draft deferred. Production wanted. Box D-148, BROADCASTING. Announcer—small or medium market. MOR or R&R. School grad. 3rd phone, draft exempt. Prefer New York state or southern New England—personal interview desired, within reasonable distance. Call 201-520-2040 or write Box D-149, BROADCASTING. DJ, dependable, tight board, third endorsed. Relocate, excellent community man. Box D-150, BROADCASTING. Situations Wanted—Announcers Hot 100 new sound. 3rd endorsed, draft deferred. Good commercial delivery and production ability. Experienced. Box C-93, BROADCASTING. DJ, experienced, 1st phone, prefer top 40 or MOR within 250 miles of New York. Available immediately. Box D-14, BROADCASTING. Attention northeast—college graduate, 22 years old, dream example, speaking star. Excellent speech, easy sound dj, authoritative news, 3rd endorsed, broadcasting school graduate. Available immediately. Box D-70, BROADCASTING. Professional adult announcer seeks home. Mature voice, 5 years experience, some TV, invention, mean, good with people. East Coast. Box D-74, BROADCASTING. Announcer—first phone with five years experience seeks contemporary or "young sound" MOR. Offers show with bright future plus live production. Draft exempt. Married. Minimum salary $160/wk in medium to metro only. Contact Box D-82, BROADCASTING. Newsman-announcer (ND, PD also) for contemporary MOR. Mature, dependable. 7 years medium-major market experience, 3rd endorsed. Prefer west coast or overseas. Will consider any area. Box D-104, BROADCASTING. Quality, staff neophyte. Qualitative news, interpretative commercials. Excellent MOR acuity, large 3rd phone endorsement. 2 yrs AFPS. Box D-108, BROADCASTING. Magic! How to win sponsors and influence audiences. It's a science. 10 years varied experience. MOR, topical, with telephone. Desire bigger market. Call 516-368-0238 or write Box D-110, BROADCASTING. Third phone with four years of experience in C&W music. Prefer C&W. Box D-112, BROADCASTING. If you want to manage your own station, don't contact me. If you want an aggressive general manager who can take full charge of every aspect of the business, including programming and sales, plus, make a profit, then you need me. Currently employed in development, I am ready to receive an offer. Personal interview, your expense, in your office. Reduces the possibility of another blind alley. Results will prove past successes. Full details when you request resume. Reply Box D-119, BROADCASTING. General manager of successful station in major market, proven sales record. Seeks opportunity. Box D-162, BROADCASTING. Experienced manager . . . desires Pennsylvania. Available immediately. Write Stewart Chamberlain, Millville, Penn. 17664. 10 years experience sales, announcing, play-by-play, management, management opportunity desirable. Employed southeast. Box D-114, BROADCASTING. Strengthen your station with outstanding salesman, married, late twenties, college degree, management potential, military obligation completed. Box D-123, BROADCASTING. Situations Wanted—Announcers Continued Announcer, news-caster-salesman. Experienced, dependable. Has tight board, aggressive, versatile. Third endorsed. Box D-155, BROADCASTING. If you're getting run by anxiety-free people who are calm with unspoken self-assurance, who don't have to yell to make themselves heard, you're responsible people to gain attention for their or on, are adult ... then this professional announcer of similar demeanor would like to talk with you about a permanent family raising-type job. Box D-158, BROADCASTING. Country music man. Announcing, sales. Tape. Are code 810-9-1-5869, ext. 223. Give me a break! Announcing, selling or both. North Jersey, cause I know area. 3rd endorsed. Al Bersky, 235-A, Huron Ave., Clifton, New Jersey 07013. Single, 21, draft exempt, experience in announcing, news and sports. Seeking college city. Bob Olson, P.O. Box 185, Katy, Texas. First phone, not experienced, night dj, something to do, upper midwest, Box 44, Chisholm, Minnesota. Career Academy graduate, young, good voice. Looking for opportunity, willing to work hard to get it. Will relocate east of Mississippi. Jeff Nichols, 94 Hill Street, Rockaway, New Jersey 07862. Career wanted—not job! Solid background in sales, production copy, news, announcing! 21, single, draft-exempt, witty, mature, 3rd endorsed. Only personally, don't need reply. Let your mind go free, contact Don Brady, 235-A, Hempstead Drive, Kettering, Ohio, 45440—1-513-434-2658. Technical Reliable, 1st phone, audio engineer desires return to northwest. Married, family. Competent engineer, years experience. Excellent references. Complete maintenance of automation systems. Desire assistant chief or similar position. Sales and production work. Box D-154, BROADCASTING. Experienced; construction, installation, maintenance, directionals—have car, tools & license. Box D-153, BROADCASTING. Chief engineer, many years experience, looking for a good permanent position. No announcing. Box D-151, BROADCASTING. Engineer, 1st phone, 13 years, AM FM, TV, RF and audio. Commercial production recording, editing, technical in broadcasting I've done it. Will like to relocate for right situation. Charles Simpson, 73 Knollwood Circle, Waterbury, Connecticut 06704, phone 203-737-0018. NEWS Dynamic, authoritative newscaster. Currently employed at major market contemporary station. Experienced professional. First-phone. Major markets only. Box C-293, BROADCASTING. North Carolinian, share an Army Information officer fresh off the plane from Vietnam in May. He has eight years commercial and military experience, including editing, interviewing and announcing. He's single, 24, holds a 3rd endorsed and hungry for new challenges. Box D-152, BROADCASTING. Very dynamic, authoritative news voice. Broadcast school graduate, 24, third endorsed. Desires first job as staff newscaster. Under contract. The best resume available. Arne Heinrich, 612 South Ray, Tacoma, Washington 98405. All replies answered. First phone, authoritative news voice, on air experience, radio and TV. Excellent game and written board, experienced college, family man, military completed, California, Arizona. 213-830-5839, Call now! Production—Programming, Others Knowledgeable, well-seasoned pro. Program director—air performer . . . top 40-MOR program—radio specialist. Experienced and tested grassroots—up background. Over 10 years experience—all phases with indie and group operations. Seven track record. Number one ratings. Youthful, but mature, attuned to today's market. Box C-253, BROADCASTING. Enthusiastic producer-director desires challenging position in a progressive, progressive station. M.S. degree. 34 years experience in commercial and educational television. Age 27. Available immediately. Box D-150, BROADCASTING. Continued Friendly forty fellow, first fone, for firm foundation. Popular production personality plus professional promotion potpourri. Jon Jonson 512-444-3910. TELEVISION—Help Wanted Management General manager for established network VHF station. 2-station market who has a strong TV sales background, a history of TV sales accomplishment, experience in all phases of TV operation including local, detail minded, with good sense administration. This is a fine opportunity with excellent salary in an attractive market for a real pro. Box D-120, BROADCASTING. Sales Salesman wanted for west coast major market. Need young (under 35), aggressive local salesman with 2 or more years day to day sales experience and production oriented. Applicants must be available for personal interview. Excellent opportunity to move up in experience and income. Send confidential resume, including employment record and photo to Box D-7, BROADCASTING. If you are professional, experienced local TV salesman, you could be your own operator to move up. Top station in top market. Top group opportunities. Send detailed resume, listing experience and photo to Box D-8, BROADCASTING. Local sales manager—group-owned VHF in large midwestern market seeking candidates for top level. Strong personal qualifications include experience in sales supervision and successful individual production. You will leave a young, aggressive team behind. Competitive, opportunity-filled situation. Send resume to Box D-118, BROADCASTING. NBS affiliate group operation in Kentucky's second market, has a sales opening for energetic self starter. Broadcast sales experience preferred; TV sales experience desirable. Call R. B. Davidson, Local Sales Manager, WLEX-TV, Lexington, Kentucky. 606-255-4404. Announcers Personable announcer with mature voice for Texas VHF. No tapes please. Box D-158, BROADCASTING. Technical Well-qualified engineer trainee with first phone for Texas VHF. Box D-157, BROADCASTING. Maintenance chief for Texas station. Must have superior technical qualifications. Box D-164, BROADCASTING. Engineer, best technical qualifications, reliable character. Texas VHF. Box D-165, BROADCASTING. Opening for 1st class studio engineer, color experience preferred. Be willing to accept aggressive learning. Call or write Arthur Bove, WJRT-TV, P.O. Box 12, Flint, Mich., 313-330-5611. TV technician for permanent position. Experienced in video tape film and color television transmission. Will pay right man $190.50 per week to start. Excellent fringe benefits and retirement. Three weeks vacation on year. Send resume to Chief Engineer, WKRC-TV, 1900 Highland Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219. Transmitter engineer for modern color equipped, two station VHF operation. Must be strong in both operations and maintenance of VHF and UHF equipment. Opportunity for rapid advancement. Excellent and fringe benefits. Apply Chief Engineer, WMVS-WMVV, 1015 North 6th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. Openings for TV technicians with 1st phone experience. New England station. Write Chief Engineer, WNHC-AM-FM-TV, New Haven, Conn. 06510. Maintenance technician—to work on VTR's, film and live cameras. Installing color equipment. Experience desired. Fringe benefits required. Top ETV station. Send resume with salary requirements to Chief Engineer, WTTW Channel 11, 5400 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60625. TELEVISION—Help Wanted NEWS Radio-TV newscaster for 7-man staff at Intermountain vacation and operation. College grad, who can write, report and air news and sports. Send tape, resume and photo to Box D-40, BROADCASTING. Newsmen, college, military, radio and TV combo seeking a beat reporter with some on-air experience. Must be familiar with camera. Salary open. Box D-41, BROADCASTING. Midwest group owner expanding staff needs experienced reporter-newscaster. Will teach television to good radio newscaster, pay more for TV experience. Salary open. Photo preferred. Resume, photo, tape and salary requirements. Box D-43, BROADCASTING. Sales CJS-TV affiliate needs around newcomer to cover, report and report local news. Excellent opportunity for mature, creative and hard-working applicant to develop on the air. Send resume to: WLYH-TV, Lebanon Pennsylvania. Need—lifelike experienced newsfilm cameraman. One for national TV news bureau, another for metropolitan station. Submit resume, sample for tape. Go to: Bernard J. Shuman, Manager of News, General Electric Broadcasting Company, Inc., 1400 Balltown Road, Schenectady, New York. Production—Programming, Others TV sports director for medium market Pennsylvania group station. Daily sports casts, plus play by play and production of a variety of other shows. Send resume, picture and salary requirements. Immediate opening. Box C-343, BROADCASTING. Group owned station in midwest looking for sharp TV director. Experience not as important as ideas and ability. Send photo, resume and salary requirements to Box D-34, BROADCASTING. TV producer-director . . . top ten market . . . heavy news background . . . 5 years experience . . . music and film background an asset. Write Box D-153, BROADCASTING. Director with technical aptitude and creativity for VHF resort resort city. Box C-158, BROADCASTING. TELEVISION—Situations Wanted Management Television station manager with exceptional station management, programming and sales experience. Impressive resume and references. Box D-44, BROADCASTING. Sales Successful, professional TV salesman/sales-manager interested in greater earnings. Send credentials. Subsidiary upon request. Box D-21, BROADCASTING. Sales manager available. Ten years national and local TV sales experience. Presently employed. Seek change. Box D-128, BROADCASTING. Announcers Quality in-depth weathercaster-announcer. Personable. Flawless background, excellent speaking voice. Two years professional, early 30's. Prominent position over 8 years. Box D-32, BROADCASTING. TV weatherman—number one in 200,000 market seeking position in larger market. Also good sports and commercials. Box D-136, BROADCASTING. Female radio personality wants to switch to TV. Photogenic, lively, versatile. Exp'd news, commercials, dj interviews. Very good voice. Box D-161, BROADCASTING. TELEVISION—Situations Wanted Technical Engineer 1st phone, 15 years experience in all phases of radio and television broadcasting. Box D-85, BROADCASTING. Chief engineer experienced all phases TV broadcasting seeking more challenging position. Box D-88, BROADCASTING. TELEVISION—Situations Wanted NEWS News—editorial specialist seeks spot requiring friendly, imaginative presentation and well-read, knowledgeable personality. Exceptional writer, anchor, reporter, net manager. Degree-award-winner, all-media veteran, experienced research, intelligent, competent and reliable. Box D-56, BROADCASTING. News director. 14 years experience. Thrives on competition. Experienced. Excellent references. Medium to large market. Box D-106, BROADCASTING. Production—Programming, Others Television program manager desires association with medium market VHF or UHF. Fifteen years successful programming, production and film-buying experience. Box D-45, BROADCASTING. Artist with lite experience seeks opportunity to gain more experience. Box D-73, BROADCASTING. January college graduate. Draft exempt. Seeking position to break into TV production. Box D-115, BROADCASTING. Director with 7 years experience seeks position with progressive organization, produces major production desired. Capable, conscientious, versatile, creative, with strong production background. Box D-122, BROADCASTING. TV hostess for fast-moving, high-paying market. Extensive news experience. Box D-121, BROADCASTING. 18 years KSTP-TV. 12 years senior producer/director. Look person. $500. Chipp Co., Minneapolis, Minn., phone 612-891-9121. WANTED TO BUY—Equipment We need used, 250, 500, 1 kw & 10 kw AM transmitters. No junk. Guarantee Radio Supply Corp., 1514 Hurttide St., Laredo, Texas 78040. 4-channel mixer (Gates Consolidate or similar) and 2 Magnecord PT-6 tape recorders. Hogan-Rose & Co., At: JMR, 106 W 5th Ave., Knoxville, Tennessee 37917. Low priced 1 or 5 kw AM transmitter. Ready cash. Box D-169, BROADCASTING. 330 foot guyed tower on the ground. Radio Columbus, Inc. Box 707, Columbus, Mississippi 39701. Telephone: 601-328-5040. FOR SALE—Equipment Coaxial-cable—heliax, styroflex, spiroline, etc. and fittings. All new, used, low surplus prices. Write for price list. S-W Elect., Box 4668, Oakland, Calif. 94623, phone 415-832-3327. Console Gates, SA-50, dual channel, nine mixing positions available mid-April. WRFC Radio, Athens, Georgia. Spotmaster, Scully, Crown, Amega, Audimax, Volumax, Langevin, Rusco, QRK Trade/finance/lease. Audiovox, Box 7067-58, Miami, Florida 33185. Increase your FM power. Westinghouse 10 kw amplifier plus spare tubes and parts. This equipment is removed from service. Best offer. Box D-89, BROADCASTING. Scotch audio recording tape, lowest prices, Tape Center, P.O. Box 4505, Washington, D.C. 20012. Manufacturers close out of FM transmitters and amplifiers—all power levels—available at reduced prices. Box D-102, BROADCASTING. Ampex 300, 350, 352, 400, 450 users, for greater S/N ratio, replace first playback stage. 1250 users, our plug-in transistor preamp. For specifications write VIF International, P.O. Box 1555, Mtn. View, Calif. 94040. Houston-Fearless used 16mm motion picture b&w Labmaster, LM-16, by owner. Stainless steel liners. Joe Kelley Film Productions, 4808 Ave. C., Corpus Christi, Texas. RCA color camera, Viewfinder, support racks, less sync gen. & recorder. $5,000.00, last one left. Like new COHU color Sync Gen #2472-323—$1,800.00. Ampex/Motorola color monitor like new. $1,200.00. Harder, 111 W. Stanley, Plano, Fla. 33806. Ampex PR-10-2 stereo recorder, good condition. $450.00 plus shipping. A superior type. 450 volt power regulator. Input: 195-265V. Output: 10 V 2-phase. 100 watts. 1000 amps. Maximum KVA 15. $350.00 plus shipping. WF1N, Findlay, Ohio. 419-422-4545. Gates Model BC2439—M445. Broadcast auxiliary receiver. As new. 10 hours use. Crystals for 1240 KC & 1420 KC Instruction book and spare parts. $500.00 KTQE, Mankato, Minn. Gates model 1000 stereophonic or monophonic tone level amplifier, fully transistorized. Used less than 10 hours. Cost $375.00; will sell $250.00. Frank Carman, KLUB, Salt Lake City. 300-ft. radio/TV tower. Ideco heavy duty self-supporting tower built for military use. Priced reasonable. All State Salvage, 1354 Jackson St., St. Paul, Minn. Fully insulated 233 ft self-supporting tower. Republic Steel ("TRUSCON") heavy-duty model H-30 with 300mm base. Dismantled, $1,000.00. W. LaCrosse, Wis. 54601. Telephone (608) 744-7244. Video tape recorders slightly used helical scan all makes—contact "King" 201-687-8810, Box 278, Union, New Jersey 07083. Amplex 600. Used very little, absolutely like new. $150. f.o.b. Box D-154, BROADCASTING. Ampex 351C, 400, 300C, MX35, best offer, Chapekis, 1782 Ura Lane, Denver, Colo. MISCELLANEOUS DeeJay's! 6000 classified gag lines, $5.00. Comedy catalog free. Ed Orrin, Boyer Rd., Mariposa, Calif. 95338. Ex-rock jock has giant collection of rock classics. $100.00. Write for complete list. Box D-111, BROADCASTING. Finally! A series of custom-recorded comedy deejay promos, intros drop-ins that everyone can afford. Build ratings with your own exclusive "Zany Zingers." Funniest voice ever. Free details, Box D-131, BROADCASTING. Drop ins—tape of 100 produced funny commercials, one liners, etc. only $10.00. 2100 others available on request. Names, 5118 Danny Boy Circle, Orlando, Florida. For sale: country records About 800—45's, 140 LP's. 95% country old, new and in between. Best offer. Mrs. Harris, 1524 Vista Ave. Boise, Idaho. Announcer tapes your copy inexpensively. For demonstration, Radio Recording Productions, Box 13, Edgemont, Pennsylvania 19028. Original-freshly written-radio material. Free sample—Box 31244-Diamond Heights, P. O. San Francisco, California 94131. FCC License and Electronics Degree courses by correspondence. Also, resident classes in Washington, D.C. Free catalog. Desk 1, Grifith School, 1400 N. Western, Hollywood, California 90027. Elkins is the nation's largest and most respected name in First Class FCC licensing. Complete course in six weeks. Fully approved by the National Association of Trade and Technical Schools. Write Elkins Institute, 2603 Inwood Road, Dallas, Texas 75232. The nationally known six-weeks Elkins Training School is an ideal first choice. Conveniently located on the loop in Chicago. Fully GI approved. Elkins Radio License School of Chicago, 14 East Jackson Street, Chicago, Illinois 60604. INSTRUCTIONS Continued The Masters, Elkins Radio License School of Atlanta, offers the highest success rate in the First Class License course. Fully approved for Veterans Training. Elkins Radio License School of Atlanta, 1130 Spring Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30309. Be prepared. First Class FCC License in six weeks. Top quality course and laboratory instruction. Fully approved for Veterans Training. Elkins Radio License School of New Orleans, 333 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130. Announcing, programming, production, newsradio, spot writing, complete operation, disk jockeying and all phases of Radio and TV broadcasting. All taught by highly qualified professional teachers. The nation's newest and most complete facilities including our own, commercial broadcast stations. Keenly priced, intensive training. Accredited by the National Association of Trade and Technical Schools. Elkins Institute, 2603 Inwood Road, Dallas, Texas 75232. Since 1946. Original course for FCC first class radio telephone operators license in six weeks. Approved for veterans. Low-cost dormitory facilities at school. Reservations required. Evening men for April 10—June 26. For information, references and reservations write William B. Ogden Radio Operations Engineering School, 1000 Warner Avenue, Huntington Beach, California 92647. (Formerly of Burbank, California). Are you tired of low pay and bad weather? Come to sunny Sarasota and train for your First Class Radio Telephone License in only (5) weeks. Total tuition $300.00. Job placement free. Rooms & apartments $10-$15 per week. Classes begin April 15, May 28, June 24. Call WE-1-5444 or write 3123 Gillham Road, Kansas City, Missouri. R.E.I. in the center of the U.S. can train you for the First Class Radio Telephone License in only (5) weeks. Total tuition $300.00. Job placement free. Rooms & apartments $10-$15 per week. Classes begin April 15, May 28, June 24. Call WE-1-5444 or write 3123 Gillham Road, Kansas City, Missouri. "Eves It's New" R.I.A. at 800 Caroline Street, New York City. Two weeks. $100.00. Job placement free. Rooms & apartments $10-$15 per week. Classes begin April 15, May 28, June 24. Call WE-1-5444 or write 3123 Gillham Road, Kansas City, Missouri. Earnings up to $300 weekly 1st class F.C.C. graduates working at major networks in New York City and stations coast to coast. N.Y.'s first school specializing in radio and television (covering the entire broadcasting industry since 1937). Make your reservation now for April 1976 Theory class April 15. Most experienced personalized instruction and methods. Lowest costs in field accompanied by available close-by. Call or write: Don Martin School, 1853 N. Cherokee, Hollywood, Calif. (213) HO-2-3281. We train broadcasters. The Don Martin School (America's foremost School of Broadcasting) Estab. 1937. GI students training in FCC First Class License preparation. Radio & TV Announcing covering News, Sports, Commercial Activity & Description. Reading Foreign Languages. Radio Production utilizing RCA, Gates & Collins consoles with production problems for all types of DJ formats. Script commercial writing and producing. Sales & Station Management. Television Production including Camera Operation, Film Management. Production & Tech Directing. 16mm & Super 8 Video. Lighting, Audio, Lighting and Makeup. All Courses fully approved for veteran training. For further information call or write DON MARTIN SCHOOL OF RADIO & TV, 1853 N. Cherokee, Hollywood, Calif. Hollywood 2-3281. There are 600,000 words in the English language. The average college student may have a vocabulary of 80,000. But nearly 60% of all he says is said with just 100 different words. INSTRUCTIONS—(Cont’d) First phone in six to twelve weeks through tape recorded lessons at home followed by outside instructor’s instruction in Miami, Boston, Minneapolis, Washington, Atlanta, Denver, Seattle or Los Angeles. Sixteen years FCC license and shipping experience. 95% passing. Bob Johnson Radio License Instruction, 10607 Duncan, Manhattan Beach Calif. 90266. Phone 378-4481. Help Wanted Lawyer Wanted Small, growing communications law firm needs associate. Experience in communications law desirable but not essential. Send resume and salary requirements to: Box D-101, Broadcasting. RADIO—Help Wanted Management GROUP OWNER Has radio station manager's position available in large midwestern market for individual who is thoroughly versed in all phases of radio station operation. Applicant must be able to motivate his department heads, especially sales and programming. Compensation based on salary plus percentage of profits. Reply to Box C-313, BROADCASTING. Sales FUTURE REP BRANCH MANAGERS Our regional rep offices are growing and we're ready to add new men as soon as we can train qualified men. Our personnel needs have tripled in the last few years. Loads of opportunity for good hard workers who know their business. Excellent fringe benefits. Write: Len Auerbach, President REGIONAL REPS CORP. 1220 Huron Road Cleveland, Ohio 44115 NEWS Radio Newsman KFBK, Sacramento 50,000 watt CBS affiliate. Immediate opening for experienced newsman who can gather, write, edit and voice. Permanent position, excellent employee benefits. Personal interview at own expense necessary. Apply in person or submit resume and audition to: Personnel Department McClatchy Broadcasting 1000 K Street Sacramento, California Situations Wanted—Technical ATTENTION GROUP OWNERS Did you come away from the NAB impressed with new equipment that would enhance sound & profit but without a group Engineering Director to complete your organizational chart & solve your problems in this important area? I CAN. Box D-116, Broadcasting. Situations Wanted Production—Programming, Others SPORTS EXCLUSIVE Top Broadcaster offers exclusive capsule "on the spot" golf reports plus interviews with golf stars directly from Byron Nelson Open—Dallas, April 25-28; Colonial National Invitation, Ft. Worth, May 16-19, and/or Dallas LPGA Civitan, May 23-26. Reports available for single tournament or package of 3. Only one station each market. Cost based on local rate card. Contact: Hal Tunis, Phone (214) 526-8666, Dallas, Texas. TELEVISION—Help Wanted Management TELEVISION Station owner is looking for young dynamic TV sales manager or production manager. He is capable and anxious to manage VIP station in northern 3 station market. Person selected must be self-motivated, have ability to handle pressure situations of supervision. Successful applicant will receive salary and participation in profits of station. Reply to Box C-312, BROADCASTING. TELEVISION—Help Wanted Technical BROADCAST FIELD ENGINEERS RCA If you have experience in the maintenance of UHF or VHF transmitters, television tape or color studio equipment we can offer you an equal opportunity as a field engineer. Relocation unnecessary if you are now conveniently located near good air transportation service. RCA offers outstanding benefits, including liberal vacation, paid holidays, life insurance, retirement plan. Plus free medical insurance for you and your family. Write: Mr. J. V. Maguire, RCA Service Company, CHIC, Bldg. 225 Cherry Hill, Camden, N. J. 08101. We are an equal opportunity employer. RCA TELEVISION—Help Wanted Technical—(Cont’d) ASS’T DEVELOPMENT ENGINEER Will perform specific professional engineering tasks in the fields of television, sound and other communications media. The field of work encompasses electronic systems design and writing of specifications. Should have min. six yrs. exper., with TV station audio systems and studio type facilities. Send resume to: University of California Employment Office A-328 Administration Bldg. 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, Calif. 90024 CHIEF ENGINEER Wanted for the newest, most powerful television station in the New York TV market. July 1, 1968 start. A solid, aggressive and growing organization interested in interviewing only the most qualified applicants. Please send resume and salary requirements to: Box D-134, Broadcasting. TELEVISION—Situations Wanted Management WE RECRUIT EXECUTIVES AND OTHER IMPORTANT TV/RADIO PERSONNEL Call 312-337-5318 For Search Charges. Nationwide Broadcast Personnel Consultants 645 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO 60611 We've Made the Offer More Attractive A couple of issues back we ran an ad to let the rest of the world know that we wanted to hire a director. In the ad we said that we had a chance to hire a director; he really liked broadcasting, had pride in their work and wanted a chance to show how good they were. This is the kind of man we still want—if it sounds like you, I can offer you a job in one of the best equipped and fastest growing stations in the country. Here's what I offer I can make: The benefits of a well run under-shot with a new 1968 pair of 1240's and 1000's. A chance to do a job—and do it well—with equipment like PC-70, TR-50, and VR-2000. A chance to work on shows that have meaning and value. Shows that will demand your best and will demand it constantly. If you're interested in moving to a large metropolitan VHF where people like to do television and are proud of what they're doing, then call me or write to me today. Larry Messenger, Technical Manager WHYY-TV Philadelphia, Pa. 215-EV 2-9300 BROADCASTING, April 8, 1968 (Continued from page 106) AM-FM Toledo, Ohio. Consideration $349,508.01. Ann. April 1. KTTN Trenton, Mo.—Seeks assignment of license from Clarence E. Breazeal to Marvin E. Luehrs, Harold J. Fleck and E. G. Wenrick d/b/a Luehrs Broadcasting Co., $200,000. Principals: Clarence E. Breazeal, et al. Principals of Luehrs Broadcasting Co.: Marvin E. Luehrs (50%), Harold J. Fleck (36.8%) and E. G. Wenrick (33.3%). Mr. Luehrs is general manager and former 23% owner of WJIL Jacksonville, Fla.; Mr. Fleck is president of KBOE Newton, Iowa and 2% stockholder of KBOE Oklahoma, Iowa; Mr. Wenrick is president and 28% stockholder of KBOR Lincoln, Neb. and president and 38.6% stockholder of KTTT Columbus, Neb. and president and 38.6% stockholder of WJIL Ann. April 1. KNBO Bethany, Okla.—Seeks transfer of control to Edwin A. Nall (100% before, none after) to Gary Lewis Acker (none before, 100% after). Principals: Gary Lewis (none before, 100% after), Principal: M. J. Acker, no other interests indicated. Consideration: $20,000. Ann. April 1. KPTV Portland, Ore., WTCN-TV Minneapolis, and KQED Los Angeles—Seeks transfer of control from Baldwin-Montrose Chemical Co. to Chris-Craft Industries for merger with Chris-Craft-Montrose and into Chris-Craft Industries. Merger reorganization not involving substantial change in ownership. Principals: Chris-Craft, Baldwin-Montrose acquired de facto control of Chris-Craft in December 1967 and now own 34% of outstanding voting stock. Ann. April 1. WUNA Aguadilla, P.R.—Seeks transfer of control from R. Carpenter, William de la Luz, Antonio de la Cruz, San Juan de la Luz, Hector Reichel Jr. Broadcasting Corp. and Hector Reichel Jr. (100% before, none after) to Luis Tomas Maniz (none before, 100% and after). Principals: Lucas Tomas Muniz and D. R. Ramirez. Mr. Muniz is owner of clinic and M.D. Consideration: $172,500. Ann. March 29. WFLL Lookout Mountain, Tenn.—Seeks transfer of control from Cyril G. Brennan, deceased (none before, none after) to William E. Benns Jr. (10% before, 42% after). Principals: Frank E. Benns (35%), William E. Benns Jr. (42%) et al. Mr. Benns is 45% owner of WBAM Montgomery. Transfer of stock interest is currently pending. FCC approval: 25% owner of WVOK Birmingham, Ala. 45% owner of WKA-TV Atlanta, Ga. and 6% owner of WFLL Lookout Mountain, Tenn. Ann. March 29. KAND Commerce, Tex.—Seeks assignment of license from Allo Inc. to KAN-D Land Inc. for $200,000. Principals of Allo Inc.: R. E. Giagosa president and R. E. Glasgow vice president of WAGO Waco, Tex. Principals of KAN-D Land Inc.: R. C. Parker president (100%) et al. Mr. Parker has 50% interest in real estate firm. Ann. April 1. KMAP Dallas—Seeks assignment of license from Dawson Communications, Inc. Commerce Broadcasting Corp. to place license with 100% subsidiary company. Officers and directors of main name have no consideration is involved. Applicant also has quest pending to change call letters from KMAP to KXXX. Ann. March 23. ACTIONS KXIV Phoenix, Ariz.—Broadcast Bureau granted application for license from Cambalback Broadcasting Inc. to KXIV Inc. to dissolve subsidiary Cambalback Broadcasting Inc. and merge all assets into parent corporation. No change in ownership involved. Consideration: none. Action March 29. KHFH Sierra Vista, Ariz.—Broadcast Burean granted transfer of control from John E. Hickman (50% before, none after) to Hutchison Broadcasting Co., principal: Kenneth W. Ferguson (50% before, 100% after). Vision Relay which has pending application for microwave relay which will provide TV signal to CATV in Sierra Vista. Consideration $25,000. Action March 29. KROY Sacramento, Calif.—Broadcast Bureau granted assignment of control from Lincoln and Sylvia Dellar to Sacramento Broadcasters Inc. Principals: Atlantic States Industries (100%), Ralph C. Guild, president; George R. Fritzing, executive vice president et al. Mr. Guild is president of KROY, owner, and KSPA, Bradshaw, Wt. WLOR-AM-FM Portland, Ore. (see below); WNVP Pensacola, Fla. pending acquisition of WNAR Fresno, Calif.; and WQXW of McCleary, Wash. KGW Radio Inc., station brokers. Mr. Fritzing is minority owner of WLOR, WQXW and WNVP and WNVR. Consideration $1,325,000. Action March 29. KFLG Walsenburg, Colo.—Broadcast Bureau granted assignment of license from Fred A. and Roberta Toombs to Toombs. Consideration $45,000. Toombs has no other broadcast interests. Action March 29. KJAC Bellevue, Iowa—Broadcaster Bureau granted transfer of control of licensee corporation from Rex Koory (68.33%) and James F. Flynn (33.67%) with 34% and 33.67% respectively to Duane B. Hagadone (50%) and Scripps League Broadcasting (50%). 2/3 of The Daily City Printing Co. (The Keokuk County News), Consideration $45,000. Mr. Hagadone has considerable newspaper interest in the West; Scripps League (which W. W. Scripps 53%) is holding company for firms publishing newspapers. Scripps League owned at various times, radio and TV interests. Ann. Oct. 22. WFMT(FM) Chicago—Broadcast Bureau granted assignment of license from Gulf Broadcasting Co. to WGN Continental FM Co. for $100,000. Principals of WGN Continental FM Co.: WGN Broadcasting, Inc. (50%) is 100% owned by WGN Continental Broadcasting Co., wholly-owned subsidiary of Gulf. Other principals: WGN-AM-TV Chicago, KDAL-AM-TV Duluth, Minn., KWGN Denver and CATV system in Houghton, Hancock, Mich. Gulf Broadcasting through subsidiaries owns WPX1-FM-TV New York and WICC Detroit. Mr. Bernard Jacobs, sole owner of Gale Broadcasting, will be retained as consultant. Action March 27. WKIC-AM-FM Hazard, W. Va.—Broadcast Bureau granted transfer of control from Fred B. Bullard, Mrs. Ruby D. Cisco and Mrs. Paulkner to West Spurkman, William B. Sturgill (50%) and W. G. Spurkman Inc. Principals: L. D. Gorman and Elmer Whittaker (50%) and W. G. Spurkman Inc. Corporate transfers. Mr. Whittaker's personal interests are in coal corporations. Mr. Gorman is in banking, coal and insurance. Mr. Spurkman is vice president and general manager of WKIC-AM-FM. Mr. Sturgill is also in coal concerns. Transferees have applied for petition for new TV in Hazard. Consideration $214,200. Action March 29. WMAR-TV Baltimore—Broadcast Bureau granted transfer of control from A. A. Abell Co. to same in voting trust agreement. Principals: Garfield L. chairman of board, William F. Schmick, president et al. Consideration: none. Action March 29. WORC-WAB-AM-WAAB Worcester, Mass.—FCC granted assignment of license to Worcester Broadcasting Corp. (100%) to Albert Ertegun, secretary and treasurer, Nesuhi Ertegun, president and Gerald Weiss, vice president. All three principals are officers, directors and/or stockholders of Atlantic Recording Corp. and Atlantic Records Sales Inc., Cotton Music Inc., Walden Music Inc., Cotton Records Inc., Web IV Music Inc., Pronto Music Inc. and Talentline Music Recordings Inc., and New York Armory Assignor (Waldman, Bernard E. Waterman, president) is parent company of KTSA San Antonio, Tex. and WORC is new applicant. Action March 27. In separate action on March 29, FCC denied petition by WORC Worcester, Mass. to deny application by WAB-AM-WAAB. WTWB, WANG(FM) Coldwater, Mich.—Broadcast Bureau granted assignment of license from Two Brothers Broadcasting Inc. to Zare Inc. for $200,000. Principals: Paul W. Shepard, president and treasurer and Harry J. Huber, vice president and secretary. (each 50%) Mr. Shepard is senior vice president and 4% owner of Edward H. Weiss and Co., New York, an advertising agency. Mr. Huber is vice president of Bernard Reid Inc., broadcasting representatives. Action March 29. KMSP-TV Minneapolis—Broadcast Bureau granted transfer of control from Twentieth Century Fox Television Inc. to Twenty-First Century-Fox Film Corp. No change of ownership or monetary consideration is involved. Action March 29. WMIN-AM-FM Minneapolis-St. Paul and WILM-AM Milwaukee—Broadcast Bureau granted assignment of license from WMIN Inc. to Cream City Broadcasting Inc. for $83,000. Principals: Russell Maltz and William W. Meissler. Messrs. Maltz and W. Meissler are owners of WNYR-AM-FM Rochester, N. Y.; WBR-AM-FM Mt. Clemens and WAK Garage City (Detroit) both Michigan; and WITF-AM-FM Tiffin, Ohio (BROADCASTING, Dec. 11, 1967). Action March 29. KBSR AM-AM-FM Billings, Mont. Minn. Broadcast Bureau granted voluntary transfer of control of Arrowvale Communications (parent corporation of licensee Radio Suburban Inc.) from Ruth K. Hilliard, Thomas R. Anderson and Bell Interests to Gambleskogm Inc. Principals: Thomas R. Anderson, chairman of the board, Mr. Baugus, president, et al. Gambleskogm is primarily in retail and wholesale merchandising. Mr. Gamble has no other business interests. (See WNAX Yankton, S. D.) In same action consideration was $10,000. Arrowvale Communications, Inc. has incurred apparent liability for $10,000 forfeiture for willfully or repeatedly failing to observe the provisions of Sec. 310(b) of the communications act unauthorized transfer of control of stations. Action March 27. (BROADCASTING April 1). KOLT Scottsbluff, Neb.—Broadcast Bureau granted transfer of control from L. L. and Ruth K. Hilliard (each 50% before, each 29.19 after) to include Russell G. William and Lena P. Hilliard, each 25%. Consideration not stated. KOLT: L. L. and Ruth K. Hilliard, president and secretary-treasurer, respectively (each 50%). Action March 29. WHIG, WBT-AM-FM and WBTV(TV) Charlotte, N. C.—Broadcast Bureau granted assignment of license from Standard Life Insurance Co. to Jefferson-Pilot Corp. in stock exchange. Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Co. has become a wholly Jefferson-Pilot. Jefferson Standard Life Insurance and Jefferson-Pilot Corp. are publicly-held corporations. Action March 29. WNAX Yankton, S. D.—Broadcast Bureau granted voluntary transfer of control from Arrowvale Communications Inc. to Gambleskogm Inc. Principals: See KBSR-AM-FM St. Louis Park, Minn. Action March 27. WLSN Elkins, W. Va.—Broadcast Bureau granted assignment of CP from Lynn Mountain Broadcasting Co. Inc. for purchase of installation equipment, consideration or change in ownership involved. Principals: William E. Hall (38.75%) C. M. Taylor (45%) et al. Action March 29. KWGO-FM Abernathy, Tex.—Broadcast Bureau granted assignment of CP from Jamilie E. Potier to Clyde E. Stephens (77.44% before, 100% after) for $6,500. Principal: Clyde E. Stephens, sole owner. Action March 28. COMMUNITY ANTENNA ACTIVITIES The following are activities in community antenna television reported to BROADCASTING, through April 3. Reports include applications for permission to install and operate CATVs, grants of CATV franchises and sales of existing installations. *Indicates franchise has been granted. Duval County, Fla.—Continental CATV of Florida, subsidiary of Vikoa Inc. (CATV manufacturer & multiple owner); Empire Cablevision Inc.; Florida Publishing Co. and Sun News Corp. of the South of Duval County have each applied for a nonexclusive franchise to serve the unincorporated areas of the county. Kansas City, Kan.—The Milaine Corp. owned by associates in the Inland Underground Facilities division of Beatrice Foods Co. of that city, has applied for a franchise. KIHK Kan.-N. W. Translator TV Inc. of Alva, Kan. has applied for a 10-year franchise. Installation and monthly fees for the proposed six-channel system would be $15 and $7 respectively. Kansas City, Kan.—Betterview Corp., owned by a group of three investors and represented by Dallas engineer John Beddall, has applied for a franchise. Medicine Lodge, Kan.—Medicine Lodge CATV, represented by Martin Rinke, has applied for a franchise. Saco, Me.—Casco Cable TV Co. of Brunswick has applied for a franchise. Paris, Ky.—American CATV Service, (multiple CATV owner) of Kingsport, Tenn.; Enterprise Cable Service, Parma, Kentucky Cable TV Inc. (multiple CATV owner), Richmond Armory, Pack and Carl Martin of Moseley and Parma respectively, and Walter Powell Jr. of Barbourville, all Kentucky, have each applied for a franchise. Pittsburgh, Pa.—Kane Cablevision has applied for a franchise. Installation fee will be $50 and $3.95 respectively. Kingsport, Tenn.—Kane Cablevision has applied for a franchise. The Kelly Brothers of Ridgeway, Pa., are previous applicants. Scranton, Pa.—Northeastern Pennsylvania TV Cable Co. of Scranton, Pa., has applied for a 25-year franchise. City would receive 3% of the firm's gross revenues. Previous applicants: Semit Cable TV Co., Potter Valley Cable Co., Universal Television Cable Systems Inc. and Scranton Community Antenna Corp. Oak Ridge, Tenn.—Viking Inc., Hobbs, N. M. (CATV manufacturer and multiple owner) has acquired the stock of Oak Ridge CATV Inc. for an undisclosed sum. The new Viking-McPeters serve 180 subscribers. Continental CATV Inc. Viking's wholly owned subsidiary, will control the management of the new acquisition. Jackboro, Tex.—Cable Manufacturing Co. of Irving, Texas has been awarded a turnkey construction contract for system to be operated by Jackboro Cable TV Co. System will use transistorized equipment exclusively. Midland, Texas — Community Cablevision Co. of Midland, Texas, Tall City Cable Co. and TV Cable of Midland have each applied for a franchise. Weslaco, Tex.—King Community TV Co. of Dallas (multiple CATV owner) has applied for a non-exclusive franchise. Pembroke, Va.—Clearview Cable TV Co. of Martinsville has applied for a franchise. In 1927, when U.S. regulation of the uses of the electromagnetic spectrum was undergoing its first major upheaval—the Federal Radio Act, which created the Federal Radio Commission, was being enacted—William H. Watkins was a 10-year-old in short pants whose interests in Washington, where he was growing up, lay elsewhere. Forty years later, Mr. Watkins, now a husky six-footer, retains a youthful, apple-cheeked appearance; his face is frequently bathed in a serene smile. But the serenity masks the effects of a now-healed ulcer, cultivated while working on spectrum-management problems that now demand solution as spectrum management heads for another upheaval, one growing out of the rapidly increasing demands for radio service by an increasing number of users. Mr. Watkins occupies one of the hotter spots in the spectrum-management business. For openers, he is the FCC's chief engineer, and has been since February; as such he is the man on whom the commission leans most heavily in making allocations judgments. He works closely with the staff of the task force appointed by President Johnson in August to take a long, hard look at the spectrum and at how it is being used and to recommend ways its management might be improved. And, finally, he frequently serves on U.S. delegations to international conferences concerned with resolving worldwide frequency-allocations problems. Solid Experience • In fact, Mr. Watkins, who joined the commission staff in 1946, comes to his new post with an international reputation in allocations matters. He was assistant chief of the commission's frequency-allocations division from 1954 to 1957 and its chief from 1959 to 1966, when he was named deputy chief engineer (he was engineering assistant to former Commissioner T. A. M. Craven from 1957 to 1959). And after some 15 to 20 trips abroad to attend meetings of the International Telecommunication Union (a kind of international equivalent of the FCC so far as frequency-allocations matters are concerned) and its member organizations, he was named in 1966 to a 10-member committee of experts charged with reworking the ITU charter on the basis of decisions reached and comments made at an ITU plenipotentiary conference a year earlier. What does this background mean for the land-mobile user panting for more spectrum space—or for the broadcast-industry representative worried about losing frequencies now reserved for television? It means, principally, that no one knows better than he that theirs aren't the only spectrum-management problems that have to be faced. "We have to maintain a reasonable balance among the competing demands for the radio spectrum," he says. "Land mobile wants double the space it's got—but in the year 2000 that may not be enough if demand keeps growing and the population keeps exploding. But we have to think about other things—air-traffic control is one example. And if we're going to project the needs of one service 20 years into the future, we've got to do the same for all services—on the government side of the spectrum picture as well as the nongovernment side." Like everybody else who has looked at the spectrum-management problem, he feels changes have to be made. "I don't see how things can continue as they are. You can't," he adds, using an image favored by many of those looking at the problem, "continue forever pouring new uses into the barrel—it will overflow." But he does not believe the problem calls for radical solutions. The present system, "despite some problems," has served well, he says. "Everything hasn't gone to hell; there's a lot we can be proud of. Absent the unexpected and taking into account the very extensive use of the spectrum and the investment in it, the best frequency management is that which proceeds on an evolutionary rather than a revolutionary basis." One example of the kind of radical proposal that doesn't impress him is that for transferring television to an all-wire system. "What about the costs and inconvenience of wire, of hooking into houses in sparsely populated areas?" Then what is the solution? He doesn't know if there is a complete answer. But he feels that communications systems will have to be engineered with greater precision; and if greater use is to be made of the commission's computers in allocations work, more data on proposals and uses will have to be fed into them. Clear Thinking • Mr. Watkins's qualifications that impressed the commission when it began looking for a successor to Ralph Renton, who retired in January, apparently extend beyond his skills and experience in allocations matters. Several commissioners and others in the agency comment on what one of them refers to as his "lucidity." Engineering matters can be impenetrable to the nonengineer—even to the informed nonengineer. In part this skill may be due to his training as a lawyer; he is one of that rare breed, a lawyer-engineer. He obtained LLB and LLM degrees at George Washington University, after attending night classes while working at the commission as an engineer. There is another quality that commended him—a kind of quiet confidence that solutions can be found to seemingly intractable problems. Commissioners accustomed to staffers telling them a project they have in mind cannot be undertaken for one reason or another find this refreshing. "He seems to feel that if it's a good thing to do we ought to find some way of doing it," says one commissioner. Occasionally, of course, his efforts at solutions don't always bear fruit. Like the time he proposed permitting categories of land-mobile radio users in California to occupy unused land-mobile frequencies that were not assigned to them. So many strings were attached to the use of the frequencies to protect the rights of the primary users that so-called secondary users showed no enthusiasm for investing in the equipment they would need. Secretary of Transportation Alan Boyd recently proposed a modification of that proposal. But his plan, Mr. Watkins conceded, failed. He smiled serenely when he said it, but one could imagine that the frustrations involved were not unrelated to his ulcer. The major media THE emphasis at the National Association of Broadcasters convention last week was on the journalistic function of radio and television. If the broadcasters in attendance didn't get the message, it was this: They are the proprietors of news media first and entertainment media second, even though it is the entertainment function that creates the mass audience and generates the bulk of revenue. It was broadcasting that delivered the actuality of a President announcing his stunning decision to retire and, in the days that followed, it was broadcasting that delivered the actualities of the sequential events. The broadcasters themselves became part of the story when the President flew to Chicago to appear before their convention. The broadcast coverage of last week confirmed the remarkable ability of contemporary television and radio to go where the news is being made and deliver it live as it happens. It also confirmed the exceptional responsibility that broadcasters now bear. This responsibility extends far beyond the technical capacity to be present at large events, as the broadcasters and their news crews were last week. It requires the broadcast news system to function every day, covering the less dramatic happenings with clarity and illuminating analysis. The time has passed when broadcasters can take their news departments on the cheap. Share and share alike FROM an unexpected source has come the suggestion that broadcasters might tithe their way to some relief from the political-broadcasting law by offering special discounts for political advertising. The suggestion was advanced to the NAB convention by FCC Chairman Rosel Hyde, who always has indicated a belief that the government ought to stay out of the business affairs of broadcasting. Mr. Hyde is not the first to suggest that broadcasters ought, in one way or another, to carry a disproportionate share of the costs of political campaigning. Other political figures have advanced many variations on the same theme. Some have gone so far as to call for a law requiring broadcasters to turn over large blocks of time for the private disposition of candidates and parties. Unhappily, Mr. Hyde's proposal, though modest by comparison with some others, comes when the Congress is being asked to modify or suspend the equal-time law. It will be tempting for legislators who are themselves engaged in the expensive enterprise of running for re-election to try to exact a concession from broadcasters in exchange for a liberalization of the present law. Mr. Hyde may have given them just the kind of idea that will appeal to them. Years ago Section 315, the political-broadcasting law, was amended to prohibit broadcasters from charging premium rates for political advertising. The practice of some broadcasters to make politicians pay more than commercial advertisers paid had been adopted from historic newspaper practice, and for the same reason. Media had learned the hard way that political accounts can create difficulties in collection. Newspapers, of course, are still free to charge as they please for political space. To require broadcasters to give politicians better terms than they give commercial accounts would be to accord the politicians a favored status and to discriminate against all the private businesses and services that advertise on radio and television. No one can dispute the seriousness of the problems that can be created by the escalating costs of modern political campaigning. But the solution cannot be assigned exclusively to broadcasters, while newspapers, other media, transportation services, button makers and all the other commercial enterprises that campaigners use are free to charge normal rates. The failure rule IF the FCC learned anything at the convention of the National Association of Broadcasters last week, it had to be that its proposed "duopoly" rule to preclude common ownership of different classes of stations in the same market is self-defeating. The professed goal of the proposed rule is to foster competition by diversifying control of mass media. The actual result, if the rule is adopted, will be a deterrent to competition. As the FCC itself ought to know, if it looks at all those annual financial reports it insists on stations submitting, there are many FM stations in this country that are kept on the air only because their companion AM's or TV's generate enough revenue to support the total enterprise. There are UHF's that never would have been put on the air or kept there if a steady source of funds had not been made available from associated AM's. The FCC paints a utopian picture of an ultimate broadcast structure composed of groups owning as many as 21 different stations (seven each of AM, FM and TV) in as many different markets. But what the FCC overlooks is the unlikelihood that any group would wish to fill its quotas. Wholly decentralized operations would eliminate many of the economic efficiencies that the present system permits. The FCC's primary mandate under the communications law that has been on the books more than 40 years is to provide for the larger and more effective use of the radio spectrum. Its proposed duopoly rules would achieve exactly the opposite effect. The same Congress that the FCC obviously is hoping to appease on the concentration-of-control issue is now considering a "Failing Newspaper" bill that would provide antitrust exemptions to competing newspapers that are forced by economic pressures to share a common plant and common noneditorial services. If the FCC persists on the new course it has set, the Congress may well have to take up two new pieces of legislation: the "Failing FM Act" and the "Failing UHF Act." Drawn for BROADCASTING by Sid Hix "Gentle Ben's been sulking all morning... He wants a hat and shovel!" This page is dedicated to the proposition that all television is not created equal. KPRC Brand Television HOUSTON, TEXAS—EDWARD PETRY & CO., NAT'L REPS NOW there is a new number 1 station in Abilene-Sweetwater KTXS-TV AMERICA’S MOST MODERN BROADCASTING FACILITIES-PLUS FULL POWER TO GIVE YOU GREATER COVERAGE! THE SOUTHWEST’S FINEST BROADCAST STUDIOS... West Texas’ newest and finest television station... 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The Complexity of Approximating the Complex-Valued Potts Model Andreas Galanis Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, UK firstname.lastname@example.org Leslie Ann Goldberg Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, UK email@example.com Andrés Herrera-Poyatos Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, UK firstname.lastname@example.org Abstract We study the complexity of approximating the partition function of the $q$-state Potts model and the closely related Tutte polynomial for complex values of the underlying parameters. Apart from the classical connections with quantum computing and phase transitions in statistical physics, recent work in approximate counting has shown that the behaviour in the complex plane, and more precisely the location of zeros, is strongly connected with the complexity of the approximation problem, even for positive real-valued parameters. Previous work in the complex plane by Goldberg and Guo focused on $q = 2$, which corresponds to the case of the Ising model; for $q > 2$, the behaviour in the complex plane is not as well understood and most work applies only to the real-valued Tutte plane. Our main result is a complete classification of the complexity of the approximation problems for all non-real values of the parameters, by establishing $\#P$-hardness results that apply even when restricted to planar graphs. Our techniques apply to all $q \geq 2$ and further complement/refine previous results both for the Ising model and the Tutte plane, answering in particular a question raised by Bordewich, Freedman, Lovász and Welsh in the context of quantum computations. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Theory of computation → Problems, reductions and completeness; Mathematics of computing → Discrete mathematics; Theory of computation → Randomness, geometry and discrete structures Keywords and phrases approximate counting, Potts model, Tutte polynomial, partition function, complex numbers Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.36 Related Version A full version of the paper is available at https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.01076. The theorem numbers here match those in the full version. Proof sketches here refer to lemmas in the full version without restating them in detail. Funding Andrés Herrera-Poyatos: This author is supported by an Oxford-DeepMind Graduate Scholarship and a EPSRC Doctoral Training Partnership. Acknowledgements We thank Ben Green, Joel Ouaknine and Oliver Riordan for useful discussions which helped us to lower bound $Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, \gamma)$. We also thank Miriam Backens for useful conversations and suggestions about this work. 1 Introduction The $q$-state Potts model is a classical model of ferromagnetism in statistical physics [32, 37] which generalises the well-known Ising model. On a (multi)graph $G = (V, E)$, configurations of the model are all possible assignments $\sigma : V \to [q]$ where $[q] = \{1, \ldots, q\}$ is a set of $q$ spins... with $ q \geq 2 $. The model is parameterised by $ y $, which corresponds to the temperature of the model and is also known as the edge interaction. Each configuration $ \sigma $ is assigned weight $ y^{m(\sigma)} $ where $ m(\sigma) $ denotes the number of monochromatic edges of $ G $ under $ \sigma $. The partition function of the model is the aggregate weight over all configurations, i.e., \[ Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, y) = \sum_{\sigma : V \to [q]} y^{m(\sigma)}, \] When $ q = 2 $, this model is known as the Ising model, and we sometimes use the notation $ Z_{\text{Ising}}(G; y) $ to denote its partition function. The Ising/Potts models have an extremely useful generalisation to non-integer values of $ q $ via the so-called “random-cluster” formulation and the closely related Tutte polynomial. In particular, for numbers $ q $ and $ \gamma $, the Tutte polynomial of a graph $ G $ is given by \[ Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, \gamma) = \sum_{A \subseteq E} q^{k(A)} \gamma^{\|A\|}, \] where $ k(A) $ denotes the number of connected components in the graph $(V, A)$ (isolated vertices do count). When $ q $ is an integer with $ q \geq 2 $, we have $ Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, y) = Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, y - 1) $, see, for instance, [34]. The Tutte polynomial on planar graphs is particularly relevant in quantum computing since it corresponds to the Jones polynomial of an “alternating link” [37, Chapter 5], and polynomial-time quantum computation can be simulated by additively approximating the Jones polynomial at a suitable value, as we will explain later in more detail, see also [6] for details. In this paper, we study the complexity of approximating the partition function of the Potts model and the Tutte polynomial on planar graphs as the parameter $ y $ ranges in the complex plane. Traditionally, this problem has been mainly considered in the case where $ y $ is a positive real, however recent developments have shown that for various models, including the Ising and Potts models, there is a close interplay between the location of zeros of the partition function in the complex plane and the approximability of the problem, even for positive real values of $ y $. The framework of viewing partition functions as polynomials in the complex plane of the underlying parameters has been well-explored in statistical physics and has recently gained traction in computer science as well in the context of approximate counting. On the positive side, zero-free regions in the complex plane translate into efficient algorithms for approximating the partition function [1, 29] and this scheme has lead to a broad range of new algorithms even for positive real values of the underlying parameters [2, 16–18, 26–28, 30, 31]. On the negative side, the presence of zeros poses a barrier to this approach and, in fact, it has been demonstrated that zeros mark the onset of computational hardness for the approximability of the partition function [4, 5, 11, 15]. These new algorithmic and computational complexity developments stemming from the complex plane mesh with the statistical physics perspective where zeros have long been studied in the context of pinpointing phase transitions, see e.g., [3, 19, 25, 34, 37, 38]. For the problem of exactly computing the partition function of the Potts model, Jaeger, Vertigan and Welsh [20], as a corollary of a more general classification theorem for the Tutte polynomial, established \#P-hardness unless $(q, y)$ is one of seven exceptional points, see Section 6.3 of the full version for more details; Vertigan [36] further showed that the same classification applies on planar graphs with the exception of the Ising model $(q = 2)$, where the problem is in FP. For the approximation problem, the only known result that applies for general values $y$ in the complex plane is by Goldberg and Guo [11], which addresses the case $q = 2$; the case $q \geq 3$ is largely open apart from the case when $y$ is real which has been studied extensively even for planar graphs [11–13, 15, 21, 24]. We will review all these results more precisely in the next section, where we also state our main theorems. ### 1.1 Our main results In this work, we completely classify the complexity of approximating $Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, y)$ for $q \geq 2$ and non-real $y$, even on planar graphs $G$; in fact, our results also classify the complexity of the Tutte polynomial on planar graphs for reals $q \geq 2$ and non-real $\gamma$. Along the way, we also answer a question for the Jones polynomial raised by Bordewich, Freedman, Lovász, and Welsh [6]. To formally state our results, we define the computational problems we consider. Let $K$ and $\rho$ be real algebraic numbers with $K > 1$ and $\rho > 0$. We investigate the complexity of the following problems for any integer $q$ with $q \geq 2$ and any algebraic number $y$.\footnote{For $z \in \mathbb{C} \setminus \{0\}$, we denote by $\|z\|$ the norm of $z$, by $\text{Arg}(z) \in [0, 2\pi)$ the principal argument of $z$ and by $\arg(z)$ the set $\{\text{Arg}(z) + 2\pi j : j \in \mathbb{Z}\}$ of all the arguments of $z$, so that for any $a \in \arg(z)$ we have $z = \|z\|\exp(ia)$.} Name: FACTOR-$K$-NORMPOTTS($q, y$) Instance: A (multi)graph $G$. Output: If $Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, y) = 0$, the algorithm may output any rational number. Otherwise, it must output a rational number $\hat{N}$ such that $\hat{N}/K \leq \|Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, y)\| \leq K\hat{N}$. A well-known fact is that the difficulty of the problem FACTOR-$K$-NORMPOTTS($q, \gamma$) does not depend on the constant $K > 1$. This can be proved using standard powering techniques (see [11, Lemma 11] for a proof when $q = 2$). In fact, the complexity of the problem is the same even for $K = 2^{n^{1-\epsilon}}$ for any constant $\epsilon > 0$ where $n$ is the size of the input. Name: DISTANCE-$\rho$-ARGPOTTS($q, y$) Instance: A (multi)graph $G$. Output: If $Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, y) = 0$, the algorithm may output any rational number. Otherwise, it must output a rational $\hat{A}$ such that, for some $a \in \arg(Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, \gamma))$, $\|\hat{A} - a\| \leq \rho$. In the special case that $q$ equals 2, we omit the argument $q$ and write ISING instead of POTTS in the name of the problem. Similarly, when the input of the problems is restricted to planar graphs, we write PLANARPOTTS instead of POTTS. We also consider the problems FACTOR-$K$-NORMTUTTE($q, \gamma$) and DISTANCE-$\pi/3$-ARGTUTTE($q, \gamma$) for the Tutte polynomial when $q, \gamma$ are algebraic numbers. Note also that, when $q, \gamma$ are real, the latter problem is equivalent to finding the sign of the Tutte polynomial, and we sometimes write SIGNTUTTE($q, \gamma$) (and, analogously, SIGNTUTTE($q, \gamma$)). Our first and main result is a full resolution of the complexity of approximating $Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, y)$ for $q \geq 3$ and non-real $y$. More precisely, we show the following. Theorem 1. Let $q \geq 3$ be an integer, $y \in \mathbb{C} \setminus \mathbb{R}$ be an algebraic number, and $K > 1$. Then, FACTOR-$K$-NORMPLANARPOTTS($q, y$) and DISTANCE-$\pi/3$-ARGPLANARPOTTS($q, y$) are $\#P$-hard, unless $q = 3$ and $y \in \{e^{2\pi i/3}, e^{4\pi i/3}\}$ when both problems can be solved exactly. We remark that, for real $y > 0$, the complexity of approximating $Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, y)$ on planar graphs is not fully known, though on general graphs the problem is $\#BIS$-hard \cite{13} and NP-hard for $y \in (0, 1)$ \cite{12}, for all $q \geq 3$. For real $y < 0$, the problem is NP-hard on general graphs when $y \in (-\infty, 1 - q]$ for all $q \geq 3$ (\cite{15})\footnote{Note, for $y \in (-\infty, 1 - q) \cup [0, \infty)$, $\#P$-hardness is impossible (assuming $\text{NP} \neq \#P$): finding the sign of $Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, y)$ is easy, even on non-planar graphs (\cite{15}), and $Z_{\text{Potts}}(G; q, y)$ can be approximated using an NP-oracle. For $y = 1 - q$, the same applies when $q \geq 6$; the cases $q \in \{3, 4, 5\}$ are not fully resolved though \cite{15} shows that $q = 3, 4$ are NP-hard, whereas $q = 5$ should be easy unless Tutte’s 5-flow conjecture is false \cite[Section 3.5]{37}.} and $\#P$-hard on planar graphs when $y \in (1 - q, 0)$ and $q \geq 5$ (\cite{24}, see also \cite{14}). Our techniques for proving Theorem 1 allow us to resolve the remaining cases $q = 3, 4$ for $y \in (1 - q, 0)$ on planar graphs, as a special case of the following theorem that applies for general $q \geq 3$. This is our second main result. Theorem 2. Let $q \geq 3$ be an integer, $y \in (-q + 1, 0)$ be a real algebraic number, and $K > 1$. Then FACTOR-$K$-NORMPLANARPOTTS$(q, y)$ and DISTANCE-$\pi/3$-ARGPLANARPOTTS$(q, y)$ are $\#P$-hard, unless $(q, y) = (4, -1)$ when both problems can be solved exactly. Our third main contribution is a full classification of the range of the parameters where approximating the partition function of the Ising model is $\#P$-hard. Note, on planar graphs $G$, $Z_{\text{Ising}}(G; y)$ can be computed in polynomial time for all $y$. For general (non-planar) graphs and non-real $y$, Goldberg and Guo show $\#P$-hardness on the unit circle ($\|y\| = 1$) with $y \neq \pm i$, and establish NP-hardness elsewhere. Our next result shows that the NP-hardness results of \cite{11} for non-real $y$ can be elevated to $\#P$-hardness. Theorem 3. Let $y \in \mathbb{C} \setminus \mathbb{R}$ be an algebraic number, and $K > 1$ be a real. Then, FACTOR-$K$-NORMISING(y) and DISTANCE-$\pi/3$-ARGISING(y) are $\#P$-hard, unless $y = \pm i$ when both problems can be solved exactly. For real $y$, we remark that the problems of approximating $Z_{\text{Ising}}(G; y)$ and determining its sign (when non-trivial) are well-understood:\footnote{Analogously to Footnote 2, for $y \in (-\infty, -1) \cup (0, 1)$ $\#P$-hardness is unlikely since the problem can be approximated using an NP-oracle.} the problem is FPRASable for $y > 1$ and NP-hard for $y \in (0, 1)$ (\cite{21}), $\#P$-hard for $y \in (-1, 0)$ \cite{11, 15}, and equivalent to approximating $\#PERFECTMATCHINGS$ for $y < -1$ \cite{12}. For $y = 0, \pm 1$, $Z_{\text{Ising}}(G; y)$ can be computed exactly. ### 1.2 Consequences of our techniques for the Tutte/Jones polynomials While our main results are on the Ising/Potts models, in order to prove them it is convenient to work in the “Tutte world”; this simplifies the proofs and has also the benefit of allowing us to generalise our results to non-integer $q$. The following result generalises Theorem 1 to non-integer $q > 2$. Theorem 4. Let $q > 2$ be a real, $\gamma \in \mathbb{C} \setminus \mathbb{R}$ be an algebraic number, and $K > 1$. Then, FACTOR-$K$-NORMPLANARTUTTE$(q, \gamma)$ and DISTANCE-$\pi/3$-ARGPLANARTUTTE$(q, \gamma)$ are $\#P$-hard, unless $q = 3$ and $\gamma + 1 \in \{e^{2\pi i/3}, e^{4\pi i/3}\}$ when both problems can be solved exactly. Our techniques can further be used to elevate previous NP-hardness results of \cite{12, 15} in the Tutte plane to $\#P$-hardness for planar graphs, and answer a question for the Jones polynomial raised by Bordewich et al. in \cite{6}. A more detailed discussion can be found in Section 4. 2 Proof outline In this section we provide some insight on the proofs of our main results. As mentioned earlier, the proofs are performed in the context of the Tutte polynomial. In previous \#P-hardness results [11, 15] for the Tutte polynomial, the main technique was to reduce the exact counting \#MINIMUMCARDINALITY $(s, t)$-Cut problem to the problem of approximating $Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, \gamma)$ using an elaborate binary search based on suitable oracle calls. Key to these oracle calls are gadget constructions which are mainly based on series-parallel graphs which “implement” points $(q', \gamma')$; this means that, by pasting the gadgets appropriately onto a graph $G$, the computation of $Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q', \gamma')$ reduces to the computation of $Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, \gamma)$. Much of the work in [11, 15], and for us as well, is understanding what values $(q', \gamma')$ can be implemented starting from $(q, \gamma)$. For planar graphs, while the binary-search technique from [11] is still useful, we have to use a different overall reduction scheme since the problem \#MINIMUMCARDINALITY $(s, t)$-Cut is not \#P-hard when the input is restricted to planar graphs [33]. To obtain our \#P-hardness results our plan instead is to reduce the problem of exactly evaluating the Tutte polynomial for some appropriately selected parameters $q', \gamma'$ to the problem of computing its sign and the problem of approximately evaluating it at parameters $q, \gamma$; note, this gives us the freedom to use any parameters $q', \gamma'$ we wish as long as the corresponding exact problem is \#P-hard. Then, much of the work consists of understanding what values $(q', \gamma')$ can be implemented starting from $(q, \gamma)$, so we focus on that component first. We first review previous constructions in the literature, known as shifts, and then introduce our refinement of these constructions, which we call polynomial-time approximate shifts, and state our main results about them. 2.1 Shifts in the Tutte plane Let $q$ be a real number and $\gamma_1, \gamma_2 \in \mathbb{C}$. We say that a graph $G$ $(q, \gamma_1)$-implements $(q, \gamma_2)$ and that there is a shift from $(q, \gamma_1)$ to $(q, \gamma_2)$ if there exist vertices $s, t$ in $G$ such that \[ \gamma_2 = q \frac{Z_{st}(G; q, \gamma_1)}{Z_{st}(G; q, \gamma_1)}, \] where $Z_{st}(G; q, \gamma_1)$ is the contribution to $Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, \gamma_1)$ from configurations $A \subseteq E$ in which $s, t$ belong to the same connected component in $(V, A)$, while $Z_{st}(G; q, \gamma_1)$ is the contribution from all other configurations $A$ (here, $E$ is the edge set of $G$). In the following, we will usually encounter shifts in the $(x, y)$-parametrisation of the Tutte plane, rather than the $(q, \gamma)$-parameterisation which was used for convenience here. To translate between these, set $y = \gamma + 1$ and $(x - 1)(y - 1) = q$, see [37, Chapter 3]. We denote by $H_q$ the hyperbola $\{(x, y) \in \mathbb{C}^2 : (x - 1)(y - 1) = q\}$, and we will use both parametrisations as convenient. Section 3.2 of the full version has a more detailed description of shifts that apply to the multivariate Tutte polynomial. As described earlier, shifts can be used to “move around” the complex plane. If one knows hardness for some $(x_2, y_2) \in H_q$, and there is a shift from $(x_1, y_1) \in H_q$ to $(x_2, y_2)$, then one also obtains hardness for $(x_1, y_1)$, essentially by replacing every edge of the input graph with a distinct copy of the graph $G$. This approach has been effective when attention is restricted to real parameters [12, 14, 15], however, when it comes to non-real parameters, the success of this approach has been limited. To illustrate this, in [11], the authors established \#P-hardness of the Ising model when $y_2 \in (-1, 0)$, and used this to obtain \#P-hardness for on the unit circle by constructing appropriate shifts. However, their shift construction does not extend to general complex numbers, and this kind of result seems unreachable with those techniques. ### 2.2 Polynomial-time approximate shifts To obtain our main theorems, we instead need to consider what we call polynomial-time approximate shifts; such a shift from $(x_1, y_1) \in H_q$ to $(x_2, y_2) \in H_q$ is an algorithm that, for any positive integer $n$, computes in time polynomial in $n$ a graph $G_n$ that $(x_1, y_1)$-implements $(\hat{x}_2, \hat{y}_2)$ with $\|y_2 - \hat{y}_2\| \leq 2^{-n}$. In fact, our constructions need to maintain planarity, and we will typically ensure this by either making every $G_n$ a series-parallel graph, in which case we call the algorithm a polynomial-time approximate series-parallel shift, or by making every $G_n$ a theta graph, in which case we call the algorithm a polynomial-time approximate theta shift.$^4$ These generalised shifts allow us to overcome the challenges mentioned above and are key ingredients in our reduction. Our main technical theorem about them is the following. Theorem 5. Let $q \geq 2$ be a real algebraic number. Let $x$ and $y$ be algebraic numbers such that $(x, y) \in H_q$, $y \in (-1, 0) \cup (\mathbb{C} \setminus \mathbb{R})$ and $(x, y) \not\in \{(i, -i), (-i, i), (j, j^2), (j^2, j)\}$, where $j = \exp(2\pi i / 3)$. Then, for any pair of algebraic numbers $(x', y') \in H_q$ with $y' \in [-1, 1]$ there is a polynomial-time approximate series-parallel shift from $(x, y)$ to $(x', y')$. The exceptions $\{(i, -i), (-i, i), (j, j^2), (j^2, j)\}$ are precisely the non-real points of the $(x, y)$ plane where the Tutte polynomial of a graph can be evaluated in polynomial time (see Section 6.3). As we will see, being able to $(x, y)$-implement approximations of any number in $(-1, 0)$ is essentially the property that makes the approximation problem \#P-hard at $(x, y)$. We remark that the idea of implementing approximations of a given weight or edge interaction has been explored in the literature, though only when all the edge interactions involved are real. We review these results in Section 4 of the full version. We study the properties of polynomial-time approximate shifts in Section 4 and prove Theorem 5 in Section 5. In the next section, we describe some of the techniques used. #### 2.2.1 Proof Outline of Theorem 5 Shifts, as defined in Section 2.1, have a transitivity property: if there is a shift from $(x_1, y_1)$ to $(x_2, y_2)$ and from $(x_2, y_2)$ to $(x_3, y_3)$, then there is a shift from $(x_1, y_1)$ to $(x_3, y_3)$, see Section 3.2 of the full version for more details. The polynomial-time approximate shift given in Theorem 5 is constructed in a similar way. First, we construct a polynomial-time approximate shift from $(x, y)$ to some $(x_2, y_2)$ such that $y_2 \in (-1, 0)$, where $x_2$ and $y_2$ depend on $x, y$. Then, we construct a polynomial-time approximate shift from $(x_2, y_2)$ to $(x', y')$. Finally, we combine both polynomial-time approximate shifts using an analogue of the transitivity property. However, when this approach is put into practice, there is a difficulty that causes various technical complications: we only have mild control in our constructions over the intermediate shift $(x_2, y_2)$. In particular, even if the numbers $x$ and $y$ are algebraic, we cannot guarantee that $x_2$ and $y_2$ are algebraic, and this causes problems with obtaining the required transitivity. --- $^4$ A theta graph consists of two terminals $s$ and $t$ joined by internally disjoint paths [10]. A series-parallel graph with terminals $s$ and $t$ can be obtained from the single-edge graph with edge $(s, t)$ by repeatedly subdividing edges or adding parallel edges [8, Chapter 11]. property. Instead, we have to work with a wider class of numbers, the set $ P_{\mathbb{C}} $ of polynomial-time computable numbers. These are numbers that can be approximated efficiently, i.e., for $ y \in P_{\mathbb{C}} $ there is an algorithm that computes $ \hat{y}_n \in \mathbb{Q}[i] $ with $ \|y - \hat{y}_n\| \leq 2^{-n} $ in time polynomial in $ n $ [23]. We denote by $ P_{\mathbb{R}} = \mathbb{R} \cap P_{\mathbb{C}} $ the set of polynomial-time computable reals. Our polynomial-time approximate shifts are constructed in Section 3. The first of these polynomial-time approximate shifts is provided by Lemma 6. Lemma 6. Let $ q $ be a real algebraic number with $ q \geq 2 $. Let $ x $ and $ y $ be algebraic numbers such that $ (x, y) \in H_q $, $ y \in (-1, 0) \cup (\mathbb{C} \setminus \mathbb{R}) $ and $ (x, y) \not\in \{(i, -i), (-i, i), (j, j^2), (j^2, j)\} $, where $ j = \exp(2\pi i/3) $. Then there is a polynomial-time approximate series-parallel shift from $ (x, y) $ to $ (x', y') $ for some $ (x', y') \in H_q $ with $ x', y' \in P_{\mathbb{R}} $ and $ y' \in (0, 1) $. The construction in Lemma 6 is obtained using a theta graph and trying to get a shift that is very close to the real line. However, we cannot control the point $ (x', y') $ that we are approximating, and as mentioned, $ x', y' $ might not be algebraic. The proof of Lemma 6 is the most technically demanding new ingredient in our work, and is outlined in Section 3. Using Lemma 6, we have a series-parallel polynomial-time approximate shift from $ (x, y) $ to some $ (x', y') \in H_q $ with $ x', y' \in P_{\mathbb{R}} $ and $ y' \in (0, 1) $. Next, we have to construct a polynomial-time approximate shift from $ (x', y') $ to $ (\hat{x}, \hat{y}) $, where $ (\hat{x}, \hat{y}) $ is the point that we want to shift to in Theorem 5. In fact, we actually use a theta shift, which also facilitates establishing the required transitivity property later on. Note that since $ y' $ is not necessarily algebraic, we can not directly apply the results that have already appeared in the literature on implementing approximations of edge interactions. In the next lemma, we generalise these results to the setting of polynomial-time computable numbers, where we need to address some further complications that arise from computing with polynomial-time computable numbers instead of algebraic numbers. The proof of the lemma is given in Section 5.5 of the full version. Lemma 7. Let $ q, x, y \in P_{\mathbb{R}} $ such that $ q > 0 $, $ (x, y) \in H_q $, $ y $ is positive and $ 1 - q/2 < y < 1 $. There is a polynomial-time algorithm that takes as an input: - two positive integers $ k $ and $ n $, in unary; - a real algebraic number $ w \in [y^k, 1] $. The algorithm produces a theta graph $ J $ that $ (x, y) $-implements $ (\hat{x}, \hat{y}) $ such that $ \|\hat{y} - w\| \leq 2^{-n} $. The size of $ J $ is at most a polynomial in $ k $ and $ n $, independently on $ w $. Then, we are able to combine the shifts in Lemmas 6 and 7 via a transitivity property for polynomial-time approximate shifts (see Lemma 17), and therefore prove Theorem 5, see Section 5.5 of the full version for the details. ### 2.3 The reductions In Section 6.6 of the full version we show how to use a polynomial-time approximate shift from $ (x_1, y_1) $ to $ (x_2, y_2) $ to reduce the problem of approximating the Tutte polynomial at $ (x_2, y_2) $ to the same problem at $ (x_1, y_1) $. The following lemma gives such a reduction for the problem of approximating the norm, we also give an analogous result for approximating the argument in the full version (see Lemma 56). Lemma 8. Let $ q \neq 0 $, $ \gamma_1 $ and $ \gamma_2 \neq 0 $ be algebraic numbers, and $ K > 1 $. For $ j \in \{1, 2\} $, let $ y_j = \gamma_j + 1 $ and $ x_j = 1 + q/\gamma_j $. If there is a polynomial-time series-parallel approximate shift from $ (x_1, y_1) $ to $ (x_2, y_2) $, then we have a reduction from FACTOR-K-NORMTUTTE$ (q, \gamma_2) $ to FACTOR-K-NORMTUTTE$ (q, \gamma_1) $. This reduction also holds for the planar version of the problem. In order to prove Lemma 8, we need some lower bounds on the norm of the partition function $Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, \gamma)$. This kind of lower bound plays an important role in several hardness results on the complexity of approximating partition functions [4,11]. Here, we have to work a bit harder than usual since we have two (algebraic) underlying parameters (in the case of Tutte), and we need to use results in algebraic number theory, see Section 6.1 of the full version for details. By combining Theorem 5 and Lemma 8 with existing hardness results, we obtain our hardness results for non-real edge interactions in Section 6.8 of the full version. On the way, we collect some hardness on real parameters as well that strengthen previous results in the literature, and part of Section 6 of the full version is devoted to this. The main reason behind these improvements is that previous work on real parameters used reductions from approximately counting minimum cardinality $(s,t)$-cuts [11,15], the minimum 3-way cut problem [12], or maximum independent set for planar cubic graphs [14], which are either easy on planar graphs or the parameter regions they cover are considerably smaller or cannot be used to conclude $\#P$-hardness. We instead reduce the exact computation of $Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, \gamma)$ to its approximation, which has the advantage that the problem that we are reducing from is $\#P$-hard for planar graphs [36]. Interestingly, our reduction requires us to apply an algorithm of Kannan, Lenstra and Lovász [22] to reconstruct the minimal polynomial of an algebraic number from an additive approximation of the number. The lower bounds on the partition function $Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, \gamma)$ also play a role in this reduction, the details are given in Section 6.5 of the full version. ## 3 Polynomial-time approximate shifts with complex weights We have already outlined in Section 2.2.1 the proof of Theorem 5, the key ingredient in the reductions to obtain our inapproximability results, based on the polynomial-time approximate shifts described in Lemmas 6 and 7. In this section, we give the proof of Lemma 6 which has the “complex part” of the proof and has the new technical ingredients; Lemma 7 follows by generalising results from [14] from algebraic reals to computable numbers. We will use theta graphs (cf. Footnote 4) to prove Lemma 6. Let $J$ be the theta graph with $m$ internal paths of lengths $\ell_1, \ldots, \ell_m$ between two vertices $s, t$. Then $J$ gives a shift, in the sense of Section 2.1, from $(q, \gamma)$ to $(q, \gamma')$ where $$\gamma' = \prod_{j=1}^{m} \left(1 + \frac{q}{x^{\ell_j} - 1}\right) - 1 \text{ and } x = 1 + q/\gamma,$$ see Section 3.2 of the full version for details. Note, we will mainly use this in the $(x,y)$-parametrisation. Also, when $m = 1$, we refer to $J$ as an $\ell_1$-stretch, whereas when $\ell_1 = \ldots = \ell_m$, we refer to $J$ as an $m$-thickening. We start by giving in Section 3.1 some shifts that we will need, and then show how to use them to obtain the polynomial-time approximate shifts of Lemma 6 in Section 3.2. Let $q$ be a real algebraic number with $q \geq 2$ and let $(x, y) \in H_q$ be a pair of algebraic numbers. ### 3.1 Some shifts for non-reals In this section, for $(x, y)$ as in Lemma 6, we will be interested in computing a shift from $(x, y)$ to $(x_1, y_1) \in H_q$ with $x_1 \not\in \mathbb{R}$ and $\|x_1\| > 1$. The following remark will thus be useful. Remark 23. Let $q$ be a positive real number and let $(x, y) \in H_q$. From $(x - 1)(y - 1) = q$ it follows that $x = 1 + q/(y - 1) = (y + q - 1)/(y - 1)$, so $\|x\| \geq 1$ iff $\text{Re}(y) \geq 1 - q/2$, with equality only when $\|x\| = 1$. A root of unity is a complex number $z$ such that $z^k = 1$ for some positive integer $k$; there is a polynomial-time algorithm to determine whether an algebraic number $z$ is a root of unity, see [7]. Also, if $z \in \mathbb{C}$ is not a root of unity and $\|z\| = 1$, then $\{z^j : j \in \mathbb{N}\}$ is dense in the unit circle, see, e.g., [9, Section 1.2]. Lemma 24. Let $q$ be a real algebraic number with $q \geq 2$. Let $x$ and $y$ be algebraic numbers such that $(x, y) \in H_q$ and $\text{Arg}(y) \not\in \{0, \pi/2, 2\pi/3, \pi, 4\pi/3, 3\pi/2\}$. Then we can compute a theta graph $J$ that $(x, y)$-implements $(x_1, y_1)$ with $\|x_1\| > 1$ and $x_1 \not\in \mathbb{R}$. Proof. We show how to compute $n$ such that $\text{Re}(y^n) > 0$ and $\text{Im}(y^n) > 0$. For such $n$, we let $y_1 = y^n$ and $x_1 = 1 + q/(y_1 - 1)$, so Remark 23 ensures that $\|x_1\| > 1$ and $x_1 \not\in \mathbb{R}$. Hence, we can return $J$ as the graph with two vertices and $n$ edges joining them. Since $y$ and $\|y\|$ are algebraic numbers, we can compute the algebraic number $y/\|y\|$ and detect if $y/\|y\|$ is a root of unity as explained earlier. There are two cases: 1. $y/\|y\|$ is not a root of unity. Then we can compute the smallest positive integer $n$ such that $\text{Arg}(y^n) \in [\pi/6, \pi/3]$; such an integer exists because $\{(y/\|y\|)^j : j \in \mathbb{N}\}$ is dense in the unit circle. Finally, since $\text{Arg}(y^n) \in [\pi/6, \pi/3]$, we have $\text{Re}(y^n) > 0$ and $\text{Im}(y^n) > 0$. 2. $y/\|y\|$ is a root of unity of order $r$ with $r \geq 5$. Recall that we can compute $r$ by sequentially computing the powers of $y/\|y\|$ until we obtain 1. Then we have $(y/\|y\|)^{r+1} = e^{i2\pi/r}$. Note that the real and imaginary parts of $e^{i2\pi/r} = \cos(2\pi/r) + i\sin(2\pi/r)$ are positive. In the following lemmas, we consider the cases $\text{Arg}(y) \in \{\pi/2, 2\pi/3, 4\pi/3, 3\pi/2\}$, where the exemptions in Lemma 6 arise. Lemma 25. Let $q$ be a real algebraic number with $q \geq 2$. Let $x$ and $y$ be algebraic numbers such that $(x, y) \in H_q$, $y \neq 0$ and $\text{Arg}(y) \in \{2\pi/3, 4\pi/3\}$. If $q \neq 3$ or $\|y\| \neq 1$, then we can compute a series-parallel graph $J$ that $(x, y)$-implements $(x_1, y_1)$ with $\|x_1\| > 1$ and $x_1 \not\in \mathbb{R}$. Proof. Note that $y/\|y\|$ is a root of unity of order 3. We have $\text{Re}(y) = \|y\|\cos(2\pi/3) = -\|y\|/2 < 0$. Let $x = 1 + q/(y - 1)$. We consider three cases. Case I: $\text{Re}(y) > 1 - q/2$. Then, by Remark 23, $\|x\| > 1$. We return $J$ as the graph with 2 vertices and one edge joining them. Case II: $\text{Re}(y) < 1 - q/2$. Then $\|x\| < 1$. Let $y_n = 1 + q/(x^n - 1)$. An $n$-stretch gives a shift from $(x, y)$ to $(x^n, y_n)$. Since $x \not\in \mathbb{R}$, there are infinitely many values of $n$ such that $y_n \not\in \mathbb{R}$. Note that $y_n$ converges to $1 - q \in (-\infty, -1]$, and the distance between $1 - q$ and the set of complex points $\{z \in \mathbb{C} : \text{Arg}(z) \in \{\pi/2, 2\pi/3, 4\pi/3, 3\pi/2\}\}$ is larger than 0. Hence, we can compute $n$ such that $\text{Arg}(y_n) \not\in \{0, \pi/2, 2\pi/3, \pi, 4\pi/3, 3\pi/2\}$. Since $(x^n, y_n) \in H_q$, the result follows from applying Lemma 24 to $(x^n, y_n)$, the transitivity property of shifts and noticing that the obtained graph is series-parallel. Case III: $\text{Re}(y) = 1 - q/2$. Note that $q > 2$ because for $q = 2$ we would obtain $\text{Re}(y) = 0$; also $\|y\| \neq 1$, otherwise from $\text{Re}(y) = -\|y\|/2$, we obtain that $q = 3$, which is excluded. If $\|y\| < 1$, let $n \geq 1$ be an integer such that $\|y\|^n < q - 2$ and $\text{Arg}(y^n) = 2\pi/3$. Since $\text{Re}(y^n) = -\|y\|^n/2$, we have $\text{Re}(y^n) > 1 - q/2$, so $\|x_n\| > 1$ for $x_n = 1 + q/(x^n - 1)$ and we can return $J$ as the graph with two vertices and $n$ edges joining them. If $\|y\| > 1$, let $n \geq 1$ be an integer such that $\text{Arg}(y^n) = 2\pi/3$ and $\text{Re}(y^n) = -\|y\|^n/2 < 1 - q/2$, and apply Case II to $(x_n, y^n)$, where $x_n = 1 + q/(y^n - 1)$, the transitivity property of shifts and noticing that the obtained graph is series-parallel. This finishes the proof. Lemma 26. Let $q$ be a real algebraic number with $q \geq 2$. Let $y$ be an algebraic number such that $y \neq 0$ and $\text{Arg}(y) \in \{\pi/2, 3\pi/2\}$. If $q > 2$, then we can compute a theta graph $J$ that $(x, y)$-implements $(x_1, y_1)$ with $\|x_1\| > 1$ and $x_1 \not\in \mathbb{R}$. If $q = 2$ and $\|y\| \neq 1$, then we can compute a series-parallel graph $J$ that $(x, y)$-implements $(x_2, y_2)$ with $y_2 \in (-1, 0)$. Proof. The hypotheses $y \neq 0$ and $\text{Arg}(y) \in \{\pi/2, 3\pi/2\}$ are equivalent to $y \neq 0$ and $\text{Re}(y) = 0$. Let $x = 1 + q/(y - 1)$. If $q > 2$, then $1 - q/2 < 0 = \text{Re}(y)$ and $\|x\| > 1$ as a consequence of Remark 23, so we return the graph with two vertices and one edge joining them as $J$. The second claim (case $q = 2$) has been studied in [11, Lemma 3.15], where the graph constructed is a 2-thickening of a $k$-stretching. 3.2 An approximate shift to $(x', y')$ with $y' \in (0, 1)$ We will use the shifts to complex points $(x, y)$ with $\|x\| > 1$ in polynomial-time approximate shifts. We start with a technical lemma, which will simplify the proofs, and use this to design the desired polynomial-time approximate shift, cf. Lemma 33. Then, it is just a matter of combining the pieces to conclude the proof of Lemma 6. Lemma 32. Let $r, c \in (0, 1) \cap \mathbb{Q}$, and $\{z_n\}$ be a sequence of algebraic complex numbers satisfying, for every integer $n \geq 1$, $\|z_n\| < 1$ and $$z_n = 1 - f(n) + ig(n)$$ with $f, g$ satisfying $cr^n \leq f(n), g(n) \leq r^n/2$. Then there is $w \in (0, 1)$ and a bounded sequence of positive integers $\{e_n\}$ such that $$\left\|\prod_{j=1}^{n} z_j^{e_j} - w\right\| \leq \left(\frac{\pi}{2} + \frac{\pi}{c(1-r)}\right)r^n \text{ for every integer } n \geq 1.$$ Further, if the representation of the algebraic number $z_n$ can be computed in time polynomial in $n$, then $w \in \mathbb{P}_\mathbb{R}$ and $e_n$ can be computed in polynomial time in $n$. Proof Sketch. Write $z_n = \rho_n e^{i\theta_n}$ for some $\rho_n \in (0, 1)$ and $\theta_n \in (0, \pi/2)$. Note that $1 - f(n) < \rho_n$. Let $h(n) = 1 - \rho_n$. Using the assumption on $f(n)$, we obtain $$0 < h(n) < f(n) \leq r^n/2 \quad \text{for integers } n \geq 1. \tag{8}$$ We have $\sin(\theta_n) = \frac{\text{Im}(z_n)}{\rho_n} = \frac{g(n)}{1-h(n)}$, so using that $\sin(x) \leq x \leq \pi \sin(x)/2$ for every $x \in [0, \pi/2]$, we obtain $\frac{g(n)}{1-h(n)} \leq \theta_n \leq \frac{\pi g(n)}{2(1-h(n))}$, and from (8) it follows that $$g(n) \leq \theta_n \leq \pi g(n) \quad \text{for integers } n \geq 1. \tag{9}$$ Using the assumption $cr^n \leq g(n) \leq r^n/2$, we conclude that, for integers $n \geq 2$, $$\frac{\theta_{n-1}}{\theta_n} \leq \pi \frac{g(n-1)}{g(n)} \leq \frac{\pi}{2cr}. \tag{10}$$ Let $\tau_0 = 0$. We define $\tau_n$ and $e_n$ by induction on $n$. Let $e_n$ be the largest integer such that $\tau_{n-1} + e_n \theta_n \leq 2\pi$ and let $\tau_n = \tau_{n-1} + e_n \theta_n$. The definition, combined with (9) and (10), yields that (see full version for details) $$0 \leq e_n \leq \frac{2\pi}{cr} \quad \text{for integers } n \geq 1. \tag{11}$$ The sequence $ \{e^{i\tau_n}\} $ converges to 1. In fact, we show that it does so exponentially fast. Note that the derivative of $ e^{it} $ has constant norm 1. Therefore, $ e^{it} $ is a Lipschitz function with constant 1, that is, $ \|e^{it} - e^{is}\| \leq \|s - t\| $ for every $ s, t \in \mathbb{R} $. Using (9), it follows that \[ \|1 - e^{i\tau_n}\| = \|e^{i2\pi} - e^{i\tau_n}\| \leq \|2\pi - \tau_n\| < \theta_n \leq \pi g(n) \leq \frac{\pi}{2} r^n. \tag{12} \] Next we study the sequence $ \{x_n\} $ defined by $ x_n = \prod_{j=1}^n \rho_j^{e_j} $. Since $ \rho_j \in (0, 1) $, $ \{x_n\} $ is decreasing and has a limit $ w \in [0, 1) $. In the full version, we show that $ w > 0 $ based on the fact that $ e_n \leq 2\pi/(cr) $ and that $ h(n) $ is a decreasing geometric series. We next show that $ \{x_n\} $ converges exponentially fast to $ w $. Note that $ x_n = (1 - h(n))^{e_n} x_{n-1} $ and, thus, for $ n \geq 2 $, using (8), (11) and that $ (1 - x)^k \geq 1 - kx $ for $ x \in (0, 1) $ and $ k \in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0} $, \[ 0 \leq x_{n-1} - x_n = x_{n-1} (1 - (1 - h(n))^{e_n}) \leq 1 - (1 - h(n))^{e_n} \leq h(n)e_n \leq \frac{\pi}{cr} r^n. \] By telescoping appropriately, we conclude that $ \|x_n - w\| \leq \frac{\pi}{c(1-r)} r^n $ for every integer $ n \geq 1 $. Using this and (12), we obtain for every positive integer $ n $ that \[ \left\| \prod_{j=1}^n z_j^{e_j} - w \right\| \leq \left\| \prod_{j=1}^n z_j^{e_j} - x_n \right\| + \|x_n - w\| = \|x_n\| \left\| \prod_{j=1}^n e^{ie_j\theta_j} - 1 \right\| + \|x_n - w\| \] \[ \leq \left\| \prod_{j=1}^n e^{ie_j\theta_j} - 1 \right\| + \|x_n - w\| = \|e^{i\tau_n} - 1\| + \|x_n - w\| \leq \frac{\pi}{2} r^n + \frac{\pi}{c(1-r)} r^n. \] Using that $ e_n $ is a bounded sequence of positive integers and that $ z_n $ can be computed in time polynomial in $ n $, we have that $ e_n $ can be computed in time polynomial in $ n $ as well. We conclude that $ w $ is the limit of a sequence of algebraic numbers that converges exponentially fast and whose $ n $-th element can be computed in time polynomial in $ n $, so $ w \in \mathbb{P}_\mathbb{R} $. Lemma 33. Let $ q $ be a real algebraic number with $ q > 0 $. Let $ x $ and $ y $ be algebraic numbers such that $ (x, y) \in H_q $, $ y \not\in \mathbb{R} $ and $ \|x\| > 1 $. Then there is a polynomial-time approximate theta shift from $ (x, y) $ to $ (x', y') $ for some $ (x', y') \in H_q $ with $ y' \in (0, 1) \cap \mathbb{P}_\mathbb{R} $. Proof Sketch. Since $ y \not\in \mathbb{R} $ and $ (x - 1)(y - 1) = q $, we have $ x \not\in \mathbb{R} $. Let us write $ x = Re^{i\theta} $ for some $ R > 1 $ and $ \theta \in (0, 2\pi) $. An $ m $-stretch gives a shift from $ (x, y) $ to $ (x^m, y_m) $ with $ y_m = (x^m + q - 1)/(x^m - 1) $. By plugging $ x = Re^{i\theta} $ in the definition of $ y_m $ and multiplying by $ R^m e^{-im\theta} - 1 $ in the numerator and denominator, we obtain \[ y_m = \frac{R^{2m} - q + 1 + (q - 2)R^m \cos(m\theta) - iqR^m \sin(m\theta)}{1 + R^{2m} - 2R^m \cos(m\theta)}. \tag{13} \] If $ \theta \in \{\pi/2, 3\pi/2\} $, that is, $ x \in i\mathbb{R} $, then for $ m \equiv 2 \pmod{4} $ such that $ 1 + R^m > q $, we have $ \cos(m\theta) = -1 $, $ \sin(m\theta) = 0 $ and $ y_m = \frac{(1 + R^m)^2 - q(1 + R^m)}{(1 + R^m)^2} = \frac{1 + R^m - q}{1 + R^m} \in (0, 1) $, so we can choose $ y' = y_m $ and we are done. In the rest of the proof we assume that $ \theta \not\in \{\pi/2, 3\pi/2\} $. We are going to apply Lemma 32 to a subsequence of $ y_m $. In particular, we invoke Corollary 21 of the full version in order to find a sequence $ \sigma(m) $ of integers, a positive integer $ k $ and a positive rational $ C $ that satisfy: - $ \sigma(m) $ can be computed in time polynomial in $ m $, while $ k $ and $ C $ can be computed in constant time from $ x $; - $ \sigma(m) \in [m, m + k - 1] $ and $ \sin(\sigma(m)\theta), \cos(\sigma(m)\theta) \leq -C $ for every integer $ m \geq 1 $. It follows that $ \text{Re}(x^{\sigma(m)}) = \text{Re}(R^{\sigma(m)} e^{i\sigma(m)\theta}) \leq -CR^{\sigma(m)} \leq -CR^m $. Since $ R > 1 $, we can compute $ m_1 \in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0} $ such that for $ m \geq m_1 $ we have $ \text{Re}(x^{\sigma(m)}) < 1 - q/2 $ and, thus, $ \|y_{\sigma(m)}\| < 1 $ (recall that $ y_m = (x^m + q - 1)/(x^m - 1) $ and Remark 23). Let $a_m, b_m$ be such that $y_m = 1 - a_m + ib_m$. Then, using the bounds $R^{2\sigma(m)} \leq 1 + R^{2\sigma(m)} - 2R^{\sigma(m)} \cos(\sigma(m)\theta) \leq 4R^{2\sigma(m)}$, we obtain the bounds \[ \frac{qC}{4} R^{-\sigma(m)} \leq a_{\sigma(m)}, b_{\sigma(m)} \leq 2qR^{-\sigma(m)} \quad \text{for integers } m \geq 1. \tag{14} \] Then, let $m_2$ be an integer such that $m_2 \geq \log_R(4q), m_1$ and $c$ be a rational with $c \in (0, qCR^{-m_2-k-1}/4)$. Then, with $f(m) = a_{\sigma(m+m_2)}$ and $g(m) = b_{\sigma(m+m_2)}$, we obtain from (14) and the inequalities $R^{-m-k+1} \leq R^{-\sigma(n)} \leq R^{-m}$ that \[ cR^{-m} \leq f(m), g(m) \leq \frac{1}{2}R^{-m} \quad \text{for integers } m \geq 1. \tag{15} \] Using that $\|y_{\sigma(m)}\| < 1$ and (15), we obtain that the sequence $\{z_m\} = \{y_{\sigma(m+m_2)}\}$ satisfies the assumptions of Lemma 32, so applying the lemma yields $y' \in (0, 1) \cap P_\mathbb{R}$ and a bounded sequence of positive integers $\{e_m\}$ such that \[ \left\| \prod_{j=1}^{m} z_j^{e_j} - y \right\| \leq \left( \frac{\pi}{2} + \frac{\pi}{c(1-1/R)} \right) R^{-m}, \tag{16} \] and $e_m$ can be computed in time polynomial in $m$, for all integers $m \geq 1$. This gives the following polynomial-time approximate theta shift from $(x, y)$ to $(x', y')$, where $x' = 1 + q/(y' - 1)$. For integer $n$, pick $m$ to be the smallest integer so that the r.h.s. in (16) is smaller than $2^{-n}$, and note that $m$ is linear in $n$. We return the theta graph $J_n$ that is the parallel composition of the path graphs that are used to implement the weights $y_{\sigma(j+m_2)}$, each one repeated $e_j$ times, for $j \in \{1, \ldots, m\}$. The graph $J_n$ is a shift from $(x, y)$ to $(\hat{x}, \hat{y}) \in H_q$ for $\hat{y} = \prod_{j=1}^{m} z_j^{e_j} = \prod_{j=1}^{m} y_{\sigma(j+m_2)}$, cf. (4). ▶ Lemma 6. Let $q$ be a real algebraic number with $q \geq 2$. Let $x$ and $y$ be algebraic numbers such that $(x, y) \in H_q$, $y \in (-1, 0) \cup (\mathbb{C} \setminus \mathbb{R})$ and $(x, y) \not\in \{(i, -i), (-i, i), (j, j^2), (j^2, j)\}$, where $j = \exp(2\pi i/3)$. Then there is a polynomial-time approximate series-parallel shift from $(x, y)$ to $(x', y')$ for some $(x', y') \in H_q$ with $x', y' \in P_\mathbb{R}$ and $y' \in (0, 1)$. Proof. If $y \in (-1, 0)$, then a 2-thickening of $(x, y)$ gives the result. Hence, let us assume that $y \not\in (-1, 0)$ in the rest of the proof. There are two cases to consider. Case I: $q \neq 2$ or $y \not\in i\mathbb{R}$. We apply either Lemma 24, Lemma 25 or Lemma 26, depending on $\text{Arg}(y)$, to find a shift from $(x, y)$ to $(x_1, y_1) \in H_q$ with $y_1 \not\in \mathbb{R}$ and $\|x_1\| > 1$. The graph of this shift is series-parallel. Then we apply Lemma 33 to obtain a polynomial-time approximate theta shift from $(x_1, y_1)$ to some $(x', y') \in H_q$ with $y' \in (0, 1) \cap P_\mathbb{R}$. The result follows from the transitivity property of shifts. Case II: $q = 2$ and $y \in i\mathbb{R}$. Since $y \neq \pm i$, Lemma 26 gives a shift from $(x, y)$ to $(x', y')$ for some $(x', y') \in H_q$ with $y' \in (-1, 0)$. A 2-thickening of $(x', y')$ gives the result. The fact that $x' \in P_\mathbb{R}$ follows from $x' = 1 + q/(y' - 1)$ and $y' \in P_\mathbb{R}$. ### 4 Further consequences of our results In this final section, we apply our results to the problem of approximating the Jones polynomial of an alternating link, which is connected to the quantum complexity class BQP as explained in [6]. More details can be found in Section 7 of the full version. We briefly review some relevant facts about links and the Jones polynomial that relate it to the Tutte polynomial on graphs, see [37] for their definitions. Let $V_L(T)$ denote the Jones polynomial of a link $L$. By a result of Thistlethwaite, when $L$ is an alternating link with associated planar graph $G(L)$, we have $V_L(t) = f_L(t)T(G(L); -t, -t^{-1})$, where $f_L(t)$ is an easily-computable factor that is plus or minus a half integer power of $t$, and $T(G; x, y)$ is the Tutte polynomial of $G$ in the $(x, y)$-parametrisation [35, 37]. Moreover, every planar graph is the graph of an alternating link [37, Chapter 2]. Hence, we can translate our results on the complexity of approximating the Tutte polynomial of a planar graph to the complexity of approximating the Jones polynomial of an alternating link, and obtain $\#P$-hardness results for approximating $V_L(t)$. This is done in Corollary 61 of the full version, which shows $\#P$-hardness for all algebraic $t$ with $\text{Re}(t) > 0$ and $t \not\in \{1, -e^{2\pi i/3}, -e^{4\pi i/3}\}$. The case $t = e^{2\pi i/5}$ of Corollary 61 is particularly relevant due to its connection between approximate counting and the quantum complexity class $\text{BQP}$, which was explored by Bordewich, Freedman, Lovász and Welsh in [6], where they posed the question of determining whether $\text{Re}(Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, \gamma)) \geq 0$ or $\text{Re}(Z_{\text{Tutte}}(G; q, \gamma))$ for planar graphs $G$. The non-planar version has been studied in [11, Section 5], where $\#P$-hardness was shown. Our planar results for the Tutte polynomial allow us to adapt the argument in [11] to answer the question asked in [6], see Corollary 62 of the full version. --- References 1. A. Barvinok. Combinatorics and Complexity of Partition Functions. Algorithms and Combinatorics. Springer International Publishing, 2017. 2. A. Barvinok and G. Regts. Weighted counting of solutions to sparse systems of equations. Combinatorics, Probability and Computing, 28(5):696–719, 2019. 3. I. Bena, M. Droz, and A. Lipowski. Statistical mechanics of equilibrium and nonequilibrium phase transitions: the Yang–Lee formalism. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 19(29):4269–4329, 2005. 4. I. Bezáková, A. Galanis, L. A. Goldberg, and D. Štefankovič. Inapproximability of the independent set polynomial in the complex plane. 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Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia, PA, 1999. 9. M. Brin and G. Stuck. Introduction to Dynamical Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2002. 10. J. I. Brown, C. Hickman, A. D. Sokal, and D. G. Wagner. On the chromatic roots of generalized theta graphs. Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B, 83(2):272–297, 2001. 11. L. A. Goldberg and H. Guo. The complexity of approximating complex-valued Ising and Tutte partition functions. Computational Complexity, 26(4):765–833, 2017. 12. L. A. Goldberg and M. Jerrum. Inapproximability of the Tutte polynomial. Information and Computation, 206(7):908–929, 2008. 13. L. A. Goldberg and M. Jerrum. Approximating the partition function of the ferromagnetic Potts model. J. ACM, 59(5):Art. 25, 31, 2012. 14. L. A. Goldberg and M. Jerrum. Inapproximability of the Tutte polynomial of a planar graph. Computational Complexity, 21(4):605–642, 2012. 15. L. A. Goldberg and M. Jerrum. The complexity of computing the sign of the Tutte polynomial. SIAM Journal on Computing, 43(6):1921–1952, 2014. 16 H. Guo, C. Liao, P. Lu, and C. Zhang. Zeros of Holant problems: Locations and algorithms. In Proceedings of the Thirtyteth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, SODA ’19, pages 2262–2278, USA, 2019. 17 H. Guo, J. Liu, and P. Lu. Zeros of ferromagnetic 2-spin systems. In Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, SODA ’20, pages 181–192, USA, 2020. 18 A. Harrow, S. Mehraban, and M. Soleimanifar. Classical algorithms, correlation decay, and complex zeros of partition functions of quantum many-body systems, 2019. arXiv:1910.09071. 19 O. J. Heilmann and E. H. Lieb. Theory of monomer-dimer systems. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 25(3):190–232, 1972. 20 F. Jaeger, D. L. Vertigan, and D. J. A. Welsh. On the computational complexity of the Jones and Tutte polynomials. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 108(1):35–53, 1990. 21 M. Jerrum and A. Sinclair. Polynomial-time approximation algorithms for the Ising model. SIAM Journal on Computing, 22(5):1087–1116, 1993. 22 R. Kannan, A. K. Lenstra, and L. Lovász. Polynomial factorization and nonrandomness of bits of algebraic and some transcendental numbers. Mathematics of Computation, 50(181):235–250, 1988. 23 K.-I Ko. Complexity theory of real functions. Progress in Theoretical Computer Science. Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., Boston, MA, 1991. 24 G. Kuperberg. How hard is it to approximate the Jones polynomial? Theory of Computing, 11:183–219, 2015. 25 E. H. Lieb and A. D. Sokal. A general Lee-Yang theorem for one-component and multicomponent ferromagnets. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 80(2):153–179, 1981. 26 J. Liu, A. Sinclair, and P. Srivastava. A deterministic algorithm for counting colorings with 2-Delta colors. In IEEE 60th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS 2019), pages 1380–1404, 2019. 27 J. Liu, A. Sinclair, and P. Srivastava. Fisher zeros and correlation decay in the Ising model. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 60(10):103304, 2019. 28 J. Liu, A. Sinclair, and P. Srivastava. The Ising partition function: Zeros and deterministic approximation. Journal of Statistical Physics, 174(2):287–315, 2019. 29 V. Patel and G. Regts. Deterministic polynomial-time approximation algorithms for partition functions and graph polynomials. SIAM Journal on Computing, 46(6):1893–1919, 2017. 30 H. Peters and G. Regts. Location of zeros for the partition function of the Ising model on bounded degree graphs. Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 2018. 31 H. Peters and G. Regts. On a conjecture of sokal concerning roots of the independence polynomial. Michigan Mathematical Journal, 68(1):33–55, 2019. 32 R. B. Potts. Some generalized order-disorder transformations. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 48:106–109, 1952. 33 J. S. Provan and M. O. Ball. The complexity of counting cuts and of computing the probability that a graph is connected. SIAM Journal on Computing, 12(4):777–788, 1983. 34 A. D. Sokal. The multivariate Tutte polynomial (alias Potts model) for graphs and matroids. In Surveys in combinatorics 2005, volume 327 of London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., pages 173–226. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2005. 35 M. B. Thistlethwaite. A spanning tree expansion of the Jones polynomial. Topology, 26(3):297–309, 1987. 36 D. Vertigan. The computational complexity of Tutte invariants for planar graphs. SIAM Journal on Computing, 35(3):690–712, 2005. 37 D. J. A. Welsh. Complexity: knots, colourings and counting, volume 186 of London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993. 38 C.-N. Yang and T.-D. Lee. Statistical theory of equations of state and phase transitions. I. theory of condensation. Physical Review, 87(3):404, 1952.
1981 WORLD MARKETS Fuel for growth in a stalled economy SIGNATURE ANALYSIS: A NEW AND EFFECTIVE METHOD OF TESTING MICROPROCESSOR-BASED BOARDS AT SPEED If you're producing microprocessor-based products, you've probably found that board level testing is no trivial problem. That's because the complexity of the microprocessor (MPU) has introduced a number of new testing problems, especially when the boards must be tested at operating speeds. What are the new testing problems? At-speed testing of dynamic devices creates five major problems: 1) Synchronizing most test systems with the MPU's fast on-board clock isn't possible; 2) The MPU's bi-directional bus makes fault isolation difficult; 3) Existing test systems often aren't fast enough to test today's dynamic memory devices thoroughly; 4) Most test systems cannot exercise the MPU's software — a must, and 5) Functional test development costs are increasing with device complexity. To solve these problems, Hewlett-Packard created new testing techniques. How HP developed Signature Analysis. In 1977, as a means of reducing field service costs, HP developed a new method of testing dynamic devices. Called Signature Analysis (S/A) it is a data compression technique that reduces a complex data stream to a series of unique four-digit hexadecimal signatures. Under test, the signature of each circuit node is compared to a stored value, making it easy to locate faulty nodes. Solving the five major problems. Signature Analysis has made MPU board testing manageable by solving the testing problems outlined above. First, S/A can be synchronized with the MPU's on-board clock at rates up to 10 MHz. Second, interacting with the board under test, S/A can verify the data stream from a specific device on bi-directional buses. Third, the S/A technique is fast. It can locate speed-related faults in dynamic devices. Fourth, with S/A, the board under test is stimulated with a software test routine executed by the on-board MPU. With HP's 3060A, the test system can now supply this test routine to the MPU. No longer must S/A be designed into the board — unless you also plan to use S/A for field service testing. Finally, S/A's stored go/no-go response approach is a cost-effective method for the testing of LSI devices. You can put this new tool to work for you now. Signature Analysis is part of the High Speed Digital Functional Test option to the proven HP 3060A Board Test System. This option is priced at $12,000* and can be added to 3060A's currently in service. The technique is complemented by the 3060A's programmable drivers, in-circuit program generator, and bed-of-nails visibility for automatic backtracing. Note, in the flow chart above, how the 3060A with this option provides flexibility in the selection of dynamic stimulus for board test applications. For additional information. To receive complete details on the HP 3060A Board Test System and the High Speed Digital Functional Test option, write: Hewlett-Packard, 1507 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304. Or call the HP regional office nearest you: East (201) 264-5000, West (213) 970-7500, Midwest (312) 255-9800, South (404) 955-1500, Canada (416) 678-9430. * Domestic U.S.A. price only. SURPRISE! HP Starts a New Family of Digital Bar Code Wands. Anyone now using a keyboard or push buttons for data entry could benefit from using bar codes. Depending on the number of characters being entered, bar code scanning has been shown to be from two to four times faster than key entry. HP's new family of Digital Bar Code Wands can scan black-and-white bar codes and convert the codes to microprocessor-recognizable digital output. HP's first Wand, the HEDS-3000, is ideally suited for portable systems where its push-to-read switch conserves power. The new HEDS-3050 eliminates the switch and adds an internal shield for AC powered applications. Both Wands are housed in a rugged, human-engineered molded plastic case with attached cord and connector. Of interest to OEM's, both the HEDS-3000 and HEDS-3050 are available with several options including custom colors and customer specified logos. In quantities of 1-99, the push-button HEDS-3000 is only $99.50* and the shielded HEDS-3050, $110* each. For more information or immediate off-the-shelf delivery, contact your nearest HP components authorized distributor. In the U.S., contact Hall-Mark, Hamilton/Avnet, Pioneer Standard, Schweber, Wilshire or the Wyle Distribution Group (Liberty/Elmar). In Canada, call Hamilton/Avnet or Zentronics, Ltd. U.S. domestic price only. The most capable universal counter HP has ever offered. Add it up—we think you'll find that HP's 5335A has universal counter capabilities you can't get anywhere else at any price. First, it gives you superb resolution in frequency and time interval measurements. Then, at the touch of a few keys, it will automatically measure phase, slew rate, duty cycle, rise/fall times, or do statistics. Built-in calculations and Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus operation are standard, too. And surprise, it costs just $2950. Naturally, the HP 5335A gives you all the frequency, time interval and totalizing measurements you usually get in a universal counter. But this counter goes on to give you remarkable performance and operating features. For example, its automatic interpolators and reciprocal-taking frequency measurement technique give you a constant frequency resolution of 9 digits per second up to 200 MHz (or even to 1.3 GHz optionally), and a time interval resolution of 2 ns for single shot events. You get four modes of triggering. Included is a new auto preset trigger mode that tracks variations in dc offsets. So, when offsets vary, there's no need to fiddle with trigger controls or to reprogram them in automatic systems use. And digital readout of trigger level and gate time is standard. There's more. Six modes of arming give you outstanding versatility when measuring frequency bursts, profiles or similar dynamic parameters. The display can be smoothed by weighted-averaging for a stable readout. The built-in calculator lets you apply math (+, -, ×, ÷) to any measurement. RFI and EMC are excellent. Options include a built-in-integrating, floating DVM for $275* and a 1.3 GHz, 10mv sensitivity, C channel for $450. The new 5335A is truly a remarkable instrument at a remarkable price. Get the full story from your nearest HP sales office today or write, Hewlett-Packard, 1507 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304. Domestic U.S. prices only. 121 1981 World Markets Forecast U.S. markets, 122; Europe's markets, 134; Japan's markets, 139 U.S. consumption charts, 130; Europe and Japan consumption charts, 143 146 Technical Articles COMMUNICATIONS Protecting optical data links from electromagnetic interference, 146 COMPONENTS Current protectors take on surges without resetting or replacement, 159 SOLID STATE C-MOS uncommitted logic arrays are part-digital, part-analog, 163 COMPUTERS Applying CAD to gate arrays speeds 32-bit minicomputer design, 167 DESIGNER'S CASEBOOK: 154 ENGINEER'S NOTEBOOK: 174 39 Electronics Review MICROSYSTEMS: Ada computer on 5 boards set, 39 PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT: Redesign drops cost of minifloppy-disk drive to $85, 40 COMMUNICATIONS: Lightwave radios coming closer, 40 SOLID STATE: Gate array tribe gets another family, 41 CONSUMER: Computers, chips bow at Las Vegas, 42 BUSINESS SYSTEMS: Phone directory takes typed inputs, 44 PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT: 3.5-in. floppy disk raises density levels, 44 BUSINESS SYSTEMS: Sony heads for the office, 46 MICROWAVES: TWT raises power tenfold, 46 PACKAGING: Sandwich design of pc board promotes direct soldering of leadless chip carriers, 48 BUSINESS SYSTEMS: POS unit has bubble memory, 48 NEWS BRIEFS: 53 65 Electronics International WEST GERMANY: Analog signals pass TV programs over optical net, 81 JAPAN: Smaller, simpler GaAs logic could serve computers as well as communications, 81 DENMARK: Truck computer bills customers on the spot for deliveries, 82 FRANCE: Three firms dedicate chip sets to Antiope, 84 NEW PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL: 6E 97 Probing the News COMPANIES: Zilog, at six, hews to master plan, 97 CONSUMER: Digital audio players push to market, 102 COMMUNICATIONS: Sarsat to speed rescues, 110 187 New Products IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Test system for VLSI chips has highly modular design, 187 Fast 16-K static RAM tolerates faults, 196 Color graphics system handles large data base, 206 Hand-held in-circuit logic tester identifies unmarked integrated circuits, 217 COMPUTERS & PERIPHERALS: Roundup: Dot-matrix printers under $1,000 gain features, 224 SEMICONDUCTORS: Fast C-MOS gate arrays interface with TTL and MOS, 240 INSTRUMENTS: Analyzer stores spectrum data, 256 DATA ACQUISITION: Modules spawn line of STD-bus analog-input cards, 266 PACKAGING & PRODUCTION: System generates tests for large boards quickly, 276 MICROCOMPUTERS & SYSTEMS: Two-processor, two-board set eases move to Pascal, Ada, 290 SOFTWARE: ISO Pascal puts out 8080 code, 302 MATERIALS: 311 Departments Highlights, 4 Publisher's letter, 6 Readers' comments, 8 News update, 12 People, 14 Editorial, 24 Meetings, 26 Electronics newsletter, 33 Washington newsletter, 59 Washington commentary, 60 International newsletter, 67 Engineer's newsletter, 178 New literature, 319 Products newsletter, 327 Career outlook, 332 Services Reader service card, 21E Employment opportunities, 333 Cover: World markets persist in growing despite fears, 121 Whatever their country of origin, the electronics markets continue to expand faster than the general economy. However, doubts about how long the industries can resist the mounting recession loomed large as 1980 ended. For the U.S. in particular, confusion about the New Year reigns, though the overall outlook is positive (p. 122). An adequate but not thrilling gain is expected for Japan (p. 139). For Europe, the predictions are even less promising (p. 134). The cover was designed by Art Director Fred Sklenar, constructed by Ann Dalton, and photographed by Joe Ruskin. Japanese and Europeans nearing consensus on digital audio, 102 American stereo makers seem uninterested, but the Europeans and Japanese are preparing for a meeting on digital audio disk systems that is likely to recommend adoption of the Philips-Sony approach. To be held in Tokyo next month, the meeting has no formal power, but most companies are expected to go along with its recommendation in order to avoid the marketing burden of incompatible systems. How to minimize emi in an optical data link, 146 Despite the immunity of optical fiber to electromagnetic interference, an optical data link may still be susceptible to man-made noise. The cure is at hand in careful receiver design, based on both classic radio concepts and techniques unique to fiber optics. Conductive polymer creates unique current protector, 159 The best features of thermistors, slow-blow fuses, and circuit breakers are united in conductive polymer switches. The devices work on the thermistor principle but can handle much higher currents and, like circuit breakers, can be reset. Uncommitted logic arrays embrace analog elements, 163 Automated interconnection is a prime attraction of a new series of bipolar and complementary-MOS ULAs that aims at expanding the range of applications of these devices. Two C-MOS versions, in fact, contain areas dedicated solely to the needs of analog circuitry. And in the next issue . . . Restructuring a microprocessor from the substrate up . . . automating a wafer-production line . . . how sign-magnitude encoding simplifies multi-channel data conversion . . . a low-power n-channel MOS static random-access memory . . . an automated test network that can keep up with a changing test floor technology. Available from stock... HI-REL MIXERS with a 3-year guarantee! $8.95 SRA-1 Five years ago, Mini-Circuits offered a two-year guarantee for its industry-standard SRA-1 hermetically sealed Double-Balanced Mixer... now used worldwide for a variety of military and industrial applications. The two-year guarantee was made possible by the use of an accelerated-life screening test for diodes generally reserved only for space applications. The HTRB-screened Schottky diodes are subjected to a one-volt negative bias at 150°C for 168 hours, a stress designed to accelerate ageing and force time-related failures—thus screening out potentially unreliable diodes. Mini-Circuits is proud to offer a three-year guarantee for the SRA-1 achieved by further stressing and testing the assembled unit. Each completed SRA-1 experiences: 1. Burn-in for 96 hours at 100°C with 8 mA at 1 KHz. 2. Thermal shock, 3. Gross and fine leak tests (per MIL-STD 202). And the three-year guarantee SRA-1 is still only $8.95! Of course, the additional testing adds to our cost, but our continuing commitment is to offer performance and reliability unmatched for off-the-shelf Double-Balanced Mixers. So, for space or rugged industrial applications, ensure highest system reliability by specifying SRA-1 mixers, the only Doubled-Balanced Mixers with a three-year guarantee... from Mini-Circuits where low price goes hand in hand with unmatched quality. Model SRA-1 \| Freq. range (MHz) \| Typ. \| Max. \| \|------------------\|------\|------\| \| LO \| 0.5-500 \| \| \| RF \| 0.5-500 \| \| \| IF \| DC-500 \| \| \| Conversion loss (dB) \| Typ. \| Max. \| \|----------------------\|------\|------\| \| 1-250 MHz \| 5.5 \| 7.0 \| \| 0.5-500 MHz \| 6.5 \| 8.5 \| \| Isolation (dB) \| Typ. \| Max. \| \|----------------------\|------\|------\| \| 0.5-5 MHz \| LO-RF \| 45 \| \| \| LO-IF \| 35 \| \| 5-250 MHz \| LO-RF \| 45 \| \| \| LO-IF \| 30 \| \| 250-500 MHz \| LO-RF \| 35 \| \| \| LO-IF \| 30 \| Min. Electronic Attenuation (20 mA) 3 dB Typ. Signal. 1 dB Compression Level +1 dBm Impedance All Ports, 50 Ohms LO Power +7 dBm World's largest manufacturer of Double-Balanced Mixers Mini-Circuits 2625 East 14th Street Brooklyn, New York 11235 (212) 769-0200 Domestic and International Telex 125460 International Telex 620156 Circle 5 on reader service card The annual effort of forecasting the electronics markets for the United States, Western Europe, and Japan requires several months of preparation culminating in the exacting work of crunching all the numbers into final form. It starts with the preparation of the forms to be mailed to manufacturers. For the U.S. survey, questionnaires covering some 475 separate product categories go out to over 1,500 firms representing the various market sectors. Similar but shorter questionnaires are sent to companies in 11 European countries and to firms in Japan. When the returns are in, the McGraw-Hill Publications Co.'s Economics department prepares sheets breaking down responses for each category and then reviews the estimates with our department editors. The editors also call upon outside market analysts and company researchers for additional expert opinion. This year, as an added measure, the news bureaus around the country contacted a score of industry observers to get a final fix on the rapidly changing U.S. market. The result of all this effort is in the forecast starting on page 121. This year we had an additional assist in the form of an Apple II computer. Set up and run by technical managing editor Ray Capece, the machine proved invaluable in handling the complex tables required for the three markets. "We used canned software," Ray reports. "Apple Post took care of the mailing list, and VisiCalc, a balance sheet program, was perfect for the tables. The computer allowed us to run totals quickly and to make changes without having to recalculate rows and rows of figures. We also got annual percentage changes." But Ray learned in a small way the lessons that many computer users experience. "We pushed the software to its limits and soon felt the need for more horsepower," Ray explains. "Once the entries get into the thousands, the central processing unit begins to show signs of strain—as does the operator." Despite the headaches, the computer was a great help and has now become a necessary part of the market forecast. Our machines, which include the Apple with 48-K bytes of random-access memory, a cathode-ray-tube display, dual minifloppy-disk store, and a Centronics 779 printer, have already been put to work on other office chores. Now we are wondering how we ever got along without them. As part of the survey that appears in this issue, we are also putting together the Electronics 1981 World Markets Forecast Data Book. Available March 2, this book will contain far more detail than could be included in the published report. Besides a reprint of the 24-page forecast, it will describe the forecasting methodology and how the figures were collected. It will also include a range of estimates for each product item in the U.S. report, plus compound annual growth rates covering the six years from 1979 to 1984. In addition, the book will have an analysis of the 1981 U.S. forecast, coupled with an economic outlook prepared by the McGraw-Hill Economics department. Finally, the figures will be completely broken down for each of the 11 European countries surveyed, covering consumption of equipment and components for the three years 1979–81. These tables, which were used to prepare the summary contained in the published report, will have greater resolution of the numbers in many of the product categories. The 11 countries are Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and West Germany. The 1981 forecast data book costs $125 and may be obtained from Electronics Magazine Books, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. Payment must accompany the order. Catch the Bus for Completely Automatic Distortion Measurement Designers and ATE people requested it — a NEW distortion analyzer with IEEE-488 bus compatibility. Now Krohn-Hite responds with the first totally automatic instrument for measuring low distortion, voltage, and frequency. Here's What "Completely Automatic" Means. The 6880 self-tunes to the frequency of an external signal over the entire range of 1 Hz to 110 kHz, so manual frequency tuning is unnecessary. Distortion, AC voltage, and frequency measurements can be made with input levels from 0.1 – 130 V RMS. And by eliminating operator functions, the 6880 cuts time and costs. The 6880 is Versatile. It measures total harmonic distortion in percent or dB down to -90 dB (0.003%), with 0.1 dB resolution for any input level. As an AC voltmeter, the 6880 measures RMS volts or deviation in percent or dB. As a frequency counter, it displays the fundamental input frequency from 1.000 Hz to 999 kHz. Built-in features include switch-selectable high and low pass filters, distortion output, analog output, and ultra-low distortion 1 kHz (0.003%) sinewave output. Catch the IEEE-488 bus compatible, completely automatic 6880 distortion analyzer today at Krohn-Hite. Make Krohn-Hite your stop for a family of bus compatible instruments. Call for further information and look up our complete product listings in EEM and Gold Book. KROHN-HITE CORPORATION Avon Industrial Park, Avon, MA 02322 (617) 580-1660 TWX 710 345 0831 Krohn-Hite...Benchmark of Quality in Programmable Instruments OVERSEAS SALES OFFICE: ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT, Cairo, E PI. Co., ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires, COASIN S/A, AUSTRIA, Wien, UNIVERSAL ELECTRONIK IMPORT AUSTRALIA, Chatswood, South Melbourne, Fortitude Valley Q, Auburn, Kidman Park, Clovedale, WARBURTON FRANKI, LTD; BELGIUM, Brussels, C. N. ROOD s.a., DENMARK, Nanrum, SC METRIC AS; ENGLAND, Reading Berks, KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, LTD.; FINLAND, Helsinki, INTO/OY, FRANCE, Buc, M.B. ELECTRONIQUE, MUNICH, KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, GMBH; HOLLAND, Rijswijk, C.N. ROOD, b.v.; ISRAEL, Tel-Aviv, ARITMORE ENGINEERING CO., LTD; ITALY, Milan, Rome VIANELLO'S S.P.A., JAPAN, Tokyo, CHISHO CORP.; NEW ZEALAND, Lower Hutt, WARBURTON FRANKI LTD; NORWAY, Asker, TELEINSTRUMENT AB; PORTUGAL, Lisbon, Portugal, S.A.; SINGAPORE, Singapore, O'CONNOR'S (PTE), LTD; SOUTH AFRICA, Bramley, PROTEA P.N.I. (PTY), LTD; SPAIN, Barcelona, C.R. MARES, S.A.; SWEDEN, Vallingby, TELEINSTRUMENT AB; SWITZERLAND, Urdorf Zurich, MC GEX ELECTRONIC AG Circle 162 on reader service card More gate array activity To the Editor: Some misconceptions may have been created in "Gate Arrays—A Special Report" [Sept. 25, p. 145] with respect to Signetics' semicustom logic programs. These efforts include gate arrays and composite cell logic. Our customers have been using CCL since 1975 to fabricate circuits with TTL performance levels up to 800 gates. Our first gate array, the 2,000-gate I'L (integrated-injection-logic) 8A2000, was introduced in 1977. It is still in production and we are supplying custom gate arrays as well as codes to major customers. Also, the chart comparing gate speed and array complexity [p. 146], though informative, employs a worst-case delay of 6 nanoseconds for the Signetics 1,200-gate 8A1200 while using typical or even best-case values for the other arrays. In fact, the present typical delay for the 8A1200 is 3.5 ns, and we have demonstrated typical delays of 2 ns and worst-case delays of 4 ns, which will be specified on 1981 products. The author's description of ISL (integrated Schottky logic) implies that we simply add Schottky-barrier diodes to the outputs of I'L gates. But ISL is dramatically different from I'L since it involves a right-side-up vertical npn and two pnp transistors—one vertical and one lateral—merged so that the pnp devices clamp the npn out of saturation. This gives the 3.5-ns performance, with standard Schottky processing and power levels one tenth those of 74LS (low-power Schottky). Also, the emphasis on oxide-isolated complementary-MOS may be misplaced. All indications are that many major semiconductor manufacturers are pursuing bipolar technology for their primary gate array activities. Regarding computer-aided design, we offer a simulation program called Sigsim that customers can access via telephone in their own plants. Sigsim checks for testability and performs fault grading. Another simulator can analyze an entire system. Our CAD library also includes the following programs: - Gaspar (gate-array symbolic placement and routing) allows symbolic digitizing of a hand-generated Mylar representation of an application. It also performs a design rule check to identify layout errors unique to semicustom approaches. - Latch (layout and topology check) ensures that the Calma mask-data base created using Gaspar is identical to the logic diagram used for simulation. - Sengen (Sentry generation) creates a Sentry test program using the simulation exercise results. This software is in use now, and our automatic place-and-route program will be available by mid-1981. Signetics' data base allows the customer with an interactive graphics capability to generate and submit a data base compatible with the Calma system, as an alternative to laying out the design option manually on a Mylar coding sheet. Further, though the performance of C-MOS is progressing, arrays built with this technology still cannot compete in applications requiring TTL speed. So I suggest that the task of replacing TTL is best shouldered by bipolar semicustom products. Jim Fahey Signetics Bipolar LSI Division Sunnyvale, Calif. Official approval To the Editor: The Technology Update on memories [Oct. 25, p. 124] seemed to indicate that Intel's 28-pin family of ultraviolet-light-erasable programmable read-only memories was the only one officially approved by the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council. The 24-pin family made by Motorola, Texas Instruments, and others, however, is also officially Jedec-approved. Specifically, Motorola's 64-K E-PROM in a 24-pin package and Intel's 28-pin family were officially approved at the same meeting, on Oct. 7, 1980. This was to give users the choice of a 24-pin part compatible with today's industry-standard ROMs or a 28-pin device for future expansion designs. Also, Motorola has been testing the MCM2801 E-PROM since early summer. This device, though low in density, was the first announced n-channel floating-silicon-gate EE-PROM with a thin (tunnel) oxide. The new series of EE-PROMs planned by Motorola that was mentioned in the story will begin with a 2-K-by-8-bit part similar to Intel's 2816. David C. Ford Motorola Inc. Austin, Texas Real rewards for innovation To the Editor: I couldn't agree more with your editorial comment on U.S. annual technology prizes [Nov. 20, p. 24]. If a significant cash prize were included with the honor—10 prizes, for instance, in differing areas, of $25,000 each—it would be the most visible, most highly "leveraged" quarter million dollars the Government could spend in this century! Look at the amazing accomplishments prompted by the Kremmer prize for man-powered flight. If only 10% (I'll guess 50,000 people) of our technical work force—inspired by these prizes and the chance of achieving something beyond the traditional $100 reward for an issued patent—put in as little as 1 hour a week extra, that would add up to an incredible 2.5 million man-hours of effort. Individual engineers or inventors would win and industry would win, with a revitalizing effect on the country. How about naming the prizes after William P. Lear, who made exactly the kind of practical contributions the awards are intended to stimulate. Not only did Bill Lear make advances in the electronics, aircraft, and automotive fields, but also he is the only major corporate officer I ever knew to personally answer letters about ideas from little-known individuals or companies. Peter Lefferts Santa Clara, Calif. Corrections In the Designer's Casebook, "Low-cost timers govern switched-mode regulator" (Dec. 18, p. 97), D₁ should be a high-current diode, such as the MR830, and not the 1N914 shown. Interested in higher performance software? The Mark Williams Company announces COHERENT™, a state of the art, third generation operating system. COHERENT is a totally independent development of The Mark Williams Company. COHERENT contains a number of software innovations not available elsewhere, while maintaining compatibility with UNIX. The primary goal of COHERENT is to provide a friendly environment for program development. The intent is to provide the user with a wide range of software building blocks from which he can select programs and utilities to solve his problems in the most straightforward manner. COHERENT and all of its associated software are written totally in the high-level programming language C. Using C as the primary implementation language yields a high degree of reliability, portability, and ease of modification with no noticeable performance penalty. Features COHERENT provides C language source compatibility with programs written to run under Seventh Edition UNIX, enabling the large base of software written to run under UNIX (from numerous sources) to be available to the COHERENT user. The system design is based on a number of fundamental concepts. Central to this design is the unified structure of i/o with respect to ordinary files, external devices, and interprocess communication (pipes). At the same time, a great deal of attention has been paid to system performance so that the machine's resources are used in the most efficient way. The major features of COHERENT include: - multiuser and multi-tasking facilities, - running processes in foreground and background, - compatible mechanisms for file, device, and interprocess i/o facilities, - the shell command interpreter—modifiable for particular applications, - distributed file system with tree-structured, hierarchical design, - pipes and multiplexed channels for interprocess communication, - asynchronous software interrupts, - generalized segmentation (shared data, writeable instruction spaces), - ability to lock processes in memory for real-time applications, - fast swapping with swap storage cache, - minimal interrupt lockout time for real-time applications. - reliable power failure recovery facilities, - fast disc accesses through disc buffer cache, - loadable device drivers, - process timing, profiling and debugging trace features. Software Tools In addition to the standard commands for manipulating processes, files, and the like, in its initial release COHERENT will include the following major software components: SHELL, the command interpreter; STDIO, a portable, standard I/O library plus run-time support routines; AS, an assembler for the host machine; CROSS, a number of cross-assemblers for other machines with compatible object format with 'AS' above; DB, a symbolic debugger for C, Pascal, Fortran, and assembler; ED, a context-oriented text editor with regular expression patterns; SED, a stream editor (used in filters) fashioned after 'ED'; GREP, a pattern matching filter; AWK, a pattern scanning and processing language; LEX, a lexical analyzer generator; YACC, an advanced parser generator language; NROFF, an Nroff-compatible text formatter; LEARN, computer-aided instruction about computers; DC, a desk calculator; QUOTA, a package of accounting programs to control filespace and processor use; and MAIL, an electronic personal message system. Of course, COHERENT will have an ever-expanding number of programming and language tools and basic commands in future releases. Language Support The realm of language support is one of the major strengths of COHERENT. The following language processors will be supported initially: - C* - a portable compiler for the language C, including stricter type enforcement in the manner of LINT. - FORTRAN - portable compiler supporting the full ANSI Fortran 77 standard. - PASCAL - portable implementation of the complete ISO standard Pascal. - XYBASIC™ - a state-of-the-art Basic compiler with the interactive features of an interpreter. The unified design philosophy underlying the implementation of these languages has contributed significantly to the ease of their portability. In particular, the existence of a generalized code generator is such that with a minimal effort (about one man-month) all of the above language processors can be made to run on a new machine. The net result is that the compilers running under COHERENT produce extremely tight code very closely rivaling that produced by an experienced assembler programmer. Finally, the unified coder and conformable calling sequences permit the intermixture of these languages in a single program. Operating System In part because of the language portability discussed above, and in part because of a substantial effort in achieving a greater degree of machine-independence in the design and implementation of the COHERENT operating system, only a small effort need be invested to port the whole system to a new machine. Because of this, an investment in COHERENT software is not tied to a single processor. Applications can move with the entire system to a new processor with about two man months of effort. The initial version of COHERENT is available for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 computers with memory-mapping, such as the PDP 11/34. Machines which will be supported in the coming months are the Intel 8086, Zilog Z8000, and Motorola 68000. Machines for which ports are being considered are the DEC VAX 11/780 and the IBM 370, among others. Because COHERENT has been developed independently, the pricing is exceptionally attractive. Of course COHERENT is completely supported by its developer. To get more information about COHERENT contact us today. Mark Williams Company 1430 W. Wrightwood Ave., Chicago, IL 60614 TEL: 312-472-6659 TWX: 910-221-1182 UNIX is a trademark of Bell Labs The Signetics 2Kx4 PROM was fast in its day. But now there’s a 27S185 that leaves it in the dust. Announcing the world’s fastest 2Kx4 PROM. Our new Am27S185A has a max commercial* access time of SEE YOU LATER, SIGNETICS. 35 nsec. Guaranteed. That's about 3 times faster than the original. Even our standard 27S185 is twice as fast as the original. What's our secret? IMOX II™ IMOX II is Advanced Micro Devices' very advanced selective oxidation process. It lets us make faster PROMs by increasing density and decreasing capacitance. With IMOX II on your side, you'll be as far ahead of your competitors as we are. Look out, World! Advanced Micro Devices is out to make the fastest, the most reliable, the most stable family of PROMs in the world. IMOX II is going to help. So is platinum silicide. (That's what we use in our fuses instead of nichrome.) Not one of our fuses has failed in over six billion hours of testing. Not one. There isn't anybody anywhere who can offer you that kind of reliability. What about military performance? Our PROMs are designed with fully voltage compensated and temperature compensated bias networks. The result: Incredible stability over the entire military supply and temperature ranges. Of course, we give you MIL-STD-883 for free. Always have, and always will. If you want to know where PROMs are going, come on over to Advanced Micro Devices. Advanced Micro Devices 901 Thompson Place, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 · (408) 732-2400 Right, From The Start. CTS DIP Switch performance is "based on Plenco" 206 Series CTS DIP Switches are used to conveniently program circuits in a wide variety of electronic equipment. They range from consumer products such as garage-door openers and video games to more sophisticated telecommunications, data processing and instrumentation applications. CTS Keene, Inc., Paso Robles, Calif., manufactures these versatile switches, using our Plenco 597 phenolic molding compound for the switch's molded base. The base plays a key role in switch performance; it must provide rigid anchoring for the contacts and terminals. "Your 597 thermoset," reports CTS, "was chosen for its strength, insulation properties, dimensional accuracy and ability to withstand the high temperatures involved in soldering." To switch in Plenco selection, experience and service on your own particular molding application, simply dial (414) 458-2121. News update - An X-ray scanning system that produces three-dimensional, moving pictures of bodily organs will get its first tryout on humans this year. Encouraged by the system's resolution and performance in tests on animals, researchers at the Mayo Clinic Biodynamics Research unit in Rochester, Minn., are under way on a test that would scan approximately 50 persons during 1981, according to a Mayo source. The scanning system, called a dynamic spatial reconstructor [Electronics, Oct. 12, 1978, p. 40], operates somewhat like computerized axial tomography but produces 3-d pictures rather than CAT scanners' two-dimensional images. Using multiple X-ray tubes, the DSR performs up to 60 scan sequences per second and generates images of as many as 240 1-millimeter-thick slices of a cylindrical volume 30 centimeters in diameter and 30 cm long. Many views. The machine costs $3 million and weighs 17 tons. It produces 75,000 cross-sectional views of a body in the same time a CAT scanner needs to produce one. The system's two computers (a Modcomp Classic and a Control Data Corp. Cyber 170) digitize this mass of data, assigning it coordinates within the volume of tissue being scanned. They then can manipulate the information to reconstruct images with 3-d perspective on a television screen. The images may show internal organs from any desired angle, in part or in whole, in motion or in stop-action format. They can be rolled, rotated, tipped, or enlarged on screen. Mayo researchers are working on a display system that will use a variable-focus membrane mirror to produce true 3-d images, says Earl H. Wood, Mayo project director. Still at least a year away, the system would let researchers walk around the images and examine and even "dissect" them electronically, he adds. "We should be able to do everything a surgeon does in an autopsy, only do it noninvasively, repeatedly, and on living bodies," Wood predicts. -Linda Lowe JUST PLUG IT IN... AND READ! Cherry dependability... in an alphanumeric display that’s readable in sunlight, any light ... and installs in seconds Excellent brightness, full half-inch characters, 7-bit ASCII input and simple plug-in installation make the Cherry gas discharge display the right choice for you. Surprising versatility in a small package—adjustable brightness, flashing display and blank panel modes, fully addressable cursor, custom designs, too. Call or write today for complete technical literature or a full demonstration. Take a closer look: 2 simple plugs are the only hook-up required. Only one voltage (12VDC) required. Selectable baud rate with RS232C or TTY standard. 5 adjustable brightness levels. 16 or 20 characters long. CHERRY GAS DISCHARGE DISPLAYS CHERRY ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS CORP. 3608 Sunset Avenue, Waukegan, IL 60085—312/689-7700—TWX 910/235-1572 Our worldwide affiliates and phone numbers: Cherry Semiconductor Corp., East Greenwich, R.I., U.S.A., 401 463 6000 • Cherry Mikroschalter GmbH, Auerbach, Germany 09 845 181 • Cherry Electrical Products Ltd., Harpenden (Herts) England, (05827) 53100 • Cherry Brasil Industria E Comercio Ltda., Sao Paulo, Brazil, 011 248 4343 • Hirose Cherry Precision Co., Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan 044 933 3511 World Radio History Circle 13 on reader service card McAdams must ride herd on world electronics standards As the new president of the International Electrotechnical Commission, William A. McAdams must direct the thrust of international standardization for the production, transmission, and utilization of electrical energy. And in the 1980s that will increasingly include the standardization of parts, interfaces, and networks on a worldwide basis—not an easy task, as he readily agrees. McAdams comes to the presidency of Geneva-based IEC with sound credentials. He served as vice president of the commission's U.S. National Committee from 1960 through 1968 and then became its president through 1974. In industry, he has been responsible for the external standardization efforts of General Electric Co., most recently as manager for industry standards on the executive staff at corporate headquarters in Fairfield, Conn. McAdams, 62, retired last March and has continued as a consultant to GE since then. Holding a bachelor of science in physics and mathematics from Washington College, Chestertown, Md., McAdams has worked as a ballistics engineer for Du Pont, as a research physicist on the Manhattan District nuclear project in World War II, and as a research and engineering specialist in the field of radiation protection. Two areas McAdams intends to examine during his three-year tenure are those of telematics—two-way communication via television—and plug and socket standards. He notes that the first area will present some difficulties in that the International Standards Organization has been responsible for all computer and telecommunications work, but that all semiconductor companies are firmly attached to the IEC. "IBM has been satisfied with the ISO's work, and the computer and data-processing industries in the U.S. also have a voice on the ISO through CBE MA [the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association]," he points out. "It will be a difficult move to get them interested in the work the IEC is doing." The discussion on plug and socket standards has been going on for the past 10 years, McAdams notes, adding that "there are several different designs in place. A new standard might create more of a hazard than using the older ones." Farber attacks problem of computer availability "How would you like it if you were locked out of your office for a random two hours each day?" asks David J. Farber, a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of Delaware. One of the three principals in the software consulting firm of Caine, Farber & Gordon Inc. in Pasadena, Calif., and codesigner of the Snobal programming language, Farber finds that question relevant to the problem computer systems face in the office-of-the-future market. "Computer systems must be available and robust to an extent well beyond that considered adequate in today's computer marketplace," he says. "Though there are a few exceptions," Farber told the recent International Conference on Computer Communications in Atlanta, "the LSI 11/2® LSI 11/23® COMPONENT PRODUCTS WHY IS FIRST COMPUTER YOUR BEST SOURCE FOR DEC'S LSI-11/2 and LSI-11/23 MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS? FIRST COMPUTER IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST SPECIALIZED DISTRIBUTOR FOR LSI-11 and LSI-23 MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS. No—We don't sell capacitors or resistors! We only sell products manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation and other leading manufacturers which enhance the LSI-11/2 and LSI-11/23 Microcomputer Products. FIRST COMPUTER SAVES YOU VALUABLE TIME! Because of our large inventory we can provide you with off-the-shelf delivery on the complete line of Digital Equipment Corporation's factory fresh Microcomputer Products. We are just a phone call away, or if you prefer you can TWX us your order. With pre-approved credit we can ship anywhere in the United States or Canada within 24 hours. FREE TECHNICAL AND APPLICATION ASSISTANCE. Because we specialize in LSI-11/2 and LSI-11/23s we can provide you with technical assistance to help you determine the products which best meet your application requirements. We utilize these products every day in our Commercial, Laboratory, Array Processor, and Image Processing Systems. Our application experience can help you avoid costly mistakes. FULL MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY. When you purchase your LSI-11/2 and LSI-11/23 products from FIRST COMPUTER you receive the full manufacturer's Return to Factory warranty. All warranty claims will be handled by First Computer with courtesy & dispatch. FIRST COMPUTER stands behind each of the products we sell. WE ARE A RECOGNIZED LEADER IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF LSI-11/2 and LSI-11/23 PRODUCTS. No wonder so many people are turning to FIRST COMPUTER to provide them with their Microcomputer requirements. You owe it to yourself to investigate what FIRST COMPUTER can do for you! We stand ready to serve you. You can bank on us. TWX NUMBER 910-651-1916 First Computer Corporation Corporate Square / 825 North Cass Avenue / Westmont, Illinois 60559 / (312) 920-1050 World Radio History Circle 15 on reader service card Now RCA CMOS bursts into color. New video interface Microboard has all you need to design a custom terminal. For the first time; a CMOS Microboard with: - up to 128 user-programmable characters - 8 programmable colors, or black and white display - audio output for tones or white noise - parallel input port for keyboard - graphics and motion - NTSC and PAL versions. So you can: - program graphs, charts, messages - get any combination of sounds - add a keyboard for human interaction - use it with any RCA Microboard computer - use our optional programming design aid, the VIS interpreter (CDP 18S835). Plus, you get all the advantages of CMOS, making it ideal for industrial controls. For more information on the CDP18S661, contact any RCA Solid State sales office or appointed distributor. Or contact RCA Solid State headquarters in Somerville, N.J. Brussels, Belgium. Hong Kong. Sao Paulo, Brazil. Or call Microsystems Marketing toll-free (800) 526-3862. Another reason to switch to CMOS. Keep 'em up. Software expert David Farber says availability has to be built in. Commercial computer companies don't have the attitude that the communications vendors have toward higher accessibility." This availability has to be engineered into the hardware and software. Says Farber: "Very large-scale integration offers a solution to the problem. In hardware, it offers a path to such self-checking processors as Intel Corp.'s iAPX432, as well as multiprocessor architecture with built-in fail-soft capabilities that let the user buy into an appropriate level of software reliability." Farber sees the office-of-the-future concept as a natural blending of computer and communications technology, and he is no stranger to either. His consulting firm has developed software for some of Intel's communications chips and he had a hand in designing the Distributed Computer System. This was a pioneering local ring network oriented to distributed processing. "In the office-of-the-future industry, software speed is not as important as robustness and ease and safety of change." But, "most important," Farber concludes, "is a fundamental change in the attitude of vendors toward realizing that where computers are involved in assisting human-to-human communications, they must adopt the attitude of the communications companies toward the availability of the product." One of these creatures is extinct... the other should be! Both of these ancient animals are extinct... only one of them doesn't know it. And if you're still using a Carbon comp "resistaur" in your circuit design, there could be a big savings for you just by switching to Mepco/Electra's new SFR low cost, Metal Film Resistors. In addition to saving as much as 50% on resistor costs, you'll get a boost in circuit performance and add dollars to your bottom line at the same time! Meet the new SFR Resistor. Don't risk becoming an endangered species! Fill out the attached coupon. Mepco/Electra will send you all the information you need to convert your circuits from Carbon Comp "resistours" to state-of-the-art low cost SFR Metal Film Resistors. After all, nowadays everybody's bottom line can use some added dollars. For the lowest price and immediate delivery on your SFR Resistors, rely on Mepco/Electra, your resistor/capacitor company. For all your SFR Resistor needs call Don Freeman now at (817) 325-7871 or your local Mepco/Electra distributor. MEPCO/ELECTRA, INC. P.O. Box 760, Mineral Wells, TX 76067 (817) 325-7871 TWX 910/890/5855 Get a dinosaur of your very own! If you place an order for Mepco/Electra's new Low Cost Metal Film Resistors within 90 days of receiving our Carbon Comp to Metal Film Data Package - We'll send you a dinosaur of your very own so you won't have withdrawal symptoms caused by getting rid of your other "dinosaur." Name Phone Ext. Company Address City State Zip Application Estimated Annual Usage Your resistor/capacitor company with the technology of the 80's edge. Electronics / January 13, 1981 Set your sites on Intel’s new Introducing Intel’s 2764 EPROM. The only 28-pin JEDEC-approved EPROM in volume production today. If you survey the field, you’ll discover it’s been hard to find high density and high speed in an EPROM. Until Intel introduced its new 2764—the one that has both. Plus Intel’s complete family of EPROMs—including the 2764—allows you to get control of tomorrow’s memory costs today. The EPROM standard of tomorrow Like its predecessor, the 2732A, our new 2764 is fabricated by Intel’s proven fourth-generation EPROM technology, HMOSE. This technology allows us to shrink 2764 die sizes down dramatically, making this the smallest 64K EPROM chip in production. And HMOS-E makes possible the 2764’s standard access time of 250ns. Which means you now have an alternative when you need high speeds and high densities—in applications such as controller systems for automated milling machines, vector color graphics displays, and over-the-horizon terrain radar. In addition to high performance, the 2764 brings flexibility and cost control to your system designs. Like all of Intel’s EPROMs, the 64K EPROM. Now. 2764's pinout conforms to the 28-pin JEDEC standard for Byte-Wide memories from 16K to 256K bytes. So when you design with 28-pin sites now, you can choose the EPROM that meets your needs today. Then upgrade your memory performance or density later — without any jumpers or expensive engineering changes. Intel's universal EPROM solution The 2764 represents the latest addition to our complete EPROM family — the only one that offers you a universal EPROM solution that begins with our industry standard 2716 and 2732 EPROMs. With this solution, your EPROM cost-per-bit will continue to drop. That means that by mid-1982, high-speed, high-density EPROMs will cost no more per bit than the EPROMs you presently buy. That also means that when it's right for you to upgrade, you'll save valuable board space and get increased performance — at no cost penalty. Getting all of the EPROMs you need will be easier, too. We'll more than triple our production capability by the end of 1981. Plus, more than ten ROM and EPROM manufacturers have already committed to the JEDEC Byte-Wide memory pinout standard, further increasing your design choices. Our Byte-Wide memory family also includes the revolutionary 2816 E²PROM. It shares the identical pinout and 2K-byte data capacity as our 2716 EPROM. But the 2816's E² technology is the starting point for the next revolutionary step in non-volatile memories: in-system reprogrammability. Imagine the possibilities. Reconfigurable aircraft systems. Automatically adjusting machine tool controllers. Self-calibrating measurement equipment. Until the 2816, these designs have been impossible. Cost-Per-Bit Decline for Intel EPROMs Measuring the EPROM field Only Intel offers you an EPROM solution with the widest range of speeds, densities, and performance. We back up this choice with the proven reliability that comes from HMOS technology and ten years of EPROM manufacturing experience. Plus we offer field support and technical documentation that leads the industry all the way. For further information about Intel's EPROM family, including the new 2764 and 2816 E²PROM, contact your local Intel distributor or sales office. Ask for the "Intel EPROM Applications Manual." Or write directly to Intel Corporation, Literature Department, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051. Telephone (408) 987-8080. HMOS is a patented Intel process. Europe: intel International, Brussels, Belgium Japan: intel Japan, Tokyo United States and Canadian distributors: Alliance, Almac, Stroum, Arrow Electronics, Avnet Electronics, Component Specialties, Hamilton Avnet, Hamilton Electro Sales, Harvey Industrial Components, Pioneer, L A Varah, Wylie Distribution Group, Zentronics intel delivers solutions Circle 19 on reader service card More board testing. Zehntel announces three new advancements for the industry's most production-minded in-circuit tester. New! THE PRODUCER™ reduces programming time and costs. In a few days or even a few hours, you can generate complex test programs that might take weeks or months with other testers. An extensive test template library lets you produce an entire digital/analog test program by simply calling up test elements stored in memory. With CRT prompting in simple English, syntax correction, choice of formatting, and more, THE PRODUCER gets you into production testing faster. New! DATA DIRECTOR™ simplifies complex LSI testing. Now you can test microprocessors and other LSI devices by "talking" to them in the language they understand. By responding directly to LSI instruction codes, the DATA DIRECTOR simplifies programming and testing of the most complex LSI printed circuit boards. With the TROUBLESHOOTER 800™ and DATA DIRECTOR, in-circuit testing of LSI and hybrid boards becomes as cost-effective and efficient as analog testing. TEST COMPLETE... ATTACH DIAGNOSTIC PRINTOUT TO BOARD INSTALL NEXT BOARD TROUBLESHOOTER 800 Less test programming. New! THE VERIFIER™ ends costly program reworking. Take automatic program verification off your wish list . . . THE VERIFIER lets you fine-tune your test programs during the program generation phase by automating many tedious debugging tasks. You start production testing with a program that works under actual production conditions. Your testing is not delayed for reworking of the program. Like all TROUBLESHOOTER 800 features, THE VERIFIER helps keep your test production moving. Production-line-designed for fast board test throughput. The TROUBLESHOOTER 800 is designed for maximum efficiency on the production floor. The tabletop is clean and uncluttered. The keyboard tucks away inside. External controls are reduced to two buttons. The diagnostic printer is on the front, in easy reach but out of the way. There's nothing to hamper the smooth flow of production testing. With the TROUBLESHOOTER 800, you get today's most production-oriented design, combined with today's most sophisticated in-circuit test technology. For full details, send for our TROUBLESHOOTER 800 brochure, or call Plantronics/Zehntel, 2625 Shadelands Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, (415) 932-6900. Circle 21 on reader service card Visit us at the A.T.E. Seminar Exhibit Booth 502, 504, 506 Graphics on the powerful computers: a fast way Today's complex computation and design tasks call for some very sophisticated graphics tools to help you peer into the heart of a problem. At HP, we build most of these capabilities right into our Series 9800 desktop units. For example, our top-of-the-line Series 9800 System 45C includes a greatly enriched graphics language that lets you manipulate 4,913 shades of color with remarkable ease. A light pen, data tablet or high-performance digitizer give you flexible options for entering data. And 3-D rotations allow you to view objects on the CRT from any desired angle. HP Series 9800 desktop to focus on the facts. For monochromatic applications, the System 45B, as well as our new, low-cost HP 85, also provides advanced graphics software. And when you add an input peripheral and our four-color plotter, you've got a full-function graphics workstation—a completely integrated computing system that operates under your own personal control. Power you can get your hands on. To complement this graphics capability, our powerful IMAGE data base management package on the disc-based System 45 models lets you store, retrieve, sort, modify and analyze large amounts of technical data—quickly and efficiently. User-addressable memories up to 449K bytes give you plenty of room for complex manipulations. And hooking up to measuring instruments is a simple matter of choosing from among four protocols available: HP-IB, Bit-Parallel, BCD or RS-232-C. As friendly as ever. Even with major increases in power and graphics capabilities, HP desktop computers retain the easy-to-use features that have always been their hallmark. These include simplified programming in our HP Enhanced BASIC language (or optional assembly language on some models); built-in operating systems that let you start solving problems as soon as you turn the computer on; and reliable, low-maintenance operation. Plenty of room for growth. If your applications require a larger database, you can link your desktop computer to our powerful HP 1000 or HP 3000 computer systems (and to non-HP computers as well). Communication is easily managed—both async and bisync protocols are available—and, by combining the relative strengths of desktops with our larger computers, you get a remarkable degree of flexibility for processing scientific, engineering and managerial information. If you'd like to find out more about how HP Series 9800 desktop computers can help improve your engineering productivity, just contact your local HP sales office listed in the White Pages. Or write for more information to Hewlett-Packard, Attn: Pete Hamilton, Dept. 685, 3404 East Harmony Road, Fort Collins, CO 80525. Keeping an eye on the watchers The controversy roiling the waters over at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers goes much deeper than who should decide the outcome of a referendum on an amendment to the IEEE's constitution (p. 332). That dispute involves the election tellers' committee, the board of directors, outside legal counsel, and the general staff. All the fuss, however, is likely to obscure an even more important point. The amendment was proposed by the same group of people—the board of directors—that has now declared it passed. Moreover, the measure not only establishes the office of president-elect but also greatly enhances the directors' power over election timing and procedures [Electronics, Aug. 28, 1980, p. 24]. So now we have the spectacle of a body appointing itself the ultimate judge of whether its own proposals have or have not been accepted. In its haste to ratify the amendment, the board has managed merely to enlarge the group of skeptics and potential antiestablishmentarians among the institute's members. Surely a little more time spent deliberating the matter would have gone a long way to shore up the faith of the rest of the IEEE in its leadership. A third, and perhaps as important, issue concerns the recent confusion over how votes should be counted. Until now, there apparently was no hard and fast rule as to whether all votes—yes, no, and blank—count or whether only the yeses and noes should be tallied. There have been some close referendums the past few years, and it is interesting to contemplate how they may have been affected by the manner in which ballots were tabulated. It is unlikely that the IEEE board deliberately tried to slip its amendment past the membership by counting the votes in a particular way. It is more plausible to suppose we have witnessed yet another case of bad planning coupled with a lack of legal sophistication. But in any event, it might be time for the IEEE's members to ask quis custodiet ipsos custodes—who will guard the guards? 1981: more good than bad As the New Year started, the electronics industries were smitten with an attack of uncertainty. After gliding smoothly through the 1980 recession, the market was said to be showing signs of decline. The temptation is to think that a downturn like the one in 1975 is here. But that should be resisted. Remember that times have changed since then. Producers of electronic equipment are now in better shape to weather a dip than they were five years ago. With inventories low and backlogs built up, there is no reason to believe that they will not be able to absorb declining bookings. Also, all the portents are that any decline will be relatively short-lived, perhaps lasting only through the first half of 1981. In any event, even the most pessimistic prognosticators say that the worst will be over by April. And with venture capital plentiful once again after a long drought, the prospects for the long term are still better for electronics than for many other industries. Also, with companies less inclined to lay off personnel, they will be able to catch the uptrend. So the year ahead, while not all good, certainly does not shape up as one to be feared. In fact, with the pervasiveness of electronic technology spreading so rapidly, years to be feared might just be bad memories. Use the microprocessor you like. Some card manufacturers would have you believe you must use the Z80 microprocessor if you want the 'simple-to-design' STD BUS system. Not true. Pro-Log builds 8085, Z80 & 6800 CPU cards. Our STD 7000 CPU cards feature the three most popular microprocessors. But we don't force them on you. All our peripheral cards work with any 8-bit microprocessor you choose. And they're all totally unbundled, so you can buy one card or the whole system. Modular by function... pick what you need. We don't load our STD 7000 cards with extra functions either. That way you pay only for the functions your job requires. When you want to expand or change your system, just add or swap the 4.5 by 6.5-inch cards. What could be easier? We build them to our own high standards. Every part on every Pro-Log card is or soon will be a second-sourced industry standard. All components are 100% tested and burned-in. We're proud of our high quality and back it with a full one-year warranty. Get the facts. Send for our new 12-page STD 7000 Card brochure. Write or call Pro-Log Corporation, 2411 Garden Road, Monterey, CA 93940, phone 408-372-4593. PRO-LOG CORPORATION Circle 25 on reader service card Meetings 15th Annual Television Conference, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (862 Scarsdale Ave., Scarsdale, N.Y. 10583), St. Francis Hotel, San Francisco, Feb. 6–7. Los Angeles Technical Symposium, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Wash. 98225), Sheraton-Universal Hotel, North Hollywood, Calif., Feb. 9–13. 28th Industrial Relations Conference, EIA, Canyon Hotel, Palm Springs, Calif., Feb. 17–19. ISSCC—1981 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, IEEE, Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York, Feb. 18–20. Spring Compcon 81, IEEE Computer Society, Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, Feb. 23–26. Nepcon West '81, Industrial & Scientific Conference Management, Inc. (222 W. Adams St., Chicago, Ill. 60606), Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, Calif., Feb. 24–26. 1981 ACM Computer Science Conference and Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, Association for Computing Machinery (John W. Hamblen, Conference Chairman, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Mo., 65401) Stouffer's Riverfront Towers, St. Louis, Feb. 24–26 (conference) and 26–27 (symposium). Information Utilities '81, Online Inc. (11 Tannery Lane, Weston, Conn. 06883), New York Hilton, New York, March 2–4. Fifth International Conference on Software Engineering, IEEE et al., Town and Country Hotel, San Diego, Calif., March 9–12. Micro-Delcon '81—Fourth Annual Conference on Computer Technology, IEEE Computer Society, Delaware Bay Section, (H.P. Morneau, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Engineering Department, Louviers 3113, Wilmington, Del. 19898), John M. Clayton Hall, University of Delaware, Wilmington, March 10. Fourth Electromagnetic Compatibility Symposium and Technical Exhibition, Institute for Communications Technology (T. Dvorak, The Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland), Federal Institute of Technology, March 10–12. Semicon/Europa '81 and Second SEMI European Symposium on Materials and Processing, Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute Inc. (625 Ellis St., Suite 212, Mountain View, Calif. 94043), Züspa Convention Center, Zurich, Switzerland, March 10–12. Spring Conference, Sperry Univac Series 1100 Users, USE Inc. (Box 461, Bladensburg, Md. 20710), Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York, March 16–20. 14th Annual Simulation Symposium, IEEE et al., Holiday Inn Resort, Tampa, Fla., March 16–20. Third Annual Microelectronics Measurement Technology Seminar, Benwill Publishing Corp. (1050 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. 02215), San Jose Hyatt, San Jose, Calif., March 17–18. 1981 Office Automation Conference, American Federation of Information Processing Societies (P.O. Box 9659, 1815 N. Lynn St., Arlington, Va. 22209), Albert Thomas Convention Center, Houston, Texas, March 23–25. Fifth International Conference on Digital Satellite Communications, IEEE et al., Congress Building, International Fair of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, March 23–26. Digital Communications Techniques Seminar, IEEE and Princeton University Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., March 24. Until now, 16K density was strictly dynamic RAM territory. But not any more. Now you can get speed, static simplicity and all of the organizational benefits of x8 memories in one 16K static device. Introducing the Mostek MK4802: The first and only fast 16K static RAM with 8K volume production experience behind it. The distinction is significant because the proven circuit designs used to fabricate the MK4802 were first developed for our highly reliable MK4118. That's a measure of confidence you won't often find in a new generation memory. Organized 2K x 8, the MK4802 is also fully interchangeable with other BYTEWYDE™ RAM, ROM and EPROM memories from Mostek. And all of these wide-word memories have a JEDEC-approved pinout. Find out more about the new generation 16K static from the company that has generations of commitment to BYTEWYDE memories. Contact Mostek, 1215 W. Crosby Road, Carrollton, Texas 75006. (214) 323-6000. In Europe Mostek Brussels 660.69.24. Introducing the Intellec® Series III. The system for designers who want the technological heights. Only Intel offers both state-of-the-art microprocessors like the iAPX 86, iAPX 88 and 8051, plus development systems like our new Series III, that let you reach new highs in performance. To reach the top of the VLSI design world, it takes technologically advanced products. The iAPX 86, the industry's highest performance 16-bit microsystem. The iAPX 88, the industry's 8-bit price-performance champion. The 8051, the industry's most powerful single-chip microcontroller. And the industry's only development system that fully supports the newest technology: the Intellec® Series III. Get versatility and performance in one development system Series III is the only development system that supports design efforts varying from signal processors, through universal peripheral interfaces and 8-bit microprocessors, to powerful, 16-bit microsystems. And does it all at either the component or single-board-microcomputer level. That's because the Series III's dual processor (8085, 8086) architecture always provides the right level of functionality for any development project. Plus, the Series III's one megabyte address space and 7.5 megabyte hard disk capacity allow you to increase compilation throughput by a factor of 5—compared to previous Intellec systems—while accommodating unusually large, stand-alone development projects. Analysts expect smaller IBM systems Look for International Business Machines Corp. to join the personal computer competition with much smaller systems than it now has, aimed at a relatively unsophisticated customer. That was the consensus last week at a seminar, "Mass Marketing of the Small Computer," conducted by the New York Society of Security Analysts. The feeling there was that, although the small-computer market is dominated now by Apple and Radio Shack, Armonk, N. Y.-based IBM's recent efforts to market directly to the end user at its own retail stores like the one in Philadelphia foreshadow such a product thrust. The analysts also expect Japanese companies to become a big factor by the end of the year, competing heavily for an as yet untapped pool of consumer dollars. Many of those present agreed that independent service organizations and modular portable software will go a long way toward fueling the growth of Japanese companies' market share in the U. S. MIT researchers devise 3-d LED display system The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has unveiled a true three-dimensional display using a plate of light-emitting diodes mounted on a turntable and spinning around its vertical axis. David G. Jansson, a member of the staff of MIT's Cambridge, Mass., Innovation Center, says that the display could be used in medical, computer-aided design, radar, sonar, and other applications and that the institute is looking for licensees. The 2-by-2-in. prototype plate holds an array of 4,096 LEDs and spins 15 to 20 times per second (900 to 1,200 rpm), with 256 images displayed during each revolution. Persistence of vision, plus close LED spacing—32 to the inch—make for a fairly high-resolution display viewable in three dimensions from all angles except those perpendicular to its axis of rotation—that is, immediately above or below. The display is computer-driven via a capacitatively coupled data link having a bandwidth of nearly 63 Mb/s. Sevin resigns as head of Mostek L. J. Sevin has resigned as chairman and chief executive officer of Mostek Corp., the company he founded in 1969. His announcement surprised a meeting of the directors of United Technologies Corp., which acquired Mostek a year ago. The 50-year-old Sevin was unavailable for comment, but his company said that he is "examining personal opportunities, including some which would involve UTC." Meanwhile, Mostek president Charles V. Prothro, 38, assumes Sevin's duties at the Carrollton, Texas, semiconductor memory maker. VLSI Technology Inc., led by Synertek trio, ready to enter market Backed by $10 million in equity financing, VLSI Technology Inc. is moving from concept to reality. The investment makes it the largest semiconductor startup since Zilog Inc. in 1974. The firm, formed in 1979 in Los Gatos, Calif., plans to provide original-equipment manufacturers with tools and training to design their own systems on a chip, to design circuits for customers with no or overloaded in-house capabilities, and to produce products that can be customized, such as mask-programmable read-only memories and gate arrays in high-density MOS and complementary-MOS technologies. The management includes three cofounders of Synertek Inc.—president Jack Balletto and vice presidents Dan Floyd and Gunnar. Wetlesen—and chairman Q.T. Wiles, former group vice president and general manager of TRW Inc.'s Electronic Components divisions and currently chairman of Granger Associates. Selsyn Indicator aimed at steel To help computerize the aging U.S. steel industry, ILC Data Device Corp., Bohemia, N.Y., is offering an indicator linked to a selsyn that will provide a digital readout of positional information on steel rollers. It also has a direct digital computer interface. Replacing some analog meters in steel-monitoring systems, the SI-500 unit accepts inputs from a five-wire selsyn, converting this positional information into a digital signal using a 10-bit synchro-to-digital converter and an 8-bit microprocessor. Signetics to turn out two-chip CPU for Philips' minicomputer Working closely with its Signetics Corp. affiliate in Sunnyvale, Calif., NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken's Data Systems division expects to see first silicon next quarter on a proprietary 16-bit central processing unit that represents a large-scale integrated implementation of its popular P800 minicomputer series. Comprising two chips—an instruction execution unit and a memory management unit—fabricated in a dense n-MOS process with 3.5-μm minimum features, the CPU will support virtual memory management, dynamic code changes, and multiprocessor structures, as well as coprocessors for decimal and floating-point operations. Meanwhile, Signetics, which is making the chips for the Philips division in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands, is considering whether to offer the set commercially or to become an alternative source for certain members of Motorola's 68000 16-bit microprocessor family. Network Systems to broaden line Flush with an influx of funding from its initial public stock offering at the end of 1980, Network Systems Corp., Brooklyn Park, Minn., will be pushing to broaden its base in the burgeoning market for digital networking systems. Several pilot installations are planned during 1981 for Hyperbus, a local network system designed specifically with an eye toward linking fast display terminals, instrumentation equipment, and distributed minicomputers having speeds of up to 5 Mb/s and built by a variety of manufacturers. Also in the works is a satellite line adapter for the company's existing Hyperchannel network line, which currently employs coaxial cable using fixed burst rates of 50 Mb/s. Other products in development include a maintenance adapter for monitoring information flow within local networks and a shared bulk memory product, known as Hypercache, for use in Hyperchannel networks. Addenda The first incarnation of BBN Information Management Corp.'s InfoMail, the hardware-independent applications software package for electronic mail [Electronics, Nov. 6, 1980, p. 48] will run on Digital Equipment Corp.'s VAX operating system and sell for $30,000. The Cambridge, Mass., firm plans at least three more versions—two of them adapted to IBM systems—later this year. . . . Britain's BICC Ltd., a $3 billion maker of electrical equipment, is buying Boschert Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif., a leading producer of switching power supplies, for $29 million. QUALITY ROMs NOW IN 64K-SIZE, TOO. That's right, but only from Electronic Arrays. Because only EA brings you its 8K, 16K, 32K — and now its 64K ROMs, too—with the benefits of fully automatic assembly, right here in Mountain View, California! What's it mean to you? It means on-time delivery. You get your ROMs when we say you will. Period. And Quality. From automated assembly, excruciating QA and 100% high temperature final test. And it means service. And follow-through. The kind we're rapidly becoming famous for. So when you need a 64K ROM, but only the finest will do, you need to call us. Electronic Arrays, 550 East Middlefield Rd., Mountain View, CA 94043. (415) 964-4321. ELECTRONIC ARRAYS THE HOUSE OF ROMs. A PAL® you can count on. Announcing two new arithmetic PALs that replace ALUs and bit slices, use less space and power. The PAL16A4 and PAL16X4 are in production now and in stock at your Monolithic Memories' distributor. They are the latest two members of the 20-pin Programmable Array Logic (PAL) family. Both new PALs feature exclusive-OR gates and gated feedback which allow you to perform complex arithmetic functions such as addition, subtraction and counting. And both allow you to save up to 75% in parts count over old-style random logic. New capabilities in the same 20-pin SKINNYDIP™. PAL16X4 is an AND/NOR/Exclusive-OR array with four programmable I/O pins, four registers each with internal feedback and a three-state output. It's suitable for use as a programmable counter or a between-limits comparator. The PAL16A4 provides the same capabilities as the PAL16X4, with the addition of a parallel-carry and an on-board accumulator which allow it to perform as an ALU accumulator. Use them in controllers for floppy-disk systems, for hard-disk systems or for CRTs... wherever space and power must be conserved. Their low power dissipation and 20-pin SKINNYDIP packaging make them the board designer's dream. Ask for complete details. Contact your nearest Monolithic Memories franchised distributor or sales representative for full technical data on the entire 15-device 20-pin PAL family. Monolithic Memories, Inc., 1165 E Arques Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94086. PAL and SKINNYDIP are trademarks of Monolithic Memories, Inc. HOTLINE! For express product information, call toll-free: (800) 528-6050 Ext 131. In Arizona: (800) 352-0458 Ext 131 You like what you've heard about the FAST family of Advanced TTL Logic, but you want to know more, right? That's easy. Just sign up. Announcing the new, expanded FAST Technology Seminar. Applications comparisons, reliability, delivery, ordering information — everything you need to know, at no cost, from the people who know it best — the Fairchild FAST Marketing Application Team. You get a FAST data book, a workbook containing all of the materials presented in the seminar, samples and availability information. And you get all the latest input on the technology that's delivering up to 40% more speed than Schottky, with a reduction in power of up to 75%! And up to 75% more speed than low-power Schottky. The Fairchild FAST Application Seminar. Just check the listing for the city and date most convenient for you, fill out the coupon and mail it in. We'll send you a confirmation with the seminar location, and a seating guarantee. FAST. Where and when. Feb. 4, 1981 — Santa Clara, CA (408) 987-9530 Feb. 5, 1981 — Seattle, WA (503) 641-7871 Feb. 6, 1981 — Portland, OR (503) 641-7871 Feb. 9, 1981 — San Fernando Valley, CA (213) 990-9800 Feb. 10, 1981 — Los Angeles, CA (213) 990-9800 Feb. 11, 1981 — Anaheim, CA (714) 557-7350 Feb. 12, 1981 — Irvine, CA (714) 557-7350 Feb. 13, 1981 — San Diego, CA (714) 557-7350 Feb. 16, 1981 — Phoenix, AZ (602) 864-1000 Feb. 17, 1981 — Salt Lake City, UT (801) 566-3691 Feb. 18, 1981 — Denver, CO (303) 794-8381 Feb. 19, 1981 — Minneapolis, MN (612) 835-3322 Feb. 20, 1981 — Chicago, IL (312) 640-1000 Feb. 23, 1981 — Dallas, TX (214) 234-3391 Feb. 25, 1981 — Houston, TX (713) 771-3547 Feb. 26, 1981 — Huntsville, AL (205) 837-8960 Feb. 27, 1981 — Atlanta, GA (205) 837-8960 March 2, 1981 — Detroit, MI (313) 478-7400 March 3, 1981 — Cleveland, OH (216) 587-3600 (McPheron Electronics) March 4, 1981 — Dayton, OH (513) 236-9900 (McPheron Electronics) March 5, 1981 — Indianapolis, IN (317) 849-5412 March 6, 1981 — Tulsa, OK (214) 234-3391 March 9, 1981 — Boston, MA (617) 237-3400 March 10, 1981 — Stamford, CT (516) 293-2900 March 11, 1981 — New York, NY Area (516) 293-2900 March 12, 1981 — Philadelphia, PA (215) 657-2711 March 13, 1981 — Baltimore, MD (301) 730-1510 March 16, 1981 — Orlando, FL (305) 834-7000 March 17, 1981 — Fort Lauderdale, FL (305) 771-0320 And how: Fill out and mail FAST to guarantee your reservation. Or call the local number in your area. Name ____________________________________________ Title __________________ Phone ( ) _________________ Company __________________________________________ Address __________________________________________ City ______________________________________________ State ______________________ Zip ____________________ Seminar Location ____________________________________ Mail to: Fairchild FAST Seminar P.O. Box 7880LSI Mountain View, CA 94042 FAST made easy. Ada computer on five boards set to bow by Ana Bishop, Assistant New Products Editor, and R. Colin Johnson, Microsystems & Software Editor. Western Digital modifies its Pascal Microengine to run programs in new high-level language First off the starting block with a computer that runs the high-level language Ada is Western Digital Corp., which has adapted its five-chip Pascal Microengine for the purpose. In addition, it will offer the Ada machine as a multiboard system, rather than on the single board of the Pascal implementation. The Newport Beach, Calif., company owes much of its jump on the competition to its interest in TeleSoftware Inc., which wrote the first commercial Ada compiler. However, other microprocessor and systems makers are certain to be in the running. Intel Corp. has already said its forthcoming 32-bit microprocessor will be designed to execute Ada. The highly modular language, developed for the Department of Defense, is sparking interest among makers of all types of computing machinery, and a number of companies are reporting work that should result in systems applications [Electronics, Dec. 18, 1980, p. 39]. For Western Digital, producing the microcode for the instruction set proved relatively easy because Ada is a superset of Pascal. The two Microengine chip sets have the same 16-bit arithmetic and logic unit and associated registers. Only the three control read-only memories are different. At a system level, however, the new offering looks much different. The Pascal Microengine was packaged as a single-board computer with a floppy-disk controller, and expanding its capabilities proved extremely difficult. The Ada Microengine will come in a system that is spread over five boards (see figure). Expandable. Moreover, its box and modular bus will accommodate five more boards, such as more input/output cards or some of the boards that are yet to come. Among those planned are a hard-disk controller, a real-time clock, and data-encryption and bus-error-detection cards. The company will be selling its five-board ME1660 for $6,210 in original-equipment-manufacturer quantities, with full production scheduled for April. A $12,750 system configuration, the ME1675, will include a cathode-ray-tube terminal, a line printer, and two 8-inch floppy-disk drives. Since the Ada Microengine is tailored to the new language, it should offer one of the fastest execution speeds available. But, it can expect considerable competition from Intel's iAPX-432, because this powerful 32-bit machine also is being designed specifically for Ada. However, the Santa Clara, Calif., company has said it is aiming the 432 at multiprocessing applications and possibly mainframe replacement [Electronics, Nov. 6, p. 42]. The chip set may sell for around $3,000 when it becomes available in the second half of this year. Also later this year, Digicomp Research expects to introduce a dual-processor board-level computer that will run on the Ada compiler from TeleSoftware with the Microengine chip set on one board and a Z80 8-bit processor on the other. Thus, users will be able to run the many high-level languages compiled for the Z80, as well as Ada. The system will plug into the popular S-100 bus, as does the Ithaca, N. Y., company's just-introduced Z80-Pascal Microengine duo (see p. 290). An Ada compiler is an eagerly Ada on the boards. In adapting its Microengine chip set to the high-level language Ada, Western Digital has developed a multiboard, expandable 16-bit computing system. Electronics review awaited item, and TeleSoftware has already shown its preliminary version at the recent Association for Computing Machinery conference in Boston. The San Diego, Calif., company, underwritten by Western Digital and General Electric, is headed by Pascal popularizer Kenneth L. Bowles. The software actually will compile an Ada subset, but it will lack only some little used features of the full language. Such important features as its multitasking facilities will remain. Peripheral equipment Redesign drops cost of minifloppy to $85 An $85 tag on a minifloppy-disk drive suggests consumer applications, and that's what Micro Peripheral Inc. intends for its new model 61. The Chatsworth, Calif., company has knocked $170 to $200 off the quantity price of its standard 5.25-inch unit by paring down its design. "The personal computer manufacturers tell us the minifloppy is the logical choice for mass memory storage if price and performance are right," says Robert E. Didion, executive vice president and chief operating officer. As in small-business computer applications, the devices offer a better price per bit than hard-disk drives and are more adaptable than semiconductor memories. Compared with the tape cassettes that many personal computers now use, they can be randomly accessed and store more data. Such inexpensive key peripherals are increasingly seen as a necessity if personal computers are to realize their market potential. In fact, it is likely that other manufacturers will follow in Micro Peripheral's tracks. Retention. The model 61 retains most of the performance of the model 51, which is part of Micro Peripherals' principal product line aimed at business applications. For example, it can handle a 250-k-byte single-sided disk, and a double-sided version in the works will give it the same capacity as the model 52. What the company did was to make over a broad-based design that can work with most minicomputers into one that will serve just a few types of machines. Its engineers stripped down the standard unit to its essential functions, replaced its expensive industrial-grade components with cheaper ones, and thus redesigned its support electronics. First they did away with the interface electronics that allows the business line to plug into most small computers without changes. Then they removed the sensing functions that monitor read/write activity for error recovery. However, the sensing circuitry will be an option. The engineers also took a hard look at the components list and took such tacks as replacing the servo-controlled motors with units positioned mechanically. Thus the stepper motor cost drops from $20 in the model 51 to less than $5 in the model 61, and the drive motor drops from $10 to $3.50, the company says. The net result is to simplify the drive electronics. Micro Peripherals cut the component count some 30% from the 148 parts in the model 51. Also helping keep costs low is the use of existing tooling, die castings, and other production equipment. As for the model 61's performance specifications, "they are very close to the model 51," Didion claims. Average access time is between 5 and 8 milliseconds against a guaranteed 5 ms, and the data-transfer rate similarly drops somewhat from the 51's 125-kilobit-per-second rate. The seek-error rate should be about the same as the 1 in $10^6$ guaranteed for the business drive. In fact, the only performance concession should be reliability. For its business computers, Micro Peripherals guarantees 9,200 hours as the mean time between failures—and if the model 61 turns out to have a 2,500-hour MTBF, that would be nearly three years of 15-to-20-hour-a-week operation. —Larry Waller Communications Lightwave radios are getting closer With communication via fiber-optic cables well established, the next frontier for light-transmissive systems looks to be radio signals. Optical radio systems, with their high data capacities, could usurp microwave territory in military, commercial, and satellite applications, says Vincent W.S. Chan, staff member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Mass. Optical radio has long been an enticing possibility, but atmospheric attenuation and scattering have been formidable obstacles. Now powerful laser sources and sensitive receivers make such systems possible. But they are not just around the corner. "Systems analysis at the optical frequencies often differs significantly from that at lower frequencies due to the vastly different Talking with a submarine A major worry for the military is maintaining contact with a deeply submerged submarine. Radio waves do not propagate very far under water, so the submarine must often surface or trail an antenna, measures welcomed by the prying eyes of enemy satellites. Optical communications links from satellites may be the answer, since some light frequencies propagate through water with much less attenuation than radio waves. The U.S. Department of Defense has sponsored many studies of such systems—a blue green laser beam penetrates water reasonably well—and the first experiments are getting under way. Of major concern—even more so than the attenuation and scattering characteristics of the water—are the effects of clouds on light propagation, as is true with any optical radio communications system. Thus the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is sponsoring experiments with an airborne laser transmitter that will send a pulse-position-modulated signal through a dense cloud cover to a ship on the surface. The experiment will use a neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser with a frequency doubler giving a blue green color. It is scheduled for the middle of the year near California's San Clemente Island. -H. J. H. technologies of sources, modulators, and detectors," Chan says. Even optical noise is different from microwave noise—quantum effects are important because of the discrete photon nature of the light signals. Chan's overview of the system architectures and technology issues is a high point of the session on optical radio communications at this week's National Radio Science Meeting in Boulder, Colo. Sponsored by the U.S. National Committee of URSI, the International Union of Radio Science, it covers a broad spectrum of radio communications issues, from radio astronomy to electromagnetic noise to signal and system technologies. With satellites. In Chan's view, optical radio channels will be particularly important in satellite communications, including satellite-to-underwater-receiver applications (see "Talking with a submarine"). Depending on the application, designers of the forthcoming systems will be wrestling with such problems as atmospheric turbulence, aircraft boundary-layer effects, and weather and ocean distortions—all phenomena that interfere but little with electrical radio systems. A key question is the type of receiver and appropriate modulation scheme. "There are two architectures to consider," Chan says. "Either coherent (homodyne or heterodyne) or incoherent (direct-detection) systems may be suitable, depending on which has the better specifications for the applications at hand." Unlike the situation in microwave systems, direct-detection schemes are not always simpler and less expensive than coherent systems, which excel in pulling signals out of background noise. Comparison. One scheme for comparing the different kinds of receivers is being covered at the meeting by Paul J. Curlander of International Business Machines Corp.'s Information Systems division in Boulder. After comparing idealized perfect systems, he reports that "for most practical data rates, the [theoretical] optimum receiver is at most 3 decibels better than coherent homodyning and 6 dB better than coherent heterodyning." Since receivers of either type are so close to the idealized optimum, given bandwidth and power constraints, any needed system improvement must be sought elsewhere. However, there is a place for incoherent, or photon-counting, optical radio systems, says Edward C. Posner of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. In an admittedly futuristic scenario, he argues that for communication with satellites at the edge of the solar system, such an optical setup "could maintain an adequate imaging data rate on the order of 100 kilobits per second." That data rate would return more than enough video information to an earth station. However, acquiring the data for tracking a satellite could be a problem, he says, because the incoherent optical link lacks directivity and phase information. A microwave link would be needed for this purpose. -Harvey J. Hindin Solid state Gate array tribe gets another family Semiconductor manufacturers are pushing the development of gate arrays because their uncommitted logic looks like a perfect avenue for exploiting the density advantages of large-scale and very large-scale integration. The newest family out the door is coming from Texas Instruments Inc., which is introducing 540- and 1,008-gate arrays and an accompanying arsenal of customization software. Like many chip makers, TI believes that VLSI technology calls for specialized parts, because the vast number of logic elements on one integrated circuit means a system on a chip. Since systems ordinarily need to be customized for unique environments, the number of customers served by standard parts will drop sharply, the Dallas company figures. Logic arrays offer the same attraction as do microprocessors: customization through programming. With fully automated gate-positioning and wiring algorithms, the task of tailoring the array to an application becomes one of program writing. Evidence of the interest in gate arrays [Electronics, Sept. 25, p. 145] is found in the growing number of major semiconductor firms who are joining what has been a cottage industry. Ferranti, Motorola, and Signetics, among others (see pp. 163 and 240) are major suppliers already; IBM and other mainframe companies make arrays for their own products; and American MicrosysElectronics review Geometric patterns. TI's Schottky-transistor-logic 1,008-gate array has 56 cells of 18 gates each in a pattern (left) that eases interconnection of points for customization (right). Systems, Mostek, and more are planning to enter the field. The growing number of array manufacturers are opting for emitter-coupled-logic technology for the highest speed, or complementary-MOS processes for low power. TI has taken a different approach by settling on Schottky transistor logic, or STL, an advanced form of diode-transistor logic. Drawbacks. "You can't use ECL in the office environment because the cost penalties for cooling are hard to justify," says L. R. "Gib" Gibson, manager of TI's gate-array design program in Houston. As for C-MOS, he says, it is unable to drive high load capacitances, so that interconnecting critical paths without adding extra gates is difficult. Neither of these drawbacks is present in STL technology, which has a density advantage over TTL. Nonetheless, TI says it will produce future arrays in additional technologies—and since it has all but dropped out of the ECL race, C-MOS is a good bet. Another advantage of STL arrays is the easy adaptability to automated wiring because the points to be interconnected can be laid out in a straightforward geometric pattern. In the 1,008-gate array in the photograph, the basic cell is a rectangle that contains 18 five-output gates and accompanying load resistors. Like IBM, TI uses a triple-level metal system with logic signals on the first two and power and ground signals on the third. Design rules. The new chips are built with 3.8-micrometer design rules, but TI has already figured out what will happen when its STL is scaled down to 1.4-$\mu$m rules. The typical gate propagation delay of 2.5 nanoseconds will plummet to half a nanosecond, where the fastest ECL arrays are right now. The propagation delay for C-MOS gates ranges from 3 ns for recent chips to 25 ns for older designs. The company is shooting for availability of its two parts in the second half of this year. The 540-gate array, in a 40-pin plastic package, will cost somewhere between $20 and $25 in quantities of 10,000, a price tag that matches competitive chips. However, the charge for developmental work on the customizing could go up to $40,000, somewhat higher than the competition's. Since gate arrays are input/output-intensive and demand pin-laden packages, TI will be offering leadless chip carriers. -John G. Posa Consumer Computers, chips bow in Las Vegas Showgoers are trekking their way home from the annual Consumer Electronics Show that ended Sunday in Las Vegas, having seen examples of steady technological development. Among the introductions on hand were a speech-synthesis board with a fixed vocabulary of numbers and words intended for clocks and desktop calculators, new personal computers, and chips designed for television and television-related applications. There were even some new electronic games. General Instrument Corp. used the show to unveil its VSM-0232 speech module, a board-level version of its forthcoming SP-0256 speech processor on a chip [Electronics, Nov. 6, p. 41]. The 3$\frac{1}{4}$-by-5-inch board can work as almost a plug-in module for applications that can use its fixed vocabulary, which is oriented to time and mathematics. It will cost $49 each in quantities of 100 or more, and users who need a custom vocabulary for small-volume applications will be accommodated at a higher price. GI's Microelectronics division, Hicksville, N. Y., expects that large-volume users will order the SP-0256 integrated circuit with a custom built-in read-only memory and will use the board as a development tool. Personal computers. Continued vitality in the personal computer field is evidenced by the number of product introductions at the show. Hewlett-Packard Co. is expanding its personal computer line designed for businessmen and technical users with the $2,250 HP-83, which eliminates the tape cartridge drive and thermal printer of the HP-85 and leaves the choice of peripherals to the user. Both computers may be hooked up to disk drives and line printers, but HP expects that potential HP-83 users will jump at the $1,000 savings PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE TOOLS PASCAL Language Compiler - Full Jensen-Wirth PASCAL (ISO Standard) - Modular Programming (Separate Compiles) - System Engineering Extensions - Generates Source Assembly Language - User Support Library Delivered in Pascal Source MICRO Language Compiler - Block Structured - System Product Oriented - Modular Programming (Separate Compiles) - Rich Selection of Operators, Data Types - Generates Source Assembly Language S-BASIC Compiler/Interpreter - Block Structured Extensions - Interpretive Execution Mode - Compiles into Source Assembly Language - Rich Selection of Data Types and Operators - Extended Variable-name Set FPAC™ Floating Point Library - IEEE Standard Representation - Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide - Trig, Log, Exponentiation, Square Root Functions - Data Conversion Functions - Fully-defined Error Handling PASCAL We've made certain that our Pascal compiler will accept virtually any program that adheres to ISO standards. To this base, we've added extensions to give you mapped variables, modular program development, user-supplied I/O routines, embedded assembly language, and linkage to MICRO Language external routines. Our Pascal produces the source assembly language of your target processor directly, with Pascal source statements included as assembler comments. Your Pascal listing output includes a structure profile, auto-indentation, and symbol cross-reference. We include a complete Pascal support subsystem that is user-modifiable. It can be expanded or reduced, depending on the facilities of the language that you use, and the I/O structure of the system that you are building. And, to speed your design, we give you your user support library in Pascal source. MICRO We designed the MICRO language specifically for the professional microprocessor systems engineer. It has all of the control structures and data types that you need to accomplish true high order, block structured design. MICRO also gives you simple and efficient conformance to ROM and RAM segmentation and location requirements, separate module compilation, and inclusion of embedded assembly language blocks. When we designed the MICRO language, we placed particular emphasis on speed of operation and efficiency of code produced. The MICRO compiler produces the source assembly language of the target processor, with MICRO source statements included as assembler comments. MICRO doesn't change your symbols. And the MICRO listing output includes a structure profile, auto-indentation, and symbol cross-reference. S-BASIC We've added block structured control statements, extended variable names, powerful string manipulation, and both interpretive and compitative modes of operation to give you system development capability in the efficient and familiar BASIC language. Within the environment of the S-BASIC Command Processor/Line Editor, you can develop and logically debug your programs. When you're ready, you can compile them into source assembly language. Then you can assemble, link, load, and verify them with your customary development system tools. As with our Pascal, the run-time support subsystem for compiled S-BASIC can be tailored to fit your system's requirements. FPAC Library The FPAC library conforms fully to proposed IEEE standards for single precision floating point representations and error handling conventions. With the FPAC Library, you get Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, Trig Functions, Exponentiation, Logarithmic Functions, Square Root, Data Conversion procedures from ASCII string to floating point and back, Data Conversion procedures from integer to floating point and back, and additional utility procedures. We deliver your FPAC Library to you in source assembly language, on machine-readable media, and with complete documentation. Environment All our products are available to run on the GenRad/Futuredata 2300 Development System, and the Tektronix 8002A and 8550 systems. Target processors are Z-80 and 8080/8085. The Z-80 versions of our products take advantage of the Z-80 architectural features to produce smaller, faster code. We're currently working on supporting more target processors on more hosts with our products. We're also building new software development tools. So, if you didn't see your favorite processor or host above, chances are we're working on it. Give us a call and we'll discuss your requirements with you. Demonstration Kit You can order a Customer Demonstration Kit for Pascal, MICRO, or S-BASIC. Each Customer Demonstration Kit contains: - One 8" Demonstration Diskette, - One Cogitronics notebook, - Complete documentation, - Installation and operating instructions. With your demonstration kit, you can write test programs that show the speed, power, and quality of Cogitronics products. For more information, or to order your demonstration kit, call us at (503) 645-5043, or write to: Cogitronics Corporation 5470 N.W. Innisbrook Place Portland, Oregon 97229 Copyright © 1981 Cogitronics Corporation. All rights reserved. Phone directory takes typed inputs Automating a common office chore with microprocessor control, a personal telephone directory and dialer will recall a phone number as the user types in the name. The Zelex 910 uses a Zilog Z80 and in its basic configuration can store up to 70 names and numbers in random-access memory. The desktop unit's Mylar keyboard may be used to alter the directory and includes a key to activate the automatic dialer. To call up a number, the user simply types in the name or part of the name; as soon as enough letters appear for the Z80 to pick out the right entry, the name and number appear on the vacuum fluorescent display. Most automatic dialers work by associating a designated key with each entry or with punch cards for each entry, but the first type's directory is limited by the number of its keys and the second type requires individual insertion of each card. The $695 Zelex 910 is limited only by the number of 2-K-by-8-bit Mostek 4816 RAMs it can hold; it is expandable to about 340 entries in 90-name increments at about $1 per name. Pilot production of the new machine is under way at Zelex Corp., a fledgling Santa Ana, Calif., firm. President Richard D. Alexander says that a major design goal was to hold down component costs by such tactics as a time shared driver chip for both keyboard and display and software implementation of functions. -Larry Waller over the HP-85. The Palo Alto, Calif., company also introduced new business software that will run on both the 83 and 85. Powerful hand-held calculators, long an HP specialty, were another area of innovation, with a new HP-41CV that holds 2,000 lines of program data, five times the memory of the previous top-of-the-line model. It will cost $295, and the HP-41C's price tag will drop $45 to $250. Bridging the gap between hobbyist and small-business personal computers is the aim of introductions made by two other manufacturers. APF Electronics Inc. of New York presented its Imagination Machine II as a complete small-business computer system. The $1,100 basic unit uses a cassette memory and has interfaces for floppy-disk drives and for a random-access memory module. The Imagination II can display color alphanumerics and graphics using a standard color TV receiver, as can the new $300 VIC 20 [Electronics, Dec. 18, p. 35] from Commodore Business Machines Inc., Norristown, Pa. Both machines generate small displays: 16 lines of 32 characters each for the Imagination II and 23 lines of 22 characters each for the VIC 20. TV chips. With the home TV set doubling as a display for videotex systems, video disk players, and the like, integrated circuits that enhance this role are becoming available. At its hospitality suite, GI, for one, showed a three-chip set that will let personal computer makers include a videotex decoder. The company has drawn on its experience in making chip sets for England's Prestel viewdata system, which sends information over telephone lines, and for electronic games that use the TV set as a display. In quantities of 10,000, the decoder chip set will sell for about $25. With video cassette recorders offering high-speed playback and fast forwarding, the Variable Speech Control Corp. of San Francisco has decided it is time for an IC that incorporates its pitch-correction technique [Electronics, Aug. 22, 1974, p. 87]. The linear bipolar custom IC will be coupled with a Matsushita bucket-brigade-device chip to eliminate the distortion that accompanies speeded-up sound. It can also be used with the video disk players that are beginning to appear. Games, too. No Consumer Electronics Show would be complete without new electronic games, and Gabriel Industries is one company that obliged this year. The New York division of CBS Inc. introduced a hand-held electronic version of its popular board game, Othello. An 8-bit Rockwell International microprocessor provides eight levels of difficulty in the game, mulling over 10,000 possible moves at the highest level. Othello will go on sale in the first quarter, but it will not come cheap: list price is set for around $120. -Gil Bassak Peripheral equipment 3.5-in. floppy disk raises density levels Sony Corp. is diving into office automation with a splash, introducing a desktop word processor that has an innovative smaller floppy-disk drive, as well as what amounts to an electronic typewriter fitting handily into a briefcase. Indeed, packing performance into small spaces seems to be a Sony goal, for its 3.5-inch Micro Floppy disk drive features TAPEABILITY ...WE HAVE IT Whatever your requirements in instrumentation tape recording, no-one provides more options than SE. From 4 to 42 track, lab or field, midband or wideband, HDDR, ac or dc, we have the answer in a reliable upgradeable product. Our list of users reads like a 'Who's-Who' in high technology. Join them and you have SE tapeability working with you - high performance and reliability, plus support services that are the envy of the industry. SE 7000 – Intermediate Band Field-portable, IRIG compatible, recorders with modular signal processing electronics. ½ inch and 1 inch tape, field convertible. 7 to 42 channels FM, direct, and HDDR. Direct bandwidth to 600 kHz, FM to 80 kHz and HDDR to 1 megabit/sec. Eight speeds, from 15/16 to 120 ips. SE 7000M – Multiband Laboratory performance in a 99lb., 7 or 14 channel, field-portable recorder. Up to 2 MHz direct, 500 kHz FM, and 4 megabit/sec HDDR. Eight speeds. ½ inch or 1 inch tape. Built-in calibrator-monitor provides complete system checkout in seconds. SE 8–4 Ultra-Lightweight Only 25lb for 4 track on ¼ inch tape, 30lb for 8 track on ½ inch tape. 60 kHz direct, 10 kHz FM, in any channel mix, plus voice interrupt. 3 selectable speeds between 15/16 and 30 ips. Built-in calibrator, ac, battery, or external 12/24 Vdc. SE 3000 Series Portable IRIG compatible, 55lb recorders. Eight speeds, 15/32 to 60 ips. Direct bandwidth to 300 kHz. FM to 40 kHz, HDDR to 0.5 Mbit/sec. 4 to 8 channels on ¼ inch tape; 7, 8 or 14 channels on ½ inch tape. ¼ inch units are field convertible to ½ inch; ac or dc power supplies. Integral calibration and monitoring facilities. For technical data and application bulletins please contact: Data Recording Div., SE Labs (EMI) Ltd., Spur Road, Feltham, Middlesex TW14 0TD, England. Telephone: 01-890 1477 Telex: 23995 SE Labs A Member of the THORN EMI Group. Sony heads for the office In introducing its desktop word processor and its electronic typewriter that fits into a briefcase with plenty of room to spare, Sony Corp. is serving notice that it takes office automation seriously. The series 35 stand-alone processor should prove strong competition for units like the Wangwriter and the IBM Displaywriter, and the Typecorder typewriter already is proving to be an attention grabber. The series 35 has a base price of about $9,900 and includes a 55-character-per-second, letter-quality daisy-wheel printer and two of the new 3.5-inch Micro Floppy disk drives. The basic Wangwriter [Electronics, Dec. 18, p. 36] from Wang Laboratories costs $7,500 with a 20-character/s daisy-wheel printer and a single 8-in. floppy-disk drive. IBM's Displaywriter [Electronics, July 3, p. 95] starts at $7,896 with a 40- or 60-character/s daisy-wheel printer and a single 8-in. floppy-disk drive. These prices include full-page displays and detached keyboards, and though it might appear that Sony has a price disadvantage, adding second drives to the competitive units boosts their cost above that of the series 35. Into a 17-by-13-by-5-in. package Sony fits the keyboard, the two drives, and a microcassette tape unit that can take inputs from the Typecorder. Weighing only 3 pounds, this silent typewriter uses a microcassette tape recorder rather than paper. Its output can be transferred to a printer, computer, or word processor. It has a built-in microphone for dictation—and the series 35 can be used as a playback unit for transcription. The Typecorder has a standard typewriter keyboard and a single-line liquid-crystal display. Though it is unlikely to replace conventional typewriters, as the company claims it will, it could prove useful for executives who need to capture both voice and text information outside the office and who can justify the $1,400 cost. -T. M. design advances that give an unformatted capacity of 437.5-k bytes, close to the middle of the wide range of capacities in competitive 5.25-and 8-in. floppy-disk drives. The Japanese company has drawn on its expertise in consumer electronics design to boost the drive's storage capacity. Two of the small drives can be mounted right in the word processor's keyboard, contributing significantly to the system's compactness (see "Sony heads for the office"). Density up. The disk drive's capacity stems from both greater track density and a higher bit density on the tracks. The inspiration for these improvements was the approach used in Sony's video recorder line. The engineers redesigned the head assembly to allow a much narrower recording track. The typical floppy disk has a block-shaped read/write head flanked by two erasing heads that pare away the irregular edges of the recorded track. Though this erasing scheme trims track width in order to increase the number of tracks, density hikes are limited to the degree that the width of the three-head assembly can be shrunk. Rather than being block-shaped, the Micro Floppy's read/write head has sides that narrow to the width of the data track in the region of the gap that performs the read/write operations. Rather than mounting erasing heads on either side, the engineers designed a single head that trails the read/write head. The result is equivalent to 135 tracks per inch, compared with the 48 or 96 tracks/in. of 5.25-in. mini-floppies. These narrower tracks do require improved positioning accuracy for accurate reading and writing—but Sony takes a new tack by working on positioning of the disk rather than of the head assembly. Positioning. To reduce wear on the hub in the conventional soft plastic medium as it is repeatedly impaled on the drive's tapered spindle, the engineers designed a new disk-mounting and -centering system by adding an off-center rectangular slot to the hub. The drive has a center spindle and an off-center pin, so that the disk can be lined up in only one easily repeatable position. Another adaptation of video recorder technology is the 500-oersted magnetic coating. This high-coercivity coating on the plastic of the floppy disk makes possible a recording density of 7,610 bits in each inch of track, versus the 5,000 to 6,000 bits/in. of the larger floppies. The disk's packaging is also innovative. A plastic case replaces a cardboard one, and a protective metal guard slides over the read/write opening when the disk is removed from the drive. The guard reduces the chance of dust contamination. The Micro Floppy's signal requirements are compatible with the larger floppies, so the current crop of controller chips can be used with it. Sony's newly created Data Products division expects to be selling its first offering at a price comparable to that of the typical 5.25-in. disk drive—around $400. -Tom Manuel Microwaves TWT design attains 10 times more power With an eye to the military theater, Varian Associates is raising the curtain on a traveling-wave tube that could give millimeter-wave technology a major role in high-frequency radar systems. Engineers at the Microwave Tube division say the VTA-5700 has 10 times the power output of prior microwave sources, yet was achieved cost-effectively with what amounts to a gang-machining production technique and a coupled-cavity architecture. "The new TWT now gives designers the high-power source needed to develop higher-resolution millimeter-wave radar systems," says Arnold E. Acker, research and development sales manager at the Palo Alto, Calif., division. The wavelengths of experimental radars in the 30-to-300-gigahertz range are so short that they can pinpoint hard-to-detect targets, but their signal sources provide too low a power output to give good resolution of the reflected beam. Powerful TWT. Varian Associate's new VTA-5700 TWT for millimeter-wave applications generates an average power 10 times that of previous microwave sources. The 35-GHz VTA-5700 provides more than 30 kilowatts of peak power with an average output of 9 kW at a 300-microsecond pulse length. Varian's best previous millimeter-wave offering is a 12-year-old klystron amplifier, a 35-GHz continuous-wave tube that provides a 1-kW average output. Problem. The stumbling block with high-frequency tubes operating at millimeter-wave frequencies has been realization of a stable output in a design that requires a minimum of production-line tuning. "We were reluctant to enter the military arena with conventional TWTs, doubting that they could be practically produced at a reasonable cost, without first achieving significant advancements in electron-gun and millimeter-wave-circuit design," says George Caryotakis, executive vice president of the Electron Device Group at Varian. Thus the designers gave careful attention to avoiding unwanted reflections of rf waves, which can destabilize the output. They developed a new method of attaining precise rf matching between cavities and between circuit sections to provide the When you need high speed geometrically accurate grey scale image data, the Reticon MC520 is the camera to use. It can "see" 10,000 points in the chosen field of view and transmit the corresponding data with up to 256 grey levels to your equipment. Together with the RS520 controller, it offers the reliable high performance system you are looking for in your process control, non-contact inspection, surveillance, or robotics application. - 100% solid-state construction - Wide dynamic range - High reliability environmentally sealed enclosure - 25 to 500 frames per second - Remote operation of camera head up to 75 feet from controller - Bi-level threshold - Optional 6 or 8 bit analog to digital conversion We also offer a wide selection of line scan cameras with resolution from 64 to 2048 elements. With all cameras, EG&G Reticon offers an accessory package that makes it the most versatile system to meet your needs, including: Interfaces to microprocessors, intelligent support electronics, light sources, and a variety of optical accessories. Call us to discuss your application. EG&G RETICON 345 POTRERO AVENUE SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 TWX: 910-339-9343 For assistance call: Boston (617) 745-7400, Chicago (312) 640-7713, San Francisco (408) 738-4266, Tokyo, Japan 03-343-4411, Wokingham, Berks, England (0734) 790772 Circle 47 on reader service card needed power stability, along with minimum phase and gain variations "so important to high-resolution radar techniques," Acker says. The rf matching depends on a Varian version of gang machining, a well-known technique in which a multiheaded tool reduces the differences in tolerances among like parts by machining them simultaneously and reduces the number of parts by machining complex shapes in one pass. The coupled-cavity design permits it to operate at higher powers more efficiently because it eliminates the obstruction of helix delay lines other TWT architectures use. In the electron gun, the Varian-designed modulating anode can control the beam without the usual control grids. Thus high-power performance improves, because the grids can intercept a portion of the beam. In operation, the TWT in the photograph on page 47 would have a beam-focusing electromagnet surrounding the extension below the polished disk. "The VTA-5700 has the highest-density electron beam employed in a TWT," Acker claims. Current density is 1,000 amperes per square centimeter and power density approaches 50 megawatts/cm². Use. The U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Defense Advanced Technology Center at Huntsville, Ala., sponsored development of the VTA-5700. The initial application should be in a radar to be installed at the Kwajalein National Missile Range in the Pacific. The radar is in design at the Lincoln Laboratory at MIT. The Army is also funding development of a next-generation TWT, which Varian expects will operate at frequencies approaching 60 GHz. "Such tubes," Caryotakis notes, "are certain to influence new millimeter-wave system development in radar, communications, and electronic warfare equipment." Solid-state parts are not an alternative to microwave tubes in high-frequency, high-power applications, he adds. Though that technology has reached frequencies approaching 20 GHz and peak output powers of about 5 kw, it cannot reach them in the same part. -Bruce LeBoss Packaging Sandwich design of pc board promotes direct soldering of leadless chip-carriers Separating the support and circuit functions of the printed-circuit board has led to a design that promises to realize an important goal: reliable direct soldering of leadless chip-carriers onto the board. The design—a thin double-sided pc board sandwiched to a dielectrically coated metal support plane—has a thermal coefficient of expansion close to that of the ceramic of the chip-carrier. The typical epoxy-glass laminated pc board has a higher expansion coefficient than the ceramic, which frustrates reliable solder connections of the two, particularly over a wide temperature range. Yet the improved board densities the leadless chip-carriers offer have encouraged their use with very large-scale integrated circuits [Electronics, July 3, 1980, p. 40], usually with the help of an intermediary package like a sock- POS terminal features bubble memory The first fruit of the joint venture of TRW Inc. and Fujitsu Ltd. is on display at this week's National Retail Merchants Association Show in New York, and as befits the venue, the introduction is a point-of-sale terminal. The TRW-Fujitsu Co. 7880 offers a bubble memory and plasma display—both as options—and a built-in magnetic-strip credit card reader. Moreover, the $3,785 POS terminal comes with a reliability figure of one breakdown per year as against four for the $4,475 terminal TRW has offered. The bubble memory and plasma display options, priced at $875 and $775, respectively, are geared toward specialty stores with one or two terminals per site and no on-line computer control. The Fujitsu bubble memory, which comes in 32- to 256-K-byte increments, can store operating programs, as well as transactional data like sales reports used on site and forwarded at predetermined intervals to a central computer. Other POS terminals have used disk or tape storage. The 320-character plasma display offers prompting for the operator and interactive display of the data being entered. Highlighting of information is possible because the display has two character sizes that may be intermixed. The earlier TRW terminal uses a cathode-ray-tube display. Both TRW and Fujitsu have been major factors in the POS markets in their home countries, and the 7880 will be made by Fujitsu and marketed by TRW, with initial deliveries in the third quarter. The joint venture [Electronics, Sept. 25, p. 102] also plans to introduce small-business systems. -Terry Costlow Microprocessors are getting back to BASICs. NEW TINY BASIC MICROINTERPRETER™ CHIP EXPANDS THE UNIVERSE OF µP APPLICATIONS. Low pressure absolute transducers Phase-Locked Loops ease AM/FM design Microcomputers correct themselves New µP-compatible clocks TRI-STATE® octals in 28 varieties The Book of the MOS Free literature—details inside Digitalker COPS Data Acquisition Logic Transistors Hybrids Linear Interface Bubble Memory RAMs/ROMs/PROMs Transducers Displays Custom Circuits Optoelectronics Memory Boards Microprocessors Development Systems Microcomputers Modules Low pressure absolute transducers. High performance inside and out. Ion Implantation and new die sealing technology combine to yield six new high-stability transducers. National has just introduced two all-new series of low pressure absolute IC transducers in the LX1600 and the LX1800 Families. By combining a state-of-the-art Ion Implantation process with a new die-sealing technology adapted especially for transducers, the new low pressure (±5 psia to 0-30 psia) LX 1600s and LX1800s meet guaranteed stability specs as low as ±1.7% FS. In addition, new cavity etching and low temperature processes assure high yield ICs. And that means consistent volume availability at very attractive prices. The LX1601/02/03-A and LX1801/02/03-A transducers are fully signal-conditioned and feature built-in temperature compensation and full voltage regulation. And both are available in the industry's widest variety of nylon, zinc or compact ceramic housings. As a result, these versatile new devices are just as much at home in rugged plumbing fixtures as they are in delicate PC boards. Low pressure absolute transducers from National. Proving once again that practicality comes in all kinds of packages. For more information, check number 041 on this issue's National Archives coupon. Now microcomputers know when they're making a mistake. Parity and Error Checking and Correction make National's BLC-8064 Family many times more reliable than conventional microcomputer memories. Until now, microcomputers had to make do with conventional memory and the consequences of undetected error. But now, National provides Error Checking and Correction (ECC) or parity for their BLC-8064 Family of board level computer products: the BLC-8016 A&B (16K RAM), the BLC-8032 A&B (32K RAM), the BLC-8048 A&B (48K RAM), and the BLC-8064 A&B (64K RAM). The A versions feature parity and the B versions feature ECC. These new Series/80 boards with ECC can deliver a dramatic improvement in reliability over standard RAM boards. The kind of reliability that only minicomputers could supply in the past. A logical approach to system design. With ECC, all single-bit errors are detected and corrected so efficiently that the processor never misses a beat. If a double-bit error occurs, the board simply notifies the processor. BLC-8064 Family boards with parity notify the processor when they detect any odd number of bit errors. At this point, the system logic can be designed to either repeat the last operation, start the entire operation over again, proceed with an alternate set of operations, or it can shut the system down in an orderly manner. Vast new application possibilities. ECC and parity open up vast new microcomputer applications that were previously too sensitive to fluctuation and error to trust to conventional memory systems. Now microcomputers can be used with confidence in non-stop unattended equipment for such things as environmental control, 24-hour banking, credit card issuance, petro-chemical refining, industrial automation and more. Leave it to the Practical Wizards to bring this kind of reliability to microcomputer applications. For more information on National's BLC-8064 Family, check box 049 on this issue's National Archives coupon. Universal PLLs simplify AM/FM design. By combining ECL and I²L technologies, National designed the first single-chip AM/FM Phase-Locked Loops that did not require external prescalers. National's DS8906 and DS8907 universal Phase-Locked Loops were the first to offer extremely low-noise operation with single-chip versatility. Thanks to their simple serial data interface, these highly sensitive PLLs operate effectively with the COPSTM Family (or a wide range of other) microcontrollers. This universal approach makes the DS8906/07s ideal for any digital AM/FM radio design. No prescalers required. The DS8906 and DS8907 were the first PLL frequency synthesizers to accept 120MHz directly. By reducing these functions to a single 20-pin chip, National can offer the double advantage of small size plus high performance and versatility. In addition to their AM and FM frequency references (500Hz and 12.5kHz, respectively for the DS8906; 10kHz and 25kHz, respectively for the DS8907), both PLLs feature a 50Hz "time of day" reference for digital clock radio designs. All generated from an on-board 4MHz crystal controlled oscillator. High volume production. National Semiconductor, a long-time leader in bipolar ECL/I²L technology, has their distributors well-stocked with both the DS8906 and DS8907 Phase-Locked Loops. And due to their current high volume production, these versatile PLLs are very competitively priced. For complete information on National's low-noise Phase-Locked Loops, check box number 047 on this issue's National Archives coupon. COPSTM is a trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. The first μP that directly executes Tiny BASIC. National's new INS8073 microinterpreter significantly reduces software development time and costs. The INS8073 is the newest member of National's growing family of microprocessors. The Tiny BASIC Microinterpreter™ speeds the development cycle because it allows users to program in Tiny BASIC instead of assembly language. So now source code manipulation and program revision can be done faster and more easily than ever before. It also pays off in quicker hardware check out. The new INS8073 directly executes high-level programs from ASCII characters stored in external ROM or RAM. National's Tiny BASIC is a streamlined high-level language that powerfully optimizes application software without compromising capabilities. The INS8073 features string handling, logical operators, DO loops and allows program access to the status register. An 8073 based system includes powerful features that are expected of μPs such as full interrupt, multiprocessing and assembly language capabilities. Requires no development system. The INS8073 completely eliminates the need for a dedicated, full-blown software development system. Rather, it's programmed directly through any RS232C compatible terminal. STARPLEX™ National's complete development system, can also be used to develop Tiny BASIC applications, but is not a requirement. A new universe of applications. The INS8073 incorporates 2.5K of internal ROM committed to the Tiny BASIC interpreter. It also features an 8-bit MICROBUS™ compatible data bus and a 16-bit address bus with 64K bytes of addressing capability. So it interfaces easily with National's broad range of memories and μP peripherals. Now programmers can develop and debug new microprocessor applications in the quickest turnaround time ever. And do it with less development hardware. That means a new universe of cost-effective microprocessor applications. And it means that they'll get to the marketplace faster. For more information check box number 046 on the National Archives coupon. Tiny BASIC Microinterpreter, MICROBUS and STARPLEX are trademarks of National Semiconductor Corporation. National Semiconductor comes through with the broadest line of active filters. The Practical Wizards are the single largest source of standard PCM, DTMF and universal active filters. National Semiconductor believes that the active filter marketplace needs a dependable source for a wide variety of standard devices. That's precisely why they not only offer the broadest line of PCM, DTMF, and universal active filters, they also supply more of them than anyone else in the industry. Practicality through higher technologies. And since National is constantly developing and refining so many leading edge technologies, theirs is the most advanced family of active filters available. For example, by using thin film resistors and proprietary NMOS silicon capacitors, National is able to offer their AF100 universal filters in convenient 16-pin molded DIPs. The AF100 is also available in a standard TO-8 package. In addition to National's own stringent QA and REL procedures, this version is also processed and screened to meet MIL STD. 883 level B specs. Unique computer-aided application support. The state-of-the-art technologies built into their filters go beyond the realm of design and fabrication processes and into the realm of application support. Their unique Filter Synthesis Program actually designs optimized universal filter configurations based on desired frequency response characteristics. The filter synthesis software, executed on National's STARPLEX™ development system, generates the designs in a matter of minutes. Active filters. Once again the Practical Wizards come through with the industry's broadest line of high quality components. For more information, check box 048 on the National Archives coupon or call your local NSC sales rep. STARPLEX is a trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. It's about time—new μP-compatible clocks. Two new low-power real-time clocks keep track of everything from tenths of seconds to leap years. The Practical Wizards have developed two new MICROBUS compatible CMOS/LSI chips that perform all time- and date-keeping functions for microprocessor and microcomputer applications. Both the 8-bit (24-pin) MM58167 and the 4-bit (16-pin) MM58174 real-time clocks are based on 32.768kHz crystal oscillators. So each clock keeps a precise accounting of time increments ranging all the way from tenths of seconds to leap years. They also feature a power-down mode for extremely efficient operation. The MM58167 takes voltages as low as 2.0V and the MM58174 as little as 2.2V. Their mask-programmable interrupt timers can be set to provide a variety of interrupt signals ranging from 0.1 sec to 1 month. The MM58167 also includes alarm-type latches and a standby interrupt for μP wake-up during power-down mode. Check number 044 on the National Archives coupon for complete information. TRI-STATE® octals in 28 varieties. National carries the industry's broadest line of 20-pin LS, Schottky, CMOS and Interface octals. National Semiconductor is doing more for 8-bit designs than anyone else. In fact, they're currently offering no less than 28 different TRI-STATE octal devices. So now the designer can select his 8-bit building blocks from the industry's largest assortment of 20-pin Low Power Schottky, Schottky, CMOS and Interface products. Everything from buffers/drivers, latches and D flip-flops to I/O registers and transceivers. The Practical Wizards are currently offering no less than seven different commercial and military Schottky octals. See the product table for specifics. SCHOTTKY OCTALS \| Device Type \| Part Number Commercial \| Military \| \|-------------------\|------------------------\|----------\| \| Buffers/Drivers \| DM74S240 \| DM54S240 \| \| \| DM74S241 \| DM54S241 \| \| \| DM74S244 \| DM54S244 \| \| \| DM74S940 \| DM54S940 \| \| \| DM74S941 \| DM54S941 \| \| LATCHES \| DM74S373 \| DM54S373 \| \| D Flip-Flops \| DM74S374 \| DM54S374 \| TRI-STATE is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. The Book of the MOS. Get National's comprehensive MOS Data Book—including COPS™ MAXI-ROMs™ DIGITALAKER™ and Standard & Custom MOS/LSI—for only $4.00.* The 1980 MOS Data Book is the complete guide to National's world of MOS technology. And until March 31, 1981 it's available for only $4.00 (a $2.00 savings). The MOS Data Book includes complete specs, briefs, app notes and a user's guide to the powerful array of COPS Family microcontrollers and peripherals. It also includes a full description of National's line of reliable 16K, 32K, and 64K MAXI-ROMs. In addition, the MOS Data Book presents an introduction, specifications and applications for the DIGITALAKER speech synthesis chip set. And of course, the book includes over 350 pages dedicated to Standard MOS/LSI products and applications plus National's Custom MOS/LSI capabilities. That's over 700 pages of useful information from the Practical Wizards of Silicon Valley. All for only $4.00. To order, simply indicate selection number 044 on the National Archives coupon and enclose a check or money order for the correct amount. Prices shown are U.S. prices only. COPS, MAXI-ROM, and DIGITALAKER are trademarks of National Semiconductor Corporation. What's new from the National Archives? 036 □ Optoelectronic Handbook ($3.00) 041 □ Pressure Transducer Data Packet 044 □ 1980 MOS Data Book ($4.00) 045 □ TRI-STATE Octal Data Packet 046 □ INS8073 Data Sheet 047 □ DS8906/07 Data Sheets 048 □ Active Filter Data Packet 049 □ BLC-8064 Family Data Sheets Enclose check or money order based upon appropriate currency. Make checks payable to National Semiconductor. Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. All prices shown are U.S. prices only. This coupon expires on March 31, 1981. NAME__________________________________________________________ TITLE___________________________________________________________ COMPANY_______________________________________________________ ADDRESS_______________________________________________________ CITY_________________________ STATE________ ZIP_______________ For desired information, mail coupon to: National Semiconductor Corporation 2900 Semiconductor Drive Mail Stop 16251 Santa Clara, California 95051 In Europe, mail coupon to: National Semiconductor GmbH Industriestrasse 10 D-8080 Fürstenfeldbruck West Germany Special offer; price effective until March 31, 1980. National Semiconductor The Practical Wizards of Silicon Valley World Radio History News briefs Comsat eyes subscription TV field U.S. consumers would be able to receive three channels of television programming directly from 12-gigahertz satellites under a proposal filed recently with the Federal Communications Commission by Communications Satellite Corp., the U.S. arm of the international satellite communications network, Intelsat. The subscription service would put a $2½-foot antenna on the roof of each subscriber—and to get quality reception with this small a fixture, the satellite would have to radiate more power than the usual birds. The service faces a number of likely regulatory hurdles. For one, the allocations of the frequencies in the 12-GHz band will not be decided for North America until 1983. Also, TV broadcast suppliers are likely to object to the competition. Finally, government and private bodies are likely to object to Comsat's entry into a business not called out in its original charter. IBM narrows broad optical pulses The different frequencies making up a digital pulse travel at different speeds in an optical fiber, and the pulses are broadened, or smeared, so that they are not received with the same waveform as they had when transmitted. This often results in unacceptable error rates. In an experimental solution to the problem, investigators Hiroki Nakatsuka and Daniel Grischkowsky of International Business Machines Corp.'s Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., capitalize on the pulse-narrowing characteristics of certain alkali metal vapors that are opposite to the broadening effects of the glass used in optical fibers. As with the predistortion technique developed by Bell Laboratories [Electronics, May 24, 1979, p. 42], success depends on knowing in advance what the broadening will be. In the IBM experiments, 50 centimeters of metal vapor in a container was carefully designed to compensate (by cancellation) for the broadening due to travel through 30 meters of fiber. With multiple passes through the container, the effects of travel through kilometers of fiber could be corrected, Nakatsuka and Grishkowsky say. Acquisitions rate continues at year-end The holiday season saw a number of companies buying themselves Christmas presents, as the pace of acquisitions in the electronics industries continued unabated. Four-Phase Systems, the Cupertino, Calif., maker of multifunction computer systems, agreed in principal to acquire Two Pi Corp., a Sunnyvale, Calif., subsidiary of U.S. Philips Corp. that makes IBM-compatible superminicomputers. Britain's BICC Ltd., a $3 billion manufacturer of electrical equipment, is buying Boschert Inc., also of Sunnyvale, a leading producer of switching power suppliers. In Beaverton, Ore., Tektronix Inc. has concluded an agreement to sell its medical instruments unit to Squibb Corp. for about $10 million. With sales of about $12 million in portable patient monitors in its last fiscal year, the unit will join three other 1980 Squibb medical instrument acquisitions: Advanced Technology Laboratories Inc., Space/abs Inc., and Vita-Stat Medical Services Inc. It will operate in new facilities in the Beaverton area. et or a small leaded motherboard. In chip-carrier applications, the new design offers a packaging capability equivalent to that of an eight-layer board, as well as better heat transfer and lower noise than an epoxy-glass board, says its developer, Vernon L. Brown, a technical supervisor at Bell Laboratories, Denver. He devised Lampac (for laminated printed-circuit board) several years ago to improve interconnection density with dual in-line packages, but from the start he saw its promise for mounting leadless chip-carriers. Separation. "Unlike a conventional pc board, Lampac separates circuit interconnection from the physical support, ground plane, and heat sink functions," he says. In the resulting sandwich, the board is still epoxy-glass, but it is only 5 mils Published by Electronics magazine... Books of special interest to our readers Applying Microprocessors Reprinted from Electronics, completes the EE's transition from the old methods of electronic design to microprocessor engineering. Pub. 1977, 191 pp. Order #R-701. $9.95 Basics of Data Communications This compilation of essential articles from Data Communications magazine includes chapters on terminals, acoustic couplers and modems, communications processors, networking, channel performance, data link controls, network diagnostics, interfaces, and regulations and policy. Pub. 1976, 303 pp. Order #R-603. $12.95 Circuits for Electronics Engineers Almost 350 circuits arranged by 51 of the most useful functions for designers. Taken from the popular "Designer's Casebook" of Electronics, the circuits "have been designed by engineers for the achievement of specific engineering objectives." Pub. 1977, 399 pp. Order #R-771. $15.95 Design Techniques for Electronics Engineers Expert guidance at every point in the development of an engineering project—making measurements, interpreting data, making calculations, choosing materials, controlling environments, laying out and purchasing components, and interconnecting them swiftly and accurately. Nearly 300 articles from Electronics' "Engineer's Notebook." Pub. 1977, 370 pp. Order #R-726. $15.95 Microelectronics Interconnection and Packaging Up-to-date articles from Electronics include sections on lithography and processing for integrated circuits, thick- and thin-film hybrids, printed-circuit-board technology, automatic wiring technology, IC packages and connectors, environmental factors affecting interconnections and packages, computer-aided design, and automatic testing. Pub. 1980, 320 pp. Order #R-927. $12.95 Large Scale Integration As published in Electronics, covers the entire range of design applications in sections on bipolar LSI; MOS LSI; new devices, system design, computer-aided design, testing, and applications. Pub. 1978, 208 pp. Order #R-602. $9.95 Memory Design: Microcomputers to Mainframes The technology, devices, and applications that link memory components and system design. How to apply the new technology to meet specific design goals. Edited from the pages of Electronics. Pub. 1978, 180 pp. Order #R-732. $12.95 Microprocessors The basic book on microprocessor technology for the design engineer. Published in 1975, articles are drawn from Electronics. 150 pp. Order #R-520, $8.95 Personal Computing: Hardware and Software Basics More than 50 articles from leading publications give you up-to-date information on personal computing hardware, software, theory, and applications. Pub. 1978, 140 pp. Order #R-903. $11.95 Practical Applications of Data Communications: A User's Guide Articles from Data Communications magazine cover architecture and protocols, data-link performance, distributed data processing, software, data security, testing and diagnostics, communications processors, and digitized-voice and data-plus-voice. Pub. 1980, 424 pp. Order #R-005. $13.95 Microprocessors and Microcomputers: One-chip Controllers to High-end Systems Practical orientation to second- and third-generation 8-bit devices, the latest 16-bit devices, one-chip microcomputers, and software for microprocessors. In 95 articles from Electronics. Pub. 1980, 482 pp. Order #R-011, $13.95 Electronics review thick versus 62 miles for the standard board. "With a thick, self-supporting board, you are stuck with material in which it is difficult to create small plated through-holes," he says. "What we have done is to make the interconnection material thin, so that our ability to make small plated through-holes is improved. This in turn has increased interconnection density significantly." "The metal core we have chosen for a support improves the electrical and thermal performance of our board," he adds. "In addition, we are now able to choose the coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite." With chip-carriers, the Lampac interconnections are vias only 11 mils in diameter rather than plated through-holes, saving even more board surface. Thus Lampac's two-sided interconnection is the equivalent of eight layers of interconnections on a multilayer board. Cooler. Heat dissipation improves because it is possible to make a direct thermal connection from the IC to the metal support plane. The chip body may be thermally connected to a metal platform in the chip-carrier, and an extension brought out as a thermal lead may be connected to the support plane; the result is a low thermal impedance for the heat. What's more, the metal support may be connected to an even larger heat sink. Brown says Bell Labs has soldered leadless chip-carriers with as many as 68 solder pads to Lampac boards and is evaluating even larger carriers. The usual support plane is steel, which offers low cost, high strength, and easy fabrication, but another promising material is copper-clad nickel-iron alloy because its metallurgical composition can be tailored to give a thermal expansion exactly matching that of the ceramic body of the leadless chip-carrier. Materials research is not the only avenue Brown is pursuing. "We have not yet approached maximum density," he says. Smaller vias and smaller pads are possible with the use of advanced techniques for drilling holes. -Jerry Lyman Three new reasons why Racal-Dana is ahead in GPIB-based instrumentation. 1. Series 1200 Universal Switch* The newly-introduced Series 1200 is creating quite a sensation. And no wonder. With your own off-the-shelf test equipment and a suitable IEEE programmable controller, it can meet your wide ranging testing requirements for switching practically any signal – d.c. to microwave. Quickly. Simply. Amazingly cheaply. The world's first truly universal GPIB switching system. 2. Series 1500 Delay Pulse Generators Another newcomer from Racal-Dana, the Series 1500 not only solves all the analogue and software timing problems of GPIB-based systems, but can also be used independently wherever an accurately delayed pulse, or a burst of pulses, of precisely variable width is required. 3. Series μ5000 Digital Multimeters A range of low-cost, 4½/5½-digit, multi-function instruments designed for both GPIB and stand-alone use. The new Series μ5000 combines a powerful measurement capability and ease of operation/programming with unmatched price/performance. For the full story on these exciting innovations return the coupon today. RACAL-DANA High performance measurement and test instrumentation RACAL U.S.A.: Racal-Dana Instruments Inc., 18912 Von Karman Avenue, Irvine, California 92715. Tel: (714) 833-1234 Telex: 67.8341 England: Racal-Dana Instruments Limited, Duke Street, Windsor, Berkshire SL4 1SB. Tel: Windsor (07535) 69811 Telex: 847013 France: Racal-Dana Instruments S.A., 91 route des Gardes, 92190 Meudon-Bellevue, Paris. Tel: (1) 534-7575 Telex: 200207 Germany: Racal-Dana Instruments Limited Deutschland, Hermannstrasse 29, D 6078 Neu Isenburg. Tel: (06102) 2861-2 Telex: 412896 Electronics / January 13, 1981 Circle 714 on reader service card SOFT ERRORS CAN BE HARD ON YOUR SYSTEM. Your RAMs are getting denser. Your soft error rate is getting higher. And you're getting a headache. Soft errors, alpha particles, system crashes, hard errors. Take it easy. Relax. There's a simple solution. Introducing the Am2960 Error Detection and Correction (EDC) Unit. The Am2960 EDC corrects single-bit errors and detects double-bit errors. It's easily expandable from 16-bits wide to 32 or 64 bits. Its worst case speed is an amazing 34ns detect, 64ns detect and correct! And best of all, it's available right now. You want byte operations? You got 'em. You need initialization, error logging and diagnostic capabilities? No problem. The Am2960 gives you all the functions of 25 to 50 TTL packages on one chip. And if you're worried about the data path, don't be. Our slim 24-pin Am2961 and Am2962 EDC Bus Buffers solve the complete interface problem between the RAM, the EDC unit and the system data bus. There's just no easier, cheaper, faster way to find and fix errors than the Am2960. Bipolar LSI: The Simple Solution. Our new Am2960 family of bipolar LSI and interface dynamic memory support devices will help you maximize your system's performance and reliability, minimize its chip count and cost. And you won't find higher quality parts. Since the day we opened for business we've given every single part we make MIL-STD-883. For free. Get the Am2960 Error Detection and Correction Unit. It'll be good for your system. Advanced Micro Devices 901 Thompson Place, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 • (408) 732-2400 Right, From The Start. Send me all the facts on the Am2960 Error Detection and Correction (EDC) Unit. Personal Name_____________________________________________________ Personal Title_______________________________________________________ Company Name_______________________________________________________ Street and Number___________________________________________________ Town (with postcode)_______________________________________________ Country___________________________________________________________ NEC...RF and microwave semiconductors Low Noise Bipolar Transistors: NF from 0.9 dB at 70 MHz to 2.7 dB at 4 GHz. Over 30 different chips available in 50 different packages for every need. Styles include low cost plastic versions and rugged space qualified ceramics. Power GaAs FET’s: C-band FET’s from 300 mW to 3 W. 8.5 to 14 GHz band FET’s from 100 mW to 560 mW. High Speed Switching Transistors: For nanosecond switching in applications such as high speed PCM. Low Noise FET’s: Six different GaAs FET’s with NF from 0.7 dB at 4 GHz to 2.5 dB at 18 GHz including a dual gate FET. Si MOSFET’s also available for VHF/UHF applications. Schottky Diodes: Both GaAs and silicon available for VHF to millimeter applications. Package styles include beam lead, ceramic and low cost glass and plastic. Monolithic quads are also available for VHF/UHF applications. VHF/UHF Power: Over 50 different 7 V, 12 V, and 28 V types with output power from 200 mW to 100 W. IMPATT Diodes: 40 W pulsed power at 10 GHz to 50 mW CW at 96 GHz. Class C Microwave Bipolar: From 15 W at 2 GHz to 5 W CW or 8 W pulsed at 4.2 GHz. Hybrid Amplifiers: Small signal, broadband amplifiers with up to 27 dB gain for frequency ranges to 1050 MHz. Linear Microwave Bipolar: Up to 3 W with 5 dB gain at 2.3 GHz. Optoelectronic Diodes: Laser Diodes, LED’s, APD’s and PIN Photo Detectors. Bipolar Oscillator Transistors: VHF to X-band, from 2 W at 2 GHz to 600 mW at 7 GHz. Bipolar Oscillator Transistors: VHF to X-band, from 2 W at 2 GHz to 600 mW at 7 GHz. California Eastern Laboratories, Inc. Exclusive sales agent for Nippon Electric Co., Ltd. Microwave Semiconductor Products. Headquarters, Santa Clara, CA 95050, 3005 Democracy Way, (408) 988-3500 • Burlington, MA 01803, 3 New England Executive Park, (617) 272-2300 • Cockeysville, MD 21030, 12 Galloway Ave., (301) 667-1310 • Kansas City, MO 64118, 6946 North Oak Street, (816) 436-0491 • Scottsdale, AZ 85251, 7336 E. Shoeman Lane #116W, (602) 945-1381 • Irvine, CA 92715, 2182 Dupont Drive, Suite #24, (714) 752-1665 • Westlake Village, CA 91361, 2659 Townsgate Road, Suite 101-6, (213) 991-4436 • United Kingdom, 2 Clarence Road, Windsor, Berks SL4 5AD, 075-35-56891 • France, C.E.L.T.I. 34-36 rue des Fusilles, 94400—Vitry sur Seine, 681-61-70. Defense budget of $196 billion set by Carter A record military spending request of more than $196 billion for the fiscal 1982 year that begins next Oct. 1 will be the parting gift package for Ronald Reagan in President Carter's final budget that goes to Congress on Jan. 15. The 14.6% increase over the current year's $171.4 billion program represents a gain of just 4.6% after discounting inflation, say defense budget officials, and more than half of the new total will go for personnel costs, including military salary increases. Nevertheless, the Carter proposal represents a new stumbling block for the incoming President, who has committed himself to increasing the military budget to cover the purchase of a new manned bomber, the MX strategic intercontinental missile, and the eventual doubling of the Navy's fleet to 600 ships. "Reagan may be able to juggle the distribution of some of the money," observes one budget source, "but it is doubtful whether he can increase it in view of his commitment to a 10% cut in individual taxes." No Reagan revisions are expected to go to Congress before mid-February. ... as Reagan changes may be delayed by Carlucci dispute Disagreement between the Pentagon transition team headed by William Van Cleave and Reagan's designated Secretary of Defense, Caspar Weinberger, over the latter's choice of Frank Carlucci as deputy secretary may delay Reagan changes in the fiscal 1982 military budget until mid-February. "They just may not have the [technologically qualified] people in place to make the choices," says one outgoing Carter appointee, since the dispute compounds the usual problem of recruiting industry experts to fill the estimated 1,000 middle-management appointive civilian jobs in the Defense Department and the military services. Associates of Van Cleave are circulating an undated "background" document on Carlucci, now deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency, who earlier served Weinberger when he was Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare in the Nixon-Ford years. Printed on plain white paper, it says in part that the "personal comraderie" (sic) between Weinberger and Carlucci "cannot compensate for the deficiencies and difficulties Carlucci would bring to this highly significant office." AT&T ordered to trial despite negotiations on antitrust suit The Federal antitrust trial of American Telephone & Telegraph Co. will begin Jan. 15, as scheduled, despite a request by the Justice Department and AT&T attorneys for a 60- to 90-day delay to complete negotiations of a pretrial settlement. Federal judge Harold Greene ordered the trial to proceed, noting that the requested delay was too long and that settlement negotiations could continue during the litigation. Nevertheless, telecommunications industry and Government sources still expect that a settlement will be reached before a trial can be concluded. One report is that AT&T would put all unregulated competitive products made by Western Electric and their associated research and development performed by Bell Laboratories into a fully separated subsidiary. Such a reorganization plan—already in progress—was first disclosed by AT&T president William M. Ellinghaus last fall [Electronics, Oct. 23, p. 58]. At the same time, AT&T would agree to open its 23 regional operating companies to competitive industry procurement. In return, the Justice Department would drop its six-year-old suit and permit modification of the 1956 consent decree under which AT&T agrees not to compete in telecommunications equipment and services markets that are not regulated, according to the report. Reagan's plans for Japanese relations Japan's trade and defense policies will probably come in for early criticism under the new U.S. Administration as Ronald Reagan talks tough to America's allies about opening their home markets to U.S. products and increasing their share of the West's military spending burden. That, at least, is what members of the Reagan transition team assert. The job of pushing Japan to open its home markets faster and more fully will fall to William Brock, who is being named Special Trade Representative following his success as Republican national chairman in the 1980 campaign. Casper W. Weinberger, Reagan's choice for Secretary of Defense, will have the task of getting Japan to raise its defense spending in its fiscal year 1981 beyond the 7.6% increase to $11.5 billion proposed by Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki last month. But getting defense budget increases past Japan's Diet has always been difficult because of the antimilitary feelings that have become part of the country's politics since World War II. Neither job will be easy, say officials in both the Commerce and the Defense Department, who note that outgoing Defense Secretary Harold Brown has pushed hard for at least a 10% Japanese defense budget increase to offset the growing Soviet threat in Asia. But Brown, even with the support of the Japanese Defense Agency, failed. In trade, as in defense spending, Acting Special Trade Representative Robert Hormats summarizes the position of the Japanese as "figuring out just how little they can do and then doing only that." Giving more than a little But Reagan advisers are convinced that the incoming Administration must get Japan to give more than a little in trade. Beyond the ongoing U.S. problems with steadily rising imports of Japanese cars, consumer electronics, and steel, American electronics manufacturers are warning Reaganites about the increasingly real threat of rapidly rising imports of telecommunications equipment and semiconductors, as well as computers and word processors. New figures from the Commerce Department support this concern. They show that 1980 imports of basic telephone and telegraph hardware from Japan alone rose 42% from the 1979 level of $105 million. This gain was a major factor in the 66% jump in all telephone imports of $454 million. And although the U.S. maintained a positive trade balance of $95 million for the year, that surplus was cut 45% from the 1979 level. "If the present trend continues," warns the Commerce Department, "trade could fall into a deficit by 1985." Japan and departing Carter Administration officials are nevertheless hailing the bilateral agreement with the U.S. in December that finally opens some of Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corp.'s $3 billion in annual purchases to U.S. producers. But the Electronic Industries Association's John Sodolski and others are skeptical. "The agreement is very complex," says the EIA Communications division vice president, "and relies heavily on the good faith of the Japanese" for its fulfillment. "Many are skeptical about the implementation of the agreement," Sodolski cautions, noting that EIA members "would have preferred an even stronger instrument." Off to a slow start Though U.S. electronics industries executives are generally pleased with statements of Reagan transition team leaders about taking a harder line with Japan on trade as well as about talking tough with defense partners concerning military expenditures, some industry leaders are troubled by the signs that have emanated from the transition office itself. "Brock and Weinberger are both strong appointments, but they can't do the job all by themselves," says one industry executive, who wishes to remain anonymous. "There are more than 5,000 appointive jobs throughout Government that need to be filled, yet the transition team seems to be going nowhere on these." Other industry officials also find Reagan's withdrawn posture during the pre-inaugural period troubling. One industry source who has worked with it on a voluntary basis notes that "the transition office is pretty well screwed up; it is overstaffed and way over budget. It's mass confusion." Observations like these are widespread throughout Washington. Those reports are not encouraging to Reagan advocates in the electronics industries who see a need for a coordinated policy and relatively fast action by the new President and the 97th Congress on trade and defense issues vital to the U.S. and all of its partners. There is little consolation for them in the comment of one transition worker that "at least we are doing a better job than the Carter team did four years ago." Even if true, the comparison is better left unspoken. -Ray Connolly New Sprague Type 623D Input Filter Capacitors for switched-mode power supplies Sprague’s new Type 623D Extralytic® Capacitors have been expressly designed to provide superior performance in off-line switching-type applications... and they meet tight space and tight budget requirements. A few of the prime advantages of these new capacitors are highlighted above. Most important, though, is the fact that you can select from standard ratings to zero-in on your power supply requirements without paying for costly specials that necessitate slower deliveries. RAPID DEPLOYMENT NO ONE DELIVERS CUSTOM, MIL-QUALIFIED SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES FASTER THAN POWERCUBE. In less than 30 days, we go from initial power requirements to delivered power supplies. Custom switching power supplies are configured from Powercube's standard, proven modules which have been qualified on major military and space programs. The unique building block concept permits custom power requirements to be quickly and easily satisfied using standard Cirkitblock® modules. These modules have the demonstrated reliability and the high performance needed in situations commonly experienced by military electronic equipment (MTBF data for all standard modules is available). With power densities running as high as 50 watts per cubic inch, Cirkitblock modules can pack more power into limited space. For over a decade, these rugged modules have met or exceeded stringent specifications for size, weight, performance and tough environmental considerations whether your equipment operates from below the sea, on the ground or in outer space. If you have a requirement for a MIL-qualified power supply (or any other tough power supply problem) which needs to be filled fast, call Powercube at (617) 667-9500. POWERCUBE A SUBSIDIARY OF UNITRODE CORPORATION POWERCUBE CORPORATION, EIGHT SUBURBAN PARK DRIVE, BILLERICA, MASSACHUSETTS 01821 • (617) 667-9500 International Representatives: ELMAC, Adelaide, S. Australia, 08 271 1505; KONING EN HARTMAN ELEKTROTECHNIEK B.V., The Hague, Netherlands 678380; MICROEUT, s.r.l., Milano, Italy 46 90 444; NORGAY ENTERPRISES, LTD., Toronto, Ontario, Canada (416) 233-2930; POWER TECHNOLOGY LTD., Berkshire, U.K. 0734 864418; SCANCOTTER AB, Oslo, Norway (02) 22 98 50; SCANCOTTER AB, Vallingby, Sweden 08 38.00.65; SPETELEC, Paris, France, 686.56.65; STG INTERNATIONAL LTD., Tel-Aviv, Israel, 53459; STOLZ AG, Baden-Daetwil, Switzerland, 057 5 46 55; WETRONIC GmbH, Munchen, West Germany, 089-492066. EXEMPLARY PERFORMANCE NO ONE DELIVERS CUSTOM POWER SUPPLIES WHICH PERFORM BETTER THAN CIRKITBLOCK® MODULES. For over 10 years, custom power supplies from Powercube® have met or exceeded the severe performance requirements of major military and space programs. Today, custom power supplies configured from proven Cirkitblock® modules continue to provide the high performance and long term reliability needed in critical applications. Their small size, light weight, and rugged construction permit designers to fit or retrofit Powercube power supplies into tight configurations or harsh environments. And because Cirkitblock modules have been qualified on major military programs and are easily assembled into custom configurations, a prototype can very quickly be upgraded to an operating hi-rel unit. In addition to being the performance leader in MIL-qualified custom power supplies, Powercube can also supply single or multifunction modules for inclusion in your own power supply design. If you have a requirement for a MIL-qualified power supply (or any other tough power supply problem) which needs to be filled fast, call Powercube at (617) 667-9500. POWERCUBE A SUBSIDIARY OF UNITRODE CORPORATION POWERCUBE CORPORATION, EIGHT SUBURBAN PARK DRIVE, BILLERICA, MASSACHUSETTS 01821 * (617) 667-9500 International Representatives: ELMAC, Adelaide, S. Australia, 08 271 1505; KONING EN HARTMAN ELEKTROTECHNIEK B.V., The Hague, Netherlands 678380; MICROELIT, s.r.l., Milano, Italy 46 90 444; NORGAY ENTERPRISES, LTD., Toronto, Ontario, Canada: (416) 233-2930; POWER TECHNOLOGY LTD., Berkshire, U.K. 0734 86-4418; SCANCOPTER AB, Oslo, Norway (02) 22-98-50; SCANCOPTER AB, Vallingsby, Sweden 08.38.00.65; SPETELEC, Paris, France, 686.58.65, STG INTERNATIONAL LTD., "Tek-Aviv", Israel, 53459; STOLZ AG, Baden-Daettwil, Switzerland, 057 5 46 55; WETRONIC GmbH, München, West Germany, 089-492066. SYNCHRO TO DIGITAL CONVERTER SDC 1742 We’ve taken the lid off our new five chip miracle worker A miracle worker – we think that’s a fair description of our new 12 bit SDC1742 Hybrid tracking synchro/resolver to digital converter. For a start, the use of a custom designed chip means low bond count and low power dissipation resulting in high reliability. Its internal transformers not only ensure a balanced input is maintained regardless of what else is attached to the synchro or resolver input, but also provide the 400Hz and the 2.6KHz frequency options with input isolation of up to 350 volts DC. The high tracking rate of 18 Revs/sec means that the hybrid can be used in both the fine and coarse channels of most two-speed conversion systems while the ratiometric, tracking, type 2 servo loop technique ensures high noise immunity and tolerance of variations in signal and reference frequency and amplitude. Moreover, the digital outputs of the converter provide non-stale angular data within 300ns of demand without interfering with the tracking operation of the internal loop. Furthermore, the Three-state outputs have a high and low byte Enable facility ensuring easy interfacing to microprocessors. Add to all this the fact that the converter operates over a -55°C to +125°C temperature range and can be supplied processed to MIL-883B and you will appreciate that it is certain to perform miracles in the most demanding of environments. MEMORY DEVICES For full information on the SDC1742, contact: Memory Devices Ltd, Central Ave, Edith Molesey Surrey KT8 0SN England. Telex: 01 941 1006. telex 925962 REPRESENTATION OVERSEAS Australia Pentronix (PTY) Ltd Melbourne office - Tel: 90 7444 Sydney office - Tel: 4393286 Telex: A225021 Belgium Klaasijng Benelux N.V. Jan van der Vekenstraat 278/202 Antwerpen Tel: (31) 37 4803/4 Telex: 361909 Denmark Analog Devices A/S Marieholmsvej 6D 2730 Herlev Tel: (2) 845800 Telex: 36780 Finland S.W. Instruments Ltd Westerhaua 5 00034 Helsinki 53 Tel: (0) 8097 38 265 Telex: 129411 France Analog Devices S.A. Centre de Recherches ROLIC 12 Rue Le Corbusier Batiment 'Iena' Cite L Boulogne-Billancourt 92100 France Tel: (1) 687 3411 Telex: 200156 Germany Analog Devices GmbH 8000 Muenchen Mozartstrasse 17 Tel: (089) 5-4310 Telex: 502712 Holland KLM Micro Revers B.V. Beneleuxweg 27 4904 SJ Breda The Netherlands Tel: 01620-5140 Telex: 54598 Italy Vitaltron S.P.A 61 Via Vittorio Emanuele II 00144 Roma Italy Tel: (0) 6591 1785 Telex: 614332 Japan Oriental Industries (Agencies) 24 Mahatma Gandhi Marg Agra 282001 India Tel: 211000 Telex: 3185 or 3386 Telex: 0540-220 Norway Euronic Klokkesporei 31 Oslo 3 Norway Tel: (2) 788010 Telex: 9761 Sweden Komponentbolaget NAXAB Box 4115 S-11707 Solna Tel: (0) 85140 Telex: 17912 Switzerland Analog Devices S.A Route des Acacias 14-1201 Geneva Tel: (022) 31 57 60 Telex: 219096 Zurich office Tel: (01) 840 0777 United Kingdom Memory Devices Ltd Central Avenue, Edith Molesey Surrey England Tel: (01) 941 1006 Telex: 925962 Circle 715 on reader service card Optical network handles analog signals: page 81 Oil-truck driver extracts invoice for delivery from printer linked to portable computer in holder on his left: page 82 The TO-5 linear IC marches on at RCA. Have competitive TO-5 product withdrawals caught you short? • RCA produces more than 100 linear IC’s in the TO-5 package. • We intend to keep on producing them. • With the TO-5 you get low-cost hermeticity and a 15-year history of superb reliability performance. For more information, please contact your local RCA Solid State Distributor. Or contact RCA Solid State headquarters in Somerville, N.J. Brussels, Belgium. Hong Kong. Sao Paulo, Brazil. Circle 66 on reader service card Europe plans its own Ada software Western Europe's Common Market Commission has awarded $8.3 million in contracts for developing software, including a compiler and program support environments, in the U.S. Department of Defense's high-level language, Ada. About $4.8 million goes to a French-German consortium consisting of Siemens, CII-Honeywell Bull, and ALSYS, a company owned partly by CII-HB and partly by Ada language developer Jean Ichbiah [Electronics, Dec. 18, p. 39]. The rest went jointly to Italy's Olivetti, Danish electronics firm Christian Rovsing AS, and the Danish Datamatics Center, an industry-owned study organization. A British software house, Systems Designers Ltd., is a subcontractor in the Italo-Danish project. Financed under the European Commission's 1979-83 computer industry support scheme, the project is one of several efforts intended to keep Europe competitive with the DOD's development of Ada in the U.S. ... as well as its own satellite business service Emulating IBM and other U.S. corporations, European post and telecommunications authorities plan to launch their own satellite business service by 1983. It will enable large organizations to transmit and receive high-speed data, video conferencing, high-resolution facsimile, and other services over 2-Mb/s channels using 4-meter (13-ft) 12- or 14-GHz antennas located on their premises. As members of the Eutelsat Council, established in 1978 to manage the European communications satellite project, the 17 authorities had agreed in December that all but the first of five communications satellites planned for the 1980s should be able to operate directly from private 4-meter dishes, as well as from large ground station antennas for international traffic. In addition, Eutelsat will lease capacity on Telecom I, to be launched by the French to provide their own national satellite business service, also by 1983. Further out, the European PTTs have agreed to harmonize their telephone network standards to create an integrated digital network throughout Europe that will complement the satellite service. Amorphous silicon creates solar cells for consumer uses Sanyo Electric Co. of Japan has earmarked $50 million for a plant to build amorphous-silicon solar cells for consumer products. By the end of this year, production should have started of enough cells to build power panels for 1 million calculators per month. In other products, including radios and tape recorders, Sanyo plans to use the cells to charge nickel-cadmium batteries. Consisting of a thin film of amorphous silicon on an inexpensive substrate, such as glass, the cells use at most 1% of the silicon needed by a single-crystal cell. Yet they produce a similar output under fluorescent light, thanks to a response curve that offsets their low 3% to 5% efficiency. Sharp Corp. is also showing interest in amorphous-silicon solar cells. CII-Honeywell Bull to drop CML CII-Honeywell Bull is abandoning current-mode logic for its future generations of mainframes. The Franco-American computer maker uses CML for its top-of-the-line DPS 7 machines and an even larger mainframe it is to announce soon [Electronics, Oct. 11, 1979, p. 78]. CII-HB officials insist they are satisfied with the technology, but decided to drop it as part of "a general technological reorientation." Honeywell Information Systems Inc., which coordinates research with CII-HB and owns 47% of the Paris-based company, ran into serious problems with CML and turned to Schottky TTL circuits for its own top-of-the-line DPS 8 series [Electronics, Oct. 25, p. 44]. Notes an official at RTC—La Radiotechnique Compélec, which supplies CII-HB with CML, “The company finds itself in a very uncomfortable position as the only [non-Japanese] mainframe maker using CML.” Siemens builds GaAs broadband amplifiers Following in the footsteps of several U.S. companies, West Germany’s Siemens AG is about to start delivering samples of gallium arsenide amplifiers for broadband applications. With a noise figure of around 4.5 dB over most of its 40-MHz-to-1-GHz range and an output of either 320 mV into 50 Ω or 400 mV into 75 Ω, the monolithic device is superior to any bipolar-transistor-based hybrid amplifier now on the market, according to the Munich-based company. At 1 GHz, the noise figure checks in at 6 dB. The gain flatness is 20 ± 0.5 dB. Another version, to follow shortly, will have a frequency range extending to 2 GHz. Using GaAs of its own manufacture, Siemens produces a highly uniform active layer by direct ion implantation, which also reduces costs and fabrication time. Gold contacts enhance device reliability. Applications for the CGY 21 include satellite signal receiving systems and measuring equipment. France starts installing electronic mail system In its first foray into electronic mail, CII-Honeywell Bull is installing a Mini 6 model 6/43 minicomputer as a switch linking 120 word processors. It is also the first electronic mail center for CII-HB’s customer, the Direction Générale des Télécommunications, the French telecommunications authority. To go on line in May, the system links Adrex Plus word processors capable of storing 138-k characters and made by SMH-Adrex Alcatel of Paris. It will be somewhat primitive, being based on message-switching software previously developed by CII-HB and unable to provide automatic call-up. But given the French government’s thrust into office automation and CII-HB’s plans to expand into that field, the DGT electronic mail system is likely to trigger a series of government contracts for the Franco-American mainframe maker. Addenda In Spain’s first overseas sale of data-processing technology, the country’s telephone company, CTNE, has been awarded a $22 million contract by Argentina’s Sintel to supply a Tesis-5 data-transmission network and have it installed and operating by 1982. . . . Sweden’s two TV receiver manufacturers, Luxor and Svenska Philips, are planning to manufacture 90-cm and 1.5-meter antennas to enable Swedish homes, apartment houses, and cooperatives to pick up West German TV satellite broadcasts in 1984. . . . The Norwegian post office has given NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken of the Netherlands a $28 million-plus order to install 1,800 banking data terminals at 450 major post offices, starting in late 1982 and finishing by the end of 1984. . . . Now that its first 12-GHz satellite is up and running, Satellite Business Systems of McLean, Va., has applied to the Federal Communications Commission for permission to hook up five of its U.S. customers to their Canadian operations. That hookup would create the world’s first private international digital communications service. . . . Early in March, Austria’s postal authorities will start teletext trials involving 300 television and telephone subscribers throughout the country. Configurability has just taken a dramatic step forward. Meet the nine new TM 500 Plug-ins from Tektronix, High performance instruments, "Designed for Configurability." Which means they can be used separately or as a team in a variety of mainframes, to perform a wide range of laboratory and field tests and measurements. Take a look at our nine new instruments. Combine any one of them with any of over 40 other available plug-ins. You'll be taking a dramatic step towards advancing your test and measurement performance. 2 MHz Sweeping Function Generator FG 507 Designed for R&D in many sophisticated applications, from communications to logic testing to audio. The FG 507 features linear and logarithmic sweep. 2 MHz Function Generator FG 501A This plug-in provides low distortion sine-wave outputs from 0.002 Hz to 2 MHz. The FG 501A (and the FG 507) features <0.25% sine-wave distortion, 60-dB step attenuation, and 5% to 95% variable symmetry. The FG 501A offers a versatile combination of performance features suitable for many applications. 50 MHz Dual Output Pulse Generator PG 507 The PG 507 boasts complementary dual outputs and is specifically designed for digital applications, particularly the design of interface logic circuits. Universal Counter/Timer DC 509 The DC 509 is designed to make accurate, high resolution measurements to 135 MHz. The auto trigger mode makes triggering easier than ever, speeding up many measurements. It's also designed for applications demanding high resolution at low frequencies. Universal Counter/Timer DC 503A Its flexibility and accuracy plus 125 MHz on both A and B channels makes the DC 503A a valuable instrument for research and development, field service and maintenance. And its affordable price makes it a practical solution to your measurement needs. new reasons why. Communications Counter DC 508A The DC 508A measures frequency to 1.3 GHz making it specifically useful for testing in the navigation and communications bands. The DC 508A's nine digit display means accurate, high-resolution measurements. Distortion Analyzer AA 501 The fully automatic AA 501 is designed to save time and money within the communications, broadcast, and audio manufacturing fields by making complex distortion measurements pushbutton easy. Audio Oscillator SG 505 With less than 0.0008% THD, engineers can be confident that their test signals are clean when measuring low distortion equipment. Other features of the SG 505 include an Intermod Distortion option to generate SMPTE and DIN standard signals. Calibration Generator CG 551AP The fully programmable, computer-controlled CG 551AP offers state-of-the-art performance in oscilloscope calibration. TM 500 Designed for Configurability Tektronix COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE TM 500 Designed for Configurability FG 501A 2 MHz Function Generator - 0.002 Hz to 2 MHz - Sine, Square, Triangle, Ramp and Pulse Waveforms - 30 V p-p, ±13 V Offset - 2% to 95% Variable Symmetry - Trigger or Gate ± Slope - 60 dB Step Attenuator - ≤0.2% Sine-wave Distortion - ≤25 ns Rise/Fall FG 507 2 MHz Sweeping Function Generator - 0.002 Hz to 2 MHz - Includes all FG 501A features (above) plus: - Logarithmic and Linear Sweep - Separate Start/Stop Frequency Dials - Sweep Up or Down - Sweep and Hold - Manual Sweep PG 507 50 MHz Dual Output Pulse Generator - 5 Hz to 50 MHz plus Custom Range - Dual Outputs with Tracking Level Controls - Normal or Complement Pulse Output on Both Channels - 15 V Output into a ±15 kΩ window into 50 Ω Impedance, 7.5 V into 50 Ω - 3.5 ns Rise/Fall Time - Delay and Double Pulse Capability - Independent Pulse Top and Bottom Level Controls DC 508A Universal Counter/Timer - 10 ns Single-Shot Time Interval Resolution - 135 MHz Frequency Measurements - High Resolution Reciprocal Frequency Measurements - 1 ps Resolution in Time Interval Average with $10^6$ Averages DC 508A 1.3 GHz Frequency Counter - Nine Digit LED Readout - 20 mV Sensitivity in Prescale Function - Selectable 50 Ω/1 MΩ Direct Input - X100 Resolution Multiplier to 25 kHz - Prescale Input Out-of-Range Light - Front Panel Prescaler Fuse Protection AA 504 Distortion Analyzer - Fully Automatic: no level setting, tuning or nulling - 200% Band System Harmonic Distortion plus Noise (THD + N) - Novel Analog-Like "Bar Graph" plus Complete Digital Readouts - Simplified Decibel Measurements - True rms or Average responding to all Modes - Intermod Distortion Option Conforms to SMPTE, DIN and CCIF SG 505 Audio Oscillator - Ultra Low Distortion —— 0.0000% THD (typically 0.0003%) - 40 Hz to 300 kHz Sine Wave (typically 9 Hz to 110 kHz) - Floating Output —— 600 Ω Source - Vernier Frequency Control - Isolated and Ground Referenced Sync Output - Calibrated Output into 600 Ω —— +10 dBm to −60 dBm EE 551AP Programmable Calibration Generator - Microprocessor-based, fully programmable calibration and verification of major oscilloscope parameters, including: - Vertical Gain - Horizontal Timing and Gain - Vertical Bandwidth/Pulse Characteristics - Probe Accuracy and Compensation - Current Probe Accuracy - Calibration Output Accuracy - Timing Signals from 5 s to 0.4 ns including the unique Slewed Edge Timing Marker Method to Check Fast Sweep Speeds (up to 0.2 ns/div) - Voltage (Amplitude) signals from 40 μV to 200 V - Current (Amplitude) signals from 1 nA to 100 mA - Low Distortion Edge Signals from 20 mV to 100 V - Fast Edge Riserise of 200 ps or less Yes, I am interested in the new TM 500 Plug-ins. Send me the TM 500 Selection Guide. NAME TITLE COMPANY ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP Ask for our Selection Guide. It has detailed information on the TM 500 Family of Modular Instrumentation. To get it, use the coupon below and write to Tektronix at any of the listed addresses. It's a big step towards advancing your test and measurement performance. For further information, contact: U.S.A., Asia, Australia, Central & South America, Japan Tektronix, Inc. PO. Box 5790 Beaverton, OR 97075 Phone: 800/547-1512 Oregon inside 800/644-9655 Telex: 396-467-8768 Cable: TEKTROXIN Europe, Africa, Middle East Tektronix International, for European Marketing Centre P.O. Box 617 Linth Ave Amsterdam The Netherlands Telco: 85133 Canada Tektronix Canada Inc. P.O. Box 62600 Barrie, Ontario L4M 4V2 Phone: 705/725-2700 Copyright © 1980, Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Tektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, patents pending and patent applications. References in this publication supersede that in all previously published material. Specifications and price changes, errors and omissions excepted. TEKTRONIX, TEK, and TEKTRONIX are trademarks of Tektronix, Inc. TM is a registered trademark of Tektronix, U.S.A., Limited. Now! A 64-bit, 20 MHz All Digital Correlator. (On a single chip.) Our TDC1023J correlator chip gives you the ability to detect a desired signal in the presence of other signals or noise. It can recognize and compare signal patterns. It may be used to measure time delays through various mediums such as materials, the body, RF paths, electronic circuits. It's ideal for the digital design engineer working in these areas: - Convolution - Error detection and correction - Noise reduction in communications - Pattern and image recognition - Signal synchronization - Signature analysis And just take a look at these key features. - Separate buffer register -- speeds processing, reduces external components - Threshold register -- enables flag at preset correlation level - Mask register -- permits adjustable compare lengths - 20 MHz correlation rate +5V supply; TTL compatible 24 pin ceramic DIP package Only $85 in 100's Prices quoted are U.S. prices. For complete information on our all new digital correlator, call your nearest TRW International Sales office and ask for our new 32 page brochure, "Correlation — a powerful technique for digital signal processing." ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires 304132 AUSTRALIA, Moorabbin 951566 BELGIUM, Brussels 02-6600012 BRAZIL, Sao Paulo 2409211 DENMARK, Herlev 2-842000 FINLAND, Helsinki 06926022 FRANCE, Paris 01-7581111 GERMANY, Munich 0897146065 ISRAEL, Tel Aviv 444572 ITALY, Monza 360021 JAPAN, Tokyo 03-4615121 NETHERLANDS, Amsterdam 14622 NEW ZEALAND, Wellington 851279 NORWAY, Oslo 786210 SOUTH AFRICA, Capetown 467657 SPAIN, Madrid 2425204 SWEDEN, Vallingsby, Stockholm 08635040 SWITZERLAND, Zurich 07-429900 TAIWAN, Taipei 7512062 UNITED KINGDOM, London 9025941 TRW LSI PRODUCTS An Electronic Components Division of TRW Inc. TRW keeps you ahead in digital signal processing Circle 224 on reader service card Go modular with the proven Mod Jacks...every one With 300 million Berg jacks built since 1971 you know where to go when it's time to go modular. Berg has been the primary source of jacks that have helped revolutionize the telephone industry. Look at your choices: - 4-, 6- and 8-wire jacks for both line and receiver cords, all available in various lead lengths. - Similar jacks for direct mounting pc boards. - 4-wire coil cords in a variety of lengths and colors. - 4-, 6- and 8-wire line cords in a variety of lengths and colors. All of these jacks are completely assembled, ready for use on your production line or in field service. Berg Modular Jacks are made under license from Western Electric and meet all FCC requirements. The quality remains high. Regardless of volume. Regardless of delivery requirements. Because during our years of producing mod jacks we've developed the most reliable, totally automatic production and inspection performance of 300 million of them built by Berg. system in the business. No one else is even close. The latest practical developments are incorporated into these connectors. Developments like the porosity-free, gold-plated spring wire used in each jack to help prevent corrosion. Or the foreign object guard that adds an additional measure of safety. Find out more about Berg Modular Jacks and how you too can "go mod". For detailed data see our catalog pages in EEM (Vol. 1). Or write or call us for Bulletin 1800. Remember: Nobody knows modular jacks like Berg knows modular jacks. We've made over 300 million. Now we want to make yours. The Du Pont Company, Berg Electronics Division, New Cumberland, PA 17070. Telephone (717) 938-6711. An electronics company. We make a big case for support. Seems in the race to sell hardware, a lot of people relegate service and support to a low priority. We don't. Because we're convinced that the better we back up our test systems, the more effective they'll be for you. And that's the best way we know to lower your testing costs. Training starts you off. Hands-on experience with the kind of test equipment you'll be using. From fundamentals to advanced techniques. At training centers located in the U.S., Europe and Asia. And if you can't come to us, we'll make arrangements to come to you. Applications get you going. A library of ready-to-run test programs that can save you thousands of dollars. And a worldwide team of application engineers to help you develop custom programs that let you keep pace with changing technologies. Service keeps you running. More than 25 major centers throughout the world. Each offering a range of services. Installation and startup. Monthly maintenance. Automatic hardware and software updates. Spare parts distribution. And the industry's fastest solutions to even the most difficult problems. For our general-purpose LSI testers, there's even a unique remote diagnostic system that gives you access to our top ATE specialists, no matter where you're located. It's a strong case for buying Fairchild. Backed by nearly 400 service and support people worldwide. So find out more. Call or write Fairchild Test Systems Group, 1725 Technology Drive, San Jose, California 95110. (408) 998-0123. You'll see why we make a big case for support. FAIRCHILD A Schlumberger Company The First Family of ATE. Circle 246 on reader service card Analog signals pass TV programs over optical net by John Gosch, Frankfurt bureau manager A nondigital approach lends an unusual simplicity to a broadband fiber system linking 25 West Berlin homes. Twenty-five households in West Berlin have just been hooked up to one of the first broadband optical communications system to go into operation in Europe. A single fiber delivers any 2 of 7 5-megahertz TV channels plus any 2 of 14 frequency-modulated stereo channels to each subscriber, who can receive all 4 simultaneously. What distinguishes the network from others in, for example, the U.S. and Japan is its simplicity, which is due to the fact that it transmits only analog signals, says AEG-Telefunken. The Frankfurt-based company built the $3 million experimental system for the West German post office, which is now testing it. As a consequence, observes Erich Rauth, head of development at the company's communications cable systems group in Backnang, "there is no need for any kind of analog-to-digital or digital-to-analog conversion," so that TV and radio sets can be used without modification, just as they exist today. Being a broadband system, the net could of course be used for telephone and even color videophone communications, as well as for viewdata and video text services. But "right now, we are primarily interested in evaluating moving-picture transmissions as provided by everyday TV programs," says Hermann Wissmann, who is in charge of West Berlin's regional post office administration. Resembling a telephone communications system in its starlike architecture, the network extends for about 2.5 kilometers (roughly 1½ miles) and does without repeaters. The longest stretch of uninterrupted cable is approximately 800 meters (around half a mile), Rauth says. Paired. The system links a communications distribution center, a cable-TV and fm radio head station, and a subscriber unit at each of the 25 households. These units are connected to the distribution center by two fibers, one each for incoming and outgoing transmissions. The subscriber selects a TV program with an infrared keyboard-type remote-control unit. The IR signals are picked up by the set's external channel selector, which sends corresponding electrical pulses over a coaxial cable to the subscriber unit. From there, optical information goes via one fiber to the distribution center, where a small computer manipulates a switching network so that the subscriber receives the selected program over the other fiber. Together with the program, the center transmits pulses to the TV set that identify the channel and display its number on the channel selector. Japan Smaller, simpler GaAs logic could serve computers as well as communications A Japanese laboratory has developed the same high-speed, high-density, low-power gallium arsenide logic as British Telecom [Electronics, Dec. 18, p. 66]. Both require just two transistors and one diode per stage and therefore can occupy much less than half the real estate of the more complex types of normally-on GaAs logic previously announced by Rockwell International and Hewlett-Packard [Electronics, Nov. 20, p. 39]. Being capacitively coupled, the new logic cannot handle direct current and the British were contemplating its application in communications only. But the Japanese believe that, suitably initialized and maybe also refreshed, it might be a candidate for the supercomputer for which the country's Ministry of International Trade and Industry is trying to obtain funds [Electronics, Aug. 12, p. 65]. Nobuo Hashizume, who heads the team working on the new logic, calls it Schottky-barrier-coupled Schottky-barrier-gate GaAs field-effect-transistor logic, or SSFL for short. Ring oscillator. For ease in fabrication, the prototype devices in an 11-stage ring oscillator have gates 3 micrometers long and 50 μm wide (the state of the art in gate length is on the order of 0.5 μm). Yet each stage in the ring oscillator has a propagation delay of only 120 picoseconds. Power consumption per stage is 12 milliwatts for a supply voltage of 4.6 volts. Fabrication of the device on an epitaxial layer with a doping density of $9.2 \times 10^{16}$ atoms... In addition, before each round of deliveries, the Sam-Link computer is loaded with all pertinent information, such as customers' orders and addresses, prices, and taxes, which the printer reproduces for use by the truck driver. This data serves both to produce the invoices and to update the computer's record of the truck's changing contents. Being programmable, the Sam-Link computer can provide statements not only for oil deliveries but also for delivering beer, collecting milk, and making supermarket deliveries. The billing program is written in assembly language or PL/M and stored either in programmable read-only memory or in a combination of RAM and ROM. Plusses. The advantages of on-the-spot billing are considerable, notes Sam-Projekt. The seller can count on quicker payment and thus reduced interest costs, as well as no mailing costs; the customer has an opportunity to check the bill for errors before the driver has left; and the driver has no reports to write when he gets home. Besides Dansk Esso, a Danish brewery and other customers are also using the terminals on their regular rounds. The computer terminal weighs about 1 kilogram, so that it can be held in one hand. A liquid-crystal display shows each entry as it is made. Additional equipment includes a truck controller, which automatically shuts off a tank truck pump when a preset volume has been reached, and a liter counter that registers the volume of liquids delivered by the truck. -Alfred Pedersen, McGraw-Hill World News --- France Three firms dedicate chip sets to Antiope What is the best way of taking a digital teletext signal out of an analog TV signal and displaying it on a color TV screen? Each of France's three largest semiconductor makers has come up with its own answer for Antiope, the French teletext system. Their chip sets do have similarities, of course. All basically divide the job up into three functions—data acquisition, processing, and display. And each decoder will in fact ultimately consist of three dedicated chips, plus a microprocessor and memory chips. But the details vary, as do the companies' strategies for reaching that goal. Two of the contenders—RTC—La Radiotechnique Complec, the components subsidiary of NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken of the Netherlands, and EFCIS (Société pour l'Etude et la Fabrication de Circuits Intégrés Spéciaux), the Thomson-CSF subsidiary—plan to have complete, albeit provisional, Antiope decoders ready in time for the on-air Antiope test scheduled to begin in April at Columbia Broadcasting System's Los Angeles station, KNXT. But the third contender, Texas Instruments France, scorning an intermediate stage, is working on its definitive chip set, which by now lacks only a video display processor. Linear ICs. All three companies use linear bipolar circuits to separate the digital Antiope signal from the composite analog video signal [Electronics, June 19, 1980, p. 79]. Since both TI and Philips previously encountered the same problem in developing decoders for the British Ceefax teletext system, they were able to bring out their single-chip data-slicing (video-processing) circuits first. The semiconductor division of Thomson-CSF expects to have its so-called Didon (a French acronym for TV-broadcast digital data) data-acquisition circuits ready within a month or so, but proposes to use two bipolar chips, not one, for its provisional design. In the remainder of the RTC decoder's data-acquisition section, the bit clock extracted from the Antiope data is fed not only into the integrated-injection-logic circuit that handles demultiplexing, but also into an n-channel MOS timing-chain circuit that synchronizes the entire decoder. Because Antiope can transmit at up to 6 megahertz, a buffer memory is needed to store demultiGET INSTANT INSIGHT. Good data. Get all kinds of valuable new-product and new-design insights: Each issue of the INTERSIL INSIGHT has been packed with state-of-the-art information. But if somehow you've been missing out — here's your chance to get back in the know, instantly... Get yours. All you do is fill out the coupon and send it in. By return mail, and absolutely free, we'll send you all five recent issues of INTERSIL INSIGHT. That's 20 pages of insight. Enough to make you the Intersil-technology expert at any party you might attend. Maybe even enough to save you problems on your next design! INTERSIL Marketing Services, 10710 N. Tantau Avenue, Cupertino, CA 95014. Tel: (408) 996-5000, TWX: 910-338-0171. Dear Intersil, I could use some fresh insights; please send me all five issues of INTERSIL INSIGHT, free. Name ____________________________________________________________ Company _________________________________________________________ Address ___________________________________________________________ City/State/Zip _____________________________________________________ Nobody else has LSI-11 and LSI-11/2 cards like these. Our digital cards are loaded with unique features such as the ability to use I/O lines as either inputs or outputs in increments of eight, up to 64 TTL inputs or outputs interfaced directly to the LSI-11 bus, the ability to detect contact closures on discrete input lines, and discrete latched outputs with the capability to drive high current incandescent lamps. The Bus Repeater Card accommodates more devices than the basic bus can handle. The Bus Translator Card allows LSI-11 peripherals to operate with a Unibus CPU. Both high level and low level analog cards are available with features like direct thermocouple digitizing, 250V CM isolation, six gain codes, up to 64 channels, and program control interface...to mention just a few. ADAC Corporation, 70 Tower Office Park, Woburn, MA 01801 (617) 935-6668. Interim. The five dedicated chips (tinted) designed by RTC (a) and EFCIS (b) to translate French teletext signals onto the TV screen will ultimately become three (gray outlines). plexed data waiting to be processed. For the time being, RTC proposes a pair of i²L gate arrays to handle, respectively, demultiplexing and the control of the 2-k-byte buffer memory (see diagram). "Gate arrays are rather expensive when large quantities are involved," concedes Claude de Féligonde, commercial director for RTC's Antiope circuits. He adds that the company plans to replace the pair with a single n-MOS integrated circuit before the end of 1982. Family supplies. As for its microprocessor, RTC plans eventually to use a member of Philips' own 8400 series of 8-bit n-MOS chips, together with the group's high-speed data bus. But the provisional design, says Antiope project engineer Claude Iroulart, will employ an Intel 8048 8-bit device, which Philips second-sources but which requires about 10 TTL circuits to interface it with the rest of the decoder. In the display portion of RTC's definitive chip set, the character generator circuit will be integrated with the timing chain circuit on a single n-MOS chip. But in the meantime, the company is using the two circuits it developed for the electronic directory project being run by the Direction Générale des Télécommunications, part of the French post and telecommunications authority [Electronics, July 5, 1979, p. 86]. The EFCIS approach also groups demultiplexing and buffer memory Pictures from space are helping mariners in the eastern Gulf of Mexico conserve fuel and travel faster in colder months by showing them where major currents are flowing. Data on the Gulf Loop Current, a circulation of water that moves roughly clockwise through the eastern portion of the Gulf, comes from a GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) spacecraft. An infrared sensor aboard the satellite senses the warmer waters of the current. This information is then converted into pictures and a map showing the Loop Current's coastal edge by latitude and longitude. Ships then can sail with or avoid the current, which flows up to three and one-half knots. The Hughes-built GOES satellites are operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Computerized machines have improved the manufacture of radar systems by ensuring quality and reliability. Hughes has developed special equipment to assemble about 80 percent of the components in the AN/APG-65 radar for the F/A-18 strike fighter. One piece of equipment automatically selects proper components from a bank of up to 50 parts, tests them, positions them, and solders them into place. An operator monitors the work on a television screen to check alignment and make manual adjustments if necessary. The machines, by assembling every component in exactly the same way, help keep costs low. Hughes builds the APG-65 radar under contract to McDonnell Douglas Corporation for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. Though placed in an extremely hostile environment just below and on the center line of a 20-mm cannon, the AN/APG-65 radar on the F/A-18 Hornet strike fighter is designed to meet high standards of accuracy and reliability. A special isolation system and structural honeycomb material isolate the radar from gun vibration and acoustical noise to prevent interruptions in operation when the gun is fired. A fluorosilicone material also seals the radar from gun gas that could contaminate electronic components. Hughes builds the APG-65 radar under contract to McDonnell Douglas Corporation for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. An ultramodern facility spanning 1.75 million square feet will be the showcase where outstanding Hughes engineering will combine with advanced manufacturing techniques and production processes. Our complex is nearly completed, so we're looking for experienced and graduating engineers to work on such programs as: infrared thermal imaging systems, laser rangefinders and designators, and missile launching and guidance systems. Send your resume to Dan O'Daly, Hughes Electro-Optical and Data Systems Manufacturing, Professional Employment, P.O. Box 924, Dept. SE, El Segundo, CA 90245. Equal opportunity employer. New products from Hughes: An advanced Microcomputer Development System that's faster, more powerful, and more flexible than existing models ... an Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read-Only Memory, offering the low-power advantages of CMOS in a nonvolatile memory ... a 300-watt CW traveling-wave tube designed for space applications in the 2.0 to 2.3-GHz frequency range. STOP TRANSIENT NOISE Immunize Your System with Deltec. Super Isolation Transformers Eliminate Transient Noise The Deltec DT Series drastically reduces memory and transmission errors caused by transient noise on commercial power lines. Common Mode Rejection is 140dB and interwinding capacitance is less than 1 femtofarad (0.001 pf). Stock models are available from 250 VA to 5 KVA 1Ø and 15 KVA 3Ø, 50/60 Hz. Line Conditioners for Noise & Stability Problems Deltec's DLC Series computer power conditioners eliminate all power line noise problems which cause data and memory loss. Unique shielding provides 120 dB (1,000,000:1) reduction for: Transients - Voltage Spikes - Ground Loops - Line Noise caused by RFI or EMI (radiated noise). The DLC provides voltage regulation over 30% input voltage range with efficiencies greater than 93%. Ranges: 1200 VA - 20 KVA 1Ø; 9 KVA - 60KVA 3Ø, 50 and 60 Hz. AC POWER HANDBOOK gives you hard answers on how to solve AC Power problems. Now available at our cost of $4.00. Write or call for a copy. Gould Inc., Power Conversion Div. 2727 Kurtz St., San Diego CA 92110. Telephone (714) 291-4211 TWX (910) 335-1241 Electronics international control. In cooperation with Thomson-CSF's semiconductor division, the company has put both functions on a single n-MOS circuit and is already supplying samples of the device. To be replaced. Also like Philips, EFCIS plans to use one microprocessor for its provisional design and another in its final chip set. A Motorola 6809 8-bit microprocessor, which the company produces as a second source, will process the data in its first decoders. But marketing vice president Yves Thorn says that the company plans to develop an optimized version of the cheaper 6805 in definitive versions. By adding 2- or 3-K bytes of on-chip read-only memory to the 6805, he explains, EFCIS can do away with the additional random-access memory and ultraviolet-light-erasable programmable ROM (E-PROM) chips necessary with the 6809. Since Thomson-CSF is also participating in the electronic directory project, and since both the directory and Antiope operate on the same videotext standard, it comes as no surprise that EFCIS, like RTC, is proposing a pair of display circuits developed for the directory project. And although EFCIS' president, Paul Mirat, does not want to commit himself to a specific date for a single n-MOS chip to handle both cathode-ray-tube control and character generation, he is confident that, like RTC, EFCIS will have three dedicated chips by the end of 1982. Thus all three competitors should have definitive versions of their decoder chip sets ready for production by the end of next year. EFCIS and RTC now plan to keep the RAM needed to store Antiope pages waiting to be displayed separate from the buffer memory for incoming data. Therefore, in addition to their three dedicated circuits, each will require two RAMs, plus, of course, the microprocessor. TI is combining both memory functions into a single RAM, so its decoder will consist of one RAM, a microprocessor, and three dedicated circuits—a data slicer, a prefix processor, and a video display processor. -Kenneth Dreyfack Modulation Analyzer FAM All-round modulation analysis, manually or automatically, in the carrier-frequency range 55 kHz to 1.36 GHz Special features: - Residual FM < 1 Hz (CCITT weighted) - Residual AM < 0.01 % (CCITT weighted) - thus superior for spurious-modulation measurements Excellent amplitude and phase linearity with stereo crosstalk attenuation of > 50 dB, distortion < 0.1 % IEC-bus interface for use in automatic test systems Compact design (12 kg) and low power needs Easy to operate, ergonomic styling The FAM is five instruments in one: - modulation meter - RF counter - AF counter - distortion meter - psophometer Versatile AF evaluation facilities: - AF-level measurement - weighting filters CCIR and CCITT - distortion measurement Indication of measured results by: - three digital displays, one quasi-analog display Ask for more information Modulation analyzer FAM Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG Postfach 80 14 69 D-8000 München 80 Federal Republic of Germany Telex 523 703 (rus d) Phone internat. +(4989) 4129-1 Independent concern (established 1933) represented in 80 countries ROHDE & SCHWARZ Electronic measurements · Broadcasting Radio communications and monitoring Circle 341 on reader service card Systematic approach and continuity in the eighties SMP – the modular microcomputer system from Siemens SMP is a future-oriented modular microcomputer system of professional quality, conceived for long-term use. The overriding advantage for the equipment developer is the variety of functional units available for the system. Today more than 70 different SMP hardware and software modules are already standard items: - 12 central processing units with the 8080A, 8085A and 8088 processors, DMA capability, arithmetic processor 9511 or floating point processor 9512, with a clock frequency of up to 8 MHz depending on type - 14 different RAM and ROM/EPROM modules offer the optimum solution to your memory capacity requirements - 12 analog and digital I/O modules for the most varied process controls - 12 special system and peripheral control units, e.g. cascadable interrupt control, real-time CMOS clock, as well as controls for printer, cassette and floppy disk - 14 high-performance system software modules, e.g. monitor programs and real-time operating systems which not only supplement and support programming, but also facilitate troubleshooting and start-up procedure. A BASIC interpreter designed for SMP hardware is also available - Numerous mechanical and electrical assembly components and test aids as well as power supply units complete the system. More new products are continually and systematically being refined. Over 50 engineers are working constantly in new developments. SMP is not on its own either. Ask for information on AMS – our second modular system with multi-computer capability – and on SKC 85, the high-performance compact computer. Siemens provides assistance for the development of user software in the form of convenient programming location, a program library, programming courses and a consulting service. For detailed information, please write to us at Siemens AG, Components Group, Infoservice, Postfach 156, D-8510 Fürth, quoting «SMP». in the LIMELIGHT... ...THOMSON-CSF The semiconductor components you need now... and tomorrow. Bearing the hallmark of excellence, Discrete components and IC’s are produced throughout the world in our 9 semiconductor plants. TO 220 TRIACS ON THEIR WAY UP! Five MUSTS for using the new BTA series: - Higher dv/dt(c) : 10 V/μs - Better insulation: 2.5 kV (rms) - Broader range: 6,8,10,12 A; 200 V→700 V - Greater sensitivity: < 10 mA - ...and available NOW! You may depend on us, we’re never far-away... THOMSON-CSF COMPOSANTS Circle 343 on reader service card New products international degrees or days of the week. The ease with which custom designs can be accommodated arises from advances in display manufacture. As a late entrant into the market, Lucid Displays has been able to invest in the latest production equipment, manufacturing displays in batches at a time from glass sandwiches that are presently 6 in. square but will eventually be up to 16 in. square. Both custom and standard products can be run down the same production line with no extra tooling. The company was formed by Saunders-Roe Developments Ltd., which backed a group of engineers with long-standing experience in the technology with $1 million. It plans to provide a high-volume capability for both standard and custom LCDS, building on the pioneering research work of Britain's Royal Signals and Radar Research Establishment. The latter, together with the University of Hull and BDH Chemicals Ltd., Pool, Dorset, developed a range of liquid-crystal materials that now accounts for over 60% of world consumption—cyano-biphenyls and terphenyls, which are stable in sunlight and have a wide temperature range. In the batch production technique developed by Lucid, both the front and rear electrodes and the spacer-sealant are deposited on the glass in a single operation. Individual displays are separated only after injection of the twisted-nematic biphenyl material. The sealant-spacer used to separate glass faces by 8 μm is a heat-cured plastic developed for the purpose. The group aims to provide displays of increasing complexity with plans for dot-matrix displays and displays of up to 30 characters. Lucid Displays, Swallowfield Way, Dawley Road, Hayes, Middlesex, UB3 1D1 England [441] Correction Microampere and microsecond were wrongly abbreviated in the story on the e3100 microcomputer from Eurosil GmbH appearing in the Dec. 4 issue, p. 6E. The e3100 uses 30 μA (not 30 mA) at 1.5 V; the machine cycle time should have been given as 30 μs. Electronics regrets these errors. Members of the 4N series of optoelectronic couplers incorporate a gallium arsenide luminescent diode as a transmitter and a silicon npn planar phototransistor as a receiver. Each coupler comes in a six-pin dual in-line package. AEG-Telefunken, 7100 Heilbronn 2, West Germany [442] Type 16 universal enclosures have grooves in the sides, enabling them to do without separate handles. They are built for 100-by-160-mm and 100-by-200-mm Eurocards, as well as for double-sized Eurocards. AKA Mayr AG, CH-8635 Dürnten, Switzerland [443] The model 7851 digital temperature measuring set can deal with temperatures from −100.0° to +199.9°C. Featuring an accuracy of within 0.1°C, it has a serial binary-coded decimal output and a power consumption of about 4 VA. Burster, 7562 Gernsbach, West Germany [444] Better Benchmarks. Philips scopes meet every measurement problem—head on and dead on. We build scopes for advanced or everyday electronic environments. But no matter what the application, each one is geared to produce measurement results efficiently. Need a 100MHz dual trace universal oscilloscope? Our PM3262 is more than adequate for use with Schottky TTL and similar logic techniques. Its over 150MHz trigger bandwidth allows display of highspeed, current-mode logic signals. Are you bombarded with complex data streams? Thanks to micro-processor control, our PM3263 is a 100MHz measuring whiz. It features dual delay for time interval, delay by events, and a direct readout of measuring results, including frequency. If you need a four-channel 100MHz portable scope with delayed time base, check into our PM3264. It's the lightweight with all the heavyweight features. A, B, C, D, A + B and C + D display simultaneously, main and delayed time base can be triggered by any input channel, high light output CRT. And, thanks to a high efficiency power supply it won't add heat to your lab or rack. Best of all, its monolithic construction saves you money. Need a fast charge transfer storage scope? Choose our PM3266 100 MHz-5mV. It features storage time up to 1 hour, 1000div/s writing speed over the full screen, auto erase with variable viewing times, alternate time base display, and trigger view can be used as a third channel. No matter which scope you choose, you'll discover that we built it to be better. So you'll get a better benchmark. For more information contact your local Philips office or write to: Philips Industries, Test and Measuring Dept., Building TQ III-4, 5600 MD Eindhoven, The Netherlands. From Philips, of course. The foremost solution when you're selecting capacitors... Monolithic and Disc Ceramic Capacitors from CENTRALAB When you qualify Centralab as your supplier of ceramic capacitors, you won't need a second source. Centralab can supply all your needs. We offer you monolithics — chip; epoxy coated, radial lead; glass encapsulated, axial lead; molded, two pin dual-in-line and CJK/CKR MIL-spec types. Or you can choose ceramic discs — general purpose, temperature compensating, or low voltage semiconductor types. It's a fact — no other U.S. manufacturer offers as great a depth and breadth of product to meet your needs. When you choose Centralab you gain the momentum of 43 years of leadership in ceramic capacitor technology. To maintain that leadership, we've made a multi-million dollar investment and a commitment of major proportions to expand our capability. We're dedicated to meeting your growing needs for ceramic capacitors today and tomorrow as well. Discover why we say the foremost source for ceramic capacitors is Centralab. Call your Centralab Sales Representative or write Centralab, Inc., a North American Philips Company, 5855 N. Glen Park Road, P.O. Box 2032, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. Circle 349 on reader service card The H-A series of connectors, available with 3, 6, 16, or 32 pins, have a contact resistance of less than 2 mΩ for screw-type connections and less than 5 mΩ for crimp connections. They are rated at up to 380 V ac. Contact GmbH, 7000 Stuttgart 80, Schulze-Delitzsch Str. 29, West Germany [445] The S60 solderer heats up in 6 seconds and cools down within 10 to 15 seconds. Housed in a break-resistant plastic case, it weighs about 700 g and can be used either with a tip for 2.5-mm² work or with one for finer work. Engel GmbH, 6200 Wiesbaden, P. O. Box 2340, West Germany [448] Portable digital multimeter DM11, with 26 measuring ranges for ac and dc voltages, currents, and resistances, has batteries set for 2,000 hours of operation and a 15-mm-high liquid-crystal display to indicate magnitude, polarity, and range. Grundig AG, 8510 Fürth, Kurgartenstr. 37, West Germany [446] For use in line transformers and cascades, a series of rectifiers has been designed to handle up to 24 kV at 2 mA. The rectifiers, which have a moisture-resistant sintered glass package, come belted for automatic mounting. Dihraterm, 8300 Landshut, Ludmillastr. 23/25, West Germany [449] Power supply model 64G 32 RU 50, a 19-in. unit with a digital indicator, supplies up to 1,600 W—a 50-A output at 32 V. Voltage stability is specified as within 0.001% despite 0-to-100% load variations. Gossen GmbH, 8520 Erlangen, P. O. Box 1780, West Germany [447] Model RP-881 is a digital recorder of analog data using pulse-code modulation on video cassettes. It has a range of dc to 20 kHz, a dynamic range exceeding than 70 dB, and no wow, flutter, or drift. NF Circuit Design Block Co., 6-3-20 Tsunashima Higashi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan [450] When supplier dependability counts, you can rely on components from HAMLIN. Make short work of your Large Area/Custom LCD problems. When you're faced with a special need in liquid crystal displays, your instant source of help is Hamlin — the leader in custom, large area LCD's. In addition to our broad line of standard LCD's we've developed custom designs for over 350 special applications. We use our own quality-controlled liquid crystal fluid and glass fabrication facilities and through automated manufacturing can produce high volume OEM quantities of instrument and industrial type displays. Our custom, large area, high temperature displays, the first in the industry, have proven reliability in marine, gas pump and other demanding outdoor applications. Here's what you can ask for — and get — with custom LCD's from Hamlin. - Sizes as small as 1.2" x 0.9" or as large as 6" x 2". - Commercial, instrument or high temperature fluid. - Your choice of viewing mode and polarizer options. - DIL pin, snap-on terminals or conductive elastomer connectors. - An expert staff of design/application consultants. Discover the real custom LCD house. Our catalog details the wide range of options and includes an easy-to-use custom design sheet. It could help you make short work of your LCD problems. HAMLIN: Lake and Grove Streets • Lake Mills, WI 53551 (614) 872-2331 Telex: 910-260-3740 INTERNATIONAL SALE OFFICES: England • Dux, Norfolk • 0379-441113 France • Paris • 202-5317 West Germany • Bad Vittel • 06193-7029/7020 Circle 350 on reader service card NEW 1980 Electronics Buyers' Guide The only book of its kind in the field. If you haven't got it, you're not in the market. To insure prompt delivery enclose your check with this coupon. Yes, please send me ________ copies of 1980 EBG. ☐ I've enclosed $30 per copy delivered in USA or Canada. Address: EBG, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. ☐ I've enclosed $52 for air delivery elsewhere. Address: EBG, Shoppenhangers Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6, 2QI England. Name ____________________________________________ Company _________________________________________ Street ___________________________________________ City _____________________________________________ State _______ Zip _______ Country _________________ New products international The Percept series of solid-state electronic pressure indicators, designed for gases and liquids, indicates both direct and differential pressures from full vacuum to 100 lb/in.², and static pressures up to 150 lb/in.². Perflow Instruments Ltd., 83 Denzil Rd., London NW10 2UY, England [451] Mode: TR 7200 universal scanner, for use in data-acquisition and test systems, has built-in switch cards for multiplexer, relay actuator, and matrix functions and provision for control by an IEEE-488 bus. Takeda Riken Industry Co., 1-32-1, Asahi-cho, Nerima-ku, Tokyo 176, Japan [452] The 2123 multipurpose waveform generator produces sine, square, and triangular waves between 0.003 Hz and 200 kHz. All functions have a source impedance of 60 Ω with a variable output of 10 V p-p maximum. Marconi Instruments Ltd., Longacres, St. Albans, Herts. AL4 0JN, England [454] The NEW Electronics Buyers' Guide is now available! The 1980 EBG is only a postage stamp away! Completely new listings of catalogs, new phone numbers, new addresses, new manufacturers, sales reps, and distributors! The total market in a book—four directories in one! 1. Directory of products. Over 4,000 products, over 5,000 manufacturers. 2. Directory of catalogs. Includes six post-paid catalog inquiry cards for 10-second ordering. 3. Directory of manufacturers. Local sales offices, reps, and distributors, with phone numbers. Number of employees and engineers, dollar volume, name of company contact. 4. Directory of trade names of products and their manufacturers. You can trace a product by its trade name only. The only book of its kind in the field. If you haven't got it, you're not in the market. To insure prompt delivery enclose your check with the coupon now. Yes, please send me _______ copies of 1980 EBG. ☐ I've enclosed $30 per copy delivered in USA or Canada. Address: EBG, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. ☐ I've enclosed $52 for air delivery elsewhere. Address: EBG, Shoppenhangers Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire S16, 2QT England. Name Company Street City State Zip Country Electronics / January 13, 1981 We deliver anywhere in the world. inland international Inland International is an exclusive worldwide distributor of computer components. We can deliver computer peripherals to your door anywhere in the world. We can do it fast, efficiently, and most important... at a lower cost than anyone else in the world. Most of the products we offer are available at the one-hundred unit price even in small quantities. We encourage your requests for proforma invoices, delivery information and a complete list of products we offer. Below is a partial list of manufacturers we represent. - ADDS - DEC - Hazeltine - Lear-Siegler - Centronics - Texas Instruments - Teletype - Dataroyal - Motorola - Beehive - NEC - Soroc Inland International is the international marketing division of Inland Associates which has successfully served the computer industry since 1968. For more information contact: inland international Attn: Dennis A. Seager 7975 w. 63rd, shawnee mission, kansas 66202 u.s.a. 913/362-2366 twx 910/743-4122 The 5001 is a serial input/output interface that enables Gould's LA5000 logic analyzer to be linked directly with line printers, paper-tape punch/readers, teleprinters, and cassette-tape units. Gould Instruments Division, Roebuck Road, Hainault, Essex IG8 3UE, England [455] A telegraph and data test set includes the 8620 microprocessor-based generator, the 8630 telegraph and data analyzer, and the 8660 telegraph and data test center. GPW Electronics Ltd., 55 Cobham Rd., Ferndown Industrial Estate, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 7RA, England [456] Model 694's eight-pin dual in-line package contains four isolated precision thin-film resistors for parallel and serial connection. It comes in four accuracies of absolute and ratio tolerances from 1.0% to 0.05%. Beckman Instruments Ltd., Queensway, Glenrothes, Fife KY7 5PU, Scotland [457] Logic Analysis Made Easy. At last. Logic analysis made easy. When digital and analog worlds meet, the relationship between state and timing analysis becomes critical. Now Philips helps you capture and examine this relationship instantly—with the two most original logic analyzers on the market. Both instruments offer optimal performance in fault location and analysis, combined with unmatched operating simplicity. Isn't it about time someone offered you the best of both worlds? Why not choose your digital troubleshooter today? The PM3500 100MHz 16 Channel Logic Analyzer - Performs both state and timing analysis - Can spot 3ns glitches - Choose binary, hex, octal, mapping or timing display modes - 504 X 16 bits memory format - Internal and external triggering with trigger extension facilities - Handles all logic families - Compare mode facilities - Tiny input probes matched for 100MHz operation can be grouped or used separately—even meters apart The PM3540 10MHz Logic Analyzer and 35MHz Real-Time Scope - Unique matched combination of state analyzer and oscilloscope - Accepts 16 data channels and 2 real-time channels - Offers binary, octal, hex and real-time display - 64 X 16 bits memory, plus separate 64 X 16 bits compare memory - Three clock qualifiers - "Store Trig" provides quick and convenient paging through data stream - Comprehensive diagnostic routines - Trigger extension facilities For more information contact your local Philips office or write to: Philips Industries Test and Measuring Dept. Building TQ III-2 5600 MD Eindhoven The Netherlands From Philips, of course. PHILIPS Test & Measuring Instruments Circle 463 on reader service card Tomorrow's new generation of aircraft will soon be criss-crossing the sky: the A310 Airbus, the Boeing 757 and 767... and many others. SOURIAU is already to make sure you plug into this fast approaching future with its new S 600 connectors. SOURIAU is the only European connector manufacturer amongst the world leaders with its own range of ARINC 600 officially approved, high performance, rack and panel connectors providing: low insertion force, high contact density, high vibration performance, resistance to aviation fluids and multiple operation capability. S 600 - 3 sizes (120, 300 and 600 contacts and size 22 for signal blocks), - 5 to 26 contacts for power blocks (power supplies, coaxial connections and fibre optic connections), - range of cable termination methods (rear removable crimp, wire wrap spills and fixed spills for printed circuits), - high quality materials (specially designed light alloy shells, thermosetting insulating material, gold-plated copper alloy contacts, fluorsilicone elastomer seals), - S 600 connectors are offered in environmental and non-environmental versions. SOURIAU a world leader in connections Tél.: (1) 609.92.00 - Télex 250918. F. 13, rue Gallieni B.P. n° 410 92103 Boulogne Billancourt Cedex. FRANCE. SOURIAU (UK) LTD Knaves Beech Industrial Estate Loudwater High Wycombe Buckinghamshire ENGLAND Tel.: 062.85.24.981 Telex: 84 84 56 SOURIAU INC. 7765 Kester Avenue Van Nuys 91405 California USA Tel.: (213) 787.53.41 Telex: 910.495.2028 SOURIAU ELECTRIC G.m.b.H. 4006 Erkrath 1 Heinrich Hertz Strasse 1 DEUTSCHLAND Tel.: Dusseldorf (0211) 20.20.51 Telex: 8586589 SOURIAU ITALIANA S.p.A. Via Pelizza da Volpedo, 59 20092 Cinisello Balsamo ITALIA Tel.: 618.45.00 Telex: 331 337 S.E.B. Souriau Quai des Usines 8-9 1020 Bruxelles BELGIQUE Werkhuizenkai 8-9 1020 Brussel BELGIE Tel.: (02) 242.33.70 Telex: (02) 23231 S.E.B. Souriau Kanaalweg 25-27 Postbus 174 2900 AD Capelle a/d IJssel NEDERLAND Tel.: (010) 50.13.27 Telex: 24050 Circle 464 on reader service card New products international The PBT 45 and 55 series of dual-thyristor power modules are designed for dc motor controllers, lamp dimmers, battery chargers, and welding controllers; they have voltage ratings of 400 to 1,200 V. Marconi Electronic Devices Ltd., Carholme Road, Lincoln LN1 1SG, England [458] The PM 4201 digital cassette recorder serves as a memory extension unit for equipment unable to provide complete controller functions. It reproduces cassettes at high speed. NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, Science and Industry Division, P. O. Box 523, 5600 AM Eindhoven, The Netherlands [459] The components of the BR series of bridge rectifiers, mounted in chip form on a thin alumina substrate, have a typical junction-to-heat-sink thermal resistance of 0.57°C/W and a typical junction temperature of 96°C at full rated output. Diodes Ltd., 16 The Broadway, Newbury, Berks., England [461] Ceramic Resonator CERALOCK® For clock pulse generator of micro-processor New Generations of Microcomputers Develop with Ceralock Pulses. Based on ceramic technology accumulated over the past years, Murata has developed a small ceramic resonator "Ceralock" as a clock signal resonator indispensable for the oscillation circuit heart of microcomputers. A wide frequency range from 190KHz to 30MHz is available in series to meet an increasing demand for microcomputers for consumers' use. Use MURATA's "Ceralock" for square/sine wave oscillator, remote control system for color TV, tone generator of telephones, VCO oscillator and car electronics. ● Features 1. Small and light-weight 2. Wide temperature range and highly stable oscillating frequency 3. Oscillating circuit requires no adjustment when "Ceralock" is used with various ICs. 4. Higher accuracy than LC or RC. Small but highly efficient. Suitable for mass production. 5. High mechanical strength ensures the use in household electronic equipment and cars. \| Char. \| Type \| CSB Series \| CSA Series \| \|----------------\|------------\|------------\|------------\| \| Frequency Range\| \| 190~600KHz \| 3~30MHz \| \| Vibration Mode \| Area Vibration \| Thickness Vibration \| \| Frequency Accuracy (at 25°C) \| ±0.3%max., \| ±0.3%max., \| \| Stability in Temp. \| ±0.3%max., \| ±0.3%max., \| \| Ageing (for ten years) \| +0.5%max., \| +0.5%max., \| \| Resonant Resist. \| 20Ω max., \| 40Ω max., \| Ceramic Capacitors for CSA are also available Murata MFG.CO.,LTD. Headquarters Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Phone: 057-921-1111 Telex: 429-901 MURATA J Murata Corporation of America Phone: 404-952-9777 Telex: 042429 MURATA ATL Murata Europe GmbH Phone: 0611-40000 Telex: 71177 MURASD Murata Electronics Singapore (Pte.) Ltd Phone: 2564233 2564023 Telex: 21127 MURASIN Murata Company, Limited (Hong Kong) Phone: K-3629-1-2 Telex: 86280 HKM81T HX Taiwan Murata Electronics Co., Ltd. Phone: 02-562-9218-9 562-9219 Telex: 22117 BELTP Murata Korea Office Phone: 776-2283 Telex: K42588 MURASUL Circle 465 on reader service card 17E A no-compromise solution to scanning electron microscopy The increasing use of scanning electron microscopy in industrial research and product development calls for higher standards and degrees of quantification and improved operational versatility. Until now however, positional geometry within the specimen environment, along with the many detectors that have to be placed around the specimen, has required an SEM (scanning electron microscope) detector compromise that often produces poor performance in at least one of the operating modes. So Philips developed a 'no-compromise' scanning electron microscope – the SEM 505 – in which a revolutionary, fibre-optics based, Multi-Function Detector (MFD) interfaces the detecting elements with a photomultiplier/pre-amplifier assembly that can be placed outside of the specimen chamber; thus permitting high flexibility in detector placement. The result? Optimum detection performance in all modes because detection geometry is no longer limited by fixed construction or precise port location. Invitation Please visit us at Microelectronics – international conference and exhibition of microelectronic production and test equipment – in Eindhoven, Holland. February 4, 5 and 6, 1981. The SEM 505 also features a unique data link system that synchronises the operation of transmitters and receivers, and relays all operational data to a series of function modules that monitor each other's parameters and acts upon the acquired data accordingly. Furthermore, these function modules can be configured, re-configured, extended or upgraded to suit the specific needs of the user. The advanced state-of-the-art of this new scanning electron microscope (the MFD, for example, is considered to be one of the most important achievements in detector technology since the introduction of the Thornley-Everhard secondary-electron detector) is indicative of the level at which Philips is contributing to the fields of microelectronics and microsciences. Here are some more examples of that technology. Optical data storage. Philips' diode laser optical data storage system – the world's first – employs a micro-miniature read/write head, along with extremely high precision radial tracking and error-detection/correction systems, to record and/or retrieve $10^{10}$ data bits on a double-sided, 12-inch tellurium coated disk. An AlGaAs diode laser, contained in the head, produces sufficient pulsed light output to write, or burn, 1-$\mu$m data pits in the tellurium film, while an electro-optical system, also in the head, maintains an objective focusing accuracy of 1-$\mu$m with a radial tracking accuracy of 0.1-$\mu$m. Circle 467 on reader service card Optical transmission repeater. Eleven one-way repeaters, spaced at 8km intervals along a total line section length of 96km, are being used in laboratory trials of a longhaul 140Mbit/s optical line transmission system. Each repeater is equipped with a Running Digital Sum (RDS) counter which, together with the code rules of the 5B-6B line code, permit direct error code monitoring per repeater section. A transmitter and a receiver are also contained in the extremely compact repeater housing. Circle 475 on reader service card Semiconductor lithography. The Philips Beamwriter employs a Vector Scan writing method to obtain precise micron and submicron details rapidly, and a variable clock rate to address the issue of proximity corrections. Target current density of 100A/cm$^2$ yields exposure dose as much as 20x greater than other E-Beam systems; provides more flexibility in selection of resists, and allows beam spot sizes down to 0.025 micron. Considerably smaller than any other E-Beam systems, and featuring a modular design and temperature controlled electron column, the Beamwriter is the world's only commercially available production-orientated Vector Scan lithography system. Circle 468 on reader service card Write for more information to: Philips, C.M.S.D.-Marketing Communications, VOp, Room 22, Eindhoven, Holland. Or telephone: Athens 9215311, Brussels 2191800, Copenhagen 01-572222, Dublin 693355, Eindhoven 793333, Hamburg 2812348, Helsinki 17271, Lisbon 683121, London 8364360, Madrid 4042200, Milan 6994371, Oslo 463890, Stockholm 635000, Vienna 629141 ext. 471, Zurich 432211. Or telex: 51121-PHTC-NL/CMSD-Marketing Communications, Eindhoven, Holland. Philips working on advanced technology HIVOLT’S MIGHTY MODULES Whatever your want in high voltage modules, you can rely on Hunting. HIVolt’s broad range, top quality manufacturing, massive stocks, complete flexibility and fast delivery. If you’re looking for reliable high voltage, low power, D.C. modules, look no further. Contact us for our free brochure: Hunting HIVolt, Riverbank Works, Old Shoreham Road, Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex BN4 5FL. Tel: (07917) 4511. HUNTING HIVOLT LIMITED Circle 470 on reader service card VACOMAX® Permanent Magnets make your devices smaller and more efficient VACOMAX is a permanent magnet alloy of cobalt and rare earth-metals. It is characterized by a very high energy product and a particularly high coercive field strength, combined with high saturation and good temperature stability (up to +250°C). The smallest by comparison VACOMAX is particularly advantageous if high fields close to the magnet are required. It is not only the magnet volume which becomes smaller, but the whole system can be miniaturized. The high coercive field strength practically excludes demagnetization by opposing fields, which is very important in motor design and elsewhere. Form of product as required We usually supply magnets according to customers drawings, or mounted components (e.g. magnet plus return-path) in either magnetized or non magnetized condition. Parts of various shapes and dimensions are available as samples within short. For further details see our Company Leaflet M 040. Characteristic curves of VACOMAX (in comparison with other permanent magnet materials). VACUUMSCHMELZE GMBH Grüner Weg 37, D-6450 Hanau Cable: Vacuum Hanau Telex: 04 184 863 Phone: (06 181) 362-1 Circle 469 on reader service card New from TI... Leadless ceramic chip carrier packages. From SSI to VLSI. And everything in between. From DIPs to QUIPs to LCCC's. The package for VLSI production is here now. Systems designers can select a package outline to meet their space/weight relationship requirements right now. Without worrying about sacrificing reliability later. Goodbye leads Because chip carriers are more reliable, easier to use, more versatile and require less space, they'll replace other IC packages. So, design them in now. For use now. And in the future. TI's LCCC's (Leadless Ceramic Chip Carriers) are available for right now delivery for most of TI digital, MOS and linear functions, providing a reliable hermetic environment for them all. Save, save, save Board space. System weight. System cost. One-sixth the surface area, one-twelfth the weight of conventional DIPs. TI's new square-shaped, 100-mil thin, single-layer JEDEC Standard type C LCCC features contacts with 50-mil-center spacing. When you're ready for VLSI TI's LCCC's will help you make the transition. Quickly. Easily. Cost-effectively. Compared to conventional packages, TI's LCCC's provide a significant improvement in high-frequency and high-speed switching. Inductance and resistance are lower. Signal paths shorter. It's the ideal way devised to achieve packaging for VLSI circuits for more than 64 I/O counts. Fast delivery TI is currently offering digital chip functions in two LCCC packages: 20 and 28 contacts. Also, many Schottky and Low-Power Schottky functions in LCCC's are available off-the-shelf. Many other digital, memory and linear functions can be supplied within 12 weeks ARO. Devices can be processed to MIL-STD-883B. Fully tested, guaranteed and AC/DC characterized. Digital functions in LCCC's are available at your nearest TI field sales office or authorized distributor. For more information about the availability of MOS memory and microcomputer functions in chip carriers, watch for our next ad, or, write to Texas Instruments Incorporated, P.O. Box 225012, M/S 308, Dallas, Texas 75265. NAKED MINI 4 EVERYTHING YOU’LL The NM 4/10 A half-card 16-bit mini with half-cost economy. Four on-board distributed I/O channels, hardware multiply/divide and DMA are standard. Cost? Even less than many microcomputers. The NM 4/30 A midrange beauty. Twice as fast as the 4/10 and with a larger instruction set. Double register shifts, multiple-word memory reference instructions, and more. The NM 4/90 Twice as fast as the 4/30 and with a beefed up instruction set. With a hefty 128K byte’s worth of direct addressing, it’s an ideal choice for high-performance applications like industrial control and data communications systems. The NM 4/95 Top of the line. Memory management unit for expansion to 8 megabytes of RAM memory for reliability. High speed cache memory for faster throughput. And Page Protection to prevent destruction of another user’s space. The NM 4/04 SCOUT™, the little fella that’s had OEM’s buzzing for months. Through the wizardry of ISOLITE™, SCOUT can test himself every time he’s turned on. And a 16-bit CPU, I/O, 32K byte RAM, and card cage costs less than $1,000. ComputerAutomation has just what you need to cut a path through to your computer solutions. You need compatibility? We’ve got it, with software compatibility from SCOUT through our 4/90. And I/O compatibility across the family, from the 4/10 through the 4/95. All with up to 128K Bytes of directly addressable memory. And up to 8 megabytes of physical memory for the 4/95. You want software and development tools? We’ve got all the operating software to get you up and running. You demand reliability? We’ve got a track record of success in applications as diverse as automated bank tellers, aircraft control simulators, blood analyzers, laser welders and missile tracking systems. Best of all, it’s all part of CA’s OEM philosophy that says to protect our profitability, we’ve got to protect yours. Which means comCOMPUTERS. NEED IN THE OEM JUNGLE. Interfaces Our famous Intelligent Cables offer low-cost interfaces for async and bync communications, CRT's, line printers, magnetic tapes, IEEE-488 and 16- and 32-bit parallel I/O. Memories The family never runs short of memories. Core, RAM, and E/PROM. Plus battery back-up and parity or error correction. From 8K bytes to 256K bytes per card. Software Operating Systems, a RealTime Executive, FORTRAN IV, COBOL, PASCAL, editors, assemblers, and communication software. Peripheral Controllers Provides interfaces for floppy disks, high capacity disk systems, communications and digital I/O. We've got everything you'll need to battle your way out of the OEM jungle. And the path out begins on the right. Send help fast. ☐ Please send the latest full-color brochure on the entire NAKED MINI family. ☐ Please send a sales representative Name__________________________________________ Company______________________________Title________ Address_______________________________________City_____________ State_____Zip________Phone____________________ ComputerAutomation NAKED MINI Division Where OEM's come first. 18651 Von Karman, Irvine, California 92664 Circle 91 on reader service card There's no better way Select the right logic analyzer. Paratronics offers you the largest selection of advanced logic analysis instruments in the industry. And each instrument can be tailored to your application through an extensive line of plug-in accessories. Choose the features you need. Our standard models include demultiplexing, sequential triggering and automatic comparison testing—all pioneered by Paratronics in 1977. And many of our plug-in accessories represent industry firsts as well. Serial data analysis was offered in 1978; stimulus capability in 1979; analog waveform recording in 1980; and, most recently, we've introduced a plug-in containing counter, timer and single-node signature analysis functions. Simplify your measurements. But most importantly, simple keyboard commands let you combine these features to suit your application. For example, when using the PI-540 to trace events that cross between the digital and analog elements of your system, use the keyboard to link the state, timing, and waveform sections. Or, combine the front-end of a PI-600-series analyzer with its internal timer accessory to measure software execution times. Capabilities like these mean you'll need less equipment and set-up time. Get technical support and prompt delivery. Need help? Our applications engineers specialize exclusively in logic analysis. Whether you call them on our toll-free technical hotline or simply write in, you'll get the best applications support in the industry. Then, when you order, you'll get the best delivery as well. During the past five years, our average delivery time has consistently been under four weeks. Find out why Paratronics is leading the way in logic analysis. For an evaluation unit, applications assistance, or the name of your nearest sales or rental office, contact us at: 800-538-9713 (toll-free, outside California) 408-263-2252 (California) TWX: 910-338-0201 Represented In: Austria, (0222) 32-41-52; Belgium, (02) 345-39-18; Denmark, (455) 61-11-00; Finland, (90) 74-21-33; France, (01) 668-10-59; Italy, (02) 345-20-71; Netherlands, (70) 21-01-01; Norway, (034) 86-95-6; Spain, (93) 257-62-00; Sweden, (760) 86-12-0; Switzerland, (01) 54-21-21; U.K., (0344) 52-92-9; West Germany, (089) 430-53-31. to analyze your system. 32 Channels on a Budget Model PI-532 Logic State Analyzer 40 Channels for Hardware/Software/Analog Waveform Analysis Model PI-540 Logic Analysis System 100 MHz for Hardware/Software Analysis Model PI-616 Timing/State Analyzer 64 Channels: The Most Powerful Logic Analysis System Available Models PI-616 and PI-648 PARATRONICS INC. 2140 Bering Drive, San Jose, California 95131 U.S.A. Leading the Way in Analysis Technology Circle #199 for additional information Circle #200 for demonstration Better numbers. At Mostek, we define them in terms of experience, performance, commitment and growth. First, experience. Measure ours from 1974 when we introduced our Tone I* series of integrated tone dialers. Since then, in tone and pulse dialers alone, we’ve added nine new products. Each with the progressively sophisticated features that state-of-the-art systems demand. Second, performance. Measure that in units of power consumed. Mostek telecommunications circuits consume miserly amounts of it. In fact, the reason why our CODECs became the industry standard is because they dissipate a mere 30mW, less than half that of our closest competitor. Third, commitment. Add up our product line as proof. More than 30 products, including CODECs, filters, pulse dialers, tone dialers, * Tone I and MOSTIK® are trademarks of Mostek Corporation © 1980 Mostek Corporation How better numbers logically add up to a higher level of confidence. Repertory dialers and others give us the widest and broadest telecommunications product line of any integrated circuit manufacturer. Then add to that our full line of RAM and ROM memories as well as the microprocessors needed to configure your total system. All available from Mostek. Fourth, growth. As a semiconductor manufacturer, ours is unparalleled. In telecommunications alone, for example, we have doubled in size every year for the past four. Stated another way, that totals up to more than 10 million telecom circuits shipped, more than all other IC manufacturers combined. The advantages for you? In a word, confidence. Confidence that our expertise can position you at the leading edge of digital telecommunications. Confidence that our lower-power devices will make your system more cost-efficient. Confidence that you can specify a full line of those devices from a proven single source. And confidence that we have the demonstrated production capability to meet your high volume needs. Both today and tomorrow. To find out more about what our numbers can do for you, contact: Mostek, 1215 West Crosby Road, Carrollton, Texas 75006 (214) 323-1000. In Europe, contact Mostek Brussels 660.69.24. DON'T JUST CHART FALLING TEST YIELDS. STOP THEM. YIELD ALARM: YIELD FOR TESTER 02 BELOW 43% Out on your test floor, yield problems can develop at any moment. And the time to stop them is right away. Before bad IC's start piling up and productivity plummets. To do that, you need more than test data and after-the-fact graphs or charts. You need to have your test systems constantly monitored. With shifts in yield instantly spotted and signalled, and corrective action taken immediately. All the paper in the world won't do that for you. But our Test System Administrator (TSA) will. TSA was developed to function as control center for up to seven test systems, bringing them up or shutting them down—on demand, at a specified time, or whenever yield starts heading south. TSA also serves as data concentrator, grinding the mountains of information your systems produce, giving you one-page bottom-line summaries and reports whenever you want them. And TSA is a central program file that lets you keep all your test program tapes updated and in one place, downloading them on demand. Beyond all that, TSA is designed to serve as your first link in a distributed industrial management system, talking downline to your test systems and upward to the rest of the factory. Whether you're ready for factory networking now, or choose to develop a layer at a time, TSA will take you there at your own pace, with solid value and maximum productivity all along the line. To help you get more out of your test systems and learn more about our Test System Administrator, we've put our thinking about distributed industrial management systems into a new booklet, yours for the asking. Write Teradyne, 21255 Califa Street, Woodland Hills, CA. 91367, or call your nearest Teradyne sales office. Zilog, at six, hews to master plan Microcomputer maker keeps a complete system picture, from the chip to the integrated product, in its view by Bruce LeBoss and Martin Marshall, San Francisco regional bureau A change in leadership for a six-year-old high-technology company could be expected to force changes in operating philosophy. But in the case of Zilog Inc., the only thing that changed was the name on the door of the president's office: the Cupertino, Calif.-based company is still traveling the road its founders laid out for it in 1974. That road leads upward, from chip to integrated system. For Zilog sees itself as involved in the complete system picture, from microprocessor to microcomputer, with plans for future products that include development systems, 32-bit computer systems, and all the peripherals a user could ask for. The approach, in the words of cofounder and former president Federico Faggin, "will prove its worth in time." It was Faggin who recently moved up to a job as vice president of Exxon Enterprises Inc.'s Computer Systems Group, to be succeeded at Zilog by Manny Fernandez. Exxon is the parent of Zilog; the Zilog approach makes it fit neatly into Exxon's high-technology family and also distinguishes it from other chip makers such as Intel Corp. In short, Zilog is a total microcomputer company. The firm has yet to turn in a profitable year, but in 1981 it should be very close to breaking even. "From then on, we expect profitability," says Faggin, who sees sales of several hundred million dollars in 1985. By then, he says, the company will be "even more dominant in the 8-bit marketplace," with the Z80 and its extensions, and the Z8 will be "the premier microcomputer in the high-performance segment" of that market. As for the Z8000, Faggin notes, "I expect it to have achieved the No. 1 position in the 16-bit arena" in terms of design-ins and implementations. According to a major industry analyst, about $10 million of Zilog's $20 million in MOS sales in calendar 1979 was in microprocessors and peripherals; that gave it about 4% of an estimated $250 million market. In calendar 1980, the company's market share increased to 5.8%, says the analyst, or about $22 million out of $375 million. Most of its microprocessor and peripherals sales are still in the 8-bit market, with only about $2.5 million to $4 million from sales of the Z8000 family. Looking ahead to 1985, an industry observer says, "Personally, I believe that Exxon is backing Zilog for the long haul. I don't think Zilog's present negative profitability will be a hindrance. In 1985, I expect to see the company in the market, and I expect it to be a major force in the 16-bit marketplace." The observer, however, does not share the rosy view that it will dominate the 16-bit market in five years. He says, "My gut feeling is that the ranking of 16-bit suppliers in 1985 will be Intel, Texas Instruments, Motorola and its second source, and Zilog and its second sources." He adds that there may be some variation, with TI and Motorola fighting for the No. 2 spot, and, he says, "I wouldn't be surprised to see Zilog possibly ending up in third place." Obviously, without the support of Exxon or a comparable backer, it would be difficult, if not impossible, for Zilog to finance a development effort of the magnitude it envisions. But Faggin expects the investment to pay big dividends. Although the company did not close 1980 in the black, several months of the year were profitable. Final 1980 sales, when tallied, are expected to approach $50 million, more than a 40% in- New boss. Manny Fernandez, president of Zilog, says, "In future systems we see an interplay between the CPU instruction set, drivers, UNIX kernel, operating system, languages, and applications software." RELMS builds universality into Intel development systems.... Low-cost development packages extend coverage to most non-Intel processors. Check it out. If you own or are considering buying an Intellec® Microcomputer Development System, then you need RELMS' powerful relocatable macro cross-assemblers and in-circuit emulators for complete support. The versatile, diskette-based assemblers can speed up the development process and reduce your costs—virtually overnight. Add Spice®, RELMS' in-circuit emulators, and you've got the fastest and most productive development and debugging tools available today. Combined with an Intellec system, these tools offer you unmatched "universal" development capability while minimizing your capital outlays. And coming soon is additional higher level language support. Compatibility is the key to engineering productivity. RELMS assemblers and emulators are completely compatible with all Intel development systems—Intellec 800, 888, Series II and Series III—as well as all manufacturer's language syntax (Zilog, Mostek, Fairchild, Rockwell and Motorola), and produce an ISIS-II compatible output. Capitalize on your experience curve. There's no need to re-learn new assembler directives. The RELMS cross-assemblers utilize the best features of Intel's 8080/85 assembler, thus assuring systems compatibility. In-depth support. Today and tomorrow. RELMS is committed to supporting all 8 and 16-bit microprocessors not supported by Intel with total support packages that include complete documentation, free updates, and full one-year maintenance.* Versatility, efficiency and speed. RELMS cross-assemblers now feature: - Macros - Relocation capability - Conditional assembly - Logical and arithmetic expression analysis - Cross reference capability - Up to 2,000 LPM assembly capability Order now. Best of all, RELMS cross-assemblers and Spice in-circuit emulators are available today, off-the-shelf, for immediate delivery. For further information, clip the coupon or write: RELMS, 1180 Miraloma Way, Sunnyvale, CA 94086. Telephone (408) 732-5520. RELMS... - Please rush me more information on your assemblers. - Your incredibly powerful in-circuit emulators, Spice, sound fantastic, too. Send me complete data. - I'm interested in other high performance development tools for my application, which is:_______________________ - My Intellec model # is:__________ - I plan to develop the following microprocessors:_______________________ Name______________________Title_____________ Company______________________ Address_______________________ City_________________State_____Zip_____ Phone (______)_________________ Extended maintenance contracts available. Intellec® is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation SPICE® is a registered trademark of Relational Memory Systems, Inc. Circle 100 on reader service card memory management unit, since "that would be a third-generation peripheral." According to Fernandez, the instruction set of the Z8000 series will be a subset of the instruction set for Zilog's 32-bit processors. The first solution to the compatibility problems that may be caused by the expansion to 32-bit microcomputers is that structured software must be able to migrate. Hierarchical levels of each of the fundamental system elements must be established so that all of them match as the user moves up the complexity scale. As Fernandez puts it, "Our customers must be able to trust that we will protect their software investment, which we recognize is much larger on 16-bit systems than on 8-bit systems." Multiprocessing will be another important piece of the Zilog game plan. There will be multiprocessing configurations that will allow as many as five 8-bit CPU chips to work together with up to three 16-bit CPUs and one 32-bit processor. These multiple CPU chips will then be able to partition the tasks in such a way that different software is run simultaneously on each microprocessor. The microprocessors can then pass messages through first-in, first-out buffers to inform a main CPU when individual tasks are completed. MCZ computers. Clearly, among the first multiprocessor configurations to appear will be computer systems in Zilog's own MCZ series. To accommodate the 32-bit processor, the firm will expand its current Z-net protocols to the 32-bit Z-net II protocols. Communication between the original Z-net and a Z-net II will be achieved through a gateway device. The offering of board-level products will continue to be part of the overall scheme as Zilog enters the 32-bit world, but the company has yet to determine which of its options to pursue in this area. Inevitably, the driving force behind all these hardware expansions must be the software. For Zilog, this means a strong commitment to the UNIX operating system developed by Bell Laboratories, as well as a long march toward the placing in silicon of such items as languages, utilities, and popular applications programs. The UNIX operating system was chosen after Bell Labs announced that licenses would be available at a very reasonable price. The operating system also has the advantage of being a proven one. It will soon be enhanced to support segmented virtual memory, which also falls in line with Zilog's plans. "The UNIX operating system is already running on Z8000s in the laboratories at Zilog," Fernandez notes. The implanting of high-level languages in silicon will add a nonclassic curve to the graph of software development costs. The user will be able to buy just the CPU and build the other elements around it or to mix and match precut drivers, languages, interfaces, applications, or kernels with its own custom software modules to speed the task. Zilog currently looks ahead to two or three generations of such chips, promising full migration paths. The company cannot commit all major applications programs to silicon, but according to Fernandez, "certain applications software will be selected for silicon from a wide base of applications programs. The user will be able to add value from the CPU up to the applications level or go from the applications back to the CPU." To aid in the design process, Zilog now gives the user information on the software-instruction calling conventions of the Z8000. Expanding this philosophy into the area of interconnections, Zilog has begun to license its Z-bus architecture to users for a nominal fee. In spelling out the company's strategy for future interconnection systems, Fernandez lists priorities as: - Symmetry, to give simplicity to the system. - Hierarchy, to accommodate 8-, 16-, and 32-bit CPUs. - Flexibility, to handle single or multiple tasks, users, and stations. - Performance, independent of the number of nodes. - Reliability, including the ability to create redundant systems, and independence from node to node. Bug killers. Finally, Zilog will have to provide the tools necessary for the user to debug these more complex systems. Upcoming development systems will be host-independent, to accommodate the increased processing power that will be needed. The first of these will be a 16-bit Z8000-based development station. Such systems will have separate and inexpensive in-circuit emulation modules that also plug into the recently introduced Z-scan system. The buyer will have the full use of local networking connections for his development system, so that high-speed printers, large disks, and mainframe processors can be shared among development stations. Migration of software from the MCZ-1 system through future Zilog systems up to large ones such as a Digital Equipment Corp. PDP-11 can be achieved through the PL/Z language, through Cobol, and later through C. Needless to say, implementing such an aggressive development effort as Zilog's undertaking will not come cheaply. Zilog plans to increase research and development spending in 1981 by at least 60%. The percentage of sales that R&D expenditures represent is believed by the company to be at least twice that of any other microcomputer supplier. Digital audio players push to market Philips-Sony approach probably will be selected as the standard, with Christmas 1982 the target for marketing drive by Robert Neff, McGraw-Hill World News With the world's leading stereo makers rapidly nearing consensus on a standard format, digital audio disk (DAD) players could be less than two years away from the consumer market. And judging from their relative lack of interest, it seems that U.S. manufacturers are for the most part leaving the innovation and development to their Japanese and European rivals. Compared with currently available disks that are digitally recorded but must be played back with conventional, analog stereo equipment, the DAD players and their disks offer sound reproduction that is characterized by one expert as an order of magnitude better. In the optical recording approach most favored, a master recording is made by a pulse-code-modulated laser beam. To play back, the modulations are detected and converted into an analog signal. Even as the Japanese and Europeans prepare for next month's meeting of their informal industry group in Tokyo, a meeting that will probably recommend adoption of the technique devised independently by the Netherlands' NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken and Japan's Sony Corp. as a worldwide standard, activity in the U.S. is limited to three manufacturers of professional studio equipment, none a household word in entertainment electronics. The three are Soundstream Inc. of Salt Lake City, Utah; MCI Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla.; and the Minicom division of 3M in Minneapolis. The group holding the upcoming meeting is known as the Digital Audio Disc Conference and is made up of 47 manufacturers, most of them Japanese. Though it has no formal power, most companies will abide by its decision in hopes of avoiding the incompatibility obstacles that have been created by makers of video cassette recorders and video disk systems. This impending commercialization of digital audio disk systems is coming sooner than many observers had predicted since it was first demonstrated publicly four years ago [Electronics, Nov. 24, 1977, p. 78]. Some still argue that the technology will not gain widespread use until the late 1980s. But Japan's powerhouse stereo industry is already planning a mass marketing assault in time for Christmas 1982 that many think will develop into a deep penetration by 1985. The most enthusiastic executives even foresee digital technology completely replacing conventional analog records and players by the early 1990s. "It took 17 years to switch from 78 rpm to 33," says Itaru Watanabe, deputy general manager of Hitachi Ltd.'s television audio and video products division and secretary of the digital conference's executive committee. "But this time it should take 7 to 10 years, depending on the price of players." LSI gives impetus. Underlying the technology's accelerating momentum is the fact that major manufacturers have come up with large-scale integrated circuits to replace the hundreds of conventional ICs heretofore needed, along with the 16-bit digital-to-analog converters that convert pulse-code-modulated signals into analog equivalents. When mass-produced, these chips will dramatically reduce both the cost and size of the converters. Also, movement toward standardization has been smoother than many had believed possible, although three completely different formats remain in contention. Watanabe explains that the DAD conference is looking for an audifor all your logic timing needs... look to the Motorola line of crystal clock oscillators The widest selection of thick film hybrid oscillators available anywhere for computer and microprocessor applications. Logic outputs are available for TTL, CMOS, NMOS, and dual complementary TTL. Frequencies as low as 25 KHz, and as high as 70 MHz. High stability when you need it, tolerance tradeoffs for applications in which economy is more important. Complete in-house control, from quartz growing through thick-film processing enhances reliability. High volume production capability plus fast prototype delivery helps you meet your own delivery requirements. DIP packaging saves board space, cuts assembly time over discrete component equivalent. Simply plug a Motorola Clock into your circuit to satisfy all your system timing requirements. For more information on the clock oscillator to fit your application, contact your authorized Motorola Component Products representative. contact the authorized representative in your area: AUSTRALIA (Parramatta) BRIAMWELL ELECTRONICS Phone .................. 669-3964 Telex ................. AA27702 TRNSTY AUSTRIA (Heilbronn, West Germany) AURIEMA G.M.B.H. Phone .................. (07131) 53066 Telex .................. 07 28 639 BELGIUM (Bruxelles) AURIEMA S.A./N.V. Phone .................. 523.62.95 Telex .................. (8462) 21646 CANADA (Toronto, Ontario) CANTEC REPRESENTATIVES, INC. Phone .................. 416-675-2460 TWX .................. 610-492-2655 FINLAND (Helsinki) HAVULINNA INSTRUMENTARIUM OY Phone .................. 358 0 7997 11 Telex .................. 124426 Havui sf FRANCE (Fontenay Sous Bois) AURIEMA FRANCE Phone .................. 876 11 03 Telex .................. 680 124 F WEST GERMANY (Heilbronn) AURIEMA G.M.B.H. Phone .................. (07131) 53066 Telex .................. 07 28 639 INDIA (Bombay) ERBEE CORPORATION Phone .................. 253489 Telex .................. 011-5479 ISRAEL (Tel Aviv) MOTOROLA ISRAEL LTD. Phone .................. 03-38973 Telex .................. 33569 Motil il ITALY (Milano) AURIEMA ITALIA, S.R.L. Phone .................. (2) 430 602 Telex .................. (843) 332054 JAPAN (Tokyo) MIIDORYA/AURIEMA JAPAN LTD. Phone .................. 03-561-5817/18, 5715 Telex .................. J24531 NETHERLANDS (Eindhoven) AURIEMA NEDERLAND B V Phone .................. 040-444470 Telex .................. (844) 51992 NORWAY (Oslo) OLV TANDBERG ELEKTRO A.S. Phone .................. 19.70.30 Telex .................. 18.955 SPAIN (Madrid) HISPANO ELECTRONICA S.A. Phone .................. 619.41.08 Telex .................. 22.404 ELEC-e SWEDEN (Solna) AURIEMA AB Phone .................. (08) 730 51 60 Telex .................. 17034 Auriema S SWITZERLAND (Zurich) OMNI RAY AG Telephone .................. (01) 47 82 00 Telex .................. 53239 UNITED KINGDOM (Surrey) COMPUTER & AEROSPACE COMPONENTS LTD. Phone .................. 01-943-1041 Telex .................. 895 4659 EASTERN EUROPE (Geneva, Switzerland) MOTOROLA SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS INC. Phone .................. (022) 335607 Telex .................. 23905 Circle 102 on reader service card Darlingtons in TO-220 From the SGS-ATES universe of power. \| Part Number \| Type \| Voltage \| Current \| Power \| \|-------------\|-------\|---------\|---------\|-------\| \| TIP 100/1/2 \| NPN \| 60-100V \| 15A \| 80W \| \| TIP 105/6/7 \| PNP \| 60-100V \| 15A \| 80W \| \| TIP 110/1/2 \| NPN \| 60-100V \| 4A \| 50W \| \| TIP 115/6/7 \| PNP \| 60-100V \| 4A \| 50W \| \| TIP 120/1/2 \| NPN \| 60-100V \| 8A \| 65W \| \| TIP 127/8/9 \| PNP \| 60-100V \| 8A \| 65W \| \| TIP 130/1/2 \| NPN \| 60-100V \| 12A \| 70W \| \| TIP 135/6/7 \| PNP \| 60-100V \| 12A \| 70W \| \| 2N 6034/5/6 \| PNP \| 40-80V \| 8A \| 40W \| \| 2N 6037/8/9 \| NPN \| 40-80V \| 8A \| 40W \| \| 2N 6386/7/8 \| NPN \| 40-80V \| 15A \| 65W \| \| 2N 6666/7/8 \| PNP \| 40-80V \| 15A \| 65W \| Word's getting round about the complete line of NPN and PNP power Darlings manufactured by SGS-ATES. WHY? Because SGS-ATES keep their complete range in stock ready for delivery on demand. WHY? Because SGS-ATES is a Power House with a proven track record for quality and reliability. As word gets round more and more people are switching on to the convenience and security of a single Power House source for all their power needs. WHY DON'T YOU? SGS-ATES The power semiconductor house. Probing the news only system with a low bit rate and a compact size. "That looks very much like the Philips proposal," he says. (Sony's main contribution has been improvement of the error correction and modulation.) The two companies each showed a different but compatible prototype of their Optical Digital Compact Disc system at the All-Japan Audio Fair in October. Both were about the same size, with Sony's weighing about 9 pounds and measuring about 7 by 10 by 3½ inches. The system's 12-centimeter disk fits easily into a jacket pocket yet boasts a playing time of 60 minutes per side, or twice that of both sides of a conventional 30-cm long-playing record. Its solid-state laser pickup does not damage the disk. Keep trying. Nevertheless, Victor Co. of Japan and West Germany's AEG-Telefunken also have digital audio disk systems that they are pushing for worldwide adoption and that the conference is still officially considering. Japanese firms show little interest in Telefunken's proposal, largely because its groove-and-stylus format presumably would cause eventual disk wear, but JVC's Audio High Density (AHD) system [Electronics, Oct. 23, 1980, p. 80] is a stronger contender. Both JVC and Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., of which it is an affiliate, say they will market it no matter what, but Matsushita plans to sell a Philips-Sony-compatible system as well. Among U.S. manufacturers, only one is currently willing to commit itself to the consumer market. That is Soundstream, which uses a unique recording technique involving an optical pickup that moves over a fixed record shaped like a 3-by-5-inch index card. Company president Thomas Stockham says, "We will have a consumer playback unit in 18 to 24 months. We may market it ourselves; it is possible that we will license it." At 3M's Mincom, the feeling is that if the division gets into the consumer market, it will sell components used in its magnetic-tape systems or licenses, not finished disk players. The division buys custom components for its systems and builds its own digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters. Marketing development manager Clark Different route. Pioneer's proposed compact optical disk and player is not compatible with the Philips-Sony version, which will probably become the standard in the field. Duffy says that more than 40 of its multichannel systems have been installed in recording studios. Some stereo makers see a potential bonanza in digital audio disk technology far beyond the promise of new player sales. Though the best amplifiers and speakers are now up to digital requirements, most purchased several years ago are not. Some consumers wishing to fully enjoy digital sound may wind up buying entire new systems. Sounds good. It does not take a good ear to appreciate digital's superiority to high-quality analog systems. The improvement is not just marginal: the system is noiseless and almost distortion-free; eliminates wow, flutter, and crosstalk between channels; and boasts a dynamic range of about 96 decibels, 50% wider than that of analog records, with a ruler-flat frequency response from dc to 20,000 hertz. And some makers are claiming a notable signal-to-noise ratio of at least 90 dB. The sampling rate of the Philips-Sony system is 44.1 kilohertz; for JVC's format it is 47.25 kHz. In contrast, Mincom's professional equipment has a rate of 50 kHz. As for the d-a converters, both the Philips-Sony and the JVC version use units with 16-bit resolution. According to Matsushita's Masahiro Kosaka, a chief engineer in its Wireless Research Laboratory, each bit is good for 6 dB worth of dynamic range. He adds that the converters cost in the $230-to-$240 range when bought from outside vendors, but that many companies are developing a hybrid technology using several ICs and a thin-film resistor network with laser trimming that will be cheaper in large quantities. Moreover, Kosaka says that two-chip converters now in development will be in use in the digital players that hit the market in 1982 and will cost less that $50 apiece, with the price soon dropping to about $10. Most Japanese makers are talking of an introductory price for a player of $475 to $700, about the same as a top-end analog player and cartridge. But several claim that a $100 price "Designing our own LSI circuits makes a lot of sense. But finding a flexible manufacturer is driving us crazy." And we'll give you components at any stage of manufacturing: wafers, dies, untested assemblies or completely tested units. What's more, our own in-house capability is large and diverse enough to handle all phases of your job without subcontracting. WE'RE JUST THE RIGHT SIZE. AMI is big enough to provide everything you require, including our own local specialists in Swindon, England. But you'll find us small enough to be responsive to your special needs. In fact, we have the industry's only group organized exclusively to handle customer designed projects. One of these highly trained specialists will be directly accountable to you for the quality of the service you receive in development and production. And for making sure all your circuits—no matter how many or what kind—go through quickly and efficiently. Which means if you have questions, you know exactly who to go to for quick answers. WE'VE GOT THE EXPERIENCE. AMI has been manufacturing customer designed circuits since 1974, with over 750 jobs under our belt. That's more than anybody else in the business. And these circuits will continue to be a big part of what we do in the future. Because, unlike most other manufacturers, we are fully committed to manufacturing LSI circuits for companies that design their own. There are lots of other reasons to choose AMI as your semiconductor expert. If you'd like to hear them, send in the coupon and one of our product marketing engineers will get in touch with you right away. It's the easiest way for you to find out just how flexible a MOS manufacturer can be. Name__________________________ Title__________________________ Company_____________________________________________________ Address______________________________________________________ Country_______________________________________________________ Phone________________________________________________________ Send to: AMI Microsystems, Ltd., c/o David Rayner P.O. Box 4 • Westbury-On-Trym Bristol, England BS9 3DS Circle 107 on reader service card Probing the news tag by 1985 is not unthinkable as LSI, semiconductor laser, and lens costs plunge with mass production. Expensive tone arms, cartridges, and cases will be unnecessary. "The arms can be made of chopsticks and the boxes from the shell of an eikibento [train station box lunch]," Watanabe says only half-facetiously. Software and hardware makers alike estimate that disks will retail for about the same as conventional LPs on a playing-time basis. But there is one major factor that could delay introduction. Disk makers readily admit that it will not be easy to offer a wide selection of digital recordings within two years. The DAD conference has a software committee composed of record company representatives working on disk standards, but they have not reached agreement yet, according to Yoshiro Furusawa, manager of the engineering department of Toshiba-EMI Ltd. Some cold water. And digital audio is not without its skeptics among hardware makers, especially smaller firms that lack the financial resources or semiconductor manufacturing ability of the majors. At Sansui Electric Co., for example, Central Research Laboratory general manager Susumu Takahashi says, "The big question is when DAD will reach an acceptable price. I hope it doesn't become another chicken-or-egg race where if the price doesn't come down, no one will buy, and if no one buys, companies won't spend on cost-cutting techniques." Practically all of Japan's major consumer electronics firms have demonstrated their ability to make at least a prototype optical digital player. For most, converting to the Philips-Sony approach would be relatively easy. The race will be about which can build the most and cheapest LSI parts and laser diodes the soonest. Marketing prowess will also be crucial. Some big integrated firms like Mitsubishi and Toshiba that are not now leading stereo makers see digital audio as an opportunity to muscle their way to the top on sheer financial and technological strength, notwithstanding their current marketing deficiencies. A major improvement over traditional I.C. packaging methods. How a simple socket can mean greater reliability, greater design flexibility at a lower cost. New Soc-Pac™ DIP and SIP sockets use a conventional precision screw machine contact. But that's where conventionality ends. They're available in both solderable and solderless press-fit models with a combination of features not found in any other socket. Contact clips and tails precisely oriented. Tines of each contact clip are precisely oriented for perfect alignment with I.C. leads. The result — four contact points at every lead every time, a redundancy that costs you no more than conventional designs. Also, each tail is oriented square and parallel with the others to easily accept mating connectors. Selective gold plating. The contact clip is plated with 30μ in. gold over nickel. The screw machine contact can be selectively plated starting from the tip of the tail (.250" minimum) — with the exact gold thickness you need. That can mean significant savings. Solderless press-fit advantages. With solderless press-fit Soc-Pac sockets, you get the savings that eliminating the soldering step make possible. And, you get a gas-tight mechanical and electrical interface with the plated-thru hole in the PCB. There are still more advantages to the Soc-Pac design. Get higher density, more flexibility. Contrary to the trend to low profile sockets, Soc-Pac sockets stand relatively high on the PCB. There are very good reasons for that. It allows us to reduce pad size to 0.055" on press-fit and 0.050" on solderable sockets. Which means you can run a trace between contacts for greater printed circuit density. And greater design flexibility. Additional printed circuitry translates to eliminating at least one tail wrap — from a 3-wrap tail to a 2-wrap, or no wrap at all. You keep compactness, too. The two-wrap tail allows about the same board to board spacing as conventional low profile sockets with a 3-wrap tail. Higher sockets also add reliability. You get better air flow, thus better heat dissipation. That's particularly important with higher pin count I.C.'s. How they come. You can select either solderable or solderless press-fit Soc-Pac sockets in selective gold over nickel, tin, or nickel finishes. DIP sockets come in 8, 14 and 16 pin counts for a 0.100" x 0.300" grid spacing and 24 and 40 pin counts for 0.100" x 0.600" grid spacing. SIP Sockets come in strips from 4 to 56 pin counts. There's no other socket on the market that combines all the features you'll find in the Soc-Pac™ socket. So, to get the savings, the reliability, and the flexibility Soc-Pac™ sockets offer is a simple matter of contacting us. Use the address and phone number below. ELFAB EUROPE P. O. Box 50 Workingham, Berks RG11 5H3, England TL. 0734-781322 TLX 849286 (Cavac RDG) Agents in Austria, France, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and West Germany. Sarsat to speed sea, land rescues International program involving U.S., France, and Canada will use NOAA-E satellites to eliminate search and rescue flaws by Pamela Hamilton, New York bureau manager Search and rescue operations for downed aircraft and disabled vessels are hard in the best of circumstances, and if an effective monitoring system is unavailable, they verge on the impossible. Those operations should prove easier, however, once a search and rescue satellite-aided tracking system called Sarsat goes into operation in the spring of 1982. Working together, the United States, Canada, and France have based the Sarsat program on the next generation of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellites—the NOAA-E, an advanced Tiros-N satellite. France and Canada will supply the on-board equipment that will ride on the American spacecraft. The Soviet Union will also cooperate in the venture, but employing its own satellites. Currently, search and rescue operations in the U.S., Canada, and France rely on distress signals from low-power radio beacons operating at 121.5 and 243 megahertz. Aircraft are equipped with emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) and ships with emergency position-indicating radio beacons (Epirbs). The signals of both have been designed for reception on receivers that must be manually monitored. However, there is no system as such for continually monitoring these beacons, and even if their signals are received, direction-finding equipment is often not available. Also, determining the validity of the data is difficult because the transmission contains no identifying or positional data. Added beacon. With Sarsat, the 121.5- and 243-MHz distress signals will be relayed by a frequency repeater on board the satellite to a local user terminal (LUT) when it and the ELT/Epirb sources are simultaneously in view of the satellite [Electronics, July 3, p. 84]. Experimental 406-MHz beacons will transmit to a receiver-processor on board the spacecraft that will sift out the time data in the distress signal. The repeater will be supplied by SPAR Aerospace Ltd. of Montreal and will accept all three signals—121.5, 243, and 406 MHz—relaying them to ground stations by a 1.544-gigahertz downlink, according to Bernard J. Trudell, search and rescue mission manager for the Sarsat project at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. The analog repeater takes the 100-milliwatt signals at these three different frequencies, multiplexes them with the 2.4-kilobit digital signal from the on-board processor, and phase-modulates this multiplexed signal onto the 1.544-GHz downlink. The bandwidths at 121.5, 243, and 406 MHz are 25, 46, and 80 kilohertz, respectively. Thus, the amplification factor of the signals varies according to the amount of power needed to sustain the 8-watt downlink signal. The noise figure for the 121.5-MHz signal is 5 decibels and for the 243- and 406-MHz signals, Fluke Simplifies System Control Fluke Obsoletes Cassette Memories in Instrument Controllers Building efficient systems to control instrumentation places heavy demands on systems builders. There is a multitude of IEEE-488 and RS-232 instrumentation available. And instrumentation control has typically been left to calculator-type controllers. Unfortunately, the cassette tape memories used in these controllers are slow. Too slow for the demands of programming and operating today's systems. Two better choices for Instrument Controller Memory Fluke has made cassette tape memories obsolete for instrumentation systems. A standard floppy disk and our own unique E-Disk™ (Electronic Disk) memory give the 1720A Instrument Controller more speed, versatility and reliability than calculator-type controllers. Floppy beats the cassette in more ways than speed With the floppy, you don't have to rewind tapes or copy files to add or remove data. Because all data is stored in random access files, you shorten the data search time from seconds to milliseconds. And with our File Utility Programs and IEEE BASIC, data manipulation is both fast and easy. E-Disk™—The Ultimate in Reliability While cassettes can wear out or break, the E-Disk has no moving parts. It combines the best qualities of a floppy disk and advanced semiconductor technology. For faster programming and versatile memory operations, both the floppy disk and the E-Disk™ let you implement our virtual arrays and program chaining features. For your next instrumentation system, call your local Fluke representative to see the new 1720A. Or call 1-800-426-0361 for more information. For Technical Data circle No. 111 ---Fast-Response Coupon------------- IN THE U.S. AND NON-EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: IN EUROPE: John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc. Fluke Holland B.V. P.O. Box 43210 MS #2B P.O. Box 5913, 5600 EB Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043 Tilburg, The Netherlands (206) 774-2481, Telex: 152662 (013) 673-973, Telex: 52237 ☐ Send 1720A Literature. ☐ Please have a salesman call. ☐ Send info on other Fluke IEEE products. ☐ Send information on seminars. Name ____________________________________________________________ Title _____________________________________________________________ Mail Stop _______________________ Company __________________________________________________________ Address ___________________________________________________________ City __________________________ State ______ Zip _________________ Telephone (______) ___________________ Ext. ________________________ Some ATE manufacturers are unable (or unwilling) to supply the necessary hardware and software to test your particular devices. Others provide test equipment which is so difficult to program and use that many engineers are needed for program development. Micro Control Company not only produces the M-10B LSI Test System, but also produces a library of test packages. These test packages, developed by our staff of experienced test engineers, contain all of the hardware and software for a comprehensive test on your semiconductor LSI and memory devices. But many of our customers choose to develop their own tests. Why? One reason is because the M-10B is easy to program using the BASIC-TOOL software language. Another reason is that the pin electronics are designed for minimal hardware modifications when changing device types. We also give you all the support you need including a special test package training course. For improved quality assurance, whether you manufacture IC's, single boards, subsystems or systems, check out the M-10B (and the test packages) from Micro Control. We're dedicated to solving your reliability problems. "If you need solutions, put us to the test!" We not only make test equipment, we create the test. GUARDIANS OF QUALITY MICRO CONTROL COMPANY 7956 Main Street N.E. Minneapolis, MN 55432 (612) 786-8750 Probing the news 3.5 dB. "These noise figures allow signals to be detected down to about -170 dBW, depending on how good the original signal is," notes Harvey L. Werstiuk, Sarsat technical manager for the Canadian Communications Research Center in Ottawa. Franco-Canadian handoff. The receiver-processor is to be built in France by Electronique Marcel Dassault and will accept the 406-MHz signals. It will then feed these signals in parallel to the Canadian repeater. The processor will also store the signals until one of the two existing NOAA ground stations at Fairbanks, Alaska, or Wallops Island, Va., comes into view. It is designed to handle distress messages from up to 90 ELTs simultaneously. Crucial to this on-board processing system are two identical processors. Each of these uses a phase-locked servo loop to lock rapidly onto the 160-millisecond unmodulated burst that signals the start of a message from a distress beacon. In addition, the processors contain a doppler counter that determines the received frequency of the signal at better than 0.035 hertz. The information extracted from the bit stream, as well as a time tag and the received frequency, are formatted by the processor's encoder and then passed through a buffer to the satellite's information-rate processor. This processor modulates the data onto the satellite's downlink transmitter in the Canadian repeater for real-time transmission to in-sight LUTs. It also stores the data on tape until it can be dumped in a NOAA main ground station. From the frequency and time data, the ground stations can locate the beacon. RCA bird. The NOAA-E is being built by RCA Corp.'s Astro Electronics facility in Princeton, N. J., and will be the fifth in a series of NOAA polar-orbiting environmental satellite systems. However, it will be the first one that will carry a search and rescue payload. The cooperative venture with Russia, called Cospas-Sarsat, is scheduled to begin shortly after the launch of NOAA-E. Russia will supply two of its own satellites. Fluke 6070A and 6071A synthesized signal generators. The new generation. For two decades Fluke has produced RF equipment including a full line of signal sources, counter/timers, and RF voltmeters — quality products that users have specified with confidence. We're now introducing the new generation of sophisticated instruments in the Fluke RF family: the 6070A and 6071A, two general purpose synthesized signal generators that offer unmatched price/performance value in the market. Most-wanted features through innovative design. Both instruments feature a large output dynamic range — the 6070A covers frequencies from 200 kHz to 520 MHz; the 6071A range extends to 1040 MHz — and also deliver a high degree of spectral purity. Fluke engineers have developed a number of unique synthesis techniques resulting in noise performance that equals or exceeds that of the best cavity-tuned generators you can buy. Versatile AM, FM and 6M — internal or external, simultaneous or separate — give these new synthesizers the flexibility for wide-ranging applications. All the brains of 16-bit microprocessor control. An integral 16-bit microprocessor makes these new generators incredibly easy to operate. Convenience features include simplified keyboard data entry, digital frequency sweep, digital spin knob tuning for pinpoint frequency control, a learn mode memory, self-diagnostics and error code flagging plus other special functions only advanced digital technology can provide. Full programmability for automated test systems. The 6070A and 6071A are equipped with an IEEE-488 bus interface as a standard feature for systems applications and all necessary front panel functions are remotely programmable. Complete status information can be supplied back to an instrument controller such as the Fluke 1720A. Both "teach" and "learn" modes are provided. A full line of RF accessories is available to extend the capabilities of the 6070A and 6071A, making them excellent tools for the designer, bench user or laboratory technician. For more information on the 6070A/6071A and other RF instruments from Fluke, call toll free 800-426-0361, use the coupon below or contact your nearest Fluke sales office. FLUKE Fast-Response Coupon IN THE U.S. AND NON-EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc. P.O. Box 9210 MS #2B Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043 (206) 774-4281 Telex: 152662 IN EUROPE: Fluke (Holland) B.V. P.O. Box 5053, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands (013) 673 973 Fax: 52237 ☐ Please send me complete 6070A specifications and applications literature. ☐ Send information on other IEEE products. ☐ Have a Sales Engineer contact me for a demonstration. Name ____________________________________________________________ Title _____________________________________________________________ Company _________________________________________________________ Address __________________________________________________________ City ___________________________ State ______ Zip _________________ Telephone (______) ____________ Ext. _______________________________ For technical data circle no. 113 THE WORLD'S BEST DTMF RECEIVER. MITEL SETS NEW STANDARDS... AGAIN. CMOS OPENS NEW MARKETS FOR YOU. Name your application. Our 2-chip DTMF receiver is already being used for telecommunications applications in mobile radio, PABX and central offices. Its high performance makes it capable of meeting the most stringent requirements of your new product. No matter what the application, you gain four important advantages with our chip set: First, reduce your system power requirements with the only micropower receiver solution available, made possible by our advanced CMOS technology. Second, reduce your system to only a fraction of the size using our integrated solution. Third, reduce your cost by up to half that of equivalent modular or PCB solutions. Fourth, maximize the performance of your system with our flexible 2-chip design. These four advantages make our chip set the best DTMF receiver for any application, including: - Central office, PABX and key systems. Achieve optimum talk off by selecting the desired guard time for your system. - Mobile radio and radio telephones. User selectable tone dropout time ensures high performance in the presence of high noise and distortion. Naturally, small size and low power are important factors. - Data transmission units using intelligent telephones and special data terminals. The low power consumption, small size, and low cost of our chip set now make it possible for you to develop new products to meet this growing market. - Industrial and domestic remote control systems. Our chip set's high performance and low cost is now advancing the development of innovative services and products. Designed for designers. You'll find that the MT8860 and MT8865 have been designed to facilitate and speed your new system development. - 3.58MHz crystal completes the oscillator - External, passive components allow user selection of "Guard Time" - Operates from a single voltage supply (4.5V to 13V) - Low current, 2mA at 5V. MT8865 ISO²-CMOS™ DTMF Filter - High and low group band pass filtering - Dial tone rejection - Schmitt trigger limiting - 30 dB dynamic range - 38 dB intergroup rejection - 16 pin DIP Typical Filter Characteristics MT8860 CMOS DTMF Decoder - Selectable tone acquisition and release times - Decodes all 16 DTMF tone pairs - 4-bit latched, 3-state buffered output - Direct interface to a microprocessor data bus - 18 pin DIP The MT8862 and MT8863 DTMF decoders are both 24-pin devices that offer optional 8-bit output codes. Each has a control input to allow selection of a 2-of-8 output or two 4-bit binary codes. The best DTMF receiver now available in volume. Call us today for price, delivery and the name of your local Mitel distributor. MITEL SEMICONDUCTOR U.S.A. 2321 Morena Blvd., Suite M, San Diego, California 92110, (714) 276-3421. 1223 Westchester Pike, Havertown, Pennsylvania 19083; (215) 449-5556. 14330 Midway Rd., Dallas, Texas 75234, (214) 387-5581. Canada P.O. Box 13089, Kanata, Ontario K2K 1X3 (613) 592-2122. Telex: 053-4596. Europe Hamilton Road, Slough, Berkshire, England SL1 4QY, 0753-76126. Telex: 847730. Fredericiagade 16, Suite 309, 1310 Copenhagen, Denmark. (01) 119302. Asia TST P.O. Box 98577, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 3-318256. Telex: 64235-Mitel HX TM-Trademark of Mitel Corporation Copyright Mitel Corporation 1980 World Radio History Circle 115 on reader service card Choose from the broadest ready-to-run, single-board control project: Motorola All the principal systems functions you need are here now in these 8-bit Micromodules: CPU, memory (ROM, RAM, EPROM), serial and parallel I/O (including GPIB), analog I/O (both high- and low-level), a high-speed math processor, and a solid-state relay module. Plus system software/firmware, high-level language processors, card cages and even power supplies, all from a single source. Think of all the time, hassle and cost you can save. And how you not only get your hardware and software developed faster but do so with a competitive edge. These modules and accessories are all based around Motorola’s M6800 microprocessor family, including the MC6809-based Monoboard Microcomputer (MM19), the most powerful 8-bit system-on-a-board around. And all are fully compatible with the Motorola EXORciser®, EXORterm™ and EXORset™ development systems. If your application requires 16-bit computational power, ask about Motorola’s new MC68000-based VERSAmodule™ products. So whether your application is industrial control, automated testing, intelligent peripherals or general microcomputer system prototyping, you’ll probably find all the ready-to-use hardware functions, power and performance you need in Motorola Micromodules. For basic data on each module and accessories, plus application examples, send for a copy of our new brochure “Motorola Micromodules.” Write Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., P.O. Box 20912, Phoenix, AZ 85036. For additional information or applications assistance, contact your nearby Motorola Semiconductor sales office or authorized distributor. Whether building your next system from the ground up or with here-now, leading-edge modules, Motorola’s fully committed to Innovative systems through silicon. The most versatile selection of computer systems for your Micromodules™. It's easier, it's faster, it's cost-effective with Motorola's Micromodule family. Monoboard Microcomputers* - M68MM01 Monoboard Microcomputer 1 (6800) - M68MM01A Monoboard Microcomputer 1A (6800) - M68MM01B Monoboard Microcomputer 1B (6802) - M68MM01B1A Monoboard Microcomputer 1B1A (6802) - M68MM01D Monoboard Microcomputer 1D (6800) - M68MM19 Monoboard Microcomputer 19 (6809) Processor Modules - M68MM02 6800 CPU Module - M68MM14 Arithmetic Processing Module Memory Modules - M68MM04 EPROM/ROM Module (16K Max) - M68MM04A EPROM/ROM/RAM Module (64K Max) - M68MM06 2K Static RAM Module - M68MM09 4K Static CMOS RAM Module w/Battery Backup - MEX6815-3 8K Dynamic RAM Module - MEX6816-11HR 16K Dynamic RAM Module w/Hidden Refresh - MEX68RR EPROM/RAM Module Digital I/O Modules — Parallel - M68MM03 32/32 I/O Module - MEX6820 PIA-Based I/O Module (40 lines) - M68MM13A Isolated Relay Output (16 Channel) - M68MM13B Isolated Relay Output (32 Channel) - M68MM13C Opto Isolated Relay Output (24 Channel) - M68MM13D Opto Isolated Digital Input Module - M68MM23 Opto Isolated I/O Module (AC/DC) Digital I/O Modules — Serial - M68MM07 Quad Communications Module - MEX6850 ACIA Module - M68MM11 RS-232C to 20 mA Adapter Module - M68MM12 GPIB Listener/Talker/Controller Module - M68MM12A GPIB Listener/Talker Module Analog I/O Modules - M68MM05A 12 Bit A/D, High-Level, 8 Channel - M68MM05B 12 Bit A/D, High-Level, 16 Channel - M68MM15A 12 Bit A/D, High-Level, 8/16 Channel - M68MM15AI 12 Bit A/D, High-Level, 16/32 Channel - M68MM15B 16 Bit, Low-Level, 16 Channel - M68MM05C Quad 12-Bit D/A Module - M68MM15CV Voltage D/A Module (1–4 Channel) - M68MM15CI Current D/A Module (1–4 Channel) Packaging and Support Hardware - M68MMCC05 5-Slot Card Cage - M68MMCC10 10-Slot Card Cage - M68MMSC 5-Slot Rack-Mount Chassis (Top Load) - M68MMLC 10-Slot Rack-Mount Chassis (Top Load) - M68MMFLC 14-Slot Rack-Mount Chassis (Front Load) - M68MPS1-1 Power Supply (+5 V, ±12 V) - M68MM10 Power Fail Detect and Time-of-Day Clock Module - MEX68WW Wirewrap Module - MEX68USM Universal Support Module - MEX68XT Extender Module Peripheral Devices and Interfaces - M68MDM1 5-Inch CRT Display Module - M68DIM2A Display Interface Module - M68SFDCC 6800 Floppy Disk Controller Module - M6809FDCONT2 6809 Floppy disk Controller Module Circle 117 on reader service card GATE ARRAYS. Fujitsu Microelectronics has the ones you need. Bipolar or CMOS. Fujitsu Microelectronics offers you standard bipolar and CMOS gate arrays with the performance to meet your special design requirements. For instance, our B-500 bipolar array has a gate delay of 1.8 nanoseconds at 2.3 milliwatts. Our silicon-gate CMOS arrays are comparable in performance to low-power Schottky devices with typical power dissipation of 50 milliwatts at 10 megahertz. We also offer you custom ECL gate arrays. Design flexibility. Our advanced computer-aided design technique frees you from the limitations of macro-logic elements. That, together with our exclusive dual-level metalization, gives you maximum design flexibility and circuit density. In fact, we guarantee routability and placement up to 90%. Computer-aided design. All you supply are the logic diagrams and test data. Using our computer-aided design system, we convert your diagrams into digital form, simulate your circuit, verify performance, make the masks, and produce prototypes. After you approve them, we’ll produce the number of parts you need, from 1,000 to 100,000 or more. For further information, call or write us today. Fujitsu Microelectronics, 2945 Oakmead Village Court, Santa Clara, CA 95051, (408) 727-1700, TWX 910-338-0047. FUJITSU MICROELECTRONICS \| Device \| No. of cells per chip \| Typical performance \| Turn-around time on design \| Package \| Device No. of cells per chip \| Typical performance \| Turn-around time on design \| \|--------\|-----------------------\|---------------------\|----------------------------\|---------\|-----------------------------\|---------------------\|----------------------------\| \| B-200 \| 208 \| 6 ns per gate \| 2 mW per gate \| 16 to 28 pin DIP \| C-770 \| 770 \| 7 ns per gate \| 12-14 weeks \| \| B-500 \| 512 \| 18 ns per gate \| 2.3 mW per gate \| 42 pin DIP or 64 pin square pack \| C-1275 \| 1275 \| 7 ns per gate \| 12-14 weeks \| \| C-2000 \| 2000 \| 7 ns per gate \| 40 pin DIP or 64 pin square pack \| 13-16 weeks \| C-3900 \| 3900 \| 7 ns per gate \| 16-19 weeks \| Fujitsu Microelectronics Standard Gate Arrays. "HELPING YOU STAY AHEAD" Circle 119 on reader service card You want quality sockets? We have them! In all sizes and materials... for all kinds of applications from burn-in and test through production. Free 1981 Catalog Details on 22 families of burn-in/test sockets, production sockets, screw machine sockets and flatpack, TO-5, and DIP contactors and carriers, including quad packs. Write or call 219/287-5941. WELLS ELECTRONICS, INC. 1701 S. MAIN ST., SO. BEND, IN 46613, U.S.A. With total equipment consumption of $168 billion forecast, electronics markets will fuel continued growth in 1981, despite a sagging worldwide economy These are not the best of times, but neither are they the worst. The electronics manufacturers of the three principal industrial regions—the United States, Western Europe, and Japan—once again rang up a better-than-expected year in 1980 despite the economic woes besetting the world. The coming year, however, will severely test the electronics industries' resistance to recession. The economic outlook ranges from poor (in Europe), to confused (in the U.S.), to so-so (in Japan). Electronics growth rates are generally expected to be flat or to slow, but as usual, there are silver linings. Computers and peripheral equipment, for example, will chalk up substantial gains in all three major markets. Based on surveys conducted from September through early November, Electronics' 1980 estimate for total equipment sales in these three markets is $150 billion, figured in current dollars. That represents a 12% increase from 1979 to 1980, both of which are considered recessionary years. The picture is much the same for 1981: a grand total of $168 billion for a 12% increase. As for components, including all semiconductors, the combined total in current dollars for 1980 was $38.5 billion, and the forecast for 1981 is a modest 10% to $42.5 billion. The electronics industries in the United States for the most part sailed through 1980 without a hitch until markets began faltering in the last couple of months. Total equipment consumption, according to the Electronics survey, was $80.4 billion, a 12% increase over 1979. Components consumption also gained, reaching $76.4 billion. But the times, they are a-changing. Entering the new year amid portents of decline, the industry can expect at least half a year of struggle. Nevertheless, the Electronics forecast calls for a 13% increase in 1981 in equipment sales to $91 billion. Sensitive to the trends in equipment consumption, components, too, should show gains reaching $18.4 billion. That means good growth for equipment and level growth for components. On the plus side, inventories are low, thanks to the dampening effect of inflation and the prudence of management. In addition, fairly solid backlogs should cushion the shock of declining orders in the first quarter. Most industry observers agree that the first half will be slow. But when the recovery will arrive is less clear. Some predict that bearishness will peak in April, but true recovery will not be felt until the end of the year. Others prefer to stick to their earlier view that the second half will see the recovery, setting the stage for expansion in 1982. Generally lagging behind the U.S. economy, Western European countries began the New Year faced with the recession that North America was feeling in the second quarter of 1980. All of the usual economic ills are there—high cost of energy, uncontrolled inflation, high unemployment levels in some countries, and governments strapped for money. The gross national product for the dozen main countries in the region will grow only 1% this year compared with 1.5% in 1980. As in the U.S., the slumping economies will have an impact on electronics consumption, but in Western Europe, too, growth will be positive. Electronics' survey of 11 countries shows a total equipment market of $51.28 billion in 1981. Components will hit $12.28 billion, according to the forecast. That 9.7% rise for equipment, however, is less than the 10.5% gain registered in 1980. Growth rates are also declining for components. Last year this sector moved up 8.6%, but this year the figure will be a modest 5.8%. Indeed, the decline in European components consumption is contributing to the problems of U.S. companies, which often count on this market to bolster domestic sales. As it was last year, much of the slower growth is due to the nearly flat markets for consumer electronics, particularly color television sets and radios. The computer and to a lesser extent the communications sectors pulled up the equipment totals. Although the computer companies are feeling the effects of the slow economy, solid growth, as in the U.S., will still be possible. The reason is that data-processing systems have attained the status of necessities in Europe, thanks to vastly improved price-performance ratios. Thus sales of computers and peripherals should rise 12.4% during 1981. Counterbalancing that picture, consumer electronics will only keep pace with the general economies. The Electronics* survey indicates a $14.8 billion total in 1981, which is a mere 6% improvement over 1980, also a slow year. The situation in Japan is much the same—computers and peripherals, up; consumer, flat. Most nations would like to suffer the 4% gain in GNP that Japan is expecting. But the island nation has problems in pushing up its GNP, being totally dependent on imported oil and also fearful that trade protectionism around the world will stifle its vital exports. Still, Japan's electronics markets have fared well. In 1980 total domestic equipment consumption increased by almost 13% to $23 billion. This year the gain will be 10%, to $25 billion. Leading the parade will be data-processing equipment. More confident than ever that they can compete on the world market, the Japanese computer firms rolled out a steady line of machines during 1980. This year data-processing and office equipment consumption should surge by nearly 13% to $9.41 billion domestically, providing a springboard for the export markets. The Japanese communications market, paced by the move to digital exchanges and the usual good growth of facsimile equipment, should again move upward. A gain of 11% to $3.6 billion is projected. As for the once high-flying consumer sector, hopes for pulling up a better-than-flat year in that area depend on video cassette recorders and video cameras. Of course, the consumer companies rely on exports for their continued growth, and if consumer spending falls off in the U.S. and Europe, the Japanese could be in for hard times. Reprints of this set of three market reports are available at $3 each. Write to Electronics Reprint Department, P.O. Box 669, Hightstown, N.J. 08520. Copyright 1981, Electronics, a McGraw-Hill publication. --- U.S. MARKETS Amid economic doubt the industries expect a slow start, but 1981 looks tolerable; prosperity is further off The United States economy skidded into 1981 with the brakes on. The tenuous recovery that began in the second half of 1980 fizzled out, and the double dip that many economists fear appears to be in the making. As the year ended, a double-barreled shot—sharply rising interest rates and more oil price increases—hit the economy. Consequently, the predictions made earlier for this year have to be tempered. The original scenario called for a slow first half followed by a recovery in the second half and a full-fledged expansion at the beginning of next year. The real gross national product, according to McGraw-Hill Inc.'s Economics department, was pegged at a very modest 0.9% gain. Now, however, it looks as though the second half will also be slow and the recovery-to-expansion two-step will not begin until 1982. Compounding the uncertainty is the inauguration of a new Republican Administration headed by Ronald Reagan and a relatively inexperienced White House supporting cast. Although it appears that most segments of the U.S. industrial complex have been able to adjust to rising energy costs, the 21% prime rate that was announced in mid-December was a backbreaker. Small businesses will be particularly hard hit. But even large manufacturers, if they have not committed funds previously, will hesitate to spend for new plant and equipment. This cautious pause will have a downward ripple effect on consumer spending as well. Housing starts, which were beginning to look healthy again, will also slow until the prime rate once more begins to drop. The electronics industries are starting to feel the pain, too. Based on the annual survey conducted by Electronics, virtually every product sector simply skipped the 1980 recession, but they may not escape this year's. Because of the pervasiveness of electronics, it has become fashionable to view the industry as recession-resistant. But the signs of a downturn are flashing red for semiconductors and components and for some computer and consumer equipment. Some industry analysts believe that the bottom will not be reached until April, although there will always be pockets of prosperity for certain high-technology products. Adding to the confusion is the fact that there is considerable venture capital money available. Thus uncertainty, leaning toward gloom, fills the air. As a result, the numbers forecast for this year should be read with caution. These figures were taken in a wideranging industry poll during September and October, when business conditions were looking up. Few could have anticipated the rapid deterioration starting in November. Nevertheless, the outlook for the long term is positive. For 1981, it is up, but less up. It is going to be another of those years that, though bearable, most companies will be glad to see past. Where was the 1980 recession? That's what the computer and peripherals sector of the U.S. markets is asking as it springs off a solid growth year. The total U.S. market for data processing and office equipment in 1980 was $30.7 billion, a gain of 16% over 1979. The 1981 market is expected to increase in dollar terms by 17%. By 1984, it will shape up to be $61 billion, according to the annual Electronics survey. In short, the computer industry, with few exceptions, is outperforming the general economy in this time of recession. This relative strength may be explained by the integral and pervasive role computers now play in business. Computing resources are now considered indispensable to increase efficiency and productivity. To this indispensability add rapidly declining systems costs and the result is that computer systems are still acquired or upgraded with cost savings in mind and may be one of the last areas of expense to be cut. Even so, the market for large-ticket items like big mainframe systems and large distributed-processing systems and networks may flatten during the first half of the year. However, some segments of the market are still expanding at rates that are significantly greater than the growth of the total market. All small computer systems costing less than $100,000, including minicomputers and superminis, as well as word-processing systems, desktop computers, and personal computers, form a segment that enjoyed a growth rate of 27% last year. This group, which should log a 24% gain in 1981, is expected to become the source of half the dollar volume of the computer industry by mid-decade. Small-business computers, ranging from the Apple II to the low end of the IBM and Hewlett-Packard lines, are not just for small businesses; individuals and departments of large and medium-sized companies are also using them. Minicomputers, once the superstars in the computer market, with growth rates of 35% or higher for a number of years, have slowed a little to a compound growth of 23%. A compound growth rate of 25% per year is expected over the next four years. Another segment of the computer market that looks like a good business to be in is building computer systems that are compatible with IBM software and peripherals. This market, pioneered by Amdahl Corp. and including companies like Magnusson Computer Systems, IPL Inc., National Advanced Systems, and Two Pi Corp., is not shown as a separate breakdown in the Electronics survey, but recent financial statements report good sales and earnings growth for these firms. Display market looks good Display terminals, both intelligent and dumb, are booming. According to Datapro Research Corp., Delran, N.J., "the marketplace has barely been penetrated, the demand is insatiable, and the potential is seemingly endless. Predictions that display terminals will soon become as familiar as telephones or typewriters do not seem unreasonable." That market in fact expanded about 23% in 1980, should increase 27% in 1981, and then should average 28% from 1982 through 1984 (see chart). As for the entire intelligent segment of the computer terminal market, Creative Strategies International, San Jose, Calif., pegs it at about 32% a year for the early 1980s. And graphics terminals should do even better, increasing at a 35% annual rate, International Data Corp. predicts. The new field of business graphics terminals should hit 65% growth, according to the Waltham, Mass., firm. Storage peripherals is another area of seemingly unending growth potential. Disk drives of all types and in sizes ranging from 2.52 billion bytes per unit to minifloppy drives are becoming a necessary part of nearly every computer system. As the cost of storing a byte of data on a disk drops ever lower, the price elasticity of the demand shows up and ever greater amounts of disk storage get bought for computer systems. The overall market for rigid-disk drives grew to $2.01 billion in 1980 and will grow by 19% in 1981. It should reach a total of $3.76 billion in 1984. As expected, the fastest-growing part of the whole disk drive market is the products aimed at small-business computer systems such as the 8- and 5¼-inch Winchester disks and 5¼-in. minifloppy disks. Both these categories of small-disk drives will be growing at a rate of 40% or better during the first part of the 1980s. One notable exception to the rosy picture was the large system costing more than $1 million. Perhaps the category most likely to feel the recession, this group registered a comparatively small gain of 7% in 1980 but is expected to bounce back with a 12% increase in 1981. Everywhere. Display terminals, standing alone or in clusters, are showing up in most computer applications, providing a solid growth market for the next five years. The emergence of the integrated electronic office will trigger much of the demand. Generally the most sensitive to recessions, the consumer electronics market has held up relatively well. Electronics' survey indicates that the total consumer sector, including automotive electronics, grew by 6% last year. That's not bad for a year marked by so much economic uncertainty. But the sharp increase in interest rates, along with certain rises in oil prices, will dampen consumer spending. Nevertheless, video cassette recorders continue to move, with more than 1 million units expected to be shipped to dealers in 1981. In addition, this year will mark the all-out battle for the video disk player market, with the various manufacturers lining up behind the two capacitive or the one optical system. Furthermore, projection TV finally looks like a serious contender this year as well. The nonpareil of high-fidelity audio equipment, digital gear, is still off on the horizon. But in the meantime, hi-fi sales look to be healthier than in previous recessions. According to Electronics' survey, hi-fi equipment should grow by 4% this year. Outside the entertainment categories, microwave ranges, calculators, and watches are all slated for a fairly good year. Even within the troubled U.S. automobile industry, electronics is cruising, with $517 million in sales expected for 1981. Recession-wary television set makers shipped an estimated 9.85 million color units to dealers last year—the second-best performance ever. The main reason for the upsurge is the replacement market—consumers are retiring sets purchased during the big sales years of the late 1960s. In addition, new ways to use color sets, cable TV, and VCRs have made it more desirable to own a unit. Video cassette recorders, too, rang up solid gains last year. This year, the total number of installed units will be about 2.89 million, for a market saturation of only a little under 3.9%. With sales of 75,000 units expected this year, projection TV sets may finally break out of neighborhood bars and restaurants and into consumers' homes. New models will be introduced this year by RCA, Magnavox, Zenith, and Pioneer, to name a few. They will join projection sets already on the market from major firms such as GE, Sony, Panasonic, Advent, and Quasar. But the most-talked-about video item for 1981 is undoubtedly the video disk player. In March, RCA Corp.'s Consumer Entertainment division will begin sales of its grooved Capacitance Electronic Disk (CED). This first year, RCA expects to sell some 200,000 of the highly touted CED players in competition with Magnavox Consumer Electronics Corp., which previously introduced an optically scanned system. As in the early days of VCRs, when there were incompatible systems vying, set manufacturers are lining up behind one or the other types. If their 57% share in the color TV market is anything to go by, RCA and its supporters could be the driving force in disk players. The market is still too new to predict at all precisely; however, somewhere between a pessimistic 200,000 and an optimistic 600,000 units are expected to find their way into homes this year. On wheels Electronics consumption by the U.S. automobile industry is holding the road. For 1980, the value of nonentertainment electronic systems has been placed at an average of almost $55 for all U.S. cars and light trucks, putting last year's market for electronic systems at about $409 million. By 1985, when the last of the mandated emission and economy regulations is imposed and more safety and convenience features are in place, the value of the electronic systems should average $308 for an estimated 10 million U.S. vehicles. That means that a total of about $3 billion will be spent by the auto makers on electronic subsystems, according to the forecast of one automotive electronics executive. The outlook for electronic games is less rosy. Following their introduction in 1977, electronic hand-held and other nonvideo games experienced expansions of 433% to $112 million in 1978 and 289% to $436 million in 1979. Figures for 1980 are portraying a $550 million market for manufacturers and a jump to $666 million in 1981. As for computers, the home market has been slow to develop. But analysts predict that by 1985 it, too, will open up, partly as an educational aid for children and partly as a source of games. As if to spite those who have been preaching recession for two years now, the communications sector of the electronics industries continues to roll along. At the end of 1980, still-higher interest rates promised anew to put a damper on activity. However, Electronics’ survey predicts that 1981 will be another growth year for communications equipment, with sales totaling $5.3 billion, 13% above 1980. What drives the communications industry these days is cheap chips and cheap bits—in other words, the cost-effectiveness of semiconductor device technology. Microprocessors, memory, communications chips, and a myriad of special-purpose devices make possible a range of communications services to the home, office, and factory that were not even imagined only 10 years ago. Competition grows In addition, both the original-equipment manufacturer and the communications service user felt the benefits of ferocious competition in 1980. That fire was stoked by the Government’s clear desire to reduce regulation to a minimum. Even though there was still no action on the rewrite of the Communications Act of 1934—this landmark legislation must await the incoming Reagan regime and the 97th Congress—the Justice Department and the Federal Communications Commission made lots of moves. They encouraged giant AT&T to start setting up its unregulated business subsidiary and prodded Xerox, IBM, Satellite Business Systems, and other hopeful purveyors of communications services to look to the 1980s with more optimism. Xerox introduced its much-heralded Ethernet system for interoffice communications, and SBS launched its first satellite after five years of effort and $375 million. AT&T’s Advanced Communication Service, however, was still hidden in that company’s extensive woodwork, and Xerox’s Xten was likewise maintaining a low profile. Lots of fiber The three major markets for fiber optics in decreasing order of importance are optical waveguide and cable telephony, computer-to-terminal data communications, and video transmission (see graph). Automobile illumination and signal systems will also be a strong market by the mid-1980s, but they are not so concerned with high-technology, low-loss fibers and sensitive receivers. The fiber optics industry continues to grow, since fiber-optic systems have both environmental and bandwidth advantages that copper systems find hard to match. Moreover, as connectors are standardized, and manufacturers slide down their learning curves, their cost continues to decline, and some optical systems are even becoming competitive with copper systems for certain applications. For 1981, the Electronics survey predicts that sales of fiber-optic communications systems will be $153 million, a rise of 72% over the $89 million estimated for the year that just ended. Just starting to develop is a market for universal or almost-universal local networks, so that data for 1980 is not available. Although estimates of the future vary widely depending on the definition of local network, it is clear that such systems, from Ungermann & Bass, Xerox (Ethernet), Zilog, and a swarm of other manufacturers, will stimulate the data-communications business in the years ahead. Cheap chips and cheap bits help the manufacturers of digital communications equipment to fight off recession, and they are doing a good job of it. For example, satellite earth stations and associated equipment manufacturers will reach a total sales of $189 million in 1981. A particularly bright picture is expected for the makers of private automatic branch exchanges for data switching, who can expect a rise of 36% to total sales of $30 million. The communications industry, dominated as it is by multimillion dollar satellites; large switching equipment; complicated signal-processing devices; hard-to-install local, national, and international networks; and other capital-intensive equipment, does not react to economic change quickly. Rather, it is extremely concerned with depreciation economics. This concern tends to lessen the impact of new developments like digital technology and fiber optics on rapid industry growth. So, although there is no question that these categories will advance in the 1980s, the process will be slow. Four users. The fiber-optic waveguide and cable industry supplies the communications community with a diversity of cable types both for high-technology applications in telephony and computers and for light pipe applications, where fiber attenuation is of little concern. This year's pattern will reverse last year's for makers of test and measurement equipment. The downturn that ended the final half of 1980 will continue into the first half of 1981, but some growth should follow, just as it marked the initial half of 1980, says Electronics' survey. Overall last year, the growth rate was 12%, as instrument makers experienced a rise in U.S. sales of general test equipment to $2.2 billion and of overall equipment to $3.6 billion. This year they expect totals of $2.5 billion and $4.1 billion, respectively, once again an overall 13% increase. Although such growth may seem lackluster compared with what the industry has come to expect, it will easily outperform the economy in general thanks to two factors—the spread of digital electronics and the continuing reliance on increased productivity for increased profitability. As a result, automated test systems, microprocessor development systems, and logic analyzers will continue to be the hot products. They will account for roughly a third of all general-purpose instrumentation sales and will grow as a group by roughly 24%. Of the three, automated test systems will grab the largest market share. Production of very large-scale integrated circuits and their consumption by original-equipment manufacturers will add most to sales of automated component test systems this year. Market size should grow by a healthy 19% to $288 million. However, getting a larger share of the pie will not be easy. While purchasers will be attracted by such features as networking to help them exercise better control on the production floor, they will also be looking for lower-cost systems with better price-performance ratios. Then, too, they will want highly modular systems that can be expanded to keep up with new devices. Add to that the entry into the market of new participants and the scenario for 1981 is one of fierce competition. The same holds true in the board, or subsystem, test arena. Users want more for less, and though there will be more dollars to go around—$300 million, or 21% more than last year—competition for those dollars will be tougher than ever. Development systems rising to the top The area between component and board testing will become more the province of the development system this year. Like the component that gave it birth, the microprocessor development system's phenomenal increase in importance to designers will continue, undeterred by the recession. Sales this year will top last year's, ringing up $218 million. Although that figure is a hefty one, it does not yet wrest the leadership from oscilloscopes. Sales of all scopes will rise some 13% this year to $347 million. But by mid-decade, the crown will change hands. Actually, the oscilloscope's functions will migrate to both the development system and the logic analyzer, muddying the distinction between the traditional instrument and its newer rivals. This year, new introductions by manufacturers of logic analyzers will spur the sale of those instruments as computer manufacturers and others spend approximately $65.5 million, up 23% from 1980, to stock factory and field depots with these digital tools. Research facilities will spend 12% more this year—$744 million—for the purchase of analytical instruments. The best performers in this area, in terms of overall volume and percentage increase, should be gas chromatographs and atomic absorption spectrophotometers. This year, sales of gas chromatographs are expected to surpass those of liquid units for the first time, racking up $91 million, or 15% more than in 1980. Sales of atomic absorption spectrophotographs should rise by 21%, a $9 million increase over last year. The medical electronics market in general seems headed for a dip in 1981, with a total of $2.45 billion barely keeping up with inflation. Two areas seem extremely robust, however. Sales of ultrasonic diagnostic equipment, increasing faster than those of X-ray equipment, including computerized tomographic scanners, should rise 27% to $272 million. In addition, the growing use of pain-suppression and biofeedback equipment in physical therapy should boost the market for those devices by a hefty 47%, to $157 million this year. Future developments. The rapidly expanding market for microprocessor development systems, up 24% last year, will rival that for the largest selling instrument, the oscilloscope, by 1984, and surpass it in total sales by the mid-1980s as digital applications expand. Remember late 1979, when, at the last minute, semiconductor industry analysts got cold feet and painted a gloomy picture for 1980? A year later—almost to the day—a sense of déjà vu prevails, caused by such concerns as a prime rate that borders on usury, soft pricing of commodity components like memories, and looming overcapacity. Of course, 1980 was not so bad after all. But the general economy has become so depressed that the resiliency of the semiconductor industry is being tried. Electronics' prognosis for 1981 is not as glum as some, but it estimates that the U.S. market in 1981 will grow less than 18%, as opposed to last year's 26%. This view resembles that of Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc., New York, which now predicts a worldwide 1981 growth of 16.5% for semiconductors. Merrill Lynch vice president Michael Krasko notes that computer sales remain strong and that semiconductors follow the demand for end equipment. Integrated-circuit consumption—up 20% to $5.8 billion in 1981—will, as usual, represent the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. solid-state market. Domestic consumption of optoelectronic components, too, will experience a sharp 15% increase to $330 million this year as emerging markets like telecommunications and office data processing increase their IC usage. The discouraging news about dynamic random-access memories is a very soft market. The 64-K RAM is still expected to be, by 1984, the world's first billion-dollar component, but it will take a lot of unit sales to get there. The reason: in mid-1980, the general prediction was that the average selling price of a 64-K RAM would be $40 in 1981 and $25 in 1982, but those numbers are on their way to becoming half of what was expected, says Rosen Research Inc. of New York. Now it is all but certain that the average selling price for a 64-K RAM will wind up in the teens before 1982. As for the 16-K RAM, it currently sells for less than $2.50 in the U.S. and less than $2 in Japan. Pricing of erasable programmable read-only memories has been equally disappointing for chip makers. A recent research brief from Goldman, Sachs & Co., New York, noted that the price of a 16-K E-PROM fell 75% in 1980, from about $19 to about $4.75. The new 32-K E-PROM, which began last year with an average selling price of over $100, crashed even harder to its current quotation of only $12—a 90% decline. Slower expansion As for bubble memories, development of the market will not be as swift as once anticipated, says Venture Development Corp. of Wellesley, Mass., in a recently revised report. It now predicts that worldwide bubble memory shipments will rise from $18.4 million in 1980 to $226 million in 1985—an average annual increase of 65%. It adds that fixed-head disk drives may be displaced by bubble memories in 1984 if the latter's price drops down to the range of 15 millicents per bit. Microprocessors and microcomputers, for their part, will fare well the coming year, especially the high-performance units. Sales of 16-bit microprocessors, which now stand at $37.5 million, will increase to $75 million by the end of 1981. Single-chip microcomputers are expected to outpace multichip systems as large-scale integration puts more useful functions on each die. Growing as fast or faster than the sales of the processors themselves are those for the peripheral and support chips that mate with them. International Resource Development Inc. of Norwalk, Conn., figures that while MOS microprocessors will enjoy a compound annual growth rate of 35% from 1979 to 1989, LSI support circuits will average a 37% rise. In some areas, market figures for TTL circuits show signs of the competition from high-speed MOS ICs. For example, in static RAMs the increase for MOS units is an anticipated 24%, whereas bipolar counterparts will lag with an 18% gain. Likewise, standard TTL, Schottky, and low-power Schottky small- and medium-scale integrated logic families are feeling the crunch from fast new complementary-MOS parts. Certain bipolar devices, such as those based on emitter-coupled logic, continue to be sought after for the most demanding applications. Besides memories and logic circuits, the market for ECL gate arrays will also broaden, along with the gate-array market in general. For component makers as a whole, modesty—in terms of sales growth—is indeed a virtue, given the lackluster general economy. So last year's dollar gain of nearly 8% can be seen as cause for satisfaction, if not joy. Within this market, the performance of such basic components as resistors and capacitors varied significantly, with increases of almost 4% and 7%, respectively. Some resistor segments, like carbon-film types, even experienced declines. But sales of thick- and thin-film resistor networks and of chip resistors and capacitors were more healthy, a reflection of the increasing importance of hybrid integrated circuits. In fact, despite the overall modesty, hybrid and modular component sales for 1980 were up some 24% over 1979, going from $182 million to $226 million; Electronics projects a further 23% increase this year and then nearly 79% through 1984. Even more notably, data-conversion products should grow in sales over 100% between 1981 and 1984, paced by hybrid and modular digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters. Sales of high-frequency microwave components remained strong, supported by an expansion of communications applications into yet-higher-frequency bands. This can be seen from the roughly 13% sales increase for microwave hardware from 1979 to 1980 and the whopping gain of 62% for high-frequency power and special-purpose tubes. In contrast, electron tube sales for 1980 grew by a meager 4% and 1980 sales for traditional receiving tubes were down from the previous year by more than 9%. Displays also rode out the recession last year. The $246 million 1980 market for readout devices grew a respectable 16% over 1979's sales of $212 million, with multiple-character liquid-crystal and dot-matrix gas-discharge displays leading the way. Electronics' survey estimates that both types of display will increase in sales by more than 50% from 1981 to 1984, going from $54.5 million to $87 million and $47.4 million to $72 million, respectively. Single-character light-emitting-diode displays should garner larger market shares of incandescent and fluorescent displays. The market for switches of all types remained relatively solid, increasing some 10% last year, up from 1979's sales of $644 million to last year's $710 million. Total switch sales should grow more than 35% between 1981 and 1984. Yet another sector of the U.S. electronics industries whose market has defied recession—so far—is packaging and production. Among the brightest growth prospects in this area belong to integrated-circuit processing equipment like sophisticated electron-beam and optical projection aligners, plasma etchers, ion implanters, and automatic wire bonders. This entire industry is in a state of expansion. Electronics' survey estimates that the U.S. market for semiconductor production and test equipment in 1980 was $917 million and forecasts an annual growth rate of 17% for 1979–84. That would lead to about $2.25 billion in sales for IC-processing equipment by 1984. Equipment for lithography—wafer steppers, 1:1 projection systems, electron-beam systems—dominates the capital investment list, often representing more than 50% of a company's expenditures on wafer fabrication equipment. Machines of this type, whose prices range from $500,000 to $1.5 million, are a key element in making large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits. They, too, should see about a 17% growth rate per year, lasting into the late 1980s. There is one important snag, however. If interest rates remain high, as predicted, financing these lithography systems—or any other expensive IC equipment, for that matter—will become extremely difficult. Sky-high interest rates could slow or even reverse the growth potential of the manufacturers of such gear. On the interconnection front, the important printed-circuit market continues to expand at about a 20% to 25% rate. Last year's total pc board sales of $1.4 billion should almost double by 1984. Single-sided pc boards, a relatively small market, will grow only at about a 4% rate, whereas two-sided board sales will increase more than two thirds by 1984. In the vital multilayer area, 1980's sales of $375 million should rise to $650 million by 1984. According to Gnostic Concepts Inc. of Menlo Park, Calif., the multilayer board's share of the pc market should rise from 24% in 1979 to 30% in 1984. Tied in with the pc board is the dual in-line socket, which represents a $150 million market, with about a 22% growth per year projected to 1984. The IC socket panel should experience a similar growth. For connectors in general, sales were up only slightly in 1980 from 1979, with the exception of the flat-cable connector market, where a growth of 11% occurred. Long range, the connector industry, according to market analyst Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc., New York, should grow at an average annual rate of 13.5% during 1979–84. INDUSTRIAL Ill winds blow some good to makers of energy management, industrial control systems Cautious is the word for the outlook for electronics in industrial process and machine tool controls, as well as building management systems, in the face of the uncertainties about the business climate. Budgeted plans, particularly those committed when interest rates were lower, will go ahead. However, new equipment purchases being considered will most likely be postponed until interest rates come down. Overall, Electronics’ survey pegs the industrial sector at $3.26 billion this year, a 15% gain over 1980. The effects of the continuing energy crisis have their brighter side. For example, the market for process control equipment, about $702 million in the U.S. in 1980, is enjoying a flurry of activity as petrochemical and utility companies convert and refurbish existing facilities to accommodate a changing mix of fuels. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, the process control industry will experience a real compound annual growth of 10% through 1985, making it the fourth-fastest-growing industry—behind aircraft, machine tools, and industrial heating. Fueling this expansion is the fact that process control gear often pays for itself within a year. Within this category is the programmable sequence controller, sales of which grew by about one third in 1980 over 1979—to about $202 million—and should increase about another 28% this year. Depending on the complexity of the task to be performed, some are microprocessor- or even minicomputer-based and others use discrete solid-state logic requiring no computer programming knowledge on the part of a technician. For sequence controllers as a group, programmable and hardwired, total sales were $216 million for 1980, could climb to $272 million this year, and should continue to grow at a compound annual rate of 11% through 1985. Numerically controlled machinery is another area where manufacturers can expect a quick return on investment. About 32% of the dollars spent for metal-cutting machinery, or $1.24 billion, will go for such equipment in 1981. Of this amount, about $100 million represents the value of electronics—up 10% over last year. This gain is but one component of the machine tool market which is feeling the impact of microelectronics as it becomes increasingly economical to add electronic controls to ever simpler machines. Although the market for electronic energy management systems is difficult to define, since it overlaps with fire and security systems, Electronics estimates that $190 million was spent in 1980 in this area. With Government tax incentives stimulating the market, reluctance to part with money that does not go directly into increasing manufacturing output is beginning to fall away. Nevertheless, as an area of application for energy management systems, the industrial community ranks after schools, offices, public buildings, and hospitals. A much smaller market, although one with tremendous growth potential, is that of industrial robots. That market was $45 million in 1979 and shot to $60 million in 1980. The 1980 figure represents about 1,500 robots, for a total of about 4,000 robots in operation. FEDERAL Growing electronics percentage hitches up with rising defense expenditures The proportion of electronics in weapons and military support systems is climbing steadily, and so, too, are outlays for defense electronics. Of the $25.3 billion to be spent on electronics by all Federal agencies in calendar 1981, the military’s share will be $23.3 billion—a gain of $2.2 billion from last year that more than offsets the relatively flat demand of some other agencies. The consensus among Federal budget specialists is that the new Reagan Administration will be unable to raise significantly the military electronics total before 1982, even if it does restore development of a strategic bomber to replace the B-1 canceled in 1977 by President Carter. One Pentagon budgeteer points out that even if money for technology is increased, the services might have difficulty in spending it on new programs with contractors that already have large backlogs and are short of personnel. The effort to improve defense readiness in the near term will be reflected in some significant increases in electronics procurement that will top $12 billion in 1981, a 17% growth, with the biggest gains coming in strategic missiles and space systems, communications and intelligence, and ordnance. These accounts will rise by 22%, 21%, and 18%, respectively, compared with 1980. Emphasis on readiness will also be reflected in a 10% rise in operations and maintenance funds for electronics. Paying part of the price for these increases will be funds for research, development, test, and engineering, which will rise by a mere 4% to just under $7.2 billion. Also suffering will be expenditures on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Civilian Space Program, still a low congressional priority, as well as on education, energy, and health care electronics programs. Federal Aviation Administration programs will fare somewhat better than the others, but not much. The long-term FAA outlook is brighter as the agency begins to upgrade its national air-traffic control network. List the ills that beset business throughout Western Europe as 1981 gets under way, and the result is a catalog of practically everything that can go wrong in industrial economies. For starters, the oil that traditionally fueled industrial growth has been priced nearly out of sight by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the giant oil corporations that market it. Then just when the impact of one price hike has been more or less absorbed, OPEC and company jolt the industrialized countries with still another one. And as if this were not enough, supplies are always threatened by the explosive situation in the Middle East. Then there is inflation, barely in check in countries such as Italy and Spain and under reasonable control only in Switzerland and West Germany. It distorts the spending patterns of consumers and the investment plans of industrialists. Perhaps worse, it prevents governments from launching broad programs to stimulate their economies. The list goes on and on—unemployment at downright dangerous levels in some countries, bankruptcies on the rise everywhere, crushing competition from Far Eastern producers of industrial goods, unsettled currency markets, mounting balance-of-payments deficits, and general dissatisfaction with the governments now running things. All this and more has tilted Western Europe's economies into a decline that dips perilously close to recession. The gross national product for the dozen main countries of the region will grow only 1% this year, many forecasters figure, compared with 1.5% for 1980 and better than 3% for 1979. With overall growth pegged so low, the spread among national growth rates this year obviously cannot be very much. Furthest down the decline is the United Kingdom, where Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her Conservative Party monetarists have sent the British economy tumbling into negative GNP growth in an effort to curb inflation. West Germany, the economy that sets the tone for Western Europe, cannot count on much more growth than 0.5%. "We will just be skirting a recession," explains Manfred Beinder, chief economist at the ITT affiliate Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG. However, prices are forecast to rise only 4%, a level that should quell the atavistic anxiety Germans have about inflation. Italy, with heavy earthquake damage to cope with in addition to the standard woes, will be hard put to push its growth figure above 1%. That leaves France, among the Big Four, to edge up the aggregate—but not much. The official statisticians now say the 1981 growth rate will slip slightly to 1.6%. Nongovernment economy watchers put the figure even lower. Spain, however, expects to do better, with its GNP rising by 2.5%. There is no doubt that the ebbing economies in Western Europe will wash away some markets for the electronics industries. Yet they figure to register decent growth for bleak times. "From the point of view of both public and private spending, we expect no serious discontinuity between 1980 and 1981," says J. Eduard Gigonis, who is international vice president for Thomson-CSF, the ranking French electronics firm. After its annual survey of 11 Western European countries, Electronics forecasts that electronic equipment markets will add up to $51.28 billion in 1981 and components markets to $12.28 billion (the table below may differ from the detailed chart on p. 143 because of rounding). That works out to a rise of 9.7% over last year's $46.74 billion for equipment. Unfortunately, it also works out to a lower rate than the 10.5% gain logged in 1980. Like the overall economy, electronic equipment markets are now plagued by dwindling growth rates. So are components markets. They performed surprisingly well last year, hustling upward 8.6% to $11.60 billion largely because of a spurt in integrated-circuit sales. The forecast climb to $12.28 billion is a more modest 5.5% rise. As in the recent past, much of the slower growth can be traced to near-stagnant markets for traditional consumer equipment, particularly color television and radios. Credit the computer makers—and in lesser measure, communications equipment manufacturers—for slowing the slide. And remember that the figures in the charts generally distort the rise in markets, making them look better than they really are. This is because participants in the 11-country survey, conducted in October and November 1980, were asked to make their estimates in local currency at prevailing prices. The estimates were converted into dollars at the rates prevailing in mid-November and no adjustments were made for inflation or fluctuations in currency exchange rates—a nearly impossible task since price rises vary so much from product to product and country to country. In other words, the market figures in the chart reflect outright price rises (and for some items, price drops), as well as market growth. \| WESTERN EUROPEAN ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MARKETS \| \|-----------------------------------------------\| \| (millions of U.S. dollars) \| \| \| 1979 \| 1980 \| 1981 \| \| West Germany \| 11,989 \| 12,798 \| 13,724 \| \| France \| 8,648 \| 9,788 \| 10,932 \| \| United Kingdom \| 8,638 \| 9,789 \| 10,910 \| \| Italy \| 4,198 \| 4,649 \| 5,214 \| \| Benelux \| 3,297 \| 3,636 \| 3,872 \| \| Scandinavia \| 2,423 \| 2,663 \| 2,927 \| \| Spain \| 2,031 \| 2,290 \| 2,484 \| \| Switzerland \| 1,061 \| 1,130 \| 1,217 \| \| Total \| 42,285 \| 46,743 \| 51,280 \| \| MARKET REPORT EXCHANGE RATES \| \| (The rates below are the ones used to convert European currencies into U.S. dollars) \| \| Belgium: 30 francs/dollar \| \| Denmark: 5.8 kroner/dollar \| \| France: 4.4 francs/dollar \| \| Italy: 905 lire/dollar \| \| Netherlands: 2 guilders/dollar \| \| Norway: 5 kroner/dollar \| \| Spain: 77 pesetas/dollar \| \| Sweden: 4.2 kroner/dollar \| \| Switzerland: 1.7 francs/dollar \| \| United Kingdom: 41 pence/dollar (£1 = $2.40) \| \| West Germany: 1.9 marks/dollar \| The marvelous machines that computer makers keep bringing to market seem to guarantee them double-digit growth, even when business generally is so bad that economists start to quibble over definitions of recession and depression. Right now, the guarantee is doubly backed, for in hard times, the drive to stay competitive forces established companies to upgrade their data-processing systems with high-performance hardware. In addition, small businesses are turning massively to computers, because new desktop models with stunning price-performance levels have slashed the entry fee for data processing. As Hartmut von Voigt, an official at the Data Processing Systems division of West Germany's Siemens AG, puts it, "The computer industry is feeling the economic pinch. But it is not feeling it as much as other sectors." In fact, Electronics' survey suggests that, by and large, computer suppliers in Western Europe should wind up the year feeling quite good about their sales. Markets for computers and related equipment are forecast to rise a solid 12.4% during 1981. The gain will lift the sector to $19.21 billion, making it by far the dominant one. Just as significant, this year's projected growth rate is just a shade over last year's, when the computer category grew an estimated 12.3% to reach $17.09 billion. All the same, the computer makers will feel the pinch—in profits. They will "limp behind" in sales, estimates Jochen Rössner, a marketing specialist at Sperry Univac in Sulzbach, West Germany. No one at Britain's International Computers Ltd. would dispute Rössner's reading. Reporting his company's fiscal year results last month, ICL chairman Philip Chappell announced that turnover had moved up 15% but profits down 46%. The erosion will continue, he expects. Meanwhile, sales will climb, mainly because of the spectacular increase in the past two years or so of the data-processing power that can be had for a franc, a mark, a pound, or a peseta. The impact has been most visible at the very low end of the range. Although Apple II, Radio Shack TRS-80, and Commodore Pet (to cite a few personal computers) cannot be classified as household names in Western Europe, neither are they completely unfamiliar. Sales of desktop computers climbed 30% last year to hit $778 million and will edge past $1 billion this year, according to the survey. These growth rates will perhaps look low to some purveyors of personal computers. IDC Europa, a London-area market research house, for example, spots the gain currently at 43% in the projected UK market. Whatever the exact figure, the market for desktop computers looks so lusty that major Continental companies like CII-Honeywell Bull in France, Siemens in West Germany, the Data Systems division of NV Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken of the Netherlands, and Ing. C. Olivetti & C. in Italy all have gone to market with desktop machines in an effort to stake out market shares before American firms dig in too deeply. Despite the delirium over desktops, the bound upward in price-performance ratios has actually had its most noticeable effect on computer makers' revenues among long-standing users of data-processing systems. They have upgraded their systems, often spreading the computing power throughout their organizations. "Demand seems to be increasing for small and medium-sized computers, for customers who want to incorporate them into even larger systems," says François Sallé, deputy general manager for planning at CII-Honeywell Bull. Thus, although under pressure from upwardly mobile (in performance) small computers on one side and from downwardly mobile (in price) large machines on the other, the middle class manages to hold its own. Markets for these medium-power systems will expand by 10.8% this year to $4.09 billion, the survey predicts. They may do even better next year. Quantum Science Corp., which follows Western European computer markets closely from its London office, expects an upturn for this class of computer in 1982 or 1983. --- CONSUMER Market figures remain large, but the rate of growth is slowing down Good news will be hard to come by this year for Western European producers of traditional consumer electronic hardware such as television sets, audio equipment, and radios. Their market numbers remain huge; but they no longer are the hugest and the fastest-rising market sector. For 1981, sales of the dozen consumer categories covered by the survey will total $14.80 billion, if the forecast is on target. That is a not very impressive gain of 5.7% over the estimated $14 billion for 1980, when the rise was somewhat better at 7.4%. Decoded, these market numbers read "stagnation," and the causes are apparent to everyone in the business. Color television receivers, the mainstay of the market, hover around an annual sales level of 11 million sets, and it is hard to see how they can rise much above that plateau in the next few years. Market saturation has stunted sales of radios, another major market segment, as well. Hi-fi equipment, the second-largest sector of entertainment electronics, will continue to do well this year, with markets edging up just past $2 billion. Even so, the forecast growth rate—9.17%—will be a little lower than last year's. For entertainment electronics action, look to videotape machines. There will be some stirring about in national TV... markets even though the totals for Western Europe will not budge much. In the UK, for example, sales of color sets actually went up last year when almost everyone said they would dip. St. John C. Jackson, product marketing manager for Thorn Consumer Electronics Ltd., expects the market to hold up again in 1981. In France, saturation is still several years off, but color set sales have slowed nonetheless. On the other hand, monochrome set sales have not dropped off as sharply as expected. "Real household income is expected to be flat, and instead of buying color sets, many consumers are opting for cheaper black and white models," explains Jean-Philippe Dauvin, assistant director of the Bureau d'Information et de Prévisions Economiques, a quasigovernmental market research agency. In Italy, there are some 500 local privately owned TV stations as well as the state-run official network to keep the airwaves in ferment. Even so, the market stalled in 1980 and inventory piled up so fast that four companies—Indesit, Voxon, Autovox, and Emerson—were in peril of lengthening the list of vanished set makers. No real improvement seems possible this year. In West Germany, the marketing men at Grundig AG, the country's leading entertainment electronics producer, note that small-screen portables accounted for about a quarter of color set sales (in units) last year. And they expect portables to pick up substantial market share this year and next. The same sort of shift to small-screen sets is under way in Scandinavia and the UK as well. To put it another way, small screens now count heavily in countries where the saturation level is so high that replacements and second sets are the mainstay. This tilt in the mature markets is mainly to the advantage of the Japanese producers. They dominate the small-screen market with imports (650,000 sets last year) and with products from their European plants. Hitachi, Matsushita, Mitsubishi, Sanyo, Sharp, Sony, and Toshiba, to mention only the giants, have solidly set up shop in Europe. Their impact will grow as they hit the market with large-screen sets made in Japan. Meanwhile, Japanese producers already dominate the Western European market for video cassette recorders, which surged last year to reach $715 million and seems set for another rush upward to nearly $900 million this year. "The market is tremendous, growing faster than anybody expected," exults Willem den Tuinder, commercial manager for video equipment at Philips in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Less exalting is a look at the market shares. Den Tuinder estimated that half the million-odd VCRs sold throughout Western Europe last year were Video Home System (VHS) types and another 20% were Beta format machines. That meant only 30% for the European VCRs made by Philips and Grundig, which at the outset had the market all to themselves. But den Tuinder is convinced the European pair can regain market share. They are counting on their eight-hour machine, the V2000, to turn the trick. "We were limited in 1980," he explains, "because production did not start until spring." The limitation now lifted, Philips expects to move its market share up to 40% this year and then up to 50%. As for other new-wave video products, they have yet to make a heavy imprint on Western European markets. The survey turned up a forecast of only $54 million for 1981 sales of video cameras, to cite one example. And projection video sales will total just over $190 million, estimates Admerca AG, a Zurich market-research firm that keeps tabs on such things. COMMUNICATIONS 'Networks' is the buzz word and the key to fundamental changes in the market Producers of communications equipment still do most of their business with a handful of customers—the government agencies that run the telecommunications networks and the defense forces in Western Europe. But for telecommunications gear, that clubby style will change drastically during the decade ahead. The surge in integrated-circuit technology has made it feasible to put computer power in all sorts of hardware. And as that hardware is tied together in networks, the markets for telephones, telex machines, copying machines, facsimile machines, paging equipment, and perhaps even TV sets, will meld into one. That is good news and not so good news for the traditional telecommunications equipment people. The wide customer base will cushion them when governments hold back on investment programs. At the same time, the shifting market will force changes in the way hardware is sold and attract a lot of new competition, particularly in computer-related office machines. The evolution has already started to bolster the market through equipment like modems, facsimile machines, and paging systems. Also, there is still considerable network improvement under way and new services coming on line in northern Europe. Following the UK, for example, several countries have started viewdata trials or plan to do so this year. Finally, Electronics tallies hardware like radar and navigation aids as communications equipment, and that adds strength to the sector. All this will be enough to push communications equipment deliveries this year to $10.78 billion, according to the survey. This forecast works out to a gain of 10.7% over last year's estimated $9.73 billion. It must be noted, of course, that last year's rise was 12.2%. Despite the slowdown, communications equipment ranks as a major growth force for the electronics industries. For communications equipment, particularly, the tag "Western Europe" applies to a set of hardly homogeneous national markets. So as always, the totals reflect a variety of national outlooks. In France, the Direction Générale des Télécommunications continues its drive to build the phone network to 20 million lines by 1982. But it has hit a high plateau—some 2 million lines a year—after four years of rapid growth. Deliveries of switchgear—mostly digital—will run $682 million this year, according to the forecast, and there will be another $341 million for carrier gear. Actually, telephone network equipment represents roughly 47% of communications markets in France. That means a big chunk of business will start winding down next year. Luckily, the slowdown at home will be offset by a bound upward in exports, which was the second major goal in the government's telephone plan. CIT-Alcatel, a subsidiary of the Compagnie Générale d'Electricité, leads the list. The company has export orders for 750,000 digital-exchange lines. Thomson-CSF, its main French rival, reports its export backlog includes 800,000 lines, mostly digital. Both companies have long-term turnkey-plant projects that involve millions of additional lines. Meanwhile, there is a similar situation for military equipment like radar, navigation aids, and avionics. Prospects both at home and abroad are strong for several years. All told, communications markets should run $2.56 billion this year, up a solid $11.2% over the estimated $2.30 billion for 1980. The outlook is not as buoyant, but nonetheless not bad, in West Germany. The Bundespost plans to spend some $4.2 billion for communications facilities this year, about the same as last year. Only part of the money goes for equipment, of course, and the way the post office will allocate funds this year means a drop in growth—from 10% last year to around 6% this year. A big reason: demand for telephones is tapering off as the goal of telephones in 90% of all West German households by 1985 approaches. For the whole communications sector, the forecast is a 5.8% rise to $2.17 billion. In the UK, where British Telecom has a massive $4.8-billion-a-year investment program under way, it looked as if the country's telecommunications producers would have a banner year in 1981—until Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher started slashing government spending. A 10% cutback in the program last year slowed orders for TXE-4 semielectronic exchanges. And the government budget cutters presumably will ordain further surgery this year. TEST & MEASUREMENT Microprocessors have opened the way to innovation and new customers Makers of test and measurement instruments come in all shapes and sizes. But they do have things in common: they moved fast to put microprocessors in their hardware and have been on a binge of product innovation in the past five years. Also, they have been finding new customers. As a result, sales curves for this sector have been... steadily upward bound for the past five years, and this year should see more of the same. The forecast for 1981 is markets totaling $1.18 billion, a very solid 14.4% gain over the estimated $1.03 billion logged last year. To be sure, what is forecast to happen this year means some slight slowing of the growth rate, which ran 14% in 1980. But this troubles few people in the business since most see several more good years ahead. One reason is the solid underpinning for automated test equipment, which now rivals oscilloscopes as the major market segment. ATE sales, the survey forecasts, will grow to $185 million this year, from last year's estimated $156 million. More than a quarter of the ATE buyers are firms that were not at all interested in such equipment a few years ago, figures Philip Handschoewerker, who heads Hewlett-Packard Co.'s instrumentation group in France. Still another reason for the medium-term optimism lies in the instruments needed to design and service equipment built around microprocessors. Sales of microprocessor development systems soared last year and will soar this year, Electronics' survey shows. The figures: a near-45% rise to $87 million last year and a similar hike to $126 million this year. Credit this spectacular growth to those turning to microprocessors for the first time, as well as to those upgrading their machines. Conventional instruments, like oscilloscopes, counters, and timers, obviously cannot match the growth rates of the newcomers. But they are getting a lift from the pervasiveness of electronics, too. Specifically, the future for oscilloscopes should not be discounted too heavily, for they are still the major market segment with sales of $192 million forecast for this year. "There is an enormous future for scopes coupled with digital applications," says Bill Whitward, international marketing manager for test and measurement instruments for Philips' Science and Industry division in Eindhoven. COMPONENTS Difficult first half is ahead, but low inventories presage pickup later Few components suppliers in Western Europe will escape spending a good part of 1981 fretting at a high level of anxiety. Harbingers of hard times abounded as 1980 ended with business generally on the decline almost everywhere, consumer electronics producers faring poorly, and growth rates diminishing—luckily not drastically—for telecommunications and computer makers. "The first half of 1981 will be very tough," warns Ferdinand Rauwenhoff, senior managing director for Elcoma, the components division of Philips in Eindhoven. In large part because component inventories are low at equipment makers, Rauwenhoff expects that "the telephones will start ringing sometime during the year." But he adds, "I cannot say when." But that probably will not happen soon enough to make 1981 anything more than mediocre. Electronics' chart for all kinds of components—active and passive—forecasts sales of $12.28 billion this year. That is 5.5% higher than the $11.60 billion estimated for 1980. More significant than the nominal gain, though, is the slide in growth. Last year it was 8.6%. Needless to say, the overall figures cover a wide spectrum of specific component outlooks. Color picture tubes account for an overwhelming share of the tube business. So the overall markets should stay dead flat at just under $1.90 billion, despite reasonable gains for microwave tubes and non-TV cathode-ray tubes. The market is listless, as well, for discrete semiconductors. There, the forecast is for a rise of just 2% to $1.27 billion. Discrete optoelectronic devices, by contrast, will do much better. Hans-Georg Höhne, director of worldwide marketing at AEG-Telefunken's semiconductor establishment in Heilbronn, West Germany, figures that such parts will post gains above 10%. The survey is somewhat more optimistic, prognosticating a 12.8% rise to $200 million. Passive parts are forecast to hold up reasonably well, climbing 5.9% to $6.52 billion. Again, that is considerably down from the 1980 growth figure, which finished the year at a sound 8.5%. In most years, ICs shine brightly through any economic gloom. That will not be the story this year, or anyway the glow on the horizon does not seem to be so bright. After a surprising spurt of 22% last year, sales of ICs figure to mount only 11% this year. That will push their markets to $2.39 billion. Most anxious among the IC crew will be the memory makers. Rüdiger Karnatzki, marketing director for continental Europe at the Freiburg, West Germany-based ITT Semiconductor Group, foresees very strong demand for memories during 1981. "But by the middle of the year," he says, "there should be a balance between supply and demand." Prices for 16-k random-access memories, some suppliers figure, will tumble by half during the year as those ubiquitous Japanese producers vie for a market share. As a result, the markets for MOS and complementary-MOS memories are forecast to move up only 14% in dollars, although the piece count will of course surge much more. Microprocessor and microcomputer chips are expected to fare considerably better than memories even though a sharp drop in growth is projected—from 45% last year to 22.9% this year. That means a market of $216 million, according to the survey. "It is now coming to mass applications, with some kinds of chips selling on the order of 100,000 or more per year," notes Hans de Haan, market research administration manager at Texas Instruments GmbH in Freising, West Germany. You can count on microprocessors for a lift, when the chips, in a manner of speaking, are down. The Japanese economy continues to suffer from the doldrums, with a gross national product gain of 4% in real terms last year and about the same forecast for this year. The nation's balance of payments is expected to be in the red again. Moreover, the government has insufficient funds to prime the pump as it has done in previous years. Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki's administration will, in fact, try to cover a revenue shortfall this year by increasing taxes on business and by adding excise taxes on consumer products such as video cassette recorders. Looking overseas, the Japanese fear a wave of protectionism that could hurt exports, especially of automobiles. Moreover, manufacturers cannot hope to take up the slack domestically because consumers have less money to spend. This year wage increases could surpass inflation slightly, but not by enough to cause a buying spree. Nevertheless, the electronics markets are looking up. Total equipment consumption in Japan increased over 13% last year and should gain nearly 10% this year, according to the 11th annual Japanese market survey conducted by Electronics (see table, p. 143). At the same time, exports of some new products, including VCRs and video cameras, are increasing so fast that production cannot keep up. Though a total growth of 10% in domestic sales is still well below what most Japanese companies are accustomed to expect, there are several pockets of prosperity. Data-processing and office equipment should bound ahead by nearly 13%, to $9.4 billion. Electronic data-processing systems in all categories are piling on solid gains, albeit not up to the percentages experienced a decade ago. Markets to watch in this sector are microcomputers and small systems, due to register well over 11% and 14% gains, respectively. Slated for growth of around 18% are data-entry and -output equipment. After a 10% gain in 1980, communications equipment is also expected to jump another 11% this year. Always a good performer in Japan, facsimile equipment should increase over 18% in 1981 to $414 million. And a newcomer, fiber-optic communications equipment, should experience 50% growth. The all-important consumer electronics sector, however, is not doing much better than the overall economy. With a little over 6% growth projected for the year, this category should inch up to about $8 billion. As usual, however, Japanese consumer electronics firms have a raft of new products to entice the public. Though still just about one third of the total value of color television receivers, video cassette recorders are fulfilling the promise of bolstering the home video market. And video cameras seem to be riding on the coattails of the VCRs. Audio tape players seem not to know market saturation as each year consumption increases. This year, however, the gain is a modest 7%, to $900.9 million. On the components front, sales of integrated circuits and optoelectronic devices are expected to grow 16.5% and 17.6%, respectively. Discrete semiconductors, however, should only gain by 6.5% this year. Overall total components consumption, including passive devices, semiconductors, and tubes, should ring up sales growth of around 11%, for a total of $11.8 billion. Upward struggle.* The Japanese equipment market, pegged at $23 billion last year, will move up a little less than 10% this year to $25 billion, according to the Electronics survey. Once again, data-processing equipment will pull up the sluggish consumer sector. --- COMPUTERS 'Waiting-for-IBM' jitters past, market resumes solid growth Data-processing systems resumed their upward climb last year after International Business Machines Corp.'s announcement of its long-awaited 4300 series and its System/38 removed a large element of uncertainty from the market. Furthermore, both IBM and domestic competitors had hardware to deliver. In fact, they had much more to deliver than was indicated by the 10% growth shown in the Electronics table because the new hardware sells for much less than its predecessors. This year the market is set for a similar increase, since with IBM's announcement of its 3081 late last year there is even less uncertainty. Fujitsu Ltd. and Hitachi Ltd. already have their relatively new Facom 200 and Hitac 200H similar-size systems in place, and Nippon Electric Co. jumped the gun and announced its still larger ACOS-1000 two months before IBM. Competitors Fujitsu and Hitachi also plan larger systems than they now have, though they will not say when they will be available. All three Japanese companies are working on supercomputers, a line IBM leaves to others. Although the large CPUs generate most of the excitement, they no longer generate the profits they once did. Instead, peripheral and terminal equipment is more profitable and growing faster. The two categories of data-storage and data-terminal equipment together had an average growth of 16% in 1980 and are forecast to grow another 17.5% this year. At nearly $2.8 billion, their total sales this year will be almost three fifths those of data-processing systems. The large increase in terminals and peripherals indicates a shift to distributed processing that was slow to develop in Japan. This trend may get a further boost from the start of digital switching at the end of 1979 and packet switching in mid-1980. Furthermore, there has been a rapid increase in the number of work stations and peripherals used with all computers, including entry-level small-business computers and small mainframes. The meteoric rise of small-business computers is said to have settled down to about a 20% to 25% yearly growth. Industry sources list Nippon Electric, Toshiba Corp., and Mitsubishi Electric Corp. (not necessarily in that order) as the leaders in market share. However, Fujitsu claims that the market lead is really shared by four firms, with a company group consisting of it and its subsidiary Uchida Yoko Co. Ltd. as the fourth member. Meanwhile, Hitachi is also trying hard to expand small-business computer sales and work its way into the top group. It is placing more reliance on dealers for sales and software assistance to customers, rather than depending only on direct sales as previously. Just entering the business computer arena is Nippon Data General Corp., formerly a Japanese company named Nippon Minicomputer Corp. that built computers under license to Data General until it was taken over by that firm last year. The firm is working with software houses to increase their ability to convert original-equipment-manufacturer minicomputers from Data General into small-business systems. This strategy has been almost unknown in Japan because leading mini makers also offer their own small-business systems. One reason Data General can try this tactic is its method of converting Japanese text input from a keyboard in phonetic form into a combination of Chinese characters and Japanese syllabary characters. Rival Digital Equipment Corp. does not have this capability, nor does Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard Ltd. Improvements in Japanese language input, for which there are at least five distinct methods—only one of which is standardized—should further boost demand for office computers. --- CONSUMER VCRs provide only peak on otherwise flat horizon Developments in consumer electronics equipment are often so rapid that products undergo marked changes before they have a chance to mature or to saturate the market. Video cassette recorders are a good example. They have spawned portable and low-cost video cameras. Cameras featuring semiconductor image sensors are scheduled to hit the market this year, to be followed by camera-VCR combinations in a few years. Video disks will be along toward the end of the year as well. For the high-end audio customer, pulse-code-modulation adapters for VCRs and even separate PCM decks are expected to challenge open reel recorders. And before the year is out there will probably be an audio version of a video disk 26 centimeters in diameter and featuring three sound channels. The mass market will take a year longer to emerge. At the very low end of the audio sector, deck receivers, a new category in Japan, are increasing their market share at the expense of modular stereo—single units with a built-in record player. So new that its market share cannot be measured yet is microcassette stereo, including earphone-only portables, portable radio-cassette combinations, and decks. Total sales of audio tape recorders and players should record rather modest growth this year, from $839 million to $900 million. The leader in sales growth last year and this year is the VCR, which climbed by 42% last year and is expected to leap another 34% this year to just over $790 million. Of course its manufacture is export-driven, with production last year of almost 4.3 million units, about double that of the previous year. Total value was up about 80%, and this year unit production will race ahead of color television production. Still, the saturation index in Japan at the end of the year was only about 65%, so there should be a large demand for many years to come. About 25% of the systems shipped last year were portable, and that --- A biggie. Nippon Electric Co. jumped the gun on IBM when it introduced its ACOS-1000 ahead of the long-awaited H series. There are a small and a large version, with respective throughputs of 15 million and 29 million instructions per second. number is expected to increase to about 30% this year. Most of the portables are the Video Home System (VHS) type originally introduced by Victor Co. of Japan Ltd. In fact, the market share of all VHS model VCRs appears to be increasing in Japan, though Sony Corp.'s sales of Betamax are also up sharply. The reason for this apparent paradox is that many consumers equate Betamax with Sony, and the other firms making machines in this format are not doing too well. In the VHS ground, Sharp Corp. carved out a big niche by selling low-priced one-speed machines. This window has closed, however, especially since Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. cut the price of its multiple-speed units. Since the color television boom occurred eight to nine years ago, replacement sets make up somewhat more than half of today's sales. These are to a large extent 20- and 22-inch sizes, measured diagonally, with electronic tuning and multiplexed sound. Second TV sets for households in 14-in. and smaller sizes are the next best sellers. These are low in cost, although Sharp has also had success with more expensive sets with multiplexed sound earphone output. About 8% of the demand comes from first-time buyers. A $2.3 billion total color TV sales this year will show no growth. Electronic range sales have been simmering at around $373 million a year, but perhaps the introduction of microprocessor control this year will help get them boiling. Manufacturers have been developing various sensors for checking that food is cooked—including those for steam, smoke, and smell—because the Japanese do not like to impale food on temperature probes. After years of bringing out new features, calculator manufacturers have not found a new formula to increase sales. But they are creating a new market for language translators. These companies are also developing new products using voice synthesis. --- COMMUNICATIONS Digital conversion, facsimile terminals flash busy signals Communications equipment continues its steady growth of more than 10% last year and 11% this year. Everything is going digital, except for subscriber lines and the telephone sets. In March, Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corp. (NTT) will announce standards for time-division electronic private automated branch exchanges (EPABX), and strong competition among domestic and foreign suppliers is expected for this new market. Japan's digital exchange network was started with circuit switching for 4 cities at the end of 1979 and packet switching for 7 cities in mid-1980. By the end of this year circuit switching will be available in 13 cities and packet switching in a total of 30, which should foster increased demand for data-communications terminal equipment. As usual, the Japanese market in facsimile terminals is climbing steeply with a projected 18.62% increase to $414.09 million. NTT's plan to start a facsimile exchange service this year could bring an additional boost. The present market mix is about evenly split between 3- and 2-minute analog G-II machines and high-speed digital G-III machines, with many machines featuring dual- or multi-mode performance. The 6- and 4-minute G-I mode is offered in many G-II machines for communication with installed units, but new G-I sets are becoming a vanishing breed. There are now at least 19 manufacturers in the competition, with Toshiba, NEC, Matsushita, and Ricoh Co. out in the forefront. Hitachi and Mitsubishi are very aggressive, and Fujitsu is coming on strong in G-III, however. --- COMPONENTS Discretes show renewed vigor, though ICs still fly high The bubble has burst in the 16-K dynamic random-access memory market. Japanese manufacturers have been adding capacity to supply the U.S. market as if it were a bottomless hole. But U.S. demand has saturated and prices have fallen to less than $2 in some cases. The home market is still expanding, although much additional dynamic RAM capacity is coming on line to build 64-K devices. Meanwhile, the price of 16-K RAMs will remain low. Some manufacturers are switching part of their 16-K dynamic RAM facilities to the production of static devices. Although the unit sales are only perhaps one third those of the dynamic RAMs, the dollar value is at least two thirds as much because prices are higher. Moreover, this market should grow as large-capacity devices become available. The latest products being brought on line by all manufacturers are 2-K-by-8-bit programmable read-only memories that are nominally pin-compatible with the popular 2716 PROMs. Some manufacturers have n-MOS versions for low cost and complementary-MOS for battery backup, although this is not universal. Unlike dynamic RAMs, there was no U.S. prototype to adopt for the 2-K-by-8-bit parts, so specifications differ even though pinouts do not. By the end of the year, however, it should become apparent what the users want. Total memory consumption in Japan jumped almost 50% last year and manufacturers expect another good year in 1981. According to the Electronics survey, MOS devices should reach nearly $500 million this year. Microprocessor sales, at $296 million in 1980, are rising rapidly, too, with 4-bit types still out ahead. Applications range from air conditioners and electronic ranges to calculators and toys. Although Intel-type devices produced by domestic manufacturers lead in the 8-bit market, giant auto maker Nissan Motor Co. uses 6802 processors produced by Hitachi. Mitsubishi now makes the 6801 for internal use, and Matsushita Electric makes the 6802 for sale. Hitachi makes a full line of Motorola-type chips and uses the 6809 in its latest microcomputer. As for 16-bit devices, a number of firms are currently using the 8086 or trying out the 8088, while the 68000 and Z8000 are still in the sample stage. The lion's share of linear ICs goes into consumer equipment and should grow even faster as VCRs and digital audio take off. Electronics pegs the 1981 linear IC market at $566.6 million, a 12.98% increase. The insatiable demand of the Japanese electronics industry for discrete semiconductors and passive components is one of the most noteworthy happenings in the components sector. Much of the increased demand for discrete devices, expected to reach $1.2 billion this year, is coming from VCRs, which use 200 to 300 devices each, plus healthy quantities of passive components. Because of the small boom in discrete devices, some firms are making an additional investment in the production of small-signal transistors. But these moves are made cautiously lest the pendulum swing the other way. The same caution is apparent among passive component makers. Funds that in the past would have been used for capital investment in new facilities by passive component manufacturers are being used for research and development and automation. Thus, planning differs from the past, reducing the danger that a slowdown will lead to dumping of passive components. TEST & MEASUREMENT IEEE-488 bus arrives for ATE, VCRs perk up consumer test gear Test and measurement equipment excluding analytic instruments is doing well with a growth of over 14% last year and one of almost 15% forecast for this year. It is being driven by the high growth in equipment and component markets and by the tendency of many users to opt for automatic test equipment controlled by the IEEE-488 bus. Tops in sales are integrated-circuit testers, which grew almost 25% to $84.66 million last year and are forecast to grow about 22% this year. Growth is also apparent in sales of printed-circuit board testers, which jumped about 25% last year to $22.73 million and are projected to gain another 50% this year, according to Electronics. Microprocessor development system sales are soaring, but Japanese test equipment firms have left the field to semiconductor manufacturers and joint-venture test equipment firms such as Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard and Sony Tektronix Corp. Domestic test equipment firms are doing well in logic analyzers, though, which are pegged at almost $10 million this year. In the consumer field, the meteoric growth of VCRs, which could double again this year, has increased the consumption of many categories of test equipment, including spectrum analyzers, oscilloscopes, and signal generators. Video disks this year will add fuel to the fire, and digital audio equipment will fan sales of word generators to consumer firms. On the other hand, the availability of low-cost integrated circuits and displays for implementing digital panel meters, and even counters, has taken some of the steam out of these products. --- INDUSTRIAL As process control goes digital, sales rise faster than the GNP The industrial sector grew at a healthy rate last year, paced by the giant process control sector, which registered a 19% gain to $840.91 million. This year's growth could be much better than the near 7% indicated in the chart, even though the general economy is dull. Although few large new installations are booked, replacement controls are needed for rationalization and changed product mixes, which could keep sales humming even during the recession. Digital controllers have become the industry's main product, but the expected decrease in sales of analog controllers has not occurred. The falling off may come this year, especially as firms improve digital units. A major beneficiary of the switch to digital has been Toshiba, which has used the new technology to leverage itself into a position among the leaders. Hokushin Electric Works Ltd. has made a bid to increase sales by supplying its one-loop controllers to Meidensha Electric Manufacturing Co., which has a different customer base, on an OEM basis. Its hardware will be almost the same as its standard line, but Meidensha will change the software. Early this year single-loop digital controllers should be announced by Yokogawa Electric Works Ltd. and Yamatake Honeywell. Steel production, which was down two years ago, picked up last year as firms invested in continuous casting and energy-saving systems, including power generator controllers. At the other end of the process control spectrum is a growing investment in food processing. INTRODUCING: THE WORLD'S FIRST AND ONLY CIRCUIT BOARD TESTER CAPABLE OF FUNCTIONALLY DETECTING EMBEDDED MEMORY FAULTS CAPABLE 4900M ComputerAutomation Industrial Products Division For productivity...today and tomorrow. 2181 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92713 (714) 633-8500 U.S. regional offices in Santa Clara, CA (408) 727-6900; Bensenville, IL (312) 855-4800; Bloomfield, NJ (201) 339-8870. District Offices in Newport Beach, CA; Orlando, FL; Boston, MA; Raleigh, NC; Dayton, OH; Dallas, TX. In Europe: CAI Ltd., Rickmansworth, Herts., England 011-44-9237-71211. Offices in Frankfurt, Germany and Rue Fourny, France. © ComputerAutomation and CAPABLE are trademarks of Computer Automation, Inc. ATE SHOW: BOOTHS 727-730 World Radio History Circle 1 on reader service card Protecting optical data links from electromagnetic interference Ingenious design minimizes the susceptibility of the fiber-optic receiver to man-made noise by Vincent Mirtich, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, Ariz. Man-made electrical noise, which can limit the performance of any fiber-optic data link, degrades wideband systems most. The design of the optical transmitter and receiver should minimize whatever noise they generate internally. But that still leaves electromagnetic interference from the link's associated electronic equipment to be dealt with. Such man-made noise invades the link at the optical data receiver and artificially raises its noise floor. Elsewhere, it has little impact. At the transmitter's interface with the cable, the noise immunity of the TTL devices normally used is more than adequate. The rest of the transmitter is even less sensitive because of the large signals and small impedances it uses. And of course, the dielectric optical-fiber cable is totally insensitive to emi. This emi has diverse sources (see "Where is all that noise coming from?"), but its effect on an optical receiver can be minimized by clever circuit design techniques. Some of these, such as grounding procedures, are classic and come from the radio-receiver realm. Others, such as drive circuit design, are specific to fiber optics. If the designer fails to reduce the optical data receiver's susceptibility to external emi, then the data link will perform poorly. But if he or she succeeds, then the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver's amplitude detector will be determined by the receiver's intrinsic noise only and the bit error rate for the given input signal level will be the best possible. Lots of ways to couple The noise generated by interfering waveforms is either radiated or conducted to the optical receiver. In the former case, voltage transients are coupled through stray inter- and intra-board capacitance to the susceptible nodes in the receiver. As these stray capacitances are typically tenths of picofarads and less, they combine with a master clock is the radiation of the horizontal sweep signal in a cathode-ray-tube terminal. At the CRT's high-voltage rectifier input, these pulses can be 10 kilovolts or more and have widths of 10 microseconds and repetition periods of 60 μs. Such a high-voltage pulse generates spectral components at 16-kilohertz intervals, with the first envelope zero crossing at 100 kHz. As a fiber-optic receiver may find itself placed inches away from such signals with only a plastic housing around it, it must also be capable of rejecting this signal radiation. Yet another source of emi is the optical transceiver itself. After all, the optical receiver's output and the optical transmitter's input are typically those same digital signals that modulate the system power supply and radiate from printed-circuit cards close to the receiver. This emi can radiate back to a linear amplifier's input and cause waveform ringing that may be detected as data transition, at the amplitude detector. The transmitter's digital input may radiate or conduct synchronous noise to the receiver amplitude detector input so that detectable transitions and thus bit errors are inserted into the data stream. Worst of all, the transmitter's light-emitting-diode driver may be switching currents of 200 milliamperes or more with rise times of 10 nanoseconds or less and thus cause unwanted power-supply modulation. with the susceptible nodes' shunt resistance to provide coupling with an abnormally short time constant—on the order of a nanosecond. Consequently, these radiated transients, if they are generated from TTL waveforms, have rise times of 10 to 20 ns and thus appear to the parasitic coupling networks to be ramps rather than step functions. This means that the induced transient (the output of the parasitic coupling network) is somewhat gaussian in shape for the duration of the TTL waveform transition time. When conducted interference is a problem, current transients in the digital system are producing synchronous noise on the power-supply bus. This noise is conducted back to the optical receiver. Unfortunately, indiscriminate capacitive bypassing intended to solve this problem may route large ground currents through parasitic impedances that are also common to low-level ground-current paths. The large undesirable currents then cause a time-varying voltage drop across the parasitic impedance that in turn amplitude-modulates the desired low-level current flowing through the same impedance. Depending on the relative phase of the two currents, this modulation can result in either circuit oscillation or bit errors. What's more, any parasitic inductance in series with the supply bypass capacitors will induce additional voltage transients on the supply. And finally, every component lead that handles large variations in current is a potential radiator of these currents because of its own parasitic inductance. Most systems with which a fiber-optic data link must interface use TTL. Unfortunately, that logic family creates the most electromagnetic interference (see table). For example, TTL's 3-to-5-volt transition heights have a large enough amplitude and fast enough rise time to couple significant energy to a receiver through parasitic capacitances. Also, the large, fast current swings that TTL generates are even more troublesome because of the power-supply noise they generate and the induced voltage effects they produce when parasitic inductance is present anywhere in the circuits. A typical receiver A simple discrete-component fiber-optic receiver has four functional blocks, or partitions (Fig. 1a). It employs a discrete p-i-n photodiode, a wideband current-to-voltage converter (or transimpedance amplifier), a wideband voltage amplifier, and a line receiver or high-speed comparator serving as the amplitude detector—all components that are available from many vendors [Electronics, Oct. 9, 1980, p. 155]. Such a design exhibits a susceptibility to emi at the transimpedance amplifier input, across $R_F$, and also at the voltage amplifier's input, but this pickup can be reduced by implementing three of these functional blocks with one integrated circuit (Fig. 1b). Like the discrete version, the IC receiver can be put together from existing components. In this IC version, however, the transimpedance amplifier's input node is still externally available and thus still susceptible to emi. Similarly, the feedback resistor, $R_F$, is external to the IC, so that it may be changed for systems with different bandwidths, and it therefore is also likely to be affected by emi unless put under a grounded shield. Moreover, since the configuration requires the IC input to be single-ended, it has no inherent common-mode noise rejection, and this is undesirable for wideband applications. For the best emi receiver characteristics, two ICs should be used with a different partitioning (Fig. 1c). Here, the photodetector is not just a diode but a diode plus the transimpedance amplifier—in essence, a photosensitive amplifier. This integrated detector/preamplifier provides a low-impedance differential output. Since the second IC function is designed with a differential input, its voltage amplifier will reject the common-mode signals induced by radiated emi. If the detector/preamp is in addition housed in a grounded optical connector that shields all the internal parts by acting as a waveguide below cutoff, the optical receiver will be almost totally immune to external emi. Keep it narrow As the required receiver bandwidth increases, the portion of the ambient emi spectrum that it can respond to also increases. For best receiver sensitivity, the system bandwidth should determine the receiver bandwidth, and the receiver bandwidth should in turn be determined by the transimpedance amplifier bandwidth, since that amplifier produces most of the significant noise generated within the receiver. By using a transimpedance amplifier that has only as much bandwidth as the system requires and no more, the noise generated in the receiver is minimized. Since the LED speed, fiber bandwidth, optical detector speed, and the receiver's voltage amplifier also contribute to the shrinking of the system bandwidth, they must all either be significantly faster or have a wider bandwidth than the transimpedance amplifier. If this guideline is followed, then the system will have the maximum gain margin and thus accommodate the largest loss budget possible for the particular system bandwidth, source, and optical detector chosen. Sometimes the use of an LED that is too slow or a fiber that is too narrow in bandwidth for the application seems economically attractive. In this case, to meet the system bandwidth requirement, a wider-bandwidth receiver and thus better transimpedance amplifiers than would normally be needed must be used. This wider-bandwidth transimpedance amplifier will generate more noise and 1. Partitioning. The basic building blocks of a fiber-optic receiver may be defined as in (a). For immunity to man-made noise, however, (b) is somewhat better. The integrated-circuit approach in (c) is best of all since it keeps all electromagnetic interference to a minimum. Establish a higher noise floor that cannot be compensated for in succeeding stages. Worse yet, this systems approach, though seemingly good economics, may later prove only to have aggravated system problems and associated field testing and debugging because a wider-bandwidth receiver responds to fast ambient emi that would elude a narrower-bandwidth device. In an optimum system design, the transimpedance amplifier, while being the most sensitive block in the receiver, has the narrowest bandwidth. The voltage amplifier block, on the other hand, has a much larger bandwidth while still being sensitive to small signals. Consequently, the portion of the receiver most sensitive to emi is one of these two components. With a well-shielded transimpedance amplifier and a single-ended voltage amplifier input, the voltage amplifier is probably most emi-sensitive. But if the input to the voltage amplifier is differential, even a well-shielded transimpedance amplifier can be the most emi-sensitive, because of interference conducted to it. Regardless of which amplifier is the most emi-sensitive, its bandwidth relative to the speed of the $\Delta V/\Delta t$ and $\Delta I/\Delta t$ transients is critical. For instance, it can be shown that the amplifier must have a bandwidth of at least 35 megahertz before a TTL transient having a 10-ns rise time can be conducted through its input with unchanged amplitude. (Here, the amplifier is assumed to have a single-pole, low-pass response.) A bandwidth of less than 35 MHz will attenuate the transient, and the degree of attenuation, or selectivity, to be expected may be calculated from: $$20 \log \frac{35}{(t_r)(BW_{3db})}$$ where $t_r$ is the 10% to 90% rise time of the transient and $BW_{3db}$ is the amplifier's 3-decibel bandwidth. The TTL voltage and current transients undergo other forms of attenuation besides that due to the amplifier selectivity. For example, there is attenuation limiting the conversion of the 800-milliampere/microsecond TTL current transient (see table again) into noise on the 5-v power bus and more attenuation of noise between the 5-v power bus and any susceptible amplifier input. The smaller the total attenuation of these transients, the harder it will be for the optical receiver to recover data without errors. These difficulties make it necessary for the system designer interfacing optics to digital systems to minimize conversion of digital transients into power-bus noise, as well as to provide the needed attenuation of the conduction and radiation of such noise. This is done by employing adequate decoupling capacitance, by maximizing rejection of power-supply noise by using differential amplifiers, and by maximizing receiver selectivity by keeping bandwidth as low as the maximum data rate of the channel allows. As the required bandwidth of the 2. Transmitter implementation. For narrowband applications, the simplicity of (a) or (b) may be adequate, depending on the supply current step that can be tolerated. For wideband applications, keeping supply currents balanced is the key to success (c). Channel increases, so does the bandwidth of the emi-sensitive amplifier, until eventually no selectivity will be available to suppress transients. For TTL transients, this occurrence may be defined by setting Eq. 2 equal to 0 dB and solving it for bandwidth. For a 10-ns rise time, the result is the previously used 35-MHz bandwidth. It is impossible to quantify the attenuation needed accurately enough to completely prevent the receiver from requiring special techniques to reject emi. However, if the designer decides that the receiver should reject all emi that has a peak amplitude of 10 times the peak input signal, then the receiver gain at the noise frequency must be 20 dB less than the signal gain. Thus, the selectivity has to be 20 dB. If it is also assumed that the emi has a 10-ns rise time because it is generated by TTL current swings, then the designer can estimate a receiver bandwidth number above which special emi rejection techniques have to be used. This bandwidth is 3.5 MHz for 20 dB of required selectivity on a transient with a 10-ns rise time. These figures are representative of a system that can transmit data at 7 megabits a second. Therefore, for the sake of clarity in discussing the problems of wideband systems, it is convenient to assume that the use of simple narrowband techniques is limited to TTL systems with less than 5-Mb/s rates. The use of more elaborate wideband techniques is required for TTL systems with data rates of 10 Mb/s and above. Which techniques are usable for TTL systems between 5 and 10 Mb/s depends on the particular system in question, the skillfulness of the design, and the kinds of emi present. In designing an optical transceiver for a wideband fiber-optic data link, the first priority is to modulate the LED by providing the required current drive levels and to do so quickly enough not to degrade the system rise time or introduce excessive timing distortion. The second priority is to implement the first function while generating a minimum amount of electromagnetic interference. For narrowband systems, a simple, low-cost TTL fiber-optic transmitter may prove adequate even if configured alongside of an optical receiver. Care must also be taken with power-supply bypassing. A simple design The design illustrated in Fig. 2a uses the MC75454, a 300-mA peripheral driver capable of sinking the current normally flowing through an LED. The 39-ohm resistor, the LED forward voltage drop, and the regulated +5-v supply allow 100 mA to flow through the LED when the input is high. When the input is driven low, the MC75454's open collector output and the LED turn off. Besides driving the LED directly, the MC75454 interfaces the LED with the TTL family. What makes this a poor way of driving the LED for a wideband application is the step in supply current when the device turns on or off. In this case the step is equal to the LED current (100 mA, to be specific). Figure 2b shows a variation of this simple transmitter that is also better from the standpoint of modulation of the 5-v bus. Here, the MC75453, another 300-mA line driver, is normally on when its input is low, so that current is shunted around the LED. When the input is driven high, the MC75453 open collector output is driven off, allowing current to flow through the LED. The +5-v supply, the LED forward drop, and the 39-Ω resistor once again set the LED current to 100 mA. When the input is low, the output is sinking 5 V/39 Ω, or 125 mA. This 25-mA step in supply current (due to output switching) is far better than the previous 100-mA step. But it is still large enough to cause cross talk in wideband systems when the transmitter and receiver are powered off the same +5-v bus. Other problems associated with these single-ended saturating LED drivers become significant at higher data rates where the driv3. More complicated. For narrowband TTL applications, a simple optical receiver with a minimum of external components does the job (a). For wideband TTL applications, the receiver is far more complicated and demands a variety of external bypasses and chokes (b). Transmitters' asymmetrical rise and fall times and their differential propagation delay distort the waveform duty cycle. In a slightly more complex optical transmitter—which has the best emi performance of all—the LED is the collector load in one half of a differential amplifier driven by a pair of 74LS40 peripheral drivers (Fig. 2c). Here, when the TTL input is high, Q₁ and the LED are full on. When the input is low, Q₂ is full on. In either state, the drive transistor is not saturated, and the current being drawn from the supply is the current through Q₃. As long as nothing affects the Q₃ collector current, the sum of the currents through Q₁ and Q₃ is a constant, and virtually no power supply noise is produced. The diode at the base of Q₃ temperature-compensates the Q₃ collector current, so that it is essentially constant. This emitter-coupled circuit is inherently fast and the current-limited operation provides symmetrical rise and fall times. Only one of the LS40 sections is required to drive the differential amplifier and to interface with the TTL circuitry. However, use of two of these NAND gate sections yields two advantages. The first is that with equal external pull-up resistors, the sink current on each section is the same. Hence there is no change in supply current with input logic state, and, as a result, very little power-supply noise is produced by the transmitter. The second advantage is that each data edge will be processed as a low to high transition by one gate and as a high to low transition by the other. The effects of differential propagation delay on duty cycle distortion are thus minimized. Use of this transmitter circuitry for a TTL interface greatly reduces the amount of duplex cross talk encountered when power-supply noise is conducted back to the receiver. It also minimizes the timing distortion, generated in the transmitter, that is critical at high data rates. Finally, since the supply bus is not experiencing large excursions in current, the long printed-circuit board runners that are typically used for the bus and that act as antennas are radiating much smaller fields, in keeping with the reduced changes in current. Thus, with the balanced configuration, the emi generated is relatively low and is not sensitive to printed-circuit layout. Some more ideas A simple TTL receiver is also suitable for narrowband applications (Fig. 3a). It uses a p-i-n diode and a transimpedance amplifier implemented with an MC3405 operational amplifier. This drives a voltage amplifier having a gain of 100. Following this is a differentiation network (R₁, C₁) that passes the data edges but not the 4. Ground bus. For the wideband receiver, even the layout of the printed-circuit board ground bus is critical. The optical input grounds and the amplified signal grounds are not only kept separate from each other but are also separated from the TTL digital grounds. data base line with its duty-cycle dependence. The comparator compares the amplitude of these differentiated pulses with a reference voltage that is adjusted to be midway between the TTL output levels. As long as the $R_1C_1$ product is chosen to be less than one fourth of the bit width and great enough to pass the input rise time without introducing excessive loss, this edge-coupled detector will tolerate any change in duty cycle. In this narrowband system, the use of a single comparator without the benefit of balanced currents, use of simple decoupling, and random grounding of component leads prove to be adequate. In contrast, wideband receivers need more careful design. Figure 3b shows a 20-Mb/s TTL edge-coupled receiver. Here an integrated detector/preamp is used as the optical detector rather than a p-i-n diode. This device, the MFOD402F, while not of a differential design, does house the photodiode as well as a transimpedance amplifier. Following it is an MC1733 voltage amplifier having a differential gain of 100. Its input is the last point in the receiver that is a single-ended interface. This amplifier's differential output is coupled to a TTL line receiver through two differentiation networks. The data transitions are all that couple through these networks to the line receiver, which, with its hysteresis, performs high-speed comparator functions. The differentiators and line receiver operate together as a latch. A second line receiver section, which is available as part of a dual package, buffers the output swing of the first line receiver. The arrangement maintains constant hysteresis and also balances the TTL currents in the two logic states. The pairing of the inverting line receivers also tends to minimize any duty-cycle distortion due to differential propagation delay. All amplifiers are decoupled from power supplies through pi networks consisting of a ferrite bead and two 0.1-microfarad ceramic capacitors. These bypass capacitors are not grounded indiscriminately but in accordance with a specific ground bus philosophy. A ground plane structure designed to distribute ground currents and thereby reduce the effects of parasitic inductance is not used. Instead, the ground bus is used to control the direction of flow of the ground currents so that they are returned to the power supply via the proper bypass capacitors without sharing any common ground impedance with the ground currents of other stages. Such an approach is of particular importance at the input to the MC1733 voltage amplifier. This stage, having a single-ended input and high gain-bandwidth product, is particularly susceptible to any ringing that arises when large switching currents excite parasitic ground inductances. For this reason the input bypass capacitor from pin 1 to ground and the two input bias resistors to ground are all tied to ground bus between the detector/preamp and the MC1733 (Fig. 4). Similarly, the MC1733 supply bypass capacitors are tied to ground not near the MC1733 inputs but farther down the bus because of the larger currents they supply. Finally, the bypasses for the MC75107 are grounded even farther down the bus. This ensures that no portion of the TTL ground currents will split off and flow through the low-level ground before returning to the power supply. The input shield is grounded to the MC1733 input ground bus. Allowing TTL ground currents to flow through this shield would only induce the undesired input signals that cause ringing and result in bit errors. But by fitting a shield into the slot of the grounded mounting bushing, by allowing only low-impedance leads to leave the detector/preamp, and finally by embedding the optical port in the grounded bushing, the emi immunity of the receiver front end is maximized. With this grounding philosophy, none of the ground fingers is connected to any other, so that all ground currents are forced to return to the power supply locally rather than through impedances common to other stages. Also, by convention, the power-supply leads, including the common, are connected to the circuit at the high signal level end of the board. At any frequency where power-supply bypassing is ineffective because of component self-resonance, parasitic impedance, or too high a cutoff frequency on the power-supply filter, the ground currents must be returned to the power supply via the supply leads. The resulting impedance will be substantially higher than the normal bypass impedance and should be minimized for the largest ground currents. That is why the power leads are connected at the high-current end of the board. Other considerations Some other aspects of wideband receiver construction are essential to good system performance. For example, the MC1733 pin assignments (Fig. 3b) indicate that the inputs and outputs of the amplifier are at opposite ends of its dual in-line package, affording maximum isolation between them. Extending this concept to the entire receiver fabrication suggests that all ICs should be positioned on the board in the direction of signal flow, with optical inputs at one end and TTL output at the opposite end. Also, since the MC1733 input is sensitive to radiated emi, the TTL electrical interface should switch from twisted pair to coaxial cable as the designer shifts from narrowband to wideband systems. In addition, if the receiver is to be operated in a hostile emi environment, a 5. The whole thing. It is possible to make a fiber-optic transceiver on one printed-circuit board and still keep electromagnetic interference problems to a minimum. The details of this wideband circuit are described in Motorola Application Note AN-794. shielded enclosure is required, to be placed around the entire unit. The techniques discussed have been applied to a practical optical transceiver (Fig. 5). Here the receiver bandwidth is minimized and thus the selectivity is optimized for a 20-Mb/s data stream. As the data rate is lowered, the sensitivity remains the same, and thus there is the ever-increasing disadvantage that results from using a 20-Mb/s receiver for narrower-bandwidth applications. The receiver partitioning employed is optimum, given the fact that the differential-output detector/preamps and the receiver IC (MFOC600) were not available at the time for this design. The transmitter and receiver circuits have been designed for optimal balancing of supply currents between logic states. The transmitter circuit resembles the one in Fig. 2c, and the receiver circuit the one in Fig. 3b. The receiver's individual amplifiers have been decoupled with pi networks and the component grounds have been laid out in a bus structure. All the circuitry has been laid out on a double-sided printed-circuit card without plated through-holes. Three Interconnecting modules, no hard wiring and you get the Switching Power Supply of the 80's Customer: What's the significance of the 3 modules? ACDC Salesman: In the past, everybody including ACDC produced specific switchers for given applications. You know, assemble the components in a box, wire them and then tweak and test and trim, etc. In our RS/RT switchers, we produce large quantities of three basic modules, and then test the daylights out of them, followed by full load, high temp burn-in. Customer: What modules are you talking about and how do they work? ACDC Salesman: O.K., we produce input modules, converter modules and output modules. We have 16 different board modules that make up 50 different power supplies. We take various combinations out of stock and assemble them in a chassis, interconnecting them through a mother board. It's fast, reliable, and it eliminates hard wiring. Customer: I see, you can make up most any switcher I could want right out of stock. You say no hard wiring...what's wrong with wiring? ACDC Salesman: Harnesses are a point of potential failure. There are possible cold solder joints vulnerable to everything including shipping vibration, not to mention noise considerations in how the harnesses are placed throughout. No one has ever successfully introduced a switching supply without hard wiring until our RS/RT Series. Customer: When you say you test the daylights out of them, give me some details. ACDC Salesman: O.K. First, all of our active devices are 100% screened. We stable bake, temperature cycle, and then 100% electrical test. All to MIL-STD-883B. The modules themselves are computer tested. When we assemble them into the final unit, we first Auto-Test, then burn-in for 48 hours at 50°C under full load, cycled, Auto-Test again with computer print out-serialized. You get one copy of the hard test data and we keep a copy. In other words we all know exactly what you're getting. Customer: Everything sounds good, but what about the cost? ACDC Salesman: Simple. We save you money because instead of building a hundred of these and fifty of those, etc., we continuously build thousands of the same modules each month. That saves us, and you, money. We test everything thoroughly and that eliminates warranty returns, reworks and all those costly problems. Believe me, if you've ever seen the production of power supplies, you'd know we have a uniquely superior product here...and, at a fantastically low price. Customer: It sounds to me like you've brought power supply technology up to date. ACDC Salesman: Thanks...we think our RS/RT Series are the switchers of the 80's. ### RS Series/Single Output \| OUTPUT VOLTS \| OUTPUT CURRENT \| \|--------------\|----------------\| \| \| RS50 \| RS100 \| RS150 \| RS300 \| RSF375 \| \| 2 \| 10.0 \| 20.0 \| 30.0 \| 60.0 \| — \| \| 5 \| 10.0 \| 20.0 \| 30.0 \| 60.0 \| 75 \| \| 6 \| 8.0 \| 9.0 \| 25.0 \| 50.0 \| — \| \| 12 \| 4.5 \| 9.0 \| 13.5 \| 27.0 \| 31 \| \| 15 \| 3.6 \| 7.2 \| 10.8 \| 21.0 \| 25 \| \| 18 \| 3.0 \| 6.0 \| 9.0 \| 18.0 \| — \| \| 24 \| 2.5 \| 4.5 \| 7.0 \| 13.0 \| 15 \| \| 28 \| 2.0 \| 4.0 \| 6.0 \| 11.5 \| — \| ### RT Series/Triple Output \| MAIN OUTPUT \| TRIPLE \| QUAD \| \|-------------\|--------\|------\| \| \| RT100 \| RT150 \| RT300 \| RO300 \| \| 5V 20A \| 5V 30A \| 5V 60A \| 5V 30A \| \| 12V 2A \| 12V 5A \| 12V 5A \| 12V 5A \| \| 15V 2A \| 15V 4A \| 15V 4A \| 15V 4A \| \| 5V 5A \| 5V 5A \| 5V 5A \| 5V 5A \| \| MAX. POWER \| 100W \| 150W \| 300W \| 300W \| These Power Supplies are shipped with the industries most complete instruction manual. SEND FOR COMPLETE CATALOG 401 Jones Road, Oceanside, California 92054 Telephone 714/757-1880 211 West Clay Avenue, Roselle Park, New Jersey 07204 Telephone 201/241-6077 Low-power inverter ignites gas-discharge lamps by Akavia Kaniel Measurex Corp., Cupertino, Calif. This inexpensive low-power inverter generates the high voltage required to ignite gas-discharge lamps of the mercury-vapor type and supplies the small current needed to maintain conduction. It also prevents the deposition of ions on the lamp's cathode that tends to shorten its operating lifetime. Using one integrated circuit, an operational amplifier, and two field-effect transistors, the inverter can be built for less than $30, including the cost of the unit's pulse transformer. As shown, the SG3524 pulse-width modulator and transformer $T_1$ convert a 24-volt dc input into the 1,500-v potential required for turning on the Ultra Violet Products 11SC2 lamp. When switch $S_1$ is closed, the chip's $E_A$ output goes high, thus inducing a high-voltage square wave across $T_1$'s secondary. As current begins to flow in the primary, feedback amplifier $A_1$ comes into play. Detecting the relative magnitude of the current through the 0.2-ohm sense resistor, $A_1$ automatically sets the width of the 20-kilohertz modulating pulses so that a constant ac current of 5 milliamperes is delivered to the lamp. Use of a push-pull output and the balanced transformer connection ensure that the switched square wave is symmetrical about the zero axis. This ac driving signal thus prevents the migration and subsequent buildup of ions around the lamp's cathode. Arc-over. Low-power transistor-driven inverter generates high-voltage square wave to fire fluorescent and mercury-vapor lamps and provides low current to maintain ionization. Symmetry of inverter's output prohibits build-up of ions at lamp's cathode, thus increasing operating life. Lamp dimmer fades in equiluminous steps by Mark E. Patton Sanders Associates, Nashua, N.H. This programmable light dimmer will serve particularly well as an intensity-control source for vision response testing and in theatrical lighting systems, where it can provide, as perceived by the human eye, a virtually linearly stepped increase or decrease in luminous output (the Munsell curve). Using readily available chips, it can be built for less than $20. In operation, a triac-driven lamp is triggered by the 60-hertz line input once during each half cycle, at a point determined by an eight-input binary-coded decimal control word derived from a microprocessor or a thumbwheel switch. Thus the lamp brightness may be easily selected and accurately maintained, or alternatively, it can be gradually diminished or increased as desired. As shown, the LM324, biased to operate from a 5-volt dc supply, works as a comparator to provide 60-Hz square-wave pulses to the CD4046 phase-locked loop and as a buffer to suppress line transients. The PLL and the 4029 up-down counters working together act to... RCA precision op amps: New lows for combined $V_{IO}$, drift, price. BiMOS design gives you high performance, low prices. The CA3193 instrumentation-grade op amps. Bipolar first stage for very high gain; minimal low-frequency input noise voltage; overall input offset voltage primarily a function of low first stage offset voltages. PMOS differential amplifier second stage minimizes loading on the first stage. Low $V_{IO}$. Input offset voltage as low as 75 $\mu$V (maximum) for 3193B. Low drift. Input offset voltage temperature coefficient of only 2 $\mu$V/°C (maximum) for 3193B. For drift with time, see graph below. Low prices. For 100 to 999 pieces, optional distributor resale prices: CA3193E, $1.20; CA3193AE, $2.45; CA3193BE, $4.34. All available in TO-5, DIL-can and plastic. Applications: - thermocouple preamps - log amplifiers - precision voltage references - process control systems For more information, contact your local RCA Solid State Distributor. Or contact RCA Solid State headquarters in Somerville, New Jersey. Brussels, Belgium. Sao Paulo, Brazil. Hong Kong. --- Equivalent time (T) at ambient temperature ($T_A$) = 25°C - years. Time (T) at ambient temperature ($T_A$) = 125°C - hours. Input offset voltage ($V_{IO}$) - $\mu$V. CA3193 CA3193A CA3193B --- RCA Circle 156 on reader service card multiply the line input by 200, so that the counters decrement from 99 toward 0 at a 12-kilohertz rate. This rate permits the selection of $12,000/(60 \times 2) = 100$ brightness levels. Meanwhile the two-digit BCD control word is introduced to the 74LS85 4-bit magnitude comparators, where it is compared with the output of the counters. When the line-synchronized output of the counter becomes equal to the control word, the opto-isolated triac, which is connected to the ac line, is fired. The triac should be heavily filtered to prevent switching noise on the line from reaching the logic circuitry. Also, to increase circuit stability near the zero and maximum-voltage switching points of the 60-Hz input signal, the outputs of the 74LS85s are gated for a loaded BCD code of 99 and are disabled for a code of 0. References 1. GTE Sylvania, GTE Sylvania Lighting Handbook, 5th ed., 1974. --- Zero-crossing controller heats beakers noiselessly by Gerald D. Clubine East Texas State University, Fine Instruments Shop, Commerce, Texas Present-day low-cost heater/dimmer controls of the type used to warm the contents of laboratory beakers and flasks are primarily modeled after the hot-plate burners in electric stoves. Consequently, they feature thermal switches that generate unwanted electronic hash and noise spikes because of the make-and-break operation of the device under a varying thermal load. This circuit controls heat by varying the duty cycle of the heater coil—but it switches the coil on and off during the zero crossings of the 115-volt ac power line, thus eliminating all types of noise. In addition to offering solid-state reliability, it costs no more than the old hot plate. And it is far less costly than the widely used but unnecessary closed-loop controls that use a sensing element. The heart of the circuit is the CA3059 zero-crossing trigger, $A_1$, which controls the solid-state switch, triac $Q_2$. As shown, the ramp output of the unijunction oscillator $Q_1$ is applied to the on/off sensing amplifier at pin 9. The ramp has a peak amplitude of $\frac{2}{3} V_c$ and a time constant of $R_7C_3$, which is long compared with the 60-hertz line rate but relatively short with respect to the thermal response time of the hot plate. A user-set reference voltage is applied to the other input of the sensing amplifier at pin 13. Potentiometer $R_2$ thus sets the temperature by control of the duty cycle, for when $V_{ref}$ is greater than the instantaneous ramp voltage, $A_1$ and $Q_2$ are turned off, and vice versa. Note that the control calibration will be linear to the degree that the ramp voltage is linear. Power is applied to the heater coil during the zero crossings of the line input and removed during these times, too; as a result, switching is achieved at the zero power level, and no noise can be generated. The choice of the triac will depend upon the amount of current required by the heater coil. In this case, a SC151B has been used, as the heater coil demand was only 6 amperes. Selective radiator. A triac fired by this controller applies power to and removes power from heater coil of hot plate during zero crossings of the 115-V ac power line, thus eliminating unwanted electrical hash and noise formerly caused by mechanical-type thermal switches. User sets temperature with duty-cycle control $R_2$, which turns on $A_1$ and triac when $V_{ref}$ is less than the instantaneous ramp output of oscillator $Q_1$. Can be supplied anywhere, anytime and in any quantity by SHARP! SHARP CORP. is the second source manufacturer of ZILOG Z-80 Series. SHARP has a full line of 4-bit to 8-bit microcomputers to meet various demands: SM Series (C-MOS 1 Chip: SM-4 & SM-5) for low level, Z-80 Series (CPU, PIO, CTC, SIO & DMA) for high level. The Z-80 Series are designed for controllers and terminals requiring complex processing while the SM Series are suitable for consumer appliance. Also available is the Z-80A series — high speed types for clock frequency 4MHz. \| ZILOG Type No. \| Explanation \| Features \| Package \| \|----------------\|-------------\|----------\|---------\| \| Z-80 CPU \| LH-0080 \| Central Processing Unit \| * 158 instructions — includes all 78 of the 8080A instructions * Three modes of maskable interrupt plus a non-maskable interrupt * 22 internal registers * * \| 40 DIP \| \| Z-80A CPU \| LH-0080A \| \| \| \| Z-80 PIO \| LH-0081 \| Parallel I/O Controller \| * Two independent bidirectional ports * Any one of the following modes of operation may be selected for either port: Byte mode, Byte output, Byte bidirectional bus, Bit Mode * * \| 40 DIP \| \| Z-80A PIO \| LH-0081A \| \| \| \| Z-80 CTC \| LH-0082 \| Counter Timer Circuit \| * Four independent programmable 8-bit counter/16-bit timer channels * Single phase clock * * \| 28 DIP \| \| Z-80A CTC \| LH-0082A \| \| \| \| Z-80 DMA \| LH-0083 \| Direct Memory Access \| * Single channel 2 port * Three classes of operation * 3 Modes of operation * Up to 1.25M3 search rate * * \| 40 DIP \| \| Z-80A DMA \| LH-0083A \| \| \| \| Z-80 SIO \| LH-0084 \| Serial I/O Controller \| * Two full duplex channels * Asynchronous operation * Binary synchronous operation * HDLC IBM SDLC Mode * 0 ~ 550x bits/Sec * * \| 40 DIP \| \| Z-80A SIO \| LH-0084A \| \| \| \| Z-80 PIO \| LH-0085 \| \| \| \| Z-80A PIO \| LH-0085A \| \| \| \| Z-80 SIO/D \| LH-0086 \| \| \| \| Z-80A SIO/D \| LH-0086A \| \| \| Vec IV): +5 * Z-80: clock frequency 2.5MHz * Z-80A: clock frequency 4MHz SHARP CORPORATION International Division Electronic Components Export Sales Department 22-22, Nagaike-cho, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545, JAPAN Phone: (06) 621-1221 Cable: LABOMET OSAKA Telex: J63428 Attn: OSKPA (LABOMET A-D) U.S.A.: SHARP ELECTRONICS CORPORATION 10 Keystone Place, Paramus, New Jersey 07652 Tel: (201) 265-5600 For further information, write to: Mr. M. Miyagawa EUROPE: SHARP ELECTRONICS (EUROPE) GMBH Sonninstraße 3, 2000 Hamburg 1, F. R. Germany Tel: (040) 28511 Attention: Mr. H. Asano Current protectors take on surges without resetting or replacement With lower initial resistances than thermistors, conductive polymer switches also combine the advantages of fuses and resettable circuit breakers by George Ballog, Raychem Corp., Menlo Park, Calif. The positive temperature coefficient of some thermistors, which increase in resistance in response to increasing current, is a circuit-protection phenomenon that has been successfully exploited for several years. But these devices could never handle large currents of a few amperes or more because of their high initial resistances. Fuses and circuit breakers can take on large currents but must be replaced or reset periodically. Now, recent advances in polymer material formation have made possible switching devices that can handle large currents and have the advantages of slow-blow fuses and resettable circuit breakers without their disadvantages. The new devices, trademarked PolySwitch protectors, offer designers an attractive alternative to low-voltage fuses and magnetic or thermal circuit breakers for applications requiring high-current interruption, vibration resistance, slow-blow current limiting, remote-reset capability, and freedom from electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference. PolySwitches rely on unique polymeric materials to duplicate in a more usable form the positive-temperature-coefficient switching effect of thermistors. They offer virtually unlimited design possibilities for surge-controller, energy-limiter, battery-discharge limiter, and time-delay-multiprotector circuits, to name just a few [Electronics, June 19, 1980, p. 42]. Reducing initial resistance The most common positive-temperature-coefficient thermistors are made of doped barium titanate. Their resistance generally increases exponentially when their temperature exceeds a value known as the Curie point. This increase effectively cuts off power to the circuit a thermistor is operating in. The Curie point differs for each device, depending on its chemical composition. Though the thermistor has good resistance behavior with temperature rises, its chief drawback is its initially high resistance. This resistance produces high $I^2R$ heating sufficient to trigger a much higher resistance at currents as low as a few hundred milliamperes. The initial resistance is generally at least 10 ohms and restricts a thermistor's role in circuit designs to that of a sensor or heater. As for fuses, even the slowest-acting generally blow within seconds at currents as low as two times the rated current. The positive tempco of PolySwitch protectors, however, is not limited by high initial resistance. These circuit protectors have a base-level resistance as low as 0.04 $\Omega$, about $1/250$ the resistance of generally available thermistors, making them nearly invisible in a power circuit and ideally suited for high-current operations. A PolySwitch protector functions much like a resettable fuse, but unlike a fuse it offers a slow-blow behavior proportional to the amount of overcurrent passing through it. When exposed to an overcurrent, the device increases in resistance by up to seven orders of magnitude. Switching time can range from tens of milliseconds to 40 seconds or more, depending on the amount of current. Once the protector switches into the high-resistance state, it stays latched and will not decrease back to its base value unless there is a complete interruption of power. During PolySwitch fabrication, radiation-crosslinked polymer material is mixed with a filler material to form 1. Protection. The slow-blow characteristics of a fuse and the resettable characteristics of a circuit breaker are combined in a PolySwitch. The resettable positive-temperature-coefficient device takes longer to trip due to overcurrents than other protective devices. a pill-shaped object. Leads are then attached and an electrical-grade epoxy is applied as an encapsulant. The choice of polymer and filler material and the exact geometry of the final part are the chief factors in determining the device's current rating. This relationship can be expressed by the basic resistance equation: \[ R = \rho L / A \] where - $ R $ = the device's resistance in ohms - $ \rho $ = the material's resistivity in ohm-centimeters - $ L $ = the device's length in centimeters - $ A $ = the device's area in square centimeters. Here $ L $ corresponds to the device's thickness, since the current travels through it from one flat surface to another. As is seen in the equation, the larger the area of the pill-shaped device, the lower its resistance value, so a higher current will be needed to achieve the necessary power-dissipation level to raise its temperature to the switching point. All PolySwitch devices are designed to meet most MIL STD 202 test specifications. Slow tripper Figure 1 shows how the slow-blow characteristics of a PolySwitch protector compare with those of typical magnetic and thermal circuit breakers. Note that for increasing multiples of rated pass current, the device takes longer to trip than other circuit protectors. At twice the rated pass current, for example, it will require a minimum of 40 seconds to trip, whereas a bimetallic circuit breaker trips within as little as 15 seconds. At 10 times the rated pass current, its slow-blow characteristics are even more pronounced; it takes at least 600 ms to trip, compared with 100 ms for a bimetallic circuit breaker. Different PolySwitch sizes are rated to trip at different times for different currents. For example, the CO2R004 trips in 60 seconds at 6 amperes, 10 seconds at 12 A, and 2 seconds at 24 A. Higher currents produce even more rapid tripping times. Figure 2 shows the relationship of continuous pass current to ambient temperature for three different parts. A PolySwitch operating as a circuit protector can best be illustrated by its use in series with a load in a simple circuit whose nominal load resistance is 40 Ω. In accordance with Ohm's law, the 50-volt circuit produces a current of 1.25 A and a power dissipation of 62.5 watts in the load. Increasing power dissipation With no power applied to the circuit, the PolySwitch protector is cool and exhibits an initial resistance of only 0.1 Ω, insignificant when compared with the larger load resistance of 40 Ω. In this untripped state, it dissipates only 0.16 w. If the circuit develops a short across the load, this causes an increase in current and, within seconds, an increase in the PolySwitch's resistance to 1,250 Ω, making it the primary load in the circuit. It can thus be seen that the power dissipation ($ V^2/R $) across the device will increase to 2 w while that across the 40-Ω load drops to 0.06 w. More important is that current in the circuit is reduced to only 40 mA. In the high-resistance state, a PolySwitch's continuous safe operating voltage is rated at 50 v, and its temperature remains around 100°C. The device must be allowed to cool to its initial low resistance for the circuit to reset, and the only way to do this is to interrupt the circuit's power completely. Trying to cool the part by external means while voltage is applied across it will only cause it to draw more power to maintain its temperature in the range of 100°C. Sufficient cooling down for resetting, once power is manually switched off, takes about 3 to 4 minutes. Heat causes a PolySwitch protector to switch from a low-resistance to a high-resistance state. In operation, the switching is based on a complex relationship between power delivered to the device in the form of current and the power it dissipates to the environment as heat. When plotted as a function of temperature, power input (power delivered to a PolySwitch) appears as a curve whose slope increases sharply at the device's switching temperature (Fig. 3). Power output (power dissipated to the environment) is a straight line whose slope intersects the X axis at a point corresponding to the ambient temperature. This line is known as the power-dissipation line and is straight because of the following relationship: \[ P_o = K(T_d - T_a) \] where - $ P_o $ = the output power in watts - $ K $ = the device's heat-transfer coefficient (approximately 0.02 w/°C in still air) - $ T_d $ = the device's temperature in °C - $ T_a $ = the ambient temperature in °C. The power-dissipation line's position relative to the input-power curve determines the operating state of the 3. Heat. A PolySwitch switches to a high-resistance state due to its current-induced heat rise. Heat dissipated to the ambient increases as the PolySwitch tries to maintain a body temperature of 90° to 100°C, increasing in resistance with increasing currents. PolySwitch protector. Tracing along the input-power curve, note that each point of intersection with the power-dissipation line represents a stable (points 1 and 3) or unstable (point 2) equilibrium. The slope of the power-dissipation line is determined by the device's geometry and manner of cooling (by forced or still air, for example). Point 1 on the curve, where input and output power are equal, represents the normal operating condition of the PolySwitch protector in a low-resistance state. When a short occurs in the circuit, input power to the device increases. When input power increases beyond the point where it is tangent to the power-output curve, the PolySwitch is in an unstable equilibrium and will rapidly shift its operating state to point 3 on the curve. If an overcurrent does not raise the device's power-input curve sufficiently to separate the curve from the power-dissipation line, it will operate at a higher-temperature (point 1) equilibrium. Point 3 represents the PolySwitch's high-resistance equilibrium state, a state in which input and output power are equal. At point 3, power to a circuit with a PolySwitch is effectively cut off and self-heating keeps the device at point 3 until power is completely interrupted. Design possibilities abound PolySwitch protectors have been used in several different circuits, improving performance at a lower cost than possible with other techniques. For example, they ensure intrinsically safe operation in an explosive environment in communications transceivers manufactured by Motor- 4. Telecommunications. Sensitive telecommunications components like subscriber-loop interface circuits can be protected against destruction by PolySwitches. They afford protection even when telephone and ac power lines accidentally touch. 5. Power supplies. PolySwitches find use in telecommunications power supplies that conform to Underwriters Laboratories Safety Standard 1012. Conventional ceramic PTC devices cannot pass typical operating currents before tripping into a high-resistance state. In operation, the steady-state application of a 240-v alternating current potential between either tip or ring terminal and ground causes the PolySwitch protector to switch to a resistance of approximately 95,000 Ω. This switching action severely limits circuit current to about 2.5 mA, causing approximately 0.6 w to be dissipated by the varistor and/or diode bridge. Consequently, the continuous application of power-line voltage will not damage these components, allowing them to continue limiting output voltages to very low levels. When the power-line fault is removed from tip and ring terminals, the PolySwitch protectors cool down, returning to a low-resistance value of about 25 Ω. Another telecommunications application for the protectors involves power supplies built to meet Underwriters Laboratories standards. UL Safety Standard 1012 for power supplies requires that telephone system supplies be limited in both maximum current and voltage-current outputs under short-circuit conditions. Based in part on the National Electrical Code requirements for Class 2 and Class 3 circuits, the standard specifies that approved power supplies must be limited in energy when overcurrent protection is bypassed (including fuses and circuit breakers). As a result, designers have been forced to continue with the only method available to them—that is, the use of costly energy-limiting transformers. A recent UL ruling, however, lets them substitute a reliable positive-tempco resistor in series with the secondary winding of a standard transformer, to comply with UL Safety Standard 1012 (Fig. 5). But there is a catch. Conventional ceramic positivetempco devices cannot carry the typical operating currents of telephone-type power supplies. For example, an existing six-key small-business telephone system draws from 0.6 to 1.9 A from its power supply during normal operation in an ambient temperature up to 70°C. At these current levels and temperatures, the devices, whose base-level resistance is seldom below 10 Ω, trip into a high-resistance mode. A CO2R006 PolySwitch protector, rated at 40 milliohms at 25°C, solves this design problem by allowing normal operation of the system at 1.9 A up to 70°C. And in the event of a short circuit, it limits output power in compliance with the UL 1012 test procedure. Whereas an energy-limiting transformer could add several dollars to the cost of a power supply, the PolySwitch protector adds less than a dollar. Typically, no other power-supply modifications are needed. Protecting batteries, too PolySwitch protectors have even found a niche in emerging battery technology. Lithium batteries are being considered for a variety of applications from electric automobiles to ICs and memories. But if discharged too rapidly, certain lithium cells overheat and vent potentially hazardous gases. PolySwitch protectors are currently being tested in various lithium battery designs. While protecting against sustained high-rate discharges, the PolySwitch's slow-blow characteristic ensures that momentary current pulses will not shut off the battery, something that might very well happen with a fuse. C-MOS uncommitted logic arrays are part-digital, part-analog Basic cells for logic and specialized analog quadrants serve many applications; software customizes metalization and contacts by Dan Yoder Jr., Applied Micro Circuits Corp., Cupertino, Calif. The uncommitted logic (or gate) array consists of a standard arrangement of active and passive devices that are interconnected by one or more final custom masks. It comes closer than any other chip to being the design engineer's ideal—a low-cost custom circuit with a fast turnaround time. Few of the arrays now on offer, however, support analog circuitry with any readiness, and an outdated layout can make it impossible to use sizable numbers of theoretically available digital elements. Neither of these deficiencies affects the Quickchip series of uncommitted logic arrays, which are designed to satisfy the requirements of a broad range of applications. The series consists of both low-power metal-gate complementary-MOS and high-speed bipolar devices. Two of the C-MOS chips—the Q400 (Fig. 1) and Q401—incorporate specialized cells dedicated to analog circuitry. The bipolar arrays, built with a standard Schottky process, surround a fast core of emitter-coupled logic with TTL input/output circuits in order to combine high 1. Quick yet custom. The Q400 complementary-MOS uncommitted logic array contains the equivalent of 1,500 gates. The die is partitioned into one analog and three digital quadrants to accommodate both linear and logic circuits. The lettered areas are defined in Tables 1 and 3, and the unlabeled sections constitute the wiring channels. 2. Growing longer. Interconnection lengths on an array increase with gate count. Also, many 1,000- to 2,000-gate chips use wiring channels that are far from compact and cannot be automatically routed, having been designed for much older and smaller arrays. 3. More channels. If an array is organized into rows of logic cells—the usual case—then the number of interconnection channels that traverse the chip can be estimated from this graph. Careful channel distribution will maximize percent utilization of the gates. 4. More compact. The interconnection structure (a) is customized only with metallization; fixed vias to the vertical diffused underpasses thus space out the horizontal wiring tracks. In Quickchip arrays, the contact layer is also programmable, so that wiring is compact (b). The user needs to know the logic gate equivalent of the system he plans to integrate. The speed requirements of the system must also match the array's performance. Particular care must be taken in studying propagation delay for C-MOS chips, since several manufacturers' specifications are based upon a fan-out of one with little regard for loading due to interconnections. The metal-gate C-MOS Quickchip devices have propagation delays of 15 nanoseconds at 5 volts with a fan-out of two and 50 mils of interconnection—a typical load in medium-sized to large arrays. To achieve 5-ns delays with the same load, the internal cells can be supplied with 15 v while the I/O sections are operated at 5 v. This feature is unique to the Quickchip family. In fact, different banks of logic elements can be operated independently of the rest of the chip at voltage levels ranging from 1.5 to 15 V. On-chip level-shifting elements translate the values of the internal signals as they move between sections. In recommending an array size to a user, manufacturers often speak of percent utilization. This term is derived from the number of logic gates that can actually be used (as opposed to the number available on the array). As this percentage increases, so does the difficulty in interconnecting the gates. With first-generation C-MOS arrays, for instance, there was no problem in achieving a 60% utilization, but it took careful planning to reach 70% and was extremely difficult to achieve 80%. That meant that a 500-gate system required an array with more than 700 gates. The obvious objective is to increase percent utilization so that the smallest possible array can be used. However, it can only be done by adding to the number of interconnection channels, which in turn tends to increase die size and thus die cost. This problem intensifies as the gate count grows from the 100- to the 1,000- to 2,000-gate level because the average length of a connection on an array increases by an exponential factor. Figure 2 shows how average connection length increases with gate count. These are empirical results—most arrays are not designed with this relationship in mind. Indeed, many of the 1,000- to 2,000-gate chips available today use expanded versions of an interconnection structure designed for 100-gate arrays. The result is a percent utilization that falls exponentially as gate count goes up. Estimating wiring length The length of the interconnections required for a given array can be estimated. For example, assume that each gate on a 1,000-gate chip makes three connections and the average length of each connection is equal to 2.5 times the pitch of each logic cell. A cell's pitch is given by the square root of its area, and 2.5 is a constant from an empirically derived formula called Rent's rule. Total interconnection length is then the total number of connections times their average length. If the array is organized in rows of logic cells—the usual case—the number of interconnection channels that run across the chip in the X or the Y direction can be approximated with the graph in Fig. 3, which gives the relationship between them and the gate count. The distribution of these wiring channels is also very important in maximizing percent utilization. In designing the interconnection structure for the Quickchip series, two objectives were set. One was to reduce the pitch of the logic cell without sacrificing speed, thereby minimizing the average connection length. The C-MOS arrays therefore employ a basic cell containing five logic gate equivalents, with interconnections on either side, that reduces the cell pitch significantly in comparison with other designs [Electronics, Sept. 25, 1980, p. 145]. The second goal was to reduce chip size by increasing the density of the interconnection channels. Figure 4a shows an interconnection structure for a first-generation C-MOS array. The diffusion and contact regions are fixed, and only the metal is programmable. To avoid unwanted connections, metal routing must therefore meander around these fixed contacts, making fewer channels available for routing. With Quickchip C-MOS arrays, the contact layer is also programmable, dramatically increasing routing flexibility both in the channels and in the basic cells. Figure 4b shows the same interconnection scheme as Fig. 4a, but exploits the programmable contact layer. This example illustrates a dramatic 125% increase in the number of lines in an interconnection channel—from five horizontal channels to nine. Gates versus pins Increased density is meaningless, however, without an appropriate gate-to-pin ratio. This is simply the ratio of logic gates to I/O pads, and it depends on several factors. One is the type of logic to be integrated. Obviously, an I/O-intensive circuit like a peripheral chip for a microprocessor will exhibit a lower ratio than a serial communications controller. The partitioning of a system also has an effect on the gate-to-pin ratio. If a system must be divided among several arrays, or other ICs, the amount of I/O tends to increase. So, in general, smaller arrays should have a lower gate-to-pin ratio. The 250-gate bipolar Quickchip has a gate-to-pin ratio of 7, whereas the 800-gate C-MOS Quickchip has a ratio of 16. Finally, yet another way of increasing the density of an array is to dedicate cells to common functions. For example, a D-type flip-flop can be implemented with the basic cells; however, the same function can be performed in less than half the area using a dedicated cell. Care must be taken in choosing which functions—and how many cells of that function—are dedicated. Functions used in a minority of cases should be implemented using the macros. Special functions that cannot be practically implemented with macros may also be candidates for dedicated cells. C-MOS Quickchips use dedicated cells for static D flip-flops, dynamic shift registers, and special functions—particularly in the analog sections. Metal-gate C-MOS provides many advantages in analog designs. N- and p-channel MOS transistors allow active loads to be used in high-performance operational amplifiers and comparators. They are also useful in building high-accuracy current mirrors for biasing and waveform generation. In addition, complementary amplifier output devices provide full power-supply output swings. MOS devices can be configured for constant-current sources. The stable impedance of these enhance common-mode and power-supply rejection without elaborate feedback networks. With C-MOS, high-performance switches (transmission gates) can be built; and with a metal-gate process, high-quality linear capacitors, bipolar npn transistors, pn diodes, and zener diodes are also available. Precision voltage references and nonlinear analog circuits are readily built from these components. C-MOS has many advantages in the digital domain, as well. It offers a wide power-supply range, high noise immunity, and low idle power dissipation, plus higher speed than n-MOS or p-MOS, flexible I/O capability, and easy conversion of logic levels. Dynamic logic is easily implemented in it, and densities equivalent to those of n-MOS or p-MOS can be achieved using ratioed logic and pull-up devices of the opposite polarity. With its 1,500 equivalent gates, the general-purpose C-MOS Quickchip Q400 can be made to provide a wide variety of high-performance analog and digital circuits. It is partitioned into four basic quadrants, one analog and three digital. Other Quickchips use different combinations of analog and digital quadrants to allow users to choose the functional capabilities that are best suited to their needs. Analog plus digital The analog quadrant contains the resources listed in Table 1. These can be used to implement a wide variety of analog functions, such as: - Digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters, including both the integrating and the successive-approximation types. - Active filters, as well as switched-capacitor filters. - Waveform generators. - Nonlinear function generators (using piecewise linear approximation). - Precision voltage and current sources, using zener breakdown or silicon bandgap references. - Analog multiplexers. - Sample-and-hold buffer amplifiers. In addition, the programmable logic arrays in the quadrant may be used to implement digital sequential state machine controllers or decoder circuits. Each digital quadrant contains the resources listed in Table 2. Besides a wide variety of digital functions, these can be used to implement precision current mirrors and simple operational amplifiers, further enhancing the analog capabilities of the Quickchip. Table 3 lists elements included over and above those of the basic analog and digital quadrants. These additional resources enable the Q400 to drive light-emitting-diode or fluorescent displays, to generate precision clocks, or to enhance the testability of the chip. The time spent on testing is costly to both the manufacturer in terms of engineering time and to the array customer in terms of its impact on die cost. The parallel-load shift registers included on the larger Quickchips uses the scan-test method to decrease testing time. A case in point Figure 1, in fact, shows how the shift register bank is located across the center of the Q400 and the interconnection channels are located below. Key nodes within the chip are routed to the parallel-load inputs of the shift register. The register can sample these inputs and shift them out through an output pad to reveal the internal status of the chip at any time. Every node in the system may be initialized to a known state to ensure ease of testing. Separate power and ground distribution bases are provided around the periphery of the digital portions of the Q400 so that pins may be flexibly assigned with minimal bus noise. The chip's substrate and p wells may also be used for power distribution, but because of increased path resistance their use is limited to non-critical circuits. The power-bus routing makes possible an additional analog ground bus to minimize analog circuit noise. Applying CAD to gate arrays speeds 32-bit minicomputer design Price-performance ratio of lower-end VAX-11/750 also is improved over that of older, compatible VAX model by Robert A. Armstrong, Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass. The use of computers to design computers is growing into a fact of life, for these machines are as capable of benefiting the creation of their own kind as they are of aiding any number of scientific, industrial, and commercial tasks. In the case of the VAX-11/750, the second model in Digital Equipment Corp.'s 32-bit minicomputer family, computer-aided design was an obvious way to reduce design cost and time. Further, CAD, coupled with gate-array technology, produced a central processing unit with 60% of the performance of the CPU of the first family member, the VAX-11/780, for 40% of the price. Before the VAX-11/750 development began, these performance and price achievements had been made the primary design goal. Indeed, those targets were as much a challenge as a goal, because at the time they were set the VAX-11/750 design group had no idea how they were to be realized. The VAX-11/750 is a 32-bit, virtual-memory minicomputer supporting a maximum physical memory of 2 megabytes, with an effective memory access time of 400 nanoseconds. It has 4-k bytes of cache memory, supports up to four input/output ports—one Unibus and up to three optional high-speed Massbuses—and offers an optional 1-K-by-80-bit user control store (see "Inside the VAX-11/750," p. 168). The logic is implemented primarily with low-power Schottky large-scale integrated gate arrays designed and built in house—the company's first in-house integrated-circuit development and manufacturing project. In addition, development of a CAD system for gate arrays was established as a major activity in support of the VAX-11/750 program in order to provide a fast, low-risk design turnaround. In comparison, the bigger and older brother, the VAX-11/780, has an effective memory access time of 280 ns, supports up to 12 megabytes of physical memory, has 8-k bytes of cache memory, and accommodates up to eight I/O ports—four Unibuses and four Massbuses. The VAX-11/780 logic is implemented with a combination of off-the-shelf Schottky TTL parts, with the addition of some emitter-coupled-logic and custom LSI circuits to optimize performance. The scope of the design changes was limited by the firm objectives that the VAX-11/750 was to have the same basic VAX architecture, including the large address space, and essentially the same MOS semiconductor memory and was to be capable of running the same software as the VAX-11/780. Clearly, the substantial cost savings would have to be achieved in the CPU, which led to a search for an entirely new approach using LSI circuit design. Four basic possibilities were considered: off-the-shelf 1. Saving space. The VAX-11/750 Massbus adapter, using 12 gate-array modules (the light rectangles), fits on one board (bottom). The PDP-11/70 Massbus adapter (top) takes up four boards. Inside the VAX-11/750 The hardware architecture of the VAX-11/750 has these major components, as shown in the figure below: a central processing unit, a memory interconnection bus, a Unibus interface, a memory controller, Massbus adapters, and a console subsystem. Within the CPU, the data-path module provides three major data-path functions: - Register files. - Arithmetic and logic unit. - Microinstruction address generator. Included in the ALU are integer, logical, and binary-coded decimal operations; a barrel shifter; and a special function generator to optimize the performance of variable bit-field operations and BCD-to-numeric string conversions. The microinstruction address controller contains conditional branch logic, the instruction decoder, and the microcode subroutine call and return stack. Also in the CPU is the memory interface controller. It provides address generation logic, the program counter, a translation buffer for virtual-to-physical-address mapping, 4-K bytes of cache memory, an instruction prefetch buffer, and memory data logic for rotation and alignment of instructions of different lengths. The computer control store for the control microcode is a 6-K-by-80-bit programmable read-only memory. In addition, one zone of the computer control store module has pin connectors for attachment of the optional user control store daughterboard, which consists of a 1-K-by-80-bit random-access memory array. With this store, users can add their own microcode without occupying space on the backplane. The CPU-to-memory interconnection (memory interconnection bus) is an etched-in internal bus that links modules in eight slots of the CPU section of the card cage. The memory controller module generates timing and control signals for dynamic management of up to eight 256-K-byte memory array modules and performs 7-bit error checking and correction. The Massbus adapter is the interface between the internal memory interconnection bus and a Massbus, the means by which high-speed mass-storage devices are connected to the VAX-11/750. The Massbus adapter performs all control, arbitration, and buffering functions between the Massbus and the rest of the VAX-11/750. Address mapping is similar to that done by the Unibus interface. Up to three Massbuses and adapters can be connected to the VAX-11/750. The Unibus interface allows input/output devices on the Unibus to access the main memory directly and provides access between these devices and the CPU. The standard CPU console terminal is the LA38 DECwriter IV desktop keyboard printer, but any ASCII terminal can be used for a console terminal. The 256-K-byte tape cartridge drive, model TU58, is part of the console subsystem. components, custom LSI chips, a combination of off-the-shelf and custom parts, and gate arrays. After evaluating the technical and economical plusses and minuses, the Midrange VAX Systems development group decided that the company would not rely on outside vendors but instead would design and make its own ICs based on gate-array technology. The results Ninety percent of the VAX-11/750's logic is implemented with gate arrays. This technology, combined with extensive use of the CAD system, cut the time and cost for the design to about 15% of what it would have been using custom LSI parts. Production cost savings result from reductions in the size and number of the CPU components, printed-circuit boards, power supplies, cooling systems, and cabinets. Figure 1 shows an example of the space savings obtained with the gate arrays. The Massbus adapter module of the VAX-11/750 contains 12 gate-array ICs of 5 different types (in addition to the 27 types in the CPU and the memory controller) and 120 off-the-shelf Schottky parts; in contrast, there are about 350 devices on the four boards of the Massbus adapter in the PDP-11/70. Then, too, the machine costs less to operate because it needs less space, power, and cooling. And since there are fewer components and interconnections with LSI gate arrays than with off-the-shelf parts, the machine is more reliable as well. The gate-array IC is housed in a 2.5-by-0.6-inch, 48-pin package (Fig. 2). Although the packaged chip is approximately four times the size of a typical off-the-shelf IC, the customized gate array performs the same functions as 25 standard devices in about one sixth the space. As mentioned above, there are 27 different types of these low-power Schottky gate-array chips among the total of 55 devices in the VAX-11/750's CPU and memory controller modules. The benefits of gate-array technology over equivalent off-the-shelf chips can be summarized thus: - Half the power dissipation. - One sixth the module real estate. - Four times the reliability. - Half the cost. Design goals Besides the initial ones for cost and performance, the design team set goals for the circuit technology and the design system. One objective was to select a technology and a design system to employ it that would yield as natural a design process as possible for engineers experienced in logic design using standard TTL parts. As is common in the computer industry, the company had many experienced logic designers and relatively few experienced semiconductor designers. With the gate-array approach, the only transistor-level design task, development of the basic gate cell, was well within the capability of the internal semiconductor design groups. From that point, the next steps, design of the blank IC containing the array of basic gate cells and the individual designs of the 32 customized ICs using the blank array, could be done by computer-design engineers and would not require semiconductor specialists. Two specific design goals for the technology were a propagation delay of between 5 and 10 ns and a significant fan-out—at least equal to the fan-out of 10 usually available with off-the-shelf TTL parts. (A fan-out of 10 means that a gate output can drive loads of as many as 10 other gate inputs.) The CAD system selected was one already well established at the company for the design, layout, and production of pc boards. One reason was that the layout designers were experienced in using it. Another was the determination that it could be adapted to the design and production of gate-array ICs with only a little modification. Furthermore, all but one of the modules of the CAD system had been developed and refined in house over several years, and therefore there were people around who could easily modify it. A familiar design environment could thus be provided with existing tools. Considering the options A number of possibilities were originally considered in the search for the most cost-effective logic design to meet the goals. They involved decisions regarding chip technology, off-the-shelf versus custom design, internal vs external IC fabrication, and conventional vs gate-array chip design. If the same process were to take place today, advances in LSI technology might have changed the assortment and relative weight of some of the options, but the decision to use gate-array technology would have been the same. The first option was to use off-the-shelf components. Schottky and low-power Schottky TTL chips had been used in the VAX-11/780 computer, and it would have been logical to do the same in the smaller machine. Also, the broader selection of standard TTL chips than was available when the VAX-11/780 was designed would have helped reduce cost. However, it would not have done so nearly enough to meet design goals. The design team also considered standard parts using a faster technology with a simpler, more serial design. ECL circuits offered two to three times the speed of 3. Patterns. The gate-array chip layout contains 400 identical NAND gates surrounded by 44 I/O gates, all of which can be customized. The adjoining cells in the middle 14 rows (one pair is highlighted) are mirror images of each other and can be connected to make two-cell gates. Schottky chips, but their memory density would have been much lower. As a result, the higher memory chip count would have increased the cost per bit, and the cost of the CPU's microcode would have become significant. The off-the-shelf ECL chips, moreover, were not nearly as varied as those then available in the Schottky and low-power Schottky families. In short, ECL technology, though excellent for strictly high-performance circuits, did not offer the most cost-effective design. Custom chips The second option was to have custom LSI chips designed and manufactured by semiconductor vendors. Preliminary analysis of the CPU circuitry by the design group indicated that about 30 unique chip designs would be required for the VAX-11/750. Several semiconductor manufacturers were asked to design 30 to 40 chips to meet the functional specifications. Each of the vendors stated that it did not have sufficient engineering resources for the parallel design of so many different custom chips. Furthermore, they said, staffing for such a large project would mean that they could not offer acceptable prices for the quantities projected. But even had their responses been positive, the custom chip approach had the unacceptable drawbacks of reliance on a single vendor and lengthy design time. It was then suggested that only a few custom chips be designed for use in combination with a large number of standard ICs. However, it was readily apparent that this approach was the least desirable of the three considered so far, as it combined the disadvantages of the first two: the high cost of the first with the dependence on a single semiconductor manufacturer and lengthy system design time (although not as much as a completely custom approach) of the second. Another option, gate-array technology, itself offered several possibilities. As with conventional chips, gate-array chips could have been purchased as either standard or custom parts. The off-the-shelf gate-array chips then available were integrated-injection-logic products with propagation delays of between 50 and 75 ns—10 times longer than the design goal of 5 to 10 ns. Custom gate arrays, on the other hand, could have been designed by the vendor in fast Schottky or low-power Schottky logic. That would have been done at the transistor level so as to achieve optimum IC design for the variety of functions involved in the VAX-11/750's CPU. IC vendors, however, were more interested in manufacturing and marketing commodity parts than special semiconductor circuits. Several would nevertheless have worked on custom designs, but they could not be guaranteed a large enough volume to ensure what they considered an adequate profit for their efforts. The last option, designing and manufacturing gate-array ICs in house, at first seemed beyond the company's resources. However, further study revealed not only that the resources were more than adequate—a designer for the basic cell, enough logic designers for the arrays, and the CAD system—but also that the in-house approach would produce the greatest cost advantage and the shortest design time. The main reason was that the gate-array approach allowed the automation of all steps, from IC design to customized photolithographic masks. The time from an engineer's schematic until the tooling was produced for a customized gate-array chip was 10 to 12 weeks, compared with five to six months, in general, for fully customized chips; and the time from tooling to delivered parts was 2 or 3 weeks for the customizing layers on the gate array, versus about 13 weeks for a completely custom-designed IC. Chip pattern A gate array is a uniform pattern of hundreds of unconnected transistor-level gate cells. Connecting the cells, by adding interlevel contacts and intralevel routing at several wiring levels, converts the array into a custom IC. The design task for the basic array can be much simplified, as it was for the VAX-11/750, by repeating a single basic transistor-level cell throughout the array. As shown in the schematic diagram in Fig. 3, each IC 4. Options. The standard two-transistor cell is a four-input NAND gate. Possible connection points are shown as boxes with Xs. The cell can be configured in four ways—as a high-power, fast gate or a low-power, slow gate, with or without a clamp/pull-up output. The basic cell had to have a fan-out of at least 10, as noted, and also had to perform consistently at all possible loadings, meaning that the propagation delay of about 5 ns would not change significantly with loads ranging from 1 to 10 gates. This propagation-delay stability was necessary so that the circuit design simulation would accurately predict the performance of the real circuits. The basic cell can be configured to form any of four variations by making different contact connections during the customizing stages of fabrication. The four are a high-power, fast gate or a lower-power, slower gate, either with or without a clamp/pull-up output. The resistance $R_1$ can be either 2 or 4 kΩ by applying the input voltage at either the high-power or the low-power contact. When $R_1$ is 2 kΩ, the gate has the shortest propagation delay possible while still retaining the fan-out of 10. For the purpose of calculating fan-out, this fast, high-power gate counts as two loads. The low-power connection with $R_1$ equal to 4 kΩ produces a slower gate but halves the loading on the input line, allowing more gates to be connected together. The low-power gate counts as one load. The output contacts can be selected to be an open collector without clamp/pull-up or a clamped output with a pull-up resistance of 4 kΩ. Each output pull-up counts as one load. A fan-out of 10 in this 5. More options. Using three of the four transistors on two adjacent cells ($T_1$, $T_1'$, and $T_2$), an eight-input NAND gate can be created. By connecting the fourth transistor ($T_2'$) into the circuit, an eight-input AND gate is made. CAD creates these gates automatically. 6. Silent partner. The computer-aided design system, the components of which are shown in this flow diagram, played an extremely important role in the VAX-11/750 project. Most of these elements already existed for printed-circuit design and required little modification. case means that a gate can drive 10 low-power gates, 5 high-power gates, or any combination that adds up to a total loading of 10. The total power loading of an IC made with these gate arrays can be minimized by using fast gates and clamp/pull-up outputs only where needed to optimize performance. Two-cell gates An eight-input NAND gate is produced by combining two adjacent cells in the array grouping to form a double-cell gate (see Fig. 3 again). Figure 5 shows an eight-input NAND gate created by connecting three of the four transistors (T₁, T₁', and T₂) in the two cells. This two-cell eight-input gate would have cost a designer five cells—two four-input NAND gates and three inverters—if created discretely. The eight-input NAND gate is converted into an eight-input AND gate by using the fourth transistor (T₂'). Similarly, this gate would have required four cells to create discretely. Thus, by making connections at the transistor level rather than at the gate level, the total number of gates needed for a given circuit function can be substantially reduced. These gate combinations are automatically created by the CAD system and so are transparent to the logic designer. The designer simply requests an eight-input NAND or AND gate at a certain location and the system makes the correct transistor-level connections in an appropriate two-cell gate. Various combinations of one- and two-cell gates offer a total of 32 NAND gate variations and 24 AND gate variations. In addition, 24 I/O gate types can be made from the 44 basic I/O gates located around the edge of the chip (11 to a side): 4 kinds of receiver, 4 kinds of driver, or 16 transceiver combinations. The CAD system was introduced in order to minimize design risk by minimizing human error, to reduce the design time, and to maximize the efforts of the trained people involved in computer design and layout. Figure 6 shows the system in block diagram form. The entry point into the system for a circuit design is the Stanford University Design System, or SUDS, an industry-standard interactive graphics drawing system. Many of the other elements of the system are modules that were developed in house and have been used heavily for the computer-aided design of pc boards. Minor modifications of some of the modules and the addition of some translation software to go from a pc-board data base to an IC data base yielded a highly automated system for the design and testing of gate arrays. The four most important modules are: SAGE (for Simulation of Asynchronous Gate Elements), a logic simulator; Ideas, an interactive graphics design subsystem; WRC, a wire-rule check program; and Oliver, a layout verification program for the pattern generation system. Into the data base The logic circuits for a chip are converted from paper into a computer data base through SUDS. The computer schematics are "drawn" directly into the SUDS system at a cathode-ray-tube terminal by engineers and technicians, usually from rough notes and sketches, using a light pen (Fig. 7). Standard logic symbols associated with each gate variation are retrieved from a SUDS library file. Plot files, wire lists, and report files can be extracted from the data base, and reports on power consumption and gate usage are available. The SUDS program also performs some basic error checking, including tabulations of wire-list errors. After verifying the completed drawing visually, the terminal user can get a printout of the logic schematic for checking by the computer engineer. The computer engineer then verifies the gate-level implementation of a specific logic function by feeding the circuit description directly from the SUDS data base into the SAGE logic simulation program. After debugging the circuit using SAGE, final verification is done by simulating both the gate-level model and a higher-level functional model. Their operation should be identical when stimulated with a diagnostic test pattern. SAGE simulation SAGE also performs several different checks of the circuit model derived from the SUDS data base. For example, all networks are dynamically surveyed for proper dc loading. At a low level, the gate outputs must sink the currents associated with all network loads. At a high level, network current sources (pull-up resistors) must supply all input and output leakage currents. The networks are also checked for illegal combinations of input connections. Ideas—for Interactive Design for Engineering Automation System—converts a logic schematic in the SUDS data base into a physical gate-array chip layout. It was originally developed at DEC and has been widely applied in generating pc-board layouts. It was modified slightly for this project to produce gate-array chip layouts specifically (rather than ICs in general) but involves exactly the same design procedures as the staff has become accustomed to for pc boards. In converting a logic schematic into a physical layout, the cells are automatically assigned locations in the array that offer optimum routing between gates. Ideas then routes the metal connections according to rules for optimizing IC performance. The layout designer completes the process by manually specifying routing that the system cannot handle automatically. A number of physical design checks are also performed in the Ideas subsystem. Space and continuity check programs determine whether design rules for width and spacing have been observed and whether the connectivity of the metal patterns matches the connectivity specified in the logic schematic. The WRC program analyzes each network for loading, connection length, metal widths, and metal resistivity. Based on calculations of the IR drop between the network source and the inputs, the program reports networks on the chip that violate allowable maximums. Networks in violation are reworked by the layout designer to increase metal widths or reduce connection length. Onto tape The Ideas layout is converted into an IC data base for entry into a commercial IC design system, which produces the pattern generation tape. This system had previously been used at the company for IC design but did not automatically place or route, both of which can now be done by the modified Ideas subsystem. The pattern generation tape controls the automated equipment that plots the photomasks for the customization levels of the gate-array IC. Two final checks are made with the CAD programs on the tape to guarantee that it precisely represents the desired design. Although similar to the spacing and continuity programs run under Ideas, these final checks are performed on the full IC pattern rather than just on the cell-interconnection pattern. First, the Interconnect Verifier (IV) program compares a SUDS wire list with one that has been generated from the pattern generator and prints a difference list to identify open circuits, shorts, and other interconnection errors. Checking mask rules Secondly, the Oliver layout verification program analyzes the IC data base by running a series of checks concerned with the inter- and intra-photomask rules associated specifically with IC design. These rules include width and spacing limits within and between the geometries on the various masks used in the IC fabrication process. The pattern generation tapes are sent to a photomask vendor. By the time the resulting masks are received, the transistors in the diffusion level have been grown and the blank gate-array ICs are ready for further processing. Contacts are then cut through the dielectric layers and metal is deposited in a standard IC production process. The CAD system also automatically generates diagnostics that can be used in computerized production testing of gate-array components. Optosensor limits shunt supply's no-load current by A. D. V. N. Kularatna Ratmalana, Sri Lanka A shunt regulator's no-load current can be notably reduced with this circuit, which uses an inexpensive light-emitting diode and optocoupler in the supply's feedback loop to monitor current drain. Thus the supply's shunt transistor element no longer needs large heat sinks and its power-handling specifications for a given power rating are reduced. The technique is applied to the general-purpose supply shown in (a), which provides a regulated output of from 4 to 22 volts at 100 to 600 milliamperes for a line input of 35 to 45 v. The supply has foldback characteristics (b) and, as expected in a shunt regulator, a low output impedance of about 0.1 ohm. The special feedback arrangement that includes the optocoupler and the LED light source reduces the supply's shunt current, which normally would be 600 mA under no-load conditions (c), to only 120 mA. The basic supply includes a voltage reference formed by zener diode $D_1$ and resistors $R_1$ to $R_3$, differential amplifier $Q_1-Q_2$, and voltage-sampling chain $R_{12}$, $R_{13}$, $P_2$, and $P_3$. $Q_3$ and $Q_4$ serve as the main shunt element. $Q_5-Q_6$ act as a variable resistor to ultimately regulate the load voltage. In this particular configuration, $V_{out} = V_{ref} \left\{1 + [R_{12}/(R_{13} + P_2 + P_3)]\right\}$, with $P_2$ and $P_3$ used to set the desired output voltage. Light-emitting diode $D_2$ and the optocoupler are placed in close proximity in the feedback network, ensuring the $I_1 = [V_{D3} - V_{BEQ3}] / [P_1 + R_7 + (R_o/h_{feQ3})]$, where $R_o$ is the resistance of the optocoupler and $P_1$ sets the design-maximum current. With this arrangement, the voltage across $D_2 = (V_x - I_2R_{11})$, where $I_2$ is the current. Light limiting. LED and optocoupler in feedback loop of 600-mA shunt-regulated supply inexpensively limit no-load current to 120 mA, thus eliminating need for heat sinks for shunt transistor elements $Q_3$ and $Q_4$. Design-maximum output current is set by potentiometer $P_1$; $P_2$ and $P_3$ between them set output voltage, which is adjustable over 4-to-22-V range for a 35-to-45-V input. Output impedance is 0.1 ohm. flowing through the shunting $Q_3-Q_4$ combination. When the load is disconnected, the current through $Q_4$ tends to increase and the voltage across $D_2$ decreases. This decrease reduces the amount of light emitted from $D_2$, which in turn causes the resistance of the optocoupler to increase and limit $I_2$ and supply current $I_3$. On the other hand, the voltage across $D_2$ increases and the resistance of the optocoupler decreases when load current is demanded. Foldback protection is provided by $D_3$. If the load current increases suddenly due to a short circuit, the output voltage drops and transistor $Q_2$ moves into cutoff. This in turn reduces the voltage across zener $D_2$, and the base drive to $Q_6$ becomes virtually zero. --- Adapter aids emulator testing of I/O board by Sharad Gandhi Siemens AG, Components Division, Munich, Germany With this simple adapter, Intel's ICE 86 and ICE 88 in-circuit emulators can be used to debug the popular 8089-based remote input/output board and so allow for easy testing of the system hardware. Only two 40-pin sockets and one resistor are required. Socket $S_1$ is wired to handle the emulator signals and to activate the request lines (RQ/GT) from the system bus while ignoring the nonmaskable interrupt (NMI), interrupt (INT), test-for-busy (TEST), and maximum/minimum-mode (MX/MN) signals from the 8086 microprocessor, which ultimately drives the I/O board during normal operation. When plugged into the 8089 on-board connector through the slightly modified 8089 socket ($S_2$), $S_1$ transfers the control signals from the emulator to the I/O board. $S_1$ and $S_2$ are removed from the 8086 when the RBF-89 real-time breakpoint facility (an aid that is widely used for software debugging) is in use. New signals include the queue status (QS) and read-enable (RD) inputs. Note that the pins corresponding to the interrupt-request (SINTR), channel-attention (CA), channel-select (SEL), request, direct-memory-access (DRQ), and external break (EXT) signals have been removed from $S_2$ to avoid simultaneous application of more than one signal to the 8089 connector. If both the system bus and the I/O bus are 16 bits wide, the ICE 86 should be used for testing. If both buses are 8 bits wide, the ICE 88 is used. And if one bus is 16 bits wide and the other is 8 bits, ICE 86 should be used for the former and ICE 88 for the latter. --- Pulsed optosensor improves object-distance resolution by K. Hotvedt Redwood City, Calif. Pulsed-mode operation increases the resolution of transmitter-receiver optosensors that use a reflection-lens arrangement to measure the size and range of a distant object. An example is Hewlett-Packard's HEDS-1000. This mode of operation also greatly extends the range of applications open to such sensors. In particular, it permits their use in a single-channel bidirectional communications system that has high speed, good range, and excellent noise immunity and may be easily aligned. The HEDS-1000 (see figure) contains a light-emitting diode that radiates at 700 nanometers and a matched photodetector designed for optical reflective sensing. A bifurcated aspheric lens images the active areas of the As the first source in LCD Drivers, Hughes-Solid State Products delivers millions of Drivers for products ranging from complex computer chess games to digital volt meters. Hughes standard products drive multiplexed arrays and custom displays, as well as 7 segment numerics. The Drivers are all CMOS and include oscillators, precision voltage dividers, and dual rank latches. Naturally, these circuits are cascadable and microcomputer compatible. \| DRIVER \| CAPABILITY \| \|------------\|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\| \| HLCD 0550/1* \| Up to 32 characters, 5 x 7 Dot Matrix. Includes character encode and refresh \| \| HLCD 0541/2 \| 5 x 7 Dot Matrix or 8 row array with arbitrary number of columns, serial or parallel input \| \| HLCD 0538/9 \| Up to 32 x 32 array, 2 circuits required \| \| HLCD 0540 \| Up to 16 x 16 array \| \| HLCD 0548 \| Any LCD, multiplexed or parallel drive, regardless of size \| \| HLCD 0438A \| 4 digit, 7 segment \| 3Q, 1980 For more information on the only complete line of LCD Drivers, call or write: HUGHES HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY SOLID STATE PRODUCTS DIVISION 500 Superior Avenue, D80 Newport Beach, California 92663 (800) 854-3515 or (714) 759-2942 emitter and the detector onto a single spot whose intensity is at a maximum only 4.34 millimeters in front of the package. As a result, a light beam only 0.190 mm in diameter can be resolved. Because the intensity of incoming (reflected) light is a function of the distance, $ l $, of the reflecting object, the device is useful for locating lines and for paper-edge detection and tachometry. Normally, the unit operates in the dc, or continuously on, mode. But if the driving current reaches the LED through a 4066 analog gate that is sampled at a given rate and pulse width, it is possible to use a greater instantaneous anode current and so increase the intensity of the light the LED emits. Smaller variations in $ l $ may then be detected because, for a given drive current and $ l $, there will be a greater change in photodetector current. As for performance, the resolution will increase by approximately two (that is, from $ \Delta l $ to $ \Delta l/2 $) as compared to the dc condition, for an input current at 1 kilohertz having a pulse width of 300 microseconds and a peak amplitude of 75 milliamperes. That is, the circuit's ability to ascertain a given change in $ l $ is improved by the same factor. The curves shown give a good indication of the response to be expected under dc conditions and can be used to verify proper operation. Alternatively, if a set of driving currents corresponding to a four-state data stream and four gates are added, an inexpensive optical communications system may be set up. At the receiver, a quad comparator and the appropriate voltage references can be used to pick off the levels corresponding to those that were transmitted. (Note that a second transmitter-receiver sensor would be needed to complete the two-way system.) Two problems arise when the sensor is used in the pulsed mode. First, there are internal reflections from the lens system, so that a small signal is reflected even in the absence of a reflecting surface. Second, the unit is somewhat sensitive to stray capacitance, and the amount of stray capacitance is dependent on the device. These drawbacks contribute to offset errors and switching transients, which generate spikes on the rising edge of the incoming driving signal and consequent errors in the transmitted signal level. The major problem, that of stray-capacitance anomalies, may be overcome by adding a 5-to-10-picofarad capacitor between pins 1 and 2 of the device, as shown. Only small degradation in slew rate for a given sampling rate will result. --- On the beam.* Operating HEDS-1000 optical reflective sensor in a pulsed mode increases its resolving power in measuring the size and range of distant objects. Lens-focusing system can also be put to good use in inexpensive, medium-range optical data link, as shown, if four-state inputs are multiplexed. Curves, plotted for the dc (continuously on) mode, give indication of performance to be expected. Design engineers engaged in any aspect of microwave theory or techniques, as well as those interested in the history of the field, will welcome the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' 27-year index of its Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. The cumulative work of the publication, which has been the bible in the field since its inception, has separate subject and author listings covering the years 1953-79, plus a history of the transactions themselves, written by Theodore S. Saad. Copies are available for $5.00 to IEEE members or $10 to nonmembers. Write to the IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, N. J. 08854, and request the November 1980 edition, Vol. 28, No. 11, Part 2. Manufacturers of military hybrid circuits can now get semiconductor dice that have been 100% electrically probe-tested at -55°, +25°, and +125°C. Hybrid Components Inc., Beverly, Mass., has developed a system that tests semiconductors in either wafer or individual die form. Call Art Pauk at (617) 927-5820 for more information. Need metal parts or foils precisely welded, cut, or drilled? Check with Laser Services Inc. The company can laser-machine materials as thin as 0.002 in. or even less with a positioning accuracy to within ±0.0001 in. It uses a pulsed 400-w yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser and will handle prototype to production quantities. Contact Bruce N. Beauchesne, 11 Esquire Rd., North Billerica, Mass. 01862; (617) 667-8358. Computer users who plan to implement the industry-recommended Codasyl data base in their machines might be interested in a four-day seminar to be conducted by Honeywell Information Systems, Feb. 3-6, at the Sheraton Greenway in Phoenix, Ariz. Not geared to any particular type of computer but using Honeywell's I-D-S II software as an example, the program will discuss data-base architecture, planning and design considerations, steps in implementation, problem identification, application examples, and trends. Workshop portions of the course will address case studies in which the students play the role of consultants, analyzing the problems and recommending solutions. The fee is $625. For registration details, call (800) 528-5343 or write the Honeywell Registrar, Data Base Workshop, Honeywell Information Systems, M/S T-99-4, P. O. Box 6000, Phoenix, Ariz. 85005. The National Bureau of Standards is soliciting proposals for two research grants for precision measurement and the determination of fundamental constants for 1982. The one-year grants, which have been awarded since 1970 to scientists in academic institutions for work in determining values for fundamental constants, investigating related physical phenomena, or developing new methods and instruments for making very precise measurements of physical quantities, are worth $30,000 each. The NBS has the option to renew the contracts for up to two additional years. Prospective candidates must submit summaries of their proposed activities and the appropriate biographical information by Feb. 15. For further information, contact Barry Taylor, Building 220, Room B258, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234. -Vincent Biancomano If you’re searching for a more cost-effective, more reliable, more flexible tape transport than the SE 8800... give up now! You’ll have to go a long way to find a buffer arm tape transport to come near the SE 8800 for performance, dependability and user convenience – even further to find a transport with a lower cost of ownership. SE 8800 is a microprocessor-controlled intelligent tape transport system of totally modular construction with powerful interactive diagnostics. In fact you can install, commission and service the SE 8800 without the use of external equipment. Interfaces for most mini-computers are available and an integral formatter provides Dual, PE or NRZ options – all at the lowest system costs in the industry. A flexible reliable unit for OEM’s, an easy-to-operate, economical transport for the end user, SE 8800 is the formatted high performance tape transport of the 80’s. Follow the sign to SE and find out more about SE 8800 and our unbeatable customer support. SE Data Products, SE Labs (EMI) Ltd., Spur Road, Feltham. Middlesex TW14 0TD, England. Tel: 01-890 1477 Telex 23995 ... thinking of Mag Tape – it has to be SE Circle 700 on reader service card World Radio History Harris Technology at Work Harris mux technology delivers max system performance. HI-524 — WORLD’S FIRST VIDEO MUX! - 4 Video Channels - High Input B.W. — 20 MHz - Fast Access Time — 150 ns - High Off Isolation — 72 dB (5 MHz) Low Cost — Low Power. Popular Harris multiplexers like the HI-506/507 and HI-508/509 include 16-channel and 8-channel differential versions that are TTL, DTL and CMOS compatible: HI-506/507/508/509 - 16 and 8-Channel Versions - Access Time — 300 ns - Off Isolation — 75 dB - Low Power Dissipation — 4mW/Ch. - Low Cost — 63 cents/channel (1K qty) Input Protected — Low Power. Overvoltage protection? Take a look at the Harris HI-500A Series. These clever muxs withstand loss of power supply voltages and overvoltages up to 20 volts without faulting the output or any input channels. This feature gives you another competitive edge in system reliability: HI-506A/507A/508A/509A - 16 and 8-Channel Versions - Access Time — 300 ns - Analog Input O.V. Protected - Low Power Dissipation — 0.5 mW/Ch. Optimum Quality. Choose from five HI-500 Series quality grades to complement your application needs: Commercial/Industrial (0°C to +70°C) 1. Standard, Dash 5 code 2. High-Reliability, Dash 7 code Military (-55°C to +125°C) 3. Standard, Dash 2 code 4. MIL-STD-883B, Dash 8 code High-Temperature (0°C to +200°C) 5. Standard, Dash 1 code FREE WALL CHART! Harris multiplexers give you max performance. At competitive prices. And off-the-shelf delivery. For more examples of Harris technology at work, request your copy of the Harris Linear and Data Acquisition Products wall chart. Use the Harris Hot Line, or write to: Harris Semiconductor Products Division, Box 883, Melbourne, Florida 32901. ON THE HORIZON Exciting Harris Semiconductor Product Now in Development HI-529 Low-Level Multiplexer HARRIS HOT LINE! 1-800-528-6050, Ext. 455 In Arizona: 1-800-352-0458, Ext. 455 Call toll-free (except Hawaii & Alaska) for phone number of your nearby Harris sales office, authorized distributor or expedited literature service. Or check your IC MASTER for complete product listing and specifications. Introducing 100 MHz clock rates. The word's getting around faster than ever. Introducing the RS-680. You probably think it's enough just to be the electronic industry's first 100 MHz digital signal generator. But the RS-680 is also the industry's first stand-alone, 8-channel parallel programmable timing generator capable of operating with 10 ns resolution. And the first 16-channel parallel programmable data generator capable of operating at 50 MHz rates. It will generate even the most complex timing waveforms (perfect for checking out sophisticated IC's). And it has 50 ohm outputs for both ECL and TTL levels. Use it as a bench instrument. Use it within an ATE system as a synchronizer, modulator, trigger or gating generator. Finally, there's one instrument that does it all. With speed. With power. And with innovative circuitry that combines ECL, MOS and Bipolar technologies for the best of all three worlds. How do you get one, two, four, eight or sixteen channel operations with up to a maximum of 4,096 bits? Use the RS-680 as a word generator. How do you get up to 256 states on up to eight simultaneous channels with resolution as low as 10 ns for each state's period? Use the RS-680 as a timing simulator. Use it in continuous, single cycle, burst (up to 4,096 cycles) or single step word modes. Trigger it automatically or manually. The new Interface RS-680. Call for our new detailed brochure. That's the fastest way to get more words. A Dynatech Company • 150 East Arrow Highway • San Dimas, California 91773 • (714) 599-0848 • TWX: 910-581-3847 Circle 701 on reader service card For lowering your interconnection costs... Molex has the answer. The Molex KK® modular interconnecting system has helped companies throughout the world lower their assembly testing and servicing costs with our system of "building blocks" which can be used to create thousands of different configurations thereby allowing each user to build a system that is precisely suited to any application on .100" (2.54mm), .156" (3.56mm), .200" (5.08mm) and .098" (2.5mm) centers. Eleven basic components are all that are needed to handle all your P.C. interconnection needs: cable-to-board, parallel, perpendicular, board-to-chassis and board-to-component. Illustrated here are examples of typical applications, configurations and components. The KK® .100" (2.54mm) system consists of .025" (0.6mm) pins; right-angle, straight and polarized wafers; both crimp-type and P.C. board mount female connector housings and crimp or solder tail terminals; all featuring the Molex patented dual-cantilever terminal system. Non-flammable, 94 V-O material is used in all KK® .100 connector housing and wafer bases. To complement this system, Molex has developed the fastest and most economical pinsetting equipment in the industry. Our patented equipment can offer single or multiple pinsetting capabilities like the unique Molex honeycomb, vibratory system which can set 12,000 pins in only 3 minutes. If you have a need for low cost interconnection systems or pinsetting equipment, just ask us. Molex has the answer. For more complete information on the Molex KK® Systems, call or write: Molex Incorporated, 2222 Wellington Court, Lisle, Illinois 60532 (312) 969-4550 CANTILEVER DESIGN ASSURES UNIFORM CONTACT PRESSURE NEC recently unveiled an ultra-large general purpose computer called the SYSTEM1000. At present, it is the largest commercially available computer in the world. The SYSTEM1000 was developed to meet increasing needs for large-scale processing in on-line data base systems, engineering calculations and communications networks. NEC SYSTEM1000 has a 64MB main memory, and a 128KB cache memory. No other commercial computer can match these figures for main memory, cache memory and processing speed. To develop the SYSTEM1000, NEC made full use of its advanced LSI technology. The SYSTEM1000 incorporates high-speed logic LSIs, 64-kilobit/chip high-density MOS LSI memories, and LSI high-density packages with up to 60 chips mounted directly on a multilayered substrate. A special feature of the SYSTEM1000 is a very large data array address function which gives direct access to a volume of data as large as 1 gigabyte by using a virtual memory. The execution processing unit incorporates an integrated array processor which can work out large-scale vector and matrix calculations very quickly. As of November 17, 1980. SWEDEN TESTS 140MB DIGITAL MICROWAVE SYSTEM The Swedish Telecommunications Administration is conducting field tests on an NEC-supplied two-hop 6.8GHz 8-phase 140MB digital microwave system. NEC is currently the world's only supplier of this type of system which features the highest bit rate recommended by the CCIR. The system transmits CEPT hierarchy 140Mbps digital signals, using an 8-phase PSK modulation system, over the radio frequency band ranging from 6,430MHz to 7,110MHz. The digital capacity is equivalent to 1,920 PCM telephone channels. The transmitter-receiver may also be used in analogue service with a capacity equivalent to 2,700 FDM telephone channels. The system will be put into commercial use in the public telephone network next year after testing is completed. NEC has also received orders for the system from Denmark and Switzerland. Many other European countries are taking great interest in the 6.8GHz 8-PSK 140Mbps digital system. RECORD INCOME AND SALES IN FISCAL 1980 NEC celebrated its 80th anniversary by setting new records for both income and sales in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1980. On a consolidated basis, sales and other income for 1980 rose to ¥879.31 billion ($4.03 billion), a gain of 9 percent over the previous year. Net income climbed to ¥14.62 billion ($67.1 million), an increase of 85 percent. All four of NEC's major product lines recorded impressive growth in sales, with Telecommunications up 9 percent, Electronic Data Processing and Industrial Electronic Systems up 19 percent, Electron Devices up 35 percent and Consumer Electronics up 26 percent. Sales from international operations increased by 24 percent, despite a generally adverse international business environment. To strengthen its international operations, NEC set up a new company in Brazil for the production of electronic switching systems, and a plant in the U.S. for assembly of domestic satellite communications earth station systems. In addition, marketing networks were expanded in both the U.K. and the U.S. (In this article, ¥218=US$1.) NEW FAMILY OF MINI ICs To meet the need for smaller, more highly-integrated package ICs, NEC has begun marketing a new mini IC which is only 1/8 the size of standard package products. The new package IC family is called the "Mini Flat Package Linear Series". It is offered in two types—one with 8 pins, the other with 14 pins. Dimensions with the pins not included are 4.4 x 5.0mm for the 8-pin devices, and 4.4 x 10.0mm for the 14-pin products. Both types are a mere 1.5mm thick; pin pitch is 1.27mm, just half that of standard products. The new ICs will be used in communications equipment, household appliances and consumer products. They will act as general purpose operational amplifiers or circuit modules in hybrid ICs. THICK FILM - Custom-designed Hybrid Integrated Circuits and resistor networks, for professional, industrial and consumer applications - Custom-designed resistive strips, with linear or non-linear tracks - Technical assistance by expert engineers - Rapid completion of design and production cycles, for small, medium and large quantity runs - Computerized production, testing and control systems MASS PRODUCED QUALITY LES A NEOHM NEOHM SpA - 10040 LEINI' (Tc) ITALY Tel.: 9669553-664 Tx: 210577 Milan Office: Tel. 4895841-4980855 NEOHM U.K. - Oldham - Lancashire Tel.: 6240261-6249261 Tx: 666060 AUSTRIA - Rieger GmbH ☎ 734684 - Wien BELGIUM - Regulation Mesure S.P.R.L. ☎ 7712220 - Bruxelles DENMARK - Tage Olsen A/S ☎ 02-658111 - Ballerup EASTERN EUROPE (Bulgaria - Czechoslovakia - DDR - Hungary - Poland - Rumania) - Astech GmbH ☎ 7721842 - Berlin FINLAND - Oy E. Friis & Mikkelsen Ab ☎ 90-327722 - Helsinki FRANCE - Teklimex S.A. ☎ 3556300 - Paris EGYPT - El-Busheir Co. Ltd ☎ 470000 - Cairo FUTUR IDEAS S.A. - Rue de Nangisson - Marne-la-Vallee 6577055 - Malakoff (Paris) HOLLAND - Ritro Electronics B.V. ☎ 023-50-5041 - Baarn ITALY - Adelsy SpA ☎ 4524651/2/3/4/5 - Milano Marcucci ☎ 576414-7386051 - Milano G.B.C. ☎ 6198391 - Cinselito Balsamo Adelsy sas ☎ 540150 - Bologna Libra srl ☎ 914244 - Falconara Marittima (An) F. Piroli srl - Firma Cardella ☎ 54000 - Pescara Pantronic ☎ 328048-3275495 - Roma Libra srl ☎ 4850-450061 - S. Lazzaro di Savena (Bo) Carter SpA ☎ 501665 - Torino Dis.el srl ☎ 735981 - Torino JUGOSLAVIA - Mereka ☎ 4222-82106 - Klagenfurt Austria SOUTH AFRICA - Joseph Teng Co. (Pty) Ltd - Johannesburg HISPANO ELECTRONICA ☎ 6194180 - Madrid SWEDEN - Abaco Ab ☎ 08-7300759 - Solna SWITZERLAND - Promoles AG ☎ 6100 - Lotzibl UNITED KINGDOM - Distronic Ltd ☎ 32947 - Harlow / Essex Electrosure Ltd - Coventry - West Midlands / Phoenix Electronics Ltd ☎ 055583-2393 - Lanarkshire - Scotland / Radio Resistor Co. Ltd ☎ 0462-54072 - Hitchin - Herts / VeroSpeed ☎ 0703618525 - Eastleigh - Hants VLSI tester is highly modular 40-MHz general-purpose semiconductor test system, the first of a series, eases investment through modular hardware, software by Richard W. Comerford, Test, Measurement & Control Editor Brian Sear and the group of experienced automatic test equipment engineers he heads at GenRad have seen the time ripening for a new generation of test systems capable of testing the very large-scale integrated circuits that are and will be emerging in the 1980s. Now, following a year's monumental effort, Sear's group, known as GenRad Semiconductor Test Inc. [Electronics, Feb. 14, 1980, p. 14], is introducing the first of a series of semiconductor test systems. One of the more powerful units in the planned series, the GR 16 tests VLSI devices at cycle rates as high as 40 MHz. It is self-testing and calibrates itself automatically (calibration is maintained for up to 8 hours between automatic calibrations); these features are crucial to full utilization of the system, which has a base price that is set at $480,000. But the system's most important feature, dictated by the past experiences of both users and manufacturers, is the highly modular architecture that allows it to cope with changing requirements. The GR 16 carries the concept of modularity to a higher level than has previously been seen in test systems; it is modular physically and functionally, in hardware—from test pin to card to cabinet—as well as software. The four basic functional blocks of the tester are the computing system, the functional test system, the test-head assembly, and the user interface. The first of these, the computing system, has a unique architecture that permits very large programs to be managed at high speeds. It consists of two basic segments: the central processing unit and a special controller for the test procedures. The GR 16's CPU is a standard PDP-11/34 working under Digital Equipment Corp.'s RSX-11M operating system. The basic system has 128-K words of main memory, two 0.5-megabyte floppy disks, and 5 megabytes each of fixed and removable hard-disk storage. The large amount of storage should prove particularly useful if the buyer chooses options allowing the system to work with a host computer or the GRnet network. The CPU communicates and controls the test system's user interfaces. One or two interfaces can be provided, as well as two more stations for programmers. Programmers can write and edit test programs in the background while tests are being run in the foreground. But the CPU's major function is to share Tell it and forget it... ...the new CY500 stored program stepper motor controller runs its own program, freeing your host computer for other jobs. No more one-pulse, one-step operation requiring your host computer to tie itself up with a stepper motor. Now Cybernetic Micro Systems brings you a function-oriented, stored program stepper motor controller that allows the user, or host computer, to program it and forget it... The CY500 executes 22 hi-level instructions, either in command mode or as a sequence of internally-stored commands, using single byte code such as 'P' for position, 'R' for rate, and 'S' for slope. Parameter values can be expressed in ASCII-decimal for keyboard programming or binary code from the host computer. Parallel asynchronous communication. The stored program capability allows the use of 'DO-WHILE' program looping and 'WAIT-UNTIL' operation. Ten different operational modes allow absolute or relative positioning, full- or half-step operation, hardware or software control of direction, start/stop, ... and many more. Numerous input and output control lines allow synchronizing the CY500 with external events or devices and allow each step to be triggered. Stepping rates up to 3500 steps/sec, the CY500 allows wide-range ramp-up, slew, and ramp-down operation, all under software control. Two interrupt lines request the host's attention if needed. This +5 volt N-MOS TTL-compatible controller is available from stock, today, for only $95.00. Contact Cybernetic Micro Systems. We want to see you program your stepper motor and then ... forget it. Cybernetic Micro Systems 445-203 South San Antonio Road Los Altos, California 94022 (415) 949-0666 (Use your MASTER CHARGE or VISA charge card) New products the running of test programs with the test procedure controller (TPC). The reason for this sharing, says the system's chief architect, Robert Albrow, is that "most minicomputers lack two essential ingredients for running test programs: memory and speed." Thus the GR 16 lets its CPU take care of the slower test plan (a definition of program flow, control, and input/output) and the TPC handles the fast, memory-intensive test procedure (as defined by the test plan instructions). The CPU communicates with the TPC through a Unibus and downloads compiled test procedures to the TPC's memory. The basic TPC memory can store 128-K words but is expandable; an additional four 32-K-word cards can be added and 128-K-word cards can be swapped for all eight 32-K-word cards. Able to accommodate a mix of such cards, the TPC provides a significant boost in test-program storage ability. High-speed bus. The TPC sends the functional test subsystem and the test-head assembly instructions by means of a special 64-bit high-speed bus. This bus forms a backplane that interconnects all the cabinets, or crates. Built using 100-MHz emitter-coupled logic, the bus distributes addresses and data to the appropriate elements of the system; 32-bit data words can be transferred to the functional subsystem or test-head registers at 5 MHz. The functional test system consists of six major elements: the test pattern processor, the test pattern generator-analyzers, the phase-timing system, the pin-control table, the test-pattern selector, and the digital drive and comparison system. These elements are interconnected with separate high-speed buses. The first three elements work to create and analyze the test pattern; a 125-MHz crystal-controlled oscillator in the phase-timing system provides 16 phases, each of which can have up to 16 timing sets selectable in real time (without dead time). The functional system architecture allows the generator-analyzers to be changed at will, and STI plans to provide special ones—dedicated to random-access- and read-only-memory and serial pattern generation for testing levelsensitive-scan devices—sometime this year. The pin-control table and the test-pattern selector work together to control pin functions at the device under test. Thus, with a 4-bit word, pin functions can be changed on the fly (at 40 MHz) letting the system test, for example, devices with multiplexed I/O schemes. A significant feature provided by the dual-processor arrangement is that it permits parallel testing. Since the high-speed data bus communicates with the test-head assembly as well as the functional system, ac functional tests, for example, can be carried out at one test head while the parametric measurement unit in another head performs parametric tests. "The addition of a second test head typically improves throughput by 50%," Albrow states. Two versions of the test-head assembly, each with a parametric measurement unit, are available, one with 96 pins and one with 48 pins, and both can be down-configured in 8-pin groups to meet users' needs. The pins handle the voltage levels needed for MOS, TTL, and ECL testing. For one shift (8 hours) following an automatic system calibration, time-measurement accuracy is to within ±1.0 ns under all conditions. By calibrating the system for an individual test program, accuracy within ±0.5 ns is achievable. Test programs are written using a version of Pascal with special structures added for testing. Thus users can transfer test programs to other test systems without rewriting as configurations change. The system comes with a test-language and test-pattern compiler, and software in the works includes a computer-aided-design translator package and a pattern converter to translate tests from other testers. Deliveries are scheduled to begin in April. A fully configured system, with dual heads and multiple programming stations, costs $950,000. GenRad Semiconductor Test Inc., 2475 Augustine Dr., Santa Clara, Calif. 95051. Phone (408) 496-0900 [338] SYSTEMS FLEXIBILITY Because you want it. Measurement, Source and Multiplexing Solutions for Your Systems Requirements Not all systems requirements are the same. That's why Data Precision offers you a choice of instruments encompassing a wide selection of features, options and specifications. All accomplished without those burdensome customizing costs you're so familiar with. Measurement requirements can be met with a choice of 4½ and 5½ digit multimeters with basic accuracies of .007% and conversion speeds from 2½ measurements/sec. up to 1000/sec. with full 5½ digit resolution. You can choose a dedicated DVM or full function instruments with multiple ratio measurement. Programming can be accomplished through BCD, IEEE-488 or RS232 and resistance measured with either 2 or 4 wire. You can purchase only what you need now and extend your instrument's capability with field installable options later. Source requirements, both voltage and current, can be met with our programmable calibrator which will generate a different voltage or current level every millisecond (including settling time). Accuracy is 10ppm for voltage and 100ppm for current with outputs of ±100nV to ±100V and ±1µA to ±100mA. Capability can be extended with optional GPIB and ±1000V amplifier. Multiplexing requirements can be addressed with our 8/16 channel analog multiplexer with automatic, remote, manual and slave scanning modes at rates up to 10 channels/sec. Range is 1µV to 250V. For additional information or a demonstration contact Data Precision: (800) 343-8150, (800) 892-0528 in Massachusetts DATA PRECISION DIVISION OF ANALOGIC CORPORATION Data Precision Division of Analogic Corporation, Electronics Avenue, Danvers, MA 01923, (617) 246-1600, TELEX (0650) 921819. Circle #172 for additional information Circle #189 for demonstration the maturity that comes with experience, the strictness that science demands, the flair that comes from ideas. Experience, science, ideas - words that have become woven into the texture of SEPA since it first laid the foundations of its independence in the fields of hardware, software and systems engineering over twenty years ago. Today, SEPA designs, builds, installs and services systems renowned for their maximum reliability. The name SEPA, in fact, has come to stand for start-to-finish automation. And for intelligent, versatile automation as well. This is clear in all our achievements in a wide range of activities: industrial automation and instrumentation, the automation of services and utilities, marine automation, weapon systems, and the automation of power stations. You'll find it built into the next job we do for you - the next time you choose the experience, science and ideas that add up to SEPA. SEPA User size electronics SEPA - Società di Elettronica per l'Automazione S.p.A. Lungo Stura Lazio 45 - 10156 Torino (Italy) - Tel. (011) 262.3333 (5 linee r.a.) - Telex 221527 Sepa I Since 1954, IWATSU Oscilloscopes have made a lasting contribution to R & D, to education, to production lines and many such areas as top-quality, reliable measuring instruments. Now, YOU can select from a wide variety of instruments in each of our product lines. GP-18 Universal Counters (up to 100 MHz) Frequency Counters (up to 550 MHz) Digital Multi Meters (photo: UC-7641) Function Generators (up to 10 MHz) Pulse Generator (50 MHz) (photo: FG-350) GP-18 Signal Analyzer SM-2100 FFT, ∫dt/dt, etc totally 31 analyses modes GP-18 Waveform Analyzer SAS-8130 (sampling: up to 12.4 GHz) GP-18 Digital Memory Scopes (photo: DMS-6430) GP-18 Digital Memories (up to 10 ns/word writing speed) photo: DM-7100 Mini Oscilloscopes field service use: (up to 50 MHz) photo: SS-3510 Oscilloscope SS-5121 (R & D use: 100 MHz) Oscilloscope SS-5421 (R & D use: 350 MHz) Austria: Universal Elektronik Import GmbH 54 15 88 ■ Chile: Importadora Janssen Y Cia. Ltda. 72 3956 ■ Colombia: Intertel Ltda. Denmark: HH Electronic aps (03) 28 38 41 ■ England: ITT Instrument Service 0279 29522 ■ Finland: Oy Etra AB 780 122 ■ Italy: Radial Spl (02) 213.30.56 ■ Netherlands: Klaasing Electronics BV 01620-51400 ■ New Zealand: G.T.S. Engineering Ltd. 546-745 Norway: Solberg & Andersen A/S (02) 19 10 00 ■ Spain: Tempel SA 254 44 01 ■ Sweden: Teleinstrument AB 08/38 03 70 Switzerland: Dewald AG 01/45 13 00 ■ Venezuela: Alpi Promociones Industriales C.A. ■ West Germany: NBN Elektronik GmbH (0 81 52) 390 IWATSU ELECTRIC CO., LTD. ASAHISEIMEI BLDG., 2-1-3 NIHONBASHI, CHUO-KU, TOKYO, 103 JAPAN TELEX: J24225 TELEIWA World Radio History Circle 705 on reader service card Connector shopping for the very busy. One-stop shopping to save your valuable time. One source to solve your design problems. One name to remember: Amphenol® Connectors. Amphenol 48 Series Miniature Circular Connectors. Qualified to MIL-C-26500. Lightweight. Easy-assembly crimp-removable contacts. Front release. Bayonet or threaded couplings. Circle Reader Service Number 131 Amphenol 285 Series Modular Telephone Jacks. Mount on PC boards without adapters. 8-position keyed or non-keyed, or 6-position (4 or 6 contacts). Ring or spade lugs. PC tails or stripped ends. Circle Reader Service Number 126 Amphenol FCP-type BNC Plugs and Jacks. Assemble faster, easier than standard BNC's. Only three parts (not six) to assemble. No special tools. Trim coax, solder center contacts, and slide parts together. For RG-58/59U and 62U cable. Circle Reader Service Number 127 Amphenol 223 Series Tiny Tim® Connectors. For potted-in or surface-mounted circuits, or for microminiature rack-and-panel, cable-to-cable, or cable-to-panel. Five to 33 contacts, polycarbonate or nylon bodies. Circle Reader Service Number 128 Amphenol 57 Series Micro Ribbon® Connectors. For telephony and EDP. High-contact density (14 to 64). Protective polarized shell. Circle Reader Service Number 129 Amphenol 157 Series Micro-Pierce® Connectors. Fast, solderless termination in factory or field. Portable, easy-to-use termination tools. Intermateable with currently used connectors in telephony or EDP. Circle Reader Service Number 130 Amphenol 801 Series Fiber Optic Connectors. Up to 8 individual channels. Low insertion loss. Environmentally sealed. Speedy rear insertion/rear removal. Adaptable to multi-fiber bundles. Optional strain-relief mechanism. Circle Reader Service Number 132 Amphenol 97 Series Standard Circular Connectors. Time-tested, highly reliable. Non-rotating, pre-aligned contacts. Rugged, with diallyl phthalate inserts and molded barriers between each contact. Circle Reader Service Number 133 Amphenol 225 Series Printed Circuit Connectors. Low contact resistance. Slotted bellows or folded-ribbon solder-type contacts. Low-friction mating for repeated insertion and withdrawals. Rugged, one-piece bodies. Wide range of contact positions and terminations. Circle Reader Service Number 134 Amphenol 221 Series Strip Connectors. Low-cost miniatures. High contact density. And you can cut and/or stack them to almost any shape. Circle Reader Service Number 135 For more information, technical data, dimensions and prices, contact your nearest Amphenol North America sales office or distributor. AMPHENOL NORTH AMERICA A Division of Bunker Ramo Corporation Amphenol North America Division Headquarters: Oak Brook, Illinois 60521 Sales Offices: Atlanta (404) 394-6298 • Boston (617) 475-7055 • Chicago (312) 986-2330 • Dallas (214) 343-8420 • Dayton (513) 294-0461 Denver (303) 934-2355 • Greensboro (919) 292-9273 • Houston (713) 444-4096 • Indianapolis (317) 842-3245 • Kansas City (816) 737-3937 Knoxville (615) 690-6765 • Los Angeles (213) 649-5015 • Minneapolis (612) 835-4595 • New York (516) 364-2270 • Orlando (305) 647-5504 Philadelphia (215) 732-1427 • Phoenix (602) 265-3227 • St. Louis (314) 569-2277 • San Diego (714) 272-5451 • San Francisco (408) 732-8990 Seattle (206) 455-5525 • Syracuse (315) 455-5786 • Washington, DC (703) 524-8700 Toronto (416) 291-4401 • Vancouver (604) 276-7636 • International: Oak Brook, Illinois TELEX 206-054 Canada: Montreal (514) 482-5520 • Toronto (416) 291-4401 • Vancouver (604) 276-7636 • International: Oak Brook, Illinois TELEX 206-054 Distributors: ALABAMA Hall-Mark Electronics Corp. Huntsville (205) 837-8700 ARIZONA Celec Maltronics Phoenix (602) 272-1951 Wyle Distribution Group Phoenix (602) 249-7232 CALIFORNIA Celec Maltronics Santa Ana (714) 773-5251 Kernco Electronics Los Angeles (213) 478-532 Wyle Distribution Group El Segundo (310) 321-100 Celec Maltronics San Diego (714) 278-4010 Kierulf Electronics San Diego (714) 278-11 Wyle Distribution Group San Diego (714) 278-11 Celer Maltronics San Jose (408) 933-177 Bell Industries Irvine/Anaheim (714) 458-5610 WESTERN ELECTRONIC SPECIALISTS (408) 727-7411 Wyle Distribution Group San Jose (408) 727-2500 Schweber Electronics Pomona (714) 556-3980 COLORADO Newark Electronics Denver (303) 757-3351 Wyle Distribution Group Denver (303) 457-9963 CONNECTICUT Connecticut Company New Haven (203) 624-0127 Wyle Distribution Group Wallingford (203) 268-2911 FLORIDA Arrow Electronics Palm Bay (321) 783-1480 Kierulf Electronics Pensacola (850) 767-6666 Schweber Electronics Haines City (305) 927-0511 GEORGIA Arrow Electronics Nashville (404) 449-8252 ILLINOIS Bell Industries Chicago (312) 582-9210 Newark Electronics Chicago (312) 638-4411 Schweber Electronics Palatine (312) 359-1599 Schweber Electronics Elk Grove Village (312) 359-1599 Klaus Radio, Inc. Peoria (309) 691-4840 INDIANA Graham Electronic Supply Indianapolis (317) 625-8202 Cambridge Electronics South Bend (219) 261-2911 KANSAS Wyle Aircraft Wichita (316) 838-1421 MARYLAND Arrow Electronics Baltimore (301) 220-2222 Hall-Mark Electronics Baltimore (301) 220-2000 Pioneer Electronics Gaithersburg (301) 576-0710 MASSACHUSETTS Kierulf Electronics Bellingham (617) 935-5134 Schweber Electronics Bedford (617) 276-8100 Schweber Electronics Burlington (617) 276-8100 Industrial Components Corp. N. Wilbraham (413) 588-8584 Gerber Electronics Norwood (617) 769-6000 MICHIGAN RS Electronics Livonia (313) 525-1165 Wedemeyer Electronic Supply Ann Arbor (313) 761-6511 MINNESOTA Arrow Electronics Edina (612) 830-1800 Newark Electronics West Bloomfield (516) 334-7474 Simcon Electronics Corp. Richfield (716) 328-3230 MISSOURI Walters Radio Supply, Inc. Kansas City (816) 291-0015 Olive Industrial Electronics, Inc. St. Louis (314) 499-1000 NEW JERSEY Schweber Electronics Fairfield (201) 227-7880 Wylie Electronics Clifton (201) 340-1900 Radio Electric Service Co. Paramus (201) 975-6100 NEW YORK Harve Electronics, Inc. Binghamton (607) 748-8211 Green Machine Parts Co., Inc. Buffalo (716) 873-0661 Summit Distributors Buffalo (716) 884-3460 Schweber Electronics Farmingdale (617) 935-5134 Progress Electronics Co. Plattsburgh (516) 334-7474 Schweber Electronics West Bloomfield (516) 334-7474 Simcon Electronics Corp. Richfield (716) 328-3230 NORTH CAROLINA Arrow Electronics Wilmington (919) 768-8711 OHIO Schuster Electric Co. Cincinnati (513) 489-1400 Pioneer Electronics Cleveland (216) 587-0600 Schweber Electronics Beachwood (216) 291-2970 Pioneer Electronics Dayton (513) 226-9900 OKLAHOMA Electro Enterprises Oklahoma City (405) 478-1052 OREGON Bell Industries Portland (503) 241-4115 PENNSYLVANIA Almo Electronics Corp. Pittsburgh (215) 698-4000 Wyle Distribution Group Montgomeryville (215) 291-1515 CAM-RPC Industries Pittsburgh (412) 394-3770 TEXAS Hamilton/Avnet Electronics Irving (214) 659-4111 WASHINGTON Bell Industries Bellevue (206) 453-8300 TEXAS Hamilton/Avnet Electronics Irving (214) 659-4111 CANADA Distributors in major cities Published by Electronics magazine... Books of special interest to our readers Applying Microprocessors Reprinted from Electronics, completes the EE's transition from the old methods of electronic design to microprocessor engineering. Pub. 1977, 191 pp. Order #R-701, $9.95 Basics of Data Communications This compilation of essential articles from Data Communications magazine includes chapters on terminals, acoustic couplers and modems, communications processors, networking, channel performance, data link controls, network diagnostics, interfaces, and regulations and policy. Pub. 1976, 303 pp. Order #R-603, $12.95 Circuits for Electronics Engineers Almost 350 circuits arranged by 51 of the most useful functions for designers. Taken from the popular "Designer's Casebook" of Electronics, these circuits have been designed by engineers for the achievement of specific engineering objectives. Pub. 1977, 396 pp. Order #R-711, $15.95 Design Techniques for Electronics Engineers Expert guidance at every point in the development of an engineering project—making measurements, interpreting data, making calculations, choosing materials, controlling environment, laying out and purchasing components, and interconnecting them swiftly and accurately. Nearly 300 articles from Electronics "Engineer's Notebook." Pub. 1977, 370 pp. Order #R-726, $15.95 Microelectronics Interconnection and Packaging Up-to-date articles from Electronics include sections on lithography and processing for integrated circuits, thick- and thin-film hybrids, printed-circuit-board technology, automatic wiring technology, IC packages and connectors, environmental factors affecting interconnections and packages, computer-aided design, and automatic testing. Pub. 1980, 320 pp. Order #R-927, $12.95 FREE Brochure describes Electronics' editorial reprints, services, books. For free copy, check the coupon in this ad or circle #275 on the reader service card. Large Scale Integration As published in Electronics, covers the entire range of design applications in sections on bipolar LSI, MOS LSI, new devices, system design, computer-aided design, testing, and applications. Pub. 1976, 208 pp. Order #R-602, $9.95 Memory Design: Microcomputers to Mainframes The technology, devices, and applications that link memory components and system design. How to apply the new technology to meet specific design goals. Edited from the pages of Electronics. Pub. 1978, 180 pp. Order #R-732, $12.95 Microprocessors The basic book on microprocessor technology for the design engineer. Published in 1975, articles are drawn from Electronics. 150 pp. Order #R-520, $8.95 Personal Computing: Hardware and Software Basics More than 50 articles from leading publications give you up-to-date information on personal computing hardware, software, theory, and applications. Pub. 1979, 266 pp. Order #R-903, $11.95 Practical Applications of Data Communications: A User's Guide Articles from Data Communications magazine cover architecture and protocols, data-link performance, distributed data processing, software, data security, testing and diagnostics, communications processors, and digitized-voice and data-plus-voice. Pub. 1980, 424 pp. Order #R-005, $13.95 Order today using this coupon! \| Electronics Magazine Books \| \|---------------------------\| \| P.O. Box 669 \| \| Hightstown, NJ 08520 \| \| Tel. (609) 448-1700, ext. 5494 \| \| Order # \| Qty. \| Price \| \|---------\|------\|-------\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| Total $________ Name _______________________________________________________ Title ______________________________________________________ Company _________________________________________________ Street/P.O. address _________________________________________ City/ state/ zip ____________________________________________ Payment enclosed (payment must accompany orders under $25) Bill my company (or attach company Purchase Order) Bill me Send a free copy of the Electronics Editorial Reprints brochure. Ten-day money-back guarantee applies on all books. EL A variety of recording options with flexible data analysis later The TEAC SR-50 and SR-30 are among the most flexible data recorders available, with an incredible ability to match themselves to your particular application. When recording, choose between widebandwidth FM, intermediate-bandwidth FM, and optional DR formats. Then choose one of seven switchable speeds. You'll be able to select the optimum tradeoff between signal-to-noise ratio, frequency response and recording time per reel. A full 14 channels (7 with the SR-30), bi-directional recording, auto calibration and a whole range of optional, plug-in modules and accessories including a transport sequencer and a track sequencer further increase the possibilities. When it comes time to analyze your data, take advantage of the sophisticated search-for-ID and search-by-tape-counter functions to easily locate and process selected portions of the tape. Using the optional GPIB interface, you can connect the SR-50 or SR-30 to your computer system, allowing analysis of recorded data by the computer with full computer control of all transport functions. The powerful SR-50 and SR-30. Flexibility to handle any job you can come up with. Fast 16-K static RAM tolerates faults 55-ns RAM is made with double-polysilicon process, has three redundant rows to raise yield and polyimide to fight alphas by Bruce LeBoss, San Francisco regional bureau manager A high-speed 16,384-bit static random-access memory from Intel is neither the first, fastest, densest, nor least-power-consuming of its ilk. Nonetheless, the arrival of the long-awaited 2167 is a milestone inasmuch as the 16-k-by-1-bit RAM exploits no fewer than three of the latest processing techniques that point the way toward increased availability of complex chips at reasonable cost. Offering four times the density of industry-standard 2147 4-k-by-1-bit static RAMs, plus lower power consumption per bit, the 2167 is the first Intel device to be fabricated using the firm's proprietary double-polysilicon H-MOS II (high-performance n-channel MOS) technology. Some earlier process changes simply shrank geometries, decreasing channel lengths and gate oxide thickness. The double-polysilicon H-MOS II process instead locates a second layer of polysilicon, containing two resistor loads, above the basic four-transistor cell, nearly halving cell dimensions (for a cell area of 1.6 mil$^2$) and thus quadrupling density. Additionally, the 2167 and a simultaneously introduced 64-k dynamic RAM (the 2164) are the first Intel products to use redundant designs [Electronics, Dec. 4, p. 108]. "The 2167 chip contains three extra memory rows not needed for basic functions," according to Kirk F. MacKenzie, strategic marketing manager for Intel's Memory Components division in Aloha, Ore. "If a defect is discovered when a chip is tested, a faulty row is replaced with a redundant row. The result is six to seven times the yield of error-free devices, which leads to improved delivery and availability." Those benefits far outweigh the fact that the redundant circuitry increases die size approximately 6%, for a total of 42,400 mil$^2$, MacKenzie continues. Had Intel not used redundant circuitry, the 2167's die size would have been about 39,900 mil$^2$, still somewhat larger than Inmos Corp.'s IMS1400 and other 16-k static RAMs that are beginning to surface [Electronics, Oct. 23, p. 135]. However, as much as a 3% increase in die area from that of the original samples of the 2167 is due to the addition of polyimide tape die coats intended to reduce soft-error rates caused by alpha particles. By using the measured flux of less than 0.002 alpha particle/cm$^2$/h and accelerated testing, Intel estimates the 2167's soft error rate to be less than 0.01% per 1,000 hours, or nearly an order of magnitude better than uncoated 2167s. This final version of the 2167 further guards against alpha-particle-induced errors by adding gate capacitance to the two driver transistors in each cell. This effectively adds capacitance from the polysilicon resistors to ground, thus damping transient energy surges induced in the load resistors. The capacitance slightly increases die area but does not degrade performance. Primarily because of the redundant circuitry, the 2167 pays the penalty of a small access-time slowdown (approximately 8%) and an even smaller power increase (about 3%). Nonetheless, the 16-k-by-1-bit static RAM maintains the 2147's 55-ns maximum access time, which is also comparable to the access time of the IMS1400 [Electronics, Dec. 4, p. 22]. Its high speed, coupled with the fourfold increase in density, MacKenzie says, makes the 2167 "well suited for current 2147 high-speed mainframe and minicomputer applications, such as main memory, buffer, and cache." The 2167's 20-pin dual in-line package also means savings in board space over memories housed in 24-pin packages. In all, the 2167 will be offered in four speed and power combinations. They include: a 2167-55 having a maximum access time of 55 ns, a maximum active current of 125 mA, and a maximum of 40 mA standby; DIP, SIP and chip networks and discretes for virtually any resistor needs. Allen-Bradley can satisfy most—if not all—of your fixed resistor needs. Networks and discretes. Thin film, thick film and carbon composition. Standards where you expect customs. Examples: Our I-DIP cermet networks are available in 542 stock configurations. Our discrete carbon composition resistors are available in custom high ohmic values at a million megohms in standard small body sizes. Write for technical information today. \| RESISTOR TYPE \| RESISTANCE RANGE \| POWER RATING \| TOLERANCE \| TCR \| \|---------------\|------------------\|--------------\|-----------\|-----\| \| Carbon Comp \| 1 ohm to 100 megs (custom to 1 million megs) \| ½W to 4W @ +70°C \| ±5% to ±20% \| Typically less than 250 PPM/°C from +15°C to +75°C \| \| I-DIPs \| 22 ohms to 1 meg (customs for other values) \| 100 to 500 mW per resistor @ +70°C \| ±1%, ±2% \| ±100 and ±200 PPM/°C \| \| I-SIPs \| 22 ohms to 1 meg (customs for other values) \| 125 to 500 mW per resistor at +70°C \| ±2% or ±1 ohm whichever is greater \| ±100 PPM/°C \| \| Chips \| 50 ohms to 10 megs \| 10 to 250 mW per resistor at +125°C \| as low as ±.015% \| ±25 PPM/°C \| Quality in the best tradition. ALLEN-BRADLEY Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204 World Radio History Circle 197 on reader service card The biographies of 5,240 of your colleagues... Profiles the Top Management of Major Electronics Firms throughout the World—and more This is the only reference devoted solely to biographies of the most influential people in electronics: corporate executives...technical managers...designers and developers of important products and processes...government and military officials...academics...editors and publishers...securities analysts...directors of trade and professional groups...and consultants. McGraw-Hill’s Leaders in Electronics Prepared by the Staff of Electronics 651 pages As easy to read as any professional publication in electronics With LEADERS IN ELECTRONICS on your bookshelf, you no longer have to search through many different sources for biographical data on your colleagues. What’s more, you don’t have to strain your eyes reading minuscule type, nor do you have to waste valuable time trying to decipher seemingly endless paragraphs of abbreviations. Boldface type spotlights the various information categories so that you can scan entries rapidly to pinpoint what you need. Unique convenience feature...Index of biographees by affiliation A special 80-page index lists individual organizations alphabetically, complete with the names and titles of top employees. By looking up the names in the general biography listing, you can get a complete profile of the organization’s top management in a matter of minutes. Plus an easy-access listing of independent consultants in every electronics specialty. New products and 2167L-70, 70 ns, 90 mA active, and 30 mA standby. The power dissipation figures range from 495 to 687 mW active and from 165 to 220 mW standby, operating from a +5-v power supply. Less power. Users who upgrade to the 2167 will markedly reduce their power consumption per bit, MacKenzie claims. For example, when compared with four standard 55-ns 2147s, the 2167 uses 83% less active power and 67% less standby power. The power-down feature maintains RAM operating speed and system data throughput and, he points out, does not require clocking or complex power-switching techniques. Unlike other classes of MOS RAMs, the 2167 requires no clocks or timing strobes. Its fully static operation and identical access cycle times ensure the highest system data throughput available at these access times, MacKenzie claims. What’s more, the 2167’s inputs and outputs are TTL-compatible and are unlatched to ensure simple static timing. No address setup and hold timings are needed. Intel will soon be supplying samples of a 4-K-by-4-bit 2168 static RAM that will represent an upgrade choice for its own 2148 and 2114 1-K-by-4-bit devices. It will also be housed in a 20-pin DIP and have maximum access times ranging from 55 to 100 ns, and 180 and 30 mA active and standby current, respectively. Second-quarter 1981 availability is planned. The 2167 will be available in quantity later this quarter. U.S. prices for the 2167-70 are $68.55 each in quantities of 100. There is a premium of about 3% for faster and lower-power members of the family and about a 15% discount for the slower device. Also available this quarter will be a CM-92 memory module, a board that incorporates the 2167 into Intel’s series 90 family of memory systems. Priced at $5,655 each in quantities of 10, the CM-92 is targeted for general-purpose computer applications. Intel Corp. 3065 Bowers Ave., Santa Clara, Calif. 95051. Phone (408) 987-8080 [339] If it needs monitoring, it needs Racal Recorders. Accuracy without reliability can be worse than useless. Which is why it's essential to choose a recorder you can really depend on. VERSATILITY Instrumentation recorders in the Racal Recorders Store range are already in worldwide use in fields as varied as medicine, oil drilling and automotive research, and in applications as demanding as the monitoring of stress and vibration in aero-engines or as vital as the logging of a baby's heartbeat. RELIABILITY And the Store range's reliability is second to none. Available with 4, 7 or 14 tracks, all models are fully portable and incorporate the latest advances in magnetic tape recording technology to give unrivalled performance under the most stringent environmental conditions. For full details of the Racal Recorders Store range, send off the coupon today. I'm interested in reliable monitoring. Please: - [ ] send me full details of the Store range of instrumentation recorders - [ ] phone me to arrange an appointment - [ ] arrange a demonstration on my own premises Name ____________________________________________ Position __________________________________________ Company __________________________________________ Address ___________________________________________ Tel: _______________________________________________ Racal Recorders Limited, Hardley Industrial Estate, Hythe, Southampton, Hampshire SO4 6ZH. Tel: (0703) 843265 Telex: 47600 Electronics / January 13, 1981 Now you can design an integrated circuit. Let Exar show you how Semi-Custom works. Exar's Semi-Custom program lets you create custom integrated circuits for your products. At a fraction of the cost of full custom. In just a few short weeks. Bipolar, I²L and CMOS Master-Chips™ Our partially-fabricated linear or digital Master-Chips have the components you need already in place, but uncommitted. You design the final interconnections to fit your requirements. We supply a Design Kit, a comprehensive Design Manual, layout worksheets for the interconnection mask, and the people to show you how easy it is—even if you've never designed an integrated circuit. Working from your layout, we etch the Master-Chip's final layers and fabricate your semi-custom ICs in any volume you need. Your ICs are produced in-house under our stringent quality controls. Each one is 100% tested. Cut your product costs. Replacing discrete components with semi-custom ICs reduces your board size, your component inventory, and your labor costs. And you design a proprietary product your competitors can't copy. Go to full custom later. As your product matures and volume increases, we can convert your semi-custom chip to a full-custom IC, reducing chip size, saving money, and often providing added performance. Add our design talent to yours. Our IC expertise is yours for the asking. Let us help you get to market faster with the most competitive product possible. We have representatives in all major U.S. cities to assist you. Call us today. Learn more about Semi-Custom. - Please send me my 40-page data book, "Semi-Custom IC Design Programs." Name __________________________ Title __________________________ Company __________________________ Street __________________________ City/State/Zip __________________________ Phone __________________________ My application is: __________________________ Exar, 750 Palomar Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 732-7970 Master-Chip is a trademark of Exar Integrated Systems, Inc. For semi-custom, custom or standard integrated circuits . . . Exar has the answer. Who stole page 39? This whodunit happens all the time. By the time the office copy of Electronics Magazine gets to your name on the routing slip, a page is missing. Or maybe the reader service cards. Or an entire article has been clipped. Sometimes you never get the magazine at all. Other times the magazine is (glory be!) intact. But dogeared. Or otherwise abused. Or at the very least, you get it late. O.K., we'll grant that a second-hand, third-hand, or maybe seventh-hand copy of Electronics is better than none. But it's no substitute for the copy that comes directly to you—to your home if you wish—with up-to-the-minute news and information of the technology in this fast-moving field. To get your very own subscription to Electronics send in a subscription card from this magazine. And if they are missing, write to subscription department, Electronics, McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. Electronics Magazine. The one worth paying for. A New Page has been Added to 100MHz Oscilloscope History! NEW 4 Channel 8 Trace Display 100MHz 4 Channel Oscilloscope CS-2100 Trio, known throughout the world for its responsiveness to the tough demands of oscilloscope users, has developed a 100MHz scope that is destined to change your thinking about 100MHz oscilloscopes. The compact, 100MHz CS-2100 offers 4 Channel/8 Trace display capability to solve even your trickiest display problems. The CS-2100 is the successful culmination of a development effort which sought to provide all the high frequency response and sensitivity demanded by today's state-of-the-art circuitry as well as a variety of features such as delayed, alternate and dual sweep display. The result of this effort is a full-feature 100MHz scope with designed-in solutions to your toughest problems. - Up to 1 mV/DIV sensitivity usable all the way to 100MHz - Sweep times to 2ns/DIV with x 10 magnification for easy viewing of the fastest signals - Unique 4 Channel/8 Trace display - Indispensable Delayed Sweep feature allows simultaneous viewing of the delayed sweep and the main sweep - Completely independent A and B Sweeps for easy viewing of signals of widely different frequencies - 50Ω input impedance is selectable for observing fast pulses or signals on 50Ω lines without the need for bothersome terminations - Independently adjustable main and delayed sweep intensity - 16kV of accelerating potential and Auto-focus for a clear bright display - Electronic switching and panel set-up memory - Compact 28.4cm(W) x 13.8cm(H) x 40.0cm(D) package weighs only 7.4kg for true portability - Power saving circuit requires only 56W and needs no cooling fan TRIO-KENWOOD CORPORATION Producer of world-renowned KENWOOD brand audio equipment. TEST INSTRUMENT DIV.: SHIONOGI SHIBUYA BLDG., 17-5, 2-CHOME, SHIBUYA, SHIBUYA-KU, TOKYO 150, JAPAN CABLE: TRIOINSTRUMENT TOKYO TELEX 242-3446 TRITES World Radio History Circle 708 on reader service card Accu-plate is a perfect match for our newest achievement in time-saving backplane connectors—the AMP PACE (Pre-Assembled Card Edge) connector. It puts a plating of nickel on the high-wear ramp, gold on the final contact and tin-lead on wrap-type posts. Introducing Accu-plate—the precision plating that gives reliability you can afford. You’re looking at the latest advance in plating technology, Accu-plate. It’s the cost-effective way to use gold, palladium and a lot of other plating materials—without compromising reliability or performance. Accu-plate gives you precision never before obtainable. This precision even allows us to employ several platings on the same contact. We use gold precisely where other metals can’t perform as well. We can use tin-lead for solderability and nickel in high-wear areas. In other words, whichever plating performs best, Accu-plate enables us to put it in the right place. Nothing is wasted. You get a superior electrical contact at a price you can afford, and you are not faced with redesign costs. Want to gain the benefits of the best plating without excessive expense? Investigate Accu-plate. The Accu-plate plating line uses an advanced computer to precisely plate contacts on the surface area where it is actually needed. Where to telephone: Call the AMP Accu-plate Information Desk, (717) 780-8400. Where to write: AMP Incorporated, Harrisburg, PA 17105. AMP means productivity. Accu-plate puts a plus in AMP-Latch connectors for terminating ribbon cable and small-gauge discrete wires. It enables us to precisely plate the receptacle with gold and the insulation displacing V-slot area with tin-lead. Accu-plate does well for pin and socket connectors, too. We prestripe gold over nickel on unformed stock for sockets and tip-plate pins. Graphics system handles data base Dual-microprocessor design manipulates large high-precision color graphics data base to offload host computer by Linda Lowe, Boston bureau Computer-based systems incorporating interactive color graphics can expend a lot of their computing power on graphics-managing chores. The Graphics System 8000 raster color terminal from Lexidata eases the problem by offloading most of that work to its two internal microprocessors. One, Motorola's powerful 68000, with its 16 usable 32-bit instruction registers and 16-megabyte addressable range, can manage and manipulate a large, high-precision graphics data base. The other, a 12-bit bipolar bit-slice display processor built by Lexidata, controls the raster frame buffer, including raster conversion of vectors, circles, and filled areas. The 8000 operates with a wide range of popular 16- or 32-bit minicomputers via either direct-memory-access parallel interfaces or an optional RS-232 link. Loaded with between 64-K bytes and 1 megabyte of random-access memory (with error-checking and correction circuitry), the 8000 stores image data from the host computer and handles operator input and display output with minimal system interruption. Preprogrammed into about 60-K bytes of memory is a set of graphics-function instructions common to most interactive-graphics applications, freeing users to concentrate software development efforts elsewhere. Lexidata modeled these functions after those recently proposed as industry standards by the Association for Computing Machinery, says David L. Grabel, manager of application software development. It further extended them to meet the particular capabilities of raster graphics and to respond to the needs of highly interactive computer-aided-design systems, he adds. Its native intelligence should make the 8000 a boon to original-equipment manufacturers and designers of in-house CAD systems, believes Martin Duhms, Lexidata's marketing vice president. "By adding high-level graphics capabilities with so little drain on the host, it not only extends overall efficiency but also allows the system to support more terminals," he asserts. Duhms says the 8000 aims at such applications as the design of circuit boards and very large-scale integrated circuits, schematics and mapping, architectural engineering, and business graphics. The 68000 controls all input devices, including keyboard, data pad, digitizers, trackball, and joystick. It echoes operator inputs directly on the 8000's 19-in. monitor and communicates keyboard commands line by line to the host computer rather than interrupting to transmit each keystroke. Preprogrammed input functions include screen echoing, tracking, and movement of a standard hardware cursor. Update. The 68000 also controls a "world coordinate" system, which describes graphics primitives with a resolution of 2 billion addressable points per coordinate axis. The 8000 retains these object descriptions in its data base, which users can segment to permit incremental updating without depending on the host computer to reconstruct images after each design change. The 8000 thus can define multiple windows on the coordinate system, with quick update from only that part of the graphics data base affected. The Lexidata bit-slice display miOur Z80 has something more to offer Europe. Development systems plus support. The European electronics industry has an ever increasing need for microsystems. A need that must be met by a European source. SGS-ATES, one of the major European semiconductor manufacturers, is meeting this need by producing in Europe one of the most advanced microprocessors available today, the Z80. But it's not only by producing the Z80 that we aim to become "the source" for microsystems. SGS-ATES Zilog development Z80, Z8 and Z8000 with the quality and quantity of support available from a single source of today's most advanced technologies, SGS-ATES will soon be producing the Z8000, the most powerful 16-bit microprocessor. We're keeping our promises. We are now sampling the Z8000 CPU. Produced, like the Z80, using our own H-MOS process, in our own package and tested in house, our Z8000 is completely compatible with its Zilog equivalent. We've also committed ourselves to supplying all the necessary support for the Z80, Z8 and Z8000, and we're doing it. Our commitment isn't going to end here though. Following on the CPU SGS-ATES will produce all the Z8000 family components. That's another promise we shall keep. A REPORT ON THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT INDUSTRY STATUS '81 ONE-DAY EXECUTIVE SEMINAR Because of the ups and downs of this highly volatile industry, anyone who makes or uses integrated circuits will be better prepared for the critical decisions of 1981 by attending this seminar. Subjects covered include: - Worldwide business climate - Forecasts of semiconductor production/consumption - Key applications and trends - Military/Aerospace market - Custom and semicustom alternatives - Profiles of top IC manufacturers - IC manufacturing economics - Key technologies Attendees will be privileged to receive pre-publication copies of the Status '81 book which covers all of these subjects in detail and includes a microelectronics glossary and accurate, up-to-date listings of companies providing services to the IC industry. ALSO—BASIC TECHNOLOGY An overview of the fabrication of integrated circuits. A one-day seminar directed to managers, technical sales and marketing personnel and others who need to know the basics of LSI manufacturing and the special terminology of the IC industry. - Overview of technologies - Processing fundamentals - Photolithography - MOS and bipolar - IC design considerations PRICE (FOR EITHER SEMINAR): In U.S. $195 In France Fr 1100 In Switzerland SFr 425 Including documentation, lunch and refreshments Status '81 book only: U.S. $95 Europe: SFr 200 Prepaid orders shipped postpaid, others add $3 in U.S. or SFr 20 for postage and handling Schedule BT/Status '81 Jan. 27/28 Palo Alto, CA Feb. 10/11 Jamaica, NY Mar. 12/13 Zurich* Mar. 19/20 Paris At Hotel International next door to Semicon/Europa Convention For further details or reservations please contact: In Europe ICE Coordination Office/Europe P.O. Box 265 CH-8045 Zürich, Switzerland Telephone: 01-333-300 Telex: 555 91 In U.S. New products croprocessor, which has a 112-ns cycle time, controls the 12-bit-resolution display. In color applications, screens are available with 640 by 512 picture elements (pixels) at between 4 and 10 bits of color data per pixel, or with 1,280 by 1,024 pixels at 4 bits per pixel. The former configuration has a 60-Hz noninterlaced refresh rate, whereas the latter refreshes at 30 Hz. Black and white displays have the same two pixel configurations refreshable at either 60 or 30 Hz each; noninterlaced refreshing of the larger configuration gives the 8000 the highest-resolution flicker-free black and white display currently available, says Grabel. Rainbow. At 640 by 512 pixels, the system can display 1,024 different colors simultaneously from a palette of 16.7 million possible colors; 16 simultaneous colors from a 4,096-color palette can be displayed on a single 1,280-by-1,024-pixel monitor. A 10-bit lookup table holds user-selected values for color information, and can shift pixel data under user control to create new sets of colors. It achieves these changes by transmitting new values to three 8-bit video outputs, one each for red, blue, and green guns of the industrial-grade video monitor. A software driver package and a library of Fortran-called subroutines accompany the 8000, for use with a variety of minicomputer operating systems via high-speed parallel interfaces. Eventually, says Grabel, this capability will expand to make the system operable with mainframes. Between 12-k and 24-k bytes of programmable read-only memory in the 8000 aids in system power-up and bootstrapping and in go/no-go diagnostic testing. Base price for the Graphics System 8000 is $26,200; Duhms estimates a typically configured system would cost in the neighborhood of $40,000, with OEM quantity discounts available. First shipments are in mid-February; delivery takes 90 days from receipt of order. Lexidata Corp., 755 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, Mass. 01865. Phone (617) 663-8550 [361] THINK BAUSCH & LOMB QUALITY Since 1959, when StereoZoom® Microscopes were first introduced, more electronic assembly, packaging, and inspection operations have put StereoZoom® Microscopes to work for them than any other instruments of their kind. The reasons all relate to Bausch & Lomb quality. Like human-engineered design that has been use-tested for over twenty years for operator convenience; World famous Bausch & Lomb optics that have enabled production lines to increase throughput without sacrificing quality. And a dedicated effort to listen to you, our customer, that has produced such quality innovations as patented coaxial illumination, the high performance StereoZoom 7 Microscope, and now, tungsten-halogen illumination. This constant attention to your quality needs has made us industry's first choice. Call or write today for detailed catalog, applications assistance, or a personal demonstration. Precision. Value. Performance. Three good reasons to . . . THINK BAUSCH & LOMB QUALITY. BAUSCH & LOMB Scientific Optical Products Division Rochester, New York 14602 USA 716-338-6000, TWX 510-253-6189, TELEX 97-8231, CABLE: Bausch & Lomb Regional Offices SOPD International CANADA Bausch & Lomb Canada Ltd., Don Mills, Ontario EUROPE Bausch & Lomb GmbH, Muenchen, Germany Bausch & Lomb France S.A., Versailles, France Bausch & Lomb U.K. Ltd., Epsom Downs, Surrey FAR EAST Bausch & Lomb (Hong Kong) Ltd., Shaukeiwan and Singapore Circle 173 on reader service card You're On The Right Track with CEC/Bell & Howell Recorders CEC/Bell & Howell manufactures a complete line of DATAGRAPH® recorders for the commercial, industrial, scientific or military specialist . . . one who demands the finest quality, the last word in technology, and a name he can trust. Our all-new HR2000 Datagraph is the world's first all solid state recorder. It contains a unique programmable light gate array, which produces unexcelled linearity on direct print photo sensitive papers ranging in size from 3 5/8" to 12" in width. Up to 28 channels of signal inputs are provided for maximum flexibility. Other models are engineered to meet a wide spectrum of requirements in channel capability, frequency response, paper width, price and portability. Ask us for Datagraph details. Compare. You'll find you're on the right track! CEC DIVISION 380 Sierra Madre Villa, Pasadena, California 91109 CEC is a registered trademark of Bell & Howell Circle 174 on reader service card Program out a Integrated Signetics’ new IFL Series 20 maximizes design flexibility, lowers power dissipation, and cuts parts count. Integrated Fuse Logic is Signetics’ answer to TTL logic replacement. With our versatile IFL family, you can turn almost any logic design into hardware with just a handful of programmable parts. You’ll save design time, reduce inventory, and improve system performance in the process. Our new IFL Series 20 packs superior performance into 20-pin, PAL-compatible DIPs. Besides offering I/O structures and AND arrays that are fully programmable, the IFL Series 20 gives you unique features that maximize both design flexibility and cost effectiveness with only three standard architectures: FPGA, FPLA, and FPLS. For starters, each IFL Series 20 device uses 815 milliwatts, maximum. That’s 30% less power at the same speed than comparable field programmable elements. Lower power means greater reliability. And thanks to open collector output options, IFL Series 20 lets you synthesize functions with greater complexity and faster switching speeds. \| Series 20 \| FPGA \| FPLA \| FPLS¹ \| \|-----------\|------\|------\|-------\| \| DEVICE² \| B2S150/151 \| B2S152/153 \| B2S154/155 B2S156/157 B2S158/159 \| \| ORGANIZATION \| AND \| AND/OR \| REGISTER AND/OR \| \| INPUTS³ \| 18 \| \| 16 \| \| OUTPUTS⁴ \| 12 \| 10 \| 12 \| \| PRODUCT TERMS \| 12 \| \| 32 \| \| PROGRAMMABLE FEATURES \| AND Array I/O Polarity and Direction \| AND, OR Arrays: I/O Polarity and Direction \| AND, OR, COMPLEMENT Arrays: I/O Polarity and Direction; Flip-Flop Type; OUTPUT ENABLE \| \| SPEED⁵ (max) \| 30 ns \| 40 ns \| 15 MHz \| \| POWER⁶ (max) \| \| 815 mW \| \| \| PACKAGE \| 20-pin, 300-mil DIP \| \| \| \| AVAILABILITY \| 2Q81 \| NOW \| 3Q81 \| 1 Device number designates respectively X4, X6, and X4 registered output configuration. 2 Open collector or three-state output versions available for each device. 3 Maximum configuration. 4 Commercial range. You also get programmable output polarities to eliminate the need for external parts. Because each IFL device lets you program both active high and active low outputs. With the IFL Series 20 logic array (FPLA) and logic sequencer (FPLS), you'll achieve higher speeds and greater logic density via programmable "OR" arrays. These allow you to "edit" logic functions even after delivery of systems to the field by just reprogramming spare gates. Moreover, the Series 20 FPLS allows you to: - Save I/O pins and minimize AND gates with on-chip complement array. - Optimize AND gate allocation in counting, shifting, and data buffering applications with programmable J/K, D, or T flip-flop options. - Save AND gates and free package pins for control functions with bi-directional flip-flops that can handle I/O bus data, or convert to direct input mode. - Use synchronous clocking together with asynchronous flip-flop preset and clear for clock override or initialize functions. - Gain additional programming capabilities—including Boolean equation entry with standard programmers. Programming the IFL family is simple. Many standard PROM programmers selectively open fusible links on our IFL parts. Intact fuses couple all logic blocks for the desired function. IFL Series 20 now complements our field-proven IFL Series 28, specially designed for high-end applications demanding greater I/O capability. Find out how you can program flexibility into your next logic design with IFL Series 20, Series 28—or a combination of both. Write us today. Or contact your nearby Signetics sales office or authorized distributor. Signetics Corporation, 811 E. Arques Avenue, P.O. Box 409, Sunnyvale, CA 94086. (408) 739-7700. Multiple Technologies from 8 Divisions: Analog, Bipolar Memory, Bipolar LSI, MOS Memory, MOS Microprocessor, Logic, Military, Automotive/Telecom To: Signetics Publication Services, 811 E. Arques Ave., P.O. Box 409, MS27, Sunnyvale CA 94086 Please send me more details on your: □ IFL Series 20 □ IFL Series 28 □ FPGA □ FPRP □ FPLA □ FPLS □ My need is urgent; have an applications specialist phone me at once: ( ) Name_________________________Title_____________________ Company______________________Division__________________ Address_______________________MS_____________________ City__________________________State_____Zip_____________ E113 More of the fastest circuits WE CAN’T GIVE YOU ONE GOOD REASON TO BUY THIS IC HANDLER, BUT WE CAN GIVE YOU FIFTY GOOD REASONS. It's not any single feature that makes MCT the best-selling IC handler. It's a combination of many features. In fact, MCT handling systems combine more reliability, versatility and efficiency than any other handler. That's what makes MCT the most cost-effective handler you can buy. Take our "dead bug" handling approach for example. It significantly reduces jamming and downtime while allowing MCT handlers to handle the widest range of package types in the industry. Or consider our superior contacts. They're made from gold-platinum for greater durability and better contact integrity. And consider our efficient, human engineered design or our range of speeds up to 10,000 DPH. Above all there's our professional service network — offering the most comprehensive installation, parts, service and training capabilities in the industry. We could list at least fifty more reasons why MCT handling systems are the best you can buy. But we don't have room for them in this ad. So, instead, we've put together a brochure that explains our reasons in depth. To get a copy just call (612) 482-5170, or write MCT today. THERE'S MORE TO AN MCT HANDLER MCT Micro Component Technology, Inc. P.O. Box 43013, St. Paul, Minn. 55164 ENGLAND: Millhouse, Boundary Road, Buckingham Shire, Loudwater, High Wycombe, Tel: Bourne End 28231-5, Telex: 848798 * FRANCE: 32, Place De LaLoire, Silic 441,94593 RUNGIS Cedex, Tel: (Paris) 687 32 30, Telex: 842/26092 ITS-RUNG * WEST GERMANY: Lnadsberger Strasse 439, Munich 60, Tel: (Munich) 089/71-44-021, Telex: 841/5212560 ITS D. Circle 214 on reader service card The first scope that makes waveform measurements a simple process. Now there's a digital scope that provides solutions to common waveform measurements, at the touch of a button. The 7854 Oscilloscope, featuring dc to 400 MHz digital and analog bandwidth. Its Waveform Processing, Keystroke Programming and IEEE-488 Bus can help you make significant advances in test and measurement productivity. Waveform Processing. The 7854 keyboard increases efficiency by reducing common measurements to push-button simplicity. You'll save time and improve accuracy on rise time, fall time, delay, width and other pulse parameter measurements. And for the first time, you'll have a scope that can automatically perform arithmetic functions, integration, differentiation, smoothing and signal averaging. Plus there's a Cursor Mode to parameterize any area for measurement. It even provides Δ-Time and voltage readouts. Keystroke Programming. It's as simple as a hand-held calculator. The keyboard lets you make several measurements automatically or generate routines for your own tailored measurement tasks. For example, you can use Keystroke Programming to automatically find the area of an X-Y display. IEEE-488 Bus. For even further processing capabilities or for mass storage, use our Bus to transfer data and programs to or from the 7854. In fact, you may want to consider the Tektronix WP1310 Waveform Processing System. It lets you combine the 7854 with the Tektronix 4052 Graphic Computing System for automation of extended waveform tests and measurements. Want more information on the 7854? That's a simple process, too. Just call or write Tek at the address nearest you. U.S.A., Asia, Australia, Central & South America, Japan Tektronix, Inc. PO. Box 1700 Beaverton, OR 97075 Phone: 800/547-1822 Creekside: 503/644-9051 503/644-0161 Telex: 910-467-3708 Cable: TEKTRONIX Europe, Africa, Middle East Tektronix International, Inc. European Marketing Centre Postbox 827 1180 AV Amstelveen The Netherlands Telex: 18312 Canada Tektronix Canada Inc. PO. Box 6500 Barrie, Ontario L4M 4V3 Phone: 705/737-2700 Tektronix® COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE In-circuit logic tester identifies ICs Unique hand-held analyzer scans extensive list of part numbers to identify IC and perform qualitative test by Jeremy Young, New Products Editor The Myriad/XK 440 from Hy-Tronix Instruments Inc. represents a major breakthrough in the field service industry. The hand-held instrument can automatically identify unlabeled integrated logic circuits—displaying the generic part number—and perform a qualitative go/no-go test on the part. It does this while the logic (in various packages with up to 40 pins) is wired in the circuit, using 16-, 24-, and 40-pin test clips on extender cables. Loose ICs can also be inserted in the socket on the instrument for testing. A long list of standard logic building blocks is covered by the 440's standard library of test patterns: more than 10,000 part numbers are on its list, though many of the listed parts overlap in function. And according to Robert Edgerton, president of Hy-Tronix, there is plenty of room left over for additional firmware for testing custom or specialized logic ICs. Custom firmware in erasable programmable read-only memories can be delivered in a short time at relatively low cost for field installation in the unit. The 440's standard library does not include any emitter-coupled logic, microprocessors, memories, or programmable gate arrays. But the list of standard parts it can identify and test includes TTL, Schottky and low-power Schottky logic, MOS, complementary-MOS, resistor-transistor logic, diode-transistor logic, high-threshold logic, high-noise-immunity logic, ICs on the Joint Army-Navy Qualified Parts List, and European Pro-Electron logic. The 7400 and 5400 TTL series are covered, as is the 4000 C-MOS series. Manufacturers' renumbering of standard logic parts, a practice that has made it difficult for service personnel to tap other sources for replacements, will not have that effect if a 440 is on hand to identify ICs. A voltage regulator that includes the tester's microcomputer as part of its control loop (patents are pending on this and other aspects of the 440) allows it to operate at the voltages of the several logic types it tests. The dedicated microcomputer also controls a programmable interface and runs self-diagnostics. At $3,875 in single quantities, the 5.4-by-3.2-by-1.6-in., 15-oz instrument is not inexpensive, but the price includes the results of a sizable software effort. And the 440's automation allows its use by relatively unskilled operators. The user need only locate pin 1 on an IC's package, attach the test clip, and push a single button. The 440 scans its list of parts to identify the IC, applies a complete logic truth table test, says Edgerton, and beeps if the part passes the test—all in less than 1 second. It puts the IC's part number on its eight-character alphanumeric light-emitting-diode display and indicates visually that the part is A-OK. If the part does not match any of those in the 440's listing, the display tells the operator so. If the tester cannot identify the IC because the part is faulty and the part number is available, the operator can use the forward and reverse buttons to scroll through the 440's list of part numbers, stopping on the proper number and then pressing the test button. Holding the forward or reverse button down results in a progressively faster run through the roll table: some of the part numbers are skipped during fast rolling, but the user can back up if he goes too far. Pinpoints faults. Once identified by man or machine, a faulty IC covered in the library can be tested and failure information obtained. This data includes the numbers of the pins on which failures appear, the function of each of these pins (input or output), and an indication of whether the pins are stuck at a logic high, low, or neutral. "Short" appears on the display if the power leads of the device are shorted. The 440 is not a parametric tester; it checks only the logic function of the device. But the company, known for its model 900 in-circuit discrete semiconductor tester, specifies that the probability of the 440's classifying a good IC in its library as good is better than 99% and that the probability that a bad part from its list Now available... LOW PROFILE MONOBLOC® Ceramic Capacitors ERIE Low Profile Red Caps are available in several temperature characteristics - Temperature Compensating - Stable - General Purpose Packaging height problems? Specify Erie's new Low Profile Red Cap line where board spacing requires packaging density... and get the same high quality in Erie dipped Monobloc ceramic capacitors at the same time. Capacitance to 1.0 μF... and voltage ratings 50 to 500 Vdc. ERIE standard size Red Cap Monobloc and Wescon® (Plate) Ceramic Capacitors are available in a full range of sizes with capacitance values from 1 pF through 10.0 μF. Write for our new Red Cap catalog SC8100-R1 ERIE TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, INC. State College, Pennsylvania 16801 814-237-1431 New products will be classified as good is less than 1%. Tests run at a rate of 1,000 patterns per second; pulse width is programmable up to 10 μs. A typical test procedure takes 0.1 s. The 440 has 40 channels: 38 for logic, one for power, and one for ground. All its interface lines are protected from shorts to ground or power: the unit cannot be burned out by a faulty device, nor will it damage the device under test. Power is applied to that device only at the moment of the test, and it is cut off immediately if a fault is detected. Because power has to be supplied to in-circuit ICs and consequently other parts on the board, 1.5 A is available from the tester. Versatile. An assortment of flat-pack adapters is available to augment the standard DIP clip leads. The 440, which can detect open-collector logic, can also handle many modules, including military Standard Electronic Modules (SEMs), Support Electronic Equipment Modules (SEEMs), Standard Hardware Packages, Standard Avionic Modules, and various special military packages. The socket pattern shown provides the capability of testing SEMs or SEEMs. The 440's versatility is assured by its ability to store 1½ megabits of firmware, less than 10% of which is occupied by the standard library. The hand-held tester runs on its rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery, 9-v transistor radio batteries, other dc sources up to 28 v, or using ac adapters for 115- or 220-v 50- or 60-Hz line operation. If the battery voltage drops below a level permitting reliable testing, the condition is indicated on the display automatically. About 20 seconds of disuse invokes the unit's automatic shut-off facility. Intended to pass military tests for ruggedness, the 440 has a main printed-circuit board ⅝ in. thick, plus two standard boards. It is available from stock to 120 days after receipt of order. Hy-Tronix Instruments Inc., P.O. Box 827, 301 W. Fifth St., Newton, Kan. 67114. Phone (316) 283-5730 [340] Fujitsu ROLLS OUT its latest 3200-item keyboard. The simplest yet! Fujitsu's all-new roll-type item keyboard. A 3200-item selection on a single, compact sheet keyboard. Here's how we do it: An easy-to-handle cartridge contains 20 pages, any of which can be located in one second. Simply press the high-speed PAGE SELECT switch and the page automatically rolls into view. On each page you will find 160 items clearly readable from any angle thanks to a large item display section. And if your needs go beyond 3200 items you have only to exchange cartridges — up to 63 different replacements — each requiring a matter of mere seconds. The result is a streamlined keyboard ideal for a variety of applications including small-scale computers and terminal equipment. For full details on Fujitsu's wide selection of keyboards, including its latest roll-type item models, contact your nearest Fujitsu representative. European Distributors \| Country \| Company \| Address \| Phone \| Telex \| \|---------------\|------------------\|----------------------------------------------\|----------------\|----------------\| \| Austria \| ELBATEX GMBH \| A-1235 Wien, Brentanofuhrstr. 281 \| 01-749 36 11 \| 01-3128 \| \| France \| ERN \| 10, rue Fourvière, Z.A. de Buc \| 01-46 44 44 \| 78530 Buc \| \| Italy \| C.S.E. \| 20148 Milano, V. Arzago 16 \| 02-1549262 \| 02-1549260 \| \| Netherlands \| BODAMER INTER. NATIONAL B.V. \| Hoofdstraat 128, Postbus 1-28, 2600 AG Delft \| 015-315121 \| 315190 \| \| Switzerland \| ELBATEX AG \| CH-8410 Affoltern, Abt. Ziv.-Bürgstätte \| 056-2656641 \| 1969 \| \| United Kingdom\| TEMPTATION LTD \| 8 Paragon Road, Battlefarm Estate, Redhill, Surrey RH9 1QD \| 07341 84710 \| 84739 \| \| West Germany \| COMTEC GMBH \| Schloß-Aufhausenallee 56, D-8000 München 19 \| 089-778 1041 \| 0529435 \| Head Office (Component Marketing Division): 18 Mori Bldg., 3-13, Toranomon 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, Japan Phone: 03-502-0161 * Telex: 2224361 FJ TOR J Paris Office: Porte No. 207, 1 Voie, Felix, Eboue 94021 Creteil Cedex, France Phone: 01-377-0355 Telex: 212544 Fujitsu Limited-Tokyo, Japan Circle 710 on reader service card The first functional PCB tester good enough to be called Fairchild. It's the company behind Series 70 that puts it a generation ahead. In the world of ATE, no name has so consistently been synonymous with innovative technology, dependable quality, and total systems support as the name Fairchild. With the introduction of Series 70, Fairchild brings that long tradition of excellence to the functional board tester. Series 70 offers true state-of-the-art hardware and software, developed for efficient and accurate board test and program simulation. It is modular in design for off-the-shelf economy and cost-effective expansion. It has a computer specifically designed for functional testing. It has a high-speed memory bus and a separate high-speed I/O bus. It can diagnose faults down to the component level with logic clip and probe capability. And it can test all of today's most advanced LSI devices—high-speed digital, analog and hybrid. Without a doubt, Series 70 is the most complete, comprehensive and capable functional tester available today. And with the increasing complexity of today's PC boards, you can't afford a system that offers less. And Series 70 is faster, smarter and easier. While other testers operate at a leisurely 1.8 MHz, Series 70 gives you data rates to 5 MHz across all digital pins in parallel and collects probe data at full test speed. It offers faster, more accurate fault isolation, and it lets you program timing increments with 20 ns resolution. You can even track bus-related faults at full speed with Series 70. Thanks to MEDIATOR, Series 70 gives you a high-level conversational test program language instead of low-level code. And MEDIATOR is an English-like, multi-level language so you can write your own hybrid board programs easily and economically. More accurate, more flexible, and more adaptable. Compared to today's best known functional tester, Series 70 offers specifications that are truly impressive: \| Feature \| Series 70 \| An older tester \| \|--------------------------\|--------------------\|-----------------\| \| SPEED \| 5 MHz \| 1.8 MHz \| \| PROGRAMMABLE PULLUP RESISTORS \| Yes \| No \| \| COMPUTER \| Specially designed dual bus architecture \| PDP-8 \| \| \| 16 bits \| 12 bits \| \| \| 64 K words memory (128 K bytes) \| 32 K words memory (48 K bytes) \| \| SIMULATOR \| High accuracy \| Longer debug time \| \| \| Can be run on tester \| Have to add memory \| \| MASS STORAGE \| 12 or 24 MB disk \| 2.4 MB or 4.8 MB disk \| \| SOFTWARE \| Virtual memory \| Overlay & linking \| \| EDITOR \| Continuous on-line operation \| Call-up mode \| \| SYSTEM INITIALIZATION \| Totally automatic \| Boot from TTY \| \| DIAGNOSTIC CAPABILITY \| Fault tracing to the component level with FLD-TRACER \| No equivalent \| \| ADVANCED LSI TECHNIQUES \| Live data compression \| No equivalent \| \| HIGH-SPEED CLOCKS \| 8 phase with OR capability \| No equivalent \| \| HYBRID CAPABILITY \| 6 bus dual-pole throughout \| Limited scanner \| The world's first true hybrid tester. Unlike other functional testers, Series 70 covers all types of boards—bus oriented microprocessors, dense dynamic memories, fast static memories, complex linear circuits and discrete devices. And it can handle boards from MOS and CMOS to TTL and advanced bipolar. With Series 70, you also get a wide choice of fixturing systems—universal, edge connector, or optional Thinline® bed-of-nails interface. And it's from the first family of ATE. Like all Fairchild test systems, the Series 70 is backed by the largest support network in the industry. Training, applications software, special hardware configurations and maintenance are all part of the Fairchild support package. Together they provide a comprehensive, proven and state-of-the-art solution to your functional PCB testing needs today and tomorrow. For more information on the new Series 70 Functional Board Tester from Fairchild, call or write for our new brochure: Fairchild Test Systems Group Fairchild Technical Center Billerica, MA 01821 (617) 663-6562 Visit us at ATE Seminar/Exhibit, Booths 218-228, 310-321 FAIRCHILD A Schlumberger Company The First Family of ATE. High accuracy simulator 12 or 24 MB disk Dual IEEE bus Computer: 16 bits, 64 K words memory Live data compression 5 MHz data rate Fault tracing to the component level Virtual memory examine... a worldwide perspective. Electronics Wherever you are in this world, whatever your specialty...ELECTRONICS magazine's exclusive worldwide, international coverage of electronic technology and business guarantees that our subscribers are the first to know precisely what's happening...when it's happening...regardless of where it's happening. From San Francisco to Tokyo, Moscow to Tel Aviv, only ELECTRONICS covers the fast-paced changes taking place in today's world of electronic technology. Our overseas editors don't travel to where the news is breaking, they live and work there. They examine and interpret every significant technological and business development on the international electronics scene to make sure our subscribers not only keep pace...but keep on top. You owe it to yourself and to your career to find out why nearly 100,000 of your professional colleagues in 127 different countries explore the world of Electronics on a regular basis. Devote one hour of your reading time every two weeks and we'll broaden your dimensions in ways that no one else can. We'll keep you current on what's going on in the technology. To start your subscription to ELECTRONICS send in the subscription card found in this magazine. Or, write directly to Subscription Department, ELECTRONICS, McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. The eight 80-column alphanumeric printers appearing on the chart on this page reflect a tendency predicted last year [Electronics, Jan. 31, 1980, p. 113] and growing even stronger this year: printers are costing less and less. All of these dot-matrix impact printers introduced in the last quarter of 1980, and the list is not comprehensive, sell for under $1,000 and are primarily aimed at the personal computer market. Creative Strategies International, San Jose, Calif., in its new report, "Low Cost Computer Printers," predicts that by 1985, the U.S. market for low-cost computer printers will exceed $300 million, "reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 24%." The research firm goes on to stress that during this period, unit shipments will more than triple. The report defines the low-cost market as those printers that print at least 40 characters per line and are available to the end user for $1,000 or less. "Serial impact matrix printers will account for approximately 80% of the low-cost printers sold in 1980." This seems to be the case, due to the ability of these printers to provide multiple copies. The San Jose firm sees such technological advances as improved print quality as contributing to the 32% compound annual growth rate it forecasts for impact printers. In fact, all of the printers in the chart feature the ASCII 96-character set, with both upper and lower case, and many offer some sort of graphics capabili- \| Company and model \| Column width (characters per line) \| Dot matrix \| Printing speed (characters per second) \| Interfaces \| Buffer size (characters) \| Size (in.) \| Extra features \| Unit price \| \|-------------------\|------------------------------------\|------------\|----------------------------------------\|------------\|--------------------------\|------------\|----------------\|------------\| \| Axiom Corp. IMP2-Apple \| 80/96/132 \| 7 x 7 \| 80 \| for Apple II \| 512 \| 3.5 x 17.5 x 8.75 \| * prints graphics * includes connectors \| $895 \| \| Data Royal Inc. IBS-5000A \| 80/136 \| 9 x 9 \| 150 \| RS-232-C or parallel (optional: 20-mA current loop) \| 256 \| 7 x 14 x 18.3 \| * has buffer that is optionally expandable to 2,000 characters \| $1,060; below S735 in 100s \| \| DIP Inc. DIP-85 \| 80/96/132 \| 7 x 7 or 14 x 7 \| 100, bidirectional \| parallel and RS-232-C \| 1,000 \| 17 x 9.75 x 6.5 \| * prints graphics from cathode-ray tube \| $625 in 100s \| \| Epson America Inc. MX-80 \| 80 \| 9 x 9 \| 80, bidirectional \| 8-bit parallel (optional: RS-232-C or IEEE-488) \| 80 \| 4.2 x 14.7 x 12 \| * has $30 disposable print head * self-tests * prints graphics \| $650 \| \| Facit Data Products 4520/4521 \| 80 \| 9 x 7 \| 100, bidirectional \| 8-bit parallel and RS-232-C \| 712 \| 14.6 x 6 x 15 or 14 \| * has low noise level (less than 60 dBA) \| $1,000 or less \| \| Micro Peripherals Inc. 88G \| 80/96/132 \| 7 x 7 \| 100, bi- or uni-directional \| RS-232-C or TTL parallel (optional: 20-mA current loop or IEEE-488) \| 2,000 \| 16 x 10.5 x 6.2 \| * offers optional graphics from CRT \| $400 to OEMs; $799 with graphics \| \| Microtek Inc. MT-80 \| 80/132 \| 9 x 7 \| 125, bidirectional \| (optional: 8-bit parallel or RS-232-C) \| 240 \| 7.3 x 17.7 x 14.8 \| * has self-diagnostics \| $795 to $895 \| \| Tandy Corp./Radio Shack Line Printer IV \| 80/132 \| not specified \| 50 \| for TRS-80 \| — \| 15 x 11 x 5 \| — \| $999 \| SOURCE: ELECTRONICS ABLE CABLE. The solution to any flat cable need—from quality to availability—is always Scotchflex®. For utility and performance, Scotchflex round-conductor flat cable—the industry standard—is available in #24-30 AWG, from 9 to 64 conductors. For physical protection, there’s heavy-PVC-jacketed cable; to protect against EMI and ESD, there’s jacketed cable with 360° copper shield. Empty jacketing and custom constructions are also available, with and without shielding. Use Scotchflex color-coded flat cable for individual-wire convenience. Fully zippable, it’s available with from 9 to 64 conductors in 22, 26 and 28 AWG stranded. Reduce cross-talk, boost signal density and control impedance with Scotchflex flat cable with copper mesh ground plane, in 28 and 30 AWG, with or without drain wires. 3M offers you a broad range of Scotchflex cables. Cables with the assured quality of precision-tolerance wire spacing. Cables with physical and electrical characteristics tailored to your specific needs. Every type can be delivered immediately, in the quantities you need for your application. So call your 3M representative or distributor today. Or write Electronic Products Division/3M, Building 225-4S, 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144. “Scotchflex” is a registered trademark of 3M. SPECIFY THE SOURCE. 3M Hears You... Electronics / January 13, 1981 World Radio History Headers shipped by sundown. Need headers for connector systems, PCB's or wire wrapping? Your A P Distributor has them in stock and ready for delivery. Female headers come in single or double rows of 36 contacts. Male headers come in straight or right angle configurations in single or double rows of 36 contacts. All can be cut to any number of contacts by you or your A P Distributor. - Dielectric is black thermoplastic polyester and unaffected by flow soldering or board cleaning solvents. - Contacts are full hard-copper alloy 770. Gold plated or unplated. Immediate delivery! Call one of the distributors below and give him your requirements. He'll fill them "faster and easier" than anyone else. And you'll find his prices "easy", too. For more information call TOLL FREE: 800-321-9668 \| Location \| Phone Number \| \|-------------------\|----------------\| \| Beaverton (OR) \| 503/646-0090 \| \| Bentonville (IL) \| 312/595-4422 \| \| Bohemia (NY) \| 516/567-4200 \| \| Buffalo (NY) \| 716/622-1492 \| \| Burlingame (CA) \| 415/348-0483 \| \| Burlington (MA) \| 617/722-8200 \| \| Canoga Park (CA) \| 213/999-5001 \| \| Cleveland (OH) \| 216/587-3600 \| \| Dallas (TX) \| 214/233-5200 \| \| Dayton (OH) \| 513/236-8088 \| \| Denver (CO) \| 303/427-1818 \| \| Denver (CO) \| 303/534-6121 \| \| East Hanover (NJ)\| 201/887-2550 \| \| Elmhurst (IL) \| 312/279-1000 \| \| El Monte (CA) \| 213/86-0141 \| \| Gaithersburg (MD) \| 301/840-9450 \| \| Hauppauge (NY) \| 516/273-2424 \| \| Hudson (NH) \| 603/882-1133 \| \| Houston (TX) \| 713/777-0358 \| \| Irvine (CA) \| 714/549-8611 \| \| Irvine (CA) \| 714/556-6400 \| \| Lakewood (CO) \| 303/322-8830 \| \| Mt. Laurel (NJ) \| 609/234-9100 \| \| Mamaroneck (NY) \| 915/698-9332 \| \| Milwaukee (WI) \| 414/475-6000 \| \| Natick (MA) \| 617/237-6340 \| \| Newton (MA) \| 617/969-8900 \| \| Newton (MA) \| 617/964-6200 \| \| Norwalk (CT) \| 203/853-2010 \| \| Orlando (FL) \| 305/859-1620 \| \| Palo Alto (CA) \| 415/326-5432 \| \| Philadelphia (PA) \| 215/648-4000 \| \| Phoenix (AZ) \| 602/279-9446 \| \| Plymouth (MN) \| 612/559-2211 \| \| Rosemont (IL) \| 312/298-4210 \| \| San Diego (CA) \| 714/578-9600 \| \| San Diego (CA) \| 714/560-0515 \| \| San Francisco (CA)\| 415/626-1444 \| \| San Jose (CA) \| 408/946-4300 \| \| Sunnyvale (CA) \| 408/732-1100 \| \| Sun Valley (CA) \| 213/768-3800 \| \| Tempe (AZ) \| 602/968-6181 \| \| Tucson (AZ) \| 602/790-5687 \| \| Tukwila (WA) \| 206/575-3120 \| \| Wallingford (CT) \| 203/265-3822 \| \| Wilmington (MA) \| 617/273-1860 \| \| Canada \| 514/731-7441 \| A P PRODUCTS INCORPORATED 4250 Pineapple Drive P.O. Box 603 Mentor, Ohio 44060 (216) 354-2101 TWX: 810-425-2250 In Europe, contact A P PRODUCTS GmbH Baeumlesweg 21 • D-7031 Weil 1 • W. Germany New products Picturesque. Micro Peripherals' 88G printer with graphics option costs $799. Some even provide hard copy from cathode-ray tubes—a still small but growing market need. Of major importance is the fact that the printers offer a wide variety of features at their low prices. Most of the new printers offer the choice of 80-, 96-, or 132-column widths. Standard for the units are cartridge ribbons and printing heads with lifetimes of 100 million characters. Most of the printers handle both friction and tractor (pin) feeding of paper from roll or fan-fold stock. Tradeoffs. Indicative of the influence of the personal computer market are the prices for printers aimed exclusively at the popular personal microcomputers, the Apple II and TRS-80. As noted on the chart, a printer for the Apple II from Axiom Corp. sells for $895 and one for the TRS-80 from Tandy Corp. retails for $999. These figures compare unfavorably with such low prices as the Epson America MX-80's retail price of $650. The Tandy Line Printer IV does not offer graphics, and its printing speed is 50 characters per second, while the MX-80's is 80 characters/s, bidirectionally. In fact, 50 characters/s is the lowest speed offered by any of the current crop of printers. The TRS-80 itself, however, does have RS-232-C serial and Centronics 8-bit parallel printer ports available on expansion boards, so it could ostensibly handle printers that, like most of those featured on the chart, Now Shell produces Epoxy Novolac Resins in Europe. If you've been buying epoxy novolac resins for high temperature applications we think you'd like to hear about a new development from Shell. Our latest epoxy resins for electrical and electronics use. Produced in Rotterdam as an 80 per cent solution in MEK (Epikote 155-B-80) as well as in the 100 per cent plastic solid form (Epikote 155) they can be easily delivered in drums all over Europe and in the case of Epikote 155-B-80 also in tank cars. These resins join the proven Shell range of Epikote epoxy resins for use in printed circuit boards, moulding powders and machine coil insulation. They are part of a series of new developments by Shell to meet the constantly changing needs of the world's electrical and electronics industries. Talk to your Shell company today. We'll be happy to tell you more about the latest developments in epoxy resins. The biographies of 5,240 of your colleagues... the most important people in the electronics industries worldwide McGraw-Hill’s Leaders in Electronics Prepared by the Staff of Electronics 651 pages This is the only reference devoted solely to biographies of the most influential people in electronics: corporate executives... technical managers... designers and developers of important products and processes... government and military officials... academics... editors and publishers... securities analysts... directors of trade and professional groups... and consultants. As easy to read as any professional publication in electronics With LEADERS IN ELECTRONICS on your bookshelf, you no longer have to search through many different sources for biographical data on your colleagues. What's more, you don't have to strain your eyes reading minuscule type, nor do you have to waste valuable time trying to decipher seemingly endless paragraphs of abbreviations. Boldface type spotlights the various information categories so that you can scan entries rapidly to pinpoint what you need. Unique convenience feature... Index of biographees by affiliation A special 80-page index lists individual organizations alphabetically, complete with the names and titles of top employees. By looking up the names in the general biography listing, you can get a complete profile of the organization's top management in a matter of minutes. Plus an easy-access listing of independent consultants in every electronics specialty. Order today using this coupon! Return coupon to: Leaders in Electronics P.O. Box 669 Hightstown, New Jersey 08520 (609) 448-1700, ext. 5494 Send me ______ copy (copies) of Leaders in Electronics on a 10-day money-back guarantee. I understand that if I am not absolutely satisfied, I may return the book(s) within ten days at no further obligation. Otherwise, McGraw-Hill will bill me $39.50 for each copy, plus applicable sales tax, shipping and handling charges. SAVE MONEY! Enclose payment in full, plus local sales tax, and McGraw-Hill pays all regular shipping and handling charges. Ten-day money-back guarantee still applies. ____ Check enclosed ______ Bill me ______ Bill my company Company purchase order # ____________ Sample Listing Jones, John J Chmn & CEO, Microprocessor Div of Computers Inc, 1023 W Warner Ave, Dayton, OH 45479, Tel (513) 555-2000. Born: Mar 26, 1926, Philadelphia, PA. Education: MBA, Harvard Business School, 1950; BSEE, Univ of Ill., 1946; PhD (Hon), Yale Univ, 1977. Professional Experience: Natl Bur of Standards, 1956-74, Adm Eng; Litton Ind, 1954-56, Sr Eng; NCR Corp, 1950-54, Eng. Directorships: Computers Inc since 1975. Organizations: IEEE since 1946, Sec Head 1972-73; AAAS since 1971; Midwest Ind Mgt Assn since 1974. Awards: Fellow, IEEE, 1977; Public Service Award, City of Dayton, 1976. Patents Held: 8 in computer circuits, incl Special Circuit for Microcomputer Chip Design 1975. Achievements: founded Microprocessor Inc 1974; project manager of first application of microprocessors for standard interfaces 1975. Books: 4 incl Small Circuits and Their Applications (editor), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975. Personal: married 1950 to Mary (Smith), children John Jr, Jane Anne, Kevin. Residence: 344 W 34th St, Dayton, OH 45403, Tel (513) 555-4343. New products offer the RS-232-C or 8-bit parallel connection as standard features or as options. A user would have to consider whether the price of a low-cost printer added to the price of an expansion board, if he lacks one in his system, would be competitive with the price of the Line Printer IV. Of course, matrix impact printers priced below $1,000 are not new to the market; such major printer manufacturers as Centronics, Anadex, and Computer Printer International (Comprint) have offered low-cost printers for some time. What is new is that the latest printers are offering more features at prices approaching the $600 mark. Axiom Corp., 5932 San Fernando Rd., Glendale, Calif. 91202. Phone (213) 245-9244 [401] Data Royal Inc., 235 Main Dunstable Rd., Nashua, N. H. 03061. Phone (603) 883-4157 [402] DIP Inc., 745 Atlantic Ave., Boston, Mass. 02111. Phone (617) 482-4214 [403] Epson America Inc., 23844 Hawthorne Blvd., Torrance, Calif. 90505. Phone (213) 378-2220 [404] Facit Data Products, 66 Field Point Rd., Greenwich, Conn. 06830 [405] Micro Peripherals Inc., 2099 W. 2200 South St., Salt Lake City, Utah 84119. Phone (801) 973-6053 [406] Microtek Inc., 9514 Chesapeake Dr., San Diego, Calif. 92123. Phone (714) 278-0633 [407] Tandy Corp./Radio Shack, 1800 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76102 [408] $4,400 units yield hard copy from storage-scope tubes The 4611 and 4612 electrostatic hard-copy units provide high-contrast black and white images on dielectric paper from storage tubes and raster-scan video signals. Available for $4,400, the small, lightweight copying devices use a dry carbon toner that contains carbon particles and wax to eliminate the seepage problems that can occur with liquid toners. Both units produce 8½-by-11-in. copies, with 256 by 171 overlapping dots per inch. The units are especially suited for These days, an American made relay is like money in the bank. Think of the U.S. economy as a bank, one with too many withdrawals and too few deposits, and you've got a major cause for inflation. Putting your money into American made goods, like Wabash Relays, can help bring inflation under control. Wabash relays are 100% American made. That says something special about our quality and our fast, dependable service and delivery. Wabash offers over 6,000 reed relay variations alone, at a price competitive with those manufactured outside the U.S. For relays you can bank on, give Wabash a call. Just tell 'em Sam sent you. Wabash Relay & Electronics First and Webster Streets Wabash, Indiana 46992 (219) 563-2191 wabash The Reed Relay Specialists ASCII encoded keyboards: as low as $46.* New lighter touch for improved typing. RCA VP-600 series ASCII keyboards are available in two formats. You can choose either a 58-key typewriter format. Or a 74-key version which includes an additional 16-key calculator-type keypad. Both can be ordered with parallel or serial output. These keyboards, redesigned for lighter key activation and improved typing capability, feature modern flexible membrane key switches with contact life rated at greater than 5 million operations. Plus two key rollover circuitry. A finger positioning overlay. And an on-board tone generator that gives aural key press feedback. The unitized keyboard surface is spillproof and dustproof. This plus high noise immunity CMOS circuitry makes these boards particularly suited for use in hostile environments. Parallel output keyboards have 7-bit buffered, TTL compatible output. Serial output keyboards have RS 232C compatible, 20mA current loop and TTL compatible asynchronous outputs with 6 selectable baud rates. All operate from 5 V DC, excluding implementation of RS 232C. For more information contact RCA Customer Service, New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17604. Or call our toll-free number: 800-233-0094. OEM price. Also available less case. A PERFECT MATCH Get the design advantage—match up with Triad. We manufacture one of the world's largest and most complete lines of transformers and related magnetic deflection components, both OEM and replacement. In all probability we can serve your needs from our vast parts inventory. But if your requirements are specialized, our professional team will custom design to your specifications. Either way, you'll have the Triad advantage. TRIAD-UTRAD Litton Distributor Services 305 North Briant Street Huntington, Indiana 46750 219-356-6500 TWX 801-331-1532 Circle 230 on reader service card HOPE The project a ship launched. First there was the hospital ship S.S. HOPE, now retired. Today HOPE is an established project which has carried its goal of improving health through education to 24 developing countries of the world and the United States. Give to: PROJECT HOPE Department A Washington, D.C. 20007 New products Dumb terminal offers smart terminal features for $995 The ADM-5 Dumb Terminal console provides standard features traditionally available only on smart terminals, and does so for $995. The unit offers reverse video and reduced intensity, in addition to limited editing capabilities and a gated extension port for selective transmission of data from the terminal to any serial RS-232-C peripheral device. The ADM-5 has a 12-in.-diagonal display screen and a teletypewriter keyboard with the ASCII 96-character set. The terminal operates asynchronously in half- or full-duplex modes at any of 11 data rates from 75 to 19.2 kb/s. The word format can be selected to be the standard 7- or 8-bit words; with odd, even, or no In celebration of the 50th anniversary of Electronics Magazine... you are invited on an extraordinary journey exploring where electronics has been and where we are going... AN AGE OF INNOVATION The World of Electronics 1930-2000 by the Editors of Electronics 274 pages, 300 illustrations including many in full color, hardcover, $18.50 Never before has the history of electronics been brought together in such an exhilarating, comprehensible look at the advances that have shaped our world. Painstakingly researched and written, AN AGE OF INNOVATION brings you up close to the discoverers who set the pace for an age...the classic circuits that marked turning points in the development of electronic systems...and the major breakthroughs that brought us to where we stand today. Discover our legacy of achievement as you... - witness the 1930's great advances in fm and television...the invention of negative feedback...and the patenting of the semiconductor for amplification - watch the tide of progress as World War II leads to outstanding advances, including radar, loran, computers, and guided missiles. See how at the war's close commercial television, stereo and tape recording mark the beginning of the all-pervasive impact of electronics - share the 1960s' excitement of men landing on the moon, thanks in part to semiconductors and the expansion of computer power to an unprecedented degree - acquire new perspective on the 1970s' two major events that will forever change the way we live—the end of cheap energy and the birth of the microcomputer Then look ahead to... - future electronics systems that will transform everyday life - the transcending of present technology limits—and the path circuit development will take into the new century - the electronics needs—and careers—that will be the hallmark of our changing environment - and much more! AN AGE OF INNOVATION gives you an unforgettable overview of both the development and future of electronics. Everything from the individuals whose foresight and daring led to great advances...to the origin of specific technological breakthroughs you use in your own work and home...to the challenges and discoveries we will face tomorrow. AN AGE OF INNOVATION is Electronics' celebration not only of our own fifty years of publishing excellence, but also of a half-century of electronics achievement. Let us share it with you! Available only through Electronics. Not sold in any bookstore or through the McGraw-Hill Book Company. To secure your copy now, use the convenient coupon below. Electronics Magazine Books P.O. Box 669, Hightstown, NJ 08520 Tel. 609/448-1700, ext. 5494 Send me copies of An Age of Innovation @ $18.50 plus applicable sales tax. McGraw-Hill's regular shipping and handling charges on pre-paid orders. Quantity discounts available. Ten-day money-back guarantee applies on all books. Payment enclosed Bill firm Bill me Charge to my credit card: Diners Club Visa MasterCard Acct. No. Date Exp. On MasterCard only, first numbers above name Name Company Street City State Zip Signature OTTO snap-action switches make & break every time because the OTTO design breaks welds and wipes contacts clean. OTTO’s design is featured in a variety of basic sub-subminiatures with a full complement of actuators. Commercial and military versions. Standards and specials. ask for Catalog 100, 24 pages. OTTO CONTROLS Division, OTTO engineering inc. 2 Main Street, Carpentersville, Illinois 60110 • Phone: 312/428-7171 New products parity; and with 1 or 2 stop bits. The ADM-5 terminal is software-and hardware-compatible with all popular computers offering RS-232-C or 20-mA current-loop interfaces selected via a switch. Deliveries are scheduled to begin this month. Lear Siegler Inc., Data Products Divison, 714 N. Brookhurst St., Anaheim, Calif. 92803. Phone (800) 854-3805 or (714) 774-1010 [364] Quiet matrix printer prints 125 to 300 lines per minute For small-business systems and distributed data processing, three versions of a quiet matrix tabletop printer provide printing rates between 125 and 300 lines per minute, depending on the number of characters per line. A 14-wire dual-column print head with an expected life of 300 million characters prints a standard ASCII 96-character set in a seven-by-seven half-dot matrix. The print head and ribbon cassettes are easily changed. The printers use standard fan-folded, edge-punched, continuous-form paper 3 to 16 in. wide. They can produce an original plus five copies. The three versions are: the model 4355, which includes a programmed input/output controller and is designed to run under Data General's Real-time Disk Operating System (RDOS), Microprocessor Operating System (MP/OS), or the diskette-based disk operating system (DOS); the model 4356, which contains a data-channel controller; and the model 4354, which includes a serial I/O interface. The three versions of the new matrix printer are priced at $6,650, $7,000, and $6,450, respectively. All units operate with the Nova and Eclipse computers, and, in addition, the model 4354 works with the microNova. Quantity discounts are available, and delivery is 90 days after receipt of order. Data General Corp., Rte. 9, Westboro, Mass. 01581. Phone (617) 366-8911 [366] YOU'RE 100% RIGHT WITH DIT-MCO ATE RIGHT PERFORMANCE. DIT-MCO has continuity and short test systems to meet your testing needs. Total Systems Capability from low voltage MPU controlled testers to high voltage CPU driven analyzers. Termination capacities are available from 128 to over 100,000 points. Select from a broad range of analyzer-fixture combinations providing speed, versatility, flexibility, and over-all test performance. RIGHT PRICE AND PAY-BACK. Price performance factors of DIT-MCO analyzer fixture systems are cost effective. Increased operator efficiency, faster product throughput, and reduced TEST/QA costs contribute to a readily apparent and highly justifiable return on investment. RIGHT SOURCE. DIT-MCO analyzer-fixture systems are backed by over a quarter century of on-line field proven use. You're 100% right when your planning includes DIT-MCO, the world's leading manufacturer of interconnect test systems. Call our toll-free number or your closest international representative today. We'll tell you how DIT-MCO Total Systems Capability can satisfy your interconnect test requirements accurately, efficiently, reliably, 100%. DIT-MCO TOTAL SYSTEMS CAPABILITY DIT-MCO MODEL 1042 INTERCONNECT TEST SYSTEM Fully Automatic, Microprocessor Controlled, High Speed, With Floppy Disk... - Powerful CP/M® and DIT-MCO software and software maintenance support. - Separate Continuity and Short Test Levels - Creates Own Test Programs. - Product Error Printout in Both Analyzer and Program Language. - CRT Test Program Edit. - Reliable High Speed Solid State Switching. - TEST Program Listing on Printer. - Communications Link with Host Computer. ACCESS FIXTURE: Select from the series of versatile standard DIT-MCO fixtures to complete the system. Model shown at left is Model AF-100 and Model AF-160 is above. Both feature quick change product adaptation through Transition Boxes or Offset Pin Boards. DIT-MCO PATENTED OFFSET PIN BOARDS The most cost effective method of interfacing product. As little as $1 per point. Also available in kit form. Call TOLL FREE 1-800-821-3487 (In Missouri Call 816-444-9700) DIT-MCO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION QUALITY TESTING QUALITY! 5612 Brighton Terrace Kansas City, Missouri 64130 Telex Number: 42-6149 Circle 180 on reader service card You either have it, Precision at your fingertips. We fabricate everything in-house. Quality and precision are reflected in every part, from the plastic components and circuit boards to our gold contact systems. And our research and testing are uncompromisingly thorough. So naturally Digitran switches are made better. A family of power-saving high-speed complementary-MOS gate arrays has been designed for TTL compatibility. Offering 5-ns gate propagation delays, the arrays include interface circuitry to translate between TTL and C-MOS levels for inputs and outputs. The interfaces are fully specified for both TTL and MOS. Fabricated using oxide-isolated silicon-gate C-MOS technology, currently available master slices number six, ranging from the 300-gate HC 310 to the 1,260-gate HC 1260. The 540-gate HC 540 is shown. The maximum number of pins ranges from 40 to 78 on either dual in-line packages or chip-carriers. Unmounted chips are also available. Operating voltage is 3 to 12 v; Schottky TTL speeds can be matched with a 10-v supply. A number of useful standard features can be specified: three-state bidirectional bus drivers, oscillator drivers, high-current npn emitter-follower outputs, pull-ups and pull-downs, zener diodes, and high-impedance bias resistors. An operating temperature range of $-55^\circ$ to $+125^\circ$C is available, as is high-reliability processing and screening. Customization inputs can range from circuit specification to database tapes. Costing $4,500, development takes from 4 to 14 weeks, depending on circuit complexity. Production prices are from 2 to 4 cents per gate. California Devices Inc., 282 Kinney Dr., San Jose, Calif. 95112 [411] NEC Microcomputers has developed both n-channel and complementary-MOS 128-K read-only memories. The $\mu$PD23128 is an n-MOS device packaged in a 40-pin dual in-line package using the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council's type B pinout for compatibility with the widely used 2764 64-K erasable programmable ROMs. The clocked device accesses in 250 ns and has a standby mode that reduces its operating power from a 275-mw maximum to 82.5 mw. Targeted applications for the $\mu$PD23128 are computer terminals, communication-control equipment, electronic translators, and voice synthesis. The unit, which will be in production early in the second quarter of the year, will sell for under $30 in 1,000-unit quantities. The C-MOS 128-K ROM, the $\mu$PD73128, is a +5-v device packaged in a 52-pin flat housing and aimed at low-power-consumption applications like language translators. It accesses in 4 $\mu$s and requires a maximum of 30 mw. It, too, will be available in the second quarter. CALL US WHEN YOU NEED A CONNECTION THAT'S NEVER BEEN MADE BEFORE. You've got signal or power to move. Or maybe a million lines. And you need a connection. But there's nothing standard about it. There's no catalog full of answers. No MIL spec. No precedent. That's the time to call ITT Cannon Electric, Phoenix. Because we can bring an end to your most unusual, most difficult connector problems. Our Phoenix facility offers you 100,000 square feet of people and capabilities. Wholly dedicated to answering never-before-seen connector applications. We've handled everything from low-cost 747 galley cart cables to giant penetrators for nuclear submarines. From hermetics to RF and filter connectors. And we've seen our designs fly into outer space, dive deep under the sea and survive everything Mother Nature could dish out. So when you have an application but no connector, call ITT Cannon, Phoenix. From writing original specifications to manufacturing finished products, we can make a connection that's never been made before. Contact us direct at ITT Cannon Electric, Phoenix, a division of International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, 2801 Air Lane, Phoenix, Arizona 85034. (602) 275-4792. In Europe, contact ITT Cannon Electric, Avenue Louise 250, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Phone: 02/640.36.00. CANNON ITT You can always connect with Cannon. Circle 241 on reader service card Microprocessor Designers... World-Concept Low Power Switchers and UPS Operate almost anywhere with one power supply Compare Converter Concepts switchers and uninterruptible power supplies and you'll know why they're becoming a world standard for design and quality. WIDE INPUT VOLTAGES Only Converter Concepts produces 15 to 150 watt switchers that operate on any voltage from 90 to 250 VAC or 1C to 40/20 to 60VDC — WITHOUT CHANGING SWITCHES, JUMPERS, TAPS OR OTHER MODIFICATIONS. LATEST SWITCHER CONCEPTS Wide input ranges are possible through the use of a simple single transistor, single transformer flyback design with soft turn-on and short-circuit protection. Means higher reliability and efficiency at a competitive price. MANY SWITCHER OPTIONS Single, dual or triple output options in four input power ranges; printed circuit, open frame or RFI-resistant enclosed packages; integral UPS options. UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER Automatic, instant transition from AC line to backup battery operation is available either as a separate unit for use with CCI's multiple output DC to DC converters and battery, or as the integral -04 switcher option which features integral battery charger. NATIONWIDE REPRESENTATIVES Call us today for engineering assistance, our latest catalog, prices and your nearest CCI representative. CONVERTER CONCEPTS, INC. 435 S Main St., Pardeeville, WI 53954. (608) 429-2144 Circle 242 on reader service card SERVO FEEDBACK Design it in — your way! Waters built in servo-feedback elements simplify design and cut costs. Why box yourself in with "packaged pots" — and linear-to-rotary conversions, and linkages, and costly housings, shafts and bearings you don't really need? Design your system your way — with our long-lasting, low-noise, custom-made feedback elements. We can supply squares, circles, strips — any geometric shape you need in linear and non-linear plastic elements. You'll save time. Cut costs. And chances are you'll improve performance. Send today for full information. Or call (617) 358-2777. Waters Manufacturing, Inc. Longfellow Center, Wayland, MA 01778 (617) 358-2777 • Telex 948-441 New products NEC Microcomputers Inc., 173 Worcester St., Wellesley, Mass. 02181. Phone (617) 237-1910 [412] Chip generates tones for low-cost electronic organ West Germany's Intermetall GmbH, lead company of the ITT Semiconductors Group, has come up with a low-cost single-chip circuit for inexpensive electronic organs. Made with p-channel silicon-gate technology, the SAA 1900 offers a frequency accuracy of within ±0.07%. The number of external devices needed for a typical application is about 15. The chip scans the organ's 56 keys, which are divided between "solo" and "accompaniment" keyboards, and produces 56 basic tones. To prevent abrupt dc jumps when one or more solo keys are pressed from producing audible clicks in the output, the 1900 has current sources that keep the mean value of the square-wave output constant. To detect closed keys, the IC produces pulses that are sequentially applied at a rate of about 28 kHz to each of the on-chip scanner's eight outputs. Pulses are fed via the key matrix to the scanner inputs. Each crosspoint of the matrix is a key contact in series with a diode; the presence of a pulse at the scanner inputs indicates that the key is closed. A clock driver (using an external oscillator), a top-octave tone generator, and frequency dividers generate the tones. Housed in a 24-pin plastic package, the SAA 1900 sells for less than $5 in quantities of 10,000 or more. ITT Semiconductors, 500 Broadway, Lawrence, Mass. 01841 Intermetall GmbH, 7800 Freiburg, P. O. Box 840, West Germany [413] 8- and 16-K bipolar PROMs access in less than 50 ns Two superhigh-speed bipolar fuse-link programmable read-only memories—a 16-k and an 8-k chip—are in full production at Supertek as the "My Datalogger 3000 and these little cassettes give me everything I need to acquire, compute, record and use data..." "The data I need—in a format I can use. I can acquire data and/or alarms on fixed, floating or computed limits, deviations—from-a-mean, rates-of-change and integration. Data is easily understandable by individual labels and group headings, and messages provide precise description or spell out alarms and interjections. Data can selectively be sent to the alphanumeric printer, the cassette, the hierarchical memory, or the fixed or scrolling portions of the "split-screen" CRT, or to the serial, parallel or video outputs. I can even format the data for recording up to 132 columns wide." "It does the work of 16 dataloggers! The Datalogger 3000 can operate like 16 different, specialized 'loggers.' I can set up different inputs in each of the multiple 'loggers' or I can have the same inputs shared in multiple 'loggers' but processed differently in each. The data from one 'logger' can even affect the program execution in another. The flexibility is incredible!" "The 3000 handles every input I have—analogue, digital, pulses, contact closures, it even excites and balances strain gage and load cell inputs automatically..." "Every calculation I need is standard. I simply use the front panel keypad like a calculator. I can compute all types of averages, including moving window; deviations—from-a-mean, standard deviations, efficiencies, flow rates—everything I need..." "Programming my Datalogger 3000 is easy. I'm no computer technician and I don't want a list of unfamiliar programming terms. With the Datalogger 3000 I just follow the step-by-step prompting on the CRT. It automatically sequences through the set up procedure by asking simple questions in plain English. It's the quickest and most accurate program entry I've found..." "It programs itself: Once I've set up my Datalogger 3000 for an application, I never have to program it again. I just store the program on the cassette. I've created a file of application cassettes so using the Datalogger in any application is as quick and easy as inserting a cassette. I can even send programs to our other plants..." "A new cassette means a new datalogger. While my Datalogger 3000 is 2 years old, it has the latest software technology. United Systems just introduced 2 new Operating programs. Since they are on cassettes, I simply load one into my hardware and I have a new datalogger—with even more capabilities. Next year, if I want, I can upgrade it again. United Systems is constantly expanding software capabilities..." To find out how the Datalogger 3000 can make your process more efficient, increase productivity, or provide better test data, send for complete information. Better yet, arrange for a demonstration to see it for yourself. United Systems Corporation 918 Woodley Road, Dayton, Ohio 45403 (513) 254-6251, TWX (810) 459-1728 VICTOR... Number 1 in Impact Matrix Printing! A Unique Printing Terminal - 80 column, bi-directional printing - Upper & lower case font - Full graphics — 480 columns per line - Top of form & horizontal tabs - True 100 cps throughput - Bi-directional friction and sprocket paper feed - Large 360 character buffer - Four interfaces — standard parallel & RS232 & TTY & IEEE-488 - Baud rate switch selectable - Self-test - UL/CSA approved - Intelligent shortest path head return The Model 5080, shown above, is a heavy-duty printing terminal offered for sale at most competitive prices. Only $995 in single quantity! This printer has been designed to conform to the most stringent computer specifications, including software on/off control, status feedback signals and a busy signal should you fill our extra large buffer. Don't delay, order now to insure early delivery! Victor has delivered more than 700,000 industrial, quality matrix printers. These are terminals, mechanisms, and heads designed to solve your problems. Products that are backed by a strong application engineering staff, worldwide service and 50 years of Victor pride in product. Model 5080 A Complete Line of Impact Matrix Printers Model 5010 Model 80 Model 130 Model 129 VICTOR DATA PRODUCTS Subsidiary of Walter Kidde & Company, Inc. KIDDE 3900 North Rockwell Street, Chicago, Illinois 60618 Telephone: 312-539-8200 New products first in a family of PROMs. The 16-k part, the SM82S190/191-1, is organized as 2 k by 8 bits. Claimed to be the smallest chip for this density, it has an address access time of 35 ns typically and 50 ns maximum. A version that meets military specifications, the MM82S190/191-1, has a 60-ns access time. The 8-k PROM, the SM82S180/181-1, is organized as 1 k by 8 bits and accesses typically in 30 ns and in 45 ns maximum. Its military version, the MM82S180/181-1, has a maximum access time of 55 ns over the full military temperature range. Both parts come in 24-pin ceramic packages and are pin-compatible with the industry standard set by Signetics. The devices are now available in both sample and volume quantities. The 16-k parts are priced at $69 each in 100-unit quantities, but prices have not been set on the 8-k PROMs. Supertex Inc., 1225 Bordeaux Dr., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086 [414] Power V-FET comes in 1-kW, 800-V version A power vertical field-effect transistor based on static-induction-transistor logic is available with 300-w and 1-kw power ratings and can withstand 600 or 800 v. Developed by Tohoku Metal Industries in Japan, the v-FET can be used in high-frequency switching power supplies for direct commutation of rectified line voltage and in ultrasonic generators, high-frequency power oscillators, broadcast transmitters, and other high-power applications. Both the 600- and the 800-v transistors come in versions that drain either 20 or 60 A, operating at either 10 or 5 MHz, respectively. Turn-on times are 200 or 250 ns and turn-off times are 250 or 300 ns. The 1-kw device is housed in a 60-mm-diameter, 21-mm-thick ceramic disk package, and the 300-w device comes in a modified TO-3 package. Single-unit prices for the v-FETs vary from $50 to $330, and large-quantity prices (over 100 Using Wavetek's Model 175 Arbitrary Waveform Generator is like drawing on your oscilloscope. You have a 256 x 255 point grid to work with. Time is along one axis, amplitude is along the other. Simply program the waveform, point by point, either from the front panel or via the GPIB bus. ARB stores the shape you've programmed and will duplicate it at any frequency and amplitude you select. You can also edit point by point if you decide to change the wave shape later on. Operational modes include continuous, triggered, and even triggered burst—which will take care of almost any application. If you've ever tried to generate $\sin \frac{x}{x}$ or any other non-standard function on ordinary equipment, you know what a breakthrough ARB represents. Now, instead of choosing just sine, square or triangle outputs, you can be completely arbitrary for only $3,995. Provided you've chosen Wavetek's Model 175 to be arbitrary with! Wavetek San Diego, 9045 Balboa Ave., P.O. Box 651, San Diego, CA 92112, Tel: (714) 279-2200; TWX 910-335-2007. The ARB generates any waveform you can draw. And we have the pictures to prove it. The Components Company. Quality products. Competitive prices. Good delivery. And a lot of answers. Quality products. Competitive prices. Good delivery. Clichés? Not at Stackpole. The Components Company makes some of the most reliable electronic components in the industry. We price them fairly and deliver on time. But what really makes the Components Company special is our experience with such a wide range of components and materials. Overlapping experience. Switches, resistors and ferrites. What do they have in common? The many years they’ve been made by Stackpole. We invite you to put our years of overlapping engineering and manufacturing experience to work. We’ll adapt to your design or customize like no supplier in the industry can. Switches since the 1930’s. Slides. Rockers. Over 6,000 variations between the two. Need a special rotary switch? Some are compact. All can be customized. We specialize in adapting our switches to your application with numerous variations in cases, mounting, lead wiring and special terminations. And look at our new keyboards and individual key switches, where the key is quality. Resistors since the 1920's. Stackpole carbon comps have been around for as long as there have been resistors. They are the foundation for our design and application know-how in metal-film, carbon-film, as well as special-purpose and industrial resistors. Ferrites since the 1940's. 159 different E's, U's, I's And Stackpole pot cores and yokes are in more power supplies and tv's than you can count. Our ferrite material is so consistent and reliable, design engineers ask if there's anything it can't do. The Components Company. The place to find quality products, competitive prices and good delivery. But most of all, answers. Call or write Stackpole Components Co., P.O. Box 14466, Raleigh, N.C. 27620. (919) 828-6201. STACKPOLE Get to know us. We can help. Circle 247 on reader service card TORSFERRITES!!! There's one problem common to all computer systems. We've just solved it. The problem: there are those elements in high-speed circuits that need to be connected. So you use a connector lead out to the PC connector, but then you're stuck. You have to hook-up to a regular PC connector, creating an internal "blind spot" with all the wiring and leads right back into the circuit. Our solution is the obvious one: the 254 series connector into the PC connector. The result in our 254 DPC Series with matched impedance 50-ohm contacts with VSWR. And now we have them two ways. With 2 x 17P Connects plus 4 co-ax connectors. Or with 2 x 32P Connectors, plus 6 co-ax connectors in one piece connector. Simple—once you see it! Call or write us for details including quotes on prices and deliveries. The parts are in stock. SOCAPEX 6980 Van Nuys Blvd., CA 91303 (213) 867-0750 TWX 910-494-1654 Telex 69-8481 Cable ELEVAM 925-9758 Europe in Calif. Circle 248 on reader service card "SURGE FREE" SURGE ABSORBABLE DISCHARGE TUBE (FOR CIRCUIT PROTECTION) ● POINT (1) Usable at wider ambient condition, especially good under high humidity (2) Visibility for operation (3) Compact and easy assembly (4) Stable characteristics ● TYPE \| Type \| Discharge Starting Voltage (VDc) \| Tolerance \| Insulation Resistance (Ω) \| Charging Current (A) \| \|--------\|----------------------------------\|-----------\|---------------------------\|----------------------\| \| SA-80 \| 80 \| ± 10% \| 10⁻¹⁰ min \| 2,000 \| \| SA-140 \| 140 \| ± 10% \| 10⁻¹⁰ min \| 2,000 \| \| SA-200 \| 200 \| ± 10% \| 10⁻¹⁰ min \| 2,000 \| \| SA-250 \| 250 \| ± 10% \| 10⁻¹⁰ min \| 2,000 \| \| SA-300 \| 300 \| ± 10% \| 10⁻¹⁰ min \| 2,000 \| \| SA-350 \| 350 \| ± 10% \| 10⁻¹⁰ min \| 2,000 \| \| SA-7 K \| 7,000 \| ± 1,000V \| 10⁻¹⁰ min \| 2,000 \| \| SA-8 K \| 8,000 \| ± 1,000V \| 10⁻¹⁰ min \| 2,000 \| \| SA-10K \| 10,000 \| ± 1,000V \| 10⁻¹⁰ min \| 2,000 \| ● APPLICATION Computer circuit Communication equipment Home Appliance Aircraft and Automobiles Change of Ez by cycling discharge (case) SA-80 Ez Surge Width 1 × 40 μs 2 kV Number of Cycle ● MAIN PRODUCT NEON GLOW LAMP, XENON FLASH LAMP, RARE GAS, DISCHARGE LAMP, MINIATURE : BLACK-LIGHT, UV-LIGHT, FLUORESCENT COLOR-LIGHT ELEVAM ELECTRONIC TUBE CO., LTD. NO. 17-BCHOU 2-CHOME OTA-KU. TOKYO JAPAN TELEPHONE: 03(774) 1231~ 5 TELEX: 246-8855 ELEVAM Circle 185 on reader service card New products units) range from $38 to $240. Energy Electronic Products Corp., 6060 Manchester Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. 90045. Phone (213) 670-7880 [415] Manchester codec draws only 12 mA at 1 Mb/s A complementary-MOS digital Manchester encoder-decoder, the HD-6409 allows 1-Mb/s serial data communication over the industrial temperature range, from −40° to +85°C. It draws, in the worst case, only 12 mA (5 mA, typically) from a single 5-v (±10%) power supply. The chip provides clock recovery from the received signal. Manchester code is used in applications such as magnetic tape recording and fiber-optic communication, where data accuracy is imperative. The HD-6409 is manufactured using the manufacturer's self-aligned silicon-gate technology. In a 0.3-in.-wide, 20-pin dual in-line package it sells from stock for $8.36 each in lots of 100. Harris Semiconductor Products Division, P. O. Box 883, Melbourne, Fla. 32901 [416] 272-bit EE-PROM is word-erasable The entire content or a selected word can be erased from the MN1218 272-bit electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. The fully decoded n-channel MOS part has individual input and output ports and transfers data in a 4-bit format. Besides the main 16-by-16-bit array, it has a separate one-word (16-bit) register. Three power-supply voltages are needed: +5, −5, and −28 V dc. The EE-PROM survives a minimum of 10⁴ write cycles and 10⁶ read cycles. Data is retained on average for 10 years. Prices for original-equipment manufacturers are available on request. Deliveries are from stock. Electronic Component Division of Panasonic Co., One Panasonic Way, Secaucus, N. J. 07094 [417] Boost system performance with new high-density ROMs. Signetics' 32K and 64K ROMs give you 300ns access/cycle time with 40% less power. 128K to come. Now you can realize the full potential of your system design with new high-speed, fully-static ROMs from Signetics. You'll get unmatched design flexibility with guaranteed access and cycle times of 300ns. Plus enhanced part reliability and economy from stingy new lows in power dissipation, an $I_{cc}$ down to 60 mA (max). Another Signetics plus—you can easily upgrade for density or speed. Without PCB redesign. That's because our super-fast 2632A and 2664A are pin-compatible. With each other and with the entire Signetics ROM family, including our proven 450ns ROM line. While the 2632A and 2664A set new standards for performance, density and simple interfacing with static design, we're ready to meet even tougher requirements. Innovative design techniques that simultaneously allow increased speed and decreased power dissipation also make it possible to accept special orders for even higher-performance specs. Faster. Denser. Extended temperature range. And Signetics' QA standards—among the industry's toughest—mean fewer incoming inspections. Fewer board reworks. Simplified system checkouts. You also get performance-to-spec guarantees and reduced inventories. Because we make our ROMs to meet selected MIL-STD-883 criteria. And our quality control sampling plans assure a process average of less than 0.65% defective on standard product. Find out today how Signetics' new family of fast-access, low-power ROMs can improve existing system performance. Or optimize your new designs. Call us direct on the ROMLINE at (408) 739-7700, extension 6151. Or, contact your nearby Signetics sales office. Signetics Corporation, 811 E. Arques Avenue, P.O. Box 409, Sunnyvale, CA 94086. Multiple Technologies from 8 Divisions: Analog, Bipolar Memory, Bipolar LSI, MOS Memory, MOS Microprocessor, Logic, Military, Automotive/Telecom To: Signetics Publication Services, 811 East Arques Ave. P.O. Box 409, Sunnyvale CA 94086 ( ) Please send me your complete ROMGUIDE. I'm particularly interested in: 8K_16K_32K_64K_128K_@450ns_300ns_faster_ in ________ quantity with ________ codes. Name________________________Title______________ Company_______________________Division________ Address________________________MS__________ City________________________State____Zip______ □ I need help now. Please have a ROM specialist phone me immediately at: ( )__________x_______ YOU KNOW THE LARGEST ELECTRONIC COMPANIES IN THE WORLD. DO YOU KNOW ISKRA? Iskra group has some 29,000 employees including 2,000 research and development engineers in 81 factories, research, marketing and other organizations, and the most up-to-date technologies to work with. With a total turnover of 1.294 billion dollars last year, it has been classified among 16 largest manufacturers of electronic products in Europe. In its development, Iskra is oriented towards tomorrow's activities which go far beyond the traditional limits of electromechanics and extend to the widest application of electronics with priority being given to the promotion of the development of computers, communications, automation, microelectronics, optoelectronics and engineering activities. All to ensure that every project we handle comes within schedule and budget requirements and meets performance and client expectations. Iskra has 24 trading companies, representative offices and production plants in 18 countries all over the world. In the period 1974-1979, Iskra's exports increased by 153% reaching 120 million dollars in 1979. In 1980, the total turnover is expected to be 1.486 billions of dollars and the export figure approximately 145 million dollars. For more information call or write: Iskra Commerce, Trg revolucije 3, 61001 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, Telephone-international: + 38 61 324 261; Telex: 31 356 yu iskexp USA: Iskra Electronics Inc., 8 Greenfield Road, Syosset, N.Y., 11791, Tel.: (516) 364 2616—Germany: Iskra Elektronik, GmbH, Furtbachstrasse 2b, 7000 Stuttgart 1, Tel.: (711) 60 30 61—CEFRA, GmbH, Ungererstrasse 40, 8000 München 40, Tel.: 39 20 61—Italy: Iskra Elettronica Italiana, S.r.l., Piazza de Angeli 3, 20 146 Milano, Tel.: 49 80 036—France: Iskra France, 354, rue Lecourbe, 75015 Paris, Tel.: 554 04 27—United Kingdom: Iskra Limited, Surrey CR 3 2 HT, Redlands, Coulsdon, Tel.: 66 87 141—Switzerland: Iskra Electronics AG, Stalden 11, CH 4500 Solothurn, Tel.: (065) 22 81 22—Czechoslovakia: Iskra, Lazarska 5, 11000 Prague, Tel.: 20 27 71—Poland: Iskra, Swietokrzyska 36 m 15, Warsaw, Tel.: 20 12 53—Germany DR: Iskra, Hermann-Maternstrasse 46, 104 Berlin, Tel.: 28 28 322—Rumania: Iskra, Str. Visarion nr. 6, Bucharest, Tel.: 50 26 75—U.S.S.R.: Iskra, Mosfilmovskaja 42, Moscow, Tel.: 147 84 03—Egypt: Iskra, 34 Adly Street, Cairo, Tel.: 74 76 95—Iran: Iskra Teheran, 9th Street No. 6, Maydan Sanai, Teheran, Tel.: 82 67 65—Turkey: Iskra Istanbul, Yenicarsi Biltez Han No. 40, Galatasaray, Tel.: 44 75 00—Venezuela: Eurocommerce S.A., Apartado 68901, Altamira, Caracas, Tel.: 72 88 21. HEI DEALS IN CARD READERS! Whether you're looking for an optical read head for OEM use, or a complete microprocessor-controlled card reader with multiple features, bet on HEI for the best in price and performance! - Our Model 121-1-10 readhead is the most adaptable marked/punched card reader you can buy. Thirteen self-biasing channels, shaped TTL output. - The panel-mounted 122-1 is another useful OEM card reader. For punched cards only. Parallel output, TTL level, manual feed. Low-cost and accurate. - For simple hand-fed applications, the parallel output Model 121-1 is your best buy. Six-in./sec., non-reciprocating feed through. - Need serial UART output in RS-232 format? Choose the Model 121-3. Reciprocating or feed through at 11-in./sec. - The Model 121-4 is microprocessor-controlled, with a family of switch-selected options. Card feed-through or return at 6-in./sec., Hollerith to ASCII conversion, parity bit, self-test, parallel/serial output, strobe or non-strobe. A powerful reader accurate, compact and economical. These units read marked or punched cards interchangeably, either pen or pencil, and a variety of colors. All have motorized drive of hand-fed cards, and are available with or without case, with or without power supply. Call us and talk card readers with the HEI specialists. We have even more to tell you about the low-cost, high-performance HEI line. For data collection tasks, you can't beat HEI card readers. Bet on it! The Optoelectronic Specialists HEI inc. Jonathan Industrial Center • Chaska, MN 55318 • 612/448-3510 World Radio History Circle 251 on reader service card Test #1: You are a guard in this maze fortress and have the duty of visiting all seven towers starting with the middle tower. You may leave the tower by either doorway and return through the other. If you visit all seven towers only once, never using the same path twice, what is the only course you can take? WE’D LIKE TO TEST YOUR CIRCUITS. We devised a fiendish little labyrinth to test your mental circuits. If it points out a better way to test your printed circuits, so much the better. It occurred to us that choosing an automatic test system is a lot like working your way through a labyrinth. One system looks pretty much like any other, in the same way one path looks just like another. And, unless you know the difference between products, you don’t know which way to go. Some major differences between a GenRad system and all others. At GenRad we genuinely believe our systems can test your printed circuit boards more efficiently than any other system. The reason? A GenRad system is significantly different from other systems. Take software, for example. We made sure ours was well defined and well integrated with the hardware from day one. And we continue to update it. (Nine major enhancements in as many years, actually). The result? The very first system we sold nine years ago is still testing today’s board designs. Can anybody else say that? Another key difference is programming support. We have 8 Regional System Centers worldwide, where you’ll find as many as 10 complete GenRad test systems in operation—with 20 or more of our people ready to develop test programs for you. No one else can provide you with programming support like that. And consider our credentials. GenRad has been a leader in testing for 65 years. And our sales are now over $150 million. But perhaps the best testimony to our commitment to our customers is the fact that we have more board testers in use worldwide than anybody else. Some specific product differences to get you moving in the right direction. GenRad makes both functional and in-circuit testers. A lot of our customers use both advantageously. No matter which you choose, what’s important is how long it takes to do a test program. And how much help the system gives you automatically. The advantages of a GenRad functional system. When it comes to functional testers our systems give you plenty of help. A good-sized library of functionally modelled IC’s, for example, can save a lot of time in developing a test program. We just happen to have the largest library in the business. Over 2000 SSI and MSI devices and over 100 LSI devices. Also an accurate simulator can keep you from going down a lot of blind alleys while working on a test program. So does the ability to prepare programs incrementally and do nodal verification. You’ll find all of these things on a GenRad functional tester. But not on anybody else’s. The GenRad 1795 Functional Test System When it comes to troubleshooting, isolating faults directly to a single IC can be a tremendous timesaver. Our special beyond-the-node software linked to a diagnostic resolution module lets you do just that. The advantages of a GenRad in-circuit system. You want pretty much the same things in an in-circuit system that you want from a functional system—simple program prep and comprehensive diagnostics to maximize throughput. Look for a test system that does more than dump out a rough first pass of a test program. Look for one with software so automatic you get a program that’s almost ready to run as is. In that regard, you’re going to be interested in these exclusive GenRad features: Automatic Bus Disable which frees the programmer from having to manually write a lot of extra tests in order to isolate the IC under test from the effects of other ICs on the bus; feedback squelch to automatically deal with troublesome spikes; and memory behind each pin to allow patterns to be applied and sensed in parallel. Go ahead and check out other systems, but you won’t find these exclusive features on any of them. One final thing to keep in mind. If you’re going to design with two kinds of logic (and who isn’t today?) your tester ought to be capable of testing two logic families simultaneously, right? Both our in-circuit and functional testers can. The logical conclusion. And an offer that’s hard to pass up. If you’ve followed us this far, it ought to be pretty clear whose system can do the best job of testing your printed circuits. Now how about a wall-size version of our labyrinth to show the world your mental circuits check out okay, too? We’ll send you a giant poster if you drop us a note on your letterhead. And, by the way, if you’d like to know more about a GenRad System, the best course of action is to call us. How about right now? You can reach us at 300 Baker Avenue, Concord, Massachusetts 01742. Telephone: (617) 369-4400. GenRad THE BEST IN TEST. Circle 253 on reader service card Stop chasing system problems that started in your power line. You can spend a lot of time and money diagnosing a system problem that's actually been caused by power line transients. The new portable Model 3600 Power Line Disturbance Monitor from Franklin Electric tells you what happened on your power line...and when, so that you can correlate a disturbance in real time with errors on the computer log. A microprocessor detects and classifies disturbances and provides an easy-to-read alphanumeric printout...top to bottom. All settings and calibration are performed by simple keyboard entry and verified by LED readout. Write Franklin now for the full story on the 3600. P.S. When you've verified that the power line's at fault, write to us for information on our complete line of UPS. Franklin Electric Programmed Power Division 995 Benicia Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 245-8900 • Telex No. 357-405 Circle 254 on reader service card The price of upgrading your digits has come down. This is your opportunity to upgrade to high performance. General Instrument is now offering high performance digits at prices very competitive with standard red. After today, price should be no object when you are evaluating red against high performance. By any other measure, there's no comparison. General Instrument single and double digits are brighter and bolder than standard red. And you have your choice of colors: green, yellow, orange and high efficiency red. Making the switch is easy. General Instrument digits are direct replacements for standard red in most applications. You can use a lower current drive and still get outstanding brightness. And all this now comes at a very affordable price. And you can quote us. Ask for the new figures on these great numbers. For a quote, call your General Instrument representative. Or write to General Instrument, Dept. MCD-3, 3400 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304. The light heavyweight GENERAL INSTRUMENT Analyzer stores spectrum data Plug-in spectrum analyzer's digital waveform storage gives it new flexibility The Tektronix 7L14 spectrum analyzer adds digital storage to the features of the previously announced model 7L13. The 7L14's frequency range, 10 kHz to 1,800 MHz, is slightly short of the 1-kHz-to-1,800-MHz coverage of the 7L13, but the storage capacity adds significantly to the instrument's flexibility. Digital storage allows the user to retain a reference waveform in the 7L14's memory and to compare it with waveforms measured in real time. Most system response errors, for example, can be subtracted out in the 7L14 by using the "B minus save A" feature, where "save A" is the reference waveform and the B waveform is measured in real time. The total digital memory available for waveforms is 1,024 points across the screen, each digitized with 8-bit resolution. When comparisons of reference and real-time waveforms are made, each waveform can have 512 points across the screen. No flicker. Another advantage of digital storage is the elimination at all sweep speeds of the flicker that is found on low-duty-cycle displays on previous analyzers. Flicker-free display is achieved, in fact, using a non-storage cathode-ray tube with the standard P31 phosphor, rather than the more expensive storage CRT with variable persistence used on the 7L13. The storage also makes possible a new feature, the "max hold" control. It allows the user to capture either a maximum signal level or maximum noise level among a long series of measurements. The analyzer can continue to sweep while updating the memory with the changes. "It's an excellent way to plot signal drift over time," notes Stuart Fox, product manager for the 7L14. The 7L14 can also perform digital averaging on waveforms. It can, for example, sample a waveform 100 times, sum the responses, and divide the result by 100. To protect the analyzer's critical first mixer, the 7L14 has a built-in limiter that does not degrade the analyzer's distortion-measurement capabilities. As a result, signal levels up to 1 W can be connected to the input without damage. The limiter can also protect the mixer from line-frequency signals up to 50 V that may be present. The distortion specifications of the analyzer are very good, with all spurious and intermodulation distortion 70 dB below the signal. The 7L14 also has a 70-db on-screen dynamic range, a -130-dBm sensitivity, and 30-Hz resolution, as well as 4:1 shape-factor resolution filters and CRT readout of control settings. The two-compartment-wide 7L14 costs $15,000, compared with the 7L13 plug-in (also two compartments wide) with a $10,500 selling price. The commonly used 7603 CRT mainframe adds another $2,260 to the system price. Delivery of the 7L14 is approximately four weeks after receipt of order. Tektronix Inc., P O. Box 1700, Beaverton, Ore. 97075. Phone (800) 547-1512 [351] Wideband video amp slews at 5 kV/μs The CLC102, a linear amplifier with a fixed gain of 15 dB, has a symmetrical slew rate of over 5 kV/μs, so it Look what's happened to HIPLØT™ It’s grown into a complete family of quality low cost digital plotters Yes, they are UL listed! ** In just two short years, the HIPLØT has become the most popular digital plotter among small systems users. With a record like that, what can we do for an encore? WE’VE INTRODUCED A COMPLETE LINE OF HIPLØTs . . . with a model suited for just about every plotting application. The HIPLØT DMP Series is a new family of digital plotters with both “standard” and “intelligent” models available with surface areas of 8½” x 11” (DIN A4) and 11” x 17” (DIN A3). For the user needing a basic reliable plotter, we have the “old standard” DMP-2 (8½” x 11”), and the “new standard” DMP-5 (11” x 17”). For those needing a little more capability, there are the DMP-3 (8½” x 11”) and the DMP-6 (11” x 17”)—both microprocessor controlled and providing easy remote positioning of the X and Y axes (perfect for the OEM). For those who want this intelligence plus the convenience of front panel electronic controls, we’ve provided the DMP-4 (8½” x 11”) and the DMP-7 (11” x 17”). The “standard” plotters come complete with an RS-232-C and a parallel interface. The “intelligent” DMP plotters accept data from either an RS-232-C or Centronics data source. For the “standard” plotters, software is available from our ever expanding “Micrographic Users Group.” The “intelligent” HIPLØTs use our exclusive DM/PL™ language which minimizes plot software to a fraction of that normally associated with digital plotting. With the new DMP Series, high quality digital plotting can now be a part of your system. It just doesn’t make sense to be without this valuable tool when there is a DMP plotter with the plot size, speed and capabilities that are exactly tailored to your specific needs…and your budget. Prices for the DMP series range from $1,085* to $1,985. For complete information contact Houston Instrument, One Houston Square, Austin, Texas 78753. (512)837-2820. For rush literature requests, outside Texas call toll free 1-800-531-5205. For technical information ask for operator #5. In Europe contact Houston Instrument, Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Telephone 059/27-74-45. TM HIPLØT and DM/PL are Trademarks of Houston Instrument Circle number 187 to have a representative call You demand precision molded parts We produce them. ELECTRONICS In the electronics industry, the demand for precision quality molded parts has intensified. ITT Thermotech is a custom injection molder of thermosets and thermoplastics who has been meeting this demand, and has also been helping electronic manufacturers in the design of many of today's successful precision molded parts. Whatever your injection molded needs are, whether design assistance, close tolerance production, or careful assembly—ITT Thermotech has been doing it for over a quarter of a century and can do it for you. ITT THERMOTEC 1202 SOUTH FIFTH STREET, HOPKINS, MN 55343 (612) 933-9400 3200 TYRONE BLVD., ST. PETERSBURG, FL 33710 (813) 347-2191 Circle 258 on reader service card New products can offer pulse rise and fall times of 1.6 ns for a 10-v step into 50 Ω, with less than a 2% overshoot. At full power, the unit's −3-dB bandwidth is typically 220 MHz while driving a 50-Ω load at 10 V peak to peak. At lower power levels, the bandwidth is over 300 MHz. Since rolloff past the −3-dB frequency is approximately 15 dB per octave, the frequency response remains very flat from dc to near the −3-dB frequency. Typical gain flatness to 100 MHz is ±0.2 dB and the deviation of phase from linear is ±2°. The settling time of the amplifier is 150 ns. The 3-by-3-by-1.175-in. unit sells for $270, including BNC connectors. Delivery is from stock to six weeks. Comlinear Corp., 514 Railroad Ave., Loveland, Colo. 80537 [353] Rack-mountable computer fits into automated tester The HP 9915A modular computer is a small box that contains the central processor, memory, operating system, and input/output ports of an HP-85 desktop computer. It has been packaged as a rack-mountable unit that can be easily integrated into instrument systems and that runs programs developed on the HP-85. Thus, it makes it economical to add intelligence to test or measurement systems—the cost is $1,675 per module in the U.S. System software developed on the HP-85 can be transferred to the HP 9915A via erasable programmable read-only memory or magnetic tape. The module can accept up to 32-k bytes of E-PROM-stored information alTHE MOST POWERFUL BENCHTOP TEST SYSTEM IN THE WORLD. BIG SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AT A BENCHTOP PRICE. The LTS-2000 is a lot more than a simple tester. It's a powerful instrument you can use anywhere in your plant for almost any kind of test from basic go/no-go to full-blown Discrepant Material Reports. And it can not only test DAC's and ADC's but a wide variety of linear components, including Op Amps, regulators, comparators, biefets, etc. Test results are immediately displayed and printed, and full reports including statistical analysis, data log and summary sheets are available through the integral 20 column printer. Interface to peripherals, like line printers, CRT terminals or a HOST computer are easily accomplished via the IEEE-488 interface or either of the RS232 ports. The LTS-2000 gives you true "big system" performance, like system measurement accuracy to greater than 16 bits, ± 1 LSB; self-calibration and diagnostics, 16 bit microcomputer with 64K bytes of memory and more—all at ¼ the "big system" price. EASY-TO-PROGRAM, EASY-TO-USE. The unique design also allows for easy use. You can set up a program in minutes either with a program from the device library or with the complete test menu of fill-in-the-blanks software. Just snap in the appropriate family board module and socket module, plug in the device and press "GO"—the LTS-2000 does the rest. There's even a full-edit capability, so test parameters can be changed quickly and easily. IT'S THE MOST VERSATILE BENCHTOP YOU CAN BUY. You can not only use the LTS-2000 for incoming inspection, but component selection and grading, engineering analysis, quality control, final test, qualification test, and even as a diagnostic tool for component evaluation. Never before has a compact benchtop linear test system offered so much versatility for so little. For more information on the LTS-2000, or the LTS-2010 which lets you program in BASIC, contact Greg LaBonte at (617) 273-4780, Analog Devices, P.O. Box 280, Norwood, MA 02062. AND WE CAN DELIVER. 45 DAYS ARO! OP AMPS DAC'S REGULATORS ADC'S COMPARATORS ANALOG DEVICES WAY OUT IN FRONT. "Visit us at ATE Seminar—Booth #434 "Visit us at Southcorn—Booth #316 Analog Devices, Inc., Box 290, Norwood, MA 02062; East Coast: (617) 529-4700, Midwest: (312) 894-3300; West Coast: (714) 842-1717; Texas: (214) 251-5094, Belgium: 03/157 48 05; Denmark: 02/84 58 00, England: 01/841 0466; France: 01/687 3411, Germany: 089/53 03 19; Japan: 03/263 6826; Netherlands: 076/87 92 51; Switzerland: 022/5157 60, and representatives around the world. World Radio History Circle 259 on reader service card Backlighted CUSTOM DATA PANELS® Complete low profile custom switch/indicator front panels, with Tactile Feedback, offer high reliability design possibilities. TERMINATION - PCB Tab - Flat Cable - Connector Interface - Direct soldering - Terminals EMBOSSING Adds three dimensional effect and human factors considerations on matte or glossy surface. MOUNTING PCB provides excellent rigidity requiring no additional support, using any of several mounting options available. DISPLAYS Cut outs available for back mounted displays. ENVIRONMENT All versions sealed from front. Can be environmentally sealed from back. SWITCH Switch assembly only .090 thick. Available with panel mounted L.E.D.s. BACKLIGHTED SWITCHES Incandescent 2.5V to 28V replaceable lamp with field adjustable colors. L.E.D. backlighted areas limited in size. Lighted switches only .375 thick. TEC, Incorporated CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS: 2727 N. FAIRVIEW AVE. • TUCSON, ARIZONA U.S.A. 85705 • (602) 792-2230 • TWX 910-952-1377 • TELEX 16-5540 TEC International, Inc. EUROPEAN OPERATIONS: AVENUE LOUISE 148 – BOX 6 • 1050 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM • (02) 649 81 54 • TELEX 846-63563 Circle 260 on reader service card New products though the standard HP 9915A comes with 16-K bytes of read/write memory available to the user. With an optional 200-K-byte cartridge tape unit ($425), the HP 9915A can exchange programs and data with HP data cartridges. An optional operator interface for adding custom keyboards and displays adds $350 to the module's base price. Deliveries of the modular computer take eight weeks from receipt of an order. Hewlett-Packard Co., 1507 Page Mill Rd., Palo Alto, Calif. 94304 [354] $300 512-MHz counter has ±0.1-ppm time base A 512-MHz digital frequency counter, the portable model SM-2420 features four rate times and eight-digit resolution for precise readings. The unit's crystal oven temperature is proportionally controlled to keep the internal time base within 0.1 ppm over a wide temperature range. The long-term stability of the instrument's crystal-controlled time base is less than 1 ppm per year, says the manufacturer. In addition, the frequency counter makes provision for using external time-base signals. The eight-digit light-emitting-diode display has the resolution needed to measure ultrahigh-frequency signals, and the unit's typical 4-to-15-mV sensitivity allows the counting of low-level signals. A factory-assembled and tested SM-2420 sells for $299.95. For $239.95, a kit version of the frequency counter, model IM-2420, is available, complete with an assembly manual. Heath Co., Benton Harbor, Mich. 49022. Phone (616) 982-3210 [355] A LITTLE GOOD NEWS FOR DATA GENERAL OEMS. Look what we've put together for you. A desk top computer that doesn't take up the whole desk. It's called MPT. And look what's inside this little thing; a 16 bit microNOVA™ computer. 60 K bytes of memory. 80 column by 25 line screen. Full keyboard with 10-key numeric pad. And up to 716 KB of on-line storage on two 358 KB mini diskettes. (Also available with one diskette. Or none.) Out back you'll find an I/O bus that accepts the standard microNOVA peripherals. As well as your own interfaces. And two synchronous/asynchronous communications ports, programmable to 19.2K baud. Standard. (We could go on about why that's an option on other systems. But don't get us started on that.) Also standard are power-up diagnostics that check out the whole system before it accepts your diskettes. So you and your software shouldn't be accused of hardware problems. MPT is upwards compatible with the microNOVA, NOVA® and ECLIPSE® computers you're probably using now. And because it uses a run-time version of MP/OS, you're going to be able to develop your software with your MP/OS and AOS operating systems. In PASCAL, FORTRAN, BASIC. You can get to work on your MPT software now. By calling your local Data General sales office. Or writing us at MS C-228, 4400 Computer drive, Westboro MA 01580. Or if you really want to move, you can pick one up at your local Data General industrial electronics stocking distributor this afternoon. You'll find MPT very easy to take. Partly because of the $4899 price (USA price, 2 diskette version, OEM quantity 20). And partly because the whole thing weighs just 30 pounds. Remember when you decided to become a Data General OEM? That was a very intelligent decision on your part. MPT is good news for every Data General OEM. And bad news for those who are not. DataGeneral We take care of our own. Schweber, Hall-Mark, Kierullf, Almac/Stroum, R.A.E. in Canada New 5 & 3 Output Fixed Disk Memory Power Supplies For Winchester, Shugart, Micropolis and Other Fixed Disk Memories Here they are, 7 brand spanking new fixed disk open frame power supplies for Winchester, Shugart, Micropolis and other fixed disk memories. Delivery is just stock to 4 weeks. And they are the only fixed disk supplies with an international transformer as standard. Take a peek at our specs and prices. Then pick up the phone and call Condor or your Condor rep and order yours. Also, ask for our 8 page catalog listing over 120 open frame power supplies. CONDOR... WE'RE COMING ON STRONG! SPECIFICATIONS Input: 100/115/215/230V ± 10% 47-440 Hz Line Reg: .02% for a 10% input change Load Reg: .02% for a 50% load change Ripple: 3.0 MV PK-PK max., 20V to 200V; .02% PK-PK max OVP: Auto #1 OVLD Protect: Auto, Current Limit, foldback Temp: 0 to 50°C at full current Temp. Co-efficient: ±.01% 1°C max. See EEM-Pg. 3324 & Goldbook, Vol. 1-Pg. 423 \| Model \| Output 1 \| Output 2 \| Output 3 \| Output 4 \| Output 5 \| Case \| 1-9 Pr. \| \|---------\|--------------\|----------------\|--------------\|--------------\|--------------\|------\|---------\| \| FDBB-149\| +5V@15A \| +24V@2/4.5A PK \| +12V@.8A \| -5V@.8A \| -12V@.1A \| DDB \| $169.00 \| \| FNBB-119\| +5V@6A \| +24V@2/4.5A PK \| +12V@.8A \| -5V@.1A \| -12V@.1A \| NBB \| $140.00 \| \| FCBB-89 \| +5V@6A \| +firstname.lastname@example.org/4.5A P\| +12V@.8A \| -5V@.8A \| -12V@.8A \| CBB \| $130.00 \| \| FDBB-148\| +5V@15A \| +24V@2/4.5A PK \| N/A \| N/A \| -5V or -email@example.com \| DDB \| $149.00 \| \| FNBB-120\| +5V@7A \| +firstname.lastname@example.org/5.5A PK\| N/A \| N/A \| -5V or -email@example.com \| NBB \| $120.00 \| \| FNBB-118\| +5V@9A \| +24V@2/4.5A PK \| N/A \| N/A \| -5V or -firstname.lastname@example.org \| NBB \| $120.00 \| \| FCBB-88 \| +5V@6A \| +email@example.com/4.5A PK\| N/A \| N/A \| -5V or -12V@.8A \| CBB \| $110.00 \| State of the Art from Technical Magic 2 SPBT With this board in your LSI-11, you can run your console, another serial peripheral, a line printer, have a multi-device bootstrap, and bus termination, all in one slot. LP-SHARE This board allows multiple LSI-11's to share any printer with a standard Centronics or Data Products interface, delivers high reliability, and cuts the cost of your system. Primarily an R&D house. Technical Magic makes available leading edge, high density interface boards. Technical Magic 17742 Mitchell Avenue, Irvine, California 92714 (714) 556-2380 Every once in a while some designer finds a spot in a new machine for a sensor, a pushbutton or a keyboard, and none of the 50,000 devices we make will fit. It’s always something. Considering the number of products we make, you’d think we could satisfy all of the people who design machines like computers and copiers. But no. Every once in a while, someone still comes up with an idea that our products don’t quite fit. Naturally, we do everything we can to help. Which happens to be a lot considering the years of experience we have in the switching business. You see, one of the reasons we have so many sensors and manual controls in the first place is because people have always come to us with design problems. And they’ve usually resulted in new products. Which become part of our product line. So when you come to us with some new idea, we’re in a good position to modify an existing product for you. Especially if you call us when you’re starting a new project. That way, you get our nearly 50 years’ experience helping customers solve design problems. Experience that includes the human factors engineering that makes our pushbuttons easier for people to use. And the Hall effect technology that makes our solid state sensors the most accurate you can buy. So, if you have a design problem that’s been bothering you, call us at 815-235-6600. Or write MICRO SWITCH, The Sensor Consultants, Freeport, Illinois 61032. MICRO SWITCH a Honeywell Division Circle #263 for data Two new ways to reduce cost — Model 528 20 MHz 5 Decade Log Sweep Function Generator $995.00 Model 500SL 5 MHz 4 Decade Log Sweep Function Generator $445.00* — and get superior performance too! Many of today’s function generators offer high performance for a lot of money, or low price with a lot less performance. Exact offers you a choice of two new log sweep function generators without short changing you on either. These two generators will probably fit 90% of the function generator requirements, so it’s a good bet one of them will do your job at a much lower price than you expected to pay. The Model 500SL shatters the under $500.00 price/performance barrier with superior features such as: .005 Hz to 5 MHz frequency range, 3 decade linear and 4 decade logarithmic sweep, start and stop sweep limit controls to allow up and down frequency sweeping, gate and trigger modes, sine, square, triangle and haversine waveforms. Circle the number below and we will send you all the information. Circle both numbers and our representative will rush you a demo. * Domestic U.S. price only BOX 347 TILLAMOOK, OR 97141 Tel. (503) 842-8441 TWX 510-590-0918 EXACT electronics, inc. Circle #264 for demonstration DDC's MIL-STD-1553 Transformer, Transceiver and Manchester II Converter hybrid circuits provide unique design solutions to the vital link between the 1553 Serial Data Bus and the Subsystem Parallel Bus. Model BUS-8553 Transceiver features very low power dissipation and improved filtering on the receiver to enhance bit error rate of the system. DDC's Model BUS-8937 Manchester II Converter offers encoding/decoding, serial/parallel and parallel/serial conversion, address decoding and recognition plus tri-state double buffered output latches. For complete details on how DDC can take you from bus to bus call or write today. DDC ILC DATA DEVICE CORPORATION EXECUTIVE OFFICES: ILC Data Device Corporation, Dept. K-4, 105 Wilbur Place, Bohemia, NY 11716, (516) 567-5600, TWX: 510-228-7324 LOS ANGELES: ILC Data Device Corporation, Dept. K-4, 7337 Greenbush Avenue, No. Hollywood, CA 91605, (213) 982-6454, TWX: 910-499-2674 DALLAS: ILC Data Device Corporation, Dept. K-4, 115 East Airportway, Suite 490, Irving, TX 75062, (214) 252-7624, TWX: 910-860-5902 LONDON: DDC United Kingdom Ltd., Dept. K-4, 128 High Street, Hungerford, Berkshire, RG17 0DL, England, 0484-214-2142, TLX: 851-848826 PARIS: DDC Electronique, Dept. K-4, 4 Rue de l'Abreuvoir, 92400 Courbevoie, France, (1) 353-5888, TLX: 842-630609 Circle 265 on reader service card We've Got The Light Connections! Schematic To Finished Wire Wrap Panel In A Fraction Of The Time. PEN-ENTRY 4000 (TM) is a unique approach to N/C tape preparation. Utilizing interactive graphics and a light pen, wiring connections can be programmed for such processes as wire wrap, Multiwire, stitch-weld, etc. The PEN-ENTRY operator can wire and layout components on the CRT display working directly from schematic, eliminating the need for "from-to" lists. PEN-ENTRY is loaded with features that save valuable time in troubleshooting and testing. PEN-ENTRY'S floppy disk data storage allows ready revision of previously stored data, this means E.C.O.'s can be processed faster and more efficiently. An in-house PEN-ENTRY system offers numerous advantages in cost and time savings in prototyping and production. Let us show you how it pays to have the "light connections". For data preparation service, price quote or more information call or write: Systems for Wire Automation Wire Graphics Ltd. 215 B Central Avenue Farmingdale, New York 11735 Telephone (516) 293-1525 New products Data acquisition Modules spawn input card line Data-acquisition modules are used in three analog-input card families for STD bus Already strong in products compatible with DEC, Intel, and Computer Automation mini- and micro-computers, Data Translation Inc. established a beachhead in the Mostek/Pro-Log STD-bus market in 1979 [Electronics, April 12, 1979, p. 255]. Now, three analog-input card families are being added to an STD line that, by mid-1980, already included five multichannel analog-input, 8- and 12-bit analog-output, three input-multiplexer, and a pair of dc-dc converter cards capable of deriving ±15 V from the STD bus's 5-v supply. The new cards take the line to higher resolutions. They are based on the firm's 14-bit DT5714 and 16-bit DT5716 data-acquisition modules. Modular construction makes such market entries relatively straightforward; DT need only design the appropriate 6.5-by-4.5-in. card and mount the requisite data-acquisition module on it. But some tight engineering is necessary, since the modules themselves measure 3 by 4.6 in. The three new input card families are: the high-level DT2742 family, the DT2744 family for lower-level inputs, and the DT2745 isolated-input cards. The DT5716, on which the 16-bit offerings are based, is specified to have linearity within ±0.006%, differential linearity within ±1 least significant bit, ±10 ppm/°C converter temperature coefficient, 100-MΩ input impedance, and 50-μs conversion time. For the 14-bit DT5714, linearity is within ±0.009%, differential linearity is within ±½ least significant bit, converter temperature coefficient is ±20 ppm/°C, input impedance is 100 MΩ, and conversion time is 30 μs. Each module includes a 16-channel multiplexer, multiplex register and counter, control logic and clock, sample-and-hold network, analog-to-digital converter, +6.3-v reference, and (optionally) a programmable-gain amplifier. Potential users face a sizable array of available configurations. In the DT2742 high-level family, for example, users can select among 12-, 14-, or 16-bit resolutions and 8 differential or 16 single-ended inputs; they may request programmable gain on most models and resistor-set gain on any; and they may specify 20-mA current-loop output. They have a choice of ±12- or ±15-v power and of unipolar input ranges of 0 to +5 and 0 to +10 v, or ±5- or ±10-v bipolar ranges. The alternatives in the high-level card family number more than 20; the same goes for the low-level DT2744 family. The only basic difference is in input ranges: unipolar ranges of 10 mv to 5 or 10 v full scale and bipolar ranges of ±10 mv to ±5 or ±10 v full scale are available. Power-supply requirements, resolutions, inputs, and gain programmability are identical with the high-level family's. Isolation. The DT2745 isolated-input boards form the smallest family, numbering about 10. The user is limited to four isolated differential inputs, ±12 or ±15-v supply voltages, 12-bit resolution, and the option of a 20-mA current-loop output. The isolation rating is ±250 v and the common-mode rejection ratio is specified at 160 dB at 60 Hz. Thus the new STD-bus offerings, in all their permutations, number Color-coded, TV-standard image obtained with a Pyircon pyroelectric-target imaging tube. Look into the future of thermal TV... with the THOMSON-CSF Pyircon® The Pyircon... from THOMSON-CSF is a full-grown, in-production, application-proven, pyroelectric-target imaging tube. It's available now, with guaranteed stable characteristics. This means that if you want to change the Pyircon in your thermal television camera, you don't have to revamp your circuits; like with any production TV-camera pickup tube, you just need to fine-adjust. The Pyircon... pyroelectric-target imaging tube is sensitive. We're talking about an imaging tube, so just have a look at the image above, obtained with a camera incorporating a Pyircon. Unlike results obtained with conventional thermographic systems, a camera of this type gives images in real-time, in broadcast-television standard (525/625 lines; 60/50 Hz), displayable on any standard TV monitor, and processable by any standard TV equipment. The Pyircon... is available at a fixed price, with a guaranteed delivery date, and with full after-sales support including advice on system design. For further information please contact THOMSON-CSF. THOMSON-CSF ELECTRON TUBES / 750 BLOOMFIELD AVENUE / CLIFTON NJ 07015 / TEL.: (1.201) 779.10.04 - TWX: 710.989.7149 BRAZIL - São Paulo THOMSON-CSF COMPONENTES DO BRASIL Ltda TEL.: (11) 542 4722 FRANCE - Boulogne-Billancourt THOMSON-CSF - TUBES ELECTRONIQUES TEL.: (1) 604 81 75 GERMANY - München THOMSON-CSF GmbH TEL.: (89) 75 10 84 UNITED KINGDOM - Basingstoke THOMSON-CSF COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS LTD. TEL.: (256) 29 155 ITALY - Roma THOMSON-CSF TUBI ELETTRONICI SRL TEL.: (8) 636 14 86 SPAIN - Madrid THOMSON-CSF COMPONENTES Y TUBOS S.A. TEL.: (1) 419 88 42 SWEDEN - Stockholm THOMSON-CSF KOMPONENTER & ELEKTRONRÖR AB TEL.: (8) 225815 JAPAN - Tokyo THOMSON-CSF JAPAN K.K. TEL.: (3) 204 36 46 Circle 267 on reader service card SERIES SE3000 Lightweight, instrumentation recorders that both you and your budget can carry These IRIG compatible 1/4 and 1/2 inch portable instrumentation recorders are the first to offer the features and performance of 1 inch laboratory recorders that weigh and cost much more. - 8 tachometer or tape servo controlled speeds, from 15/32 to 60 inches/second - IRIG compatible recording up to 40 kHz FM, 300 kHz direct, and 0.5 Mbit/second HDDR - 4, 7, 8, or 14 record/reproduce channels, plug in for any mix of FM, direct, and HDDR, fully aligned for 8 speed operation - Built-in calibration, complete electronics-to-electronics checkout (FM and direct) - Choice of interchangeable ac or dc power supplies Call today. You'll be surprised how little a 55 lb, 14 channel portable instrumentation recorder can cost. Or write for our new 4 page brochure. EMI Technology Inc. 100 Research Drive P.O. Box 2046 Stamford, CT 06906 Telephone (203) 356-1300 TWX: 710-474-0128 Toll Free Instrumentation Service: 800-243-2572 A Member of the THORN EMI Group Sales Offices: - Newport Beach, CA 92660 Telephone (714) 760-1955 - Atlanta, GA 30339 Telephone (404) 952-8502 International: SE Labs (EMI) Ltd. Spur Road, Feltham, Middlesex TW14 OTD, England Telephone 01-890-1477 Telex: 23995 New products about 50. Sources in the company feel that this makes DT's the broadest line of analog input and output cards tailored to the STD bus. The boards' base prices range from $525 to $595 each. Options and variations from standard configurations—14- or 16-bit resolution, programmable gain, and so on—add from $100 to $900 per unit. Delivery takes five days. Data Translation Inc., 100 Locke Dr., Marlboro, Mass. 01752. Phone (617) 481-3700 [381] 16-bit converters digitize position data to ±40 s The SDC-502 series of 16-bit synchro-to-digital and resolver-to-digital tracking converters has a standard accuracy to within ±1 minute, but a ±40-second option is available for higher accuracy requirements. The manufacturer says that the high accuracy and jitter-free output of the converters are due to a patented control transformer algorithm. The converters' broadband input frequency covers the 350-to-1,000-Hz range and can be extended to 10 kHz by using a voltage-follower buffer-input option. One of the five models in the series is for direct input, two take synchro inputs, and two take resolver inputs. Two operating temperature ranges are available—from −55° to +105°C and from 0° to +70°C. Each converter is mounted in a standard 24-pin module. Delivery takes 30 to 90 days. A single unit sells for $750 in the U.S., $863 abroad. ILC Data Device Corp., 105 Wilbur Place, Bohemia, N.Y. 11716. Phone (516) 567-5600 [383] Data logger has low-level preamp and scan start clock Designed for acquiring data in remote, high-data-capacity, long-term applications like pollution monitoring, the miniature LPS-16 digital ROHM has developed a complete line of standard printheads for all types of thermal printing requirements. These high speed, high resolution line and serial printheads set new standards for reproduction quality and reliability and are available now to meet your specific applications. ROHM line printheads are available with print widths to 10 inches, densities to 8 dots/mm (200 dots/inch) and line print speeds to 2 mS. Drive circuits, shift registers and diode matrices are mounted in IC form on the substrate to keep things simple, save space and improve reliability (MDLBF is $100 \times 10^6$). These units come ready to install, complete with heat sink and platen guide and with all connections terminated in a standard edge connector. For serial applications we offer a full line of heads that achieve print speeds of 120 to 150 cps and life expectancies of 150 million characters or more. These standard configurations can be customized to match your specific requirements. For more information, contact: R-OHM Corporation P.O. Box 19515, Irvine, CA 92713. (714) 546-7750. TWX: 910-595-1721. IS YOUR TRS-80 SMARTER THAN YOU ARE? Novice Hobbyist Educator Student Expert Sams Books can help you get all the performance and features out of the TRS-80 that were built into it. The more you know about the hardware, software, language, and programming involved with the TRS-80, the faster your computer will pay for itself. THESE SAMS BOOKS WILL HELP YOU USE ALL THE TRS-80 FEATURES YOU PAID FOR TRS-80 INTERFACING Books 1 & 2, By Jonathan A. Titus. Book 1 introduces the signals available within the TRS-80 and how to use them to control external devices. Book 2 explores more advanced techniques that will allow you to do real things that you didn't even know your TRS-80 could do. BOOK 1 No. 21633, $9.95; BOOK 2 No. 21739, $9.95; TWO-VOLUME SET—Books 1 & 2 No. 21765, $17.50. Mostly BASIC: Applications for your TRS-80, By Howard Berenbom. No. 21788 $11.95. Contains over 15 actual programs for home, entertainment, business, and educational use on the TRS-80. Z-80 MICROCOMPUTER HANDBOOK, By William G. Harden, Jr. No. 21500 $8.95. The more you know about the Z-80 microprocessor—the heart of the TRS-80—the more you can get out of your computer. Here is everything you should know about the hardware software and microprocessor basics behind the Z-80. Z-80 MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING & INTERFACING Books 1 & 2, By Elizabeth A. Nichols, Joseph C. Nichols, and Peter R. Rony. Book 1 explores Z-80 software and machine language programming. Book 2 addresses interfacing digital circuits with the Z-80 CPU, I/P, and CTC chips. BOOK 1 No. 21609 $10.95; BOOK 2 No. 21610 $12.95; TWO-VOLUME SET—Books 1 & 2 No. 21611 $21.95. Mail to: Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., 4300 West 62nd Street, P.O. Box 7092, Indianapolis, IN 46206, (317) 298-5400 \| Item \| No. \| Quantity \| \|-------------------------------------------\|-------\|----------\| \| TRS-80 Interfacing—Book 1 \| 21633 \| $ 8.95 \| \| TRS-80 Interfacing—Book 2 \| 21739 \| $ 9.95 \| \| TWO-VOLUME SET—TRS-80 Interfacing Books 1 & 2 \| 21765 \| $17.50 \| \| Mostly BASIC: Applications for your TRS-80 \| 21788 \| $11.95 \| \| Z-80 Microcomputer Handbook \| 21500 \| $8.95 \| \| Z-80 Microprocessor Programming & Interfacing, Book 1 \| 21609 \| $10.95 \| \| Z-80 Microprocessor Programming & Interfacing Book 2 \| 21610 \| $12.95 \| \| TWO-VOLUME SET—Z-80 Microprocessor Programming & Interfacing Books 1 & 2 \| 21611 \| $21.95 \| Add local sales tax where applicable Shipping & handling costs $2.00 Total amount of order $ Payment Enclosed □ Check □ Money Order VISA □ Mastercard Interbank No. ___________________________ (minimum credit card purchase $10) Account No. ___________________________ Expiration Date ________________ Name (print) __________________________________________ Signature __________________________________________ Address __________________________________________ City __________________________________________ State ___________________________ Zip ________________ Prices subject to change without notice. All books available from Sams Distributors, Bookstores, and Computer Stores. Offer good in U.S.A only. In Canada, contact Lenbrook Industries Ltd., Scarborough, MTH, T1H, Ontario, Canada. Offer expires 4/30/81 ADD64 Circle 270 on reader service card New products cassette data logger has optional instrumentation-amplifier inputs and a start clock for automatic scanning. The battery-powered (±12-v dc) unit can store 120,000 16-bit samples per cassette, whether they are 12-bit analog data points from an internal analog-to-digital converter or external 16-bit complementary-MOS latched parallel data from the user's clock or counter. The 4-by-4.5-by-7-in. device consumes 120 μW of power while on standby and 80 mA while recording at a rate of up to five samples per second. With the instrumentation amplifier ($165 additional), the LPS-16 has eight differential channels. An optional onboard C-MOS clock ($100) allows selection of scanning intervals of up to 2 hours between scans. The basic model, the LPS-16-12B, is $1,360 without clock and preamp options. Delivery takes 15 to 30 days. Datel Intersil, 11 Cabot Blvd., Mansfield, Mass. 02048. Phone (617) 339-9341 [384] Data-logging system is priced at $4,500 The Fidac series 7240 data-acquisition and control system includes Basic and assembly-language programming, a cathode-ray-tube display, a full typewriter keyboard, and program- and data-storage capability for as little as $4,500. As $300 to $400 options, the 7240 has a range of plug-in function cards for analog and digital signals, plus a 5¼-in. flexible-disk memory with a 340-K-byte capacity and an impact printer. An IEEE-488 controller allows other compatible instruments to be integrated into the system for automated electronic testing. A basic system incorporates a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter with input multiplexer, digital input and output, and pulse counter for $4,200. The mainframe assembly communicates by an 8-bit bidirectional parallel port to leave the IEEE-488 bus free for simultaneous communication with peripheral devices. Fl Electronics, 968 Piner Rd., Santa Rosa, Calif. 95401. Phone (707) 527-0410 [385] With Monochips,™ Alexander Graham Bell might have invented the picture phone. "Mr. Watson, come here — I want you." With this simple statement telecommunications technology was born. If Monochips™ were around in the 1870's, Bell might have designed a phone system that let people see as well as speak to each other. Or a switching network to route a million calls in a matter of seconds. Because with Monochips, it's possible to create designs that improve existing technologies. Or even spawn brand-new industries — as Bell's telephone did. Monochips are semi-custom IC's that give you all the benefits of full-custom development without the lead time or expense. Their circuit components — the first five layers — are already in place when you start designing. So all you do is tell us how to connect them to make the circuit your design requires. Working from your layout, we etch the sixth layer and deliver prototypes in 8 weeks for $7,800 or less. When you approve them, we produce 1,000 to 500,000 parts for you. The starting point is our Monochip Design Kits. They let you design your own custom IC — linear, CMOS, NMOS, CML, or bipolar — for only $25 to $59 per kit. Put your flair for inventive designs to work now. Call us today to order your kit or for more information. Interdesign, 1255 Rearwood Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086. (408) 734-8666. Interdesign is a Ferranti Company. Circle 271 on reader service card YODAC-85S is a powerful new intelligent data logger that accepts analog inputs up to 500 channels through scanners. Conversational menu programming through its built-in CRT display makes the YODAC-85S surprisingly simple to operate. No complex computer languages are required. Dedicated computing functions include summation, maximum value, minimum value, mean value, standard deviation, and deviation between channels. A variety of easy-to-use functions, plus optional user-programmable linearizer and trend graph display, make it perfect for a wide range of applications from the laboratory to the industry. Typical Applications* Process Industry Power consumption monitoring, process data monitoring, power plant monitoring, water treatment plant monitoring, and nuclear plant monitoring systems. Research and Laboratory Temperature data logging, automobile data logging, air conditioner efficiency test, weather data logging, solar energy efficiency test, and turbine test systems. Production Line Motor, refrigerator, battery, transformer, and temperature sensor (thermocouple, thermostat) test systems, and electric machines power consumption and temperature tests. The only μP-controlled WAVEFORM ANALYZER also RECORDS! E-H’s new Model 1060 digitizes and stores the waveform samples for transfer via the bus. Circle 273 on reader service card MODEL 1060 WAVEFORM ANALYZER E-H International, Inc • 7303 Edgewater Drive, Oakland, CA 94621 • PH: 415/638-5656 • TWX: 910-366-7258 Miproc 16AP A cost and space saving associate processor for PDP-11* systems Remember your DEC11? Great when you first got it, but now you've outgrown it. Now, by adding on the Miproc 16AP you can turn your DECPDP-11* minicomputer system into a more highly capable one. At low cost. You get all the compute power of a PDP 11/70.* At a third of the price. Compare the figures for yourself \| \| PDP-11/70* \| Miproc 16 \| \|----------------------\|------------\|-----------\| \| \| Min \| Max \| Min \| Max \| \| Integer Add, from memory \| 0.6 \| 0.6† \| .25 \| .25 \| \| 32 bit floating point Add \| 0.9 \| 2.52 \| 1.25 \| 3.50 \| \| 32 bit floating point Multiply \| 1.8 \| 3.44 \| 2.50 \| 2.75 \| Min/max times, all in microseconds. †Mode 1 source address. - Incredible I/O power: 10 megawords DMA or 1 megaword/second programmable - Memory up to 128k word of 16 bits But that's not all you save. With the Miproc 16AP, your system occupies a fifth of the usual space, at the very most. Just great for OEMs! In its various configurations the Miproc 16AP can be tailored to your system design, and throughput problems can be quickly and conveniently eliminated. In post-processing, pre-processing, I/O handling and other tasks, just plug in the extra power of Miproc. PLESSEY MICROSYSTEMS Plessey Microsystems Limited Water Lane, Towcester, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom NN12 7JN. Tel: Towcester (0327) 50312 Telex: 31628 and at 19546 Clubhouse Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20760, Tel: 301-948-2791. 1641 Kaiser Avenue, Irvine, California 92714, Tel: 714-540-9931. Digital Equipment Corporation trademarks 274 Circle 274 on reader service card Unless it's from TECKNIT, it's not really a ZEBRA® elastomeric connector. The Day of the ZEBRA® elastomeric connector is here and the reasons are clear. Only the ZEBRA elastomeric connector provides a simple, cost effective connection between the contact pads of printed circuit boards and liquid crystal displays (LCD's). The ZEBRA elastomeric connector is constructed of alternating layers of conductive and nonconductive silicone rubber, permitting high density interface connections as close as 0.010" centerline-to-centerline. You also get nonabrasive contacts and superior shock and vibration protection. The seal is gas-tight making it resistant to humid and harsh environments. The Day of the ZEBRA elastomeric connector means convenience during manufacturing and assembly through its ease of installation and reduction in breakage. Applications are almost endless — clocks, calculators, home appliances, test instruments and auto engine read-outs, to name just a few. For more information on the Day of the ZEBRA elastomeric connector, write TECKNIT, Inc., 129 Dermody Street, Cranford, New Jersey 07016. Phone (201) 272-5500, TWX (710) 996-5951, TELEX 685-3079:TCKNT. REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF TECKNIT, INC. System generates board tests fast Test-pattern generator with schematic-editing graphics handles boards with 400 ICs Systems that automatically generate patterns to test integrated-circuit-laden boards are perhaps the most powerful tools available for checking the functioning of complex circuitry. Nonetheless, rapid increases in board size and complexity have test engineers hard-pressed to develop test programs fast enough. To speed the development of such programs, Computer Automation's Products division will soon make available a new system that, it claims, is the industry's fastest automated test simulator for loaded circuit boards. To be formally unveiled at the Automatic Test Equipment seminar/exhibit in Pasadena, Calif., Jan. 19–22, Sprint is compatible with the company's Capable family, already recognized as the fastest test simulators available in the industry. "We have significantly enhanced both hardware and software to achieve performance levels upwards of three times faster than our existing line," states Douglas Cutsforth, division vice president and general manager. Sprint, he adds, can generate comprehensive test programs for boards with 400 or more ICs, or 30% to 50% more circuit capacity than prior simulators could handle. According to Richard A. Garlic, division director of engineering, "one of the biggest problems facing test programming engineers is trying to simulate complex circuit boards with upwards of 1,000 nodes." Whereas it presently "takes days to do just one simulation," he points out, the new Sprint system will enable users to reduce that time to several hours. Sprint achieves its speed largely through its new central processing unit, an LSI 2/120, whose expanded instruction set significantly improves block-mode operations by consolidating statements. The Sprint processor can now do in one statement what its predecessors may have executed in as many as 60 statements. "The result is a tremendous improvement in throughput, software efficiency and programming productivity," says Cutsforth. Moreover, in purely hardware terms, Sprint's CPU is not only twice as fast as the LSI 2 in the company's prior simulators, but also has a new memory management unit to enlarge the processor memory space, as well as a 50-ns cache memory of 1-K words (2 bytes each) to improve access times. The system has a standard physical memory of 256-K words, in contrast with the earlier models' 96-k words. With these hardware enhancements, Garlic claims Sprint "can execute instructions an order of magnitude faster than was possible before." Among other major improvements incorporated into Sprint is a screen editor, a newly developed software tool that allows editing at the system's cathode-ray-tube terminal in a word-processing, cursor-controlled fashion. It is designed specifically to provide programmers in testing applications with more control and editing capabilities as data is entered, notes Garlic. Another proprietary software tool is a schematic editor with which users can enter and update data-base information in actual schematic format—"a tremendously fast and error-free means of entering circuit design specifications," notes Garlic. Sprint, which will be priced at approximately $132,000 for the complete hardware/software package, also comes with a new CRT that handles full graphic capabilities through the addition of 64 graphic character controls. The first deliveries are scheduled for April, and it will be generally available by June. Computer Automation Inc., Industrial Products Division, 2181 DuPont Dr., Irvine, Calif., 92713. Phone (714) 833-8830 [391] Semiautomatic wire-wrapping system costs $4,995 The SW-101 semiautomatic wire-wrapping system with microprocessor control sells for $4,995. The sysMaxi is not number one in keyboards... You are! Maxi-Switch is at the leading edge of microprocessor keyboard technology, with a service reputation second to none. Maxi offers design leadership, and the ultimate in keyswitch price/performance. Since we're not pre-occupied with being the biggest, we can concentrate on serving you best. If you're ready to be number one, call Maxi-Switch. THE Maxi-SWITCH CO. 9697 EAST RIVER ROAD • MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55433 (612) 755-7660 Find your local representative in EEM. Magnet Wire Wire Strippers Available in four bench and one portable model. Clean strips every type of film insulation from heavy round and rectangular to fine wire. Closest possible tolerances maintained in one quick, simple operation. Production proven. FREE catalog available. FREE WIRE STRIPPING SERVICE Send a 3-5 ft. sample of your cable or wire and strip specifications. Stripped wire will be returned to you with a complete report and recommendations. Carpenter MFG. CO., INC. Fairgrounds Drive, Manlius, N.Y. 13104 (315) 682-9176 --- New products The system features a 20-by-20-in. wiring area and can wire boards at a rate of 10 in./s, moving the wiring head in 0.025-in. increments across the board. The display shows the operator such parameters as sequence number, positioning, bin and pin number, and routing direction. The system includes a 40-tube wire bin. Its paper-tape transport contains its own microprocessor and buffer to ensure fast and accurate data transfer, as well as smooth tape handling. The SW-101, which reads tapes in the ASCII or the Electronic Industries Association code, can also read tapes prepared either for absolute or for incremental positioning. As a special service, the maker will program the unit's microprocessor to read tapes in the format of any wire-wrapping machine manufacturer to provide complete software compatibility with existing equipment. A less expensive version of the unit, the SW-101F, comes with a reader for fan-folded tapes instead of the tape transport and costs $4,495. Both systems are available for immediate delivery. OK Machine & Tool Corp., 3455 Conner St., Bronx, N.Y. 10475 [393] --- Open For Business Bring on your forms, any forms. Whether you need to print on bank checks or multipart reports, standard pages or outsize sheets, our alphanumeric DMTP-8 impact form printer has a 50 character/line capacity, edge guide sensor and three open sides to take your work flow as it comes. Everything fits. And with the exceptionally long needle stroke, every message is crisp and clear — even on multiple copies from .003" to .015" thick. Work it hard. Work it long, even at high-volume POS jobs. With its heavy-duty construction and extra-long life dot matrix print head, the DMTP-8 is made to take it. Other advantages: programmable character pitch, and the long-haul economy of replaceable ink rollers and a self-reversing ribbon with a 10-million character life. And, of course, the price: just $269 in 100's. Write or call now for details. Practical Automation, Inc. Trap Falls Road, Shelton, Conn. 06484 / Tel: (203) 929-5381 --- 68-lead socket accepts Jedec leadless type-A chip carrier Maintaining the low cost and small size needed by production sockets yet offering the durability of a test socket, a new 68-lead socket has been designed to accept the Jedec leadless type A chip-carrier package. In addition, the socket footprint is in accordance with the Joint Electron Device Engineering Committee's standard, which requires a 0.100-by-0.100-in. grid. The socket's lid acts... Management graphs in less than a minute... from the finest value in desktop computing. From computing to data communications to compiling graphic reports, the 4051 puts no limits on your imagination. You can manipulate information with array processing, floating point operations and other unusually powerful off-line functions. Construct reports or preview plots with more precision than with anything comparable. Yet the 4051 is easy to operate and, most remarkably, easy to afford. Whether you're new to computers or a seasoned pro, the 4051 conforms to your demands as a decision-maker. Easy BASIC lets you perform complex transforms or construct simple bar charts. Add the optional data communications interface for the terminal capability to work with the largest data bases. For tape drive transfers. For programmable input/output. Or select from a range of ROM packs for special function desktop power. Get a personal view of the best value in desktop computing. Including a library of excellent analysis and reporting software and our complete line of peripherals. Ask your local Tektronix sales engineer for a desktop demonstration. Or call, toll-free, 1-800-547-1512 (in Oregon, 644-9051 collect). Tektronix, Inc. Information Display Division PO. Box 1700 Beaverton, Or 97075 Tektronix International, Inc. European Marketing Centre Post Box 827 1180 AV Amstelveen The Netherlands Copyright © 1980 Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. OEM quotations available on request. NEW NICKEL FLAKE OUTSTANDING FOR RFI-EMI SHIELDING. NOVAMET* Ni-HCA-1 Nickel Flake Pigment Newly Developed for Electronics Applications Ni-HCA-1 is especially suited for RFI-EMI shielding as well as conductive adhesives. Specially developed for electronic applications, this new nickel flake pigment has been treated to yield metal-filled epoxy, acrylic and urethane paint and adhesive formulation with low surface resistance (1-3 ohms/sq). Due to the high aspect ratio of the flake morphology (33:1 average) equivalent electrical or shielding performance can be obtained with lower pigment loadings of Ni-HCA-1 than conventional powders. This means easier handling and improved application characteristics of the coating or adhesive system. NOVAMET Ni-HCA-1 flake gives you outstanding environmental stability. You also gain significant economies over silver filled coatings. You can take advantage of lower pigment loadings than conventional powder with Ni-HCA-1 and still maintain equivalent electrical or shielding performance. This is the result of Ni-HCA-1's high aspect ratio of flake morphology (33:1 average). And lower pigment loadings mean easier handling and application characteristics for both coating and adhesive systems. You should know more about NOVAMET's new nickel flake pigment. Call Sharon Perkins at (201) 891-7978. Or write to Sharon Perkins, NOVAMET 7, 681 Lawlins Road, Wyckoff, N.J. 07481 Typical Properties of NOVAMET Ni-HCA-1 \| Property \| Value \| \|---------------------------------\|-----------\| \| Specular Reflectance ($R_g$) \| >40% \| \| Average Flake Thickness \| 1.2 microns \| \| Typical Size Distribution: \| \| \| - 44 µm (- 325 mesh) \| 97% \| \| - 30 µm \| 90% \| \| - 20 µm \| 80% \| \| - 10 µm \| 35% \| \| Approx. Bulk Value \| .033 gal/lb \| \| Approx. Specific Gravity \| 3.66 \| \| Approx. Apparent Density \| 1.30 g/cc \| Low-insertion-force sockets have special contacts The machined contacts on a family of sockets, with pins on 0.100-in. grids, have been specially designed so that only very low insertion and extraction forces are needed to accommodate planar-gate-array and similar plug-in chip packages. A patent is pending on the contacts, each of which is housed in a completely enclosed sleeve to prevent solder wicking or flux contamination. Sockets for 64-, 72-, and 120-pin packages are already being manufactured; other sizes are available on request. Augat Inc., Interconnection Components Division, 33 Perry Ave., Attleboro, Mass. 02703. Phone (617) 222-2202 [395] Leads from 64-lead ceramic package are on 50-mil centers A 64-lead high-density Diapak uses one half the area of conventional side-brazed packages, Cerpacks, or Cerdips because its external leads are on 50-mil centers with rows... THE GOLDEN POWER SUPPLY We just delivered our one millionth Why the celebration? We just delivered our millionth D.C. power supply to a very happy customer. Borrowing a note from the record industry, we presented a special solid gold unit to further honor the occasion. One million. An impressive number in itself. But consider what it took to get there. Electrical Wire - about 475 million feet. That's enough to wrap around the world a few times. Sheet Metal - an estimated 820,000 sq. ft. Or enough to cover more than 17 football fields. Transformer Magnetic Steel - around 2,200 tons. This translates into the weight of about 1,250 mid-size automobiles. Resistors, Capacitors and Semiconductors - approximately 54 million. And each one was individually tested, along with a double in-circuit test. Assorted Screws, Nuts and Hardware - 45 million pieces or so. Though mostly automated, it's still a lot of turns of the screwdriver. And on and on it goes. Which leads to the reason we have become, in just a few short years, the world's largest manufacturer of open-frame D.C. power supplies. We have the experience. We do all manufacturing in our new 100,000 sq. ft. facility. And we continue to guarantee the service, quality, and reliability you demand. So now begins the second million. And it won't take long to get there. Not when you see our expanded line of open-frames - plus a new and growing family of switchers. All at our same old low prices! See for yourself. Send for our new 1980-81 Catalog and Power-One Tour Guide. You'll know why we reached the first million in record time. POWER-ONE D.C. POWER SUPPLIES Power-One, Inc • Power One Drive • Camarillo, CA 93010 Phone: 805/484-2806 • 805/987-3891 • TWX: 910-336-1297 World Radio History Circle 20 on reader service card FLAIM/65 is a complete, professional quality development system for the 6500 microprocessor family. FLAIM/65 includes a ROCKWELL AIM 65 (with 20 character display and thermal printer plus full size keyboard), five slot motherboard, 16 K static RAM memory, dual drive 5 1/4 inch disk system with full operating system in EPROM, CENTRONICS 730 dot matrix printer (100 CPS), assembler, PL/65 compiler and full system power supply. Best of all — the system pictured is priced well under $4000 (U.S. only). 224 SE 16th St. P.O. Box 687 AMES, IA 50010 (515) 232-8187 Circle 22 on reader service card New products spaced 600 mils apart. The new package can be reflow-soldered directly to a circuit board, or it can be inserted in a new dual in-line package socket which has a 100-mil pin pattern for soldering to a circuit board. The Diapak is hermetically sealed and has a low-temperature frit-sealed lid and aluminum wire-bond fingers. The planarity of the bond fingers meets or exceeds requirements for automatic wire bonders, the manufacturer says. The high-density package is also produced in 48- and 40-lead models, which are immediately available in sample quantities. Diacon Inc., 12810 Hillcrest Rd. No. 209, Dallas, Texas 75230. Phone (214) 233-2538 [396] System transfers wafers in under 60 seconds Making it easy to adapt from one carrier or wafer size to another, a manually operated unit transfers 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-in. square or rectangular wafers back and forth between 25-position plastic carriers and 50-position quartz diffusion boats in less than 60 seconds. The VTS-8015 vertical transfer system is designed to operate without damaging the fragile components. The 1-ft² unit requires no electrical or pneumatic hookups. Fluorocarbon Co., U.S. Quartz Division, 17 Madison Rd., Fairfield, N.J. 07006 [398] Introducing PANDUIT™ Series 100 Connectors Interconnection is finally catching up with packaging density While increased packaging density has been making giant strides in recent years, ordinary card edge connectors have lagged behind. Now Panduit offers you a way to catch up with package density with Series 100 two-piece PC board connectors that offer you up to 96 contacts in three rows. PANDUIT Series 100 connectors are precision made to IEC 488 and DIN 41612 specifications and are fully interchangeable with all components produced to these standards. Utmost reliability Unique female contact with torsion spring design provides dual wipe, coined surfaces with strict mating tolerances that drastically reduce mating/unmating contact abrasion and permit use of low gold thicknesses to help you reduce interconnecting costs. PANDUIT Series 100 maintains low contact resistance after hundreds of mating cycles, assuring you of excellent electrical characteristics, even under adverse conditions. Maximum versatility Series 100 connectors are available in types B, C, Half C, D and E, in standard, compact envelope sizes providing 16, 32, 48, 64 or 96 contacts in hundreds of pin arrangements and configurations. One, two or three rows of contacts let you match the connector to the specific requirements of your application. Choose from three gold-over-nickel plating options: 30, 60 and 80 microinches. Special female angle pin connectors mounted on card edge permit daughter board mating in the same plane. All Series 100 connectors are available for either wire wrapping, hand or wave solder termination. And the precise, uniform 0.1" grid lends itself perfectly to automated processes. Male connectors with long angle pins permit direct connection to wire wrapped boards—reducing parts and installation time. Reduce board cost Reliable Series 100 termination pins adapt to varying board thicknesses, and the connectors maintain strict mating tolerances regardless of board quality. Also, the elimination of heavily gold plated fingers needed for edge connectors reduces board costs considerably. At last, PANDUIT Series 100, two-piece connectors give you the density plus reliability you've been looking for. And all at a price competitive with gold plated boards and card edge connectors. Ask for free demonstration and cost analysis. The Reliables...Wherever Electricity is Used. Visit Panduit at NEPCON West Booth 815 Circle 28 on reader service card Motorola matches the display module to your application and budget Every Motorola module, from 5" to 23", is available in a variety of configurations and electrical specifications to meet the most diversified customer needs. It is this flexibility—adapting basic design to individual user specs—that has kept Motorola in the forefront of CRT display technology. The result is the best possible value for your information display dollar—real value measured in performance, reliability, experience and service support—value designed to complement the time and money you've put into your terminal and its application. The reliability of Motorola displays is measured in demonstrated and calculated MTBF. Samples of every model are continuously monitored to duplicate customer life tests, assuring you top performance year after year. Write or call Motorola Display Systems. Motorola displays the character of your business. MOTOROLA INC. 1299 E. Algonquin Road Schaumburg, IL 60196 312/397-8000 NEW EDAC LOW PROFILE 341 SERIES, .100" CARD EDGE CONNECTOR SAVES YOU SPACE AND EXPENSE EDAC inc. has been enjoying uncommon and remarkable growth for some remarkably common reasons: product integrity, responsibility, quick turnaround time and competitive pricing. In order to offer you the right connectors for the right job, EDAC has further expanded its extensive product line with the introduction of the 341 Series, Low Profile Card-Edge Connector, .100" Contact Spacing .140" Row Spacing. These connectors feature; .460" insulator height, 3 amperes current rating, 6 milliohms maximum contact resistance, contact material—CA725 contacts with gold inlay 30 micro-inches thick, Diallyl Phthalate (green color) insulating material, polarization in contact/between contact—bifurcated contacts, insertable/removable contacts, available with solder hole, 3 lengths P.C. Tabs, Lugless .128" mounting holes, floating eyelet, 4-40, 3mm threaded inserts. Contacts are available in fourteen sizes, from 6/12 to 50/100 FOR ALL YOUR CONNECTOR REQUIREMENTS, CONTACT EDAC TODAY! Available through National and International Stocking Distributors and Representatives. EDAC INC. 20 Railside Rd., Don Mills (Toronto) Ontario M3A 1A4 Tel: 416-445-2292 TWX: 610-492-1398 HUNTRON TRACKER, Model HTR 1005B-1S, an advanced instrument for trouble shooting solid state components and circuits. The unit features dual channel timed switching or fixed mode operation for comparison testing of analog or digital devices...in, or out, of circuit. Visual displays indicate the condition of devices or circuits under comparison as they are tested without power applied. A graticule face plate supplies a reference standard for visual comparison of firing voltages for diodes, discrete components or IC's. Simple to learn, easy to operate and effective in cutting service/repair times and costs. ONE ORGANIZATION, OPTICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS, is exclusively dedicated to the advancement of semiconductor light-source technology and electro-optical system applications. Each OIS resource is focussed on this one objective: staff training, talent, and disciplinary scope ...specialized facilities for research, production, and automated testing ...expertise and experience in the required support and interface technology, from circuitry to packaging. OIS EXPERTISE extends from fundamental metallurgical and materials technologies across the entire spectrum of semiconductor-light-source manufacturing techniques: effective QC and QA; product and methods engineering; mechanical packaging and processing; design of computer-based ATE systems for bulk data acquisition and processing. OIS IS THE LOGICAL FIRST CHOICE TO BE YOUR “DESIGN PARTNER” ...from prototype to volume production ...either custom or standard ...for commercial, industrial, or military applications. LIGHT SOURCES. Current areas of interest and product development include injection laser diodes and LEDs operating at various power levels at less than 840nm, and at longer wavelengths for fiber-optics use. For demanding beam applications (e.g., optical disc, graphics, instrumentation), for example, we build several devices with single-mode characteristics. For fiber-coupled applications, a significant ongoing effort has produced packages with connector or pigtail featuring true hermeticity, thermoelectric cooling, and photodiode monitoring. FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION MODULES for the rapidly expanding communications market. OIS offers cost-effective solutions to a wide range of standard commercial and custom performance requirements. Starting with its existing standard designs, OIS will meet the expanding requirements of OEMs for transmitters, receivers, and data links. OIS has the in-house optoelectronics expertise to create new sources and detectors, new support and interface circuitry, and new device and module packages, to keep pace with its “design partners.” Need TOMORROW’S Semiconductor Light Sources? CALL OIS...TODAY Applications Engineering “HOT LINE” (914) 592-6800 OPTICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS EXXON ENTERPRISES 350 EXECUTIVE BOULEVARD, ELMSFORD, N.Y. 10523 • TELEX 646174 Circle 36 on reader service card We cover the world of electronics technology with the only international edition in the field You are reading the international edition of Electronics. The worldwide news and information is gathered for you by thirty-one editors stationed around the globe. Every other week, the magazine is sent to subscribers in 125 countries outside of North America. Each issue is packed with important current information on industrial, scientific and military applications, electronics manufacturing, new products, new research, new designs. Marketing information and statistics keep subscribers up to date with latest economic intelligence and new market developments, with interpretation of their meanings to the electronics industries. Electronics magazine's international edition is the only way electronics engineers can keep up with worldwide developments in the field wherever they occur. If you are not now a subscriber, you are invited to become one. Simply mail in the subscription card which is bound into this magazine. Electronics Magazine The one worth paying for. Go with McGraw-Hill’s EXPERIENCE! BUY ONE of these great professional books when you join McGraw-Hill’s Electronics and Control Engineers’ Book Club and GET ONE FREE (values up to $62.50) Choose any one of these books at the special Club discount, and select any other as your gift free-of-charge when you enroll! BEST BOOKS IN YOUR FIELD – Books are selected from a wide range of publishers by expert editors and consultants to give you continuing access to the latest books in your field. BIG SAVINGS – Build your library and save money too! We guarantee savings of at least 15% off publishers’ list prices on every book. Usually 20%, 25%, or even higher! BONUS BOOKS – You will immediately begin to participate in our Bonus Book Plan that allows you savings between 70-80% off the publisher’s price of many books. CONVENIENCE – 14 times a year you receive the Club Bulletin FREE, fully describing the Main Selection and alternate selections, together with a dated reply card. If you want the Main Selection, you simply do nothing—it will be shipped automatically. If you want an alternate selection—or no book at all—you simply indicate it on the regular reply card and return it by the date specified. You will have at least 10 days to decide. If, because of late mail delivery of the Bulletin you should receive a book you do not want, just return it at the Club’s expense. As a Club member, you agree only to the purchase of four books (including your first selection) over a two-year period. MAIL THIS COUPON TODAY McGraw-Hill Book Clubs Electronics and Control Engineers’ Book Club P.O. Box 582, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520 Please enroll me as a member and send me the two books indicated, billing me for my first selection only at the Club discount price plus my state’s total tax, postage and handling. If not satisfied, I may return both books within 10 days and my membership will be canceled. I agree to purchase a minimum of four additional books during the next 2 years as outlined under the club plan described in this ad. Membership in the club is continuous but cancellable by me at anytime after the four book purchase requirement has been fulfilled. Write Code # of FREE selection here Write Code # of FIRST selection here Orders from outside the U.S must be prepaid with international money orders in U.S. dollars. Signature ____________________________________________ Name _________________________________________________ Address _______________________________________________ City/State/Zip _________________________________________ This order subject to acceptance by McGraw-Hill. All prices subject to change without notice. Offer good only to new members. A postage and handling charge is added to all shipments. E33486 Microcomputers & systems CPU eases move to Pascal, Ada Two-processor board set for S-100 bus is CP/M-compatible An S-100-compatible computer board set from Digicomp Research combines 8- and 16-bit microprocessors. The Pascal-100 central processing unit has a Z80 8-bit processor on one board and Western Digital Corp.'s 16-bit Pascal Microengine on another; together they make a potent pair. Since the IEEE standardized the S-100 bus about a year ago, makers of S-100-compatible computer subsystems have seen their market's center of gravity moving steadily toward original-equipment manufacturers. Now, with 16-bit microprocessors and higher-level languages becoming available, Digicomp sees a need for a system that can offer 16-bit performance without making obsolete the vast amount of software already developed for S-100 systems based on the Z80, 8080, or other microprocessors supporting the CP/M operating system. The Pascal-100 does that and adds user-friendly languages as well. The Pascal-100 initially will run version III UCSD Pascal, including a screen-oriented editor, compiler, linker, filer, and other utilities. The CPU also supports the large program library already available for the Z80 and 8080 using CP/M. Since the Microengine executes Pascal p-code directly as machine language, it is a fast processor. Clocking at 3 MHz, it is from 7 to 12 times faster at a given task than Pascal-programmed microprocessors using software interpreters. The firm claims that the Pascal-100 can be as much as 1.5 times faster than Digital Equipment Corp.'s PDP-11/45. And there are other advantages. Work is now under way that would make programs written in Fortran, Basic, and Cobol use p-code too, and James Elkins, vice president of the firm, expects the Pascal-100 to be supporting these languages this year. Languages like the Defense Department's Ada as well as LISP will be available in 1981 also, he adds. Elkins expects the Pascal-100 to be one of the first CPUs in its market to support either language, and they will be especially valuable in military, laboratory, and educational applications. A typical Pascal-100 addresses 128-K bytes of paged memory directly and there is a mapped, 1-megabyte direct-address option using the extended-address feature of the IEEE bus standard. Important to cost-sensitive OEM applications, a 4-K-byte block of main memory is available that would otherwise have been used for a Pascal interpreter, something the Microengine does not need. The 100 is also capable of 32-bit IEEE-standard floating-point mathematics at a higher speed than machines using Pascal interpreters. Though UCSD Pascal and the CP/M operating system are not usually compatible, there is some functional overlap in the Pascal-100. The Z80 subsystem handles all interrupts and input/output operations in Digicomp's release of Pascal. Thus the Pascal-100's operating system can adapt to any user environment for which a standard CP/M basic input/output system (BIOS) is available—and that means virtually all S-100-compatible disk and terminal controllers. I/O routines also can be written directly in Pascal and installed in the operating system. Some users of hard disks and direct-memory-access disk controllers will find this an advantage. But, though both the Z80 and Microengine can address 512 SMART, SMALL, LIGHT, COST-RIGHT. Model 1860 P-ROM Programmers New Series 1860 P-ROM Programmers. New Model 1860 Series for the age of P-ROM diversification Minato Electronics New Series 1860 P-ROM programmers meet the demands for wide applications. They are super compact, light weight and inexpensive. Model 1860 has two standard interfaces. MOS and bipolar P-ROM can be easily programmed by simply changing personal modules. Serial I/O data editing, optional high-speed 400ch/sec. PTR, and other economical, efficient, and flexible functions are provided. Model 1861 simultaneously programs 8 ganged MOS. Model 1861 is a special program-only pro- grammer for simultaneous ganged pro- gramming of 8 MOS. Data editing, PTR and other specifications are identical to those of the Model 1860. MINATO ELECTRONICS INC. 4105, Minami Yamada-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223, Japan Phone: 045-591-5611 Cable: MINATOELEC YOKOHAMA TELEX: 3822-244 MINATOJ Circle 42 on reader service card NO BRIDGE TOO FAR. Gentron spans the entire spectrum of SCR bridge circuits Here's our newest family addition: the 15-amp and 25-amp B series. Bridges the gap where small size, low cost, high thermal efficiencies are required. Choose either interconnect option: wires or fast-on terminals. The B series features the proven and reliable POWERTHERM process. A call will bring complete information and our new color catalog. Dial (414) 351-1660. Or write us today. GENTRON CORPORATION 6667 N. Sidney Place • Milwaukee, Wisconsin USA 53209 Circle 44 on reader service card Industry Leaders specify our Fiber Optic Transmission Systems for all kinds of signals — audio, video, hi-voltage control, TTL logic levels, status indications, DC levels, industrial control, etc. Our Fiber link® Analog & Digital Systems can be battery-powered for outdoor use. Multiple systems are rack-mounted. Call or write for our 60-page catalog on "Everything in fiber optics". Math Associates, Inc. THE FIBER OPTICS PEOPLE 6 Manhasset Ave., Port Washington, NY 11050 (U.S.A.) 516/944-7050 Circle 46 on reader service card New products I/O ports, the Z80 is expected to do most of the housekeeping. So the bottom line is compatibility. An OEM or end user with a large library of CP/M-based software can upgrade to 16-bit performance levels without loss simply by using existing software and the Z80 during a transitional phase. Meanwhile, he or his customers can use Pascal now, and Fortran, Cobol, Basic, LISP, and Ada soon, to generate applications software. Indeed, the Z80, because of the Pascal-100's extended addressing, can now handle larger programs and data bases than were typical before. Nor will insertion of the Pascal-100 make other subsystem boards obsolete. With memory, for example, the Pascal-100 shuttles data into or out of memory in either 16-bit words or single bytes, depending on the memory's organization. Though the use of byte-oriented memory cuts processing speed, the operation is transparent to the user, with the CPU handling the interfacing automatically. Memories organized either way can be mixed within one and the same system. The Pascal-100 costs $1,485 in single units, with volume discounts bringing the price down as much as one third. For an added $250, also discountable, users get a UCSD-Pascal software package. The megabyte memory option costs $100. Delivery takes two to six weeks. Digicomp Research Inc., Terrace Hill, Ithaca, N. Y. 14850. Phone (607) 273-5900 [371] One-card computer reports for I/O tasks The model IOP input/output processor is an 8-bit computer readied for work as a slave in microcomputer systems using the S-100 bus. It comprises a Z80A microprocessor, 16-K bytes of random-access memory, and up to 32-K bytes of programmable read-only memory on a single card. To the host processor, the IOP appears as two output and two input ports. It can be used alone or with other IOPs. It can also be used to Sequence and insert radial lead devices fast and reliably. One of the last barriers to total automation of PC board assembly has fallen. In a single computer-controlled program, Universal’s Model 6341 Radial Lead Component Sequence/Inserter sequences, feeds, orients and inserts capacitors, peaking coils, resin-mold transistors, and stand-up axial lead components. Your boards are filled reliably and accurately at a rate of 7,000 insertions an hour. For greatest possible productivity, the Model 6341 can be equipped with Universal’s new Pass-Thru™ automatic board handling system. This keeps the machine’s X-Y table supplied with fresh boards while delivering assembled boards to a magazine loader. If the versatility and speed of the Model 6341 are more than you need, we can equip you with the 40-station 3,600 an hour Model 6385. Ask your Universal sales engineer to show you our Radial Lead Insertion video tape, or send for literature on these remarkable new machines. NEW! 8 page brochure for... "SIL-PADS 400" THE SUPERB HEAT-SINK INSULATORS... Overcome heat-sink problems with "SIL-PADS 400": thin, tough, laminated layers of silicone rubber and fiberglass. Thermally conductive and electrically insulating. Cut-through, tearing, and breaking problems are gone. Eliminates grease and mica or plastic film. Adhesive backing gives excellent contact for IC's, DIP's; to heat rails or PC boards. Attaches to vertical parts where you need 3 hands. Extensively used with solid state relays, transistors, and bridge rectifiers. Scores of standard configurations are available and shown in literature. Custom parts are also produced to your design. Thicknesses to suit various applications. Since 1973, Bergquist has solved heat-sink problems with "SIL-PADS". TEST 'EM! FREE SAMPLES and LITERATURE! BERGQUIST 5300 Edina Industrial Blvd. Minneapolis, MN 55435 Phone (612) 835-2322 TWX 910-576-2423 New products interface the S-100-compatible central processing unit with peripheral devices controlled over a new bus from Cromemco, called the C bus, that operates independently of the S-100 bus. In fact, the IOP is intended primarily for control of the C bus. Assembled and tested, it is available for $695. Cromemco Inc., 280 Bernardo Ave., Mountain View, Calif. 94043. Phone (415) 964-7400 [373] Modules boost throughput of 8080A-based systems The series II microprocessor-enhancement modules increase throughput in 8080A-based systems between 50% and 250%, depending on system memory access time. Using a code-compatible 8085A-2, the modules perform 8080A in-circuit emulation. They are installed in only a few minutes by replacing the system's 8080A processor and status latch with connectors housed in dual in-line packages. Thanks to flat cables, the modules can perform in tight spaces. The clock frequency of the Intel 8085A-2 is 5 MHz. Wait states for the module of from zero to three machine cycles are strap-selectable to accommodate memory access. Our company spends millions to provide customers with an economic service. Your company can profit from our purchases. Companies reduce their capital risks by renting equipment from Rental Electronics. You can, too . . . and could enhance your bottom line performance. When you rent electronic equipment, terminals or desktop computers, you save money. You get the equipment you need — and pay for that equipment only for the time you have it. You can rent one product or 1,000 for periods from 30 days to three years. Renting from REI provides you with true off-balance-sheet financing. And more. You expense all your rental payments. You have no concern about depreciation, inventory taxes, obsolescence or maintenance. That's part of your REI service. We've been serving customers since 1964 and have 14 convenient U.S. and Canadian rental centers. Give us a call. We'd like you to profit from our purchases. For all the details on how renting can save your company money and time . . . return the coupon below, use the reader service card in this issue, or write today to REI, 19525 Business Center Drive, Northridge, Calif. 91324. Or phone toll-free to: Rental Electronics, Inc. (800) 227-8409 except California (800) 225-1008 except Massachusetts For immediate assistance, attach your business card or complete this coupon: NAME __________________________ TITLE ________________ ORGANIZATION _________________________________________ ADDRESS _____________________________________________ CITY/STATE/ZIP _________________________________________ PHONE ________________________________________________ REI, 19525 Business Center Dr., Northridge, CA 91324 Electronics / January 13, 1981 GSA Contract # GS-04S-23560 © Rental Electronics, Inc. 1980 Circle 50 on reader service card 295 There's more to Photodetectors than meets the eye. Look to Applied Solar Energy for state-of-the-art devices that meet your toughest requirements for high performance, reliability and economy. Superior technology and engineering support are the reasons. Their 75,000 sq. ft. plant is unmatched for economical, high volume production. And experienced applications engineers perfectly match your requirement to a finished, quality component. Whether it be a General Purpose, Blue-Enhanced or High-Speed device...custom or standard configuration...assembly or array. See the technical details for yourself. Write for the series of NEW Photodetector Data Sheets. Applied Solar Energy Corporation 15251 E. Don Julian Road, P. O. Box 1212, City of Industry, CA 91749, (213) 968-6581, TWX 910-584-4890. Circle 51 on reader service card The magazine you're reading now could be your own. Drop off the routing list. Get your own fresh, unclipped copy mailed to your home or office. Turn to the subscription card in the back of the magazine. If somebody has beat you to it, write: Electronics, P.O. Box 430, Hightstown, N.J. 08520. New products times of from 350 to 950 ns. Since target systems vary in hardware for the status latch associated with the 8080A, the series II comes in three versions, geared for 8228, 8212, or 74LS273 status latches, respectively. The price for original-equipment manufacturers is $350; an evaluation design kit is available for $500. Delivery takes six weeks. Paragon Systems Inc., P. O. Box 2050, Corvallis, Ore. 97330 [376] Board adds error-correction capability to S-100 systems Although not an error-correcting memory by itself, an S-100-error-correcting board creates a complete error-correcting memory, operating in parallel with the existing system memory. The board, which can be plugged in easily, monitors the existing system random-access memory via the bus signals, intervening to correct erroneous bus data before it is accepted by the central processing unit. The board corrects all 1-bit memory errors and flags all 1- or 2-bit errors. Operating at up to 4 MHz, it protects 64-k bytes of memory and is compatible with most static and dynamic memories. The manufacturer suggests that the board, which is available now, can be plugged in on an emergency basis to help troubleshoot memory problems, in addition to being used continuously. In single quantities, it sells for $1,295. Correlation Systems, 81 Rockingham Rd., Rancho Palos Verdes, Calif. 90274 [374] Board multiplies, accumulates 32-bit result in 15 ns A multiplier-accumulator board, compatible with the SBC bus, facilitates the use of such sophisticated arithmetic procedures as matched filtering and fast Fourier transforms in real-time applications. It multiplies 16 by 16 bits and accumulates the full 32-bit result in 15 ns. For ease of use, data and control bytes Testing loaded boards is as easy as plugging in the series 55. When you plug in an Everett/Charles Test Equipment Series 55 Shorts and Continuity Test System, you automatically find circuit opens, shorts or faulty resistors. It's that easy. Self-programmed from a known good board, the Series 55 can test over 1,600 assemblies in eight hours, 2048 test points in less than seven seconds — including handling time. Auto dwell, auto ranging and auto zeroing provide simplistic programming to make testing fast, operation simple. When positioned after flow soldering and prior to in-circuit and/or functional test equipment, the Series 55 off-loads more complex equipment plus increases throughput. And as we all know, early detection of shorts and opens lowers manufacturing costs, speeds production. In addition, the Series 55 uses the highly dependable Series 33 test fixturing with interchangeable test heads. The same Series 33 test head can be used through the entire in-circuit and functional test process for reliable testing, with lower fixturing costs. When you plug in E/C Test Equipment's Series 55 Shorts and Continuity Test System, you plug into loaded board testing that's easy, fast and cost effective. EVERETT/CHARLES TEST EQUIPMENT, INC. We're here to help. Circle 52 on reader service card New products are memory-mapped. The multipli- cands are written into four consecu- tive memory addresses and the prod- uct is available in the next five mem- ory locations sooner than the con- trolling central processing unit can perform a memory fetch, says the manufacturer. Available operations include addition, subtraction, multi- plication, and accumulation on nor- mal or sign-extended data. Results can also be sign-extended from 8 to 32 bits, and functions can be per- formed in 2's complement, fraction- al, or integer notation. Adaptronics Inc., 1750 Old Meadow Rd., McLean, Va. 22102. Phone (703) 893-5450 [375] Board shares software with Intel development system To compensate for the shortage of programmers, and the rising expense of developing software, the ZX-85 single-board development system shares software with the Intel MDS series II development system. In fact, the ZX-85 sports the architec- ture of the Intel development system and supports various standard disk operating systems. The ZX-85 comes with an 8085A central processing unit clocked at 10 MHz, for execution of 8-bit code. It has a system bootstrap program and monitor in erasable programmable read-only memory and 64-K bytes of random-access memory governed by an 8202A dynamic-RAM controller. Its two RS-232-C channels feature model 8251A universal synchro- nous/asynchronous receiver-transmit- ters. The board also contains a timer and two 8259A interrupt controllers. In another version—the ZX-88—the CPU in the ZX-85 is replaced by an 8088 for execution of 8086 code over the 8-bit Multibus. The monitor on the board may be exchanged for one compatible with the CP/M-86 operating system available from the ZX-85's manufacturer. A single ZX-85 costs $2,660 and is available in four weeks. Zendex Corp., 6680 Sierra Lane, Dublin, Calif. 94566. Phone (415) 829-1284 [377] Thinking about Color for Avionics Displays? Think Syntronic Deflection Yokes Cockpit displays in color are the hottest thing in avionics. Why? Because color increases the amount of information a pilot can absorb in a finite time frame. Think of the myriad uses of color. Emergencies or targets highlighted by red. Normal status is white or green. Sky shown in blue with the ground in brown tones. Almost anything displayed mechanically now can be displayed on a color CRT, with no parallax, a condensed format and less clutter on the instrument panel. But color displays are many times more complex than monochromatic displays because of the critical interface between CRT, yoke and circuitry. And avionic quality displays are too demanding for conventional color TV type yokes. That's where Syntronic helps the display engineer. For several years, Syntronic Instruments, Inc., the leader in precision yokes for military and industrial displays has been working with major international manufacturers of full-color shadow mask tubes to develop high performance color yokes. High resolution, color purity and convergence, along with faster speed for more display information, all combine to make deflection yoke design a truly challenging task. Syntronic now offers the yoke design capability and the technical assistance needed for today's and tomorrow's top quality color avionics displays. If you're thinking color, think Syntronic Instruments. Call Dave Brown at 312-543-6444 for more information. The assignment: offer a reliable switch element capable of evolving into a variety of specialized key- and rocker switch designs. The result: ITT Schadow's Disc Switch. At ITT Schadow, we specialize in taking basic switch designs and changing them to fit your specific applications. We've built a reputation on our awareness that the first two syllables of "customer" are "custom." Customized adaptations work best when they're based on products with a proven record of reliability. Our popular Disc Switch is a case in point. When depressed, its upper dome-shaped diaphragm flattens to make positive contact with a lower diaphragm over a broad circular contact area. This simple, sturdy design has a rated service life of up to 10,000,000 cycles. Schadow's Disc Switch is available as a basic switch element, in a variety of standard packages as shown, and in custom packages. You can choose from a selection of colors and graphics. Over the past two decades, we've made millions of pushbutton, key-, rocker, and rotary switches for some of America's largest consumer and industrial OEM's. We are your "creative switchmaker" with the ability to design, adapt, and manufacture switches for nearly every requirement. Your ITT Schadow manufacturer's representative or distributor can tell you more. Or contact ITT Schadow Inc., a subsidiary of International Telephone and Telegraph, 8081 Wallace Road, Eden Prairie, MN 55344. Phone 612/934-4400, TWX 910-576-2469, Telex 29-0556. ITT Schadow Circle 68 on reader service card The new 1981 IC Master. One book. Two volumes. Five Updates. The newly revised 1981 IC Master is bigger and better than ever. Now expanded to two full volumes, it includes all of the latest information on over 50,000 ICs and microcomputer boards from 150 different manufacturers, worldwide. Survey the entire industry—at a glance. There's no need to spend hours or days searching through dozens of separate manufacturer's catalogs and data sheets for the most current information. All you need is the IC Master. IC Master solves problems in seconds. Need to know who makes a 16K Dynamic RAM with an access time of 300ns or faster? Or, a D/A converter with 12 bits resolution, 2± LBS linearity error and 24 mW power dissipation? Or, quad comparators with .8 offset voltage, 100 nA bias current and 25 nA offset current? You'll find the answers in the 1981 IC Master. IC Master's easy-to-use functional index system is divided into eight time-saving Master Selection Guides—Digital, Interface, Linear, Memory, Microprocessor, Microcomputer Board—and two brand new sections on Custom ICs and Microprocessor Development Systems. The Master Selection Guides enable you to quickly find the products which are most appropriate to fulfill your major requirements—and then provides data for them. Within each category, products are classified by type and key parameters. Locating exactly what you need is a snap. Need an alternate source? To make your job even easier, the IC Master includes the industry's most comprehensive Alternate Source Directory listing over 40,000 direct replacement parts—plus a Part Number Index, Part Number Guide, Application Note Directory, Military Parts Directory and more. Five free Updates keep you current throughout the year. As complete as the 1981 IC Master is, we publish the IC Update magazine to help keep it that way. Five times in 1981, you'll receive a copy of IC Update listing all new products, application notes, and alternate sources that have been introduced since the publication of the current IC Master. Each issue is cumulative. And there's even an index on discontinued parts. Order your 1981 IC Master today. The new 1981 IC Master is ready now. To order, simply contact your local international distributor listed below. Or return the coupon. Sounds great! But first I need more information. It's just what I need. Send me an order form. Name (Please Print) ____________________________ Title _________________________________________ Company _______________________________________ Address _______________________________________ City/State/Zip _________________________________ Country _______________________________________ Telephone _____________________________________ The 1981 IC Master is available throughout the world from major electronic component distributors and technical book dealers. Mail to: United Technical Publications, Inc., ATT: D. Renoud, 645 Stewart Avenue, Garden City, NY 11530. IC Master United Technical Publications, Inc. 1333 Lawrence Expressway, Suite 101 Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 248-8044/TWX: 910-338-0272 AUSTRALIA A J Distributors PTY LTD, Tel. 269 1244. AUSTRIA LBG GMBH (0222) 92 46 74. BELGIUM Rampe Gauloise la, Tel. 02 478 4847. CANADA Future Electronics, Inc., Tel. (514) 731-7441. DENMARK Advanced Electronik, Tel. 01 194433. ENGLAND Paterson/Steadman & Partner, Ltd. Tel. 0799 22612 or J B Tratsart Ltd., Tel. 02514-3334. FRANCE Alphatronic (1) 791-44-44. HOLLAND ManuXan-Nederland B.V., Tel. 04139 1252. HONG KONG COMMOS Products Ltd., Tel. 3-697241-5. INDIA Radio & Craft Publications, Tel. (021) 221-111. ISRAEL Shmueli Publishing Co., Tel. 03-633-0333. ITALY Edison Itatina Editrice, Tel. 02 6856-654. JAPAN Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. Tel. (03) 287-2821-7 or Overseas Data Service Co., Ltd. Tel. (03) 402-7090 or Tokyo Information Communication Corp., Tel. 378-7966. KOREA Korea International, Inc. Tel. 778-5831. NORWAY Ingenieroerlagt A/S, Tel. (02) 11-51-70. SOUTH AFRICA Desatron (PTY) Ltd., Tel. (011) 836-3651. SPAIN Sagiron, Tel. 275 4824. SWEDEN Naxab, Tel. 08/985140. SWITZERLAND W Stolz AG, Tel. 056840151. UNITED STATES United Technical Publications, Inc. Tel. (408) 248-8044. WEST GERMANY Astronic GMBH, Tel. (069) 30 4011. ISO Pascal puts out 8080 code Compiler conforming to new standard runs on GenRad and Tek development systems Pascal compilers had been making the rounds way before the recent approval of a Pascal compiler standard by the International Standards Organization. But if those established compilers are to meet the new standard, some backtracking is necessary. Cogitronics Corp. is among the first to offer an ISO implementation of the Pascal language and is doing so with microprocessor system software development applications specifically in mind. Cogitronics Pascal is available for GenRad 2300 and Tektronix 8002A and 8550 development systems, using their standard environments. The Cogitronics compiler now produces the assembly language of 8080, 8085, and Z80 processors, but expansion to other popular 8- and 16-bit target processors is currently under way. Cogitronics Pascal allows modular compilation, dynamic memory allocation and deallocation, external procedures, and numeric operations conforming to the IEEE standard for single-precision floating-point math. The language statements are compiled directly into the assembly language of the target processor with no intermediate steps. Using block-structured programming techniques, users of the compiler can design Pascal procedure modules that can be developed individually and compiled separately into assembly language. They can then be assembled, debugged, and integrated into the system under development. A complete Pascal run-time support subsystem is included with the compiler. Its modular segments can be tailored by users to fit particular system applications. The segments include run-time stack definition, data-manipulation routines, dynamic memory allocation and deallocation procedures, real-number manipulation routines, error-handling routines, and either standard or customized input/output procedures. Operating modes. Cogitronics Pascal has two modes of operation: error scan and full compilation. On a Z80-based GenRad 2300 system, the error-checking mode can scan the source code to detect syntax errors at the rate of 2,200 Pascal source lines per minute. On the same system, the full compilation mode produces both assembly language and listing outputs at the rate of 800 lines/min. The listing output contains a symbol cross-reference table. The price for a single-system license for the Cogitronics Pascal is $2,000. This includes the compiler on a suitable medium, a Cogitronics notebook, installation and operating instructions, and a reference manual. Included in the license price is the right to distribute products that are created with the compiler. Leasing arrangements are also available. Customer demonstration kits that allow users to write small Pascal programs, compile them, and assemble, link, and execute the compiler output on their development systems are priced at $50. They include a demonstration diskette and programs. The Cogitronics Pascal Reference Manual, which is included in the kit, is also available separately for $15. Cogitronics Corp., 5470 N.W. Innisbrook Place, Portland, Ore. 97229. Phone (503) 645-5043 [341] VisiCalc with graphics offered for HP-85 computer A program that simplifies arranging and manipulating data in tables, VisiCalc from Personal Software Inc., is now being offered for the HP-85 personal computer as VisiCalc Plus. The new version allows users to turn VisiCalc tables into four-color graphics. It also features more than 20 functions not available on other VisiCals, including financial, statistical, and math functions such as internal rate of return, standard deviation, and variance. The program will be sold in tape cartridge and disk form for $200 by computer stores and dealers that sell the HP-85. A 16-k-byte memory module must be plugged into the computer to run VisiCalc Plus, in addition to an external plotter. The program is supplied under license from Personal Software Inc. Hewlett-Packard Co., 1507 Page Mill Rd., Palo Alto, Calif. 94304 [344] Tektronix adds nine programs for 4050 desktop computers Tektronix is adding nine new programs to its Plot 50 library of software written especially for use with its 4050 series of desktop computers. Included in the offering are programs for creating graphs, drawing, A FLIP OF THE SWITCH CONVERTS FROM 115V UL TO 230V VDE SE Series Switches Pat. Applied For THE ALL AMERICAN SWITCH DESIGNED TO MEET UL AND VDE STANDARDS SHELF STOCKED FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY! Designed to meet the needs of manufacturers throughout the world, these sophisticated switches are designed to meet requirements of UL, VDE, CEE, CSA, SEMKO and DEMKO. This new series offers a choice of actuation either by screwdriver slot or raised handle, available with a wide variety of terminal styles. Contact Walt Dinneen, Switch Product Manager For Engineering Information & Sample AMF Electro-Components Division 2713 Gateway Drive, Pompano Beach, Florida 33060 Tel.: 305/973-8620 TWX: 510/956-9400 AMF Electro-Components Division manufactures RCL Resistors, Delay Lines, Switches & UID Switches New products preparing documents, doing statistics, planning, management, and digitizing. Since the programs in the Plot 50 series have standard file formats for data and pictures, information can be shared among several of them without reformatting the data sets or reentering data for different programs. The new products in the line are user-oriented. Most are menu-driven or include built-in tutorials so they can be learned by a first-time user within an hour. The programs are sold separately at prices between $800 and $4,000. For example, the project management package (distributed under license from Sheppora Software Co.) sells for $4,000; the document preparation package sells for $800; and the interactive digitizing package and picture composition software are priced at $1,500 apiece. Tektronix Inc., P. O. Box 500, Beaverton, Ore. 97077 [343] Microcomputer PL/1 gets record-retrieval system The BT-80 is a comprehensive single-user record-retrieval system designed for use with the PL/1-80 language, the first microcomputer adaptation of the PL/1 originally designed for IBM mainframes. BT-80 is to be used in PL/1-80 applications where single- or multi-keyed access to data records is required. The facilities of the new system may be accessed from PL/1-80 or assembly language application programs via two BT-80 system procedures that handle all data file and index maintenance. This frees the user to concentrate on application details. The BT-80 record-retrieval software program runs on CP/M version 2, MP/M, and CP/Net operating systems and requires the PL/1-80 runtime library and Link-80 linkage editor to operate. It is available now for $200. The manual costs $25. Digital Research, P. O. Box 579, 801 Light-house Ave., Pacific Grove, Calif. 93950. Telephone Curt Geske at (408) 649-3896 [345] Reject bad devices before they get into your production line. Everytime a faulty microprocessor or peripheral chip slips into one of your products it costs you profit in troubleshooting and replacement. With the new Data I/O Model 1500A, you can set up a low-cost incoming inspection program to detect faulty 6800 family devices before they get loaded into boards. Comprehensive testing detects problems in 6800, 68A00, 68B00, 6802, 6808, 6810, 6821 and 6850 devices. The Data I/O 6800 family tester performs a full-functional test on devices under worst case load and supply voltages at real time speed in less than one second. The test may reveal, for example, that the clock is inactive, or a line on the address bus is not working, or the internal RAM is defective. Easy set-up and operation. Simply plug the correct test adapter into the tester and you're ready to begin. No need to hire skilled personnel to write test programs, specify test vectors or parameters. It's all contained in a pre-written test sequence. To operate, simply place the device in the socket and press the button. A green light identifies a functional part. A bad part triggers a three-digit code, which identifies the specific problem. Reduce parts shortages and ease device returns. You don't have to reject an entire lot because of a few bad components. With the 6800 family tester you can quickly and efficiently screen all devices to make the best use of the components you have. Most device vendors require proof of failure before they will accept rejects. The failure code provided by the 6800 family tester identifies the problem and will speed up the process of returning faulty parts. Backed by Data I/O's commitment to quality and performance. We've put the same care and engineering skill into the Model 1500A that we put into our entire range of PROM and logic device programmer products. The Model 1500A has been evaluated by device manufacturers and recognized as a viable test method. Each unit is backed by Data I/O's worldwide network of sales and service personnel. Find out more about this remarkable new approach to testing by circling the reader service number or contacting Data I/O, PO. Box 308, Issaquah, WA 98027. Phone 206/455-3990 or TOLL FREE 800/426-9016. The NEW Electronics Buyers' Guide is now available! The 1980 EBG is only a postage stamp away! Completely new listings of catalogs, new phone numbers, new addresses, new manufacturers, sales reps, and distributors! The total market in a book—four directories in one! 1. Directory of products. Over 4,000 products, over 5,000 manufacturers. 2. Directory of catalogs. Includes six post-paid catalog inquiry cards for 10-second ordering. 3. Directory of manufacturers. Local sales offices, reps, and distributors, with phone numbers. Number of employees and engineers, dollar volume, name of company contact. 4. Directory of trade names of products and their manufacturers. You can trace a product by its trade name only. The only book of its kind in the field. If you haven't got it, you're not in the market. To insure prompt delivery enclose your check with the coupon now. Yes, please send me ________ copies of 1980 EBG. ☐ I've enclosed $30 per copy delivered in USA or Canada. Address: EBG, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. ☐ I've enclosed $52 for air delivery elsewhere. Address: EBG, Shoppenhangers Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6, 2Q1 England. Name __________________________________________ Company _________________________________________ Street ___________________________________________ City _____________________________________________ State Zip Country ___________________________________ UV-3...higher resolution with the Micralign 200 Series. Now you can achieve 1½ micron resolution with Perkin-Elmer's Micralign 200 Series Projection Mask Alignment Systems with the new UV-3 option. It provides an exposing wavelength of 3000Å by capitalizing on: - The diffraction-limited, all-reflecting projection optical system - Specially designed optical coatings - UV emission of the mercury lamp The UV-3 option provides 1½ micron resolution while maintaining good process latitude and the high throughput that is characteristic of Perkin-Elmer Micralign systems. With diffraction-limited optical systems, resolution is inversely proportional to the exposing wavelength without a sacrifice in depth of focus. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the improved resolution, as a function of partial coherence, of the UV-3 option as compared to a standard 200 Series exposing at the standard wavelength. The modulation for very small feature sizes is significantly improved. Figure 3 illustrates the critical fact that the use of shorter exposing wavelength to obtain greater resolution does not sacrifice depth of focus. The UV-3 option can be ordered on any model of the Micralign 200 Series. This lets you select the correct Micralign instrument for your application. You would expect a higher performance feature like the UV-3 to come from Perkin-Elmer. Improvement to current models, as well as development of the next generation of IC production equipment, are major on-going activities at Perkin-Elmer. The UV-3. A technological advance that gives you the competitive edge — from Perkin-Elmer. For more information, write the Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Microlithography Division, 50 Danbury Road, Wilton, Connecticut 06897, or call (203) 762-6057. PERKIN-ELMER Responsive Technology Circle 97 on reader service card The amazingly simple research works like this. You pick up the telephone. You call Hysol and ask for facts on our state-of-the-art semiconductor transfer molding compounds. These advanced epoxy compounds are formulated for optimum production characteristics as well as superior device performance. For example, Hysol epoxies develop a higher hot hardness than conventional epoxy compounds. So instead of an average three minute mold cycle, the same mold press can produce a finished shot in two. Hysol epoxies can also significantly reduce the need for deflashing. Or eliminate it completely. They can help reduce post-cure time by a hefty 60 to 70 percent. And because they leave your molds clean more than twice as long, they can reduce cleaning maintenance from once per shift to just once every two shifts or three. Result? You get five, ten—up to 20 percent extra molded DIP production per shift. With no extra investment. Along with better productivity, of course, you get the extra assurance of Hysol quality. Plus all the advantages of Hysol performance. Like improved moisture resistance, better thermal cycling characteristics and increased thermal stability—for better reliability. Hysol is the leader in semiconductor epoxy technology. And to prove it, we'll supply the Hysol epoxy and qualified field support for a full productivity and performance comparison on your test line. So if you're looking for a major breakthrough in molded DIP production, just call Hysol. The best discoveries are always simple. HYSOL DIVISION THE DEXTER CORPORATION 15051 East Don Julian Road, Industry, CA 91749. Telephone (213) 968-6511. Announcing... A state-of-the-art survey of the latest microelectronics hardware advances plus the most practical software breakthroughs. Microprocessors and Microcomputers One-chip Controllers to High-end Systems edited by Raymond P. Capece, Managing Editor, and John G. Posa, Solid State Editor, Electronics 482 pages, 8½ x 11, $13.95 (softcover) Some three years of run-away microelectronics advances—including the appearance of second- and third-generation 8-bit devices, the development of high-performance 16-bit devices, and the birth of the one-chip microcomputer complete with memory and I/O control—are all brought together here in an outstanding overview of both hardware and software applications. Strictly practical in approach, this newest edition to the highly respected Electronics Books series surveys everything from the simplest units used in games and appliances to multiple-chip boards and systems for the most sophisticated requirements. Analyzes the advances of numerous manufacturers, including... - National Semiconductor - Texas Instruments - Zilog - Intel - Motorola - Mostek Pinpoints the professional challenges facing... - microprocessor system designers responsible for creating new system-architecture concepts and achieving software short-cuts - product-line managers who must choose between numerous, rapidly increasing parts options - and technicians, particularly in the biological and medical fields, who must apply microelectronics breakthroughs to their own specialties Brings you quickly and conveniently up to date on such vital achievements as... - major new device types for low-cost, minimum-hardware intelligence - the latest 8-bit midrange processors built with low-power, complementary-MOS technology - the most advanced high-performance 16-bit processors - high-speed bipolar processors, including bit-slice devices - status of the peripheral support chips that vastly amplify microprocessor capability - the growing importance of signal processing in speech-synthesis and -recognition systems - new board-level microcomputers including such support products as analog-I/O and math-processing boards - software for microcomputers from assembly-language routines to such high-level languages as Pascal and Basic - wide-ranging microprocessor applications, including hardware and software aids, error-correcting designs and memory-expansion techniques - and more Order today, and don’t forget the other results-oriented references in the Electronics Books series! Electronics Magazine Books P.O. Box 669, Hightstown, NJ 08520 (609) 448-1700, ext. 5494 \| No. of Copies \| Title \| Price \| \|---------------\|--------------------------------------------\|---------\| \| \| Microprocessors \| $8.95 \| \| \| Applying Microprocessors \| $9.95 \| \| \| Large Scale Integration \| $9.95 \| \| \| Basics of Data Communications \| $12.95 \| \| \| Circuits for Electronics Engineers \| $15.95 \| \| \| Design Techniques for Electronics Engineers\| $15.95 \| \| \| Memory Design: Microcomputers to Mainframes\| $12.95 \| \| \| Personal Computing: Hardware and Software Basics \| $11.95 \| \| \| Microelectronics Interconnection and Packaging \| $12.95 \| Discounts of 10% on orders of more than 10 copies of each book. Practical Applications of Data Communications $13.95 Microprocessors and Microcomputers $13.95 Payment enclosed □ Bill firm □ Bill me Charge to my credit card: □ American Express □ Diners Club □ Visa □ MasterCard* Acct. No. Date Exp. On MasterCard only, first numbers above name If after my 10-day free-trial examination I am not fully satisfied I understand that my payment will be refunded. Name ____________________________________________ Title ____________________________________________ Company _________________________________________ Street __________________________________________ City ___________________ State ______ Zip _______ Signature ________________________________________ New products/materials and apply, convenient to store, and safe to use. TRA-CON Inc., 55 North St., Medford, Mass. 02155. Phone (617) 391-5550 [477] A nickel-graphite adhesive coating, Plasticoat EC-136 is made of nonoxidizing, chemically inert graphite and nickel particles, antioxidants, adhesion promoters, and wetting agents blended in an oxidation-resistant polymer. The coating is designed to provide electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference shielding in a frequency range not completely covered by either graphite or nickel coatings. The graphite portion of the coating protects in the 50-to-450-MHz frequency range; the nickel portion protects at higher frequencies. Plasticoat EC-136 adheres to most polymeric surfaces without pretreatment and is resistant to abrasion and environmental conditions. Plastic Systems Inc., 88a Ellsworth St., Worcester, Mass. 01608. Phone (617) 799-2600 [478] A thixotropic plastic adhesive, Aremco-Bond 515 can adhere to ceramics, glass, mica, and many other plastics. It can be used as an electrical insulator and in joining dissimilar materials such as ceramic or glass and metal. Aremco-Bond 515 has a thick, butterlike consistency, so it can be applied to vertical surfaces without dripping. It is cured at 450°F in 15 minutes. It can be spread with a spatula or injected using automatic dispensers and is available from stock at $30.00 per pint, $45.00 per quart, or $135.00 per gallon. Aremco Products Inc., P. O. Box 429, Ossining, N.Y. 10562. Phone (914) 762-0685 [479] Grayhill's enclosed SMALL* switches offer BIG value and BIG selection Choice of ratings, circuitry, size, and features so you're sure to find a perfect fit! Single Deck ½" diameter SERIES 50, 51 22⅛° 30°, 36°, 45°, 60°, or 90° angles of throw—1 thru 4 poles—military and water sealed versions available. Want more data? Circle 70 Quality and Economy ½" diameter, ¼ amp multi-deck SERIES 71 Value-engineered for premium enclosed switch performance at "open wafer" prices. Available in 30° or 36° angle of throw, 1-12 decks, PC or solder lugs, and many more options. Want more data? Circle 71 Power Switch SERIES 19 For the heavy loads, this 15 amp UL listed husky is the one. Up to 11 positions, 30° indexing, solder lug or "Faston" terminals. Want more data? Circle 72 Keylock operated High quality switches with secure locks—available in 4 different Grayhill series. Flat or round key pulls. Want more data? Circle 76 Military Qualified Grayhill switches meet MIL-S-3786 SR04, SR13, SR20, SR35 and SR36, to provide the military product designer unequaled flexibility. Want more data? Circle 77 A wide variety of special features and options Spring return Pull-to-turn/push to turn PC mounts Isolated positions Unidirectional operation shaft Panel seals and many more. Want more data? Circle 78 Adjustable stops Available off-the-shelf from your Grayhill distributor in all popular series. They feature the exact electrical and mechanical characteristics of fixed stop switches and the convenience of a simple rotational stop mechanism that you set. Want more data? Circle 79 Single Deck Economy SERIES 24 10 positions, 36° angle of throw. Choose plastic or stainless steel shaft, PC or solder lugs. The quality you expect from Grayhill, at under $2.75 (in 1000 piece lots). Want more data? Circle 73 The World's Smallest Rotary Switch SERIES 75 Rated to make or break logic loads for 15,000 cycles minimum. Less than .300" diameter, 1 or 2 poles, 36° angle of throw. Want more data? Circle 74 Grayhill's Best! Rugged 1 inch, 1 amp SERIES 42/44 All the features and options you could ask for, in the switch that's the work-horse of the industry. Want more Data? Circle 75 And many more described in the switch specifier's bible—the Grayhill Engineering Catalog. Want more data? Circle 80 Grayhill ...the Difference Between Excellent and Adequate 561 Hillgrove Avenue, LaGrange, IL 60525 312/354-1040 The NEW Electronics Buyers’ Guide is now available! The 1980 EBG is only a postage stamp away! Completely new listings of catalogs, new phone numbers, new addresses, new manufacturers, sales reps, and distributors! The total market in a book—four directories in one! 1. Directory of products. Over 4,000 products, over 5,000 manufacturers. 2. Directory of catalogs. Includes six post-paid catalog inquiry cards for 10-second ordering. 3. Directory of manufacturers. Local sales offices, reps, and distributors, with phone numbers. Number of employees and engineers, dollar volume, name of company contact. 4. Directory of trade names of products and their manufacturers. You can trace a product by its trade name only. The only book of its kind in the field. If you haven’t got it, you’re not in the market. To insure prompt delivery enclose your check with the coupon now. Yes, please send me _______ copies of 1980 EBG. ☐ I’ve enclosed $30 per copy delivered in USA or Canada. Address: EBG, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. ☐ I’ve enclosed $52 for air delivery elsewhere. Address: EBG, Shoppenhangers Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6, 2Q1 England. Name ____________________________________________ Company __________________________________________ Street ____________________________________________ City ______________________________________________ State Zip Country ___________________________________ MDB makes Interprocessor Links with speeds of 500 K words/sec. for distances up to 3,000 feet. Imagine what else we can do! Hook 'em up. Networks of PDP-11, VAX-11/780 and (never possible before) LSI-11/2 and 11/23. Name your configuration, even PDP to LSI or LSI to LSI,—MDB interprocessor links will provide high speed DMA (parallel) data transmission at speeds as high as 500 K words/sec. For extra long line applications MDB's PDP-11 to PDP-11 boards are equipped with differential drivers and receivers for high speed operation up to 3,000 feet. The security of optically isolated receivers is standard on all boards for LSI and available for PDP & VAX models. Optical isolation provides AC/DC circuit and ground loop isolation at distances up to 1,000 feet. All this performance is compactly housed on MDB's small size boards—a hex for PDP models and quad for LSI. And you get the convenience of complete DEC DA11B software compatibility. Imagine even more. Because MDB manufactures the most complete line of interface products available for DEC, Data General, P-E and IBM Series One computers. We make boards for H-P and Intel too. Like our line printer controllers—we offer more than 100 printer/computer combinations. Our communications interfaces range in performance from plain vanilla to plain incredible and all MDB foundation modules require only one card slot. We've got PROM memories that let you program ROM on the board and multiplexors that allow mix and match of 20 milliamp and EIA. All MDB products are warranted for a full year. Most can be delivered in 30 days or less and you can buy them under GSA contract #GS-00C-02423. What else can we do—for you? MDB SYSTEMS INC. 1995 N. Batavia Street Orange, California 92665 714-998-6900 TWX: 910-593-1339 Trademark Digital Equipment Corporation. Circle 146 for LSI-11, 147 for PDP-11, 148 for DG, 149 for PE, 150 for IBM. Best supporting actor for 8086 product development... the GenRad Slave Emulator Our slave emulator thinks and acts just like the 8086 microprocessor. At the same speed. Without interruption. And so transparently that your prototype may never know there's an "actor" in the circuit. In fact, no other emulator can play this 16-bit part so well. Because the 2302 accesses its "lines" via a separate processor-memory bus. Emulator and development system (or network station) operate independently and simultaneously. The resources of your target processor aren't needed for debugging. Programs are executed at full 8086 speed from an internal or prototype clock. Without wait states or other timing constraints. Up to 512k bytes of 2302 memory can be mapped anywhere within your prototype's address space. Without restrictions on control line use or interrupts. Full symbolic debugging makes hardware development faster too. With easily remembered short program labels that replace absolute addresses in your commands. With an "auto command completion" function that allows you to produce a full command on the display with just a few keystrokes. And by entering a "?" after any command you see a display of all the functions and options for that command, reducing the need to reach for a "cue" card. The 2302 allows you to view your program in single-step, snapshot or logic analyzer modes. In a format that matches your needs even for the most complex memory segmentation, interrupt driven or multi-processor environments. With the 2302 your stage is set for bigger and better hardware developments. For simultaneous emulation of multiple processors. For other 16-bit parts (68000), 8-bit parts (6809) and for processors in the wings (Z-8002). Ask for a command performance today. GenRad 2300 Microcomputer Development System with 2302 Slave Emulator for 8086 microprocessor. (Also available for GenRad 2301 network stations.) Visit us at SOUTHCON Booth No. 658. Circle 116 on reader service card New literature Switches. A 32-page catalog describes a line of thumb-wheel, lever-wheel, and push-wheel switches. It covers operating principles, actuation, mounting, wiring, switch characteristics, electrical loads, legends, color, and finish and includes drawings and specifications for 23 different types of switch. A "Quick Select" reference chart with ordering information such as output codes, truth table identification, number of switch positions, and part numbers will be included with the catalog. For a copy of catalog No. CE-666, write to Cherry Electrical Products Corp., 3600 Sunset Ave., Waukegan, Ill. 60085. Circle reader service number 421. Photomultipliers. "Photomultiplier Handbook" discusses the design, construction, and operating theory of photomultipliers, as well as their characteristics relating to the photocathode, gain, dark current and noise, time effects, pulse and scintillation counting, and environmental conditions. It presents, in 180 pages, applications including Cerenkov radiation detection, time spectroscopy, oil-well logging, gamma-ray cameras, computerized tomographic X-ray scanners, positron cameras, photometry, spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, fluorometry, laser range finding, and image scanning. The appendix contains: a glossary of... Corcom is the world leader in RFI pollution control. Our RFI Power Line Filters are recognized by every major product safety agency. Shouldn’t you be using Corcom World Filters? Don’t stand for any interference! Corcom RFI Power Line Filters 1600 Winchester Road Libertyville, Illinois 60048 USA 312-680-7400 TWX 910-884-3269 Circle 327 on reader service card New Literature terms; sections on light and radiant energy measurement, spectral response designation systems, photometric and radiometric units, spectral matching, and radiant energy sources; and a selection guide. A copy of the handbook, PMT-62, can be obtained for $5.00 by sending a check or money order to RCA Electro-Optics and Devices, Box 3200, Somerville, N. J. 08876 [422] Integrated circuits. “MNOS IC Handbook” contains information on metal-nitride-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuits and discusses the applications of nonvolatile logic. The 60-page handbook covers power-on and power-off circuits, elapsed time indicators, last program memories, and eight- and six-decade counters. Technical data on nonvolatile logic—such as electrical characteristics, operating notes, antistatic precautions, package details, absolute maximum ratings, and switching characteristics—is provided. Block diagrams, graphs, and tables illustrate the book. Plessey Semiconductors, 1641 Kaiser Ave., Irvine, Calif. 92714 [423] Computer graphics. The Harvard “LAB-LOG 1980” describes and explains nine different programs and more than 70 publications related to computer graphics and geographic information systems and lists availTOUGH Bendix Tri-Start With the hustle and muscle to handle MIL-C-38999 And then some! Bendix-designed and DOD-preferred, our high performance Series III Tri-Start connector meets the challenges of new technology. Challenges that depend on Tri-Start’s ability to: - withstand vibration (60G peak at temperatures up to 200°C) - suppress electrolytic erosion - provide superior EMI shielding - resist corrosion (by withstanding 500-hour salt spray) A new breed in connector capability, the general duty MIL-C-38999 Series III Tri-Start eliminates lock-wiring, couples in a 360° turn of the coupling nut, and intermounts with standard MS connectors. Tough and dependable, Bendix Tri-Start is available in a variety of shell styles and service classes, including class K firewall. Insert arrangements cover contact sizes 12 through 22D. For complete information, call 607-563-5323 or write The Bendix Corporation, Electrical Components Division, Sidney, N.Y. 13838. We speak connectors. New literature able cartographic data bases. Some of the programs are KWIC, a general-purpose bibliographic processing system; Gimms, a general-purpose, user-oriented thematic mapping system; and MDS(X), a collection of multidimensional scaling algorithms linked together under one command language. The 32-page catalog provides general background information such as the history and capabilities of the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis. For a free copy, contact the aforementioned laboratory at the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, 520 Gund Hall, Cambridge, Mass. 02138 [424] C-MOS switches and multiplexers. Monolithic complementary-MOS multiplexers and switches, both dielectrically and nondielectrically isolated, are listed in a 56-page catalog. The switches and multiplexers are compatible with TTL and diode-transistor logic, as well as with C-MOS. "Linear C-MOS Switches and Multiplexers" gives detailed information on each device, including features, functional diagrams, truth tables, ordering information, performance and switching characteristics, test circuits, and absolute maximum ratings. The catalog also contains packaging dimensions and bonding diagrams; it describes the advantages of C-MOS and the dynamic performance of C-MOS switches. Terminology and typical C-MOS switch applicaBig, Bright, Beautiful and Smart! Microprocessor Control Makes Interfacing a Snap It's all in the family. The SM-810-002 is the second in a series of dot matrix display systems. Its field of 20 half-inch characters provides outstanding viewability as a result of 75 fL typical brightness and a $130^\circ$ viewing angle. Like its predecessor, the 40 character SM-810-001, it is microcomputer controlled. It can be used in process control, instrumentation applications, business equipment and a variety of terminal, as well as other OEM designs, including point-of-sale equipment, industrial controls and computer peripherals. Interfacing is greatly simplified because the display system incorporates an 8 bit bidirectional parallel data bus — a design that can be used with either a parallel ASCII keyboard or an outboard microprocessor. In either case, the unit can generate a continuous display or accommodate updating of real time data from either an operator monitored process or an instrument. All of the operational features of the SM-810-002 are the same as those of the 001; however, the larger characters of the 002 appear brighter and, of course, can be read from greater distances. Both display systems have the ability to blink a field that includes 96 standard ASCII symbols and the degree sign, plus the Greek letter "Mu." In addition, the SM-810-002 accommodates left-to-right data entry. Mounted on a compact PC board, it incorporates a custom masked $\mu$C with 1K of ROM. Powered by a single 5V supply, the SM-810-002 dissipates only 8.75W (typ). The microcomputer's built-in intelligence simplifies the setup of special messages: An operator can completely blank, and then unblank, the display to generate a message immediately; or, can scroll a message from right-to-left. A self-test feature is also included. For complete details, write: Display Systems Division, Beckman Instruments, Inc., 350 N. Hayden Road, Scottsdale, AZ 85257. Phone (602) 947-8371. In Europe, write: Beckman Instruments (Belgium) S.A. 14, Avenue Hamoir, 1180. Bruxelles. TELEX: 23577. Beckman Displays. The Visible Edge. NOW AVAILABLE: HY-4580 CRYSTAL CLOCK OSCILLATOR. • DRIVES Z80A Z8000 MK 3880-4 • STANDARD FREQUENCY: 4 MHZ • FREQUENCY RANGE AVAIL: 3.5-8 MHZ • PACKAGED IN HERMETIC D.I.P. • DIRECT REPLACEMENT FOR K1160-A • DELIVERY: STOCK TO 10 WEEKS A.R.O. hytek microsystems incorporated 16780 LARK AVENUE, LOS GATOS, CALIFORNIA 95030 PHONE (408) 358-1991 TWX 910-597-5393 Circle 138 on reader service card Free! Jensen Test Equipment Catalog Jensen's new catalog features more than 15 pages of most needed test equipment. Included are hand-held analog and digital VOM meters, oscilloscopes, bench-type meters, tachometers, circuit testers, probes, frequency counters, and much more. This popular catalog also contains hundreds of hard-to-find precision tools, soldering equipment, power tools, and Jensen's world-famous line of electronic tool kits and tool cases. Many of the items are illustrated with full color photography. JENSEN TOOLS INC. 1230 SOUTH PRIEST DRIVE TEMPE, ARIZONA 85281 (602) 968-6231 Circle 139 on reader service card New literature tions are discussed. Micro Power Systems Inc., 3100 Alfred St., Santa Clara, Calif. 95050 [425] Circular connectors. Amphenol 97 and 69 series standard circular connectors are featured in a 36-page catalog. "Amphenol standard circular connectors" contains a guide to circular connector selection that includes considerations about environmental capabilities, wire gauges, plug and receptacle requirements, shell-type needs (solid or split), socket location, and finish options. A chart summarizes circular connector styles such as wall, cable, and box receptacles, and straight, quick-disconnect, and angle plugs. Amphenol North America Division, Bunker Ramo Corp., 2122 York Rd., Oak Brook, Ill. 60521 [426] Data converters. An eight-page catalog describes more than 65 data-conversion products. Technical data and specifications for analog-to-digital, digital-to-analog, synchro-to-digital, and resolver-to-digital converters are given. Also covered are data-bus products, sample-and-hold and track-and-hold amplifiers, control transformers, and synchro instruments, with a description of ILC Data Device Corp.'s capabilities and facilities. Postage-paid cards are provided for additional information or assistance. This short-form catalog can be obtained from the Marketing Department, ILC Data Device Corp., 105 Wilbur Pl., Bohemia, N. Y. 11716. [427] Digital signal-processing designs. The differences between a discrete Fourier transform and a fast Fourier transform are explained in a 45-page catalog. "An Introduction to Digital Spectrum Analysis including a High Speed FFT Processor Design" by Richard J. Karwoski, describes the decimation-in-time FFT, the design of a high-speed FFT processor, the address-generation system, and the design of FFT sequencers using single-chip microprogram sequencers. TRW LSI Products, 2525 E. El Segundo Blvd., El Segundo, Calif. 90245. [428] We married SSR technology to military needs... and the family keeps growing It all started with our M640 series — miniature SSRs in hermetically sealed TO-5 packages. These were the first solid state relays ever to receive QPL approval to MIL-R-28750. Teledyne is still the first and only SSR manufacturer with a family of products designed specifically for military and aerospace applications. We have AC and DC models with outputs ranging from milliamps to 25 amps, featuring optical as well as transformer isolation. All utilize military grade components and hybrid microcircuit techniques to reduce parts count and increase reliability. Our latest is a 3-phase AC SSR designed for 220 volt, 400 Hz operation. If you need a solid state relay for military or aerospace applications, come to the recognized leader in military SSR technology — Teledyne Relays. With Itron's evolutionary 14-segment and dot matrix alphanumeric displays, your readout designs are sure to be front-runners every time. They're offered in a wide selection of character heights from 5 mm to 15 mm, and character counts that range from an 8-character 14-segment mini-package array, all the way up to the unique 240 character, 5 x 7 dot matrix (6 line x 40 characters/line) plug-in panel—and even 5 x 12 dot matrices for upper/lower case fonts. Their long-term field-proven reliability, even under severe environments, further enhance their desirability for most every application where bright, easy-to-read legibility (even at a distance and under high ambient light), wide viewing angles and flat-glass simple-to-mount packages—plus low voltage and low current-drain are paramount. So, since brevity is called for, contact us to find out all the particulars on how to put your readout designs in the forefront with Itron's Advanced Alphanumerics. National Semiconductor Corp. will soon make available development support for its NSC800 8-bit microprocessor family, which combines the powerful instruction set of the Z80 with the compact bus structure of the 8085 in chips made with a new high-performance double-polysilicon complementary-MOS (P²C-MOS) process. The support offering includes: an integral in-system emulator (ISE) package that plugs directly into the Santa Clara, Calif., firm's Starplex development system and consists of two boards giving the user 32-K bytes of tracing and mapped memory; and an emulator package, consisting of a target board and cable pod that provide the physical and electrical interface between the ISE package, Starplex, and the NSC800-based system under development. Exar Integrated Systems Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif., has entered into an agreement with Cherry Semiconductor Corp. for the Cranston, R.I., firm to second-source Exar's integrated-injection-logic master slices by March 1981. The family of four semicustom chips, designated XR-200, -300, -400 and -500, are customized into monolithic large-scale integrated circuits with the addition of three custom mask layers and can accommodate circuit complexities of from 200 to 500 gates. To meet the particular demands imposed by machine insertion, Burndy Corp.'s Components division in Norwalk, Conn., has made minor modifications on its DILB sockets for dual in-line packages. The changes, which involved a strengthening of the standoff and its relocation inward to reduce lead length, have not increased the cost of the sockets, nor have they affected their use in hand-assembly operations. Instead, the changes ensure that the sockets will be accepted by all the machines made by the three leading insertion equipment suppliers: Universal Instruments, Dyna/Pert, and Amistar Corp. The contact design of the sockets provides gas-tight, high-pressure interconnections for as little as 0.5 cent per line, says the manufacturer. - Semi Processes Inc., Santa Clara, Calif., has reduced prices by as much as 55% on its SP7010 and SP7005 uncommitted logic arrays fabricated using the firm's proprietary selective-oxidation silicon-gate complementary-MOS process. The SP7010 1,000-gate devices in 40-pin plastic packages have gone from $45 to $36 apiece in quantities of 10 to 99 and from $18.50 to $12 in lots of 5,000 to 9,999. In similar quantities, the SP7005 544-gate arrays have gone from $40 to $20 and from $16 to $7.20, respectively. At the 2,500-piece level, the 2-cent-per-gate price for the 7010 rivals that of low-power Schottky TTL, yet the ULAs consume even less power. - Xicor Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif., has again reduced the prices of its X2201 5-V 1-K-by-1-bit nonvolatile random-access semiconductor memory from $48.75 to $25 each for purchases of 100-unit quantities. - Micro Switch, Freeport, Ill., has announced a 4% to 10% price increase on its manual products (including keyboards), basic switches, solid-state sensors, industrial products, and photoelectric and proximity controls. No price increases are being applied to pressure transducers. The Untouchables MDD Series CMOS, MOS I.C. Dispensers FEATURES ★ Simple yet very effective design. ★ Capability to handle all known I.C. carrying tubes. ★ Dispenses I.C.'s of 0.3", 0.4" & 0.6" pitch up to 42 pins. ★ MOS, CMOS protected — material is carbon filled. ★ Dispenser clamp to hold tube firmly in position. ★ Adjustable stop to suit length of I.C. ★ Empty tubes can be removed with ease. ★ Easy pick up of I.C.'s. ★ I.C.'s cannot "piggy back". ★ I.C.'s automatically released — one at a time. ★ Grounding lug fitted. ★ Available in 1, 5 & 10 channel versions as standard. ★ Ex stock and competitively priced. MDD-1 $21.85 MDD-5 $83.43 MDD-10 $160.45 OK Machine & Tool Corporation 3455 Conner St., Bronx, N.Y. 10475 U.S.A. Tel.(212) 994-6600 Telex 125091 * Minimum billings $25.00, add shipping charge $2.00 New York State residents add applicable tax I.C. Dispensers Today's Manufacturer's Representative narrows the gap between technology and man's needs. The manufacturer's representative is more than a commissioned salesman. He's a territory manager... A personnel manager... A customer service manager... A sales manager... A product manager... A merchandising manager. And an independent businessman! He knows the territory better. It's his territory—his permanent territory, and he has learned how to gain the maximum potential from that territory. Talk to a manufacturer's representative, he can make your market plans a reality—today! For more information on how manufacturers' representatives can help you and how you can get in touch with them, write or call the Electronic Representatives Association—by return mail you'll receive a complete kit to give you answers. Electronic Representatives Association 233 E. Erie Street, Suite 1002 Chicago, Illinois 60611 (312) 649-1333 Manufacturers' Representatives Make Good Business Sense, at a time when we need it most"When are you going to get yours?" When are you going to get your very own, personal subscription to Electronics? It could be very important to you. And we're not just referring to your status in the office hierarchy. You (and we) are in a quick-moving business. News breaks frequently. Change is the name of the game. Awareness is the way to win. You've got to follow what's going on beyond your specialty. Your career may have to last longer than your specialty. If change is the game, obsolescence is the penalty for losing. Obsolescence of products, of technology and, unfortunately, of people. We can't change this fact. But we can help you cope with it. Give us one hour of reading time every two weeks and we will keep you aware of what's going on around you and around the changing world of electronics technology. Move up. Fill out one of the subscription postcards in this issue. Electronics Magazine. The one worth paying for. We put a little extra into our Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors Most design engineers give our monolithic ceramic capacitors a rating of 10½ — on a scale of 1 to 10. That's because we put "a little extra" into every one we build — whether it's a chip, SIP or radial-leaded component. And that's why we've earned a reputation during the past 32 years for being a high-quality ceramic capacitor manufacturer. Our "VEE JEM" Chip Capacitors are built in 11 sizes, three dielectrics and with values from 1.0 pF to 1.0 μF. You can obtain them with such extras as marking, soldered terminations, and tight capacitance tolerances. Our Single-In-Line Package (SIP) Capacitor Networks have a little extra, too. You can select them with 6, 8, 9 or 10 leads — and with combinations of capacitance values and dielectrics on one part. Or you can design them your way. Our new "VP" Ceramic Capacitor — compact, rugged and versatile — joins the ranks of the other radial-lead monolithic ceramic devices we've been offering since 1959. There's only one true test of how well they perform: try them in your circuits. If you'd like to put a little extra in your designs, please call us — or request our free catalogs. Vitramon North America Division of Vitramon, Incorporated Box 544, Bridgeport, Conn. 06601 Tel: (203) 268-6261 Vitramon Limited (London) Vitramon GmbH (Stuttgart) Vitramon France S.A.R.L. (Paris) Vitramon Pty. Limited (Sydney) Vitramon Japan Limited (Tokyo) Vitramon do Brasil Ltda. (Sao Paulo) Circle 151 on reader service card Amendment causes uproar A proposed amendment to the constitution of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers to create the office of president-elect and to move control of election timing from the members to the board of directors has passed, but just barely and amid a great deal of controversy among the tellers' committee, the board of directors, those opposed to the amendment, and the general staff at IEEE headquarters. The fuss started when the method of tabulating the votes came under close scrutiny and was found very loosely defined in the constitution and the bylaws. Technically, it is possible to tabulate in one of two ways: the yea, nay, and blank ballots may comprise the total to be counted; or just the yeas and nays may be used, omitting the blank ballots. For an amendment to pass, two thirds of the ballots must be yeas. In the case of the recent amendment, using the first tabulation method, 35,335 yea, nay, and blank ballots were cast, of which 23,333 were in favor of the amendment. That represents somewhat less than the two thirds needed to pass. If the second method is used, leaving out the blank ballots, a total of 32,487 votes was cast, with over 70% in favor of the amendment. This creates a dilemma for the tellers' committee, which is the body appointed by the IEEE's board of directors to oversee the election and referendum process. "We were specifically informed [according to the manual] to count the blank ballots," notes Robert E. Anderson, chairman of the committee. Furthermore, he notes that not only do the committee members have a responsibility to the board, but also to New York State as election inspectors to ensure that the election conforms to whatever state laws may be applicable in such cases. The tellers' committee sought legal advice through the general staff at IEEE headquarters on the problem; the lawyers cited cases found in common law, such as public elections, where blank ballots are not counted. The committee took a straw vote of 9 to 3 against passing the amendment because it did not receive two thirds of all ballots, including the blanks, cast. The general staff thought differently and, interpreting the legal advice in another way, issued a statement that the amendment had passed. "We followed tradition by plugging in the numbers the tellers' committee gave us, and then sending out the results. The product of the tellers' committee has always been a count rather than an interpretation of what that count means," says Eric Herz, who has been general manager for the past two years. Not so, argues Anderson, who points out, "I think a mistake was made, and they're covering it up. The board of directors did not meet before the announcement went out, and I think the decision was illegally reached." Arbiter. To settle the dispute, the board of directors took the matter up at its general meeting in early December. After a 2-hour debate with legal counsel present and all sides given a chance to offer their views, the board voted 20 to 3 with 3 abstentions to pass the amendment. "The board of directors is the ultimate source of authority for the IEEE, and the board took the position that the amendment had passed," notes Leo Young, 1980 president of the institute. Members not happy with the outcome are appealing the decision using a variety of means. For Robert A. Rivers, an IEEE Fellow opposed to the amendment from the beginning [Electronics, Aug. 28, p. 337], the solution lies with the New York attorney general. "I filed a complaint with the attorney general and I expect that other people will be joining me," says Rivers. His complaint lists a number of points: - That 23,333 votes in favor of the amendment is not the required two thirds of 35,335 ballots. - That the general manager caused statements to be issued saying that election officials verified passage of the amendment though the tellers' committee does not agree with these statements. - That the general manager failed to withdraw his unauthorized statements. - That improper parliamentary procedures were used by the board of directors at its meeting in December. - That the board of directors has usurped the authority of the tellers' committee in upholding passage of the amendment. Alex Gruenwald, a member of the tellers' committee, is working within the IEEE to find a solution to the problem. He has petitioned the board of directors to turn the matter over to the credentials committee to adjudicate. The credentials committee, appointed by the board, can declare the amendment void and call for another referendum if it finds the results were arrived at unsatisfactorily, notes Gruenwald. "The request to the credentials committee is an attempt to try to police our own affairs and get this mess cleaned up," he says. "Outside legal suits would be like washing dirty linen in public." -Pamela Hamilton ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS: The F-16. It’s just one side of General Dynamics Fort Worth. You probably know that we have designed and are building the F-16 fighter for the air forces of the United States and its allies, but what you may not know is that we’re also a growing, diversified electronics operation. We’re currently designing some of the world’s most advanced radar simulation systems and command and control systems, in addition to other ongoing projects like airborne stores management systems and replica radars. We’re looking for people who like to see their projects grow from concept through integration and checkout. We need engineers with a minimum of a B.S. in Electrical or Electronics Engineering or Computer Science and with the following backgrounds: • Systems Engineering • C³I Systems • Communications Systems • Computer Systems • Simulation Systems • Radar Systems • Display Systems • Software Development • Digital Circuit Design • RF Circuit Design • Electronic Packaging • Electronic Warfare If you qualify and are interested in a career in advanced electronics, send us your resume. We’re offering outstanding opportunities with unique potential for advancement. You’ll also receive an excellent salary with exceptional benefits, including a savings/stock investment plan, life/medical insurance, dental plan, and access to an 80-acre recreational area and 18-hole golf course for employee/family use. Send your resume to R.Q. Lee, Director of Electronic Systems and Laboratories, P. O. Box 748-18EE, Mail Zone 1862, Fort Worth, Texas 76101. GENERAL DYNAMICS Fort Worth Division U.S. Citizenship Required. An equal opportunity employer M/F ELECTRONIC ENGINEER We are a major employer located in North Dallas and printer of nationally recognized periodicals and catalogs. This opening reports to Manager, Electronic Engineer and responsible for maintaining, debugging, modifying, trouble shooting, design and development of manufacturing process equipment, and electro mechanical systems. Requires digital and analog controllers experience and minimum of associate degree in Electronics Technology. BSEE preferred. Benefits and challenge are excellent. If interested submit resume with salary history and salary requirements to. TEXAS COLOR, INC. Paul Reeves, Personnel Manager P.O. Box 401010 Dallas, TX 75240 (214) 233-3400 an equal opportunity employer M/F PROMOTE YOURSELF ENGINEERS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS We currently have ten MAJOR OIL & GAS CLIENTS seeking your expertise. If you have ANY TWO of the following, YOU CAN QUALIFY for these positions: (1) a BS in Engineering (BSEE Preferred), (2) SCADA systems experience, (3) 3+ years INSTRUMENTATION experience in a process or related environment, (4) I & CS experience in POWER PLANTS or related applications, and (5) Real-Time MICROPROCESSOR/MINI-COMPUTER experience. These positions (ALL IN HOUSTON except foreign assignments) are as follows: (1) Staff Engineer, (2) Software Engineer, (3) Lead Engineer, (4) Construction Engineer, (5) Project Engineer, (6) Supervising Engineer, and (7) Field Engineer. Houston Positions To $ 45,000 Foreign Positions Package To $ 95,000 All Fees Assumed By Client Companies Interview and Relocation Expenses Paid By Client Companies ADDINGTON & ASSOCIATES PERSONNEL SERVICES, INC. 6371 RICHMOND AVENUE, HOUSTON, TEXAS 77037 (713) 780-6810 ELECTRONICS ENGINEER NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY Space Science Division GS-12 ($26,951—$35,033 per annum) GS-11 ($24,736—$31,486 per annum) Grade and Salary dependent upon qualifications Supports developments utilizing optical techniques for advanced signal/data processing operations with electronic hardware design capabilities. Assignments include an exploratory development program which attempts to incorporate wideband analog optical techniques with state of the art electronic techniques to enhance future Navy systems capabilities wide band spectrum analysis and correlation. Expertise desired in electronics design, analog and digital system design, computer programming and computer interface design, and breadboard testing. This is a career Civil Service position with all the normal fringe benefits. Interested applicants should submit a Standard Form 171 Personal Qualifications Statement or detailed resume by, 23 January 1981 to: NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY Civilian Personnel Office Attn: Code 79-837-15 E 4555 Overlook Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20375 An Equal Opportunity Employer ENGINEERS Hardware/Software needed for our Fortune 500 client company in their Advanced Manufacturing Technology Group which includes Process, Robotics, CAD/CAM, Thin Film, Bonding, Quality Control, EE, Metallurgists, Tooling and Test. Salaries range in all levels from 20-45K. Fee Paid by our client company. Send Resume in Confidence to: Lynn Evans Associates 80 West Center Road P.O. Box 2099 Dept. Eng. Framingham, Mass. 01701 (617) 872-3577 ENGINEERS ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS to $60,000. Choice entry level to management positions immediately available in Pennsylvania & national locations. Reply in strict confidence to J. A. Weir, President, WEIR PERSONNEL SERVICES, Inc., Country Club Plaza, PA 19603 (215/376-8486). DESIGN ENGINEERS to $38K. General design & new product. Design connectors terminals, microprocessors, controls. Reply in confidence to J. A. Gonsalves, M.I.T.K. ASSOC. PERSONNEL, 1517 Cedar Cliff, Camp Hill, PA 17011 (717/761-4777). NATIONAL PERSONNEL CONSULTANTS More job challenge, more vacation and up to 40 percent more pay. Aramco offers them all to the highly motivated, self-starting communications professionals we need now for major projects in Saudi Arabia. Aramco needs outstanding people on the energy frontier in Saudi Arabia. We're offering outstanding incentives to get them: up to 40 percent pay premium, 40 days' vacation every year, and a chance to work on vast and challenging projects with the world's largest oil-producing company. Among our major projects is an enormous communications system which interlinks our vast network of operations in Saudi Arabia. You'd have to look hard to find a system quite like it anywhere. If you have the qualifications, we have the following openings in which you could expand your communications career. Radio Engineers Your areas of responsibility will include system engineering, design, operational support for all our HF, VHF, UHF radio systems. You'll work on a team responsible for major additions to our HF radio, mobile radio, paging, radiotelephone, marine and IMTS systems. Requirements: a BSEE, plus at least 10 years' experience in radio communications engineering. Radio/Microwave Engineers You will oversee engineering studies, design and development phases of projects and facilities; implement modifications on existing systems and facilities. Requirements: a BSEE or equivalent, 7 years in some or all of the following: microwave, telephone, mobile radio, analogue-digital, communications and control systems. Senior Projects Engineer—Radio/Microwave You will supervise design and material procurement; provide work direction for engineers and direct design and project management contractors. Also responsible for engineering aspects of new systems design, system additions, and modifications. Requirements: a BSEE or equivalent. Minimum 12 years in systems engineering, with planning on major communications projects. Unsurpassed compensation and benefits The Aramco salary is competitive and a cost-of-living differential increases it even further. Aramco people in Saudi Arabia receive a tax-protected premium for overseas employment which can amount to up to 40 percent of the base salary. Money aside, Aramco offers an outstanding combination of benefits, including the long vacation, comfortable housing, abundant recreation, and an excellent American-style school system for the children. Extra overseas bonus and new voluntary "bachelor" status for married employees Newly hired employees for Saudi Arabia also receive a one-time, lump-sum, fully tax-protected Overseas Employment Bonus of up to $5,000. And now all of the attractive compensation and benefits are available for married employees who may want to work overseas on a temporary "bachelor" status for the first year. This program includes three free repatriation trips by air during this one-year period, and the option to request family status at three conversion dates during that same year. Interested? Call our 24-hour line any day: (713) 750-6965. If you wish, call toll-free: (800) 231-7577, ext. 6965 between 7 A.M. and 5 P.M., Monday-Friday, Central Time. If you prefer, send your résumé in full confidence, or write for more information to: Aramco Services Company, Dept. ELT0113-NB04A, 1100 Milam Bldg., Houston, Texas 77002. PROFESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES!!! PARADYNE CORPORATION invites you to explore career opportunities with one of the acknowledged leaders in the High-Speed Data Processing and Data Communications industries. PARADYNE CORPORATION designs, manufactures, markets, and services data communications products and systems, and is one of the few companies able to design, manufacture and bring to market an entire family of products that can satisfy both the data processing and data communications needs of today's markets. As the Company's Technical and Corporate growth continues at a record pace, so does our need for people who are looking for a challenge in the 80's. We currently have positions available for the following key professionals: ★ DIGITAL DESIGN ENGINEERS Responsible for high-speed digital (TTL/LS/S) circuit design. BSEE plus digital circuit design. Assembler Software design experience helpful. ★ R&D ENGINEERS Develop new technology for Paradyne. Experience with Digital Voice & Secure Data and Signal Processing desired. To the individuals selected, we offer nationally competitive salaries, a liberal benefits program and realistic growth opportunities in a professional working environment. Please forward your resume, including salary and work history, in confidence to: Steve Hoskins Professional Recruiter PARADYNE CORPORATION 8550 Ulmerton Road Largo, Florida 33541 An Equal Opportunity Employer M/F R. F. ENGINEER needed by design group of unique laboratory under government contract to build two of the world's largest and technically most advanced cyclotrons. Significant experience with HF power amplifiers is essential. Position involves working with other electronics engineers and technicians, including RF specialists. Possibility for future promotion to RF group supervisor. Immediate responsibilities include all aspects of the design of a 250 KW HF power amplifier, including power stage, driver stage, automatic tuning, and output phase and amplitude regulation. Opportunity for continuing education is included in this position. Applicants should send a resume including salary history to Dr. B. Waldman National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Michigan State University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. ATTENTION ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS!!! Electronic Design Engineers 24-36K Design Engineers (Digital) 25-35K Analog Design Engineers -25-35K Systems Design Engineers -28-35K Electrical Design Engineers -24-40K Instrumentation Design Engineers -25-40K Test/Design Engineers -24-35K Our clients are aerospace and electronic firms who pay our fees for locating engineers. For more information, send note or resume to Gregg Whitt. CORPORATE PERSONNEL CONSULTANTS, INC. 5950 Fairview Road, Two Fairview Plaza, Suite 608 Charlotte, North Carolina 28210 (704) 554-1800 Uncle Sam invites you to DCA The Defense Communications Agency is a worldwide communications network, providing communications for the military and other government agencies. We offer immediate openings for entry and professional level positions. Electronics Engineers, Communications Specialists, Computer Scientists and Specialists Salary range $15,947 $35,033 Some overseas positions available in Germany, Japan and Korea Apply Now These are civil service positions and all federal employment benefits apply Send detailed resume or Standard Form 171 to Defense Communications Agency Attention: Code 370.8 Washington, DC 20305 Call Collect 202 692 2794 Engineers • Design • Development • Project • Software $20,000-$50,000 Riddick Associates' Engineering Division specializes in placement of electrical and electronic engineers with top companies in the Southeast and throughout the U.S. We provide advice on careers, resumes and interviews for a position tailored to your skills. Client companies pay our fees. For details call our office, resume in strict confidence to Phil Riddick President Riddick Associates, Ltd. 9 Koger Executive Center Norfolk, VA 23502 Area 804-461-3994 POSITIONS VACANT Electronic Engineers—Sunbelt/Southwest. Opportunities in Design Software, Digital/Analog, Microprocessing, and Systems Implementation. Employer fee paid. J. Gifford Inc., 5310 East 31st Street, #225 Tulsa, Oklahoma 74135. (918) 665-2626. POSITIONS WANTED Thick film engineer two years experience. Resistor — conductor. PW-3599 Electronics Digital Control Systems Research At General Electric Research and Development Center As part of a major corporate thrust in electronics, General Electric's R&D Center is expanding its activities in microcomputer-based control systems research and development. Microcomputer technology is seen as the key to innovation and growth in the 1980s and beyond. To meet this opportunity, we are seeking people with appropriate degrees/experience in the following fields: - Digital/Microcomputer Controls Systems - Software Architecture & Development Systems - Adaptive, Fault-Tolerant Systems - Interface Electronic Circuit Design - Data Acquisition; Analog I/O - Signal Processing We have immediate openings for creative people who can lead the development of advanced hardware and software technology for a variety of applications including: - Industrial Control Systems - Transportation Control Systems - Consumer Electronics - Aircraft Engine Controls - Lighting and Energy Management - Communications and Signal Processing Systems Investigate excellent salaries, benefits and personal career growth prospects by sending confidential resume to Mr. Neff T. Dietrich, General Electric Research and Development Center, Ref. 78A, P.O. Box 8, Schenectady, New York 12301. GENERAL ELECTRIC An Equal Opportunity Employer, M/F/H ATARI on the SAN FRANCISCO PENINSULA Yearn no more for unlimited challenge and excitement in design engineering — it's all possible at ATARI where your technical management skills will be blended with the most advanced technological environment imaginable and unbelievable growth momentum that few other companies can offer. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MANAGER Move into the ultimate hardware design environment as you manage the electrical design group involved with hardware design of personal computer system peripherals. Your 5-7 years in-depth experience in computer peripheral and hardware design should have emphasis on high volume product design utilizing low cost design skills. Project management background a must. BS/MSEE preferred. ENGINEERING LAB MANAGER Apply your considerable experience to this challenge as you manage all facets of consumer engineering under the immediate direction of the VP/Engineering. Your 5-15 years experience in consumer electronics and computers, managing project engineers and projects in a senior-level capacity is essential. Your effective methods for coordination of engineering, marketing and manufacturing are also key. BS/MSEE preferred. Our salaries and benefits are as exceptional as our growth and include Company-paid Employee Life/Health/Disability/Dental Insurance plus a Sabbatical Leave Policy which offers 7 weeks paid leave of absence after 7 years continuous service with ATARI. Please send resume, including salary history, or contact our Employment Department, ATARI, INC. P.O. Box 427, 1265 Borregas Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94086. (408) 745-2050. We are an equal opportunity employer. Advanced IC Process Development Project Leader Our bipolar process development group is at the leading edge of technology. This Tek Labs group recently developed the production bipolar analog process used in the world's fastest oscilloscope (Tek's 7104, 1 GHz scope). We are looking for a project leader to continue the push for greater performance and integration. If your background includes advanced bipolar device structures and process development, consider this opportunity with a respected company that has been developing high performance custom ICs for 14 years. Specifically, this position involves leading a team of engineers in the development of high frequency (multi-gigahertz), high density (tens of thousands of devices per chip), bipolar ICs utilizing such techniques as DSW, ion implantation and plasma technology. To discuss this unique opportunity, please call Gary Hecht toll free at (800) 323-1164 or send resume to Gary Hecht, MS Y6-010, Tektronix, Inc., P.O. Box 500, Q-28, Beaverton, Oregon 97077. An equal opportunity employer m/f/hc. Tektronix COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE ENGINEERS Quality Control Industrial Maintenance/Instrumentation DESIGN Analog Software Test Equipment Digital Micro Processing Instrumentation Salary ranges are $20,60,000 per year. Our firm is associated with a leading network & all costs are paid by client companies including travel, relocation & free resume service. Call Dan Wheeler at 1-317-899-1777 or send resume to TWI & Associates Inc., 377 N. Mithodier Rd., Indianapolis, Indiana 46236 SOUTH & SOUTHWEST POSITIONS Engineering and Management positions throughout the South, Southwest and U.S. Employers pay all fees. Send resume or call Bob Hogue, P.E. (513) 636-3525. SouthWest Technical P.O. Box 33070, San Antonio, Texas 78233 ENGINEERS • Project • Design $22,000-$40,000 Product bread desired in tele-data communications, A.T.E. Software/Hardware computer systems. Any of these areas qualifies you for our suburban NJ/NY, PA & CT and national client companies. The South West region has created new technical positions. State-of-the-Art Engineers can look forward to $15-20K more with a new position. National statistics show if you have been with your present company 3 yrs., to continue career growth is time for a job change. Call or send resume with salary history & geographical preference to Jim Mann. VP. "THE ENGINEERING PROS" ARTHUR PERSONNEL CONSULTANTS 8 Forest Avenue Caldwell, NJ 07006 201/226-4555 Shed new light on the future. The Aerospace Corporation is looking for one highly-motivated individual to direct the coming challenges of the Lasers and Optics Department. As Department Head, you'll provide technical leadership to a program of research into laser communications, lidar, laser electronic applications, integrated opto-electronic devices and optically pumped far-infrared laser systems. This position offers an excellent salary — and benefits which include a three-week vacation the first year, fully paid medical, dental and life insurance plans, full tuition reimbursement, a seven-year vesting retirement program and a tax deferred savings plan. You'll guide the efforts of 22 highly-motivated individuals — professionals of the highest calibre, with the drive and freedom to think in daring new ways about some of the most pressing technological problems of our time. You should have a PhD in electrical engineering or applied physics (with concentration in quantum electronics and/or solidstate electronics), five years' experience as a supervisor and/or project leader and high visibility resulting from technical publications in professional journals. And you'll be a part of the Aerospace Corporation. A non-profit company which serves as a unique technical resource in the public interest. And whose sole product is ideas — for now and for the future. To apply, please call (213) 648-7082. Or submit your resume to: M.A. Bohnet, Bldg. A6/2669, Dept. 00007, P.O. Box 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009. The Aerospace Corporation Affirmative Action Employer M/F U.S. Citizenship Required ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS Seeking a challenge? The Electronic Warfare Laboratory, a modern well equipped Government laboratory located at Fort Monmouth NJ, is seeking recent ambitious college graduates as well as experienced Electronic Engineers interested in the application of state-of-the-art electronics research and development to Military equipment and systems. As one of this country's leading laboratories in the development of techniques and equipments to detect, locate, identify and counter all types of electromagnetic systems, we are looking for personnel with training/experience in one or more of the following: - Electronic Countermeasures - Electronic Support Measures - Radar - Electro-Optics - Infrared - Communications Electronics - Signal Processing - Computer Software Salary up to $35K commensurate with qualifications. Opportunities for advancement to senior level professional and/or managerial positions with incentives for superior accomplishment. Liberal educational benefits. These are career positions in the Federal Service. We also have student opportunities in the cooperative education and summer employment programs. US citizenship is required. Fort Monmouth, NJ is located close to Asbury Park, NJ and within 50 miles of New York City. Relocation costs will be paid. If interested, send a detailed resume and salary history to: Director, Electronic Warfare Laboratory ATTN: DELEW-DA Fort Monmouth, NJ 07703 WE ARE AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER International Maritime Satellite Organisation LONDON, ENGLAND The International Maritime Satellite Organisation is a new international organisation established for the purpose of improving maritime communications by the use of satellites, and which will operate on a commercial basis. We are now seeking to expand our small team of engineers in the Technical & Operations Division, and applications from professional engineers with skills in the satellite communications and operations areas are invited. In addition we seek applications from experienced data processing personnel to set up and operate a data processing unit. As a small but rapidly expanding organisation, INMARSAT offers scope for the individual to exercise considerable initiative and innovation. The terms and conditions of employment are designed to attract international recruited experts to London. OPERATIONS All positions require professional expertise in satellite communications and/or international telecommunications. Operations Control Centre Manager Responsible for setting up the Operations Control Centre which will co-ordinate satellite systems in 3 ocean regions providing satellite communications to earth stations and ships worldwide. 7-10 years experience and demonstrated ability in operations, together with the ability to work accurately under pressure managing a team of engineers and technicians. Operations Control Centre Engineer Reporting to the Operations Control Centre Manager. Responsible for preparing master plans, scheduling tests and analysing data from earth stations relating to systems operations. 5-7 years practical experience required. Operations Engineer Reporting to the Operations Manager. Will be involved in the planning and the commencement of operation of INMARSAT’s satellite system and the installation of operational control facilities. 7-10 years practical experience required. DATA PROCESSING A new section to be set up using standard 32 bit minicomputer facility. Data Processing Manager Responsible for initial installation of INMARSAT’s computer facility and management of data processing section. At least 8 years experience in computer user applications, and 3 years heading a data processing operation. Ability to identify the organization’s information requirements and to manage a small data processing team. COMMUNICATIONS (3 positions) Engineers with 5-10 years experience in some of the areas of expertise listed below are invited to join a small team with a broad range of responsibilities in the communications area. Satellite Communications Systems Engineering Experience in transmission engineering (including signal design, radio link impairment analysis, telephony transmission planning, digital link synchronization). Experience in network design engineering (including traffic engineering, signalling system design, call routing and terrestrial interface design.). Communications Satellite Engineering Experience in satellite communications feasibility studies, knowledge of design and performance characteristics, knowledge of satellite procurement and/or testing. Earth Station Engineering Experience in development of standards for earth stations and evaluation of their performance, earth station design, marine electronics design and experience in ship radio testing. INMARSAT Further details can be obtained by submitting your resume in strict confidence to The Director General INMARSAT Market Towers 1 Nine Elms Lane LONDON SW8 5NQ Telex No: 264604 Telephone (collect): 01-720 2266 ENGINEERS: The Right Opportunities Are With Ford Aerospace in Houston, Today! THE RIGHT COMPANY: Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation is a leader in space information systems. We were the principal company responsible for the development, design, manufacture of equipment, installation, and continued maintenance and operation of the Mission Control Center. THE RIGHT PROJECTS: We are involved in some of the most challenging projects of our time including the Space Shuttle and NASA’s Space Telescope. THE RIGHT LOCATION: We’re just 25 miles southeast of downtown Houston, a city with a vibrant economy, and we’re minutes from beautiful lakes and the Gulf. And in Texas, there is no state income tax. Currently we have opportunities for the following engineers: COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERS: For command and operations control center. Work involves detail hardware design, system design and checkouts, and reconfiguration. DIGITAL HARDWARE DESIGN ENGINEERS: For development of custom high speed data handling/processing equipment including telemetry equipment, microprocessor control subsystems, digital video processing, and mini-computer system design. We also offer excellent salary and benefits package. So, if this sounds like the right opportunity for you, send your resume to John Brown, Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation, Dept. AJH, P.O. Box 58487, Houston, Texas 77058. (713) 488-1270. Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation Space Information Systems Operation We are an equal opportunity employer, m/f. WHERE DO YOU FIT? In today's job market, that is. One way to see if you're in demand is to check the employment opportunities contained in ELECTRONICS' Classified Section. Another way to get a reading on your value is to place a blind (box number) Position Wanted ad there. The cost is low (only $1.80 per line) and the results are often rewarding. For more information call or write: ELECTRONICS Post Office Box 900 New York, N.Y. 10020 Phone: 212/997-3308 At General Electric we’re using computers in ways no one thought of before. Creating new applications of technology. Applying it to GE products, businesses, operations and services. Few other corporations are involved in programs of such breadth and diversity. Our commitment to computerization has already made GE one of the world’s largest users of computer technology. And this commitment continues to expand. The computerization of GE has scored notable successes in a wide range of areas: medical care...transportation...aircraft engines...spacecraft...electronic controls...process automation...mobile communications...energy...computer aided design and manufacturing...automated assembly...industrial robots...information processing...financial services...optical scanning...automated testing equipment...and this barely hints at our scope. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES at many U.S. locations are steadily being created for degreed computer hardware and software professionals with virtually every type of experience. Access these now. Send one resume to: Roger T. Sobkowiak, Manager Computer Manpower Development Bldg. 30EE, Room 78B 1285 Boston Avenue Bridgeport, CT 06602 An Equal Opportunity Employer Applying computers to make our most important product: Progress GENERAL ELECTRIC Published by Electronics magazine... Books of special interest to our readers Applying Microprocessors Reprinted from Electronics, completes the EE's transition from the old methods of electronic design to microprocessor engineering. Pub. 1977, 191 pp. Order #R-701, $9.95 Basics of Data Communications This compilation of essential articles from Data Communications magazine includes chapters on terminals, acoustic couplers and modems, communications processors, networking, channel performance, data link controls, network diagnostics, interfaces, and regulations and policy. Pub. 1976, 303 pp. Order #R-603, $12.95 Circuits for Electronics Engineers Almost 350 circuits arranged by 51 of the most useful functions for designers. Taken from the popular "Designer's Casebook" of Electronics, these circuits have been designed by engineers for the achievement of specific engineering objectives. Pub. 1977, 396 pp. Order #R-711, $15.95 Design Techniques for Electronics Engineers Expert guidance at every point in the development of an engineering project—making measurements, interpreting data, making calculations, choosing materials, controlling environment, laying out and purchasing components, and interconnecting them swiftly and accurately. Nearly 300 articles from Electronics' Engineer's Notebook." Pub. 1977, 370 pp. Order #R-726, $15.95 Microelectronics Interconnection and Packaging Up-to-date articles from Electronics include sections on lithography and processing for integrated circuits, thick- and thin-film hybrids, printed-circuit-board technology, automatic wiring technology, IC packages and connectors, environmental factors affecting interconnections and packages, computer-aided design, and automatic testing. Pub. 1980, 320 pp. Order #R-927, $12.95 Large Scale Integration As published in Electronics, covers the entire range of design applications in sections on bipolar LSI, MOS LSI, new devices, system design, computer-aided design, testing, and applications. Pub. 1976, 208 pp. Order #R-602, $9.95 Memory Design: Microcomputers to Mainframes The technology, devices, and applications that link memory components and system design. How to apply the new technology to meet specific design goals. Edited from the pages of Electronics. Pub. 1978, 180 pp. Order #R-732, $12.95 Microprocessors The basic book on microprocessor technology for the design engineer. Published in 1975, articles are drawn from Electronics. 150 pp. Order #R-520, $8.95 Personal Computing: Hardware and Software Basics More than 50 articles from leading publications give you up-to-date information on personal computing hardware, software, theory, and applications. Pub. 1979, 266 pp. Order #R-903, $11.95 Practical Applications of Data Communications: A User's Guide Articles from Data Communications magazine cover architecture and protocols, data-link performance, distributed data processing, software, data security, testing and diagnostics, communications processors, and digitized-voice and data-plus-voice. Pub. 1980, 424 pp. Order #R-005, $13.95 Order today using this coupon! Electronics Magazine Books P.O. Box 669 Hightstown, NJ 08520 Tel. (609) 448-1700, ext. 5494 \| Order # \| Qty. \| Price \| \|---------\|------\|-------\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| \| R-______\|______\|_______\| Total $_______ Name ____________________________________________ Title ____________________________________________ Company _________________________________________ Street/P.O. address _______________________________ City/state/zip ____________________________________ Payment enclosed (payment must accompany orders under $25) Bill my company (or attach company Purchase Order) Bill me Send a free copy of the Electronics Editorial Reprints brochure. Ten-day money-back guarantee applies on all books. EL ## Electronics advertisers \| Company \| Page Numbers \| \|----------------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| ACDC Electronics \| 153 \| \| Acme Electric \| 45 \| \| ADAC \| 86 \| \| Advanced Micro Devices \| 10, 11, 56, 57 \| \| Allen-Bradley \| 197 \| \| American Microsystems, Inc. \| 107 \| \| AMF, Inc. \| 303 \| \| AMP, Inc. \| 204, 205 \| \| Amphenol North America \| 192, 193 \| \| Analog Devices \| 259 \| \| A.P. Products \| 226 \| \| Applied Solar Energy Corporation \| 296 \| \| Bausch & Lomb \| 209 \| \| Beckman Instruments AEPD \| 64, 65 \| \| Beckman Instruments Displays \| 323 \| \| CEC Division/Bell & Howell Company \| 209 \| \| Bendix Electrical Components \| 321 \| \| Berg Electronics \| 76, 77 \| \| Berquist Company \| 294 \| \| Braemar Computer Devices \| 347 \| \| Buckbee Mears Company \| 345 \| \| Bud Industries \| 228 \| \| California Eastern Labs \| 58 \| \| Carpenter Manufacturing Co., Inc. \| 278 \| \| Centralab, Inc. \| 10E, 11E \| \| Cherry Electrical Products \| 13 \| \| Chicago Laser Systems, Inc. \| 238 \| \| Chuo Tsusho Kaisha, Ltd. \| 106 \| \| Cogitronics Corporation \| 43 \| \| Compas Microsystems \| 282 \| \| Computer Automation, IPD \| 145 \| \| Computer Automation, NMD \| 90, 91 \| \| Condor, Inc. \| 262 \| \| Conner Winfield Corporation \| 106 \| \| Converter Concepts \| 242 \| \| Corcom \| 320 \| \| Cortron \| 227 \| \| Cybernetic Micro Systems \| 188 \| \| Data General \| 261 \| \| Data I/O Corporation \| 305 \| \| Data Precision \| 189 \| \| Datron Systems, Inc. \| 218 \| \| Deltron, Inc. \| 198 \| \| Deutsche Messe \| 306 \| \| Digital Equipment Corp., Microcomputer \| 307 \| \| Digitran Company \| 239 \| \| Dit-MCO \| 233 \| \| Dolch Logic Instruments \| 99 \| \| Eaton Corporation, Cutler Hammer \| 231 \| \| EDAC Connectors \| 285 \| \| EG&G Reticon \| 47 \| \| E-H International \| 273 \| \| Electronic Arrays \| 35 \| \| Electronics & Control Engineers Book Club \| 289 \| \| Electronic Development Corporation \| 319 \| \| Electronic Navigation Industries \| 3C, 6 \| \| Electronic Representatives Association \| 329 \| \| Elevam Electronic Tube Co., Ltd. \| 248 \| \| Elfab \| 109 \| \| EMI SE Labs Data Products \| 179 \| \| EMI Technology \| 268 \| \| EMI Technology Data Recording Division \| 45 \| \| EMM SESCO \| 74, 75 \| \| Erie Technological Products \| 218 \| \| Everett/Charles Test Equipment, Inc. \| 297 \| \| Exact! Electronics \| 264 \| \| Exar \| 200, 201 \| \| Fairchild Semiconductor \| 38, 212, 213 \| \| Fairchild Test Systems \| 80, 220, 221 \| \| FEME SpA \| 311 \| \| First Computer Corporation \| 15 \| \| John Fluke Manufacturing Company \| 111, 113 \| \| Forethought Products \| 345 \| \| Fuji Electrochemical Co., Ltd. \| 304 \| \| Fujitsu America, Inc. \| 316 \| \| Fujitsu Limited \| 219 \| \| Fujitsu Microelectronics \| 118, 119 \| \| General Electric Instrument Rental Division \| 186 \| \| General Instrument Opto Electronics Division \| 255 \| \| GenRad \| 252, 253, 318 \| \| Gentron Corporation \| 292 \| \| Gould/Deltec \| 88 \| \| Gould Inc., Instruments Division \| 236, 237 \| \| Gould Inc., Instrument Div. SC Operations \| 30, 31 \| \| Grayhill, Inc. \| 314, 315 \| \| Hamilton / Avnet Electronics \| 4C \| \| Hamlin, Inc. \| 12E \| \| Harris Semiconductor \| 180, 181 \| \| HEI, Inc. \| 251 \| \| Hewlett Packard \| 2C, 1, 2, 22, 23 \| \| Hitachi America, Ltd. \| 182, 183 \| \| P.R. Hoffman \| 298 \| \| Houston Instrument \| 257 \| \| Hughes Aircraft \| 87 \| \| Hughes Aircraft, Solid State Products \| 176 \| \| Hunting Hivolt, Ltd. \| 20E \| \| Huntron Sales, Inc. \| 286 \| \| Hysol \| 312 \| \| Hytek Microsystems \| 324 \| \| ILC Data Device Corporation \| 265 \| \| INCO \| 280 \| \| inland International, Inc. \| 14E \| \| Integrated Circuits Engineering \| 208 \| \| Intel DSO \| 28, 29 \| \| Intel Special Products Division \| 18, 19 \| \| Interdesign, Inc. \| 271 \| \| Interface Technology \| 182 \| \| Intersil \| 85 \| \| Iskra Commerce Marketing \| 250 \| \| ITT Cannon Electric \| 241 \| \| ITT Schadow, Inc. \| 300 \| \| ITT Thermotech \| 258 \| \| Iwatsu Electric Co., Ltd. \| 191 \| \| Jensen Tools & Alloys \| 324 \| \| Jepico Co., Ltd. \| 8E \| \| Johanson Manufacturing Corporation \| 83 \| \| Keystone Electronics \| 348 \| \| Kontron Electronics, Inc. \| 55 \| \| Krohn-Hite Corporation \| 7 \| \| Leader Instruments Corporation \| 222, 223 \| \| Macmillan Book Clubs, Inc. \| 312, 313 \| \| Math Associates, Inc. \| 292 \| \| Maxi-Switch Company \| 277 \| \| MDB Systems, Inc. \| 317 \| \| Memory Devices, Ltd. \| 64 \| \| Mepco/Electra \| 17 \| \| Company Name \| Page Numbers \| \|--------------------------------------------------\|--------------\| \| Micro Component Technology \| 214, 215 \| \| Micro Control \| 112 \| \| Microswitch Division of Honeywell \| 263 \| \| Minato Electronics, Inc. \| 291 \| \| Mini-Circuits Laboratory \| 5 \| \| 3M Co., Electronics Division \| 225 \| \| Mitel Semiconductor Inc. \| 114, 115 \| \| Molex, Inc. \| 183 \| \| Monolithics Memories \| 36, 37 \| \| Mostek Corporation \| 27, 78, 79, 94, 95 \| \| Motorola Semiconductor Products \| 116, 117 \| \| Motorola, Inc., Component Products \| 103 \| \| Motorola, Inc., Display Systems \| 284 \| \| Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. \| 17E \| \| National Semiconductor \| 49-52 \| \| Neohm SPA \| 186 \| \| New Long Seimitsu Kogyo Co., Ltd. \| 319 \| \| Nicolet Instrument Corporation \| 32 \| \| Nippon Blower Co., Ltd. \| 290 \| \| Nippon Electric Co., Ltd. \| 184, 185 \| \| Non-Linear Systems \| 310 \| \| Noritake Electronics, Inc. \| 326 \| \| O.K. Machine & Tool Company \| 328 \| \| Optical Information Systems \| 287 \| \| Otto Controls \| 232 \| \| Ovenaire-Audio-Carpenter \| 304 \| \| Panduit Corporation \| 283 \| \| Paratronics, Inc. \| 92, 93 \| \| Perkin-Elmer Corporation \| 309 \| \| Permag Corporation \| 345 \| \| Philips Industries \| 18E, 19E \| \| Philips T & M \| 9E, 15E \| \| Philips TMI \| 190, 191 \| \| Plantronics Zehntel \| 20, 21 \| \| Plastics Engineering Company \| 12 \| \| Plesey Company, Ltd. \| 274 \| \| Powercube, Inc. \| 62, 63 \| \| Power One, Inc. \| 281 \| \| Practical Automation \| 278 \| \| Programmed Power Div, Franklin Electric \| 254 \| \| Pro-Log \| 25 \| \| Racial Dana Instruments, Ltd. \| 55 \| \| Racial Recorders, Ltd. Instrumentation \| 199 \| \| Radio Research Instrument Company \| 282 \| \| RCA Corporation Lancaster \| 229 \| \| RCA Solid State \| 16, 66, 156 \| \| Reims \| 100 \| \| Rental Electronics \| 295 \| \| Rohde & Schwarz \| 1E \| \| Rohm Corporation \| 269 \| \| Howard Sams \| 270 \| \| Scientific Systems Laboratories \| 232 \| \| S.D.S.A. \| 26 \| \| SEPA S.p.A. \| 190 \| \| SGS Ates \| 104, 105, 207\| \| Sharp Corporation \| 158 \| \| Shell \| 227 \| \| Siemens AG \| 2E, 3E \| \| Siemens Corporation \| 179, 219 \| \| Signetics Corporation \| 210, 211, 249\| \| Snap-on Tools Corporation \| 298 \| \| Socapex \| 248 \| \| Souriau \| 16E \| \| Spectronics Corporation \| 347 \| \| Sprague Electric \| 61 \| \| Stackpole \| 246, 247 \| \| Strathclyde Industrial Development \| 195 \| \| Syntronic Instruments, Inc. \| 299 \| \| T&B / Ansley Corporation \| 234, 235 \| \| T & B Cablescan \| 207 \| \| Teac Corporation \| 195 \| \| Tec, Inc. \| 260 \| \| Technical Magic \| 262 \| \| Tecknit (Technical Wire) \| 275 \| \| Tektronix \| 69-72, 216 \| \| Tektronix-IDD / GCS \| 53 \| \| Teledyne Crystelronics \| 325 \| \| Teledyne Relays \| 96 \| \| Teradyne, Inc. \| 199 \| \| Texas Instruments Calculator \| 89 \| \| Texas Instruments Semiconductor \| 4E, 5E, 7E \| \| Thomson CSF / DSC \| 267 \| \| Thomson CSF / DTE \| 230 \| \| Triad Utrad \| \| \| Trio Kenwood Corporation \| 203 \| \| TRW Electric Components \| 202, 203 \| \| TRW LSI Products \| 73 \| \| TRW Optron \| 14 \| \| Ultra Sensors \| 322 \| \| Ultra Violet Products \| 348 \| \| United Systems Corporation \| 243 \| \| United Technical Publications \| 301 \| \| U.S. Virgin Islands Industrial Devel. \| 54 \| \| Universal Instruments \| 293 \| \| Vactec, Inc. \| 256 \| \| Vacuum Metallurgical Co., Ltd. \| 322 \| \| Vacuumschmelze \| 20E \| \| Vector Electronics \| 108 \| \| Victor Data Products \| 244 \| \| Vitramon \| 331 \| \| Wabash Relay & Electronics \| 229 \| \| Waters Manufacturing \| 242 \| \| Wavetek San Diego \| 245 \| \| Weckesser Company, Inc. \| 240 \| \| Wells Electronics \| 120 \| \| Mark Williams Company \| 9 \| \| Wiregraphics, Ltd. \| 266 \| \| Yokogawa Electric Works \| 272 \| Classified and employment advertising \| Company Name \| Page Number \| \|--------------------------------------------------\|-------------\| \| Addington and Associates \| 334 \| \| Aerospace Corporation, The Aramco \| 339 \| \| Arthur Personnel Consultants \| 338 \| \| Atlas \| 336 \| \| Corporate Personnel Consultants, Inc. \| 336 \| \| Defense Communications Agency \| 336 \| \| Electronic Warfare Laboratory \| 339 \| \| Ford Aerospace and Communication Corporation \| 340 \| \| General Dynamics \| 333 \| \| General Electric \| 337, 341 \| \| Glenn-English Agency \| 339 \| \| Inmarsat \| 340 \| \| J. Robert Thompson Co., Inc. \| 339 \| \| Lyman and Associates \| 334 \| \| Michigan State University \| 336 \| \| Naval Research Laboratory \| 334 \| \| National Personnel Consultants \| 334 \| \| Paradyne Corporation \| 336 \| \| Ridick Associates, Inc. \| 336 \| \| Spacecraft Technical \| 338 \| \| TW&T and Associates \| 338 \| \| Tektronix \| 338 \| \| Texas Color, Inc. \| 334 \| * For more information of complete product line see advertisement in the latest Electronics Buyers Guide † Advertisers in Electronics international ‡ Advertisers in Electronics domestic edition DID YOU KNOW? When you need special magnet fabrication, PERMAG HAS THE ANSWER! ...PERMAG grinds, cuts and fabricates all of its products to your needs. PERMAG's special equipment can make countless kinds of modifications on all kinds of magnetic materials, precisely and promptly. Close tolerances are our specialty. Our 9 modern plants are stocked, staffed and equipped to meet your every requirement. "In the magnetic field, PERMAG is No. 1" ALL ACROSS THE COUNTRY NEW YORK • BOSTON • ATLANTA • TOLEDO CHICAGO • DALLAS • LOS ANGELES • SAN FRANCISCO MINNEAPOLIS/ST. PAUL Consult Yellow Pages for address & phone number of PERMAG near you. Circle 152 on reader service card TWICE the I/O (and more) on a single STD BUS card. From simple input/output to automatic pulse generation or unattended event counting, this new programmable I/O / timer / counter board will save you time, money and space in almost any application. The VIO-8 board features: • Eight programmable I/O ports • Four 16-bit self reloading timers • Four 16-bit event counters • Four programmable shift registers • Programmable interrupts • Switch selectable addressing • Easy-to-use output connectors • 85/6800 STD BUS compatibility • Single 5V supply operation With its on-board timers, counters, and twice the I/O of other STD BUS programmable I/O boards, it's hard to believe the $199 price. Try one in your next project. FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS 87070 Dukhobar Rd., Eugena, Oregon 97402 (503) 485-8575 Circle 154 on reader service card parts for printers and disc drives BMC can offer a full line of custom processes and parts for all kinds of computer line printers, including both standard and custom designed items. They include: • daisy print wheels • continuous print bands • encoders • timing devices • flexible circuits If you're looking for fast-turnaround service on precision parts, consider BMC. Buckbee-Mears is an established supplier of stamped, etched and electroformed parts, flexible circuitry, digitizer boards and perforated metal parts. Our capabilities include computerized design and artwork production as well as volume manufacturing capacity. Call for more information. (612) 228-6302 BMC. . .to be precise! BUCKBEE-MEARS COMPANY Precision Components Group MICRO PRODUCTS DIVISION 245 EAST SIXTH ST. ST PAUL, MN 55101 Circle 155 on reader service card The NEW Electronics Buyers' Guide is now available! Completely new listings of catalogs, new phone numbers, new addresses, new manufacturers, sales reps, and distributors! The total market in a book — four directories in one! The only book of its kind in the field. If you haven't got it, you're not in the market. To insure prompt delivery enclose your check with the coupon now. Yes, please send me _______ copies of 1980 EBG. ☐ I've enclosed $30 per copy delivered in USA or Canada. Address: EBG, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. ☐ I've enclosed $52 for air delivery elsewhere. Address: EBG, Shoppenhangers Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6, 2Q1 England. Name Company Street City State Zip Country Advertising Sales Staff Advertising sales manager: Norman Rosen 3200 Wilshire Blvd., South Tower Los Angeles Calif. 90010 [213] 487-1160 Market managers: Components: William Boyle, Rochester, N.Y. Components & Plastics: Frank Mitchell, Boston Test & Measurement: Don Farris, San Francisco Semiconductors: Norman Rosen, Los Angeles Atlanta, Ga. 30309: Peter Stien 100 Colony Square, 1175 Peachtree St., N.E. [404] 892-2868 Boston, Mass. 02118: Frank Mitchell Paul L. McPherson, Jr. 607 Boylston St., [617] 282-1160 Cleveland, Ohio 44113: William J. Boyle [716] 248-5620 Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33308: Peter Stien 3000 N.E. 30th Place, Suite #400 [305] 563-9110 New York, N.Y. 10020 1221 Avenue of the Americas John Galle [212] 997-3616 Matthew T. Reseska [212] 997-3617 Philadelphia, Pa. 19102: Matthew T. Reseska Three Parkway, [212] 997-3617 Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219: Matthew T. Reseska 4 Gateway Center, [212] 997-3617 Rochester, N.Y. 14654: William J. Boyle Powder Mill Office Park, 1163 Pittsford-Victor Rd., Pittsford, N.Y. 14535 [716] 248-5620 Chicago, Ill. 60611 645 North Michigan Avenue Jack Anderson [312] 751-4739 Robert M. Anderson [312] 751-3738 Southfield, Michigan 48035: Jack Anderson 4000 Town Center, Suite 770, Tower 2 [313] 352-9760 Dallas, Texas 75201: John J. Uphues 2001 Bryan Tower, Suite 1070 [214] 415-1147 Denver, Colo. 80203: Harry B. Doyle, Jr. 655 Broadway, Suite 325 [303] 825-1000 Houston, Texas 77040: John J. Uphues 7600 West Tidwell, Suite 500 [713] 482-0753 Los Angeles, Calif. 90010: Chuck Crowe 3200 Wilshire Blvd., South Tower [213] 487-1160 Costa Mesa, Calif. 92626: Edward E. Callahan 3000 Real Mill Drive, Bldg. #1 Suite 222 [714] 557-6292 San Francisco, Calif. 94111: Don Farris, Larry Garvey, 125 Battery Street, [415] 382-4600 Paris: Michael Sates 17 Rue Georges Bizet, 75116 Paris, France Tel: 720-16-80 United Kingdom: Simon Smith 34 Old Bond Street, London W1 Tel: 01-493-1451 Scandinavia: Andrew Karnig and Assoc. and Simon Smith Kungsholmen 10 112 27 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: 08-51-68-80; Fax: 179-51 Milan: Paolo Silvestri Via Berarochini, Italy Tel: 86-90-656 Brussels: 23 Chaussee de Wavre Brussels 1040, Belgium Tel: 513-77-77 Frankfurt / Main: Fritz Krusebecker Liebigstrasse 27c, Germany Tel: 72-01-81 Tokyo: Akiy Saito and Hirokazu Nakamura McGraw-Hill Publications Overseas Corporation, Kasumigaseki Building 2-5, 3-chome, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan [581] 9811 Business Department Thomas Egan Production Director [212] 997-3140 Carol Gallagher Production Manager [212] 997-2045 Betty Preis Production Manager Domestic [212] 997-2045 Thomas Kazich Production Manager Related Products [212] 997-2044 Karen Walpole Production Assistant [212] 997-2843 Frances Vallone Research Manager [212] 997-6057 Electronics Buyers' Guide H.T. Howland, General Manager [212] 997-6642 Regina Hers, Directory Manager [212] 997-2544 Classified and Employment Advertising Gerry F. Moss, Manager [212] 997-2897 FASTEST HIGH-VOLUME EPROM ERASING! WITH RELIABLE Spectroline® SYSTEMS Whether you're erasing one EPROM chip or a thousand, you'll want the latest and most advanced UV erasing system available. We are proud to introduce the four latest additions to our Spectroline family of EPROM erasers. The new PC-1100, PC-2200, PC-3300, and PC-4400 cabinets will erase between 72 and 288 chips, and are specially designed to accept wafers, modules, boards and even open-face stocking tubes! These large capacity cabinets are the fastest erasing units available, each capable of providing complete erasure of chips in less than 6 minutes! In addition, every unit is equipped with a safety interlock mechanism to protect against accidental exposure to hazardous short wave ultraviolet. 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Split to Be Slim: An Overlooked Redundancy in Vanilla Convolution Qiulin Zhang\textsuperscript{1}, Zhuging Jiang\textsuperscript{1,}, Qishuo Lu\textsuperscript{1}, Jia’nan Han\textsuperscript{1}, Zhengxin Zeng\textsuperscript{1}, Shang-Hua Gao\textsuperscript{2}, Aidong Men\textsuperscript{1} \textsuperscript{1}Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications \textsuperscript{2}Nankai University \{qiulinzhang, jiangzhuguqing, hanjianan, zengzhengxinsice, menad\}@bupt.edu.cn, firstname.lastname@example.org Abstract Many effective solutions have been proposed to reduce the redundancy of models for inference acceleration. Nevertheless, common approaches mostly focus on eliminating less important filters or constructing efficient operations, while ignoring the pattern redundancy in feature maps. We reveal that many feature maps within a layer share similar but not identical patterns. However, it is difficult to identify if features with similar patterns are redundant or contain essential details. Therefore, instead of directly removing uncertain redundant features, we propose a \textbf{split based convolutional} operation, namely SPConv, to tolerate features with similar patterns but require less computation. Specifically, we split input feature maps into the representative part and the uncertain redundant part, where intrinsic information is extracted from the representative part through relatively heavy computation while tiny hidden details in the uncertain redundant part are processed with some light-weight operation. To recalibrate and fuse these two groups of processed features, we propose a parameters-free feature fusion module. Moreover, the SPConv is formulated to replace the vanilla convolution in a plug-and-play way. Without any bells and whistles, experimental results on benchmarks demonstrate SPConv-equipped networks consistently outperform state-of-the-art baselines in both accuracy and inference time on GPU, with FLOPs and parameters dropped sharply. One main effort is to design an efficient convolutional operation. The popular trend recently tends to make full use of group-wise convolution (GWC) [Krizhevsky et al., 2012], depth-wise convolution (DWC) [Vanhoucke, 2014] and point-wise convolution (PWC) [Szegedy et al., 2015]. Many effective and efficient models have been produced by combining these three schemes carefully, such as MobileNet [Howard et al., 2017], Xception [Chollet, 2017], ResNeXt [Xie et al., 2017] and ShuffleNet [Zhang et al., 2018]. The idea behind these famous nets illustrates that redundancy in inter-channel connectivity can be reduced reasonably, or to say, the effect of dense vanilla convolutional kernels can be achieved with combinations of some sparse ones. Different from the pipelines reviewed above, we take a step back and look at inputs. Visualization of the second stage’s inputs of ResNet-50 is shown in Figure 1. We notice that some feature maps appear much pattern similarity. A natural thought to this phenomenon is that many feature maps are redundant and they can be deleted so that fewer filters are needed for feature extraction during training. However, it is difficult to identify how many channels are economically enough in each layer for different tasks and datasets. The widely used stereotype of 64-128-256-512-1024 channels in each layer/stage, also what we inherit for granted from classic architectures [He et al., 2016], gives a compromised answer: to be redundant rather than to be in shortage for better performance on most of the datasets. This stereotype implies it is very tough to obtain the exact number of channels. Therefore, instead of struggling with such an obstacle, we incline to tolerate the redundancy among feature maps and treat them with a more elegant method. Back to Figure 1, some of the feature maps appear very similar, which indicates the information they carry is also similar. However, in vanilla convolution, similar feature maps are convolved repetitively by different $k \times k \times 1$ kernels. Intuitively, if one model has extracted information from one feature map, it will only need to extract the difference from its similar ones. Inspired by the idea above, in this paper, we propose a novel SPConv module to reduce the redundancy in vanilla convolution. Specifically, we split all input channels into two parts: one for the representative and the other for the redundant. Intrinsic information can be extracted from the representative part by normal $k \times k$ kernels. Complementarily, the hidden tiny difference can be collected from the redundant part by cheap $1 \times 1$ kernels. Then we fuse these two categories of extracted information accordingly to ensure no details get lost in a parameter-free way. Moreover, we design our SPConv in a generic way and make it a plug-and-play replacement for the vanilla convolution without any other adjustment to network architectures or hyper-parameter settings. Since our SPConv tolerates the redundancy among feature maps, it is orthogonal and complementary to current methods that focus on building better CNN topology [Huang et al., 2017; Szegedy et al., 2015; Gao et al., 2020], reducing redundancy on channel [Xie et al., 2017; Howard et al., 2017] or spatial dimension [Chen et al., 2019b] and reducing redundancy in dense model parameters [Gao et al., 2019]. We can aggregate some of them reasonably to get a more lightweight model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first convolution/filter that adopts $k \times k$ kernels only on part of the input channels. All existing methods before, including HetConv [Singh et al., 2019] and OctConv [Chen et al., 2019b], perform expensive $k \times k$ kernels on all input channels. Without any bells and whistles, experiments on current benchmarks demonstrate that in such a novel way, not only does our SPConv reduce the redundancy in vanilla convolutional operations, but also loses little useful information. Experimental SPConv-equipped architectures consistently outperform the state-of-the-art baselines in both accuracy and GPU inference time with nearly 60%-70% of the parameters and FLOPs dropped at most, which is superior to current works that are either (much) slower on GPU or less accurate, though they have pretty good parameters and FLOPs. In conclusion, we make the following contributions: - We reveal an overlooked redundancy in vanilla convolution and propose to split all input channels into two parts: one for the representative contributing intrinsic information and the other for the redundant complementing different details. - We design a plug-and-play SPConv module to replace the vanilla convolution without any adjustment, which actually outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in both accuracy and inference time with parameters and FLOPs dropped sharply. ## 2 Related Work ### 2.1 Efficient and Compact Model Design There has been raising interest for researchers to create compact while accurate models since LeCun in 1990 [LeCun et al., 1990]. Inception [Szegedy et al., 2015] adopts split-transform-merge strategies and achieves low theoretical complexity with compelling accuracy. Meanwhile, some novel convolutional filters like Group-wise Convolution (GWC) [Krizhevsky et al., 2012], Depth-wise Convolution (DWC) [Vanhoucke, 2014] and Point-wise Convolution (PWC) [Lin et al., 2014a; He et al., 2016] are widely used for efficient model design. Evolved from Inception, ResNeXt [Xie et al., 2017] shares the same topology in all aggregated transformations with GWC and PWC, which reduces redundancy in inter-channel connectivity and introduces a new dimension called cardinality. To reduce connection density further, Xception [Chollet, 2017] and MobileNet [Howard et al., 2017] use DWC for spatial information extraction and PWC for channel information fusion successively. More thoroughly, ShuffleNet [Zhang et al., 2018] adopts GWC on 1x1 convolutions followed by channel shuffle operation in addition to DWC on 3x3 convolutions. Orthogonal to channel redundancy, OctConv [Chen et al., 2019b] explores redundancy on the spatial dimension of feature maps. Except for homogeneous convolution, HetConv [Singh et al., 2019] designs heterogeneous convolutional filters where exist both $3 \times 3$ kernels and $1 \times 1$ kernels in one single filter. Then these two heterogeneous kernels in filters of a particular layer are arranged in a shifted manner. With attention models being effective, SKNet [Li et al., 2019] introduces a dynamic kernel selection mechanism based on multiple scales of input information and achieves adaptive receptive field. The common part of these efficient models above, including OctConv [Chen et al., 2019b], HetConv [Singh et al., 2019] and SKNet [Li et al., 2019], is that they apply $3 \times 3$ kernels to all input channels. However, as shown in Figure 1, many features maps appear much pattern similarity, which reveals vanilla convolutions are basically repetitive. Therefore, we propose SPConv module to alleviate this redundancy. With the idea similar to us, GhostNet [Han et al., 2020] also points out redundancy among feature maps. It uses ordinary convolution to generate some intrinsic features first, then utilizes cheap linear operation to do feature augmentation. Different from [Han et al., 2020], our SPConv ensures the model grasp every original feature, instead of features generated by the intrinsic, so that we achieve better performance. As for inference time on GPU, nearly all efficient models above are (much) slower than baseline. Superior to them, our SPConv achieves faster inference speed than baseline. ## 3 Approach In this section, we first introduce our proposed SPConv for cutting down the redundancy between feature maps, then we analyze this module in detail. ### 3.1 Vanilla Convolution Let $X \in R^{L \times h \times w}$, $Y \in R^{M \times h \times w}$ denote the input and convolved output tensors with $L$ input channels and $M$ output... channels respectively. In general, square $k \times k$ convolutional kernels, denoted by $W \in R^{L \times k \times k \times M}$, are used to convolve $L$ input channels into $M$ output channels for feature extraction, resulting $Y = WX + b$. To simplify the notation, we omit the bias term and present the discussion over a single spatial position, say $k \times k$ area that a square kernel covers. The formulation for the complete $h \times w$ feature map can be obtained easily in the same way. So a vanilla convolution can be given as equation 1: $$\begin{bmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \\ \vdots \\ y_M \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} W_{11} & W_{12} & \cdots & W_{1,L} \\ W_{21} & W_{22} & \cdots & W_{2,L} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ W_{M,1} & W_{M,2} & \cdots & W_{M,L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ \vdots \\ x_L \end{bmatrix}$$ (1) where $x_i, i \in [1, L]$ is one of the $L$ input matrices, and $W_{i,j}, i, j \in [1, L, M]$ is one of the parameters of $M$ filters, both of which are $(k \times k)$-dimensional. After convolution, we get $M$ convolved outputs, denoted by $y_j, j \in [1, M]$. ### 3.2 The Representative and the Redundant All existing filters, such as vanilla convolution, GhostConv [Han et al., 2020], OctConv [Chen et al., 2019], and HetConv [Singh et al., 2019], perform $k \times k$ convolution on all input channels. However, as shown in Figure 1, there is intuitive pattern similarity among intermediate feature maps so that some $k \times k$ convolutions are relatively redundant. Meanwhile, there are also no two identical channels so that we cannot throw away these redundant channels neither. Inspired by this idea, our SPConv splits all input channels into two main parts in a ratio of $\alpha$, one for the representative applying $k \times k$ (here we adopt widely used $3 \times 3$) convolution to supply intrinsic information; the other for the redundant applying cheap $1 \times 1$ convolution to complement tiny hidden details as shown in the left part of Figure 2. So our initial SPConv can be given as equation 2: $$\begin{bmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \\ \vdots \\ y_{ML} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} W_{11} & \cdots & W_{1,\alpha L} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ W_{M,1} & \cdots & W_{M,\alpha L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ \vdots \\ x_{\alpha L} \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} W_{1,\alpha L+1} & \cdots & W_{1,L} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ W_{M,\alpha L+1} & \cdots & W_{M,L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_{\alpha L+1} \\ \vdots \\ x_L \end{bmatrix}$$ (2) where $W_{i,j}, j \in [1, \alpha L]$ represents parameters of $3 \times 3$ kernels convolving on the $\alpha L$ representative channels. $w_{i,j}, j \in [\alpha L + 1, L]$ stands for parameters of cheap $1 \times 1$ kernels performing on the remaining $(1 - \alpha)L$ redundant features with pointwise convolution. HetConv [Singh et al., 2019] also adopts this heterogeneous operation similar to us, while we share every filter with the same heterogeneous distribution instead of a shifted manner, whose fragmented kernels make computation more difficult on current hardware, so that we can achieve faster inference speed. ### 3.3 Further Reduction for the Representative After splitting all input channels into two main parts, there might be redundancy among the representative part. In other words, representative channels can be divided into several parts and each part stands for one main category of features, e.g., color and textures. Thus we adopt group convolution on the representative channels to reduce redundancy further as shown in the middle part of Figure 2. We can view a group convolution as a vanilla convolution with a sparse block-diagonal convolutional kernel, where each block corresponds to a partition of channels and there are no connections across the partitions [Zhang et al., 2017]. That means, after group convolution, we reduce redundancy among the representative part further while we also cut off the connection across channels which might be useful inevitably. We remedy this information loss by adding pointwise convolution across all representative channels. Different from the commonly used group convolution followed by pointwise convolution, we conduct both GWC and PWC on the same representative channels. Then we fuse the two resulted features by direct summation because of their same channel origin, which obtains an extra score (here we set group size as 2). So the representative part of the equation 2 can be formulated as equation 3: $$\begin{bmatrix} W^R_{11} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \ddots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & W^R_{GG} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} z_1 \\ \vdots \\ z_G \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} w_{11} & \cdots & w_{1,\alpha L} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ w_{M,1} & \cdots & w_{M,\alpha L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ \vdots \\ x_{\alpha L} \end{bmatrix}$$ (3) Here we divide the $\alpha L$ representative channels into $G$ groups and each group $z_l$ contains $(\alpha L / G)$ channels. $W^R_{ij}$ are parameters of group convolutional kernel in the $l$th group. 3.4 Parameter-Free Feature Fusion Module So far, we have split the vanilla $3 \times 3$ convolution into two operations: for the representative part, we conduct direct summation fusion of $3 \times 3$ group convolution and $1 \times 1$ point-wise convolutions to counterweight grouped information loss; for the redundant part, we apply $1 \times 1$ kernels to complement some tiny useful details. As a result, we get two categories of features. Because these two features originate from different input channels, a fusion method is needed to control information flow. Different from direct summation fusion as equation 2, we design a novel feature fusion module for our SPConv, without extra parameters imported and being helpful to achieve better performance. As shown in the right part of Figure 2, we use global average pooling to generate channel-wise statistics $S_1, S_2 \in R^C$ for global information embedding. By shrinking output features $U$ through its spatial dimension, the c-th element of $S$ can be given as equation 4: $$S_{kc} = F_{gap}(U_{kc}) = \frac{1}{H \times W} \sum_{i=1}^{H} \sum_{j=1}^{W} U_{kc}(i, j), k \in [1, 3]$$ (4) Then we stack these two resulted $S_1, S_2$ vectors together followed by soft attention operation across channels to generate feature importance vector $\beta \in R^c, \gamma \in R^c$, the c-th element of which are given as follows: $$\beta_c = \frac{e^{S_{1c}}}{e^{S_{1c}} + e^{S_{2c}}}, \gamma_c = 1 - \beta_c$$ (5) Our final output $Y$ can be obtained by fusing features $U_3$ and $U_1$, which are from the representative and the redundant part respectively, directed by the feature importance vector $\beta, \gamma$ in a channel-wise manner. $$Y = \beta U_3 + \gamma U_1$$ (6) In summary, the vanilla convolution $Y = WX$ (bias term omitted) can be approximated by $Y = W'X$ as equation 7: $$Y = W X$$ $$\approx \beta \begin{bmatrix} W_{11}^p & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \ddots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & W_{GG}^p \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ \vdots \\ x_G \end{bmatrix} + \beta \begin{bmatrix} w_{11} & \cdots & w_{1,\alpha L} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ w_{M,1} & \cdots & w_{M,\alpha L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ \vdots \\ x_{\alpha L} \end{bmatrix}$$ $$+ \gamma \begin{bmatrix} w_{1,\alpha L+1} & \cdots & w_{1,L} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ w_{M,\alpha L+1} & \cdots & w_{M,L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_{\alpha L+1} \\ \vdots \\ x_L \end{bmatrix}$$ (7) where uppercase $W$ represents $3 \times 3$ kernels and lowercase $w$ represents $1 \times 1$ kernels. By replacing vanilla weights $W$ with the proposed SPConv weights $W'$, classic network architectures can obtain better performance in both accuracy and inference time on GPU with FLOPs and parameters dropped sharply as shown in section 4. Module decomposition tests of our SPConv are conducted in section 4.4. 3.5 Complexity Analysis From equation 1, the parameters of vanilla convolution can be calculated as: $$P_{vg} = k \times k \times L \times M$$ (8) From equation 7, our SPConv has parameters of: $$P_{sp} = k \times k \times \frac{1}{g} \alpha L \times \frac{1}{g} M \times g + 1 \times 1 \times \alpha L \times M$$ $$+ 1 \times 1 \times (1 - \alpha)L \times M$$ $$=(k \times k \times \frac{\alpha}{g} + 1) \times L \times M$$ (9) When we choose half of the input channels as the representative, divide the representative part into 2 groups and adopt the widely used 3x3 kernels, the amount of parameters can be reduced by 2.8 times while the model actually achieves a little better performance than vanilla convolution in both accuracy and inference speed. 4 Experiment To show the effectiveness of the proposed SPConv, in this section, we conduct experiments with only the widely-used $3 \times 3$ kernels being replaced by our SPConv modules. The upgraded networks have only one global hyper-parameter $\alpha$, denoting the ratio of the representative features among all input features. Although different layers/stages might require different number of representative features, we use the same $\alpha$ for all layers in the experiments. Carefully designing different $\alpha$ for different layers would find a more compact model. Meanwhile, we set group size for the representative part as 2. Firstly, we perform small scale image classification experiments on the CIFAR-10 dataset [Krizhevsky et al., 2009] with ResNet-20 [He et al., 2016] and VGG-16 [Simonyan and Zisserman, 2015] architectures. Then we experiment a large scale 1000-class single label classification task on ImageNet-2012 [Deng et al., 2009] with ResNet-50 [He et al., 2016] architecture. To explore SPConv’s generality further, we also conduct a multi-label object detection experiment on MS COCO dataset [Lin et al., 2014b]. For fair comparisons, all models in each experiment, including re-implemented baselines and SPConv-equipped models, are trained from scratch on 4 NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPUs with the default data augmentation and training strategy which are optimized for vanilla convolution and no other tricks are used. Therefore, our proposed SPConv may achieve better performance with extensive hyper-parameter searches. More ablation studies are performed on small scale CIFAR-10 dataset. 4.1 Small Scale Classification Task VGG-16 on CIFAR-10 As we know, VGG-16 [Simonyan and Zisserman, 2015] is originally designed for 1000-label ImageNet with 13 conv layers and 3 fully-connected layers. For 10-label CIFAR, we choose its widely used variant: VGG-15 with 2 fully-connected layers and batch normalization [Ioffe and Szegedy, 2015] equipped after each layer. Same as [Singh et al., 2019], we only replace the last $12 \times 3 \times 3$ conv layers with our proposed SPConvs except the initial $3 \times 3$ conv layer and keep all other configurations unchanged. Optimization is performed using SGD with weight decay = 5e-4, batch-size = 128, initial learning rate = 0.1 which is divided by 10 every 50 epochs. As shown in Table 1, when we set the split ratio $\alpha$ from 1 to 1/16 gradually, the FLOPs and parameters decrease \| Model \| FLOPs \| FLops Reduced \| Params \| Params Reduced \| ACC@1 \| \|-----------------------\|-------\|---------------\|--------\|----------------\|-------\| \| ResNet-50 Baseline \| 23.4M \| - \| 6.73M \| - \| 92.9% \| \| SPConv-ResNet-20, α=1/2 \| 17.9M \| 58.96% \| 4.10M \| 63.00% \| 92.23%\| \| SPConv-ResNet-20, α=1/4 \| 12.89M\| 75.88% \| 0.071M \| 73.70% \| 91.18%\| Table 1: Results for ResNet-20 and VGG-16 on CIFAR-10. sharply without any significant accuracy decrease. Without any bells and whistles, our proposed SPConv does a better job with only 33% of FLOPs and parameters when the split ratio is set as 1/2. That is, although fewer input channels are used for intrinsic information extraction, the model is still robust enough. That also means some input channels, or feature maps, of a conv layer are redundant and have no need to be counted into computation by expensive $3 \times 3$ kernels. Compared to related works [Singh et al., 2019; Han et al., 2020] on VGG-16, our SPConv outperforms Ghost-Conv and HetConv. We argue that, for a specific task or dataset, representative and intrinsic features count the most, while other redundant or similar features can be saved using cheap $1 \times 1$ kernels to complement tiny different details. To challenge more, we perform experiments on the much more compact ResNet-20 [He et al., 2016]. ResNet-20 on CIFAR-10* ResNet-20 is composed of three stages of convolutional layers with each stage containing 16-32-64 filters respectively, whose features are much fewer than 64-128-256-512’s VGG-16. ResNet-20 contains only 0.27M parameters, about 1.6% of VGG-16, while it performs only 2% less accurate. It would be much more challenging for our SPConv to slim such a compact architecture. As settings the same as VGG-16 above, we replace all the $3 \times 3$ vanilla conv layers with our proposed SPConvs except the initial one, adopt default training strategy as [He et al., 2016] and re-implement faithfully. The results are shown in Table 1. From Table 1, we can see the proposed SPConv slims such a compact ResNet-20 successfully and the performance is almost the same as with VGG-16 before. When we take the first half of channels (8-16-32 in each stage) for intrinsic information extraction and complement tiny different details with the remaining half of channels using $1 \times 1$ kernels, the FLOPs and the parameters drops about 60% while the slimmed model still performs a little better than the original one. To go slimmer, we set the split ratio as 1/4, which means, except the initial conv layer, only 4 channels in the first stage, 8 channels in the second stage and 16 channels in the third stage are used to extract intrinsic information. The results show that our slimmer model performs only 0.75% worse than the baseline, which is as expected. Because under such a severe condition, $3 \times 3$ kernels have not enough power to count more intrinsic features in and $1 \times 1$ kernels have poor ability to extract more information so that there are not enough representative and intrinsic features which are important for the model to classify the dataset correctly. To be more convincing, we also conduct large scale experiments on ImageNet with ResNet-50. ### 4.2 Large Scale Experiments on ImageNet We conduct large scale experiments with ResNet-50 [He et al., 2016] on the most authoritative ImageNet. As before, we replace standard $3 \times 3$ kernels with the proposed SPConv except for the first 7x7 conv layer and keep all other parts unchanged. Due to limited GPU resource and training time expense, we choose NVIDIA DALI$^1$ project as our baseline to reimplement ResNet-50 faithfully. DALI differs in pre-processing image data on GPU for data loading acceleration and using apex [Micikevicius et al., 2018] for mixed-precision fp16/fp32 to speed up training without significant accuracy drop. With the default settings, the learning rate starts at 0.1 and decays by a factor of 10 every 30 epochs, using synchronous SGD with weight decay $1e^{-4}$, momentum 0.9 and a mini-batch of 256 to train the model from scratch for 90 epochs. From Table 2, we can see our SPConv still performs 0.27% better than baseline when we set the split ratio as 1/2 and performs almost the same when $\alpha$ is set as 1/4 with FLOPs reduced about 28% and 34% separately in such a huge dataset. The reason why drop ratios of params and FLOPs there is not as high as VGG-16 or ResNet-20 above is attributed to unreplaced initial 7x7 Conv and more fully-connected-layer parameters. When we decrease $\alpha$ to 1/8 continuously, FLOPs and parameters drop by about 37% and the Top-1-Acc is about 0.6% less accurate, which means 8-16-32-64 representative and intrinsic features in each stage have been in shortage for ResNet-50 to classify such a huge ImageNet correctly. Inference time is tested on a single NVIDIA Tesla V100 with NVIDIA DALI as data pipelines. Batch size is set as 64. For current efficient convolution designs, though they have fewer parameters and FLOPs, most of them are at the expense of (much) lower inference speed on GPU or a little worse accuracy than baselines. Superior to them, our SPConv outperforms the baseline in both inference time and accuracy. For fair comparisons, we reimplement OctaConv with standard training strategy as [He et al., 2016] and no other tricks in [Chen et al., 2019b] are used. Although the results show that Octave performs a little better than our SPConv in accuracy with fewer FLOPs, Octave requires as many parameters as the baseline. For inference time, our SPConv outperforms OctaConv sharply on GPU. ### 4.3 Object Detection on MS COCO To evaluate our SPConv’s generalizability further, we test our SPConv on the object detection task of MS COCO [Lin et al., 2014b], using two-stage Faster R-CNN[15] and one-stage RetinaNet [Lin et al., 2017b] framework respectively with ResNet-50-FPN [He et al., 2016; Lin et al., 2017a] backbone as baseline. For fair comparisons, experiments are implemented on mmdetection [Chen et al., 2019a] where we keep all other settings default except replacing vanilla $3 \times 3$ conv --- $^1$https://github.com/NVIDIA/DALI \| Model \| FLOPs \| FLOPs Reduced \| Params \| Params Reduced \| Acc@1 \| Acc@5 \| Inference Time on GPU \| \|-----------------------\|--------\|---------------\|--------\|----------------\|---------\|---------\|-----------------------\| \| ResNet50 Baseline \| 4.14G \| - \| 25.56M \| - \| 75.91% \| 92.78% \| 1.32 ms \| \| SPCov-ResNet50-1/2 \| 2.97G \| 28.26% \| 18.34M \| 28.24% \| 76.26% \| 93.05% \| 1.23 ms \| \| Faster-R-CNN-ResNet50-1/2 \| 2.71G \| 14.63% \| 16.93M \| 14.63% \| 76.00% \| - \| - \| \| SPCov-ResNet50-1/4 \| 2.74G \| 33.82% \| 16.93M \| 33.76% \| 75.95% \| 92.99% \| 1.19 ms \| \| SPCov-ResNet50-1/8 \| 2.62G \| 36.72% \| 16.22M \| 36.54% \| 75.40% \| 92.77% \| 1.17 ms \| \| OctConv-ResNet50-α=1/5\| 2.40G \| 42.00% \| 25.56M \| 0.00% \| 76.40% \| 93.14% \| 3.51 ms \| \| Ghost-ResNet50-α2 \| 2.20G \| 46.85% \| 13.0M \| 49% \| 75% \| 92.3% \| - \| Table 2: shows large scale experiments for ResNet-50 on ImageNet-2012 in different split ratios with group-size = 2. \| Framework \| Backbone (ResNet-50) \| Backbone Parameters/FLOPs \| AP@IoU=0.5 \| Small objects \| Medium objects \| Large objects \| All \| \|-----------\|----------------------\|----------------------------\|------------\|---------------\|----------------\|---------------\|------\| \| Faster-R-CNN \| Vanilla \| 23.51M/41.3G \| AP(%) \| 58.2 \| 21.7 \| 39.8 \| 36.3 \| \| \| SPCov \| 16.29M/2.96G \| AP(%) \| 58.9 \| 21.8 \| 40.4 \| 46.3 \| \| \| Vanilla \| 23.51M/41.3G \| AR(%) \| - \| 32.7 \| 55.3 \| 51.5 \| \| \| SPCov \| 16.29M/2.96G \| AR(%) \| - \| 33.9 \| 55.6 \| 51.6 \| \| RetinaNet \| Vanilla \| 23.51M/41.3G \| AP(%) \| 55.6 \| 19.7 \| 39.3 \| 35.6 \| \| \| SPCov \| 16.29M/2.96G \| AP(%) \| 56.4 \| 20.6 \| 40.4 \| 35.9 \| \| \| Vanilla \| 23.51M/41.3G \| AR(%) \| - \| 32.9 \| 56.7 \| 52.9 \| \| \| SPCov \| 16.29M/2.96G \| AR(%) \| - \| 33.4 \| 56.8 \| 52.8 \| Table 3: shows the multi-label object detection results for Faster-R-CNN and RetinaNet on MS COCO with $\alpha = \frac{1}{2}$. \| ResNet-20 \| P1 \| P20 \| P21 \| P22 \| P3 \| Acc(%) \| FLOPs \| Params \| \|-----------\|----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|----\|--------\|-------\|--------\| \| \| ✓ \| ✓ \| \| \| ✓ \| 92.23±0.1 \| 17.91M \| 0.10M \| \| \| ✓ \| \| ✓ \| \| ✓ \| 91.84±0.2 \| 20.38M \| 0.12M \| \| \| ✓ \| ✓ \| \| \| ✓ \| 92.27±0.1 \| 25.70M \| 0.15M \| \| \| ✓ \| \| ✓ \| \| ✓ \| 91.51±0.2 \| 17.56M \| 0.10M \| \| \| ✓ \| \| \| \| ✓ \| 91.84±0.1 \| 17.91M \| 0.10M \| Table 4: ablation studies on CIFAR-10 in different setups. P1: Count the redundant channels or not; P20: Use vanilla convolution for the representative; P21: Use GWC+PWC for the representative; P22: Use GWC followed by PWC for the representative; P3: Parameter-free feature fusion method instead of direct summation fusion. Count the Redundant Channels or Not We examine our naive thought: delete the redundant channels directly, without feature fusion accordingly. As shown in the last line of Table 4, performance drops about 3% (though fewer parameters), which means redundant features contain useful tiny details and can not be deleted directly. 5 Conclusion In this work, we revealed an overlooked pattern redundancy in vanilla convolution. To alleviate this problem, we proposed a novel SPCov module to split all input feature maps into the representative part and the uncertain redundant part. Extensive experiments on various datasets and network architectures demonstrated our SPCov’s effectiveness. 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Identification of Social-Media Platform of Videos through the Use of Shared Features Luca Maiano 1,2,†, Irene Amerini 1, Lorenzo Ricciardi Celsi 2‡ and Aris Anagnostopoulos 1§ 1 Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, via Ariosto, 25, 00185 Rome, Italy; email@example.com (I.A.); firstname.lastname@example.org (A.A.) 2 Ellis Innovation Hub, via Sandro Sandri 81, 00159 Rome, Italy; email@example.com Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.org Abstract: Videos have become a powerful tool for spreading illegal content such as military propaganda, revenge porn, or bullying through social networks. To counter these illegal activities, it has become essential to try new methods to verify the origin of videos from these platforms. However, collecting datasets large enough to train neural networks for this task has become difficult because of the privacy regulations that have been enacted in recent years. To mitigate this limitation, in this work we propose two different solutions based on transfer learning and multitask learning to determine whether a video has been uploaded from or downloaded to a specific social platform through the use of shared features with images trained on the same task. By transferring features from the shallowest to the deepest levels of the network from the image task to videos, we measure the amount of information shared between these two tasks. Then, we introduce a model based on multitask learning, which learns from both tasks simultaneously. The promising experimental results show, in particular, the effectiveness of the multitask approach. According to our knowledge, this is the first work that addresses the problem of social media platform identification of videos through the use of shared features. Keywords: media forensics; social media platform identification; video forensics 1. Introduction Researchers have been studying multimedia forensics for more than two decades in different experimental settings; however, the practical application of these techniques has been limited because of the high variability of real cases, which is difficult to reproduce in experiments. Today, the assessment of the authenticity and the source of multimedia content has become an essential element for building trust in images and videos shared across online platforms. When videos of military propaganda, revenge porn, cyberbullying, or other illegal content are shared on social media, they can easily go viral. While it is important to immediately identify and delete this content from social platforms, another problem to be addressed is to identify the authors of the video to proceed with any legal action. In many other cases, law enforcement may locate a device containing illegal content and to identify its source, it may be necessary to understand whether the video was recorded with the hijacked device or whether it was downloaded via messaging apps or social networks. In fact, in all these cases videos and images could be used as evidence in court and knowing how to identify videos shared on social platforms could help identify criminal networks operating online. However, for this to be possible, it is necessary to be able to prove the origin of such content. In particular, two problems must be solved: (1) Knowing how to reconstruct the source of acquisition (camera model or device) and (2) understanding whether some media content found on an offending device comes from social media. Being able to respond to the latter would allow the sharing network to be reconstructed and possible online criminal groups to be identified. Figure 1 summarizes these two problems. Figure 1. An application example of the proposed solution. An attacker records a video with illegal content and shares it on social networks or messaging apps. Subsequently, the police seize a device with this video and want to trace the source. Deep learning has pushed the design of new methods that can learn forensic fingerprints automatically from data [1–3], helping us to take a new step towards applying these techniques to real problems. Despite the promising results of artificial neural networks, some limitations still remain. Single-task learning has been very successful in computer vision applications, with many models performing as well or even exceeding human performance for a large number of tasks; however, they are extremely data dependent and poorly adaptable to new contexts. Recently, collecting data from social networks has become increasingly difficult because of data protection regulations and the most stringent policies introduced by the platforms (https://www.facebook.com/apps/site_scraping_tos_terms.php, https://twitter.com/en/tos—accessed on 4 August 2021). Indeed, it is mandatory to obtain end user consent or the platform’s written permission before acquiring data via the API or web scraping of the most common social networks like Facebook, Instagram or Twitter. Moreover, new data protection regulations, such as GDPR (https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/consumers/internet-telecoms/data-protection-online-privacy/index_en.htm—accessed on 4 August 2021), CCPA (https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa—accessed on 4 August 2021), or the Australian privacy act are contributing to the introduction of new limitations in some countries around the world. All these limitations make difficult to collect enough data to train a deep-learning model. Moreover, the human ability to learn from experience and reuse what has been learned in new contexts is still difficult to reproduce in machine learning as well as in multimedia forensics. All these reasons, along with the unavailability of large training datasets containing both video and image content, have led researchers to treat the problems of social-media–platform identification of images [4–7] and videos [8] separately. Recently, Iuliani et al. [9] showed that it is possible to identify the source of a digital video by exploiting a reference sensor pattern noise generated by still images taken by the same device, suggesting that images and videos share some forensic traces. Based on this intuition, we build a model that classifies videos from different social-media platforms or messaging apps by taking advantage of the shared features between images and videos. More specifically, to overcome the aforementioned limitations, we try to answer the following question: Is it possible to decide whether a video has been downloaded from a specific social-media platform? If so, do images and videos have any common forensic trace that can be used to solve video social-media platform identification using both media? To answer these questions, we propose two methods: A method based on transfer learning and a one based on multitask learning. Both methods offer the possibility of reusing the features learned from one media into another using fewer training data, a feature that is very useful in this domain given the difficulty of finding datasets large enough to train neural networks. In transfer learning, we first train the base model on the image task, and then reuse the learned features, or transfer them, to videos. This process tends to work if the features are general, that is, suitable to both tasks [10]. The forensics community has adopted widely transfer learning because, as new manipulation methods are continually introduced, there is a need of detection techniques that are able to detect fakes with little to no training data [11,12]. In multitask learning, a model shares weights across multiple tasks and makes multiple inferences in a forward pass. This method has proved to be more scalable and robust compared to single-task models, allowing for successful applications in several scenarios outside the forensic community [13]. Some applications of multitask learning have been even applied to multimedia forensics problems as well, for example, to solve camera model and manipulation detection tasks [14], as well as brand, model, and device-level identification, using original and manipulated images [15]. We apply both learning approaches in this work to accelerate the training of a deep-learning method for deciding whether a video has been downloaded from a social media platform. Because the collection of large datasets for this task is usually very difficult, if not impossible, in practical applications because of privacy reasons, it is worth investigating the effectiveness and the limits of transfer learning and multitasking learning on the task of social media platform identification of videos. In this paper, we show how well low-level features generalize between images and videos, demonstrating that common platform-dependent features can be learned when the training data are not large enough to train a deep learning model from scratch to estimate the traces left by social media platforms during the upload phase on videos. The sharing process can combine multiple operations that leave different traces in the video signal. These alterations can be exposed in various ways. For example, as first observed in [16], compression and resizing are usually applied by Facebook to reduce the size of uploaded images and this may happen differently on different platforms based on the resolution and size of the input data before loading. As is widely known in multimedia forensics, such operations can be detected and characterized by analyzing the video signal where distinctive patterns can be exhibited. Indeed, these operations typically distort the original video signal with some artifacts that can be detected. When the signal is used as a source of information for the provenance analysis, different choices can be made to preprocess the signal and extract an effective feature representation. After the feature representation is extracted, different kinds of machine-learning or deep-learning classifiers can then be trained to perform platform identification (see Section 3.1). To detect videos shared through social media platforms, we propose two methods that can learn to detect the traces left by different social-media platforms without any preprocessing operation on the input frames. To our knowledge, this is the first work that analyzes the similarity of the traces left by social media platforms on images and videos used in combination. Next, we show that the features learned in the task of social-media identification of images can be successfully applied on social-media identification of videos, but not vice versa, thus suggesting a task asymmetry, which could possibly be explained by looking at social-media identification of videos as a special case of the image task. Indeed, as discussed in Section 3.1, shared videos may have both static and temporal artifacts, whereas shared images have static features only. These findings are particularly valuable in investigative scenarios where law-enforcement agencies have to trace the origin of multimedia content without being able to refer to other sources such as metadata. This scenario is depicted in Figure 1. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: First, in Section 2 we present some related work. In Section 3 we describe our methods and provide a detailed explanation of methods based on transfer learning and multitask learning. In Section 4 we show the experimental results on the VISION dataset [17]. Finally, in Section 6 we draw the conclusions of our work. 2. Related Work When shared on social media platforms and messaging apps, multimedia content is typically subjected to a series of processing and recompression operations to speed up the loading and optimize the display of images and videos on the platform. Videos are typically compressed as sequence of groups of pictures (GOP), each of which is made by an alternation of three different kinds of frames: I-frames, which are not derived from any other frame and are independently encoded using a process similar to JPEG compression, and P-frames and B-frames, which are predictively encoded using motion estimation and compensation. While the algorithms used by social platforms are not known, all of these operations leave traces that can be detected [4,6,7,18,19] and, since they typically differ between different platforms [19–21], they can be used to distinguish between distinct social networks. According to the survey by Pasquini et al. [21], we can identify two main possible steps in the digital life of a media object shared online, namely the acquisition and the upload. Initially, a real scene is captured through an acquisition device, then, a number of post-processing operations such as resizing, filtering, compressions, cropping, semantic manipulations may be applied. Finally, through the upload phase, the object is shared through social media. Following these two steps, in the remainder of this section, we describe the state-of-the-art methods that can be used to analyze the acquisition source or integrity of a video (Section 2.1) and to reconstruct information on the sharing history of a video (see Section 2.2). 2.1. Forensic Analysis The main problems in traditional media forensics are the identification of the source of images and videos and the verification of their integrity. Source-camera identification is the problem of tracing back the origin of a video by identifying the device or model that captured a particular media file. This problem has been very often treated in a closed-set setting, meaning that all the devices that we want to be associated with a source video are known in advance. These methods typically rely on Photo Response Non-Uniformity (PRNU) [22]. Houten and Gerards [23] propose video camera source identification of YouTube videos showing the limitations to reach a correct identification on the shared video because of the numerous variations that affect PRNU (e.g., compression, codec, video resolution, and changes in the aspect ratio). Similarly, another work [24] performs an analysis on stabilized and non-stabilized videos proposing to use the spatial domain averaged frames for fingerprint extraction. A different method for PRNU fingerprint estimation [25] takes into account the effects of video compression on the PRNU noise selecting blocks of frames having at least one non-null discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient. Other works use PRNU to link social media profiles containing images and videos captured by the same sensor [9,26]. Similar approaches have been introduced for camera model identification [27,28]. Recently, some works have begun to deal with the problem of identifying the source of a video with limited knowledge or even an open-set of devices. Cozzolino et al. [29] introduce a siamese method based on [2] to estimate camera-based fingerprints (called Noiseprints) for video with no need of prior knowledge on the specific manipulation or any form of fine-tuning. Another work [30] from the same research group combines the PRNU and Noiseprint to boost the performance of PRNU-based analyses based on only a few images. In some works [8,31,32] video file containers have been considered for the source identification of videos without a prior training phase. To do this, López et al. [32] introduces a hierarchical clustering method whereas [8] proposes a likelihood-ratio framework. Mayer et al. [33] propose a similarity network based on [1] to extract features from video patches, and to fuse multiple comparisons to produce a video-level verification decision. Even though most of the techniques described so far are based on deep learning, which has proved successful for camera model identification problems [34], there are other works using different techniques. Marra et al. [35] study a class of blind features based on the analysis of the image residuals of all color bands, where no hypothesis is made on the origin of camera-specific marks, and the identification task is regarded simply as a texture classification problem. Chen and Stamm [36] introduce a model of a camera’s de-mosaicing algorithm by grouping together a set of submodels. Each submodel is a nonparametric model designed to capture partial information of the de-mosaicing algorithm. The diversity among these submodels, leads to the composition of a comprehensive representation of a camera’s de-mosaicing algorithm. Finally, an ensemble classifier is trained on the information gathered by each submodel to identify the model of an image’s source camera. The application of forgery detection methods on shared videos has been very limited to date. Iuliani et al. [8] show that the dissimilarity between a query video and a reference file container can be estimated to detect video forgery. Mayer and Stamm [1,37] propose a graph-based representation of an image, named Forensic Similarity Graph, to detect manipulated digital images. A forgery can be detected as a separate cluster of patches with respect to the pristine-patches cluster in the graph. Even if the same idea has been applied [33] for video source identification, the robustness of this method has not been tested on forged videos as well. The next section presents the methods that can be used for the second phase of the pipeline, which is the association of the platform of origin of a video. 2.2. Platform Provenance Analysis Social-media–platform identification has been broadly explored for images. Amerini et al. [7] propose a CNN architecture that analyzes the histograms of image DCT coefficients to reconstruct the origin of images shared across Facebook, Flickr, Google+, Instagram, Telegram and Twitter. Another work [4] introduced a CNN-based model that was used to fuse the information extracted from the histograms of image DCT coefficients with a noise residual extracted from the image content through high-pass filtering. Moreover, by combining DCT features with metadata, Phan et al. [6] showed that is possible to track multiple sharing on social networks by extracting the traces left by each social network within the image file. Finally, PRNU can be applied as suggested by Caldelli et al. [18] to train a CNN to detect the social network of origin of an image. The proposal of social-media–platform identification techniques has been instead quite limited for videos. Amerini et al. [38] introduce a preliminary work in which they evaluate different methods to build a fingerprint to detect video shared in social networks and also introduce a method that generates a composite fingerprint by resorting to the use of PRNU noise. Two recent works [8,31] introduced simple yet effective container-based methods to identify video manipulation fingerprints and reconstruct the operating system of the source device, proving the robustness of the method on manipulation introduced by social media platforms. Amerini et al. [39] propose a two-stream neural network that analyze I-frames and P-frames in parallel. All frames are preprocessed converting them from RGB to YUV, and the Y-channel of each frame is used as input for the network. For P-frames, the authors subtract the Gaussian filtered version of the frame from the Y-channel to reduce the noise in these type of frames. Nevertheless, because these preprocessing operations can change over time, it may be necessary to periodically learn new forensic traces for smaller training datasets. For this reason, in the next section, we propose two learning techniques to train models on little data, possibly taking advantage of what is learned on similar tasks to improve performance and speed up the learning. 3. Proposed Method In this section, we propose a theoretical analysis of what could be the traces that can be left on videos by social media and we propose a framework for platform identification. 3.1. The Rationale As discussed earlier, when we upload a video to a social-media platform, it usually goes through a series of operations, which most commonly may include recompression to reduce the bandwidth requirement for using the video on the platform, a resize, and in some cases the removal of some frames of the video to make it fit the maximum duration of the videos imposed by some platforms. While, as mentioned, these operations may vary depending on the platform, in this section we want to formalize as much as possible how these operations can leave information in the video. As shown in [40,41], these operations can leave both static and temporal artifacts in the video signal when a video sequence is subjected to double MPEG compression. Statistically, the I-frames of an MPEG sequence are subjected to double JPEG compression. Temporally, frames that move from one GOP to another, as a result of frame deletion, give rise to a relatively larger motion estimation errors. Figure 2 shows an example of a short eleven-frame MPEG sequence. In this example, during the upload phase, the video is subjected to the removal of three frames and subsequent recompression. The second row shows the reordered frames, and the third line shows the re-encoded frames after recompressing the video as an MPEG video. ![Diagram](image) Figure 2. The top line shows an original MPEG encoded sequence. The next lines show the effect of deleting the three frames in the shaded area. The second line shows the reordered frames and the third line the recoded frames. The I-frame before erasing is subjected to double compression. Some of the frames following the deletion move from one GOP sequence to another. This double MPEG compression gives rise to specific statistical and temporal models that can be used to identify the platform of origin. Statically, when an I-frame gets recompressed with different bit rates (i.e., quantization amounts), the DCT coefficients are subject to two quantization levels, leaving behind a specific statistical signature in the distribution of DCT coefficients [40,42]. Quantization is a pointwise operation, which can be calculated as: $$Q_k(s_1) = \left\lfloor \frac{k}{s_1} \right\rfloor,$$ where $s_1$ indicates the quantization step and $k$ denotes a value in the range of the input frame. Similarly, double quantization is also a pointwise operation given by: $$Q_{s_1s_2}(k) = \left\lfloor \frac{k}{s_1} \right\rfloor \left\lfloor \frac{s_1}{s_2} \right\rfloor,$$ where $s_1$ and $s_2$ are the quantization steps. From the equation above, double quantization can be described as a sequence of three operations: A quantization with step $s_1$, a de-quantization with step $s_1$, and a quantization with step $s_2$. As Wang and Farid show [41], the re-quantization introduces periodicity of the artifacts into the histograms of quantized frames. As these artifacts will differ depending on the quantization step used by every platform, they can be used to distinguish differences between social media platforms. Temporarily, deleting a few frames of the video to fit the maximum length set by some platforms can in turn leave information. For example, consider deleting three frames in Figure 2. Within the first GOP of this sequence, the I-frame and the first P-frame come from the first GOP of the original sequence. The third B-frame, however, is the I-frame of the second GOP of the original sequence, and the second I-frame is the first P-frame of the second GOP of the original video. When this new sequence gets re-encoded, we will observe a larger motion error between the first and second P-frames, as they originated from different GOPs. Furthermore, this increase in motion error will be periodic, occurring in each of the GOPs after the frame gets deleted. Formally, consider a six-frame sequence that is encoded as $I_1, P_2, P_3, P_4, P_5, I_6$. Because of JPEG compression and motion error, each frame can be modeled by an additive noise, that is: $$I_i = F_i + N_i \quad P_j = F_j + N_j$$ with $i \neq j$, where each $N_i, N_j$ is the additional noise and $F_i, F_j$ are the original frames. Notice that the noise for $I_1$ through $P_5$ will be correlated to each other because they belong to the same GOP, but not to that of $I_6$. If we denote the motion compensation as $M(\cdot)$, we can derive the motion error for a frame $i, (i > 1)$ as: $$e_i = P_i - M(I_{i-1})$$ $$= F_i + N_i - M(F_{i-1} + N_{i-1})$$ $$= (F_i - M(F_{i-1})) + (N_i - M(N_{i-1})).$$ Suppose now that we delete frame $P_4$, bringing frames $P_5$ and $I_6$ to the fourth and fifth positions, respectively. $I_6$ will now be encoded as the new $P'_5$. The motion error for this new frame will be: $$e'_5 = (F_6 - M(F_5)) + (N_6 - M(N_5)).$$ Notice that for frames belonging to the same GOP, the components of the additive noise term $N_i - M(N_{i-1})$ are correlated, thus, we can expect some noise cancellation. After the deletion of frame $P_4$, however, the two components of the additive noise term $(N_6 - M(N_5))$ are not correlated, leading to a relatively larger motion error compared to the others. This pattern can be learned by a deep neural network with sufficient training data samples. ### 3.2. Social Media Platform Identification Framework In this section, we propose two learning methods to detect and classify different static and temporal recompression fingerprints left by social media platforms on shared videos exploiting a unified set of features. Through these learning methods, the goal is to evaluate the transferability of features between the image and video tasks and to show the hierarchical relation of these two tasks. In all the following sections, we construct our methods starting from the MISL network introduced by Bayar and Stamm [43] to train it with two different learning approaches. This network has proven successful in several multimedia forensics applications [1,14], so we decided to keep its architecture and optimize it for our setting. Because the MISL network was originally designed to work on greyscale images, we modified the initial constrained layer to work on RGB inputs, therefore, we doubled the number of kernels in the first convolutional layer from 3 to 6, to increase the expressive power of the network and match the more complex input the model is fed with. The network has 5 convolutional layers (called constrained, conv1, conv2, conv3, conv4) and three fully connected layers (called fc1, fc2, fc3). The fc3 layer has a number of neurons corresponding to the number of output classes. The network is trained on RGB image patches for the image social media identification platform task, and on RGB I-frame and P-frame patches extracted from videos for the video source platform identification task. Differently from state-of-the-art methods reported in Section 2, we decided to use the constrained convolutional layer to automatically learn the best input transformation instead of feeding the network with DCT histograms or reference sensor pattern noise. Therefore, we train the network with RGB input patches extracted from video frames. In the following sections, we use $\mathcal{I}$ and $\mathcal{V}$ to refer to the image task and video task respectively. Moreover, we use $X_\mathcal{I}$ and $X_\mathcal{V}$ to refer to the input image or video patches of the network and $Y_\mathcal{I}$ and $Y_\mathcal{V}$ to refer to the corresponding output classes. #### 3.2.1. Method Based on Transfer Learning In this section we propose transfer learning to transfer the static features learned by a base model on images to the video domain, so as to increase the performance of the same model on this new target task. Because we want the model to learn a certain fingerprint in both image and video sharing tasks, we adopt this technique to measure how features learned on one of the two tasks generalize to the other and study the hierarchical structure of features extracted at different layers of the network. In this setting, we initially train the model with image RGB inputs $X_I$ to predict the platform of provenance $Y_I$ of these images. The network is initialized with a Xavier initializer [44] and trained on 256 × 256 input patches to predict the output classes with a cross-entropy loss function. As shown in Figure 3, we train this network on native single-compressed images (i.e., images that have not been shared on any platform) and images shared across social networks. Next, we perform feature transfer by freezing a number of layers from the image task and we retrain the remaining network layers on RGB patches $X_V$ extracted from video frames. We iterate this process starting from the lower constrained layer up to the higher fc2 layer of the network. At each iteration, we freeze all the middle layers in between the constrained layer and the upper layer that we want to transfer. Figure 3 shows an example of this iterative feature-transfer approach. We initially train the model on the image task in a single-task learning fashion to predict the corresponding platforms of provenance. Then, we freeze all the convolutional layers from the constrained layer up to the conv3 layer and retrain the remaining fully connected layers on the video task to predict the actual new social media platforms. In Section 4.3, we show that, according to the generic transfer learning behavior, low-level features generalize well across the two tasks, whereas deeper levels tend to learn more task-related representations. This information will be useful to understand how much the two tasks share with each other. ![Transfer Learning](image1.png) (a) Transfer learning ![Multitask Learning](image2.png) (b) Multitask learning Figure 3. Learning approaches proposed in this paper: (a) Method based on transfer learning; (b) Method based on multitask learning. In the transfer-learning approach we initially train the model on the image task. Then we reuse the feature representations learned on images to train the model on the video source platform identification task. In multitask learning we share the weights of the constrained and conv1 layers of two siamese networks while learning them on images and videos in parallel. 3.2.2. Method Based on Multitask Learning In multitask learning, we constrain some layers of two models to learn a unique set of parameters for different tasks. In this way, we encourage the shared layers of the network to learn a generalized representation that should help to produce more robust and flexible classifiers with respect to both static and temporal features. As we mentioned previously, the collection large datasets of shared multimedia contents is very hard because of several limitations (mostly related to privacy policies and API restrictions); this approach instead helps to train the network on smaller training datasets. Therefore, in this setting, we force the two networks to share a number of layers to learn more adaptable feature representations. Figure 3 shows the multitask learning-based network used in this paper. In the figure, the two proposed networks share the weights from the constrained layer up to the conv1 layer to learn a common feature extractor given input images $X_I$ and videos $X_V$. Next, the two networks independently learn to predict the correct output classes $Y_I$ and $Y_V$. Clearly, as suggested by the hierarchical dependencies of features maps extracted by different layers of the network highlighted by transfer learning, for these tasks it is not helpful to share all the layers from the constrained layer up to the fc2 layer (see Section 4.4). Thus, to choose which layers to share, we use what we have learned with transfer learning by selecting the layers that extract the more general representations useful for both images and videos, that is, the constrained layer and conv1 layer. Because detecting forensics traces left by social media on videos is harder than learning such fingerprints on images [38], we train the multitask learner by taking this information into consideration and slow down the learning process on images. More precisely, we train the model measuring the cross entropy loss on each task and weighing the overall loss according to the following equation: $$L = \frac{1}{N}(w_I L_I + w_V L_V)$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) where $L_I$ and $L_V$ are the cross-entropy losses on images and videos respectively, $N$ is the number of tasks (2 in our setting), and $w_I$ and $w_V$ are the weights assigned to each task. The weights can be experimentally adjusted on each task depending on the availability of training data and task complexity. In all our experiments, we fix $w_I = 0.25$ and $w_V = 1$ such as to reduce the loss on the image task and accelerate the improvements on videos. As for the method based on transfer learning, at each training iteration the weights and biases of the model are updated according to gradient descent $w^{(\ell)} = w^{(\ell)} - \alpha \frac{\partial L_t}{\partial w^{(\ell)}}$, where $L_t$ indicates the loss measured on task $t \in \{I, V\}$ and $w^{(\ell)}$ represents the weights matrix at layer $\ell$. 4. Experimental Evaluation In this section, we experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of transfer learning and multitask learning with respect to a baseline single-task learning model fully trained on the target task. Specifically, (1) we measure the performance of two baseline single-task models trained on images and videos; (2) we evaluate the importance of hierarchical features with respect to images and videos, measuring the amount of information that the two tasks share at each level of depth through transfer learning; (3) we compare the results of the multitask-learning approach with those relative to transfer learning and single-task learning. 4.1. Dataset and Experimental Setting We run our experiments on the VISION dataset [17]. The dataset includes 34,427 images and 1914 videos, both in the native format (original) and in their social media version (i.e., Facebook and WhatsApp for images, YouTube and WhatsApp for videos), captured by 35 portable devices of 11 major brands in many different settings. In our experiment, we split the dataset for training and validation with a proportion of 80% and 10%, respectively. Moreover, we use the remaining 10% of the dataset for testing purposes. All the results reported in this section refer to this set. This ensures the robustness of the model with respect to completely unseen data. Finally, we use the `ffprobe` (https://ffmpeg.org/ffprobe.html—accessed on 4 August 2021) analyzer to extract the I-frames and P-frames from all videos in the dataset and crop each frame and image into non-overlapping patches of size $H \times W$, where $H = W = 256$. All experiments were carried on a Google Cloud Platform n1-standard-8 instance with 8 vCPUs, 30 GB of memory, and an NVIDIA Tesla K80 GPU. The models have been implemented using Pytorch (https://pytorch.org/—accessed on 4 August 2021) v1.6. For the first two sets of experiments, we trained all the networks with the learning rate set to $1 \times 10^{-4}$, a learning rate decay of 0.95 fixed at every epoch, weight decay set to $5 \times 10^{-3}$, and AdamW optimizer. In our experiments, we trained the networks for 100 epochs with batches of size 64 and early stopping set to 10. Finally, to train the multitask model, we set a learning rate to $1 \times 10^{-3}$, a learning rate decay of 0.99, and weight decay set to $1 \times 10^{-2}$. The model was trained for 250 epochs with a batch size of 64. All models were initialized with a Xavier initializer [44]. ### 4.2. Evaluation of Single-Task Learning To measure the effect of transfer learning and multitask learning, we introduce a baseline model trained on each task. We trained the network on images and videos, measuring the model effectiveness on both tasks. In single task, we achieved an accuracy of 97.84% for RGB image patches and 86.85% for RGB video patches extracted from frames (see Figure 4). Interestingly, we did not observe substantial differences when training the model with both I-frame and P-frame video versus I-frame alone. However, we decided to keep both types of frames to help generalize the model by exposing it to as different cases as possible. Finally, to validate our choice to train the model on RGB patches without any preprocessing on the input, we compared the performance of our method with the Y-channel of the input after converting RGB to YUV, and we observed a decrease in accuracy of 1.41% for images and 4.2% for videos. ![Figure 4](image.png) Figure 4. Comparison of baseline single-task learning, transfer-learning–based, and multitask-learning–based models accuracy on image (in green) and video (in blue) patches. Tables 1 and 2 report the confusion matrices of the single-task detectors on both tasks. Even though we do not apply any preprocessing operation to the input patches, the model achieves state-of-the-art performance comparable to the much more complex FusionNET [4] for the image task. Indeed, the FusionNET has 99.97%, 98.65%, and 99.81% patch-level accuracy on Facebook, WhatsApp, and native images, respectively, with an average difference of +1.89% with respect to our single-task model. For videos, our method suffers a drop in accuracy compared to the image task, but it still achieves results around 86.85%. Finally, we tested the overall accuracy of the model at image level and video level applying majority voting (i.e., the class that is voted by the majority of input patches is selected as the predicted class of the entire image or video), reaching 98.52% and 85.48%, respectively. Table 1. Confusion matrix of the baseline single-task model on patches extracted from images. FBH and FBL represent high-quality and low-quality patches from Facebook. WA and NAT represent WhatsApp and native image patches respectively. \| \| FB \| WA \| NAT \| \|-------\|------\|------\|------\| \| FB \| 98.78% \| 0.05% \| 1.17% \| \| WA \| 0.23% \| 98.37% \| 1.40% \| \| NAT \| 1.56% \| 1.31% \| 97.13% \| Table 2. Confusion matrix of the baseline single-task model on patches extracted from video frames. YT, WA and NAT represent YouTube, WhatsApp and native video patches respectively. \| \| YT \| WA \| NAT \| \|-------\|------\|------\|------\| \| YT \| 85.28% \| 8.36% \| 6.45% \| \| WA \| 11.56% \| 72.35% \| 16.09% \| \| NAT \| 2.85% \| 11.15% \| 86.00% \| ### 4.3. Evaluation of Transfer Learning We performed a set of experiments to measure the robustness of methods based on transfer learning to images and videos. To perform the experiments, we froze some layers of the network with the learned parameters in one task and we retrained the remaining layers in the other task. To track the hierarchical dependencies of each task and measure the similarity of the two, we repeated this process for each level in the network from the constrained layer up to the fc2 layer. As shown in Figure 4, the two tasks share low-level features, whereas deeper representations are mostly related to the target task with the accuracy varying from 66.56% to 96.60% for images and from 70.69% to 90.39% for videos at the patch level. On images (in green), the accuracy deteriorates as more layers are shared from the pretrained constrained layer up to the fc2 layer. When knowledge is transferred from the image domain to the video domain (in blue), the network achieves 90.39% accuracy, gaining 3.54% accuracy with respect to the single-task model. This result confirms the intuition that lower-level features are shared between the two tasks, and that the hierarchical dependence between the two tasks can be used to train a deep-learning model on a small set of images or videos originating from social networks. In fact, the features extracted from the deeper levels turn out to be specific to the task being solved and therefore less generalizable, whereas the features extracted from the first levels of the network are more generic and, therefore, can be shared between the two tasks. The accuracy increases when measuring the performance at the image and at the video level. Specifically, the accuracy on images varies from 80.15% to 97.87%, with maximum accuracy up to 98.37% obtained by transferring video features up to the conv2 layer. Finally, when transferring from images to video, we can observe an increase in accuracy from 85.48% to 92.61% on the video classifier, but the same does not happen for the transfer from video to images. This result can probably be explained by considering the videos as a more specific case and then thinking of this task as a subset of the corresponding task on images, thus suggesting an asymmetry between the two tasks. ### 4.4. Evaluation of Multitask Learning With this last experiment, we measured the performance of the proposed multitask learner. Specifically, we chose to train two networks on both tasks, by forcing them to share weights between the first two convolutional layers, namely the constrained and conv1 layers. Because of the different complexity of the two tasks highlighted by transfer learning, it is not useful to share all the layers between the two networks and it becomes necessary to balance the learning speed on images with compared to the videos. Therefore, we initially run several experiments with variable weighted loss according to Equation (1). To speed up the training, in this exploratory phase we chose to train the networks on images and I-frames only for the videos. We report the results of this experiment in Figure 5. We have varied the images weight $w_I$ from 0.5 down to 0.1. Then, we chose $w_I = 0.25$ so as to maximize the accuracy of the multitask learner on the video task and we retrained the multitask-learning-based model sharing the constrained and conv1 layers between the two tasks. In this configuration, the multitask-learning-based model achieved 85.91% accuracy on images and 81.70% accuracy on videos. Finally, we tested the overall accuracy of the model at the image and the video level, reaching 92.08% and 91.55% accuracy on the images and the videos respectively. In this setting the model reaches an accuracy comparable to the single-task learner for the video task. ![Figure 5](image) Figure 5. Test accuracy of the multitask learner on images and video I-frames obtained by fixing $w_V = 1$ and varying the images weight $w_I$ according to Equation (1). To evaluate the performance of our method, we compared it with the state-of-the-art two-stream network introduced by Amerini et al. [39]. To compare the performance of the transfer-learning and multitask-learning–based methods with that of Amerini et al. [39], we retrained the model of that work in this new setting. Table 3 shows the results of this comparison. Splitting the dataset at video level instead of frame level, the method from Amerini et al. [39] records a drop in accuracy of 15.47% compared to the configuration used in the original paper. Table 3. Comparison of video patch classification accuracy of our transfer-learning and multitask-learning methods with the one of Amerini et al. [39] on the VISION dataset. \| Method \| Accuracy \| \|--------\|----------\| \| [39] \| 80.04% \| \| TL (ours) \| 90.39% \| \| MT (ours) \| 81.70% \| ### 5. Discussion While the method based on transfer learning achieves a higher overall accuracy than the one based on multitask learning, we investigated the different performance of these two approaches. To analyze and compare the results of the two methods, we kept the best configuration of the multitask learning-based model and examined the results of the transfer learning-based model when transferring features from the constrained and conv1 layers as for the multitask network. Table 4 shows the confusion matrices of these two methods on videos. First, the transfer-learning model is able to achieve better results than the baseline model on YouTube and native videos (see Tables 2 and 4a). However, the WhatsApp class gets more easily confused with the other classes. Second, the multitask learner (Table 4b) tends to learn features representations that are more equally separated, with accuracy on all classes that oscillates between 79.25% and 83.68%, making the multitask learner less biased and more robust across all the classes. Moreover, thanks to this property, the multitask approach introduces an improvement in classification performance on WhatsApp compared to transfer learning (+10.74%, see Table 4) and the baseline model (+7.89%, see Tables 2 and 4b). Because WhatsApp is the only class shared by the image and video sets, it might suggest that training a model in a multitask setting on images and videos from the same social media platform could be even more beneficial. To evaluate this intuition we tested the model on WhatsApp with native images and videos, achieving encouraging results. The multitask-learning model achieves higher accuracy than transfer learning and single-task learning, again obtaining more stable accuracy across all classes. Most likely, images and videos shared through the same platform use very similar compression algorithms, favoring the learning of the alterations introduced when the content is recompressed when uploaded to the platform. Table 5b,c show the results of this experiment. However, because of the lack of publicly available datasets containing both images and videos we are not able to verify whether this is the case with more classes and leave this issue open for future research. Table 4. Confusion matrices on video patches of the transfer-learning (a) and multitask learning (b) models sharing the constrained and conv1 layers. \| \| YT \| WA \| NAT \| \|------------------\|--------\|--------\|--------\| \| (a) Transfer Learning \| \| \| \| \| YT \| 91.24% \| 1.08% \| 7.66% \| \| WA \| 13.33% \| 69.50% \| 17.15% \| \| NAT \| 6.05% \| 1.49% \| 92.45% \| \| \| YT \| WA \| NAT \| \|------------------\|--------\|--------\|--------\| \| (b) Multitask Learning \| \| \| \| \| YT \| 83.68% \| 6.19% \| 10.04% \| \| WA \| 10.04% \| 80.24% \| 9.72% \| \| NAT \| 10.58% \| 10.17% \| 79.25% \| Table 5. Confusion matrices on video patches of the transfer-learning (a) and multitask learning (b) models sharing the constrained and conv1 layers. \| \| WA \| NAT \| \|------------------\|--------\|--------\| \| (a) Single-Task Learning \| \| \| \| WA \| 60.12% \| 39.88% \| \| NAT \| 28.07% \| 71.93% \| \| \| WA \| NAT \| \|------------------\|--------\|--------\| \| (b) Transfer Learning \| \| \| \| WA \| 63.08% \| 36.92% \| \| NAT \| 23.69% \| 76.30% \| \| \| WA \| NAT \| \|------------------\|--------\|--------\| \| (c) Multitask Learning \| \| \| \| WA \| 71.48% \| 28.52% \| \| NAT \| 26.16% \| 73.84% \| 6. Conclusions In this paper, we propose two methods to identify the platform of origin of videos shared on different social networks through the use of joint features from images. Moreover, we show that images and videos share common forensic traces and a mixed approach may be beneficial in some cases where data are not enough to train a single-task model. By applying a transfer-learning–based method on both tasks, we experimentally showed that: (1) As expected, low-level features generalize well across images and videos, whereas deeper-feature mappings are more related to the target task, therefore suggesting that a common feature hierarchy exists between the two tasks; (2) image features can be successfully used to identify the social media platform in which videos have been uploaded, helping to improve performance over single task learning. Finally, we showed the promising effectiveness of a multitask-learning approach compared to single-task learning. In this way, the model can learn from images and videos simultaneously, learning more generic and robust features across all classes. These findings suggest that learning from multiple media could help to overcome the hurdle of training low-data models, by taking advantage of the similarity of different forensic tasks, usually treated separately. Future work could be aimed at gathering a larger training dataset for social-media–platform identification of multimedia content and at studying the case of multiple sharing considering both images and videos. Moreover, a limitation of our method is that it appears susceptible to false positive classifications, leaving room for improvement. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.M., I.A. and A.A.; methodology, L.M. and I.A.; software, L.M.; investigation, L.M., I.A., L.R.C. and A.A.; data curation, L.M.; writing and editing: L.M., I.A., L.R.C. and A.A.; supervision, A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: Partially supported by Supported by the ERC Advanced Grant 788893 AMDROMA and the EC H2020 RIA project “SoBigData++” (871042). Data Availability Statement: No new data were created in this study. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1. Mayer, O.; Stamm, M.C. 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Senator Wayne A. Harper proposes the following substitute bill: PUBLIC EDUCATION BUILDINGS STANDARDS AND PROCESS 2021 GENERAL SESSION STATE OF UTAH Chief Sponsor: Wayne A. Harper House Sponsor: Susan Pulsipher LONG TITLE General Description: This bill amends provisions related to public school building construction guidelines and plans. Highlighted Provisions: This bill: - requires the State Board of Education (state board) to: - adopt guidelines for public school construction; and - publish the lowest, average, and highest cost new school building construction completed in the state in the previous five-year period; - permits the state board to create prototype school building plans that conform to the guidelines for public school construction; - requires a local education agency (LEA) with four or more facilities to: - adopt an educational facilities plan (facilities plan) for facilities maintenance and renovation, and new school building construction, for a five or ten year period; - update the facilities plan at least every five years; - submit the facilities plan to affected local governmental entities; - adopt and implement measures for involving the public in the process of adopting the facilities plan; and 1st Sub. (Green) S.B. 131 02-05-21 9:22 AM provide an opportunity for the public to comment on the facilities plan; requires local governmental entities to provide comment on a facilities plan that an LEA submits; defines terms; and makes technical and conforming changes. Money Appropriated in this Bill: None Other Special Clauses: None Utah Code Sections Affected: AMENDS: 53E-3-702, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2019, Chapter 186 53E-3-705, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2019, Chapters 186 and 370 53E-3-708, as renumbered and amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 1 Be it enacted by the Legislature of the state of Utah: Section 1. Section 53E-3-702 is amended to read: 53E-3-702. School construction guidelines -- Prototype school construction plans -- Evaluation of school design and construction process. (1) As used in this section[,"public"]: (a) "Guidelines" means the guidelines for public school construction the state board adopts under Subsection (2). (b) (i) "Major renovation" means public school construction that affects more than 40% of an existing public school building's area. (ii) "Major renovation" includes: (A) remodeling an existing public school building; and (B) an addition to an existing public school building. (c) "New construction" means construction of a new public school building. (d) (i) "Public school construction" means construction work on a [new] public school building. (ii) "Public school construction" includes new construction and major renovation. (2) (a) The state board shall: (i) on or before August 1, 2022, adopt guidelines for public school construction; and (ii) consult with the Division of Facilities Construction and Management Administration on proposed guidelines before adoption. (b) The state board shall ensure that guidelines adopted under Subsection (2)(a)(i) maximize funds used for public school construction and reflect efficient and economic use of those funds, including adopting guidelines that address a school's essential needs rather than encouraging or endorsing excessive costs per square foot of construction or nonessential facilities, design, or furnishings. (3) Before [a school district or charter school] an LEA may begin public school construction, the school district or charter school shall: (a) review the guidelines adopted by the state board under this section; and (b) take into consideration, and incorporate as applicable, the guidelines when planning [the public school] new construction[-] and major renovation. [4) In adopting the guidelines for public school construction, the state board shall consider the following and adopt alternative guidelines as needed:] (4) The state board shall ensure that the guidelines account for: (a) location factors, including: (i) whether the school is in a rural, suburban, or urban setting[;]; and [climate factors;] (ii) the climate in various geographic areas; (b) [variations in guidelines for] significant or minimal projected student population growth; (c) [guidelines specific to] schools that serve various populations and grades, including high schools, junior high schools, middle schools, elementary schools, alternative schools, and schools for people with disabilities; and (d) year-round use. (5) The guidelines shall address the following: (a) recommended square footage per student[;] and per teacher, including to accommodate: (i) administrative or office space; (ii) custodial space; (iii) lockers; (iv) standard classroom space; (v) special use classrooms; (vi) multi-purpose rooms; and (vii) media centers; (b) minimum and maximum required real property for a public school; (c) athletic facilities and fields, playgrounds, and hard surface play areas; (d) cost per square foot; (e) minimum and maximum qualities and costs for building materials; (f) design efficiency; (g) parking; (h) furnishing; (i) proof of compliance with applicable building codes; and (j) safety. (6) The state board may: (a) adopt new guidelines as necessary to comply with this section; and (b) create prototype public school construction plans that meet the guidelines. (7) A licensed architect shall prepare the prototype public school construction plans described in Subsection (6)(b). (8) Upon request, the state board shall report to the Education Interim Committee: (a) on the state board's progress in adopting the guidelines; or (b) on the guidelines that the state board adopts. (9) Before December 31, 2022, the state board shall work with the Division of Facilities Construction Management to: (a) review: (i) public school construction costs; (ii) the procurement processes related to public school construction; and (iii) the use of facility condition assessments in prioritizing public school construction; (b) examine the potential value of statewide public school construction standards; and (c) evaluate: (i) the benefits of different construction delivery methods to assist LEAs to efficiently design, construct, and remodel public school buildings, including the following construction delivery methods, as described in Title 63G, Chapter 6a, Utah Procurement Code: (A) design-build, as that term is defined in Section 63G-6a-103; (B) design-bid-build, as described in Section 63G-6a-1205; and (C) construction manager/general manager, as that term is defined in Section 63G-6a-103; and (ii) the merits of having standard public school building designs for each type of school building in the state. Section 2. Section 53E-3-705 is amended to read: 53E-3-705. School plant capital outlay report. (1) As used in this section, "new construction" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53E-3-702. [+] (2) The state board shall: (a) prepare an annual school plant capital outlay report of all school districts, which includes information on the number and size of building projects completed and under construction[;]; (b) beginning in 2022, annually identify the lowest cost and highest cost of new construction completed in the state during the previous five-year period: (i) in total dollars; (ii) per square foot; and (iii) per student; (c) list the information described in Subsection (2)(b) for each of the following categories: (i) elementary school building; (ii) middle school or junior high school building; and (iii) high school building; and (d) annually make the information described in Subsection (2)(b) available and easily accessible to an LEA and to the public. (3) When an LEA completes new construction, the LEA shall report to the state board the cost of the new construction: (a) in total dollars; (b) per square foot; and (c) per student. [2] (4) A school district or charter school shall prepare and submit an annual school plant capital outlay report [in accordance with Section 63A-1-202.] to the state auditor on or before a date designated by the state auditor. Section 3. Section 53E-3-708 is amended to read: 53E-3-708. Local education agency to adopt educational facilities plan -- Licensed architect to prepare public school construction plans. (1) As used in this section: (a) "Affected local governmental entity" means: (i) a municipality, for planned public school construction within a municipality identified in an educational facilities plan; or (ii) a county, for planned public school construction within an unincorporated area in the county identified in an educational facilities plan. (b) "Change order" means the same as that term is defined in Section 63G-6a-103. (c) "Community involvement plan" means measures that a covered LEA adopts for involving the public in the process of adopting a covered LEA's educational facilities plan. (d) "Covered LEA" means an LEA that has at least four or more school facilities. (e) "Educational facilities plan" means a comprehensive planning document for an LEA's facilities needs described in Subsection (3). (f) "Guidelines" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53E-3-702. (g) "Major renovation" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53E-3-702. (h) "Municipality" means the same as that term is defined in Section 10-1-104. (i) "New school construction" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53E-3-702. (j) "Public school construction" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53E-3-702. (2) (a) Beginning in 2022, and at least every five years thereafter, a covered LEA shall adopt: (i) an educational facilities plan; and (ii) a community involvement plan. (b) A covered LEA may decide whether the covered LEA's educational facilities plan covers the succeeding five years or succeeding ten years. (3) (a) A covered LEA shall ensure that an educational facilities plan identifies the covered LEA's facilities needs over the succeeding five or ten years. (b) A covered LEA's facilities plan may: (i) include an inventory of existing school facilities; (ii) identify major renovation the covered LEA anticipates over the period the educational facilities plan covers; (iii) identify new school construction the covered LEA anticipates over the period the educational facilities plan covers; (iv) identify public school construction not identified under Subsection (3)(b)(iii), that the covered LEA anticipates over the period the educational facilities plan covers; (v) identify options to reduce the need for new school construction; (vi) include a concept schedule of major renovation and public school construction necessary to maintain the covered LEA's facilities; (vii) identify which public school construction projects included in the educational facilities plan the covered LEA could fund from current revenues; and (viii) identify additional sources of revenue for public school construction projects not identified under Subsection (3)(b)(vii). (4) Before an LEA adopts or amends an educational facilities plan, the LEA shall: (a) follow the measures the covered LEA adopts in the covered LEA's community involvement plan; (b) coordinate with each affected local governmental entity; and (c) provide an opportunity for public comment. (5) An affected local governmental entity shall: (a) review an educational facilities plan that a covered LEA submits under Subsection (4); and (b) no later than 30 days after a covered LEA submits an educational facilities plan, provide comment to the LEA. (6) A covered LEA may amend an adopted educational facilities plan as needed during the five-year period described in Subsection (2)(a). (7) A licensed architect shall prepare the plans and specifications for [the construction or alteration of school buildings] public school construction.
Functional Credentials Abstract: A functional credential allows a user to anonymously prove possession of a set of attributes that fulfills a certain policy. The policies are arbitrary polynomially computable predicates that are evaluated over arbitrary attributes. The key feature of this primitive is the delegation of verification to third parties, called designated verifiers. The delegation protects the privacy of the policy: A designated verifier can verify that a user satisfies a certain policy without learning anything about the policy itself. We illustrate the usefulness of this property in different applications, including outsourced databases with access control. We present a new framework to construct functional credentials that does not require (non-interactive) zero-knowledge proofs. This is important in settings where the statements are complex and thus the resulting zero-knowledge proofs are not efficient. Our construction is based on any predicate encryption scheme and the security relies on standard assumptions. A complexity analysis and an experimental evaluation confirm the practicality of our approach. Keywords: Anonymous Credentials, Anonymous Authentication DOI 10.1515/popets-2018-0013 Received 2017-08-31; revised 2017-12-15; accepted 2017-12-16. 1 Introduction Anonymous credentials were proposed by Chaum [25] and first fully realized in the seminal work by Camenisch and Lysyanskaya [17]. This primitive allows users to prove possession of a set of attributes that fulfills a certain policy without disclosing anything about the attributes beyond what is disclosed by the policy itself. In this work, we suggest functional credentials (FC) as a generalization and unification of (anonymous) credentials and their derivates. In a functional credential, policies are arbitrary polynomially computable functions that are evaluated on arbitrary attributes. Functional credentials allow the delegation of verification to third parties, called designated verifiers. This property states that a designated verifier can verify that a certain user holds a credential encoding attributes that satisfy the desired policy but does not learn anything about the policy itself. The same holds also for the carrier of the credential. Beyond constituting a theoretically interesting primitive in its own right, functional credentials are an ideal primitive in the context of privacy-enhancing technologies in cloud-based scenarios where the service provider (the designated verifier) is in charge of performing access control. In the following, we exemplify some applications and discuss how our construction improves the efficiency of known solutions. Verifiable Databases with Access Control. Recently, several works have tackled the problem of oblivious outsourced storage for data-sharing applications with access control being enforced by an honest-but-curious cloud server, such as, among others, group oblivious RAM as suggested by Maffei et al. [37]. Obliviousness in this setting means the cloud provider does not even learn the access pattern to the data. Policy hiding is crucial in this setting, since obliviousness would be broken if the cloud provider would learn the access control policy of the retrieved entry. The construction of Maffei et al. [37] uses Groth-Sahai zero-knowledge proofs [32] to enforce the access control. Since the ciphertexts are very large, these proofs are quite expensive. Replacing Groth-Sahai proofs with functional credentials improves the efficiency of the scheme by at least one order of magnitude. A comprehensive discussion and comparison is given in Section 4. Offline Credit Score Systems. Before releasing a credit card or opening an account, banks want to check that the client’s financial status is above a certain threshold. This is achieved by contacting a credit bureau, which tracks all relevant user activities and, based on them, classifies the client’s financial status. Interestingly, the formula used by the credit bureau is kept confidential. Functional credentials offer a privacy-preserving solution to this problem: The credit bureau plays the role of the issuer and initially provides the bank, which plays the role of the verifier, with a delegation token encoding the confidential credit policy, and the client with a credential encoding her financial status. The client can later prove to the bank that her credit score satisfies the bank’s requirements, without any further interaction with the credit bureau. Dating Systems. Here a central authority certifies the attributes of each user, providing her with the respective credential. A user can then upload a delegation token encoding her partner preferences to the online dating system, the designated verifier. Other users, playing the role of the prover, can determine whether their attributes match the user preferences, which preferably should be concealed from the service provider as well as from the other users. ### 1.1 Our Techniques The construction of an efficient functional credential scheme is non-trivial, due to the large expressiveness and flexibility of the supported policies. Ideally, we would like to avoid any restriction on the predicates that can be encoded as verification policies while at the same time guaranteeing the privacy of the policy. Such expressive systems often require very heavy theoretical tools, for example, a straightforward instantiation of functional credentials might build on top of zero-knowledge proofs showing the validity of the encrypted policy for the possessed credentials. However, this would require the computation of zero-knowledge proofs for operations over encrypted data (i.e., on fully homomorphic encryption schemes [30]), which would lead to prohibitively expensive proofs. In order to avoid costly zero-knowledge proofs, we present a scheme almost exclusively built on top of predicate encryption. We leverage the fact that predicate encryption provides a very natural way to prove statements: Given a ciphertext encoding a given policy, a prover can simply decrypt such a ciphertext to convince a verifier that he knows a key for a set of attributes that matches the policy. Our construction is largely inspired by the work of Parno, Raykova and Vaikuntanathan [41], who build a verifiable computation scheme from any attribute-based encryption, basing on a similar observation. Since almost all anonymous credentials are based on encrypted or committed signatures in combination with zero-knowledge proofs, we view our approach as a substantial paradigm shift in the context of anonymous credentials. In the following, we discuss a strawman approach and explain the main ideas behind our solution. A Strawman Approach Based on Predicate Encryption. A predicate encryption scheme allows one to embed an arbitrary set of attributes $\mathcal{I}$ in the ciphertext and distribute decryption keys for predicates $f$. The message is disclosed to users holding a key for a certain predicate $f$ only if $f(\mathcal{I}) = 1$. Additionally, the primitive guarantees that the set of attributes $\mathcal{I}$ is kept private, except for the information trivially revealed by the validity of the predicate for the encoded attributes. This allows us to encode access control policies as classes of attributes and users’ permissions as predicates over these classes to obtain the desired expressiveness. The straightforward approach to verify credentials is to prove in zero-knowledge the successful decryption of a given ciphertext (for instance by means of Groth-Sahai proofs [32]). However, the proof would scale with the size of the ciphertext of a predicate encryption making it unusable for practical purposes. Interactive Proof of Decryption. Improving over the efficiency of the verification protocol requires eliminating the dependency between the generic zero-knowledge frameworks and the policy encoded in the ciphertext. To this extent we sacrifice the non-interactivity of the zero-knowledge proof to obtain a 3-round interactive protocol for showing the credential in an anonymous fashion. Leveraging interaction is natural in cloud-based services, given the online nature of service providers. Our protocol closely follows the authentication proof by Brandt et al. [10]: To prove the knowledge of a key, the client simply decrypts the encryption of a random message (sent by the verifier) and sends a commitment of the resulting plaintext to the verifier. The verifier reveals afterwards the randomness that he used to compute the ciphertext so that the client can locally verify that it was well formed. If this holds true, the client sends the opening information. The verifier is now convinced of the possession of the key if the opening reconstructs to the original plaintext of the ciphertext that he sent to the client. This simple technique removes the occurrence of generic zero-knowledge proofs over predicate encryption schemes. Delegation of Verification. We realize our delegated verification protocol with a technique very similar to the one described above. Intuitively, a verification token is an encryption of a fixed message on the encoding of the desired policy, together with the respective signature of the issuer. While the signature vouches for the authenticity of the token, the ciphertext allows the verifier to run a slightly divergent verification algorithm. Exploiting the homomorphic properties of the predicate encryption scheme, the designated verifier can modify the plaintext and rerandomize the ciphertext to obtain a correctly distributed instance and execute the standard verification algorithm. Beyond the verification of a signature, the two interactive protocols are essentially equivalent in terms of communication and computation. Instantiation. A nice feature of our scheme is that it makes only black-box use of the underlying predicate encryption scheme. While the original motivation for this was to avoid expensive zero-knowledge proofs, being independent from the implementation of the primitive gives us the possibility to instantiate our protocol with any predicate encryption scheme. In particular, this means that our construction can directly benefit from future advancements in the field. Currently known predicate encryption schemes follow the blueprint of Katz, Sahai, and Waters [34] and they only support predicates of the family of inner products. Although the authors show a generic transformation from inner products to boolean formulae, this imposes some limitations on the resulting family of predicates: One cannot efficiently encode negations of non-boolean attributes and the size of the formula grows exponentially with the maximum number of literals in each disjunctive clause. Therefore the expressiveness of the scheme is limited to boolean formulae in their k-CNF, for some fixed k. The implementation of our construction suffers from the same shortcomings. For the reason specified above, in this paper we present our protocol in its full generality and we show some concrete examples of policies that we can encode given the current knowledge of predicate encryption schemes. ### 1.2 Our Contribution The contributions of this work can be summarized as follows: - We put forward the notion of functional credentials and formalize the corresponding security notions in terms of cryptographic games. Functional credentials subsume all known credentials, such as anonymous, delegatable, or attribute-based credentials and we view our formalization as a natural unification, along the lines of functional signatures [3, 8]. - We propose a construction that is secure in the standard model based on black-box cryptographic primitives. Although generic, our scheme enjoys a very efficient instantiation in the random oracle model. - We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with a C++ implementation. Even for large parameters, the computation and verification of a credential takes only a couple of seconds. - We show the effectiveness of our techniques on a recently proposed oblivious outsourced storage scheme [37]: We instantiate the authentication mechanism with functional credentials, obtaining better scalability and an improvement in efficiency of at least one order of magnitude. ### 1.3 Related Work Anonymous credentials were originally envisioned by Chaum [24] and first fully, and efficiently, realized by Camenisch and Lysyanskaya [17]. Such credentials are an enabling technology for anonymous attributed-based access control in internet services. They allow users to prove possession of a set of attributes fulfilling certain policies in a privacy-preserving way without disclosing anything more about the attributes than what is already disclosed by the policy itself. These credentials neither reveal any unnecessary information about the user, nor are separate authentications by the same user linkable by the verifier. Anonymous credentials are one of the few advanced cryptographic primitives that has made its way into practice, e.g., in the form of IBM’s Identity Mixer [20]. Following the seminal paper of Camenisch and Lysyanskaya, subsequent work has shown how to construct anonymous credentials using $\Sigma$-protocols [19], Groth-Sahai proofs [32], or other approaches [5]. Apart from being interesting in their own right, they enjoy a wide range of features, such as delegatability [1], blacklistability [2], and revocability [14]. The concept of anonymous credentials was also extended to support hierarchical delegation of credentials [4] and decentralized credential systems, where the assumption of a trusted credential issuer was relaxed in the work of Camenisch and Lehmann [16]. Recently, Hanser and Slamanig [33] (then revised by Fuchsbauer et al. [29]) proposed the first credential system where the communication complexity for credential showing is independent of the number of its attributes. Unfortunately, their scheme only supports conjunctive statements and thus lacks expressiveness. Other works [12, 15] obtained similar results in stronger simulation-based models. The idea of a hidden policy was introduced in the context of hidden credentials [9], where the anonymity of the user is guaranteed by the underlying anonymous identity-based encryption scheme. In the work of Bradshaw et al. [9] and follow up works [28] complex policies are handled by encoding disjunctions and conjunctions in a secret sharing of the encrypted message. Even though their approach is very efficient, it has the fundamental drawback of not being collusion resistant. That is, two users can combine their attributes to decrypt ciphertexts that neither could decrypt on its own. In the work of Camenish et al. [13] the notion of oblivious transfer with hidden access policies is introduced. Their approach can be seen as a form of implicit authentication, where a user has access to some data if he has credentials that fulfill a policy attached to a ciphertext. There is no verifier that is explicitly notified about the success of this authentication. In this implicit authentication the scheme is secure against malicious issuers, but turning their scheme into an explicit authentication scheme loses security against malicious issuers as we will show in this work (see Section 2.3). Although their approach extended to the explicit authentication setting comes close to our desired notion of functional credentials, it still lacks expressiveness, since the policies are limited to eligible subsets of binary attributes. Camenisch et al. [11] proposed a scheme with improved expressiveness, but its realization is specific to the predicate encryption scheme of Nishide et al. [38], which hides the policy embedded in a ciphertext only partially. Both of the aforementioned schemes rely on $q$-type assumptions, i.e., parametric in the number of queries of the adversary, making it hard to analyze the concrete security of the schemes. The problem of delegated verification has been first proposed, but not thoroughly formalized, in the work of Wei and Ye [44]. Their solution leverages the homomorphic properties of the predicate encryption scheme of Katz et al. [34], but only achieves semi-honest security. In a recent work Kolesnikov et al. [35] combine attribute-based credentials and attributed-based encryption to achieve a new notion of attribute-based key exchange with the goal of letting a server establish a shared secret key with a client if he has a set of certified attributes satisfying the server’s policy. The authors explicitly state policy hiding as an open problem. To the best of our knowledge, none of the currently known constructions provides a general-purpose, fully expressive, fully secure attribute-based credential system that supports delegated verification and policy hiding. Comparison. We outline an asymptotic comparison of our generic construction with the most prominent credential schemes in the literature in Table 1. We provide the reader with an overview over the costs associated with each scheme, in terms of computation and communication, and over the expressiveness of each scheme. Our construction is the first to fully achieve the notion of privacy of the policy without restricting the domain of access control policies to selective attribute disclosure. Here the caveat is that our approach relies generically on predicate encryption and current instantiations support only inner-product predicates, i.e., the class of predicates that the scheme can encode is restricted to inner products over a finite field. This means that, in order to obtain full expressiveness, one must apply the transformation described by Katz et al. [34]. Such a transformation introduces an exponential factor in the number of literals of each disjunctive clause of the resulting formula. As an example, one can encode boolean formulae in their 3-CNF with a cubic blowup. Nevertheless, we believe that our construction represents an interesting theoretical advancement in the landscape of anonymous credentials, due to its simplicity and generality. ## 2 Functional Credentials In this section, we introduce the notation and the definition of functional credentials and the corresponding notion of security. We denote by $\lambda \in \mathbb{N}$ the security parameter and we address any function that is negligible in the security parameter with $\text{negl}(\lambda)$ and any polynomial function with $\text{poly}(\lambda)$. We say that an algorithm is PPT if it is modelled as a probabilistic Turing machine whose running time is bounded by some polynomially bounded function in $\lambda$. We denote by $\mathcal{A}(.;r)$ the execution of the machine $\mathcal{A}(.)$ with a fixed random tape $r$. Given a set $S$, we denote by $x \leftarrow S$ the sampling of an element uniformly at random from $S$. We denote an interactive protocol between algorithms $A$ and $B$ as $(A,B)$. The set $\{1,\ldots,n\}$ is abbreviated as $[n]$. ### 2.1 Definition of Functional Credentials A basic credential system is composed of users, verifiers, and issuers. The latter can issue credentials to users relative to some attributes. Users can prove to verifiers that \| Scheme \| Assumptions \| Parameters \| Issuing \| Showing \| Policy \| Properties \| \|--------\|-------------\|------------\|---------\|---------\|--------\|------------\| \| \| \| CRS \| Issuer \| Verifier\| \| \| \| [18] \| sRSA \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(1)$ \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| R \| ✓ \| \| [19] \| LRSW \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| R \| ✓ \| \| [21] \| $q$-ADHSDH \| $O(1)$ \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| S \| ✓ \| \| [22] \| XDH \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(t)$ \| S \| ✓ \| \| [12] \| SXDH \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(1)$ \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(t)$ \| S \| ✓ \| \| [29] \| SXDH \| – \| $O(1)$ \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(t)$ \| S \| ✓ \| \| [9] \| BDH \| ROM \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(t)$ \| – \| R \| \| [13] \| BDH,XDH,SDH \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(1)$ \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| S \| ✓ \| \| [11] \| SXDH,SFP \| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| $O(\alpha)$\| S \| ✓ \| \| [45] \| Gen. \| $O(\log^c \alpha)$\| $O(\log^k \alpha)$\| $O(\log^k \alpha)$\| $O(\log^k \alpha)$\| k-CNF \| ✓ \| \| [44] \| GGM \| $O(\log^k \alpha)$\| $O(\log^k \alpha)$\| $O(\log^k \alpha)$\| $O(\log^k \alpha)$\| k-CNF \| ✓ \| \| [35] \| Gen. \| $O(\log^c \alpha)$\| $O(\log^c \alpha)$\| $O(\log^c \alpha)$\| $O(\log^c \alpha)$\| R \| ✓ \| \| Sec. 3 \| Gen. \| $O(\log^k \alpha)$\| $O(1)$ \| $O(\log^k \alpha)$\| $O(\log^k \alpha)$\| k-CNF \| ✓ \| Table 1. Asymptotic comparison of the most popular credential schemes. We show the assumptions that the various schemes are proven against: The strong RSA (sRSA), the Lysyanskaya, Rivest, Sahai, and Wolf (LRSW), the $q$-Asymmetric Double Hidden Strong Diffie-Hellman ($q$-ADHSDH), the external Diffie-Hellman (XDH), the strong external Diffie-Hellman (SXDH), the bilinear Diffie-Hellman (BDH), and the simultaneous flexible pairing (SFP). Here Gen. means generic assumption, GGM stands for Generic Group Model, and the presence of a random oracle is denoted by ROM. The policy parameter measures the expressiveness of the policy that the scheme support: R stands for any arbitrary polynomially computable relation over attributes, whereas S denotes the selective disclosure of a subset of the total attributes. k-CNF denotes formulae in their CNF with at most $k$ literals in each clause. We denote by $\log^c(\alpha)$ a polylogarithmic factor in $\alpha$, for some constant $c$ that depends on the underlying encryption scheme used. Whenever we write $\log^k(\alpha)$ we refer to $k$ as the bound on the number of literals of the formula. We also compare the schemes in terms of the properties that they achieve: Anonymity, Unforgeability, and Policy-Hiding. Here ✓ means that the anonymity is guaranteed also in the presence of a malicious issuer, Part. means that the scheme partially achieves the corresponding property, Sel. means that it achieves the selective version of it, and HbC denotes the Honest-but-Curious settings. their credentials satisfy a certain policy. Verification can be delegated to third parties, called designated verifiers, who can verify that a certain user satisfies a certain policy but cannot learn anything about this policy. The sets of users and verifiers (including designated verifiers) are potentially dynamic and can grow over time. In our model, the issuer assigns to each user a set of attributes $A$ and the verifier can later on check that $A$ satisfies a certain policy $f$. We denote the attribute universe by $\Theta$ and the family of circuits that can be computed over $\Theta$ by $\Phi$. Note that we allow only the issuer to produce valid delegation tokens to avoid trivial attacks on the privacy of the users; see Section 2.3 for a more extensive discussion on the matter. Definition 1 (Functional Credential). A functional credential scheme $FC = (CKGen, GrantCred, Del, \langle ShowCred, VrfyCred \rangle, \langle DelShowCred, DelVrfyCred \rangle)$ for an attribute universe $\Theta$ and a family of policies $\Phi$ consists of the following PPT algorithms and protocols: $(osk, opk) \leftarrow CKGen(1^\lambda)$: The key generation algorithm gets as input the security parameter $1^\lambda$ and it outputs a key pair $(osk, opk)$ for an issuer. $cred \leftarrow GrantCred(osk, A)$: The grant credential algorithm gets input the secret key $osk$ of an issuer and a non-empty set of attributes $A \subseteq \Theta$ and it outputs a credential $cred$ for the corresponding set of attributes. $tok \leftarrow Del(osk, f)$: The delegation algorithm gets as input the private key $osk$ of an issuer and a policy $f \in C$. The algorithm outputs a verification token $tok$. $b \leftarrow \langle ShowCred(opk, cred, f), VrfyCred(opk, f) \rangle$: This interactive protocol is run by a user and a verifier. $ShowCred$ takes as input the public key $opk$ of an issuer, a credential $cred$, and a policy $f$, while $VrfyCred$ takes as input the public key $opk$ of an issuer and a policy $f$. At the end of the execution, $VrfyCred$ outputs either 0 or 1. $b \leftarrow \langle DelShowCred(opk, cred, tok), DelVrfyCred(opk, tok) \rangle$: This interactive protocol is run by a user and a designated verifier. $DelShowCred$ takes as input the public key $opk$ of an issuer, a verification token $tok$, and a credential $cred$, while $DelVrfyCred$ takes as input the public key $opk$ of an issuer and a verification token $tok$. At the end of the execution, $DelVrfyCred$ outputs either 0 or 1. The definition of correctness for functional credentials looks as follows. Definition 2 (Correctness). A functional credential scheme $FC$ is correct if for all $\lambda \in \mathbb{N}$, for all $(osk, opk) \in CKGen(1^\lambda)$ for all $A \subseteq \Theta$, for all $cred \in$ GrantCred(osk, A), for all $ f \in C $ such that $ f(A) = 1 $, and for all $ \text{tok} \in \text{Del}(osk, f) $ it holds that \[ \Pr[1 \leftarrow \langle \text{ShowCred(opk, cred, } f), \text{VrfyCred(opk, } f) \rangle] = 1 \] and \[ \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \left\langle \begin{array}{c} \text{DelShowCred(opk, cred, tok)}, \\ \text{DelVrfyCred(opk, tok)} \end{array} \right\rangle \right] = 1. \] ### 2.2 Security of Functional Credentials In this section, we propose our security model for functional credentials and formalize the definitions according to the game-based paradigm. We formalize the information that the adversary can gather from a running system as oracles that the adversary can query adaptively and at any time. Furthermore, the adversary is allowed to open interleaving sessions with each oracle. Note that we consider a single issuer but the definitions extend easily to multiple issuers. Global Variables and Oracles. In the following security games, the adversary has access to a subset of the following oracles: $ O_{\text{User}} $ adds honest users to the system, $ O_{\text{GrantCred}} $ assigns a credential encoding a given set of attributes to an input user, $ O_{\text{Corrupt}} $ allows the adversary to corrupt any user. Furthermore, the adversary can see arbitrarily many delegation tokens via the oracle $ O_{\text{Del}} $ and is also allowed to play the role of the verifier in both the verification and delegated verification protocol through the oracles $ O_{\text{ShowCred}} $ and $ O_{\text{DelShowCred}} $. The oracles $ O_{b}^{\text{Anon}}, O_{b}^{\text{AnonDel}}, $ and $ O_{b}^{\text{PH}} $ are used later in the security experiments to compute the challenges for the adversary. We assume that two global lists of users are shared among the oracles: $ H $ is a list of honest users and $ C $ is a list of corrupted users. Additionally, we keep a list of user-credential pairs $ Q $ and a list of policy-token pairs $ L $. We assume $ Q $ and $ L $ to be available to all of the oracles. We denote the $ i $-th entry of $ Q $ by $ Q[i] $. For ease of notation, we implicitly assume that every oracle takes as input the public key $ opk $. The oracles are formalized in the following. $ O_{\text{User}}(\text{id}) $: The user adding oracle takes as input a user identity id. If $ \text{id} \in H $ or $ \text{id} \in C $ it returns $ \bot $, else it creates a fresh entry id in the list of honest users $ H $. $ O_{\text{Corrupt}}(\text{id}) $: The input of the corruption oracle is a user identity id. If $ \text{id} \not\in H $ it returns $ \bot $, else it moves the entry corresponding to id from the list of honest users $ H $ to the list of corrupted users $ C $. Then, for all items of the form $ (\text{id}, A_i, \text{cred}_i) \in Q $, the oracle returns $ \text{cred}_i $. $ O_{\text{Del}}(f) $: On input a policy $ f $ the delegation oracle returns $ \text{tok} \leftarrow \text{Del}(osk, f) $ and adds $ (f, \text{tok}) $ to the list of tokens $ L $. $ O_{\text{GrantCred}}(\text{id}, A) $: The credential granting oracle takes as input a user identity id and a non-empty set of attributes $ A \subseteq \Theta $. If $ \text{id} \not\in H $ and $ \text{id} \not\in C $ it returns $ \bot $, else it runs $ \text{cred} \leftarrow \text{GrantCred}(osk, A) $ and adds the entry $ (\text{id}, A, \text{cred}) $ to $ Q $. If $ \text{id} \in C $ the oracle returns $ \text{cred} $. $ O_{\text{ShowCred}}(i, f) $: The credential showing oracle takes as input an index $ i $ and a policy $ f $. If $ i > \|Q\| $ the oracle returns $ \bot $, else it parses $ Q[i] $ as $ (\text{id}, A, \text{cred}) $ and executes: \[ \langle \text{ShowCred(opk, cred, } f), \cdot \rangle \] in interaction with the adversary. $ O_{\text{DelShowCred}}(i, \text{tok}) $: The delegated credential showing oracle takes as input an index $ i $ and a verification token $ \text{tok} $. If $ i > \|Q\| $ the oracle returns $ \bot $, else it parses $ Q[i] $ as $ (\text{id}, A, \text{cred}) $ and executes: \[ \langle \text{DelShowCred(opk, cred, tok)}, \cdot \rangle \] in interaction with the adversary. $ O_{b}^{\text{Anon}}(i_0, i_1, f) $: The inputs to the anonymity oracle are two indices $ (i_0, i_1) $ and a policy $ f $. If $ i_0 > \|Q\| $ or $ i_1 > \|Q\| $ the oracle returns $ \bot $, else it parses $ Q[i_0] $ as $ (\text{id}_0, A_0, \text{cred}_0) $ and $ Q[i_1] $ as $ (\text{id}_1, A_1, \text{cred}_1) $. If $ f(A_0) \neq f(A_1) $, the oracle returns $ \bot $. Otherwise it runs: \[ \langle \text{ShowCred(opk, cred}_b, f), \cdot \rangle \] in interaction with the adversary. $ O_{b}^{\text{AnonDel}}(i_0, i_1, \text{tok}) $: The inputs to the delegation anonymity oracle are two indices $ (i_0, i_1) $ and a verification token $ \text{tok} $. If $ i_0 > \|Q\| $ or $ i_1 > \|Q\| $ the oracle returns $ \bot $, else it parses $ Q[i_0] $ as $ (\text{id}_0, A_0, \text{cred}_0) $ and $ Q[i_1] $ as $ (\text{id}_1, A_1, \text{cred}_1) $. If there exists an entry of the form $ (f, \text{tok}) \in L $, the oracle checks whether $ f(A_0) \neq f(A_1) $ and returns $ \bot $ if this is the case. Otherwise it runs: \[ \langle \text{DelShowCred(opk, cred}_b, \text{tok}), \cdot \rangle \] in interaction with the adversary. $ O_{b}^{\text{PH}}(f_0, f_1) $: The policy-hiding oracle takes as input two challenge policies $ f_0 $ and $ f_1 $. If there exists an entry $ (\text{id}, A, \text{cred}) \in Q $ such that $ \text{id} \in C $ and $ f_0(A) \neq f_1(A) $, the oracles returns $ \bot $. Otherwise it returns the token $ \text{tok}_b \leftarrow \text{Del}(osk, f_0) $. From this moment on, the queries to $ O_{\text{Corrupt}} $ are restricted to inputs id such that for all entries $ (\text{id}, A_i, \text{cred}_i) \in Q $ it holds that $ f_0(A_i) = f_1(A_i) $. The same restriction is applied for the oracle $ O_{\text{DelShowCred}} $ when queried on $ \text{tok}_b $. Unforgeability. The notion of unforgeability captures the fact that any adversary cannot fool the verifier into accepting a credential for a policy that he does not satisfy. Intuitively, an adversary wins the unforgeability experiment if he is able to convince an honest verifier that he satisfies a certain policy while not holding an appropriate credential. We allow the adversary to specify any policy that no corrupted client can satisfy. The adversary can also win the game by fooling a designated verifier; in that case we check that no corrupted client has a valid attribute set only if the token was the result of a query of the adversary to the oracle $ O_{\text{osk}}^{\text{Del}} $. If the verification token is fresh, i.e., not an output of $ O_{\text{osk}}^{\text{Del}} $, we do not run any additional check. Definition 3. A functional credential scheme FC is unforgeable if, for all PPT adversaries $ A $ having access to the oracles $ O_{\text{osk}} := (O_{\text{User}}, O_{\text{Corrupt}}, O_{\text{Del}}^{\text{osk}}, O_{\text{osk}}^{\text{GrantCred}}, O_{\text{ShowCred}}, O_{\text{DelShowCred}}) $, there exists a negligible function $ \text{negl}(\lambda) $ such that \[ \Pr \left[ \text{ExpUnf}_{\text{FC},A}(1^\lambda) = 1 \right] \leq \text{negl}(\lambda), \] where $ \text{ExpUnf}_{\text{FC},A}(1^\lambda) $ is defined in Figure 1. Anonymity. The definition of anonymity models the fact that a corrupted verifier cannot distinguish between any two users with different credentials, as long as they both satisfy or not satisfy the policy that they are tested against. The essence of the game is captured by the oracles $ O_b^{\text{Anon}} $ and $ O_b^{\text{AnonDel}} $. Depending on the internal bit $ b $, the oracles impersonate either one of the two input credential owners in the verification algorithm, on some policy chosen by the adversary. In both cases, to make the game non-trivial, we must impose the restriction that the policy (or the policy associated with the token) is either satisfied or not by both credentials. We stress that the oracles can be queried adaptively and polynomially many times on arbitrary policies (or tokens) and pairs of users. This implies that our definition captures the notion of unlinkability: Any two credentials that satisfy a certain policy (or that both do not satisfy it) are indistinguishable to the eyes of the attacker. Definition 4. A functional credential scheme FC is anonymous if, for all PPT adversaries $ A $ having access to oracles $ O_{b,\text{osk}}^{\text{ExpAno}} := (O_{\text{User}}, O_{\text{Corrupt}}, O_{\text{Del}}^{\text{osk}}, O_{\text{osk}}^{\text{GrantCred}}, O_{\text{ShowCred}}, O_{\text{DelShowCred}}, O_b^{\text{Anon}}, O_b^{\text{AnonDel}}) $, there exists a negligible function $ \text{negl}(\lambda) $ such that \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ \text{ExpAno}_{\text{FC},A}^0(1^\lambda) = 1 \right] - \Pr \left[ \text{ExpAno}_{\text{FC},A}^1(1^\lambda) = 1 \right] \right\| \leq \text{negl}(\lambda), \] where the two experiments are defined in Figure 2. Policy-Hiding. The policy-hiding property describes the fact that each honestly issued verification token does not reveal any information about the policy that it is encoding beyond the validity of the credentials possessed by the adversary. The core of the security is modeled by the oracle $ O_b^{\text{PH}} $ that, on input two policies by the adversary, returns the verification token for either one of the two depending on some internal coin $ b $. To avoid trivial attacks we must ensure that clients corrupted by the adversary do not have any credential that have different access with respect to the two policies. Also the queries to the oracle $ O_{\text{DelShowCred}} $ are restricted to those credentials having the same output on both of the challenge policies. Definition 5. A functional credential scheme FC is policy-hiding if, for all PPT adversaries $ A $ having access to oracles $ O_{b,\text{osk}}^{\text{ExpPH}} := (O_{\text{User}}, O_{\text{Corrupt}}, O_{\text{Del}}^{\text{osk}}, O_{\text{osk}}^{\text{GrantCred}}, O_{\text{ShowCred}}, O_{\text{DelShowCred}}, O_b^{\text{PH}}) $, there exists a negligible function $\text{negl}(\lambda)$ such that \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ \text{ExpPH}_{\text{FC},A}^0(1^\lambda) = 1 \right] - \Pr \left[ \text{ExpPH}_{\text{FC},A}^1(1^\lambda) = 1 \right] \right\| \leq \text{negl}(\lambda), \] where the two experiments are defined in Figure 3. ### 2.3 Discussion Credential Delegation. Our model can be easily adapted to support delegation of credentials by defining the appropriate interface and providing the adversary with the corresponding oracle in the security games. For ease of explanation we, however, omit this functionality in our formal description. Unconditional Anonymity. We shall note that our definitions, in particular the anonymity one, require a trusted setup of the parameters of the issuer. This implies that our security definitions guarantee anonymity only under the assumption of a trustworthy issuer that distributes the credentials. The reason behind this choice is that unconditional anonymity in the presence of delegated verifier is, according to our definition, impossible to achieve. In fact, it appears that the policy-hiding property is in an inherent conflict with our goal: An adversary could adaptively generate tokens for arbitrarily restrictive policies and test the credential of a user against them, eventually uniquely identifying the carrier of a credential. Therefore, a scheme satisfying anonymity in the presence of an untrustworthy issuer must not support delegation of verification with policy-hiding. Due to the novelty of this feature, our work sacrifices the unconditional anonymity in favor of the delegation of verification feature. For completeness, we also outline how to modify our construction in order to achieve full anonymity in Section 3.4. Revocation. As identified in the work of Camenisch et al. [15], an important feature to handle the dynamic nature of the set of users of a credential system is the possibility of revoking the credentials of some parties. Although our model does not directly support such a functionality, we can leverage the expressiveness of functional credentials in order to achieve it. The basic idea is to handle the revocation at the policy level: Since the verification algorithm can test credentials against any polynomial-time computable predicate, it is enough to add a conjunctive clause to the policy that prevents all the credentials possessing a certain attribute from satisfying it. That is, given a certain attribute $a$ to revoke, the verifier must update the verification policy $f$ to $f' = f \land \neg a$. Whitelisting can be done analogously, using disjunctive clauses instead. Note that, given the policy-hiding property of the functional credential scheme, one can even keep the set of revoked/whitelisted attributes private by issuing a verification token $\text{tok}_f'$ for the updated policy. ### 3 Generic Construction In this section we introduce our generic construction. #### 3.1 Preliminaries Here we recall the definitions of our cryptographic building blocks. Predicate Encryption Scheme. A predicate encryption scheme allows one to embed attributes into the ciphertext and to encode arbitrary polynomial predicates in the decryption keys. We use the following notation: $\Sigma$ denotes an arbitrary attribute domain and $\mathcal{F}$ the family of polynomially computable predicates over $\Sigma$, which may depend on the security parameter $\lambda$ and/or on the public parameters of the scheme. Our definition follows almost verbatim from the work of Katz et al. [34]. Definition 6. A predicate encryption scheme $\Pi$ for a class of predicates $\mathcal{F}$ over the domain $\Sigma$ consists of four PPT algorithms $(\text{Setup}, \text{KGen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec})$ such that: - Setup($1^\lambda$). The setup algorithm outputs a master secret key $\text{dk}$ and a master public key $\text{pk}$. - KGen($\text{dk}, f$). The key generation algorithm takes as input the master secret key and a predicate $f \in \mathcal{F}$. It outputs a key $\text{dk}_f$. - Enc($\text{pk}, \mathcal{I}, m$). The encryption algorithm takes as input the public key $\text{pk}$, a set of attributes $\mathcal{I} \in \Sigma$, and a message $m$ in some associated message space. It returns a ciphertext $c$. - Dec($\text{dk}_f, c$). The decryption algorithm takes as input a secret key $\text{dk}_f$ and a ciphertext $c$. It outputs either a message $m$ or a distinguished message $\bot$. For correctness, we require that for all $\lambda \in \mathbb{N}$, all $m \in \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)}$, all $(\text{pk}, \text{dk}) \in \text{Setup}(1^\lambda)$, all $f \in \mathcal{F}$, all $\text{sk}_f \in \text{KGen}(\text{dk}, f)$, and all $\mathcal{I} \in \Sigma$: - If $f(\mathcal{I}) = 1$ then $\text{Dec}(\text{dk}_f, \text{Enc}(\text{pk}, \mathcal{I}, m)) = m$. - If $f(\mathcal{I}) = 0$ then $\text{Dec}(\text{dk}_f, \text{Enc}(\text{pk}, \mathcal{I}, m)) = \bot$ with all but negligible probability. A predicate encryption achieves payload-hiding if the message of a ciphertext is hidden from the eyes of the users whose predicate does not satisfy the encoded set of attributes. The attribute-hiding notion additionally requires that the ciphertext conceals the corresponding set of attributes. In the following we recall the definition for the latter. Note that we consider the adaptive variant of it. Definition 7. A predicate encryption scheme $\Pi$ is attribute-hiding with respect to $F$ and $\Sigma$ if for all PPT adversaries $\mathcal{A}$, there exists a negligible function $\text{negl}(\lambda)$ such that: $$\left\| \Pr\left[ \text{ExpAH}_\Pi,\mathcal{A}^0(1^\lambda) = 1 \right] - \Pr\left[ \text{ExpAH}_\Pi,\mathcal{A}^1(1^\lambda) = 1 \right] \right\| \leq \text{negl}(\lambda),$$ where $\text{ExpAH}_\Pi,\mathcal{A}^b(1^\lambda)$ is defined as follows. ``` ExpAH_\Pi,\mathcal{A}^b(1^\lambda) (dk, pk) ← Setup(1^\lambda) ((m_0, m_1), (I_0, I_1)) ← \mathcal{A}^{KGen(dk, \cdot)}(pk) Let \mathcal{Q} denote the set of oracle query-answer pairs. if ∀f s.t. (f, \cdot) ∈ \mathcal{Q}: f(I_0) = f(I_1) and m_0 = m_1 or ∀f s.t. (f, \cdot) ∈ \mathcal{Q}: f(I_0) = f(I_1) = 0 then c ← Enc(pk, I_b, m_b) b' ← \mathcal{A}^{KGen^(dk, \cdot)}(c) return b = b' else return 0 ``` Where $KGen^$, on input some $f$, checks the same condition as above and returns $KGen(osk, f)$ if it holds. Additional Properties. Let the message space of the scheme be a multiplicative cyclic group of prime order $p$. We additionally require the existence of an operator $\otimes$ and an algorithm $\text{ReRand}(\cdot, \cdot)$ such that for all key pairs $(pk, dk) \in \text{Setup}(1^\lambda)$, for all pairs of messages $(m, n) \in \{0, 1\}^{2\text{poly}(\lambda)}$, for all attributes $I \in \Sigma$, for all $c \in \text{Enc}(pk, I, m)$, it holds that $\text{ReRand}(pk, c \otimes n) \approx \text{Enc}(pk, I, m \cdot n)$, where $\approx$ denotes statistical indistinguishability. Hierarchical Predicate Encryption. Recent developments in the field of predicate encryption explored the possibility of a hierarchical delegation of predicates. The work of Okamoto and Takashima [39] first introduced the concept of hierarchical predicate encryption scheme, where possessors of capabilities for certain predicates can delegate to other users more restrictive capabilities. Here the property is formalized only for inner-product predicates but one can extend it to more generic classes of functions. Loosely speaking, the owner of a key $dk_f$, for a certain predicate $f$, can delegate keys for any predicate $f'$ such that, for all $I \in \Sigma$, $f'(I) = 1 \implies f(I) = 1$. Since our scheme does not primarily focus on delegation of credentials, we refrain from formally defining such a primitive and we only sketch how one can extend our construction using hierarchical predicate encryption. Commitment Scheme. We recall the notion of non-interactive, equivocable, and extractable commitment schemes. These commitments fulfill the usual definitions of binding and hiding, but in addition they are equivocable and extractable, properties that were first introduced by Canetti and Fischlin in the context of universally composable commitments [23]. Definition 8. A non-interactive commitment scheme $(P, V)$ is a two-phase protocol between two PPT parties $P$ and $V$, called the committer and the receiver, respectively, such that the following holds: in the first phase, the commitment phase, given the common reference string $\text{crs}$, $P$ commits to a message $m$ by computing a pair $(\text{com}, \text{decom})$ and sending $\text{com}$ to $V$. In the second phase (the decommitment phase) $P$ reveals the key $\text{decom}$ to $V$. $V$ checks whether the decommitment key is valid; if not, $V$ outputs $\bot$, meaning that he rejects the decommitment from $P$, otherwise $V$ can efficiently compute the message $m$. For correctness, we require that for all $\text{crs} \in \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)}$, for all $m \in \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)}$, for all $(\text{com}, \text{decom}) \in P(\text{crs}, m)$ there exists a negligible function $\text{negl}(\lambda)$ in the security parameter $\lambda$ such that: $$\Pr[m \leftarrow V(\text{crs}, \text{com}, \text{decom})] \geq 1 - \text{negl}(\lambda).$$ A commitment scheme is hiding if any honestly generated commitment $\text{com}$ reveals no information about the committed message $m$. Additionally, a commitment scheme is binding if there does not exist any efficient algorithm that is able to output two keys $(\text{decom}_0, \text{decom}_1)$ for the same commitment $\text{com}$ such that they open it to two different values. We do not formally define these two properties as they are implied by the following two (stronger) requirements. Loosely speaking, a commitment scheme is equivocable if one can sample a trapdoor common reference string from a distribution that is computationally indistinguishable from that of the original that allows the possessor of the trapdoor to cheat during the opening of a commitment. In fact, the trapdoor makes it possible for the prover to convince the verifier that a previously computed commitment opens to an arbitrary message. Additionally, the extractability property guarantees that the possessor of the trapdoor can extract the committed value from any honestly generated commitment, without the opening. Definition 9. A non-interactive commitment scheme $(\mathcal{P}, \mathcal{V})$ is equivocable and extractable if there exists a tuple of PPT algorithms $(\mathcal{E}, \mathcal{E}^0_{\text{Eq}}, \mathcal{E}^1_{\text{Eq}}, \mathcal{E}_{\text{Ext}})$ such that for all $m \in \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)}$, for all $(\text{crs}, \alpha) \in \mathcal{E}(1^\lambda)$, $\text{com} \in \mathcal{E}^0_{\text{Eq}}(\text{crs}, \alpha)$, and $\text{decom} \in \mathcal{E}^1_{\text{Eq}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}, m)$ it holds that: $m \leftarrow \mathcal{V}(\text{crs}, \text{com}, \text{decom})$ and the families of random variables \[ \begin{align} \{ & (\text{crs} \leftarrow \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)}; (\text{com}, \text{decom}) \leftarrow \mathcal{P}(\text{crs}, m): \\ & (\text{crs}, \text{com}, \text{decom}) \} \end{align} \] and \[ \begin{align} \{ & ((\text{crs}, \alpha) \leftarrow \mathcal{E}(1^\lambda); \text{com} \leftarrow \mathcal{E}^0_{\text{Eq}}(\text{crs}, \alpha); \\ & \text{decom} \leftarrow \mathcal{E}^1_{\text{Eq}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}, m): (\text{crs}, \text{com}, \text{decom}) \} \end{align} \] are computationally indistinguishable. Additionally it must hold that there exists a negligible function $\text{negl}(\lambda)$ such that for all algorithms $\mathcal{P}^$, for all $m \in \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)}:$ \[ \begin{align} \Pr & \left[ \begin{array}{l} (\text{crs}, \alpha) \leftarrow \mathcal{E}(1^\lambda); \\ (\text{com}, \text{decom}) \leftarrow \mathcal{P}^(\text{crs}, m); \\ m' \leftarrow \mathcal{E}_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}): \\ \mathcal{V}(\text{crs}, \text{com}, \text{decom}) = m' \end{array} \right] - \\ \Pr & \left[ \begin{array}{l} \text{crs} \leftarrow \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)}; \\ (\text{com}, \text{decom}) \leftarrow \mathcal{P}^(\text{crs}, m): \\ \mathcal{V}(\text{crs}, \text{com}, \text{decom}) = m \end{array} \right] \leq \text{negl}(\lambda). \end{align} \] Digital Signature Scheme.* We assume that the reader is familiar with the standard definition of existentially unforgeable [31] signature schemes $\text{Sig} = (\text{SKGen}, \text{Sig}, \text{Vf})$ and omit the formal definition. ### 3.2 The Scheme In the following we present our construction for a functional credential scheme FC. Our construction makes black-box usage of any predicate encryption scheme whose attribute space $\Sigma$ is a set of binary strings of length polynomial in the security parameter and whose family of predicates $\mathcal{F}$ is a collection of polynomial-time computable functions over $\Sigma$. We encode binary descriptions of policies (which belong to $\Sigma$) in ciphertexts, and we define $f$ as the predicate that evaluates the circuit encoded in the ciphertext over some hardcoded set of attributes. Note that $f$ is a polynomially computable function over $\Sigma$ and it is therefore a valid predicate for a secret key of the scheme. Jumping ahead to our instantiation, we can avoid the costly dual function encoding by exploiting the structure of the underlying predicate encryption scheme. A concrete example of our encoding for a boolean formula is given in Section 4. Let $\Pi = (\text{Setup}, \text{KGen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec})$ be a predicate encryption scheme and let $\text{Sig} = (\text{SKGen}, \text{Sig}, \text{Vf})$ be a digital signature scheme. The formal description of the construction is elaborated below. CKGen(1^\lambda): The key generation algorithm runs $(\text{dk}, \text{pk}) \leftarrow \text{Setup}(1^\lambda)$, $(\text{sk}, \text{vk}) \leftarrow \text{SKGen}(1^\lambda)$, and uniformly samples $\text{crs} \leftarrow \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)}$. It returns $\text{opk} = (\text{pk}, \text{vk}, \text{crs})$ and $\text{osk} = (\text{dk}, \text{sk}, \text{opk})$. GrantCred(osk, A): The grant credential algorithm parses $\text{osk}$ as $(\text{dk}, \text{sk}, \text{opk})$ and defines the predicate $f_A(g)$ that takes as input the description of some predicate $g$ and returns $g(A)$. Then the algorithm executes $\text{dk}_{f_A} \leftarrow \text{KGen}(\text{dk}, f_A)$ and returns $\text{cred} = \text{dk}_{f_A}$. Del(osk, f): The delegation algorithm parses $\text{osk}$ as $(\text{dk}, \text{sk}, \text{opk})$ and $\text{opk}$ as $(\text{pk}, \text{vk}, \text{crs})$. It generates $c \leftarrow \text{Enc}(\text{pk}, f, 1)$, where $f$ is a description of the input predicate. The algorithm runs $\sigma \leftarrow \text{Sig}(\text{sk}, c)$ and returns $\text{tok} = (c, \sigma)$. ⟨ShowCred(opk, cred, f), VrfyCred(opk, f)⟩: The idea behind the interactive protocol is that the prover shows the possession of a certain credential $\text{cred}$ by decrypting a ciphertext $c \leftarrow \text{Enc}(\text{pk}, f, s; t)$ that encodes the desired policy and is uniformly distributed in the appropriate domain. To make sure that the ciphertext was honestly computed, the prover first commits to the result of the decryption and let the verifier disclose the randomness $t$ that was used to compute the ciphertext. If indeed the ciphertext was honestly generated, then the prover sends the decommitment information, otherwise it aborts the protocol. The verifier accepts if the decommitment information reconstructs to the plaintext $s$ of the original ciphertext. A similar technique based on the commitment of the randomness $r$ is used to ensure that the ciphertext is randomly generated. The full protocol is depicted in Figure 4. ⟨DelShowCred(opk, cred, tok), DelVrfyCred(opk, tok)⟩: The interactive algorithm for delegated verification closely resembles the one above, with the difference that the ciphertext to be decrypted is not generated by the verifier but is a rerandomization of a token received from the issuer. The token is signed with the key of the issuer to vouch for its authenticity. We elaborate a pictorial description of the protocol in Figure 5. 3.3 Security Analysis In the following we formally state the security of our construction as defined in Section 3. Theorem 1. Let $\Pi = (\text{Setup}, \text{KGen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec})$ be a homomorphic attribute-hiding predicate encryption scheme, $\text{Sig} = (\text{SKGen}, \text{Sig}, \text{Vf})$ be an existentially unforgeable digital signature scheme, and $(\mathcal{P}, \mathcal{V})$ be an equivocable and extractable commitment scheme, then FC is an unforgeable, anonymous, and policy-hiding functional credential scheme. Security is defined as the existence of a simulator for each corrupted party. Note that, as opposed to generic proofs of knowledge, our simulator cannot extract the witness (the secret key for a certain predicate) of a successful run. However, the payload-hiding of the predicate encryption scheme guarantees that the possession of the key is necessary to decrypt a given ciphertext. It follows that we can prove the scheme secure without additional assumptions. For a formal treatment of the security proof we refer the reader to Appendix A. 3.4 Extensions Unconditional Anonymity. We now show how to modify our construction to achieve anonymity in the presence of a malicious issuer, in the common reference string model: The main observation is that the verification protocol remains anonymous even if the master secret key of the predicate encryption scheme is leaked, i.e., the anonymity of our construction does not rely on the security of the predicate encryption scheme (see Appendix A for details). Therefore, in order to obtain full anonymity, our construction must guarantee that the public parameters and the credentials issued by any issuer are constructed accordingly to the specifications of the algorithms. This can be easily realized by attaching non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs of well-formedness to the public key and to each credential, which can be efficiently checked by any user. Proofs in the common reference string model can be instantiated using the Groth-Sahai framework [32]. Note that this solution introduces a significant computational overhead in the system initialization and in the credential issuing (the issuer must compute the proofs and each user must verify them), but it does not affect the verification algorithm, arguably the most frequently executed operation of a credential system. As we discussed before, unconditional anonymity cannot be achieved together with a policy-hiding delegation of verification, therefore the credential system must not support delegation of verification tokens. This means that a payload-hiding predicate encryption scheme would suffice to guarantee the security of our protocol, allowing us to instantiate our construction with a broader class of schemes [7, 43]. Delegation of Credentials. Hierarchical predicate encryption provides a very natural way to delegate credentials: A credential for a set of attributes $A$ corresponds to a decryption key $\text{dk}_{f_A}$, therefore the owner of $\text{dk}_{f_A}$ can delegate a credential for a set $A'$ by generating the corresponding secret key $\text{dk}_{f_{A'}}$. Note that one can only delegate keys for less powerful predicates, i.e., it must hold that $f'_{A}(g) = 1 \implies f_{A}(g) = 1$. Since $f_{A}$ evaluates some input function $g$ on $A$, we have that $A' \subseteq A$. Clearly the same holds for the specific case of inner-product schemes. ### 4 Experimental Evaluation In this section we show how to instantiate our generic construction and we provide the reader with an experimental evaluation of our scheme. Predicate Encoding. Recall that our protocol relies generically on a predicate encryption scheme and known instances of predicate encryption support only inner-product predicates. Specifically, the schemes have an attribute domain $\Sigma = \mathbb{Z}_p^n$ and a corresponding class of predicates $\mathcal{F} = \{ f_{\vec{y}} \| \vec{y} \in \mathbb{Z}_p^n \}$, where $f_{\vec{y}} : \mathbb{Z}_p^n \to \{0, 1\}$ is defined as \[ f_{\vec{y}}(\vec{x}) = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } \langle \vec{x}, \vec{y} \rangle \equiv 0, \text{ and,} \\ 0 & \text{otherwise.} \end{cases} \] Using the generic transformation described by Katz et al. [34], we can encode boolean formulae in their k-CNF (for some fixed k) as inner product evaluations. As an example, consider the policy $ X > 18 $. Let $(X_1, \ldots, X_m)$ and $(L_1, \ldots, L_m)$ be the bit representations (starting from the most significant bit) of $X$ and 18, respectively. Such a policy admits an efficient representation as a DNF formula: \[ \bigvee_{i=1}^{m} \left( \bigwedge_{j=1}^{i-1} (X_j \oplus \overline{L_j}) \land (X_i \oplus L_i) \land X_i \right). \] Note that such a formula can be converted into an equivalent CNF using De Morgan’s law, which may cause an exponential expansion of the formula. For this reason we consider only a constant amount of boolean variables. In our encoding each boolean variable B is associated with a unique variable $b \in \mathbb{Z}_p$ that can take one of the two values: $b^0$ if $B = 0$ and $b^1$ if $B = 1$, so in this context checking $B = 1$ means checking whether $b = b^1$. Consider the following multivariate polynomial \[ P(x_1, \ldots, x_m) = \\ \prod_{i=1}^{m} \left( \sum_{j=1}^{i-1} r_{i,j} \left( x_j - e_j^{\overline{L_j}} \right) + s_i \left( x_i - e_i^{L_i} \right) + t_i \left( x_i - e_i^1 \right) \right) \] where the terms $\{e_i^0, e_i^1\}_{i \in [m]}$ correspond to unique $\mathbb{Z}_p$ elements and the vectors $(\vec{r}, \vec{s}, \vec{t})$ are randomly chosen by the encoder. Recall that in our scheme policies are encoded at encryption time so the randomness is taken from the random coins of the encryption algorithm. We stress that boolean negations are handled associating an independent element of $\mathbb{Z}_p$, e.g., $\overline{L_j}$ is encoded as $e_j^{\overline{L_j}}$. Expanding the equation above and assigning a new variable to each monomial, we obtain a polynomial $P(\vec{x})$ that evaluates to 0 only if the vector $\vec{x}$ is a satisfying assignment for the formula as described above. Note that the evaluation of $P$ corresponds to the computation of an inner product over vectors in $\mathbb{Z}_p^n$, where any $n \geq 2^m$ suffices to evaluate $P$. The vector size $n$ imposes a bound on the size of the boolean formula that can be encoded in each ciphertext, due to the exponential blowup of the disjunctive clauses. Therefore one must show that the scheme remains efficient for large values of $n$, in order to encode meaningful policies. ### 4.1 Implementation In the following we elaborate on the details of the implementation and we present an experimental evaluation of our construction. Cryptographic Instantiations. In our instantiation, we use the adaptively secure inner-product encryption scheme of Okamoto and Takashima [40] as a predicate encryption, and Schnorr’s signatures [42]. Although equivocable and extractable commitment schemes are known to exist in the common reference string model [27], for efficiency reasons we instantiate our commitment scheme in the random oracle model [6] with the well known construction $H(m, r)$. Throughout the following paragraphs, we fix the security parameter to be $\lambda = 128$. The random oracle is implemented using SHA-256. Note that the length of the messages that we commit to is proportional to the security parameter, but fixed throughout the execution of our protocol. Experiments. We implemented our cryptographic construction in C++ using the PBC library [36] with the default curve, which is $y^2 = x^3 - x$ over the field $\mathbb{F}_p$ for some prime $p \equiv 3 \mod 4$, on commodity hardware (i7 processor with 8 threads). We use OpenMP [26] for parallelization. The running times of our scheme are largely dominated by the operations relative to the predicate encryption scheme. We evaluated the computational efficiency of the algorithms of our construction in relation to the length $n$ of the vector of the inner-product predicate encryption scheme. Recall that the value of $n$ induces an upper bound on the size of the policy that one can encode in our construction. Our prototype implementation neglects one-time operations such as setup and credential generation and focuses on the recurrent interactive algorithms for showing and verifying the validity of a credential. We report the running times of the verification and the showing algorithms in Figure 6 and Figure 7, respectively. Each measurement is the average of 100 trials with standard deviation error bars. The magnitude of the standard deviation is explained by the fact that the runtime of the algorithms is largely dominated by the operations over the predicate encryption scheme (two encryptions and one decryption). Since a credential corresponds to a secret key of the scheme of Okamoto and Takashima [40], the size of a credential is constant and corresponds to 11 elements of the corresponding cyclic group. Note that the computation performed in the interactive protocol of delegated verification is the same as the standard verification (except for the verification of a signature from both parties) which is why we do not explicitly state the numbers here. Remarkably, in our parallelized implementation, the total computation of the interactive verification protocol for $n = 10^3$ is on the order of seconds (approximately 21). Functional Credentials in ORAM. To demonstrate the general applicability of our functional credential construction, we deploy it in the setting of Group ORAM (GORAM) [37], a state-of-the-art multi-client oblivious outsourced storage in which access control is enforced via predicate encryption and zero-knowledge proofs. More precisely, the authors encode the access control policy for each entry in a predicate encryption ciphertext and distribute a key to each client according to her permissions. Upon modification of a certain entry, the client must show a proof of knowledge of a key that allows her to successfully decrypt the associated predicate encryption ciphertext. Note that here the length $n$ of the vector space supported by the predicate encryption bounds from above the total number of users of the system. Our delegated verification protocol can be plugged in GORAM in order to provide the same functionality while significantly boosting the performance. We compare in Table 2 the time associated with the computation and verification of a zero-knowledge proof (as implemented in GORAM) over a predicate encryption scheme with our functional credential scheme, parametrized by the number of clients $n$ supported by the system. We stress that GORAM implements the scheme of Katz et al. [34] and therefore achieves a weaker notion of security compared to our scheme. Nevertheless, we observe that our approach substantially increases the scalability of the system with respect to the number of users, resulting in an efficiency improvement of one order of magnitude for 10 clients (5 s vs 0.2 s on the client-side and 3 s vs 0.1 s on the server side). We expect the gap to increase together with the number of clients. ### Table 2: Efficiency improvements over GORAM [37] in terms of computation time for showing (Client) and verifying (Server) a credential. All of the measurements are expressed in milliseconds. \| Number of clients \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| \|-------------------\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\| \| GORAM (Server) \| 1002\| 1282\| 1489\| 1845\| 2111\| 2388\| 2793\| 3113\| \| GORAM (Client) \| 1719\| 2184\| 2675\| 3136\| 3620\| 4121\| 4753\| 5239\| \| This work (Server)\| 44 \| 56 \| 66 \| 74 \| 86 \| 98 \| 105 \| 115 \| \| This work (Client)\| 65 \| 83 \| 100 \| 114 \| 133 \| 152 \| 164 \| 181 \| ## 5 Conclusions This work introduces functional credentials. We formalize anonymous functional credentials and their security notions in terms of cryptographic games. We propose a general realization in the standard model with an efficient instantiation in the random oracle model. 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Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. ## A Security Analysis In the following we analyze the security of our construction as defined in Section 3, by proving that it achieves all of the properties specified in Section 2. Lemma 1. [Unforgeability] Let $(\text{Setup}, \text{KGen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec})$ be an attribute-hiding predicate encryption scheme, $(\text{SKGen}, \text{Sig}, \text{Vf})$ be an existentially unforgeable digital signature scheme, and $(\mathcal{P}, \mathcal{V})$ be an equivocable and extractable commitment scheme, then FC is an unforgeable functional credential scheme. Proof. We use a series of games to gradually modify the experiment for unforgeability and prove that the success probability of any PPT adversary $ A $ is negligible in the security parameter. Game$_0$. Resembles exactly the experiment described in Definition 3. Game$_1$. The algorithm $ \text{DelShowCred(opk, tok)} $ is modified to always abort the execution in step 4, if $ \text{tok} $ is not the output of a query of $ A $ to the oracle $ O_{\text{osk}}^{\text{Del}} $. Game$_2$. The algorithm $ \text{CKGen}(1^\lambda) $ is modified by having $ \text{crs} $ generated by $ E(1^\lambda) $ (along with $ \alpha $ that is kept locally). Game$_3$. In the next step, we modify the two algorithms $ \text{ShowCred(opk, cred, f)} $ and $ \text{DelShowCred(opk, cred, tok)} $ as follows: in step 2. $ \text{com}_0 $ is extracted by $ m' \leftarrow E_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_0) $ and in step 6. the string $ s' \|\| t' $ is computed as $ m' \oplus r' $. Game$_4$. In this transition, we change the two algorithms $ \text{ShowCred(opk, cred, f)} $ and $ \text{DelShowCred(opk, cred, tok)} $ as follows: in step 4. $ \text{com}_1 $ is computed as $ \text{com}_1 \leftarrow E_{\text{Eq}}^0(\text{crs}, \alpha) $. In step 6. the algorithms compute $ \text{decom}_1 \leftarrow E_{\text{Eq}}^1(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_1, m) $. Game$_5$. In the next step, we modify the two algorithms $ \text{ShowCred(opk, cred, f)} $ and $ \text{DelShowCred(opk, cred, tok)} $ as follows: in step 4 the decryption algorithm is no longer evaluated and in step 6. the algorithms compute $ \text{decom}_1 \leftarrow E_{\text{Eq}}^1(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_1, s') $ if the attributes $ A $ associated to the input credential $ \text{cred} $ satisfy the input policy $ f $ (the policy $ f_{\text{tok}} $ associated with $ \text{tok} $ in case of delegated verification), or return $ \bot $ otherwise. Game$_6$. The algorithms $ \text{VrfyCred(opk, f)} $ and $ \text{DelVrfyCred(opk, tok)} $ are changed as follows: in step 1. the commitment $ \text{com}_0 $ is generated by $ E_{\text{Eq}}^0(\text{crs}, \alpha) $ and in step 5. $ \text{decom}_0 $ is generated by $ E_{\text{Eq}}^1(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_0, r) $. Game$_7$. The algorithms $ \text{VrfyCred(opk, f)} $ and $ \text{DelVrfyCred(opk, tok)} $ are further changed as follows: in step 5. it is executed $ m' \leftarrow E_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_1) $ and in step 7. the algorithm verifies whether $ s = m' $ and returns 1 if this is the case and 0 otherwise. Game$_0$ ≈ Game$_1$. Intuitively, the two games are indistinguishable because the probability of the adversary to produce a valid verification token without asking the corresponding oracle $ O_{\text{osk}}^{\text{Del}} $ corresponds to the probability of forging a valid signature. Assume towards contradiction that there exists an adversary $ A $ such that \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_0^A \right] - \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_0^A \right] \right\| \geq \epsilon(\lambda) \] for some non-negligible function $ \epsilon(\lambda) $. Then we can build the following reduction against the existential unforgeability of the digital signature scheme $ (\text{SKGen}, \text{Sig}, \text{Vf}) $. The reduction is elaborated below. $ R(1^\lambda, \text{vk})^{O^{\text{Sig}}} $: the reduction takes as input the security parameter $ 1^\lambda $ and the verification key $ \text{vk} $ and has access to the oracle $ O^{\text{Sig}} $. It simulates the game that $ A $ is expecting by inserting $ \text{vk} $ in the public key $ \text{opk} $ while the other elements are freshly generated with the appropriate algorithm. The oracles are simulated as dictated by the security definition except for $ O_{\text{osk}}^{\text{Del}} $ where $ R $ queries $ O^{\text{Sig}} $ on $ c $ instead of signing it itself. Upon each query of $ A $ to the oracle $ O_{\text{DelShowCred}} $ on some $ \text{tok} $, it parses it as $ (c_i, \sigma_i) $: if $ \text{Vf}(\text{vk}, c_i, \sigma_i) = 1 $ and $ c_i $ was not queried to $ O^{\text{Sig}} $, then $ R $ outputs $ (c_i, \sigma_i) $ and interrupts the simulation. We note that the reduction is clearly efficient and faithfully simulates all the inputs that the adversary is expecting, except that the simulation is interrupted whenever the adversary guesses a valid fresh pair $ (c_i, \sigma_i) $. We call such an event forge. By initial assumption we have that \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_0^A \right] - \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_0^A \right] \right\| = \text{forge} \geq \epsilon(\lambda) \] This represents a contradiction with respect to existential unforgeability of $ (\text{SKGen}, \text{Sig}, \text{Vf}) $ and proves our claim. Game$_1$ ≈ Game$_2$. The difference between the two games lies only in the common reference string $ \text{crs} $, thus any adversary that has a different success probability constitutes a valid distinguisher between a $ \text{crs} $ sampled uniformly at random and a trapdoor $ \text{crs} $. More formally, assume that there exists an adversary that \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_1^A \right] - \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_2^A \right] \right\| \geq \epsilon(\lambda) \] for some non-negligible function $ \epsilon(\lambda) $. We can construct the following reduction against the equivocability and extractability of $ (\mathcal{P}, \mathcal{V}) $. $ R(\text{crs}) $: the reduction simulates $ \text{Game}_1 $ by plugging $ \text{crs} $ in the public parameters $ \text{opk} $. If the adversary succeeds in the game it outputs 1, otherwise it returns 0. It is easy to see that the reduction is efficient. Furthermore, whenever $ \text{crs} $ is sampled uniformly in $ \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)} $, then $ R $ perfectly simulates $ \text{Game}_1 $, on the other hand whenever $ \text{crs} \leftarrow E(1^\lambda) $ then $ R $ perfectly simulates $ \text{Game}_2 $. Therefore we have that \[ \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_1^A \right] = \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow R \mid \text{crs} \leftarrow \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)} \right] \] and \[ \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_2^A \right] = \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow R \mid (\text{crs}, \alpha) \leftarrow E(1^\lambda) \right]. \] It follows that \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid \text{crs} \leftarrow \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)} \right] - \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid (\text{crs}, \alpha) \leftarrow \mathcal{E}(1^\lambda) \right] \right\| \geq \epsilon(\lambda) \] which represents a contradiction to the equivocability and extractability of the non-interactive commitment scheme. This proves our claim. Game₂ ≈ Game₃ The two games are indistinguishable due to the fact that the probability of $ \mathcal{E}_{\text{Ext}} $ to extract the wrong message out of a commitment is negligible. We shall note that the only difference between the two games is that, for all executions of the ShowCred and DelShowCred algorithms, in Game₂ the strings $ s' \|\| t' $ are computed as $ \mathcal{V}(\text{crs}, \text{com}_0, \text{decom}_0) \oplus r' $, while in Game₃ $ s' \|\| t' $ are computed as $ \mathcal{E}_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_0) \oplus r' $. Thus the two games differ only whenever $ \mathcal{V}(\text{crs}, \text{com}_0, \text{decom}_0) \neq \mathcal{E}_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_0) $. By the equivocability and extractability property of $(\mathcal{P}, \mathcal{V})$ we have that \[ \Pr[\mathcal{V}(\text{crs}, \text{com}_0, \text{decom}_0) \neq \mathcal{E}_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_0)] \leq \text{negl}(\lambda) \] therefore \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_2^A \right] - \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_3^A \right] \right\| \leq \text{negl}(\lambda). \] Game₃ ≈ Game₄ The indistinguishability of the two games follows again from the equivocability and extractability of the commitment scheme. In particular, assume towards contradiction that there exists an adversary $ \mathcal{A} $ such that \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_3^A \right] - \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_4^A \right] \right\| \geq \epsilon(\lambda) \] for some non-negligible function $ \epsilon(\lambda) $. Then we can build the following distinguisher against the equivocability and extractability property of $(\mathcal{P}, \mathcal{V})$. The reduction looks as follows. $ \mathcal{R}(\text{crs}) $: the reduction simulates the inputs of Game₃ plugging $ \text{crs} $ in the public parameters $ \text{opk} $. In the simulation of the oracles $ O_{\text{ShowCred}} $ and $ O_{\text{DelShowCred}} $ it modifies the algorithms ShowCred and DelShowCred as follows: in step 4 it evaluates the decryption and sends $ m \leftarrow \text{Dec}(\text{cred}, c) $ and sends $ m $ to the challenger. In response it receives the commitment $ \text{com}_1 $, then it proceeds with the execution until step 6. When it recomputes $ c $. If the check succeeds, then $ \mathcal{R} $ sends $ m $ to the challenger and it receives $ \text{decom}_1 $, which is forwarded to $ \mathcal{A} $. $ \mathcal{R} $ continues with the simulation and outputs 1 if the adversary succeeds and 0 otherwise. It is easy to see that the reduction is efficient. We note that whenever $ \text{com}_1 $ and $ \text{decom}_1 $ are honestly computed, the reduction perfectly simulates the inputs that the adversary is expecting Game₃, while when the algorithms $ \mathcal{E}_{\text{Eq}}^0 $ and $ \mathcal{E}_{\text{Eq}}^1 $ are executed by the challenger, $ \mathcal{R} $ faithfully simulates Game₄. It follows that \[ \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_3^A \right] = \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid (\text{com}_1, \text{decom}_1) \leftarrow \mathcal{P}(\text{crs}, m) \right] \] and \[ \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_4^A \right] = \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid \begin{array}{l} \text{com}_1 \leftarrow \mathcal{E}_{\text{Eq}}^0(\text{crs}, \alpha); \\ \text{decom}_1 \leftarrow \mathcal{E}_{\text{Eq}}^1(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_1, m) \end{array} \right]. \] Therefore, by the initial assumption, we can estimate the success probability of the distinguisher as \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid (\text{com}_1, \text{decom}_1) \leftarrow \mathcal{P}(\text{crs}, m) \right] - \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid \begin{array}{l} \text{com}_1 \leftarrow \mathcal{E}_{\text{Eq}}^0(\text{crs}, \alpha); \\ \text{decom}_1 \leftarrow \mathcal{E}_{\text{Eq}}^1(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_1, m) \end{array} \right] \right\| \geq \epsilon(\lambda). \] Since $ \text{crs} \leftarrow \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)} \approx \text{crs} \leftarrow \mathcal{E}(1^\lambda) $, we have \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid \begin{array}{l} \text{crs} \leftarrow \{0, 1\}^{\text{poly}(\lambda)}; \\ (\text{com}_1, \text{decom}_1) \leftarrow \mathcal{P}(\text{crs}, m) \end{array} \right] - \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid \begin{array}{l} \text{crs} \leftarrow \mathcal{E}(1^\lambda); \\ \text{com}_1 \leftarrow \mathcal{E}_{\text{Eq}}^0(\text{crs}, \alpha); \\ \text{decom}_1 \leftarrow \mathcal{E}_{\text{Eq}}^1(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_1, m) \end{array} \right] \right\| \gtrsim \epsilon(\lambda) \] which is a contradiction to the equivocability and extractability property of $(\mathcal{P}, \mathcal{V})$. This proves our claim. Game₄ ≈ Game₅ The indistinguishability of the two games follows from the correctness of the predicate encryption scheme and builds upon three main observations: 1. In the simulation of the algorithms ShowCred and DelShowCred, the policy $ f $ associated to the ciphertext $ c $ is always known to the challenger: in the former case it is given as in input, while in the latter it is associated with the input verification token $ \text{tok} $, since all the verification tokens not coming from $ O_{\text{osk}}^{\text{Del}} $ are discarded. 2. The ciphertext $ c $ is deterministically recomputed so it must be the case that it is generated by $ \text{Enc}(\text{pk}, f, \cdot) $. 3. The ciphertext $ c $ is uniformly distributed on the ciphertext space; in order to see that we point out that the string $ s' \|\| t' $ is computed as $ \mathcal{E}_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_0) \oplus r' $ and since $ r' $ is uniformly distributed and $ \mathcal{E}_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_0) $ is clearly independent from $ r' $, then $ s' \|\| t' $ is distributed uniformly in the set $ \{0, 1\}^{2\lambda} $. It follows that $ c $ is always a ciphertext of the form $ \text{Enc}(pk, f, \cdot) $, for some well-defined policy $ f $, uniformly distributed in its domain. Therefore by the correctness of the predicate encryption scheme $(\text{Setup}, \text{KGen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec})$ we have that, for all the set of attributes $ A $ associated with $ \text{cred} $ and for all $ m $, - If $ f(A) = 1 $ then $ \text{Dec}(\text{cred}, \text{Enc}(pk, A, m)) = m $. - If $ f(A) = 0 $ then $ \text{Dec}(\text{cred}, \text{Enc}(pk, A, m)) = \perp $ with all but negligible probability. Which implies that $ \text{Game}_5 $ simulates $ \text{Game}_4 $ with overwhelming probability. Game$_5$ ≈ Game$_6$ The two games are indistinguishable following from the equivocability and extractability of the commitment scheme. In particular, assume towards contradiction that there exists an adversary $ A $ such that \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_5^A \right] - \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_6^A \right] \right\| \geq \epsilon(\lambda) \] for some non-negligible function $ \epsilon(\lambda) $. Then we can build the following distinguisher against the equivocability and extractability property of $(P, V)$. The reduction looks as follows. $ R(\text{crs}) $: the reduction simulates the inputs of $ \text{Game}_5 $ plugging $ \text{crs} $ in the public parameters $ \text{opk} $. In the simulation of $ \text{VrfyCred} $ and $ \text{DelVrfyCred} $ it modifies the algorithms as follows: in step 1, the algorithms send $ r $ to the challenger and receive $ \text{com}_0 $ in response. They proceed then with the normal execution until step 5, where they send $ r $ to the challenger and receive $ \text{decom}_0 $, which is forwarded to $ A $. $ R $ continues with the simulation and outputs 1 if the adversary succeeds and 0 otherwise. It is easy to see that the reduction is efficient. We note that whenever $ \text{com}_0 $ and $ \text{decom}_0 $ are honestly computed, the reduction perfectly simulates the inputs that the adversary is expecting $ \text{Game}_5 $, while when the algorithms $ E_{\text{Eq}}^0 $ and $ E_{\text{Eq}}^1 $ are executed by the challenger, $ R $ faithfully simulates $ \text{Game}_6 $. It follows that \[ \begin{align} \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_5^A \right] &= \\ &= \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow R \mid (\text{com}_0, \text{decom}_0) \leftarrow P(\text{crs}, r) \right] \end{align} \] and \[ \begin{align} \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_6^A \right] &= \\ &= \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow R \left\| \begin{array}{l} \text{com}_0 \leftarrow E_{\text{Eq}}^0(\text{crs}, \alpha); \\ \text{decom}_0 \leftarrow E_{\text{Eq}}^1(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_0, r) \end{array} \right. \right] \end{align} \] Therefore, by the initial assumption, we can estimate the success probability of the distinguisher as \[ \begin{align} \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow R \mid (\text{com}_0, \text{decom}_0) \leftarrow P(\text{crs}, r) \right] - \\ \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow R \left\| \begin{array}{l} \text{com}_0 \leftarrow E_{\text{Eq}}^0(\text{crs}, \alpha); \\ \text{decom}_0 \leftarrow E_{\text{Eq}}^1(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_0, r) \end{array} \right. \right] &\geq \epsilon(\lambda) \end{align} \] which is a contradiction to the equivocability and extractability property of $(P, V)$. This proves our claim. Game$_6$ ≈ Game$_7$ The two games are indistinguishable by the overwhelming probability of $ E_{\text{Ext}} $ to extract the correct message out of a commitment generated by the adversary. It is clear that $ \text{Game}_6 $ and $ \text{Game}_7 $ only differ in the fact that the success of the adversary is determined by the check $ s = V(\text{crs}, \text{com}_1, \text{decom}_1) $ in the former case and by $ s = E_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_1) $. Therefore the two games differ only whenever $ V(\text{crs}, \text{com}_1, \text{decom}_1) \neq E_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_1) $. By the equivocability and extractability property of $(P, V)$ we have that \[ \Pr \left[ V(\text{crs}, \text{com}_1, \text{decom}_1) \neq E_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_1) \right] \leq \text{negl}(\lambda) \] therefore \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_6^A \right] - \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_7^A \right] \right\| \leq \text{negl}(\lambda). \] Game$_0$ ≈ … ≈ Game$_7$ By the previous propositions it follows that the success probability of the adversary is negligibly different between each pair of neighboring experiments. Since a polynomially-bounded sum of negligible functions is still a negligible function, we have that there is a negligible difference between the success probability of the adversary in $ \text{Game}_0 $ and in $ \text{Game}_7 $. Therefore, in order to prove our lemma, it is enough to show that the advantage of the adversary in $ \text{Game}_7 $ is bounded by a negligible function in the security parameter. Pr\[1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_7\] ≤ negl(λ) Intuitively, if the adversary would be able to win the game with more than negligible probability, then it would imply that the adversary is able to break the attribute-hiding property of the predicate encryption scheme with the same probability, which we assumed to be infeasible. More formally, assuming towards contradiction that there exists an adversary $ A $ such that \[ \left\| \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_7 \right] \right\| \geq \epsilon(\lambda) \] for some non-negligible function $ \epsilon(\lambda) $. Then we can construct the following reduction against the attribute-hiding of the predicate encryption scheme The reduction is elaborated in the following. R(pk): The reduction plugs pk into the public parameters opk and simulates Game7 by maintaining the same lookup lists with the only difference that the oracle $ O_{\text{ask}}^{\text{GrantCred}} $, when queried on a user id $ \text{id} \in H $ simply records the corresponding set of attributes A without generating the corresponding credential. The reduction instead generates credentials for the user id only upon a query id from A to the oracle $ O_{\text{CorrUssr}}^{\text{}} $. Credentials are generated by querying the challenger on the Boolean formula for the corresponding set of attributes $ F_A $ and setting cred to be the answer $ dk_{F_A} $. The rest of the oracles stay unchanged. At some point of the execution the adversary outputs either a policy $ f $ or a verification token tok: the challenger sets as $ f_{\text{tok}} $ the policy associated to the token tok and performs the same checks as dictated by the unforgeability experiment. In the simulation of ShowCred (DelShowCred, respectively), R samples two random messages $(r_0, r_1)$ and sends them to the challenger along with the tuple $(f, f)$ $((f_{\text{tok}}, f_{\text{tok}}),$ respectively). The challenger returns $ c^* $ and R sets $ c = c^* $ in step 3. of the algorithm. Once the adversary returns com1 in step 4., R runs $ m^* \leftarrow E_{\text{Ext}}(\text{crs}, \alpha, \text{com}_1) $ and returns 1 if $ m^* = r_1 $, 0 if $ m^* = r_0 $ otherwise it flips a random coin. The simulation of A is interrupted at this point. It is easy to see that the reduction runs in polynomial time. In the following we argue that the inputs the R provides to the adversary perfectly resembles what A is expecting from Game7. We firstly point out that in the simulation of the oracles there is no noticeable difference: the decryption algorithm is in fact no longer evaluated in $ O_{\text{ShowCred}}^{\text{}} $ ($ O_{\text{DelShowCred}}^{\text{}} $, respectively) and its execution depends only on the set of attributes A associated with the input credential cred. Therefore it is sufficient to generate the credentials only when the adversary corrupts a certain user. In the last phase of the simulation we note that the uniform randomness $ r $ of the ciphertext $ c $ is revealed to A only in step 5. (which is not executed due to the early interruption of A) and com0 is computed independently from $ r $. Since the randomness of $ c^* $ is also sampled uniformly at random, it follows that the ciphertext $ c^* $ is correctly distributed according to the view of the adversary (up to step 4). Moreover it is easy to see that the tuples $(r_0, r_1)$ and $(f, f)$ $((f_{\text{tok}}, f_{\text{tok}}),$ respectively) are considered admissible by the challenger since the experiment requires that all the corrupted users (thus all the credential requested to the challenger) do not satisfy the target policy $ f $ $(f_{\text{tok}},$ respectively). Now we provide a bound for the success probability of the reduction in the attribute-hiding game of the predicate encryption scheme. We shall remark that by assumption we have that $ \|\Pr[1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_7]\| \geq \epsilon(\lambda) $, which means that with the same probability $ c^* = \text{Enc}(pk, \{f, f_{\text{tok}}\}, s) = \text{Enc}(pk, \{f, f_{\text{tok}}\}, m^) $ (see the winning conditions of Game7). We denote this event by guess. Since the probability of the event guess to happen is independent from the random coins of the challenger (both $ r_0 $ and $ r_1 $ are correctly distributed) we can rewrite the success probability of the reduction in the attribute-hiding game as \[ \begin{align} \text{Adv}^R(\lambda) &= \frac{1}{2} - \\ &\left( \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow R \mid b = 1 \text{ and guess} \right] \Pr[b = 1] + \right. \\ &\left. \Pr \left[ 0 \leftarrow R \mid b = 0 \text{ and guess} \right] \Pr[b = 0] \right) \\ &+ \left( \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow R \mid b = 1 \text{ and } \overline{\text{guess}} \right] \Pr[b = 1] + \right. \\ &\left. \Pr \left[ 0 \leftarrow R \mid b = 0 \text{ and } \overline{\text{guess}} \right] \Pr[b = 0] \right) \end{align} \] Note that whenever the event guess does not happen we can upperbound the success probability of the reduction by $ \frac{1}{2} $, therefore, by our initial assumption, we have that \[ \begin{align} \text{Adv}^R(\lambda) &\gtrsim \frac{1}{2} - \\ &\left( \Pr \left[ 1 \leftarrow R \mid b = 1 \text{ and guess} \right] \Pr[b = 1] + \right. \\ &\left. \Pr \left[ 0 \leftarrow R \mid b = 0 \text{ and guess} \right] \Pr[b = 0] \right) \epsilon(\lambda) \\ &+ \frac{1}{2} (1 - \epsilon(\lambda)). \end{align} \] On the other hand whenever guess happens, the reduction successfully guesses the bit of the challenger with probability 1, therefore the advantage of R is \[ \begin{align} \text{Adv}^R(\lambda) &\gtrsim \frac{1}{2} - \left( 1 \cdot \epsilon(\lambda) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \epsilon(\lambda)) \right) \\ &\gtrsim \frac{1}{2} - \left( \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \varepsilon(\lambda) \right) \\ &\gtrsim \frac{1}{2} \varepsilon(\lambda) \end{align} \] which is a non-negligible function in the security parameter. This is a contradiction to the attribute-hiding property of the predicate encryption scheme and it concludes our proof. Lemma 2.* [Anonymity] Let $(\text{Setup}, \text{KGen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec})$ be an attribute-hiding predicate encryption scheme, $(\text{SKGen}, \text{Sig}, \text{Vf})$ be an existentially unforgeable digital signature scheme, and $(\mathcal{P}, \mathcal{V})$ be an equivocable and extractable commitment scheme, then FC is an anonymous functional credential scheme. Proof. In the proof we gradually modify the experiment through a series of games and then we argue about the success probability of the adversary in the last step. \underline{Game$_0 \approx \cdots \approx$ Game$_5$} Here we define Game$_0$ as the experiment described in Definition 4 and we apply the same modifications as in the proof of unforgeability up to Game$_5$. The proofs follow along the same lines. \[\Pr[1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_5] \leq \frac{1}{2} + \text{negl}(\lambda)\] The claim follows from a simple observation: in Game$_5$ the algorithms ShowCred and DelShowCred no longer evaluate the decryption using the credential $\text{cred}_i$ associated to the input $i_b$, rather it returns $\text{decom}_j$ depending on the bit $f(A_b)$ ($f_{\text{tok}}(A_b)$, respectively), where $A_b$ is the set of attributes associated with $\text{cred}_b$. Since $f_{\text{tok}}$ is always well defined (see Game$_1$) and since the experiment requires that $f(A_0) = f(A_1)$ ($f_{\text{tok}}(A_0) = f_{\text{tok}}(A_1)$, respectively), the random coin $b$ of the oracles $O^{\text{Anon}}_b$ and $O^{\text{AnonDe}}_b$ is hidden in an information-theoretic sense. This implies that the advantage of the adversary is negligibly close to $\frac{1}{2}$, and it concludes our proof. \qed Lemma 3. [Policy Hiding] Let $(\text{Setup}, \text{KGen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec})$ be an attribute-hiding predicate encryption scheme, $(\text{SKGen}, \text{Sig}, \text{Vf})$ be an existentially unforgeable digital signature scheme, and $(P, V)$ be an equivocable and extractable commitment scheme, then FC is a policy-hiding functional credential scheme. Proof. We prove the lemma through a series of games. The proof is elaborated below. \underline{Game$_0 \approx \cdots \approx$ Game$_5$} Game$_0$ is defined as the experiment described in Definition 5 and we modify it as described in the proof of unforgeability up to Game$_5$. It is easy to see that the indistinguishability argument still applies. \[\Pr[1 \leftarrow \text{Game}_5] \leq \frac{1}{2} + \text{negl}(\lambda)\] The proof of the claim follows from the attribute-hiding property of the predicate encryption scheme and we elaborate in the following why this is the case. Assume towards contradiction that there exists an adversary $A$ such that \[\|\Pr[1 \leftarrow A \mid b = 1] - \Pr[1 \leftarrow A \mid b = 0]\| \geq \epsilon(\lambda)\] for some non-negligible function $\epsilon(\lambda)$. Then we can construct the following reduction against the attribute-hiding of the predicate encryption scheme $(\text{Setup}, \text{KGen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec})$. $\mathcal{R}(pk)$: The reduction punctures $pk$ into the public parameters $\text{opk}$ and faithfully simulates Game$_5$ except that the credential for each user are initialized only when the user is corrupted by $A$. For honest users $\mathcal{R}$ simply records the attribute set $A$ queried by the adversary and simulates the oracles $O^{\text{ShowCred}}$ and $O^{\text{DelShowCred}}$ as specified by the experiment. Once a user is corrupted, $\mathcal{R}$ queries the challenger on all of the attribute sets $A_i$ associated to it and sets each $\text{cred}_i$ as the response $\text{dk}_{F_A}$ of the challenger. The set of credentials is then handed over to the adversary. Upon a valid query $(f_0, f_1)$ of the adversary to the oracle $O^{\text{PH}}_b$, $\mathcal{R}$ forwards the tuple $((1, 1), (f_0, f_1))$ to the challenger. The challenger returns in response a ciphertext $c^$ and $\mathcal{R}$ sets $\text{tok}_b = (c^, \sigma = \text{Sig}(\text{sk}, c^))$. The reduction continues the simulation as specified in Game$_5$. When $A$ outputs his guess $b'$, $\mathcal{R}$ forwards the bit to the challenger and interrupts the execution. The reduction is clearly efficient. Furthermore it is easy to show that the simulation provided to $A$ perfectly mimics the inputs of Game$_5$. Specifically, the modification to the oracles $O^{\text{ShowCred}}$ and $O^{\text{DelShowCred}}$ do not affect the view of the adversary since the execution of the functions ShowCred and DelShowCred (for honest users) does not depend on the credentials anymore, rather on the set of attributes associated to them (see Game$_5$). Also $\text{tok}_b$ is correctly distributed since $c^$ is a uniformly distributed encryption of 1 under either $f_0$ or $f_1$. We shall point out that the tuple $((1, 1), (f_0, f_1))$ sent to the challenger by the reduction is always admissible since for all the set of attributes $A_i$ queried by the challenger it must hold that $f_0(A) = f_1(A)$. The same restrictions that the challenger applies to $\mathcal{R}$ are then applied to the oracles offered to $A$, therefore the simulation of $\mathcal{R}$ is consistent throughout the whole experiment. What is left to be shown is that the success probability of $A$ carries over the advantage of $\mathcal{R}$ in the attribute-hiding experiment. In order to see we note that whenever the random coin of the challenger is $b = 1$, then the reduction simulates the same choice Game$_5$ and the same holds for $b = 0$. Therefore it holds that $\Pr[1 \leftarrow A \mid b = 1] = \Pr[1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid b = 1]$ and that $\Pr[1 \leftarrow A \mid b = 0] = \Pr[1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid b = 0]$. By the initial assumption we have that \[\|\Pr[1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid b = 1] - \Pr[1 \leftarrow \mathcal{R} \mid b = 0]\| \geq \epsilon(\lambda)\] which is a contradiction to the attribute-hiding property of the predicate encryption scheme. This concludes our proof. \qed
This Bulletin, apart from the usual report of the A G M etc., consists of accounts of the major classes of which draft revisions have been prepared in the past year. These should give readers who are receiving only, particularly requested schedules a better picture of the full operation. As can be seen in the report of the A G M, the proposed date for handing over the camera-ready copy to Butterworth has been put back to late 1974. Although we greatly regret this, and are aware that it must disappoint those librarians who are waiting to make use of the new scheme, it would be spoiling the ship for a ha' porth of tar to reduce the quality of the remaining schedules in order to speed progress. Meanwhile, the drafting of detailed rules for final presentation of the schedules (which will be in two columns on A4 size papers) is nearly complete and final typing will soon begin. There is still much scope for assistance to be given to the finalising of schedules by sending the Hn. Editor detailed criticisms of any parts of draft schedules received. For example, the very large schedules of Places of the Ancient and Modern World (for Classes L/O and Schedule 2) have not so far generated much feedback. We would like to think that this is because it has no errors, but cannot believe this to be likely. So once more we appeal to anybody who is concerned to see that the new BC really is an outstandingly thorough and accurate work to let us have their comments, however slight, on any parts or features of the drafts they see. Where a librarian has access to a subject specialist to comment on particular sections it would be a good help to us if they approached that specialist to scan the relevant section for any slips. The numbering of Bulletin issues We have to confess to considerable embarrassment over a succession of errors in numbering recent Bulletins. The 1970 issue began it by being printed as Vol. IV, No.3, which was the same as the 1969 issue (the page of which had been followed for layout). A note appeared in the 1971 issue apologising for this and correcting it to Vol. IV, No.4. The 1971 issue was duly numbered Vol. V, No.1, but the 1972 issue again erroneously followed the previous year's numbering and also appeared as Vol. V, No.1. It should, of course, have been Vol. V, No. 2. It may be noted that, until 1966, the general pattern had been of each volume containing three numbers. As from 1967 and beginning with Volume 4, each volume will contain four numbers. (and the 1974 issue will be Vol. V, No. 4). J MILLS Hon. Editor. School of Librarianship The Polytechnic of North London BLISS CLASSIFICATION ASSOCIATION Minutes of the Annual General Meeting held at the King's Fund Hospital Centre, 24 Nutford Place, London W1 at 3.00 p.m. on November 23 1973. Present: Mr J Mills (Chairman/Hon. Editor) Mr A Malthby (Hon. Treasurer) Dr D J Cambell (Hon. Secretary) the five other members of the Committee and twelve other members and delegates. Apologies for absence had been received from Miss A Bunch (Scottish Hospital Centre). 1 The minutes of the last A G M held on 10 November 1972 were approved and signed. 2 Matters arising from the minutes (not already on the agenda). 2a Miss Dean (Bishop Grosseteste College, Lincoln) said that she had written to Mr Mills contesting the statement in the minutes of the 1972 A G M that 'no promise had been made during the appeal that donor libraries would get such a benefit' (i.e. copies of the 2nd edition free or at reduced prices). She said that libraries which gave £75 or more in all had been promised one free copy. Mr Mills agreed that this was true and apologised for the misstatement. No provision for free copies (beyond twelve to the B C A) was in the contract with Butterworths, but he thought that some of the twelve could be given free to libraries which had given £75 and which pressed their claims. Miss Dean accepted this as 'perfectly fair'. 2b Miss Dean also asked if future A G Ms could be held earlier than 3.00 p.m. to allow people from a distance to get back the same evening. It was agreed that future meetings should be at 2.15 p.m., with the preceding Committee meeting before lunch. 3 The Chairman's report Mr Mills said that he was continuing to shed responsibilities (in particular, responsibility for two courses) to allow more time for work on B C. The Polytechnic of North London (PNL) was appointing another research assistant, part of whose responsibilities would be to help in the revision, e.g. preparation of indexes. 3a Publication plans The date for delivery of camera-ready copy had had to be put off, from October 31 1973. Butterworths had been realistic about the time needed for a large work of this sort, but had asked for a new, firm date. The Committee, meeting in June, had agreed on private dates of June 30 1974 for completion of schedules and August 31 for the index, but agreed to give Butterworths a final date of September 30 for delivery of copy, as August 31 would be a difficult deadline because of holidays. Butterworths had accepted this. Mr Mills thought that meeting this date would be very hard work, but he thought it could be done. 3b State of the revision A progress chart passed round showed 'final drafts' complete for classes A-AL, D-DF, J, M-O, S and V-Z. 'First drafts' had also been done for schedules 1-4 and classes AM-AZ, C, H, I, L and R and 'vocabulary complete' also for E and F. This left the anterior numeral classes, B, DG-DZ, G, K, T and U. 'Preliminary analysis' had been done for all these except the anterior numeral classes. 'Final drafts' had been circulated for comment to all interested, and Mr Mills begged all those who wished to comment to do so soon. On class B the Chairman said that the work of Mr Coates of British Technology Index and the INSPEC schedules would be very useful. Mrs Broughton had done some work on E-G. The Wessex Classification of the Health Sciences by Miss Ruth Daniel was 95% complete and was designed to fit into H and I. Final drafts for these would appear early in 1974, and that for L was nearly finished. Classes K, T and U were the last real difficulties and schemes providing much analysis in these fields were available. Mr Jolliffe (Royal Holloway College) said that the College had pressed for production of various final drafts, notably mathematics and biology. Interest had not diminished and he was under heavy pressure to provide new schedules. Early availability might decide whether the College stayed with BC or changed to LC. Mr Mills said that when he had received the College's comments on the mathematics draft sent to them he would do his utmost to issue the final draft. 3c Form of publication Mr Mills produced two alternative forms of publication of the schedules in two columns; one included old B C class-marks, the other did not. It was agreed not to insert old (1st ed.) numbers but to leave space for old modified numbers to be inserted. Otherwise the first specimen was approved. The Hon. Secretary suggested leaving reasonable space at the bottoms of pages; libraries with many notes and modifications could have copies rebound with blank pages interleaved: a delegate suggested that libraries should be able to buy unbound sheets. Mr Mills promised to look into this. Copies of a specimen of the A/Z index in three columns was circulated and this format was approved. 4 Hon. Treasurer's report Mr Maltby produced a financial statement for the year ending 31 July 1973. This showed a 'working balance' of £190.36 (income £233.62, expenditure £43.26) but this took no account of a special payment to PNL of £200 towards administrative costs of the revision. Mr Maltby said that membership had fallen a little, and that the Association was eroding its savings, which he thought should be built up to permit production later of a 3rd edition without appealing for funds. He suggested a drive for new members and, as none of the officers had time for this, the appointment of a Publicity Officer to do this. Mr Mills said that Mrs Broughton's salary was paid entirely by PNL, but that that of the new research assistant, it was planned, would be partly paid by BCA. The report was approved. 5 Increase in subscriptions It had been pointed out, in notes supplementing the agenda and sent to all members a week before the AGM, that the Retail Price Index had gone up 51% since the present subscriptions and Bulletin charges had been fixed in 1967. After discussion it was agreed to increase subscriptions and charges for 1974-75 by 50%, though this would not cover further inflation. The appointment of a Publicity Officer was approved. There were no volunteers. 6 Changes in the rules The Committee had been asked to consider the rules and propose changes, particularly to enforce changes in the Committee. The changes proposed had been set out in notes supplementing the agenda. Rule 1 It was agreed to insert 'the' before 'Bliss Classification'. Rule 3 It was agreed to replace the second 'and' by 'or'. Rule 5 It was agreed to replace the old rule by the following: 'The Committee shall consist of nine members, three of whom shall (from 1974 onwards) resign each year. No member of the Committee shall serve for more than six consecutive years from 1973 unless co-opted. Nine Committee members shall be elected in 1973, and, in order to establish a rotation, at the 1973 annual general meeting, the newly elected Committee shall (except to the extent that they agree among themselves when they shall retire) draw lots to decide which members shall retire after one year, which after two, and which after three years.' The Committee shall have power to co-opt not more than two persons each year to serve until the next annual general meeting. This is mainly to enable a person who has served as an honorary officer, and who is still willing to serve as one, to remain on the Committee instead of being compulsorily retired'. 7 Election of the Committee Mr C B Freeman (Hull University Institute of Education) who had to leave the meeting early, had offered to resign, but had suggested the need for a link with the School Library Association. Miss Dean and Mr R Davidge (Royal Holloway College) were elected to bring the number up to nine; Mr Freeman's offer was accepted with grateful thanks for his most valuable past services. The Hon. Secretary said that the Committee had agreed that, as far as possible the three main honorary officers should come up for re-election to the Committee in different years. It had been agreed for obvious reasons that Mr Mills' term would end in 1976. Mr Maltby said that he would probably have to retire as Hon. Treasurer next year, so he agreed to be elected for one year, and the Hon. Secretary for two years. The drawing of lots it was agreed to leave to the Committee meeting after the A G M. The results were as follows: Elected for three years: Mr R Hughes (Commonwealth Institute) and Mr S Green (National College of Food Technology). Elected for two years: Mr G Geoghegan (University of Reading School of Education) and Mr R Davidge (Royal Holloway College) Elected for one year: Miss S Dean (Bishop Grosseteste College) and Mr K Morton (King's Fund Hospital Centre). 8 Any other business Mr Mills described a meeting held by Aslib and the British Library to consider possible classifications for the Library, which would have about a quarter of a million books on open access. Speakers (one per classification) had been invited from users of BC, DC, LC and UDC. Miss M F Smith (Senate House Library, University of London) had been invited to speak on BC but though it inappropriate that she should speak on the first edition, which her library used, when a radically revised version was nearing completion. Nobody else was invited to represent BC. Mr Mills and Mrs Broughton attended the meeting, and BC had a good airing. He did not think that the chance of BC being adopted was high, but considered that it was by no means impossible. The decision would be influenced very strongly by considerations of standardisation and the provision of centralised indexing services. Mr Mills also mentioned a meeting which he and Mrs Broughton had with Mr A J Wells of the British National Bibliography. Mr Mills claimed that on all the theoretical points the new BC would be the best general classification. Mr Wells had made no promises, but clearly had an open mind. THE BLISS CLASSIFICATION ASSOCIATION Financial statement for the year ended 31st July 1973 INCOME \| Description \| £ \| p \| \|------------------------------------\|-----\|-----\| \| Membership subscriptions \| \| \| \| Personal \| 8.92\| \| \| Primary/Secondary Schools \| 5.00\| \| \| Other Institutions \| 192.05\| \| \| Total \| 205.97\| \| Sales of Bulletin \| 11.50\| \| Interest on current account \| 1.38\| \| Interest deposit account \| 14.77\| \| TOTAL INCOME \| 233.62\| \| EXPENDITURE \| Description \| £ \| p \| \|--------------------------------------------------\|-----\|-----\| \| Bliss Bulletin - printing, distribution etc. \| 23.34\| \| \| Committee expenses \| 13.20\| \| \| Stationery & Postages \| 5.22\| \| \| Bank charges \| 1.50\| \| \| TOTAL EXPENDITURE \| 43.26\| \| Working balance for 1972/73 \| £190.36\| Note A special payment to Polytechnic of North London towards administrative costs for revision of BC was also made in December 1972. £200.00 Cash in bank at 31st October 1973 \| Description \| £ \| p \| \|-------------------\|-----\|-----\| \| Current account \| 46.45\| \| \| Deposit account \| 750.13\| \| \| Total \| 796.58\| \| 19th November 1973 A. Maltby Hon. Treasurer Class AA - AK Philosophy A penultimate draft of this was issued in the summer. It was almost entirely the work of Kenneth Bell, a philosopher on the staff of the School of Librarianship, PNL, who, luckily for us, is also a teacher of classification. It is a fully faceted scheme, which should be able to handle the largest collections in the subject. The citation order is variable, that for General Philosophy and Western Philosophy being somewhat different from that for Oriental Philosophy. The following summary outline should give some idea of the structure of the new schedule and the argument behind it. Remember that the filing order is 'inverted' and so synthesis of compound classes is achieved by building the class numbers retroactively: e.g., AFH is Mode of thinking in Western Metaphilosophy; ADe is Great Britain; ACH is Empiricism So AFH DeCH is Mode of thinking in British empiricism. \| Existing BC \| AA \| \|-------------\|----\| \| AA \| PHILOSOPHY \| \| AAC \| Viewpoints, doctrines, systems, schools \| \| \| Divide like AC \| \| AAD \| History: Periods \| \| \| General studies only: divide like AD \| \| AAF/H \| Branches, fields, problems and topics \| \| \| Divide like AF/H \| \| AB \| WESTERN PHILOSOPHY \| \| AC \| Viewpoints, doctrines, systems, schools \| \| ACE \| By individual philosopher from whom derived (e.g. Thomism) \| \| ACF \| Rationalism and related topics \| \| ACH \| Empiricism and related topics \| \| \| etc. \| \| AD \| History: Places \| \| \| General studies only: divide like Schedule 2 \| \| ADA \| History: Periods \| \| ADB \| Ancient \| \| ADC \| Greek \| \| ADM \| Medieval \| \| ADQ \| Modern \| \| AE \| Individual philosophers \| \| \| May be collected here, but prefer subordination \| May be collected here, but prefer subordination to Period and Place Branches, fields, problems, topics AF Metaphilosophy: nature and methods of philosophy AFA/B AG Relations with other subjects AH Metaphysics AHH F Ontology AHK Cosmology AHP Epistemology AHR Philosophy of language and logic = Philosophical logic AHT Philosophy of mind and action = Philosophical psychology AHI, AHN, AHW AHV Ethics Alternative to collocating with Religion at PC AJ AHX Aesthetics (general studies only) AHY Axiology (general studies only) AHV AI EASTERN, ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHY AIB Individual philosophers May be collected here, but prefer subordination to Place and Period AID By Period Divide like AD AIF/H Branches, fields, etc. Divide like AF/H AIJ Viewpoints, doctrines, systems, schools DIVIDE like AC (By Place) AIL Persian AIM Indian AAW AIM K Hindu philosophy AIO Other schools, A/Z AAY Class AM - AX Mathematics This has proved to be by far the most difficult area which we have dealt so far, and progress has been very slow, not least because of the difficulty in obtaining subject specialist advice on the preliminary draft. The combination of mathematical expertness and familiarity with the indexing problems raised (of citation order, for example) is not easily formed. The following outline structure has been established, but a number of theoretical problems are outlined below. Mathematics Common subdivisions Common facets Sign Quality, property Dimensionality Etc... Algebra Set theory Number theory Algebraic structures, systems Groups Fields Rings Lattices Algebras Theory of equations Invariants Algebraic forms Determinants Matrices Vectors and Tensors Analysis, calculus Differential calculus Integral calculus Differential and integral equations Theory of functions Geometry Euclidean, plane geometry Topology Analytical geometry Descriptive geometry Trigonometry Mensuration and metrology Facet analysis It should be remembered that the categories and the citation order which are being used in the revision of Bliss were developed largely in the fields of technology and the natural sciences; the success with which these methods have been applied to the Humanities and the Social Sciences is evidence of their further validity, but it is a mistake to assume that they hold good for all situations and for all subjects. Although they have proved useful in ordering some areas of mathematics, on an overall scale the highly abstract nature of the terminology and of the relationships between terms has made it nearly impossible to analyse terms on the basis of the categories normally employed (Thing, Kind, Part, Property, Process, etc). This has two consequences: i) it throws much greater responsibility on the compiler of the scheme, who is working outside accepted guidelines. ii) the citation order is achieved by more pragmatic and literature-oriented criteria than is normally the case (although of course these are significant factors in the construction of all schedules). The resulting schedule has, therefore, a more traditional, enumerative appearance than do most of the new Bliss schedules. Additions and omissions Mathematics is not unique in exhibiting a dichotomy between two approaches to the subject, though is perhaps unusual in that the division is between elementary and advanced, rather than older and more recent (as in the case of say, Physics). The traditional division of the subject into Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry is not a valid basis for a classification of the modern subject, but does continue to operate at the elementary level. Dewey's solution of providing for 'Pedagogical aspects' at the end of each major subdivision seems clumsy and not necessarily very useful. It may be more appropriate to include a section on Elementary Mathematics at the beginning of the class, which would contain school books and similar works, as has been done in the Language and Literature classes for text-books, primers, etc. Most of the schedule for modern algebra is new; some of this area is hinted at in existing Bliss but there is by no means a coherent treatment. Since the principles and ideas of modern algebra underlie much of mathematical study today, it seemed important to have this properly scheduled, and the first four pages of the algebra schedule therefore represent new ground as far as Bliss is concerned. Class C Chemistry The first of the natural sciences to be taken to an advanced stage, this has fulfilled expectations that facet analysis would be easier to apply in these subjects, and progress has been good. A detailed draft has been prepared, an outline of which is given below. Chemistry Special subdivisions Technical data, chemical calculations, stoichiometry Nomenclature Classification General chemistry (Operations) Analytical chemistry, chemical analysis (Processes) At elementary particle level At molecular level (Physical processes) Thermochemistry Radiochemistry Photochemistry Electrochemistry Magnetochemistry (Chemical processes = chemical reactions narrowly) (By nature of change) (By nature of product) (Matter, substance) (Properties) (Parts) Structural parts Bonds Spatial arrangement, isomerism (State of matter) Crystals, crystallography Mineralogy (Kinds of matter) Inorganic compounds Non-metals Metals Metallurgy Organic compounds Acyclic, linear Homocyclic Aromatic Heterocyclic Carbohydrates Biochemistry Polymer chemistry Applied chemistry and chemical technologies Chemical engineering Chemical technologies Fats, oils and waxes Pigments and dyes Fuels and explosives The major departure from existing Class C is the inclusion of parts of Class U in chemical technologies. Any industry loosely defined as one in which processing of raw materials is the central activity (as opposed to those in which processed materials are assembled) now appears in Class C. Notable examples are the paper industry and food technology. The major exception is Mining, which because of its strong associations with Engineering and because this does not 'process' materials in the same way as the others, remains in Class U. In conjunction with a greatly increased synthetic nature of new Bliss, detailed rules have been developed for synthesising class-marks for chemical compounds. The rules for Organic compounds are based on those in the Construction Industry Thesaurus, (Roberts, M.J. and others. Construction Industry Thesaurus; development edition. London (Polytechnic of the South Bank, Ferndale Road, S.W.4) 1972) but are given in a somewhat modified and simplified form. Synthesis of class-marks depends on an analysis of the molecular formula of the compound, according to prescribed rules, which, it is hoped will be operable by non-specialist indexers. The main functional groups are however, enumerated, together with a number of ready synthesised class-marks for certain compounds, and it should be possible to achieve a fair degree of specificity without resort to the more complex rules, by handling the concepts verbally only. As is usually the case we have found that existing Bliss conforms fairly closely to the pattern achieved by facet analysis, but expansion has been greater than in some other classes. Most of Physical chemistry has a greatly enlarged vocabulary and in some areas this has resulted in a departure from Bliss's original rather weak structure (e.g. Crystallography, Atomic theory). As in previous cases (Classes L/O and W/Y) we have attempted to maintain the existing notation for the first cited facet, in this case Chemical Substances. Bliss's arrangement here was in the main accurate and there is unlikely to be any major change. Classes E/G Biological Sciences Work has recently begun on these classes, and satisfactory progress is being made. We are fortunate in having at our disposal (as mentioned in the Bulletin 1971) a faceted classification for this subject compiled by a Brazilian student, Jandira de Assuncao, for her Master's degree in Information Science, on which we are able to draw for vocabulary and structure. The intention, at the time of writing, is to establish a unitary class E, Biological Science, with the taxonomic classifications of plants and animals occupying Classes F and G respectively, as before. It is felt that with the changing emphasis in Biology, from the organism studied to the phenomenon/process studied, there is a strong case for keeping, say, all Genetics and all Embryology together rather than distributing according to organisms. (Although where the organism is the obvious focus of interest the normal retroactive synthetic principle will allow for the full detail of the biological schedule to be enumerated under a specific organism.) Careful scope-notes will be essential to help maintain the correct citation order; for example, in a work on "Chromosomal variation in Drosophila", Drosophila will need to be introduced by the phase relation 'Study sample' or 'Exposition phase', in order to bring Chromosomal variation into position as first-cited element, as this is the point of interest to Geneticists. (A similar situation exists in Linguistics, where minor languages are often used to illustrate linguistic principles). Taxonomic classification presents a major problem in this class, especially that of the plant kingdom. Existing Bliss is a mixture of various systems, but we feel that it is better policy to use a single system, however imperfect this may be. Specialist opinion seems to indicate that it is not of major significance which system is chosen as long as it is reasonably up-to-date, but we would naturally like to establish that which would be the most generally acceptable. Engler's "Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien", which forms the basis of existing Bliss, appears to enjoy wide acceptance, and is therefore the most likely to be chosen. Classes H/I Physical Anthropology, The Health Sciences Some preliminary details of this high class were given by Ruth Daniel in the Bulletin of December 1971. Readers will remember that Miss Daniel has been engaged on compiling a major classification of the Health Sciences for the Wessex Regional Hospital Board (under a grant from the BMA). The Wessex scheme is a self-contained special classification and therefore contains classes covering Physics and Chemistry, the National environment, and the Socio-Economic environment as well as the 'core' subject of medicine and Psychology. For the purpose of the BC, only the latter schedules are relevant, but they constitute a complete classification fitting exactly into classes H/I, with the notation agreeing very closely indeed with that of Wessex. The full scheme is now complete and is being tested on a number of collections and when finalised in a few months time the BC classes will be issued in the normal way. The detail will be somewhere reduced in places but structurally it will be exactly the same. The outline below, read in conjunction with the explanation in the 1971 Bulletin should give an idea of the final scheme. OUTLINE HA Anthropology HB Physical anthropology HD/G Anatomy and physiology Alternative to subordinating to medicine HH Health Sciences HHC Demography HHE The State HHK Public health and safety (broadly) HAL Environmental design HHM Infrastructure HHT Public health engineering HI Public health and safety (narrowly) HJ Hazards (Environmental, Physical, Chemical, Biological) HK Protective clothing HS Food, Feeding, Dietetics HL Social welfare HLU Personal health HM Medical sciences HN State medicine HP Internal organisation HP Practice of Medicine HO Hospitals, Patients, Nursing IP Medicine IPCL Anatomy IPD Physiology IPIB Parts, Organs, Systems IP Pathology IPBD Symptomatology IPBJ Signs, Manifestations IPJ Causal agents IPJS Physical and Environmental IPJB Chemical IPJB Biological IPJ Clinical medicine IPJC Dependent conditions, processes, operations \| Code \| Description \| \|------\|-------------------------------------------------\| \| HXK \| Diagnosis \| \| HXM \| Treatment \| \| HXMB \| Environmental \| \| HJ \| Physical phenomena \| \| HXO \| Mechanical/Manipulative/Operative \| \| HXY \| Diet/Drugs/Medicaments (Chemical, Biological) \| \| HYI \| Social (Medical social) therapy \| \| HYJ \| Traditional \| \| HYK \| Quack \| \| HYQ \| Medical jurisprudence \| \| HYR \| Environmental medicine \| Class L Socio-Political History: Ancillary subjects This class covers the subjects ancillary to History proper (Archeology, Genealogy, Biography, Palaeography, etc.) and has been produced in conjunction with the systematic schedules 7 (For further specifications under Persons in Biography) and 4a/c (Types of History - e.g. Political, Military, etc.) Used with the Place facet of Classes L/O recently circulated, and Schedule 4 (Common Subdivisions of Time) it should provide extensive detail for the history of a country without the need for further enumeration. The ancillary subjects themselves are provided with an alternative treatment, regarding them as unitary subjects i.e. Archaeology may be kept all together at one location (LA) rather than distributing by Place throughout the main sequence L/O. Although this is not the preferred treatment, it is thought to be useful in say, a University Library with departments specialising in these subjects. Schedule 4a will be the main table used in compounding class-marks in History, thus drawing on the full detail of the ancillary subject schedules. At present further work is being carried out on the Period CSD and Schedules 4a/c will not be circulated until its completion. Classes L/O Socio-Political History: Place Facet The revised draft of this major part of Classes L/O has now been completed and circulated to interested users. Compared with the revision of other classes, this one could fairly be described as conservative, in that the changes in locations and structure are minimal. However, the new schedules are very much more detailed than the old ones, as well as being, of course, completely up-to-date. The schedule for Great Britain, for example, reflects the new divisions into Metropolitan and Non-metropolitan Counties and of these into Metropolitan and Non-metropolitan Districts as determined by the Local Government Act, 1972. At the same time, Schedule 2 for Places has been completely revised and expanded. It was found to be impracticable to bring Schedule 2 and the L/O arrangements into exact alignment. However, within each country the order of places is exactly the same. The main significance of Schedule 2 is a notational one, in that it contains the facet over the whole alphabet instead of over 4.
Effective Collaboration for Scaling Up Health Technologies: A Case Study of the Chlorhexidine for Umbilical Cord Care Experience Patricia S Coffey, Steve Hodgins, Amie Bishop Facilitating factors for the Chlorhexidine Working Group: (1) strong, transparent leadership by a neutral broker, promoting shared ownership among all members; (2) reliable internal and external communication; (3) well-defined terms of reference building on common interest around a simple, effective health intervention; (4) clear benefits of participation, including access to evidence and technical assistance; and (5) adequate resources to support the secretariat functions. ABSTRACT The global health field is replete with examples of cross-organizational collaborative partnerships, such as networks, alliances, coalitions, task forces, and working groups, often established to tackle a shared global health concern, condition, or threat affecting low-income countries or communities. The purpose of this article is to review factors influencing the effectiveness of a multi-agency global health collaborative effort using the Chlorhexidine Working Group (CWG) as our case study. The CWG was established to accelerate the introduction and global scale-up of chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care to reduce infection-related neonatal morbidity and mortality in low-income countries. Questions included: how current and past CWG members characterized the effectiveness, productivity, collaboration, and leadership of the CWG; what factors facilitated or hindered group function; institutional or individual reasons for participating and length of participation in the CWG; and lessons that might be relevant for future global collaborative partnerships. Data were collected through in-depth, semistructured individual interviews with 19 group members and a review of key guiding documents. Six domains of internal coalition functioning (leadership, interpersonal relationships, task focus, participant benefits and costs, sustainability planning, and community support) were used to frame and describe the functioning of the CWG. Collaboration effectiveness was found to depend on: (1) leadership that maintained a careful balance between discipline and flexibility, (2) a strong secretariat structure that supported the evolution of trust and transparent communication in interpersonal relationships, (3) shared goals that allowed for task focus, (4) diverse membership and active involvement from country-level participants, which created a positive benefit-cost ratio for participants, (5) sufficient resources to support the partnership and build sustainable capacity for members to accelerate the transfer of knowledge, and (6) support from the global health community across multiple organizations. Successful introduction and scale-up of new health interventions require effective collaboration across multiple organizations and disciplines, at both global and country levels. The participatory collaborative partnership approach utilized by the Chlorhexidine Working Group offers an instructive learning case. INTRODUCTION The global health field is replete with examples of cross-organizational collaborative partnerships, such as networks, alliances, coalitions, task forces, and working groups, often established to tackle a shared global health concern, condition, or threat affecting low-income countries or communities. These efforts generally bring together expertise drawn from a range of entities such as NGOs, universities, donors, private-sector companies, government, United Nations (UN) agencies, and communities. Common goals of these collaborative efforts include resource mobilization, policy change, knowledge generation and dissemination, research, creation of new technologies/approaches, or the introduction and scale up of evidence-based interventions. A variety of disciplines, such as sociology, public policy, economics, and political science, have examined the effectiveness and impact of collaborative partnerships and collective action. The examination of whether, how, and why coalitions work has employed social network theory, relational theories of coordination, group dynamics/teaming, and organizational development theory. In public health, there is a well-developed literature on community coalitions. Zakocs et al. found that factors that enhance community coalition effectiveness include having formal governance procedures, encouraging strong leadership, fostering active participation, and cultivating diverse membership. Other investigators have highlighted the importance of balancing the autonomy of individual members with the need for collective action and accountability. This balance can be accomplished by creating a shared culture and mindset that allows for members to both protect and advance the interests of their own organizations and those of the partnership as a whole. Essential to success is the need to be “relentlessly explicit about values, principles, and practices” so that tensions over visibility and credit attribution can be superseded by a shared recognition of the need to focus on common purpose. Because collaborative networks bring disparate groups together to work toward a common cause, the role of individuals who facilitate the flow of information between such groups is key. These individuals, known as “bridges,” “brokers,” or “boundary spanners,” must be seen as trustworthy intermediaries to be effective in closing gaps between perspectives and thus increasing understanding, cooperation, and information sharing across groups. The purpose of this article is to investigate factors affecting the effectiveness of a multi-agency collaborative effort, as perceived by participants, using the Chlorhexidine Working Group (CWG) global collaboration as our case study. Although ad hoc collaboration around this topic had been functioning since 2002, the CWG was formally established in 2012 to accelerate the introduction and global scale up of chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care to reduce infection-related neonatal mortality and morbidity in low-income countries. METHODS Theoretical Model The theoretical model of coalition functioning developed by Brown and colleagues serves as a helpful framework for investigating the experience of the CWG. In this model (Figure 1), health outcomes are mediated by program or policy implementation, which is supported by effective collaborative partnerships. We selected this model because it aligns with the strategy of the CWG, and the domains in the framework have been empirically validated and can be used to measure the relative effectiveness of a successful collaborative effort to implement a new program or policy. In this model, the 6 domains of internal coalition functioning that may affect the effectiveness of program implementation in a collaborative effort are: 1. Leadership 2. Interpersonal relationships 3. Task focus 4. Participant benefits and costs 5. Sustainability planning 6. Community support In this model, leadership is vital to creating a collective force that can achieve common goals. Interpersonal relationships promote trust and commitment and are the pathways that allow effective collaboration to occur. Task focus is important because it maintains focus on the issues at hand and minimizes peripheral efforts. Perceived costs and benefits of participation in a collaborative effort is often related to level of participant involvement. Sustainability planning is characterized both in terms of planning for financial viability over the life of the collaborative effort and the establishment of independently sustainable programs. Community support is defined as strong community relations that support program implementation and avoid resistance to collaborative goals. In this case study of the CWG experience, we attempted to answer the following questions, which correspond to the domains of internal coalition functioning noted above: 1. How do current and past CWG members characterize the effectiveness, productivity, collaboration, and leadership of the CWG, and what factors do they identify that facilitate or hinder group function (domains of leadership, task focus, and community support)? 2. What are the institutional or individual reasons for participating and the length of their participation in the CWG (domains of interpersonal relationships, task focus, and participant benefit and costs)? 3. What factors appear to contribute to more effective functioning of a global partnership, and what transferable lessons, if any, can be drawn from the collaboration experience of... the CWG that can be relevant for future global collaborative partnerships (domains of sustainability planning and community support)? Data Collection and Analysis We conducted this case study using a mixed-methods approach that included in-depth, semi-structured individual interviews with members; a review of key guiding documents such as the CWG Terms of Reference and externally facing descriptions of the CWG’s scope and purpose; and participant observation by 2 of the authors who were active members in the group. An independent consultant was engaged to develop and refine the questions, conduct the interviews, and analyze the findings. In total, the consultant interviewed 19 current and past members of the CWG—out of 21 originally identified—over a 6-month period. Nine open-ended questions were formulated, pre-tested, revised, and reordered based on the pretest results. With respondent consent, interviews were digitally recorded and reviewed for clarity and accuracy. Text from the responses was entered in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet by respondent name and affiliation and by question, and then coded. Key commonalities were identified and consolidated into categories and themes for each domain. The authors also conducted a retrospective analysis of key events that shaped the evolution of the CWG and global scale of the chlorhexidine intervention. Ethical Approval The PATH Research Determination Committee (RDC) reviewed this activity and determined it is not human subjects research as it does not meet... the definition of research provided by the U.S. government [45 CFR 46.102(f)] and the Centers for Disease Control. Respondents consented to participate in the interview prior to scheduling the interview and again at the time of the interview prior to answering any questions. The interviewer explained the purpose of the case study, how long the interview would take, and how the results would be used. Respondents were able to refuse to answer any question and/or discontinue the interview at any time. FINDINGS The Table describes respondent affiliations and when they joined the CWG. Of the 19 interviewees, 9 were affiliated with international NGOs, 4 were from pharmaceutical companies, 1 was from academia, 3 were from either bilateral or foundation donors, and 2 represented UN agencies. Professional backgrounds included pediatrics and medicine; maternal and child health program implementation; epidemiology; social science research; public health advocacy; product development, manufacturing, commercialization, and introduction; and global and national policy and advocacy. Seven of the 19 respondents were based in a developing country and the others were based in either the United States or Europe. Just over half the respondents were part of the CWG from its early, more informal start. Background of the CWG Between 2002 and 2005, chlorhexidine digluconate (7.1% chlorhexidine digluconate, which delivers 4% free chlorhexidine) was evaluated for umbilical cord care for the first time in a large community-based cluster randomized controlled trial in Nepal (Figure 2). The study, published in 2006, showed a 75% reduction in severe cord infection in the chlorhexidine clusters compared with the dry cord care group and 34% fewer deaths among infants receiving the intervention within the first 24 hours compared with the control arm. These findings drew marked interest and prompted several replication trials. Between 2002 and 2012, the Chlorhexidine Working Group operated on an intermittent, informal basis with a small core group of interested individuals maintaining momentum for further efficacy studies, implementation research, global advocacy, and programmatic effort. Like the more formalized CWG that developed later, these individuals represented international NGOs, donors (primarily the United States Agency for International Development [USAID] and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation), academia, UN agencies, and pharmaceutical companies, although the diversity and breadth of membership was more limited. In 2005, after completion of the Nepal trial but before the results were published, USAID convened a group of neonatal health experts and researchers in Washington, DC to review the results and other evidence for the efficacy and safety of chlorhexidine to prevent newborn infection in low-income countries and to discuss programmatic implications of the findings. The group determined that, although certainly further replication trials were needed to confirm effectiveness, an accelerated effort to prepare for introduction of chlorhexidine should be undertaken in parallel (Box). The group outlined a multipronged approach to move forward simultaneously with research and program and product planning. This meeting catalyzed momentum around applying an accelerated research-to-use process, conceived by USAID, to chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care in low- and middle-income countries, and it established USAID in a prominent role as funder and visionary of this effort. By 2012, 2 additional randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh and Pakistan had demonstrated the efficacy of chlorhexidine for reducing risk of cord infections and newborn deaths. A subsequent meta-analysis found a 23% reduction in risk of death. The advent of the United Nations Commission on Life-Saving Commodities for Women and Children (UNCoLSC) in 2012 transformed an ad hoc group of individuals and agencies interested in advancing use of the chlorhexidine intervention into a formalized component of a global --- TABLE. Respondent Profiles, by Year of Joining the Chlorhexidine Working Group \| Affiliation \| Joined Between 2002 and 2011 \| Joined in 2012 or Afterward \| Total \| \|----------------------\|------------------------------\|-----------------------------\|-------\| \| NGOs \| 6 \| 3 \| 9 \| \| Donors \| 2 \| 1 \| 3 \| \| Academia \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Pharmaceutical \| 1 \| 3 \| 4 \| \| United Nations agencies \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| Total \| 10 \| 9 \| 19\| The working group was formalized in 2012, but ad hoc collaboration had been ongoing since 2002. FIGURE 2. Timeline of Key Milestones Related to the Chlorhexidine Working Group, 2006–2017 \| Year \| Milestone \| \|------\|-----------\| \| 2006 \| USAID and NIH evidence review of CHX on infection prevention. \| \| 2011 \| 1 country (Nepal) engages in CHX use. Introduction of CHX started in 2 states in Nigeria. Monograph for CHX topical solution published. 1 manufacturer (Nepal) makes CHX umbilical cord care product. \| \| 2012 \| WG formally established. Introduction of CHX started in 2 states in Nigeria. Monograph for CHX topical solution published. 1 manufacturer (Nepal) makes CHX umbilical cord care product. \| \| 2013 \| Liquid topical forms of CHX added to WHO Essential Medicines List. CHX included in LSI and MANDATE. Introduction of CHX started in Liberia and Mozambique. 2 local manufacturers established (Bangladesh, Nigeria). \| \| 2014 \| Near WHO recommendation on CHX for umbilical cord care. \| \| 2015 \| Introduction of CHX started in Ethiopia and Kenya. \| \| 2016 \| Introduction of CHX for umbilical cord care. Monograph for CHX topical gel published. \| \| 2017 \| 27 countries advancing use of CHX for umbilical cord care. 4 local manufacturers (Bangladesh, Kenya, Nepal, Nigeria) and 1 multinational offers CHX product. \| Abbreviations: CHX, chlorhexidine; CWG, Chlorhexidine Working Group; LSI, Lives Saved Tool; MANDATE, Maternal and Neonatal Directed Assessment of Technologies; NIH, National Institutes of Health; USAID, United States Agency for International Development; WHO, World Health Organization. BOX. Characteristics of Chlorhexidine for Cord Care Conducive to Wide Uptake Everett Rogers$^{19}$ has drawn attention to the characteristics of an innovation that can influence probability of widespread uptake or diffusion, notably: relative advantage compared to current practice; compatibility with existing values, needs, etc. (also can be understood as “acceptability”); complexity/simplicity (with regard to understandability and use); trialability (i.e., feasibility of initially using on a limited basis); and observability of results or benefit. As intervention or innovation characteristics that favor effective delivery at scale, Shenton$^{20}$ adds: how significant a population health burden the innovation would avert; cost; individual efficacy compared with provider attitudes; mental culture; and organization of work; ease of integration within current systems or services; regulatory and policy support; for facility; logistical requirements; commercial-sector compatibility; and single versus multiple benefits. On most of these counts, conditions have been relatively favorable for widespread uptake of chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care. Specific characteristics of the innovation that are conducive to wide uptake include: - This antiseptic is relatively inexpensive. - It has long been used in health care, particularly for skin asepsis. - In many country settings, families and providers conform to an established practice of using substances on the umbilical cord to protect the infant. - Dramatic early data around the lifesaving potential made the need for the product easily understood and helped create an emotional connection to the intervention. - The application is straightforward and easy to understand, and it requires minimal training. - The intervention can be easily integrated into existing essential maternity care and newborn care programming. - Manufacturing requirements of the product are amenable for local production. There have, however, been certain innovation characteristics that have created challenges in achieving wider uptake, notably: - Ambiguity in the evidence base with regard to the most effective application regimen (1 versus 7 days) as well as conditions under which a mortality reduction benefit could be expected. There has been some variability in how partners have dealt with this ambiguity and, at times, this has undermined collaboration effectiveness. - Lack of a conventional drug development process meant that dose-response data were not available to assist in determination of the exact drug concentration in the product, which means that it is difficult to explain the rationale for the 7.1% level of active ingredient. - Lack of comparative efficacy data with alcohol, which is used customarily in many countries at facility and home to cleanse the cord after cutting. effort to expand availability and access to 13 life-saving commodities. Funding from the UNCoLSC and USAID supported the establishment of a chlorhexidine secretariat and mandated the group as a technical resource team under the auspices of the UN effort. The CWG Secretariat, housed at PATH, an international NGO focusing on global health, sought to encourage a participatory leadership model to support introduction and scale up of chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care. Functioning as a global uptake coordinator and market manager, the CWG has worked across the domains of policy advocacy, coordination, knowledge management, and technical assistance, with participation from more than 30 civil society organizations, universities, ministries of health, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and multilateral organizations. Its composition has brought together individuals and agencies with expertise in product development, manufacturing, supply chain, policy, regulatory requirements, program design and implementation, quality assurance, training, demand creation, behavior change communication, and monitoring and evaluation. The global reach and the collective expertise of the CWG members and their institutions have helped enable the CWG to offer a broad range of tailored technical assistance, in response to requests from country-level partners. The CWG has been singled out repeatedly within the global maternal-newborn health community as an exemplary case of a collaborative effort that has accelerated scale up of a new intervention.\textsuperscript{21} In order to understand how these outcomes have been achieved, we categorized findings on factors influencing the performance of the CWG across the 6 domains of internal functioning of coalition effectiveness described earlier. Leadership Overall, respondents felt that—in general—the CWG provided strong leadership with genuinely shared ownership. An important theme emerging from the interviews was the value of technically strong, accountable leadership coupled with transparency and openness, leading to a sense of shared mission and ownership. Particularly, respondents emphasized the benefit of having a neutral “honest broker,” serving in a secretariat role for the working group, creating conditions for collaboration rather than competition. Said one respondent from an NGO: The CWG takes into consideration everyone’s contribution—everyone contributes. There is no sense of competition. If a country expresses an interest, the CWG provides information on who is working in that country. This is very useful and makes everyone more open to sharing information and helping each other in implementation. Such an approach allowed all organizations to share leadership equitably, thus creating a genuine noncompetitive, collegial environment. While the organization responsible for the secretariat function (PATH) also had a specific technical role as a member of the CWG, it managed to keep this member role separate from its “honest broker” facilitating role in support of the operation of the CWG, which was deemed essential to the effective functioning of this partnership. According to an NGO staff person: The terms of reference really set the stage for how open the working group would be. We [the Secretariat] really encouraged participation and broad ownership. Other words used to describe the functioning of the secretariat included “openness,” “transparency,” “dedication,” “trustworthiness,” “reliability,” and “integrity.” In this regard, PATH, as the convener of the secretariat, formally managed and supported the CWG while at the same time, as a member, shared technical leadership with the various member organizations. Both during the period before 2012, when the group operated on a less formal basis, and later, when supported by a more formal secretariat, almost every member/organization was considered a leader in some specific aspect of the overall effort. An atmosphere of trust and respect that allowed for open, clear, reliable, and timely communication proved critical to support the investment of time, energy, and resources by group members. When funding allowed, biweekly CWG teleconferences and quarterly face-to-face meetings were convened and facilitated by the secretariat. These meetings offered an opportunity for members to participate directly by presenting their current work, updating their peers on new initiatives, and discussing any issues related to product supply and/or implementation. The meetings also provided opportunities to disseminate lessons, identify and facilitate synergies between partners, and advocate for and collaborate on the acceleration of chlorhexidine introduction and scale up. Direct participation, particularly in the face-to-face meetings, offered group members a way to strengthen relationships and build trust, even though using valuable meeting time to report out what could be read is often not --- Funding from the UN and USAID formalized establishment of the working group in 2012. The Chlorhexidine Working Group has been singled out within the maternal-newborn health community as an exemplary case of a collaborative effort that has accelerated scale up of a new intervention. Strong, transparent leadership led to a sense of shared mission and ownership. considered a good use of meeting time.\textsuperscript{22} Shared leadership was also seen in ongoing informal collaboration, with members in regular communication by phone or electronically, partnering on specific tasks. Interpersonal Relationships As the operations of the CWG became more formalized, clear terms of reference were developed, which helped the group coalesce around defined goals and targets. The group produced governance documents and made them publicly available. The CWG Terms of Reference, jointly created by its membership, clearly delineated purpose, membership, structure, and objectives, with explicit statements on the importance of transparent collaboration and on expectations for its members.\textsuperscript{23} The accompanying Strategy Statement described the health need being addressed, as well as the CWG’s vision, purpose, strategic goals, values, and leadership. The Capacity Statement summarized the CWG’s intent, activities, membership, and available resources. Taken collectively, these documents covered a full range of governance, strategy, and purpose issues and provided a framework for CWG functioning. All participants were invited to attend face-to-face meetings and regular teleconferences and were encouraged to use the information they obtained through these communications to achieve wider availability, accessibility, and affordability of the product. Country point people updated the group regularly about progress and/or barriers to introduction at the country level and were responsible for representing the CWG to national stakeholders, which contributed to the sense that each member was a valued part of a bigger effort. This served to complement their ongoing organizational effort and fostered collaborative rather than competitive norms. Further, this type of participatory leadership model helped to assure CWG members that the secretariat was a trusted partner that willingly shared both financial resources and technical credit with all members. Good interpersonal communication engendered a sense of collegiality, which was evident in the numerous side interactions that took place among CWG members outside of formal meetings. Members communicated and collaborated beyond the formal meetings in an intentional yet informal way, whether about research, policy, supply, or other issues. These less formal interactions were pivotal in that most key decisions beyond a single organization appeared to be made during these interactions, rather than in the larger, more-structured meetings. Task Focus Respondents felt that an important contributor to the effectiveness of the CWG was that it has had a clear mission and mandate. Critically, the group jointly developed shared goals and specific actions to be undertaken at the global and country levels. Through regular teleconferences and face-to-face meetings, these shared goals and actions were jointly reviewed, helping to ensure group accountability. The goal was always to draw on the collective expertise of the multidisciplinary CWG membership to advance introduction, scale up, and effective delivery of chlorhexidine. Several of those interviewed pointed to the role of the CWG as an “uptake coordinator,” by setting targets, defining strategies globally, and providing technical assistance to country programs, all aided by systematic sharing of information. Respondents felt this was a productive model for future collaborative partnerships. One donor referred to this function as analogous to that of a ‘product manager’: > Much of what limits scale up is a lack of transparency and visibility about what is going on [with a product]. While there was no formal accountability within the CWG, it served as a sort of product manager. An uptake coordinator is ultimately accountable for global scale-up (e.g., not just in the first few countries). The uptake coordinator needs to see the big picture and should be granted the authority to lead, make decisions, and influence outcomes. The CWG was facilitated in its role as uptake coordinator by having, as secretariat, an organization that was seen as playing an unbiased role (in this case, PATH). An organization playing this role must be trusted by all relevant stakeholders including ministry of health representatives. This respondent went on to say that having a clear mandate and adhering to rigorous project management standards helped provide the group with credibility, which, in turn, helped attract new members, who felt reassured that their involvement would be worthwhile and that the technical rigor of the group would meet their standards. Several respondents noted that a helpful attribute of CWG meetings has been that they have been tightly organized, which kept the group task-focused and efficient. Telephone and in-person meetings were preceded by clear agenda items and focused on action; minutes were uniformly shared; and face-to-face meetings were convened periodically to review new evidence and report on product introduction progress. The clear, reliable structure of communication, documentation, and convening “fostered a sense of being part of a joint effort, part of a community,” said an NGO representative. The CWG functioned as both an advocacy and technical assistance resource. Some group members felt that the advocacy and evidence-synthesis functions were sometimes pulling in different directions. In this case, the twin focus of the CWG meant, to some people, that chlorhexidine was being advanced in any country that was interested, without sufficient attention to existing data. Although target setting was a noted strength of the CWG, several respondents expressed that the group could benefit from improved process and articulation of targets for utilization and tracking progress to ensure accountability. According to 2 respondents, the CWG became more of an advocacy body for the product than an objective source of information and technical assistance, with recommendations for introduction and scale up being perceived as being promoted before the full range of evidence was available. A USAID colleague also noted that: With any intervention, the people involved will become extremely invested in advancing it. This is not unusual. Could there have been more introspection about the limitations, but also active debate? . . . I don’t know if we really settled this. This suggests that how the CWG has functioned has not always fostered sufficient critical reflection and debate on strategy. This tension around strategy for advancing chlorhexidine led, at times, to a lack of shared task focus, which undermined collaboration. Participant Benefits and Costs To continue to participate, members must perceive that the benefits of collaborating outweigh the costs (e.g., meeting attendance, time, labor, opportunity costs associated with prioritizing focus on one intervention over another). Respondents noted that a key benefit was that the process fostered effective translation of research to action. Respondents across disciplines noted that the CWG provided a forum for reviewing evidence as it emerged and determining the implications for program implementation. For CWG members residing outside the United States, having access to evidence and technical assistance was essential for making the case for chlorhexidine introduction with national-level stakeholders, including ministries of health and regulatory and policy authorities. Several respondents noted the importance of having technical briefs and research summaries available to share with stakeholders, as well as information on how various countries were approaching product introduction and integration. Access to this information enabled individual group members to provide technical assistance and guidance at the country level, both within their own countries as well as in others. A Nepal-based NGO representative noted that: Without this forum, there would be no scale up. We used it to share our experience, which then allowed us to reach so many other countries. We have now provided technical assistance to eight other countries. Evidence was also used to develop specifications for manufacturing and product development and support regulatory and licensing processes. For the pharmaceutical company members of the group, having access to evidence on product effectiveness and program implementation experience, as well as access to technical assistance on manufacturing and technology transfer requirements, helped them plan for product introduction and ensure product quality. The openness with which information was shared also encouraged even potentially competitive entities to share experiences so that all members could learn from both successes and challenges that individual programs or countries were experiencing. According to an NGO representative, this openness, combined with project management rigor and reliability, “increased the value of the group in the eyes of many people beyond the small group that initiated this.” The CWG appeared to be relevant to multiple, diverse stakeholders—as reflected in the CWG’s technical and geographic diversity. Numerous respondents commented on the value of having members from a broad range of disciplines, technical expertise, and geographic diversity. This collective expertise enabled the CWG to provide guidance and assistance throughout the product development and introduction value chain—from product formulation to ultimate delivery. This design was deliberate, according to a USAID respondent, who had been involved from the early days. This was very much an explicit effort . . . to bring together a diverse group to think about how we roll this out. How can we be smarter? Can we anticipate what challenges we would encounter? Another donor representative stated, however, that: [although it was] definitely important that the CWG existed, it also felt like its [work] could have been considerably more time-efficient and cost-effective . . . incentives were not always aligned for action. As we have noted, the CWG leadership made explicit efforts to encourage a collaborative, inclusive, and supportive approach, drawing on a technically and geographically diverse membership. A governing tenet was to be all-inclusive by offering membership to any interested party, including industry. Some tensions arose initially with the inclusion of pharmaceutical companies, with the perception of favoritism or providing commercial advantage needing to be managed carefully. Assisting the group members to ascertain an optimal role for their engagement increased collaboration effectiveness. Early on, members reached out directly to engage various multinational pharmaceutical companies in the production and distribution of chlorhexidine. This was somewhat at odds with the stated intention of the group to build local/regional production capacity\textsuperscript{24} and could have reflected a lack of clear articulation and/or understanding of shared goals among group members. The multinational pharmaceutical company that chose to remain engaged in the CWG supported this strategy and communicated its role as a “back-up supplier” very clearly to the group. Generally, pharmaceutical companies are more interested in market share than program implementers, who have more of a public health vision. Commercial interests were not addressed directly, even though for-profit pharmaceutical company representatives were active members of the group. Instead, all members were advised about the lack of confidentiality of information being shared and encouraged to use their own discretion to decide what information to share, considering prior and existing agreements with other organizations. One pharmaceutical company representative noted that: The group didn’t talk about commercial interests at all. This was left to the companies to figure out. And there was not conflict of interest because our risk was different, our regions of operation were different. CWG members operate in a competitive environment, both in the pharmaceutical company and technical assistance spheres. Often these members are bidding for the same business (i.e., product orders, donor-funded scopes of work) so the potential for obtaining an unfair competitive advantage through group membership is real. To address this, the CWG maintained a strict commitment to transparency by sharing all materials and information with all members of the group to avoid putting any specific members at a disadvantage. This normative behavior built trust among group members and reduced overt competitive behavior. While some participants have been actively involved in chlorhexidine-related program implementation, the CWG also has welcomed organizations expressing an interest in participating in the CWG on a more passive basis to obtain or provide certain information. Several respondents pointed to the group’s openness to having new members join along the way as a key strength given that critical challenges and issues changed over time, requiring different expertise. This flexibility enabled the working group to respond to emerging needs while maintaining a clear focus on the overall goal. The CWG’s responsiveness, especially to inquiries from the country level, was noted repeatedly, along with the value of having available online evidence synthesis, technical, and advocacy materials. Ad hoc, time-limited subgroups were also created within the CWG when in-depth work on specific issues was needed. This included provision of country-specific guidance and support to country initiatives, support on local/regional manufacturer production and related market analysis, the development and implementation of advocacy and dissemination strategies, and creation of monitoring and evaluation indicators. Finally, respondents valued the group’s ability to deal with a wide range of technical issues because of its diversity. The mix of viewpoints and expertise enabled the group to think proactively from an integrated health systems perspective about the approach to scale-up in a particular country. Early on, country point people were identified from organizations that were active or had the potential to be active in introducing and scaling up chlorhexidine in a given country. This country-level leadership was spread across many CWG members, which built shared commitment and accountability at the country level. When a country showed initial interest in the intervention, the CWG would discuss and determine jointly the best person or organization to liaise with national stakeholders. In some circumstances, this support included using funds allocated to the CWG Secretariat to support CWG members to visit countries to conduct initial technical consultations and provide short-term technical assistance. These technical assistance visits benefited not only the country but also the point people and their organizations as they were able to be called upon by national leadership for longer-term technical assistance for introduction and scale planning. Sustainability Planning The CWG received funding for a formal secretariat in 2012, 10 years after its emergence as an ad hoc interest group. This support was critical to the functioning of the secretariat, provision of in-country technical assistance, development and maintenance of key informational materials, and arrangement of face-to-face meetings. Activities of the CWG model have not been formally costed. The level of effort expended by PATH to support the working group, specifically for facilitating and managing the secretariat and hosting meetings (excluding PATH’s technical work on chlorhexidine), was the equivalent of 1.5 full-time staff positions. One full-time person, with master of public health (MPH) training, managed the daily tasks and 2 other more senior staff contributed about one-quarter time each for overall leadership and technical input. Budget elements supporting the CWG included limited venue costs to host periodic face-to-face meetings, printing costs for selected CWG materials, communication, and travel to attend relevant meetings. Member organizations in the CWG covered their own travel costs and time to attend the face-to-face meetings. The CWG has nurtured the establishment of independently sustainable programs as well. Since 2011, the CWG has supported planning for introduction of chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care in more than 25 countries. Chlorhexidine is now produced by local manufacturers in Bangladesh, Kenya, Nepal, and Nigeria. Through 2016, approximately 5.5 million doses of chlorhexidine have been distributed by these manufacturers. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) also distributed approximately 2.7 million doses up to 2015. Of those interviewed, 6 respondents expressed that the CWG was instrumental in accelerating national adoption and scale up of chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care, in terms of both number of countries and number of users. An NGO respondent stated that: Without this working group, we would not be close to where we are in introducing chlorhexidine in countries. Similarly, an NGO staffer based in Nigeria noted that scale up was greatly facilitated by the group having guidance materials available and “having a network of support” that facilitated access to key resources, evidence, and technical expertise not otherwise typically available. Several respondents remarked on the strategy used by the working group of simultaneously supporting generation of additional evidence on efficacy and priming the product for introduction by identifying potential local manufacturers and addressing potential policy changes. This approach, contrasted with a more linear, sequential model, was not supported by all members at the start but was viewed by most in retrospect as a more time-efficient approach to product introduction. A respondent from academia explained: USAID wanted to have efforts ongoing even while evidence was being generated. The idea was to reduce the time frame between evidence generation and going to scale. By having a group that can engage at different points in the process, we could problem solve and apply lessons learned. Participation of pharmaceutical companies as members in the CWG was considered an asset by many members. Those from national pharmaceutical companies believed that their participation helped them build capacity. A pharmaceutical company representative based in Nigeria stated that involvement in the working group helped them become “a world-class company” because of what they have been able to learn not just about manufacturing but also about effective advocacy. Said this respondent: This is a new product that can change old ways that can be harmful. Changing from old practices to new ones takes a lot of advocacy. We didn’t realize this, but we now understand that it is important to work with governments to change practices. We now see ourselves as a world company, not a local company. We are lifted. We also see the potential that lies ahead of us if we continue to do our best. Community Support To support the global health community, the CWG created an effective clearinghouse of information for advocacy and implementation. With funding from the UNCoLSC, the CWG was able to establish a web-based comprehensive information platform that provides free access to global and country-level tools and reports hosted by Save the Children’s Healthy Newborn Network portal,\textsuperscript{25} which greatly improved access to information. This has meant that implementing partners, manufacturers, ministries of health, and other stakeholders have had readily available information on a range of topics and were not isolated in their efforts. This also conveyed a sense that the CWG was client-focused. As an NGO representative noted, it demonstrated: \begin{quote} a serious effort to understand what [clients] are facing, what their needs are, and what type of information was important to trying to address those needs. \end{quote} This respondent felt that this was essential to the working group ultimately achieving its mandate to catalyze scale up and save lives. Another essential element to providing relevant information was the long-term commitment to updating evidence and resources. As the CWG expanded over the years, membership became more diverse and representative of the various sectors in the global health community that could be instrumental in program implementation. International bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF are pivotal members in the global health community, and close collaboration among these bodies is generally sought. Several respondents commented that greater involvement and support from these bodies could have increased the effectiveness of the CWG. Although UNICEF underwrote some of the costs related to CWG activities as part of UNCoLSC, their engagement was uneven, primarily due to turnover in staff assigned to address newborn health and related staffing needs for global crises such as Ebola. WHO joined the group once it was formalized through UNCoLSC, but tensions arose around balancing the role of WHO as a normative body with the practicalities of creating sufficient demand and supply to make the product available for those most in need. For example, the accelerated process of research-to-use employed by the CWG was perceived to be inconsistent with the formal and more lengthy WHO process for evidence review and formation and approval of new intervention guidelines. Because WHO, a key player in the global community, eventually disengaged from active participation in the CWG, the overall scope of collaboration that the CWG was able to achieve was reduced. DISCUSSION A secretariat model, in which an organization plays the role of convener, coordinator, and manager of working group activities, appears to be an effective means of support for collaborative partnerships in global health. In the case of the CWG, this structure offered an established platform to manage a diverse range of activities related to scale up of the intervention while at the same time sharing technical leadership across the membership. Creating a successful collaboration with tangible outcomes requires that the organization playing the facilitation or secretariat function be seen as trustworthy by all members. PATH, playing a secretariat role for the CWG, attempted to do so transparently and collaboratively using a participatory leadership approach,\textsuperscript{26,27} which essentially devolved leadership and encouraged shared ownership among all members. Seeking involvement and feedback from members in the development of guiding documents was intentional and helped normalize participation and trust as a member experience. Transparency and flexibility in meeting agenda and structure appeared to incentivize members to share openly. Members received recognition and immediate feedback from their peers, which seemed to foster effective interpersonal communication. While all members were motivated to participate, and did so without financial support from the secretariat, a global collaborative partnership cannot always be sustained in the absence of dedicated resources. Sufficient available resources over the short term, when critical efforts around global awareness raising and initial country rollout are being implemented, can accelerate progress at both global and country levels. Currently, due to lack of funding, the formal secretariat is no longer functioning. It is likely that the commitment to advancing chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care among key CWG members will remain and some elements of group function will be sustained on a less formalized, as-needed basis, as in the earlier history of the group. Negative aspects to allocating dedicated funds to institutionalize a group function (e.g., the secretariat) extend to the generally problematic issue of accessing continued funding to support group activities. On the other hand, allocating dedicated funds helped ensure accountability for centralized resource and knowledge management, ensured availability of point persons who were actively scanning and apprising global and country situations, and provided incentives for nurturing and sustaining involvement across a broad cross-section of members. Closer coordination with normative bodies (in this case, WHO) was cited by respondents as an area to strengthen. More explicit and detailed discussion on the available and pending evidence and its implications for how and where to prioritize introduction of chlorhexidine could have been helpful in bridging this gap. In some cases, however, differences in how groups understand their mandates may not allow the flexibility that close collaboration requires. Shiffman reviewed 8 case studies of global health networks and identified 4 common strategic challenges: problem identification, positioning of the network, coalition building, and governance.\textsuperscript{28} For the most part, CWG members concurred on problem identification (high newborn mortality) while struggling somewhat with consensus around positioning (chlorhexidine as an effective way to reduce newborn morbidity and mortality) due to new evidence from randomized controlled trials conducted in Africa.\textsuperscript{29,30} This new evidence failed to show a mortality effect of chlorhexidine in populations with relatively lower neonatal mortality, although—as with the earlier trials—cord infections were reduced. With these new results, some internal and external members questioned the positioning or framing for external audiences of chlorhexidine as an effective way to reduce newborn mortality in \textit{all} settings. Framing chlorhexidine as an intervention that can be expected, necessarily, to reduce mortality risk, has had to be revisited. Instead, greater priority is being given to ensure availability in high-mortality settings and populations and to highlight the benefits of the use of chlorhexidine for reducing risk of cord infections across all populations.\textsuperscript{31} As noted in the USAID publication \textit{Idea to Impact}:\textsuperscript{32} \begin{quote} Global coordination requires effort – something not always recognized in the global health community. Significant resources are needed to manage internal communications and logistics alone. However, deep technical and strategic skills and expertise are needed to support, shape, and prioritize all the activities across all the functional areas of expertise. \end{quote} A recent study among African and global health system professionals documented the lack of shared understanding around what and how to realize effective global partnerships.\textsuperscript{33} We believe that the participatory collaborative approach used by the CWG offers an instructive example and insights into the factors that can help or hinder global health collaboration. For example, considerable evidence suggests that successful collaboration in global health is characterized by both discipline and flexibility in management during implementation.\textsuperscript{34} A key lesson from the CWG experience was that, to the extent possible, clear, realistic targets and time frames need to be established, as well as specific criteria for when the work of the partnership is done. The current case study involved document review and key informant interviews. As both a strength and potential limitation, 2 of the authors have been direct participants in this collaborative effort. This involvement—on the one hand—means that conclusions cannot be considered to be entirely neutral and objective. On the other hand, such a methodology, more systematically tapping the insights of direct participants, can yield deeper learning. This is, indeed, a principle of action research and participatory evaluation.\textsuperscript{35,36} CONCLUSION Effective collaboration in the case of the Chlorhexidine Working Group appeared to be a consequence of: (1) leadership that maintained a careful balance between discipline and flexibility, (2) a strong secretariat structure that supported the evolution of trust and transparent communication in interpersonal relationships, (3) shared goals that allowed for task focus, (4) diverse membership and active involvement from country-level participants, which created a positive benefit-cost ratio for participants, (5) sufficient resources to support the partnership and build sustainable capacity for members to accelerate the transfer of knowledge, and (6) support from the global health community across multiple organizations. Acknowledgments: The authors wish to acknowledge the membership of the Chlorhexidine Working Group for their collaboration throughout the development of this article. In particular, we acknowledge the contributions of Penny Dawson, Palu Dhanani, Susanne Diarra, Olakunle Ekundayo, Leela Khanal, Kevin LaWall, David Milestone, Joel Segre, Hayalnesh Yarekegn, and Olayinka Umar-Farouk. Funding: USAID HealthTech V; UNICEF through the United Nations Children on Life-Saving Commodities for Women and Children; and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Competing Interests: Steve Hodgins is Editor-in-Chief of GHSP but was not involved in editorial team discussions about the article during the submission or peer review process, and had no role in deciding whether to accept the article for publication. As noted in the article, 2 of the authors (Patricia S. Coffey and Steve Hodgins) were active participants in the CWG. The other author declared no competing interests. REFERENCES 1. Kadushin C. 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Rosenberg ML, Hayes ES, McIntyre MH, Neill N. Real Collaboration: What It Takes for Global Health to Succeed. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2010. 35. Cousins JB, Chouinard JA. Participatory Evaluation Up Close: An Integration of Research-Based Knowledge. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc., 2012. 36. Stringer ET. Action Research. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2013. Peer Reviewed Received: October 5, 2017; Accepted: January 29, 2018 Cite this article as: Coffey PS, Hodgins S, Bishop A. Effective collaboration for scaling up health technologies: a case study of the chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care experience. Global Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(1):178-191. [https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00380](https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00380) © Coffey et al. 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Experimental Evaluation of Unipolar OFDM VLC System on Software Defined Platform Bassam Aly\textsuperscript{†}, Mohammed Elamassie\textsuperscript{†}, Murat Uysal\textsuperscript{†}, and Emrah Kinav\textsuperscript{} \textsuperscript{}R&D Department, Ford Otosan, Istanbul, Turkey, 34885. \textsuperscript{†}Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey, 34794. E-mails: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org. Abstract—With unique features and advantages, visible light communication (VLC) is considered as a powerful complementary wireless access technology to radio frequency solutions such as WiFi. To handle the frequency-selectivity of VLC channels particularly at high speeds, multi-carrier signaling in the form of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is typically preferred. Among various variants of optical OFDM, unipolar OFDM (U-OFDM) stands with its better error rate performance. In this paper, we present the experimental evaluation of the bit error rate (BER) performance of a U-OFDM-based VLC system. In our experimental set-up, we use the popular software defined platform USRP (Universal software radio peripheral) from National Instruments customized with baseband cards and integrated with VLC front-ends. We first characterize the frequency-selective VLC channel. Then, we present BER performance against the estimated signal-to-noise-ratio and confirm it through comparison with theoretical results. Index Terms—Visible light communication, software defined, USRP, unipolar orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. I. INTRODUCTION Visible light communication (VLC), also known as LiFi, is based on the principle of modulating the light intensity of light emitting diodes (LEDs) [1], [2]. This lets the dual use of LEDs for both illumination and communication purposes. In a VLC system, the information-carrying signal is imposed as an AC signal on the LED drive current. Since the frequency of AC signal is high enough, flicker is invisible for the human eye. There is also no adverse effect on the illumination level for a DC-balanced modulating signal with a constant average value. VLC is mainly positioned as a complementary wireless access technology to radio frequency solutions (such as WiFi) for data off-loading. VLC provides higher spectral area efficiency due to frequency reuse and is particularly attractive for user-dense environments. Spatial confinement of VLC further provides an inherently secure solution. In a VLC system, amplitude constraints should be considered in the selection of modulation technique to ensure the non-negativity of the signal. Taking into account this, the earlier works on VLC mainly focused on pulse modulation techniques such as on-off keying (OOK), pulse position modulation (PPM) and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) [3]. To handle the frequency-selectivity of VLC channels particularly at high speeds, more recent works are built upon various forms of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modified to obtain a real valued and unipolar signal suitable for driving the light source [3]. Hermitian symmetry is typically used in optical OFDM schemes to make the signal real valued at the transmitter side. To obtain a unipolar signal, various techniques are used. In DC-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) [4], a DC bias is simply added to shift the bipolar signal into the dynamic range of LED. In asymmetrically-clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) [5], only odd subcarriers are modulated; this ensures a symmetry in time domain and makes it possible to clip the non-negative values without any loss of information. Another alternative is unipolar OFDM (U-OFDM) [6], also known as Flip-OFDM [7], where each time sample is encoded into a pair of new time samples. For instance, if the sample is positive valued, it is encoded to positive of the magnitude followed by zero. On the other hand, if the sample is negative valued, it is encoded as a zero followed by the positive magnitude value of the negative sample. By grouping the first samples of each pair, we can obtain the so-called “positive OFDM sub-frame”. Similarly, by grouping the second samples of each pair, we can obtain the “negative OFDM sub-frame”. The U-OFDM signal is obtained by concatenating positive and negative sub-frames. At the receiver side, the decoding process is simply achieved by subtracting the negative sub-frame from the positive one. It was reported in [6] that U-OFDM is more power efficient than DCO-OFDM and gives better error rate performance than both DCO-OFDM and ACO-OFDM. While initial works on U-OFDM were based on theoretical investigations and simulations, see e.g., [6]–[8], some experimental evaluations of U-OFDM were also reported in [9], [10]. In [9], laboratory measurement/analysis equipment are used where the signal is generated through an arbitrary waveform generator and the received signal is processed offline in MATLAB. In [10], transmitters and receivers are designed based on pure hardware solutions such as field programmable gate array (FPGA). As a flexible alternative, software defined platforms can be used, where physical layer functionalities are implemented through modifiable software or firmware. Some experimental studies on VLC using software defined platforms were reported in [11]–[15]. For example, in [14], the popular software defined platform USRP (Universal software radio peripheral) from National Instruments (NI) was modified and integrated with a VLC front-end to experimentally evaluate the performance of several physical layer modes (i.e., Manchester encoded OOK and 4B6B encoded PPM) of IEEE 802.15.7 standard. Some experimental results on ACO-OFDM and DCO-OFDM with software defined platforms can be found in [12], [15]. To the best of our knowledge, implementation of U-OFDM on a software defined platform has not been reported. In this paper, we present the experimental evaluation of U-OFDM-based VLC system using NI USRP platforms. Specifically, we first characterize the frequency-selective channel. Then, we obtain BER performance against the estimated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and confirm it through the comparison with theoretical results. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we describe the U-OFDM system model under consideration. In Section III, we present practical implementation aspects such as channel estimation, frame detection and symbol timing estimation. In Section IV, we describe the experimental setup using USRPs. We further present measurement experimental results and comparisons with theoretical results. Finally, the paper is concluded in Section V. II. U-OFDM SIGNALLING MODEL The block diagram of U-OFDM is illustrated in Fig. 1. Let $S_i$, $i = 1, \cdots, N/2 - 1$ denote the $M$-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) symbols where $M$ is the modulation size and $N$ is the number of sub-carriers. In order to ensure that the output of inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) is real, Hermitian symmetry is imposed. The resulting signal is given by $$X = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & S_1 & \cdots & S_{N/2-1} & 0 & S^_1 & \cdots & S^_{N/2-1} \end{bmatrix}^T$$ \hspace{1cm} (1) Let $X[k]$ denote the $k^{th}$ element of $X$. After IFFT, the time domain signal is expressed as $$x = \begin{bmatrix} x[0] & x[1] & x[2] & \cdots & x[N-1] \end{bmatrix}^T$$ whose $n^{th}$ element can be expressed as $$x[n] = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{k=0}^{N-1} X[k] \exp(j2\pi nk/N), \ n = 0, 1, \cdots, N-1$$ \hspace{1cm} (2) A cyclic prefix (CP) with a length of $N_{cp}$ is appended to $x$ to prevent interference between OFDM symbols and to ensure the circular convolution with the channel. This makes possible the use of a single tap equalizer in frequency domain. After the addition of CP, we have $$\tilde{x} = \begin{bmatrix} x[N-N_{cp}] & \cdots & x[N-1] & x[0] & \cdots & x[N-1] \end{bmatrix}^T$$ \hspace{1cm} (3) Due to Hermitian symmetry, $\tilde{x}$ is real valued, but still bipolar. Based on U-OFDM structure, each time sample is encoded into a pair of samples. If $\tilde{x}[n] \geq 0$, it will be encoded as $(\tilde{x}[n], 0)$. On the other hand, if $\tilde{x}[n] < 0$, it will be encoded as $(0, -\tilde{x}[n])$. First and second samples of each pair are assigned, respectively, to the positive and negative sub-frames which are denoted as $\tilde{x}_+$ and $\tilde{x}_-$. Let $p_T(t)$, $P$, $T_s$ and $\delta(\cdot)$ denote transmit pulse shaping filter, average electrical transmit power, pulse duration and Dirac delta function, respectively. Furthermore, we introduce $\tilde{x}_{\pm}[n]$ to describe either $\tilde{x}_+[n]$ or $\tilde{x}_-[n]$ for a unified notation. The continuous time domain OFDM waveform can be expressed as $$x_{\pm}(t) = A \left[ \sqrt{P} \sum_{n=0}^{N+N_{cp}-1} \tilde{x}_{\pm}[n] \delta(t-nT_s) \right] \otimes p_T(t) + V_{DC}$$ \hspace{1cm} (4) where $A$ is an amplification factor to mitigate the effects of path loss. Since it is likely that the first term in (4) can be still lower than LED turn on voltage, a DC bias ($V_{DC}$) was further added. The signal goes through the optical channel. At the receiver side, a photodetector captures the light and converts into an electric current. The received electrical signal at the destination can be written as $$\bar{y}_{\pm}(t) = \|Rx_{\pm}(t) \otimes l(t) \otimes h(t) + w_{\pm}(t)\| \otimes p_R(t)$$ \hspace{1cm} (5) where $R$ is the photodetector responsivity, $l(t)$ is the LED impulse response, $h(t)$ is the propagation channel impulse response, $p_R(t)$ is the receive pulse shaping filter, and $w_\pm(t)$ is the noise term. Replacing (4) in (5), we have $$\tilde{y}_\pm(t) = \sqrt{P} \left[ \sum_{n=0}^{N+N_{CP}-1} \tilde{x}_\pm[n] \delta(t-nT_s) \right] \otimes h_{eff}(t) + V_{R_{DC}}(t) + w_{g_\pm}(t)$$ \hspace{1cm} (6) where we define $h_{eff}(t) = ARp_T(t) \otimes l(t) \otimes h(t) \otimes p_R(t)$ as the effective channel impulse response incorporating the effects of propagation channel, LED response, and pulse shaping. In (6), we have further defined $w_{g_\pm}(t) = w_{g_+}(t) \otimes p_R(t)$ and $V_{R_{DC}}(t) = RV_{DC} \otimes l(t) \otimes h(t) \otimes p_R(t)$. Let $w_{g_\pm}(n)$, $\tilde{y}_\pm(n)$, $V_{R_{DC}}(n)$ and $h_{eff}(n)$ denote, respectively, the sampled versions of $w_{g_\pm}(t)$, $\tilde{y}_\pm(t)$, $V_{R_{DC}}(t)$ and $h_{eff}(t)$. Further, noting that $V_{R_{DC}}(n)$ is the same for all samples, index $n$ can be dropped and $V_{R_{DC}}(n)$ can be written as $V_{R_{DC}}$. Therefore, the sampled version of $\tilde{y}_\pm(t)$ can be expressed as $$\tilde{y}_\pm(n) = \sqrt{P}\tilde{x}_\pm(n) \otimes h_{eff}(n) + V_{R_{DC}} + w_{g_\pm}(n)$$ \hspace{1cm} (7) After removing CP from $\tilde{y}_\pm(n)$, $n = 0, 1, \cdots, N+N_{CP}-1$, we have $$y_\pm(n) = \sqrt{P}x_\pm(n) \otimes h_{eff}(n) + V_{R_{DC}} + w_{g_\pm}(n)$$ \hspace{1cm} (8) From the descriptions of positive and negative U-OFDM sub-frames, it can be readily verified that $x(n) = x_+(n) - x_-(n)$. Therefore, we can write $$y(n) = y_+(n) - y_-(n)$$ $$= \sqrt{P}x(n) \otimes h_{eff}(n) + w_g(n), n = 0, 1, \cdots, N-1$$ \hspace{1cm} (9) In (9), $w_g(n) = w_{g_+}(n) - w_{g_-}(n)$ is the noise term. After fast Fourier transform (FFT), the frequency domain signal at the $k^{th}$ subcarrier can be expressed as $$Y(k) = \sqrt{P}H_{eff}(k)X(k) + W_g(k), k = 0, 1, \cdots, N-1$$ \hspace{1cm} (10) where $H_{eff}(k)$ and $W_g(k)$ are, respectively, the $k^{th}$ element of $N$-point FFT of $h_{eff}(n)$ and $w_g(n)$. For detection, we first equalize the received signal by using a single-tap equalizer. Mathematically speaking, we first obtain $$\hat{X}(k) = \left( \sqrt{P}H_{eff}(k) \right)^{-1}Y(k), k = 0, 1, \cdots, N-1$$ \hspace{1cm} (11) where $H_{eff}(k)$ is the estimated effective channel coefficient for the $k^{th}$ carrier (see Section III for details). Then, we perform maximum likelihood (ML) decoding, i.e., $$\hat{X}(k) = \arg \min_{X(k) \in \Omega} \\| \hat{X}(k) - X(k) \\|$$ \hspace{1cm} (12) where $\\| \cdot \\|$ is the $L_2$ norm and $\Omega$ is the set of $M$-QAM symbols. III. FRAME DETECTION, SYMBOL TIMING AND SNR ESTIMATION The signal frame structure illustrated in Fig. 2. The start of each frame includes a guard band with a length of $L_G$ and a frame detection training sequence with a length of $L_{FD}$. This is then followed by the transmission of $2(N_D+1)$ OFDM sub-frames, i.e., positive and negative OFDM sub-frames following each other. Each OFDM sub-frame has a cyclic prefix with a length of $N_{CP}$ and data carriers with a length of $N$. The first two OFDM sub-frames carry the channel estimation training sequence while the other carry data\footnote{Due to Hermitian symmetry and unipolar coding, only $N/2 - 1$ of $2N$ carriers actually carry data while the others are loaded with zero.}. Finally, a guard with a length of $L_G$ is inserted before the transmission of next frame. Therefore, a frame has a total length of $N_{down} = 2L_G + L_{FD} + 2(N+N_{CP})(N_D+1)$. We use root-raised-cosine (RRC) filter with a roll-off factor of $\beta$ for transmitter pulse shaping filter. After pulse shaping, the total number of samples in a transmitted frame is given by $N_{up} = N_{down}U$ where $U$ denotes the upsampling factor. In the following, we explain how we perform the symbol timing estimation, frame detection, and channel (and subsequent SNR) estimation. First, we perform symbol timing which refers to the estimation of the sampling point of the symbol. We consider the maximum output energy method [16, Chapter 5] which finds the sample point that maximizes the average received energy. Let $Y_{up}(n), \ n = 1, 2, \cdots, N_{up}$ denote the sampled received frame. Further let $\tau = 1, 2, \cdots, U$ denote the possible delay values. Then, we can write $$\hat{\tau} = \max_n \left\| E \left[ (Y_{up}(nU + \tau))^2 \right] \right\|, \ n = 1, 2, \cdots, N_{down} \tag{13} $$ After symbol timing, frame detection is performed in order to resolve multiple symbol period delays. In other words, we determine the beginning of the frame. For frame detection, we use the training sequence $T_{FD}(d), d = 0, \cdots, L_{FD} - 1$. By correlating the received signal with the known training sequence for frame detection that is placed at the header of the transmitted frame, the beginning of frame is found at the position of the autocorrelations peak. Mathematically speaking, the correlator output can be written as $$\hat{d} = \max_n \left\| \sum_{d=0}^{L_{FD}-1} T_{FD}(d) Y_{down}(n+d) \right\|^2 \tag{14} $$ where $Y_{down}(n) = Y_{up}(nU + \hat{\tau}), \ n = 1, 2, \cdots, N_{down}$ is the down-sampled received frame. For channel estimation, we use the training sequence $T_{CE}(i), i = 1, \cdots, N/2 - 1$ with unit power. Based on (10), the corresponding received frequency domain signal for the $k^{th}$ subcarrier can be written as $$Y(k) = H_{eff}(k) T(k) + W_g(k), \ k = 0, 2, \cdots, N-1 \tag{15} $$ Using zero-forcing estimator, the estimated channel gain at $k^{th}$ subcarrier, $k = 0, 1, \cdots, N-1$, can be written as $$\hat{H}_{eff}(k) = Y(k) T^{-1}(k) \tag{16} $$ It should be noted that the estimated effective channel gain will include the effects of channel and transmitter/receiver frontends, i.e., amplification gain, LED conversion loss, photodetector responsivity, and pulse shaping filters. To measure the noise, we switch off the LED and measure the received signals. Assuming that $L$ samples are collected, the estimated noise power for the $k^{th}$ subcarrier can be written as $$\sigma_k^2 = \frac{1}{L} \sum_{l=1}^{L} \|Y_l(k)\|^2 \tag{17} $$ Since $\sigma_{nk}^2$ remains the same for all subcarriers, we can drop index $k$ and write it as $\sigma_n^2$. Therefore, SNR at the $k^{th}$ subcarrier can be written as $$SNR[k] = \frac{H_{eff}(k)^2}{\sigma_n^2} \tag{18} $$ IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS Fig. 3 illustrates the block diagram of our experimental setup. At the transmitter, LabVIEW software of the transmitter (source laptop) generates U-OFDM symbols. The generated data is transferred from the laptop via Ethernet cable to the modified NI 2920 USRP with LFTX daughter boards for digital to analog conversion (DAC). The output signal of the USRP is amplified by a power amplifier (Mini-circuits ZHL-32A+) to adjust the signal power for the input of Bias-Tee (Mini-circuits ZFBT-GW+). DC voltage is then added to shift the signal to the linear operation region of the LED. We use an LED (Lumileds LXa7-PW50) with turn-on voltage of 2.5 V and maximum forward voltage of 3.25 V. At the receiver, we use an avalanche photodetector (APD) (Thorlabs APD 130 A/M). After the optical signal is converted into an electrical signal, DC component of the received signal is removed. This is then fed to the modified NI 2920 USRP with LFRX daughter board. U-OFDM demodulation is performed on LabVIEW software running on the destination laptop. The component types and specifications are summarized in Table I. The transmitter and receiver are placed apart from each other with a link distance of $d = 1.2$ m. Average electrical transmit power ($P$) is varied in the range of 0.1 mW and 3.6 mW. 4-QAM is employed. The USRP sampling rate is $f_s = 5 \times 10^6$ samples per second. We use an upsampling factor of $U = 80$. We use RRC pulse shape with a roll-off factor of $\beta = 0.5$. ### Table II Experimental Set-Up Parameters* \| Parameter \| Value \| \|------------------------------------------------\|----------------\| \| Link distance (m) \| $d$ \| \| Electrical Noise power (dB) \| $\sigma_n^2$ \| \| Average electrical transmitted power (mW) \| $P$ \| \| Modulation order \| $M$ \| \| Number of data subcarriers \| $N$ \| \| Length of cyclic prefix \| $N_{cp}$ \| \| Training sequence length for frame detection \| $L_{FD}$ \| \| Training sequence length for channel estimation\| $L_{CE}$ \| \| Guard band length \| $L_G$ \| \| Number of data OFDM symbols \| $N_D$ \| \| Number of frames \| $N_F$ \| \| Upsampling factor \| $U$ \| \| USRP sampling rate (samples/sec) \| $f_s = 5 \times 10^6$ \| \| RRC pulse shaping filter length \| $L_{PS}$ \| \| Roll-off factor \| $\beta$ \| The pulse shape is truncated to the length of $L_{PS} = 80$ samples. Each frame includes a guard band with a length of $L_G = 6$, a frame detection training sequence with a length of $L_{FD} = 80$, channel estimation training sequence with a length of $L_{CE} = 15$, cyclic prefix with a length of $N_{cp} = 4$ and data carriers with a length of $N = 32$. For the convenience of the reader, all parameters are summarized in Table II. Following the methodology described in Section III, we measured the effective channel gain per each subcarrier $H_{eff}(k)$ and illustrated in Fig. 4.a for different values of average electrical transmit power. It can be readily verified that the channel exhibits frequency-flat characteristics with very little fluctuation in frequency domain. This is rather expected since the transmitter and receiver have a line-of-sight configuration with a good alignment. We further measured noise power based on $L = 100$ noise samples for each subcarrier and, based on (17), we determined it as $\sigma_n^2 \simeq -61.37$ dB for all subcarriers. Then, based on (18), we obtained the received SNR per each subcarrier and illustrated in Fig. 4.b. For BER measurements, we transmitted $N_F = 60$ frames. Each frame includes $N_D + 1 = 369$ OFDM sub-frames, one of which is dedicated for channel estimation. Therefore, the total number of transmitted bits is given by $N_F N_D (N/2 - 1) \log_2 M = 60 \cdot 368 \cdot 15 \cdot 2 = 6.624 \times 10^5$ bits. At the receiver side, these were demodulated based on the decision metric in (12) and compared with actual transmitted bits. The measured BER for each subcarrier is illustrated in Fig. 5. Averaging over $N/2 - 1 = 15$ subcarriers, we obtain the measured average BER and plot it as well. As a benchmark, we further include the analytical BER expression. For square QAM constellations, an approximate expression of BER per subcarrier is given by [17] $$BER[k] \approx \frac{2 \left( \sqrt{M} - 1 \right)}{\sqrt{M \log_2 M}} Q \left( \sqrt{\frac{3SNR[k]}{2(M - 1)}} \right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (19) where $Q(\cdot)$ is the Gaussian Q-function. Averaging (19) over all data carriers, the average BER can be obtained by $$BER = \frac{1}{N/2 - 1} \sum_{k=1}^{N/2-1} BER[k]$$ \hspace{1cm} (20) It is observed that the characteristics of theoretical and measured BER expressions match each other. There is around 2 dB shift between theoretical and experimental BER curves. This shift decreases as SNR increases. At low SNR values, frame synchronization and symbol timing experience higher estimation errors. At high SNR, the difference reduces to around 1.6 dB because of the better estimation quality. Fig. 5. Measured BER values and comparison with theoretical results. V. CONCLUSIONS U-OFDM has been proposed as a power-efficient multicarrier technique for high speed VLC systems. In this paper, we considered this promising optical OFDM technique and evaluated its performance using software defined platforms. Our experimental set-up was built upon the USRP from National Instruments customized with baseband cards and integrated with VLC front-ends. Through a measurement campaign, we first presented the frequency response of the effective channel including the effects of both propagation channel and front-ends. Then, we measured the BER per subcarrier and obtained the overall BER. Experimental results were further confirmed through comparisons with theoretical results. REFERENCES [1] S. Dumitrov and H. Haas, Principles of LED Light Communications: Towards Networked Li-Fi. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2015, ch. 2. [2] M. Uysal, C. Capsoni, Z. Ghassemlooy, A. Boucouvalas, and E. Udayar, Optical Wireless Communications: An Emerging Technology. 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A Nematode Formula Nathan Augustus Cobb Department of Agriculture Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Cobb, Nathan Augustus, "A Nematode Formula" (1890). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 908. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/908 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A NEMATODE FORMULA: BY N. A. COBB. SYDNEY: CHARLES POTTER, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1890. A Nematode Formula. By N. A. COBB. I propose in the near future to describe in a series of papers a large number of hitherto unknown Nematodes. As many of these papers as appear in the reports of this department will treat of those Nematodes which live in or upon plants, often thereby causing diseased conditions whose nature it is highly important to understand. In order to bring the characterizations into small compass, and thus gain space for the fuller discussion of such morphological, physiological, and pathological problems as may present themselves, I shall make use of a new formula which expresses briefly and accurately the necessary measurements. Inasmuch as this formula will occur once or twice in the description of each species, and be made to bear such a large share of the burden of characterization as to become in a systematic sense a prime factor in the work, it merits at the outset a full elucidation. Since the middle of the present century nematolimnologists have shown an ever-increasing regard to absolute and relative dimensions. Dujardin (1846) gave the length, the ratio between the length and breadth, and occasionally other dimensions, such as the length of the tail and the position of the vulva. No one did more than this until Eberth and Bastian, working simultaneously on the Anguillulidae, saw the necessity for further particularization. These two investigators, the one in Germany, and especially the other in England, laid firm the foundation of the important superstructure afterward raised by Bütschli, Marion, De Man, Von Linstow and others. The appearance of their works (Eb. 1863, Bast. 1866) marks an era in the history of our knowledge of the group of which they treated. Their texts were accompanied by accurate and well-executed figures of both extremities of each worm described. The dimensions given, based sometimes it is true on too few or otherwise too imperfect measurements, related to the length, breadth, position of the vulva, depth of the buccal cavity, and the fraction of the entire length occupied by the tail and esophagus respectively. To these Bastian added the dimensions of the spicula and striæ. The English author, making the inch his unit of length, contented himself with giving a categorical list of the measurements made. Thus, taking a species at random, Enoplus pigmentosus was entered as $\frac{1}{2} \times \text{r} \frac{1}{2}$; tooth, $\frac{1}{4} \frac{1}{2}$; esophagus, about $\frac{1}{2}$ (i.e., of the total length); tail, $\frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2}$. This is manifestly not very convenient for the reader. The German author, making the millimeter his unit of length, followed the same plan as his English contemporary but gave fewer measurements, trusting no doubt that the exquisite figures accompanying his text would supply all necessary information concerning details. Bütschli, the renowned Heidelberg naturalist, followed (1873-4) the plan adopted by Bastian and Eberth, but brought to his aid a greater amount of pictorial art. His figures are full length portraits, accompanied by figures on a larger scale, the latter illustrating the details of the head, tail, &c. Marion (1873) furnished no new ideas to the nomenclaturist. De Man, however, has introduced decided improvements in nomenclature. Realizing the necessity for exactitude and completeness in the matter of measurements, this author, who has described a greater number of new forms than any of his predecessors in the same field, and added also very essentially to our knowledge of the Nematode anatomy in general, has adopted a series of ratios by which a considerable number of measurements are expressed very concisely. These ratios he represents by the Greek letters $ \alpha, \beta, \gamma $, his $ \alpha $ being the ratio of the length to the median (greatest) diameter, $ \beta $ the ratio of the total length to the length of the oesophagus and $ \gamma $ the ratio of the total length to the length of the tail. Thus, after having given the absolute length, he is enabled to give three remaining dimensions by means of such an expression as the following: $ \alpha = 45, \beta = 5, \gamma = 8 $. The formula which I now propose points out, by means of eleven numbers, eleven dimensions, and serves at the same time to indicate the sex from which the measurements were taken, as well as the general form and size of the sexual organs. The following are my formulae for a species of Oncholaimus: \[ \begin{array}{ccccccccc} 1' & 8'2 & 17'2 & 5'2 & 93'3 & 1'77 \\ -9 & 1'5 & 1'6 & 1'7 & -8 & 1'77 \\ \end{array} \] \[ \begin{array}{ccccccccc} 8 & 8' & 10'6 & M & 9'41 & 1'85 \\ -8 & 1'3 & 1'4 & 1'4 & -8 & 1'85 \\ \end{array} \] The formula for the male is distinguished from that for the female by the use of the letter $ M $, for reasons presently to be stated. In order to exhibit in as graphic manner as possible the nature of this new formula, I have desired the printer to set up the above formula for the female in special type as follows: \[ \begin{array}{cccccc} \text{Pharynx. Nerve-ring. Base of Neck. Vulva. Anus.} \\ \text{Lengths} & 1' & 8'2 & 17'3 & 5'2 & 9'33 & 1'77 \text{ m.} \\ \text{Diameters} & -9 & 1'5 & 1'6 & 1'7 & -8 & \\ \text{Pharynx. Nerve-ring. Base of Neck. Vulva. Anus.} \\ \end{array} \] The numbers above the horizontal line relate to longitudinal measurements, while those below it relate to diametral measurements. The first number above the line (1') represents the distance from the anterior extremity of the animal to the bottom of the pharynx or buccal cavity. The first number below the line (-9) represents the length of the body-diameter which passes through the base of the pharynx. The second number above the line (8'2) represents the distance from the anterior extremity of the animal to the centre of the nerve-ring; and the number directly below (1'5) represents the length of the corresponding diameter, i.e., the body-diameter passing through the nerve-ring. The third pair of numbers (17'3 and 1'6) represent measurements relating to the posterior end of the oesophagus or base of the neck. In other words, 17'3 is the distance from the anterior extremity of the animal to the posterior end of the oesophagus, or is the length of the neck including the head; and 1'6 is the diameter of the body at the point where the oesophagus joins the intestine, i.e., where the neck joins the body. Finally, 5'2 and 9'33 are the distances from the anterior extremity to the vulva and the anus respectively, and 1'7 and '8 are the lengths of the corresponding diameters. It will be seen that the different dimensions are taken up in the formula in a natural order. Reading the formula from left to right reads off the dimensions of the animal from head to tail. Now comes the peculiarity of the formula: The unit of measurement is not absolute but relative, is, in fact, nothing else than the hundredth part of the length of the worm itself. In other words, the measurements are expressed as percentages of the total length of the animal. Thus, the first measurement (1') indicates that the depth, i.e., the length, of the pharynx is equal to 1 per cent. of the total length of the body. So the measurements for the base of the neck indicate that the length of the neck is equal to 17.3 per cent. of the body-length, while the length of the diameter at the base of the neck is equal to 1.6 per cent. of the body-length. The absolute length of the animal expressed in millimeters is placed at the right. In the present case that length is 1.77 millimeters.* In the formula for males the measurements relating to the vulva of the female are replaced by measurements relating to the middle of the body. The fourth number above the line becomes, therefore, always 50, and is indicated by M. The number below M gives the diameter of the male at the middle. In other respects the formula for the male is similar to that for the female. Unless otherwise stated all measurements must be understood to be taken from adult specimens as they appear in profile. By the use of certain signs the fourth term above the line may be made to convey an idea of the form and size, as well as the position, of the sexual organs. The female genital organs lie either on one or both sides of the vulva, and the branches are either straight or reflexed. Letting a hyphen represent a straight, and a quotation mark a reflexed branch, we have— -52-1' indicates two straight branches, one on either side of the vulva. -52'-1' indicates two reflexed branches, one on either side of the vulva, 52-1' indicates one straight branch behind the vulva, 52'-1' indicates one reflexed branch behind the vulva. -52-1 indicates one straight branch in front of the vulva. '52-1 indicates one reflexed branch in front of the vulva. In case of the male— -M indicates two straight testicles extending in opposite directions. -M indicates one straight testicle extending forwards. -M indicates one straight testicle extending backwards. 'M indicates one reflexed testicle extending backwards. 'M indicates one reflexed testicle extending forwards. It should be borne in mind that the marks in the case of the male refer exclusively to the form and position of the testicle proper, that is to say, that portion of the generative apparatus beyond the vas deferens. When two testicles are present their limits are easily defined, for the point where they join marks the beginning of the vas deferens. When but a single testicle exists it is marked off from the vas deferens by a constriction in the same way that the vas deferens is marked off from the ductus ejaculatorius. The percentage of the body occupied by the sexual organs is indicated by superior or reference figures placed at the right of and above the fourth term. Thus '50'30 represents a female sexual apparatus whose vulva is central, and whose symmetrically reflexed branches occupy 30% of the length of the body. Dividing 1.77 millimeters by one hundred, we obtain the unit of length used in the remainder of the formula. The result is .0177 millimeters. If it is desired to obtain the absolute length of the pharynx, neck, or other part, multiply the proper measurement by this co-efficient (.0177). This gives for the absolute length of the pharynx .0177 × 1 = .0177 millimeters, and for the length of the neck .0177 × 17.3 = .3 millimeters. It is well known, however, that absolute dimensions, in such a case, are of very little consequence, while relative dimensions are of the greatest importance, and the great advantage possessed by such a formula as that now under consideration is that relative dimensions are made prominent. One may quickly familiarize himself with this new formula by imagining that the horizontal line represents the animal under consideration, and that the dimensions are written alongside, opposite the proper parts,—that is, opposite the base of the pharynx, the nerve-ring, the base of the neck, the vulva and the anus. Being already familiar with the use of this formula, I am not a proper judge of the difficulties that would occur to a novice in its use. To me the most obvious difficulty is that of having always to consider the anus with reference to its distance from the anterior instead of, as is usual, from the posterior extremity, a difficulty which should disappear with a little practice. It is much easier to enumerate what seem to me the advantages of the formula. (1.) The position of each number indicates the dimension to which it refers. The formula is thus brief, yet concise. (2.) The position of the nerve-ring is indicated. In properly prepared specimens the position of the nerve-ring is clearly to be seen, so there is no longer any reason why the position of so important an organ should not be entered among the characteristics. In order to see at once the relative position occupied by the nerve-ring, comparison should be made between the second and third numbers above the line. It will be thus seen that in the species whose formula has been given, the ring is situated a little in front of the middle of the neck. (3.) A glance along the lower line of the formula reveals at once the general form of the body. The worm whose formula has been given has a somewhat cylindrical body. The portion of the neck in front of the nerve-ring tapers considerably. The body also tapers considerably in front of the anus. This latter is patent from comparison of '8 with 52:1. The vulva is central, which means that the sexual organs are probably double and symmetrical. Therefore, the body would not be likely to diminish much in size in the immediate vicinity of the vulva. Hence the decrease in size (1:7 to '8) must take place considerably behind the vulva, and therefore near the anus. In very plump worms the largest of the numbers below the line may rise as high 10, in slender ones become less than unity. (4.) By averaging the specific formulae of a genus, we may obtain a generic formula. During phylogenetic and systematic studies the specific and generic formulae greatly facilitate the necessary comparisons. The following description of a new species of Oncholaimus will illustrate the use of the formula: Oncholaimus index*, n. sp. 1:17 7:2 11:2 60:1 25:6 1:23. The thin cuticula is destitute of striæ. By careful use of high powers short submedian hairs may be discovered throughout the length of the body. The conoid neck terminates in a very slightly compressed head, which, at first glance, seems to be entirely naked, but is seen after careful focussing to bear six very short setæ, two lateral and four submedian, all opposite the apex of the longest pharyngeal tooth. When the worm is seen in the dorso-ventral aspect, the two circular lateral organs appear like two small oblique open pockets opposite the middle of the pharynx. Six thin lips, each having the form of an isosceles-spherical triangle, together form a flat-topped dome over A Nematode Formula. a pharynx which is about half as wide as deep and which is armed with three teeth, two sub-equal ones reaching half-way to the lips, and a third, the left submedian, stouter and half as long again. Passing the pharynx, the food enters an esophagus which is in its anterior part less, but in its posterior part more, than half as wide as the neck. Passing then through the rather large cardia, it enters the intestine, whose commencement is indicated by a distinct but shallow cardiac collarum. This moderately thin-walled intestine is composed of a single layer of cells, of which about fifteen side by side make up the circumference, and terminates posteriorly in a rectum whose length is hardly greater than that of the anal diameter. A sac-shaped unicellular ventral gland, as long as the body is wide, lying nearly as far behind the cardia as the slightly oblique nerve-ring is in front of it, empties, by means of a long narrow duct and a distinct narrow-necked ellipsoidal ampulla, through the porus excretorius, situated about as far behind the base of the pharynx as the latter is behind the lips. The lateral fields are about half as wide as the body. They are usually conspicuous at both extremities, but especially the posterior, through the presence in them of numerous pigment granules. The narrow median fields, one-ninth as wide as the body, are much less readily distinguished. The tail of the female is conical to its somewhat clavate posterior third. It presents a slightly swollen terminus having a conical outlet for the three caudal glands, the most remote of which lies near the commencement of the posterior fifth of the body. Three or four thin-shelled, olate, unsegmented eggs, as long as the body is wide, are usually to be seen lying in the uterus near the rather inconspicuous vulva. Small one-celled glands encircle the very short vagina. The multicellular, bilaterally-symmetrical organ discovered by De Man is situated between the vulva and anus. \[ \frac{13}{15} \quad \frac{84}{13} \quad \frac{125}{13} \quad \frac{360}{13} \quad \frac{93}{13} \quad 24. \] The male tail narrows gradually from opposite the proximal ends of the spicula, becoming at the anus suddenly finger-shaped by diminishing abruptly on the ventral side. The finger-shaped portion has a diameter one-half as great as the anal diameter, and gives to the posterior extremity of the worm when seen in profile the general form of an index (I). Two minute, bristle-bearing, submedian papillae, pointing backward, appear on each side immediately behind the anus. Opposite the posterior-third of the two equal, linear, barely arcuate, pointed spicula stand yet other papillae, to the number of about six or eight, those nearest the anus being submedian, but one or two of the more remote appearing to be median. The spicula, when seen in profile, appear to make but a slight angle with the axis of the body. They are a trifle more than one-half as long as the tail, or a little more than twice as long as the anal diameter, are destitute of accessory pieces and possessed of proxima hardly to be called cephaloid. The testicles join the vas deferens near the middle of the body. The region occupied by the ductus ejaculatorius commences at the beginning of the posterior fifth of the body, and is supplied with oblique copulatory muscles. Both sexes about equally common in sand and among weed along the shores of Port Jackson, New South Wales, October, 1889. I hope by the aid of this new formula to be able to describe, even without the aid of figures, at least such species as belong to already well known genera, so accurately as to leave little to be desired, and yet so briefly as to leave space for the full discussion of the important relations existing between these worms and diseases of plants. Sydney: Charles Potter, Government Printer.—1890.
In order to meet future demands for high-grade and economical circuits in cables, considerable carrier development work has been done which has included an extensive experimental installation on a 25-mile loop of underground cable. Sufficient pairs were provided in the cable and repeaters were installed to set up nine carrier telephone circuits 850 miles long. Tests on these circuits showed the quality of transmission to be satisfactory, while the methods and devices adopted to prevent interference between them were found to be adequate. The trial has, therefore, demonstrated that the obtaining of large numbers of carrier telephone circuits from cable is a practicable proposition. This paper is largely devoted to a description of the trial installation and an account of the experimental work which has been done in this connection. Due to present business conditions, it is expected that this method will not have immediate commercial application. This work is part of a general investigation of transmission systems which are characterized by the fact that each electrical path transmits a broad band of frequencies. Such systems offer important possibilities of economy particularly for routes carrying heavy traffic. The conducting circuit is non-loaded so that the velocity of transmission is much higher than present voice-frequency loaded cable circuits. This is particularly important for very long circuits where transmission delays tend to introduce serious difficulties. A TRIAL installation was recently made in which, for the first time, carrier methods were applied to wires contained wholly in overland cable for the purpose of deriving a number of telephone circuits from each pair of wires. The trial centered at Morristown, New Jersey. A 25-mile length of underground cable was installed in the regular ducts on the New York-Chicago route in such a manner that both ends terminated in the Long Lines repeater station at Morristown. The cable contained 68 No. 16 A.W.G. (1.3 millimeter diameter) non-loaded pairs on which the carrier was applied. Sufficient repeaters and auxiliary equipment were provided at Morristown so that these 68 pairs could be connected together with repeaters at 25-mile intervals to form the equivalent of an 850-mile four-wire circuit. From this 850-mile four-wire circuit nine carrier telephone circuits were derived, using frequencies between 4 and 40 kilocycles. The diagram of Fig. 1 shows the system simulated by the experimental setup. * Presented at Summer Convention of A.I.E.E., Chicago, Illinois, June 30, 1933. Published in Electrical Engineering, July, 1933. Fig. 1—Schematic of cable carrier system. Note: In a practical installation the one-way paths would be shielded from each other either by placing them in separate cables or by placing them in a single cable divided into two electrical compartments by means of a specially arranged shield. In the setup at Morristown the circuit was necessarily arranged somewhat differently since only one cable was available. Transmission over all loops in this cable went in the same direction, half the loops then being connected in tandem to simulate one direction of transmission through a long circuit and the other half in tandem to simulate the other direction of transmission. It will be noted that in this cable system the practical equivalent of two electrical paths was provided, one for transmission in each direction, the same range of frequencies being used in each direction. This differed from common open-wire practice in which the frequency range is split in two and used, one half for transmission in one direction, the other half for transmission in the other. Fig. 2 compares the ![Diagram](image) Fig. 2—Frequency allocations of carrier telephone systems. frequency allocation of the Morristown cable carrier system with existing open-wire systems in this country. Except for this matter of difference in frequency allocation, the fundamental carrier methods used in this cable system did not differ in principle from those already used on open wires. As will be noted in Fig. 2 all of these carrier telephone systems use the single sideband method of transmission with the carrier suppressed. Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the terminal apparatus used in deriving one of the telephone circuits. Its general resemblance to Fig. 3—Terminal of one telephone circuit. the terminal apparatus used in present open-wire systems is evident so no further discussion of this seems required. Fig. 4 shows five relay rack bays carrying terminal equipment (exclusive of line amplifiers) for one system terminal yielding nine telephone circuits. Important problems in cable carrier transmission are: 1. Keeping circuits electrically separated from each other, i.e., preventing troublesome crosstalk. 2. Maintaining stability of transmission. CROSSTALK With respect to crosstalk, the first and most important requirement is to secure a very high degree of electrical separation between paths transmitting in opposite directions. Careful crosstalk tests demonstrated that by placing east-going circuits in one cable and west-going circuits in another, the necessary degree of separation could be obtained even though the two cables were carried in adjacent ducts. Tests on short cable lengths indicate that adequate separation can probably be secured by means of a properly designed shield; one practical form of such a shield consists of alternate layers of copper and iron tapes. With such a shield a cable may be divided into two compartments and thus carry both directions of transmission. Having thus separated opposite bound transmissions there is left the problem of keeping the crosstalk between same direction transmissions within proper bounds. In the cable used for the Morristown trial the 16 A.W.G. pairs used for the carrier were separated from each other by sandwiching them in between No. 19 A.W.G. (.9 millimeter diameter) quads of the usual construction. These quads served as partial shields between the carrier circuits and would in a commercial installation have been suitable for regular voice-frequency use. Thus a considerable reduction in the crosstalk between the carrier pairs was effected. When the problem of keeping crosstalk between circuits transmitting in the same direction within proper bounds is examined it becomes evident that no matter how high the line amplifier gains may be, these gains do not augment this crosstalk since if all of the circuits are alike transmission remains at the same level on all circuits. Not so evident perhaps is another fact that crosstalk currents due to unbalances at different points tend to arrive at the distant end of the disturbed circuit at the same time. This makes it possible to neutralize a good part of the crosstalk over a wide range of frequency by introducing compensating unbalances at only a comparatively few points. Fig. 4—Terminal equipment for 9 telephone circuits. In practice, balancing at only one point in a repeater section (which may be an intermediate point or either extremity) serves to make possible considerable reduction of the crosstalk. In the Morristown setup balancing arrangements were applied at an intermediate point in the cable and found to be entirely adequate for the frequency range involved; in fact, transmission of considerably higher frequencies would have been possible without undue crosstalk. Other tests have indicated that, thanks to these balancing means, the 19-gauge quads used in the Morristown cable for separating the 16-gauge pairs from each other can probably be dispensed with, even for frequencies considerably above those used in the trial. The photograph of Fig. 5 shows the experimental panel on which the circuits were brought together for balancing. This panel was installed in a weather-proof hut near the center of the 25-mile repeater section. By this means all pair to pair combinations in the group to be balanced were brought into proximity so that the leads to the balancing devices could be kept short. The actual balancing was accomplished by connecting small condensers made up of twisted pairs, between wires of different cable circuits and/or by coupling wires of different circuits together through small air-core transformers. Each unit was individually adjusted after measurement of the cross-talk between the various combinations. MAINTAINING STABILITY OF TRANSMISSION Referring to the problem of stability, the importance of this will be appreciated from the fact that the average attenuation at the carrier frequencies employed in the 850-mile circuit as set up at Morristown was about 1300 db. A circuit was actually set up and tested consisting of nine of the carrier links in tandem, giving 7650 miles of two-way telephone circuit whose total attenuation without amplifiers was about 12,000 db. This attenuation, on an energy basis, amounts to $10^{1200}$. This ratio, representing the amplification necessary, quite transcends ratios such as the size of the total universe to the size of the smallest known particle of matter. Balancing this huge amplification against the correspondingly huge loss, to the required precision, one or two db, is a difficult problem. Fortunately, a new form of amplifier employing the principle of negative feedback has been invented by Mr. H. S. Black of the Bell Telephone Laboratories and may be described later in an Institute paper. By making use of this negative feedback principle, amplifiers were produced for this job giving an amplification of 50-60 db and this amplification did not change more than .01 db with normal battery and tube variations. This is ample stability even when it is considered that, with amplifiers spaced 25 miles apart, there would be 160 of these in tandem on a circuit 4000 miles long. As is well known, the losses introduced by cable circuits do not remain constant even though the circuits are kept dry by means of the airtight lead cable sheaths. Variation in temperature is principally responsible for the variation in efficiency of the circuits. The change in temperature, of course, alters the resistance of the wires and to a lesser extent changes the other primary constants, particularly the dielectric conductance. Fig. 6 shows the transmission loss plotted against frequency of a 25-mile length of 16-gauge cable pair at average temperature (taken as 55° F.) and also the effect of changing this temperature $\pm 18^\circ$ F. which is about the variation experienced in underground cable in this section of the country. For a circuit 1000 miles long the yearly variation amounts to about 100 db. The transmission loss at any frequency is a simple function of the d-c. resistance. Consequently, measurement of the d-c. resistance of a pilot wire circuit exposed to the same temperature variations can be used to control gains and equalizer adjustments to overcome the effect of this temperature variation. Fig. 7 shows a schematic diagram of the pilot wire transmission regulation system used in the Morristown experiments, while the photograph of Fig. 8 indicates the appearance of the apparatus. This pilot wire regulation system takes care of a 25-mile length of cable. The arrangement of the regulating networks is such that variation of a single resistance causes the transmission loss to be varied a different amount at different frequencies. ![Graph showing transmission loss of 16-gauge cable pair](image) Fig. 6—Transmission loss of 16-gauge cable pair. as required by the variation in the line loss shown in Fig. 6 above. In Fig. 7 the relay system is omitted for the sake of simplicity. The function of the relay system is, of course, to control the rotation of the shaft carrying the variable resistances so that it follows the rotation of the shaft associated with the master mechanism. The centering cam is provided to avoid "hunting." The Morristown experiments have shown that this form of regulation is adequate when underground cables are employed. Similar regulation of aerial cables in which the transmission variation with time is three times as large and several hundred times as rapid presents greater but not insuperable difficulties. Fig. 7—Automatic transmission regulating system. Fig. 8—Automatic transmission regulating equipment—covers removed. OBTAINING HIGH AMPLIFICATIONS The attenuation of cable pairs being inherently high at carrier frequencies, high amplifier gains are called for, otherwise the cost of the carrier circuits goes up very materially. Since as the power carrying capacity of the repeaters is increased a point is soon reached where it becomes very expensive to go further, high amplifications must be secured by letting the transmitted currents become very weak before amplifying them. A natural limit to this is found in the so-called thermal or resistance noise$^1$ generated by all conductors. Similar natural and largely insuperable noises are introduced by the vacuum tubes in the amplifiers. Other sources of noise are: 1. Telegraph and signaling circuits worked on other pairs in the same cable with the carrier circuits. 2. Radio stations. 3. Noise from power systems, particularly electric railways. The latter two disturbances originate outside the cable so that they are subject to the shielding effect of the lead sheath which increases rapidly with increasing frequency. Generally speaking, in a new cable both of these and also the noises from other circuits in the same cable may be relegated by location and design to comparatively minor importance. On existing cables, however, they may require special treatment. In all cases, however, the lower levels at the upper frequencies, which largely determine the repeater spacings, are established primarily by the thermal noise in the conductors and by the corresponding noises in the vacuum tubes. In the Morristown installation the amplifications were kept small enough and the levels high enough so that noise was not an important factor. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A large number and wide variety of tests have been made using the setup at Morristown. These were generally of too technical a character to be of interest in a general paper such as this one. It will be of chief interest to note that no serious difficulty was experienced in setting up the 850-mile four-wire 4 to 40-kc. circuit with the necessary constancy of transmission loss at different frequencies, although the equalizer arrangements which made this possible presented intricate and difficult problems of design. Nine separate carrier telephone con- $^1$ "Thermal Agitation of Electricity in Conductors," by J. B. Johnson, Phys. Rev., Vol. 32, p. 97, 1928, and "Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors," by H. Nyquist, Phys. Rev., Vol. 32, p. 110, 1928. versations were transmitted over this broad band circuit without difficulty due to cross-modulation. Each carrier telephone circuit was designed to yield a frequency band at least 2500 cycles wide, extending from about 250 cycles to somewhat above 2750 cycles when five such carrier links are connected in tandem. This liberal frequency band and the very satisfactory linearity of transmission over the entire system, gave a very excellent quality of transmission. In order to exaggerate any quality impairment which might have been present the nine carrier circuits were, as noted previously, connected for test in tandem giving a total length of about 7650 miles of two-way telephone circuit. The quality of transmission over this circuit was also found very satisfactory. In fact, the quality was not greatly impaired even when twice this length of one-way circuit was established by connecting all the lengths in tandem, giving a 15,300-mile circuit whose overall loss without amplifiers was about 24,000 db. As noted previously, the fact that the cable pairs are left non-loaded gives the cable carrier circuits the advantage of very high transmission velocity. Including the effect of the apparatus this velocity is approximately 100,000 miles per second—five or six times as great as the highest velocity loaded voice-frequency toll cable circuits now employed in the U.S.A. This velocity is ample for telephoning satisfactorily over any distances possible on this earth. Conclusion Under the present economic conditions there is no immediate demand for the installation of systems of this type. Consequently development work is being pursued further before preparing a system for commercial use. The final embodiment or embodiments of the cable carrier system will probably differ widely, therefore, from the system described in this paper. Since the transmission performance of the experimental system was so completely satisfactory, emphasis is now being directed toward producing more economical systems which will be applicable to shorter circuits. Preliminary indications from this work are that some form of cable carrier system will ultimately find important application on circuits measured in tens rather than hundreds of miles. Mutual Impedance of Grounded Wires Lying On or Above the Surface of the Earth * By RONALD M. FOSTER This paper presents a formula for the mutual impedance of any insulated wires of negligible diameter lying in horizontal planes above the surface of the earth and grounded by vertical wires at their four end-points. The formula holds for frequencies which are not too high to allow all displacement currents to be neglected. Tables and curves are given to facilitate numerical computation by means of the formula. In the expansion of this formula for low frequencies and for any heights the first two terms give the direct-current mutual impedance; the third term is independent of the heights, thus being identically the same as that previously found for wires on the surface. The mutual impedance for wires at any heights $H$ and $h$, with separations large in comparison with these heights, is found to be approximately equal to the mutual impedance for wires on the surface multiplied by the complex factor $[1 + \Gamma(H + h)]$, where $\Gamma$ is the propagation constant in the earth. THE formula established in a previous paper$^1$ for the mutual impedance of any grounded thin wires lying on the surface of the earth has now been extended to include wires lying in horizontal planes above the surface of the earth and grounded by vertical wires at their four end-points. As before, we assume the earth to be flat, semi-infinite in extent, of negligible capacitivity, of uniform resistivity $\rho$, and of inductivity $\nu$ equal to that of free space. The air is also assumed to be of negligible capacitivity and of inductivity $\nu$ equal to that of free space. All displacement currents are thus neglected both in the earth and in the air; this is the assumption which is ordinarily made as a first approximation at power frequencies for the shorter transmission lines. By the same general method of derivation as before, the extended formula is found to be: $$Z_{12} = \int \int \left[ \frac{d^2P(r,H,h)}{dSds} + \cos \epsilon M(r,H,h) \right] dSds,$$ where $$P(r,H,h) = P_0(r) + P_1(r,H + h) - P_2(r,\|H - h\|),$$ * A brief report of the principal theoretical result obtained in this paper was recently published in the Physical Review (2), 41, 536–537 (August 15, 1932). An error in the formula for $N_0(r)$, as printed there, should be corrected: in the denominator of the fraction, $r^2$ should be $r^3$. $^1$ R. M. Foster, "Mutual Impedance of Grounded Wires Lying on the Surface of the Earth," Bell System Technical Journal, 10, 408–419 (July, 1931); see also Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 36, 367–368 (May, 1930). \[ M(r, H, h) = M_0(r) + M_1(r, H + h) - M_2(r, \|H - h\|), \] \[ P_0(r) = \frac{\rho}{2\pi r}, \] \[ P_1(r, s) = \frac{i\omega\nu}{4\pi} \int_0^\infty \left\{ \frac{s}{\mu} - \frac{1 - e^{-s\mu}}{\mu^2} \left[ \frac{(\mu^2 + \Gamma^2)^{1/2} - \mu}{(\mu^2 + \Gamma^2)^{1/2} + \mu} \right] \right\} J_0(r\mu)d\mu, \] \[ P_2(r, d) = \frac{i\omega\nu}{4\pi} \left[ d \log \frac{(r^2 + d^2)^{1/2} + d}{r} - (r^2 + d^2)^{1/2} + r \right], \] \[ M_0(r) = \frac{\rho}{2\pi r^3} [1 - (1 + \Gamma r)e^{-\Gamma r}], \] \[ M_1(r, s) = \frac{i\omega\nu}{4\pi} \int_0^\infty (1 - e^{-s\mu}) \left[ \frac{(\mu^2 + \Gamma^2)^{1/2} - \mu}{(\mu^2 + \Gamma^2)^{1/2} + \mu} \right] J_0(r\mu)d\mu, \] \[ M_2(r, d) = \frac{i\omega\nu}{4\pi} \left[ \frac{1}{r} - \frac{1}{(r^2 + d^2)^{1/2}} \right]. \] The integrations in the iterated integral are extended over the two wires $ S $ and $ s $, lying in planes at heights $ H $ and $ h $, respectively. The elements $ dS $ and $ ds $ are separated by the horizontal distance $ r $ and include the angle $ \epsilon $ between their directions. The propagation constant of plane electromagnetic waves in the earth, varying with the time as $ e^{i\omega t} $, is $ \Gamma $, which equals $ (i\omega\nu/\rho)^{1/2} $. All distances are measured in meters, $ Z_{12} $ in ohms and $ \rho $ in meter-ohms; $ \nu $ has the value 1.256 $ \times 10^{-6} $ henries per meter; $ \omega $ is equal to $ 2\pi $ times the frequency; $ J_0 $ is the Bessel function of order zero. The derivation of the formula is outlined in the latter part of this paper. The functions $ P $ and $ M $ are divided into three parts: first, $ P_0 $ and $ M_0 $, which are functions only of the horizontal distance $ r $; secondly, $ P_1 $ and $ M_1 $, which are functions of $ r $ and of the sum of the two heights $ H $ and $ h $; and thirdly, $ P_2 $ and $ M_2 $, which are functions of $ r $ and of the numerical difference of the two heights. These three parts are arranged in the order of relative importance when the heights are reasonably small. For zero heights, the functions $ P $ and $ M $ reduce to $ P_0 $ and $ M_0 $, which are the values previously obtained for wires on the surface. For small values of the heights, $ P_1 $ and $ M_1 $ are of the order of magnitude of the sum of the heights, whereas $ P_2 $ and $ M_2 $ are of the order of magnitude of the square of the difference. For some purposes it is convenient to transform formula (A) into the alternative expression: \[ Z_{12} = \int \int \left[ \frac{d^2P(r, H, h)}{dSds} + \cos \epsilon M(r, H, h) \right] dSds, \quad (B) \] where \[ P(r, H, h) = P_0(r) + P^0(r, H, h) + P_3(r, H + h), \] \[ M(r, H, h) = M^0(r, H, h) + M_3(r, H + h), \] \[ P_0(r) = \frac{\rho}{2\pi r}, \] \[ P^0(r, H, h) = \frac{i\omega\nu}{4\pi} \left\{ H \log \left[ \frac{r^2 + (H + h)^2}{r^2 + (H - h)^2} \right]^{1/2} + \frac{H + h}{H - h} \right. \] \[ + h \log \left[ \frac{r^2 + (H + h)^2}{r^2 + (H - h)^2} \right]^{1/2} - \frac{H + h}{H - h} \] \[ + \left[ r^2 + (H - h)^2 \right]^{1/2} - \left[ r^2 + (H + h)^2 \right]^{1/2} \right\} \] \[ P_3(r, s) = \frac{i\omega\nu}{2\pi} \int_0^\infty \frac{1 - e^{-s\mu}}{\mu \left[ (\mu^2 + \Gamma^2)^{1/2} + \mu \right]} J_0(r\mu) d\mu, \] \[ M^0(r, H, h) = \frac{i\omega\nu}{4\pi} \left\{ \frac{1}{\left[ r^2 + (H - h)^2 \right]^{1/2}} - \frac{1}{\left[ r^2 + (H + h)^2 \right]^{1/2}} \right\}, \] \[ M_3(r, s) = \frac{i\omega\nu}{2\pi} \int_0^\infty \frac{\mu e^{-s\mu}}{(\mu^2 + \Gamma^2)^{1/2} + \mu} J_0(r\mu) d\mu. \] The functions $ P $ and $ M $ are again divided into three parts: first, $ P_0 $, the term giving the direct-current mutual resistance; secondly, $ P^0 $ and $ M^0 $, terms giving the mutual impedance on the assumption of a perfectly conducting earth; and thirdly, $ P_3 $ and $ M_3 $, the correction terms for the finite conductivity of the earth. The $ P^0 $ and $ M^0 $ terms thus give $ i\omega\nu/8\pi $ times the mutual Neumann integral of the two complete circuits formed from the actual wire circuits by adding to them their reflections in the surface of the earth. For small values of $ \Gamma $, the $ P_3 $ and $ M_3 $ terms can be expanded as follows: \[ P_3(r, s) = \frac{i\omega\nu}{4\pi} \left\{ -s \log \Gamma - s \log \left[ (r^2 + s^2)^{1/2} + s \right] - r \right. \] \[ + (r^2 + s^2)^{1/2} + [2 \log 2 + \psi(1) + \frac{1}{2}]s \] \[ + \frac{1}{3}s^2 \Gamma - \frac{1}{4}s(3r^2 - 2s^2)\Gamma^2 \log \Gamma + \cdots \right\}, \tag{1} \] \[ M_3(r, s) = \frac{i\omega\nu}{4\pi} \left\{ \frac{1}{(r^2 + s^2)^{1/2}} - \frac{2}{3}\Gamma - \frac{1}{4}s\Gamma^2 \log \Gamma + \cdots \right\}. \] By means of these expansions, the complete $ P $ and $ M $ functions, as given by formula (B), can be put into the form: \[ P(r, H, h) = \frac{\rho}{2\pi r} + \frac{i\omega v}{4\pi} \left\{ -H \log \left[ \left( r^2 + (H - h)^2 \right)^{1/2} + H - h \right] \right. \\ - h \log \left[ \left( r^2 + (H - h)^2 \right)^{1/2} - H + h \right] \\ + \left[ r^2 + (H - h)^2 \right]^{1/2} - r \\ + F(H, h, \Gamma) + O(\Gamma^2 \log \Gamma) \}, \\ M(r, H, h) = \frac{i\omega v}{4\pi} \left\{ \frac{1}{\left[ r^2 + (H - h)^2 \right]^{1/2}} - \frac{2}{3} \Gamma + O(\Gamma^2 \log \Gamma) \right\}. \tag{2} \] The function $ F(H, h, \Gamma) $ is of no consequence, since it does not involve $ r $; it contributes nothing to the value of the impedance. The remaining terms are infinitesimals of order $ (\Gamma^2 \log \Gamma) $ for infinitesimal values of $ \Gamma $; they are thus of higher order than $ \Gamma $ itself. By means of equation (2) we can now show that the first three terms in the expansion of $ Z_{12} $ for low frequencies and for any heights are given by \[ Z_{12} = \frac{\rho}{2\pi} \left( \frac{1}{Aa} - \frac{1}{Ab} - \frac{1}{Ba} + \frac{1}{Bb} \right) + \frac{i\omega v}{4\pi} N_{(S-E)(s-e)} \\ + \frac{1 - i}{6\pi} \left( \frac{\omega^3 v^3}{2\rho} \right)^{1/2} AB ab \cos \theta + \cdots, \tag{3} \] where $ N_{(S-E)(s-e)} $ is the mutual Neumann integral between the two circuits formed by the wires $ S $ and $ s $, lying in planes at heights $ H $ and $ h $ above the earth, grounded by vertical wires at their four end-points, and with earth returns,—the four grounding points on the surface of the earth being $ A, B $ and $ a, b $, respectively. The angle between the straight lines $ AB $ and $ ab $ is designated by $ \theta $. $ N_{(S-E)(s-e)} $ is equal to $ N_{Ss} $, the mutual Neumann integral between the two wires $ S $ and $ s $, augmented by terms which depend only on the arithmetical distances between eight points,—the four end-points and the four grounding points. The first two terms in the expansion (3) are precisely the direct-current mutual impedance as given ten years ago by G. A. Campbell.$^2$ The third term is independent of the heights of the wires; it is thus identically the same as the third term previously found for wires on the surface. The leading term in the expansion of $ Z_{12} $ for a long straight wire $ S $ and any wire $ s $ located near the midpoint of $ S $, for any heights, is \[ \int \left\{ \frac{i\omega v}{2\pi} \log \left[ \frac{x^2 + (H + h)^2}{x^2 + (H - h)^2} \right]^{1/2} \right. \\ + \frac{i\omega v}{\pi} \int_0^\infty \frac{e^{-(H+h)\mu}}{(\mu^2 + \Gamma^2)^{1/2} + \mu} \cos x\mu d\mu \left\} \cos \epsilon ds, \tag{4} \] $^2$ G. A. Campbell, "Mutual Impedances of Grounded Circuits," Bell System Technical Journal, 2, (no. 4), 1–30 (October, 1923). $x$ being the positive horizontal distance from $ds$ to $S$, and $\epsilon$ the angle between $ds$ and $S$. This result is derived immediately from formula (B) upon assuming $S$ to be doubly infinite and then integrating over its entire length. The first part of the expression comes from the $M^0$ function, the second part from the $M_3$ function. The other functions contribute nothing to the leading term in the expansion. The expression enclosed in braces in (4) is the mutual impedance gradient parallel to an infinite wire at a positive horizontal distance $x$ from the wire. It agrees with the results published independently by F. Pollaczek,\textsuperscript{3} J. R. Carson,\textsuperscript{4} and G. Haberland.\textsuperscript{5} Pollaczek has also investigated the case of two grounded circuits of finite length, with certain modifications.\textsuperscript{6} For purposes of computation, however, formula (A) is better, in general, than formula (B). A distinct improvement is effected by multiplying all distances which occur in (A) by the attenuation constant, that is, by $(\omega \nu / 2\rho)^{1/2}$. The numerical value thus obtained for any one distance is indicated by a prime accent on the corresponding letter. We then find the mutual impedance expressed in the following form: $$Z_{12} = \frac{(\omega \nu \rho / 2)^{1/2}}{2\pi} \int \int \left[ \frac{d^2 Q(r', H', h')}{dS'ds'} + \cos \epsilon N(r', H', h') \right] dS'ds', \quad (C)$$ where $$Q(r', H', h') = Q_0(r') + Q_1(r', H' + h') - Q_2(r', \|H' - h'\|),$$ $$N(r', H', h') = N_0(r') + N_1(r', H' + h') - N_2(r', \|H' - h'\|),$$ $$Q_0(r') = \frac{1}{r'},$$ $$Q_1(r', s') = i \int_0^\infty \left\{ \frac{s'}{\mu} - \frac{1 - e^{-s'\mu}}{\mu^2} \left[ \frac{(\mu^2 + 2i)^{1/2} - \mu}{(\mu^2 + 2i)^{1/2} + \mu} \right] \right\} J_0(r'\mu)d\mu,$$ $$Q_2(r', d') = i \left[ d' \log \left( \frac{(r'^2 + d'^2)^{1/2} + d'}{r'} - (r'^2 + d'^2)^{1/2} + r' \right) \right],$$ \textsuperscript{3}F. Pollaczek, "Über das Feld einer unendlich langen wechselstromdurchflossenen Einfachleitung," \textit{Elektrische Nachrichten-technik}, 3, 339–359 (September, 1926). \textsuperscript{4}J. R. Carson, "Wave Propagation in Overhead Wires with Ground Return," \textit{Bell System Technical Journal}, 5, 539–554 (October, 1926). \textsuperscript{5}G. Haberland, "Theorie der Leitung von Wechselstrom durch die Erde," \textit{Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik}, 6, 366–379 (October, 1926). \textsuperscript{6}F. Pollaczek, "Gegenseitige Induktion zwischen Wechselstromfreileitungen von endlicher Länge," \textit{Annalen der Physik} (4), 87, 965–999 (December, 1928). His assumptions regarding conditions at the ground connections seem to depart considerably from the conditions assumed in the present paper, and moreover his results are not expressed in convenient form for direct comparison with the formula given above for $Z_{12}$. \[ N_0(r') = \frac{1}{r'^3} \left\{ 1 - [1 + (1 + i)r'] e^{-(1+i)r'} \right\}, \] \[ N_1(r', s') = i \int_0^\infty (1 - e^{-s'\mu}) \left[ \frac{(\mu^2 + 2i)^{1/2} - \mu}{(\mu^2 + 2i)^{1/2} + \mu} \right] J_0(r'\mu) d\mu, \] \[ N_2(r', d') = i \left[ \frac{1}{r'} - \frac{1}{(r'^2 + d'^2)^{1/2}} \right]; \] the prime accent applied to any length $ L $ indicating the corresponding modified length $ L' = (\omega \nu / 2\rho)^{1/2} L $. As in formula $(A)$, the six constituent functions involved in formula $(C)$ are arranged in order of importance: first, $ Q_0 $ and $ N_0 $, functions only of the modified horizontal distance $ r' $; secondly, $ Q_1 $ and $ N_1 $, functions of $ r' $ and of the sum of the two modified heights $ H' $ and $ h' $; and thirdly, $ Q_2 $ and $ N_2 $, functions of $ r' $ and of the numerical difference of the two modified heights. To assist in the numerical application of this formula, a table of values of the real and imaginary parts of $ N_0 $ has been computed, for all values of $ r' $ from 0 to 10, in steps of 0.1. Beyond this range, the function is practically equal to the leading term in its asymptotic expansion, namely, $ 1/r'^3 $. These computed values are also shown graphically in Fig. 1. The imaginary part changes sign at approximately $ r' = 3.8 $, and again at 7.0, oscillating for increasing values of $ r' $, although approaching zero very rapidly indeed. The real and imaginary parts of the functions $ Q_1(r', s') $ and $ N_1(r', s') $ are shown in Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5, for the range of $ r' $ from 0 to 10, and for the set of values of $ s' $ from 0 to 0.2 in steps of 0.02. It is believed that this will cover the range of heights likely to be encountered in ordinary problems. To cover this range adequately it was necessary to show portions of the $ N_1 $ curves with the horizontal scale enlarged two and a half times, and with a greatly reduced vertical scale, in Figs. 4-A and 5-A. For actual computation, the $ Q_2 $ and $ N_2 $ functions are already expressed in $(A)$ in convenient, closed form, but for purposes of comparison with $ Q_1 $ and $ N_1 $, the corresponding values of $ Q_2 $ and $ N_2 $ are shown in Figs. 6 and 7, which are drawn to the same scales as Figs. 3 and 5. Tables II and III give the corresponding numerical values of $ Q_1 $ and $ N_1 $ for the range of $ r' $ from 0 to 1, in steps of 0.1, as well as the values for 1.5 and 2. \| $r'$ \| Real \| Imag. \| $r'$ \| Real \| Imag. \| \|------\|------------\|-----------\|------\|------------\|-----------\| \| 0 \| 0.66667 \| $\infty$ \| 5.0 \| 0.0081667 \| -0.00038659 \| \| 0.1 \| 0.61800 \| 9.33461 \| 5.1 \| 0.0076496 \| -0.00034816 \| \| 0.2 \| 0.57199 \| 4.33824 \| 5.2 \| 0.0071782 \| -0.00031048 \| \| 0.3 \| 0.52860 \| 2.67724 \| 5.3 \| 0.0067477 \| -0.00027431 \| \| 0.4 \| 0.48778 \| 1.85135 \| 5.4 \| 0.0063538 \| -0.00024017 \| \| 0.5 \| 0.44949 \| 1.36031 \| 5.5 \| 0.0059927 \| -0.00020839 \| \| 0.6 \| 0.41363 \| 1.03722 \| 5.6 \| 0.0056609 \| -0.00017918 \| \| 0.7 \| 0.38014 \| 0.81043 \| 5.7 \| 0.0053554 \| -0.00015262 \| \| 0.8 \| 0.34892 \| 0.64405 \| 5.8 \| 0.0050736 \| -0.00012872 \| \| 0.9 \| 0.31987 \| 0.51804 \| 5.9 \| 0.0048131 \| -0.00010740 \| \| 1.0 \| 0.29291 \| 0.42035 \| 6.0 \| 0.0045717 \| -0.000088557 \| \| 1.1 \| 0.26792 \| 0.34327 \| 6.1 \| 0.0043477 \| -0.000072047 \| \| 1.2 \| 0.24480 \| 0.28161 \| 6.2 \| 0.0041392 \| -0.000057706 \| \| 1.3 \| 0.22346 \| 0.23177 \| 6.3 \| 0.0039449 \| -0.000045358 \| \| 1.4 \| 0.20379 \| 0.19116 \| 6.4 \| 0.0037634 \| -0.000034822 \| \| 1.5 \| 0.18568 \| 0.15785 \| 6.5 \| 0.0035936 \| -0.000025919 \| \| 1.6 \| 0.16905 \| 0.13041 \| 6.6 \| 0.0034344 \| -0.000018472 \| \| 1.7 \| 0.15379 \| 0.10770 \| 6.7 \| 0.0032850 \| -0.000012315 \| \| 1.8 \| 0.13981 \| 0.088878 \| 6.8 \| 0.0031444 \| -0.0000072892 \| \| 1.9 \| 0.12703 \| 0.073237 \| 6.9 \| 0.0030120 \| -0.0000032482 \| \| 2.0 \| 0.11535 \| 0.060227 \| 7.0 \| 0.0028872 \| -0.0000000570 \| \| 2.1 \| 0.10470 \| 0.049402 \| 7.1 \| 0.0027693 \| -0.0000024076 \| \| 2.2 \| 0.095002 \| 0.040395 \| 7.2 \| 0.0026578 \| -0.0000042564 \| \| 2.3 \| 0.086174 \| 0.032905 \| 7.3 \| 0.0025522 \| -0.0000055886 \| \| 2.4 \| 0.078152 \| 0.026685 \| 7.4 \| 0.0024522 \| -0.0000064921 \| \| 2.5 \| 0.070871 \| 0.021526 \| 7.5 \| 0.0023573 \| -0.0000070444 \| \| 2.6 \| 0.064268 \| 0.017257 \| 7.6 \| 0.0022672 \| -0.0000073128 \| \| 2.7 \| 0.058287 \| 0.013734 \| 7.7 \| 0.0021816 \| -0.0000073559 \| \| 2.8 \| 0.052874 \| 0.010835 \| 7.8 \| 0.0021001 \| -0.0000072236 \| \| 2.9 \| 0.047980 \| 0.0084577 \| 7.9 \| 0.0020226 \| -0.0000069586 \| \| 3.0 \| 0.043558 \| 0.0065174 \| 8.0 \| 0.0019488 \| -0.0000065967 \| \| 3.1 \| 0.039567 \| 0.0049415 \| 8.1 \| 0.0018785 \| -0.0000061678 \| \| 3.2 \| 0.035966 \| 0.0036689 \| 8.2 \| 0.0018114 \| -0.0000056965 \| \| 3.3 \| 0.032719 \| 0.0026483 \| 8.3 \| 0.0017474 \| -0.0000052028 \| \| 3.4 \| 0.029792 \| 0.0018364 \| 8.4 \| 0.0016863 \| -0.0000047027 \| \| 3.5 \| 0.027156 \| 0.0011967 \| 8.5 \| 0.0016280 \| -0.0000042086 \| \| 3.6 \| 0.024782 \| 0.00069852\| 8.6 \| 0.0015722 \| -0.0000037302 \| \| 3.7 \| 0.022645 \| 0.00031616\| 8.7 \| 0.0015190 \| -0.0000032745 \| \| 3.8 \| 0.020720 \| 0.0002803 \| 8.8 \| 0.0014680 \| -0.0000028466 \| \| 3.9 \| 0.018987 \| -0.00018390\| 8.9 \| 0.0014193 \| -0.0000024498 \| \| 4.0 \| 0.017427 \| -0.00033467\| 9.0 \| 0.0013727 \| -0.0000020858 \| \| 4.1 \| 0.016021 \| -0.00043678\| 9.1 \| 0.0013280 \| -0.0000017555 \| \| 4.2 \| 0.014754 \| -0.00050056\| 9.2 \| 0.0012852 \| -0.0000014587 \| \| 4.3 \| 0.013612 \| -0.00053454\| 9.3 \| 0.0012443 \| -0.0000011945 \| \| 4.4 \| 0.012582 \| -0.00054572\| 9.4 \| 0.0012050 \| -0.00000096159 \| \| 4.5 \| 0.011652 \| -0.00053979\| 9.5 \| 0.0011673 \| -0.00000075815 \| \| 4.6 \| 0.010811 \| -0.00052138\| 9.6 \| 0.0011312 \| -0.00000058219 \| \| 4.7 \| 0.010050 \| -0.00049420\| 9.7 \| 0.0010966 \| -0.00000043156 \| \| 4.8 \| 0.0093603 \| -0.00046121\| 9.8 \| 0.0010633 \| -0.00000030402 \| \| 4.9 \| 0.0087349 \| -0.00042473\| 9.9 \| 0.0010313 \| -0.00000019732 \| \| 5.0 \| 0.0081667 \| -0.00038659\| 10.0 \| 0.0010007 \| -0.00000010925 \| Fig. 1—Real and imaginary parts of $N_0(r')$. Fig. 2—Real part of $Q_1(r', s')$. Fig. 3—Imaginary part of $Q_1(r', s')$. Fig. 4—Real part of $N_1(r', s')$. Fig. 4-A—Real part of $N_1(r', s')$, enlarged horizontal scale. Fig. 5—Imaginary part of $N_1(r', s')$. Fig. 5-A—Imaginary part of $N_1(r', s')$, enlarged horizontal scale. Fig. 6—Imaginary part of $Q_2(r', d')$. Fig. 7—Imaginary part of $N_2(r', d')$. \| $ r' $ \| $ s' = 0.02 $ \| $ s' = 0.04 $ \| $ s' = 0.06 $ \| $ s' = 0.08 $ \| $ s' = 0.10 $ \| $ s' = 0.12 $ \| $ s' = 0.14 $ \| $ s' = 0.16 $ \| $ s' = 0.18 $ \| $ s' = 0.20 $ \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 0 \| -0.0444 \| -0.0752 \| -0.1009 \| -0.1235 \| -0.1437 \| -0.1621 \| -0.1790 \| -0.1947 \| -0.2094 \| -0.2231 \| \| 0.1 \| -0.0243 \| -0.0468 \| -0.0677 \| -0.0871 \| -0.1051 \| -0.1219 \| -0.1376 \| -0.1523 \| -0.1662 \| -0.1793 \| \| 0.2 \| -0.0179 \| -0.0350 \| -0.0514 \| -0.0669 \| -0.0818 \| -0.0960 \| -0.1095 \| -0.1223 \| -0.1346 \| -0.1463 \| \| 0.3 \| -0.0141 \| -0.0278 \| -0.0409 \| -0.0537 \| -0.0660 \| -0.0778 \| -0.0893 \| -0.1003 \| -0.1109 \| -0.1211 \| \| 0.4 \| -0.0114 \| -0.0226 \| -0.0334 \| -0.0440 \| -0.0542 \| -0.0642 \| -0.0739 \| -0.0833 \| -0.0924 \| -0.1012 \| \| 0.5 \| -0.0094 \| -0.0186 \| -0.0277 \| -0.0365 \| -0.0451 \| -0.0535 \| -0.0617 \| -0.0697 \| -0.0775 \| -0.0851 \| \| 0.6 \| -0.0078 \| -0.0155 \| -0.0230 \| -0.0304 \| -0.0377 \| -0.0448 \| -0.0518 \| -0.0586 \| -0.0653 \| -0.0718 \| \| 0.7 \| -0.0065 \| -0.0129 \| -0.0193 \| -0.0255 \| -0.0316 \| -0.0376 \| -0.0436 \| -0.0494 \| -0.0551 \| -0.0607 \| \| 0.8 \| -0.0054 \| -0.0108 \| -0.0161 \| -0.0214 \| -0.0265 \| -0.0316 \| -0.0367 \| -0.0416 \| -0.0465 \| -0.0513 \| \| 0.9 \| -0.0045 \| -0.0090 \| -0.0135 \| -0.0179 \| -0.0223 \| -0.0266 \| -0.0308 \| -0.0350 \| -0.0392 \| -0.0433 \| \| 1.0 \| -0.0038 \| -0.0075 \| -0.0113 \| -0.0150 \| -0.0186 \| -0.0223 \| -0.0250 \| -0.0294 \| -0.0330 \| -0.0365 \| \| 1.5 \| -0.0014 \| -0.0028 \| -0.0042 \| -0.0056 \| -0.0070 \| -0.0084 \| -0.0099 \| -0.0113 \| -0.0127 \| -0.0142 \| \| 2.0 \| -0.0003 \| -0.0006 \| -0.0010 \| -0.0013 \| -0.0017 \| -0.0021 \| -0.0025 \| -0.0029 \| -0.0033 \| -0.0038 \| Real Part of $ N_1(r', s') $ \| $ r' $ \| $ s' = 0.02 $ \| $ s' = 0.04 $ \| $ s' = 0.06 $ \| $ s' = 0.08 $ \| $ s' = 0.10 $ \| $ s' = 0.12 $ \| $ s' = 0.14 $ \| $ s' = 0.16 $ \| $ s' = 0.18 $ \| $ s' = 0.20 $ \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 0 \| 0.0078 \| 0.0153 \| 0.0227 \| 0.0299 \| 0.0369 \| 0.0438 \| 0.0505 \| 0.0571 \| 0.0635 \| 0.0698 \| \| 0.1 \| 0.0077 \| 0.0152 \| 0.0225 \| 0.0296 \| 0.0366 \| 0.0434 \| 0.0501 \| 0.0566 \| 0.0630 \| 0.0693 \| \| 0.2 \| 0.0075 \| 0.0148 \| 0.0220 \| 0.0290 \| 0.0359 \| 0.0426 \| 0.0492 \| 0.0556 \| 0.0619 \| 0.0681 \| \| 0.3 \| 0.0073 \| 0.0144 \| 0.0213 \| 0.0282 \| 0.0348 \| 0.0414 \| 0.0478 \| 0.0541 \| 0.0603 \| 0.0663 \| \| 0.4 \| 0.0070 \| 0.0139 \| 0.0206 \| 0.0272 \| 0.0336 \| 0.0400 \| 0.0462 \| 0.0523 \| 0.0583 \| 0.0641 \| \| 0.5 \| 0.0067 \| 0.0133 \| 0.0197 \| 0.0260 \| 0.0322 \| 0.0383 \| 0.0443 \| 0.0502 \| 0.0560 \| 0.0617 \| \| 0.6 \| 0.0064 \| 0.0126 \| 0.0188 \| 0.0248 \| 0.0308 \| 0.0366 \| 0.0424 \| 0.0480 \| 0.0536 \| 0.0590 \| \| 0.7 \| 0.0061 \| 0.0120 \| 0.0179 \| 0.0236 \| 0.0293 \| 0.0348 \| 0.0403 \| 0.0457 \| 0.0510 \| 0.0562 \| \| 0.8 \| 0.0057 \| 0.0114 \| 0.0169 \| 0.0224 \| 0.0277 \| 0.0330 \| 0.0382 \| 0.0434 \| 0.0484 \| 0.0534 \| \| 0.9 \| 0.0054 \| 0.0107 \| 0.0159 \| 0.0215 \| 0.0262 \| 0.0312 \| 0.0361 \| 0.0410 \| 0.0458 \| 0.0505 \| \| 1.0 \| 0.0051 \| 0.0101 \| 0.0150 \| 0.0198 \| 0.0246 \| 0.0294 \| 0.0340 \| 0.0386 \| 0.0432 \| 0.0476 \| \| 1.5 \| 0.0036 \| 0.0071 \| 0.0106 \| 0.0214 \| 0.0176 \| 0.0243 \| 0.0277 \| 0.0310 \| 0.0343 \| 0.0384 \| \| 2.0 \| 0.0024 \| 0.0048 \| 0.0072 \| 0.0096 \| 0.0119 \| 0.0143 \| 0.0166 \| 0.0190 \| 0.0213 \| 0.0235 \| Imaginary Part of $ N_1(r', s') $ \| $ r' $ \| $ s' = 0.02 $ \| $ s' = 0.04 $ \| $ s' = 0.06 $ \| $ s' = 0.08 $ \| $ s' = 0.10 $ \| $ s' = 0.12 $ \| $ s' = 0.14 $ \| $ s' = 0.16 $ \| $ s' = 0.18 $ \| $ s' = 0.20 $ \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 0 \| 0.0078 \| 0.0153 \| 0.0227 \| 0.0299 \| 0.0369 \| 0.0438 \| 0.0505 \| 0.0571 \| 0.0635 \| 0.0698 \| \| 0.1 \| 0.0077 \| 0.0152 \| 0.0225 \| 0.0296 \| 0.0366 \| 0.0434 \| 0.0501 \| 0.0566 \| 0.0630 \| 0.0693 \| \| 0.2 \| 0.0075 \| 0.0148 \| 0.0220 \| 0.0290 \| 0.0359 \| 0.0426 \| 0.0492 \| 0.0556 \| 0.0619 \| 0.0681 \| \| 0.3 \| 0.0073 \| 0.0144 \| 0.0213 \| 0.0282 \| 0.0348 \| 0.0414 \| 0.0478 \| 0.0541 \| 0.0603 \| 0.0663 \| \| 0.4 \| 0.0070 \| 0.0139 \| 0.0206 \| 0.0272 \| 0.0336 \| 0.0400 \| 0.0462 \| 0.0523 \| 0.0583 \| 0.0641 \| \| 0.5 \| 0.0067 \| 0.0133 \| 0.0197 \| 0.0260 \| 0.0322 \| 0.0383 \| 0.0443 \| 0.0502 \| 0.0560 \| 0.0617 \| \| 0.6 \| 0.0064 \| 0.0126 \| 0.0188 \| 0.0248 \| 0.0308 \| 0.0366 \| 0.0424 \| 0.0480 \| 0.0536 \| 0.0590 \| \| 0.7 \| 0.0061 \| 0.0120 \| 0.0179 \| 0.0236 \| 0.0293 \| 0.0348 \| 0.0403 \| 0.0457 \| 0.0510 \| 0.0562 \| \| 0.8 \| 0.0057 \| 0.0114 \| 0.0169 \| 0.0224 \| 0.0277 \| 0.0330 \| 0.0382 \| 0.0434 \| 0.0484 \| 0.0534 \| \| 0.9 \| 0.0054 \| 0.0107 \| 0.0159 \| 0.0215 \| 0.0262 \| 0.0312 \| 0.0361 \| 0.0410 \| 0.0458 \| 0.0505 \| \| 1.0 \| 0.0051 \| 0.0101 \| 0.0150 \| 0.0198 \| 0.0246 \| 0.0294 \| 0.0340 \| 0.0386 \| 0.0432 \| 0.0476 \| \| 1.5 \| 0.0036 \| 0.0071 \| 0.0106 \| 0.0214 \| 0.0176 \| 0.0243 \| 0.0277 \| 0.0310 \| 0.0343 \| 0.0384 \| \| 2.0 \| 0.0024 \| 0.0048 \| 0.0072 \| 0.0096 \| 0.0119 \| 0.0143 \| 0.0166 \| 0.0190 \| 0.0213 \| 0.0235 \| These tabulated values were computed from the corresponding convergent series, the first few terms of which are: \[ Q_1(r', s') = \frac{1}{4} \pi s' - \frac{1}{3} s'^2 + \cdots \\ + i \left\{ -s' \log r' + \left[ \frac{3}{2} \log 2 + \psi(1) + \frac{1}{2} \right] s' \\ + \frac{1}{3} s'^2 + \cdots \right\}, \] \[ N_1(r', s') = \frac{1}{2} s' \log \left[ (r'^2 + s'^2)^{1/2} + s' \right] \\ - \frac{1}{2} \left[ \frac{3}{2} \log 2 + \psi(1) - \frac{1}{4} \right] s' \\ + \frac{1}{2} r' - \frac{1}{2} (r'^2 + s'^2)^{1/2} - \frac{4}{15} s'^2 + \cdots \\ + i \left\{ \frac{1}{8} \pi s' - \frac{4}{15} s'^2 + \cdots \right\}. \] For values of $r'$ greater than 2, sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes is obtained by using the first two terms in the expansions in terms of $s'$: \[ Q_1(r', s') = s' Q_1^{(1)}(r') + s'^2 Q_1^{(2)}(r') + \cdots, \] \[ N_1(r', s') = s' N_1^{(1)}(r') + s'^2 N_1^{(2)}(r') + \cdots, \] where \[ Q_1^{(1)}(r') = i \left[ I_0(u) K_0(u) + I_1(u) K_1(u) \right], \] \[ Q_1^{(2)}(r') = \frac{1 - i}{8u^3} \left[ (1 - 2u^2) - (1 + 2u)e^{-2u} \right], \] \[ N_1^{(1)}(r') = \frac{1}{u^2} \left[ 1 - 2u I_1(u) K_0(u) - 2I_1(u) K_1(u) \right], \] \[ N_1^{(2)}(r') = \frac{1 + i}{16u^5} \left[ (9 - 2u^2) - (9 + 18u + 16u^2 + 8u^3)e^{-2u} \right], \] \[ u = \frac{1}{2}(1 + i)r'. \] For actual computation we note that \[ Q_1^{(2)}(r') = \frac{1}{2} \left[ \frac{i}{r'} - N_0(r') \right]. \] The real and imaginary parts of these four functions are shown in Figs. 8, 9, 10, and 11. The dominating terms in the asymptotic expansions of $Q_1$ and $N_1$ are thus given by those of $Q_1^{(1)}$ and $N_1^{(1)}$. For large values of $r'$, $Q_1^{(1)}$ approaches zero as $(1 + i)/r'$, and $N_1^{(1)}$ as $(1 + i)/r'^3$. For very large values of $r'$ it is convenient to express the functions as follows: \[ Q_0(r') + Q_1(r', s') = Q_0(r') \left[ 1 + \frac{Q_1^{(1)}(r')}{Q_0(r')} s' + \cdots \right], \] \[ N_0(r') + N_1(r', s') = N_0(r') \left[ 1 + \frac{N_1^{(1)}(r')}{N_0(r')} s' + \cdots \right]. \] The real and imaginary parts of these ratios of functions—the coefficients of $s'$ in the above expansions—are shown in Figs. 12 and 13. We note that each of these ratios approaches the value $(1 + i)$ as $r'$ increases without limit. Hence, as a rough approximation, we may say that the mutual impedance for wires at heights $H$ and $h$, with separations large in comparison with these heights, is equal to the impedance for wires at zero heights multiplied by the factor: \[1 + (1 + i)(H' + h') = 1 + \Gamma(H + h).\] The mutual impedance formula (A) was originally derived from first principles, following the method used in the previous paper for ![Graph showing real and imaginary parts of $Q_1^{(1)}(r')$.](image) Fig. 8—Real and imaginary parts of $Q_1^{(1)}(r')$. Fig. 9—Real and imaginary parts of $Q_1^{(2)}(r')$. Fig. 10—Real and imaginary parts of $N_1^{(1)}(r')$. wires on the surface. A brief outline of this derivation is given here. We first find the formulae for the components of the electric field due to a current flowing in a straight wire of length $2a$ parallel to the surface of the earth and at the height $H$ above it, assuming the air to be replaced by a medium of finite resistivity $\rho_1$. This part of the ![Graph](image) Fig. 11—Real and imaginary parts of $N_1^{(a)}(r')$. derivation follows closely the work involved in the previous case of wires on the surface. We next find the electric field due to a current in a vertical wire extending from the surface of the earth up to the height $H$ in the assumed medium. This part of the derivation is simpler since there is circular symmetry. Upon combining these two results, we obtain the field due to a current flowing through three sides of a rectangular circuit beginning and ending at the surface of the earth, extending up to the height $H$, and of width $2a$. We can now allow $\rho_1$ to become infinite, corresponding to the assumptions of our problem, since this circuit is completed through the earth. Upon allowing $a$ to approach zero, such that $2a = dS$, we find the field corresponding to a rectangle of infinitesimal width. We then take the integral of this expression around a similar circuit consisting of a horizontal element of wire of length $ds$ at the height $h$, grounded by wires at its end-points. Upon making various algebraic simplifications, we finally obtain the mutual impedance as given by formula (A). It is perhaps more convenient to derive this formula from results obtained by H. von Hoerschelmann,\textsuperscript{7} again following the method \textsuperscript{7} H. von Hoerschelmann, “Über die Wirkungsweise des geknickten Marconischen Senders der drahtlosen Telegraphie,” \textit{Jahrbuch der drahtlosen Telegraphie und Telephonie}, 5, 14–34, 188–211 (September, November, 1911). employed in the previous paper in a similar derivation for wires on the surface. For our present problem we use his formulae for the Hertzian vectors due to horizontal and vertical electric antennae above the surface of the earth. It is important, at first, to retain a non- ![Graph](image) Fig. 13—Real and imaginary parts of $\frac{N_1^{(1)}(r')}{N_0(r')}$. vanishing value of the capacitivity of the air. From these formulae we obtain the vector $H$, due to a current flowing through a horizontal element of wire of length $dS$ at height $H$ above the surface of the earth, grounded by vertical wires at its end-points. Next, we obtain the electric field $E$ in the air by the relation: \[ \mathbf{E} = \text{grad div } \Pi - \Gamma_1^2 \Pi, \] (10) where $ \Gamma_1 $ is the propagation constant in the air. We can now allow $ \Gamma_1 $ to vanish, thus obtaining the expression for the field corresponding to the assumptions of our problem. We then proceed as before to find the expression for the mutual impedance. I am greatly indebted to my colleagues, Dr. Marion C. Gray and Miss Helen M. Kammerer, for much valuable assistance in the preparation of this paper, particularly in the compilation of the tables and curves. Contemporary Advances in Physics, XXVI The Nucleus, First Part By KARL K. DARROW This article, like its forerunners on radioactivity and transmutation, is devoted to the beginnings of the oncoming stage of atomic physics: the study of the nucleus. The nucleus or kernel of an atom is in ultimate control of all its properties and features, for such of these as do not depend directly on it depend upon the number and arrangement of the orbital electrons, both of which are decided by the nuclear charge; further, the atomic weight is decided almost exclusively by the nuclear mass. Though in dealing with most of these properties it is usual to imagine the nucleus as a geometrical point endowed with mass and charge, the truth is far less simple and more interesting. Nuclei are structures built of elementary particles—some and maybe all of which are independently known to us—bound tightly together. It is of great importance to ascertain these structures, not only for their own sake, but because through understanding them we may become able to control and extend the transformations of nuclei from one kind to another—the processes of transmutation, some of which are already feasible. Several fields of research are apt to contribute to such an understanding. Accurate measurement of the masses of atoms, and of the masses and charges and other properties of the elementary particles, are the first two of these, and form the subject of the present article. Some thirty years have now elapsed since the atom-nucleus was first imagined. Before it could be conceived men had to discover and measure negative electrons, and evolve the idea that these corpuscles normally reside in atoms, which in that case must comprise positive charges as well. Since an electron is less than one one-thousandth as massive as the lightest kind of atom, it is natural to suppose that the positive charges within an atom are linked with the main mass thereof. From this it is but a step to the notion of a heavy positive nucleus serving as central sun of the atom, with electrons revolving around it after the fashion of planets. This step was taken in 1904 (by Rutherford, and on the other side of the world by Nagaoka). A few years later, the picture was made more precise by assigning a definite number of circling electrons to every kind of atom—that is to say, to the atoms of all the elements; this at first was rather vaguely estimated at about half of the atomic weight of the element in question; then in 1915 it was chosen equal to the atomic number (customarily called $Z$) which marks the place of the element in the periodic table. Everything since discovered has justified this choice. It necessarily fixes the positive charge of the nucleus, which must exactly balance the total of the charges on the $Z$ electrons, since the atom as a whole is neutral; to the atom-nuclei of the $Z$th element of the periodic table it therefore assigns the positive charge $Ze$. In so far as the circling or "orbital" electrons are concerned, the details of this atom-model have suffered change after change in the lapse of thirty years. Classical mechanics has given way to one form after another of "quantum" mechanics; the electron-orbits at times have been defined with the utmost exactitude, at other times they have been merged into wide and hazily-bounded zones; the electrons themselves have appeared sometimes as simple corpuscles, sometimes as corpuscles with a magnet superadded, sometimes as particles implicated with a wave-motion and sometimes as a continuous haze of fluid charge. All the while, however, some of the features of the model have remained undisturbed. Among these are the total number of the electrons chosen equal to $Z$, and the conception of the nucleus seated at the heart of the electronic system with the positive charge $Ze$ and most of the mass of the atom concentrated upon itself. To the problems of this nucleus we now address ourselves. First a few words about its size, which incidentally will recall the best of the evidence for its existence. The nuclear atom-model was transformed from a pretty speculation into almost a reality, when in 1913 Rutherford, Geiger and Marsden observed the deviations of a shower of alpha-particles projected against a sheet of gold foil.$^1$ Alpha-particles are atom-nuclei of the second element of the periodic table, helium ($Z = 2$); gold is the seventy-ninth element ($Z = 79$). The observed law of the deviations—that is to say, the distribution-in-angle of the deflected alpha-particles—is superbly well accounted for by assuming that within every atom of gold there is a center of force, the origin of just such an inverse-square central field as would surround a charge $+79e$; and that the alpha-particles are themselves point-charges of amount $+2e$, which are deflected by the forces which they suffer in passing through these fields. The concordance between the observed distribution-in-angle, and that which was deduced from these assumptions, extends to angles of deflection as great as $150^\circ$. Now under these assumptions, a particle which has had its path bent by as much as $150^\circ$ has passed within $3.1 \cdot 10^{-12}$ cm. of the center of the central field. Inward as far as this, then, comes the inverse-square field; and whatever meaning we may later attach to such a vague expression as "size of the nucleus"—for size is an indefinite concept, in regard to anything which is neither tangible nor visible—the radius of the nucleus of the gold atom must assuredly be put at a value $^1$See my "Introduction to Contemporary Physics," pp. 72–92; or the second article of this series (Bell Sys. Tech. Jour., January, 1924). smaller than this. I will later speak more fully of the corresponding data for the few other kinds of atoms for which such studies have been made. In the meantime the reader may think of $10^{-12}$ and $10^{-13}$ cm. as reasonable guesses for the radii of atom-nuclei. They agree in order-of-magnitude with the value usually assigned for the radius of the electron, and are ten or a hundred thousandfold smaller than the radii of the atoms; so that, as many a writer has remarked, the nucleus and electrons bulk about as large in the atom which they make up as flies in a very great cathedral. Small as it is, an atom-nucleus cannot be regarded as an elementary and an ultimate particle. No sooner had the physicists of a generation ago divided the "indivisible atom" of the nineteenth century mentally into electrons and a nucleus, than they found themselves obliged to go on with the division. The electron so far has escaped this surgery, but the nucleus has been resolved—mentally, again—into as many parts as the rest of the atom itself. The arguments are two. In respect of their masses, the nuclei of the many kinds of atoms which are known are so related among one another as to suggest that all of them are aggregates of diverse numbers of particles of a very few fundamental kinds, all those of a kind having quite the same charge and almost the same mass wherever they appear. Moreover, particles sometimes spring out of atoms—from certain elements spontaneously, from others only under the bombardment of such missiles as alpha-particles—which are of such a nature that their source must be sought in or about the nuclei of the atoms whence they come. The two arguments coalesce when it is noticed that the particles which must be postulated for the one are some of those which are observed in the phenomena on which the other is based. The masses of atom-nuclei imply that they are built out of certain kinds of bricks, and bricks of these very kinds are indeed observed at times, falling or plunging or being violently hurled out of disintegrating atoms. The study of the nucleus therefore involves, to begin with, the measurement of its mass—the measurement of the masses of all the known kinds of nuclei, amounting by now to several hundreds. This seems to be the same as the basic task of chemistry, the task of measuring atomic weights. Yet in spite of the indescribable labor which numberless chemists have lavished upon atomic weights, their data are seldom of value in modern nuclear physics. This is because the atoms of most elements are of two or more different kinds (isotopes) with different masses. Chemical methods yield an average of their weights, but the student of the nucleus wants the mass of each kind separately; and this nearly always requires a physical method of measurement, which only of late years has been brought to the requisite grade of accuracy. Even by this method the datum is not the mass of a nucleus, but of an atom; from it one must subtract the masses of the orbital electrons. Next comes the measurement of the masses and charges of the fragments of nuclei which have fallen apart of themselves or been broken apart by missiles; these being, as I said, the bricks out of which it is tentatively assumed that nuclei are built up. Three of them have been identified as the electron, the proton, and the alpha-particle. The two last-named are the nuclei of the two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium respectively; their masses have been determined as accurately as that of the electron itself, while their (positive) charges have been found equal to $+e$ and to $+2e$ respectively. Further, there is the strange new uncharged particle called "neutron," discovered less than a year and a half ago among the rays proceeding from atoms of beryllium exposed to alpha-particle bombardment; and there is the yet newer "positive electron," springing out from what seem to be explosions provoked in nuclei by cosmic rays. Such a variety of bricks is not entirely welcome; it would be more elegant to design nucleus-models out of two fundamental particles only, say the proton and the negative electron, as once seemed possible; but we must take our building-materials as we find them. Perhaps, though, it will prove permissible to argue that some of these particles are not pre-existent in the nucleus, but are created when something crashes into it. When fragments of charge and mass come out of a disintegrating nucleus, energy comes along with them; their kinetic energy in the first place, and in addition (in many cases) parcels of energy in the form of photons or corpuscles of light. A typical instance is that of the element radium C, of which a nucleus may disintegrate of its own volition, ejecting an alpha-particle and one or more corpuscles of light, and becoming—that is to say, the residue $is$—a nucleus of another element, radium D. The latter of these nuclei differs from the former in respect of the lost charge $(+2e)$, the lost mass, and the lost energy. The third of these differences must be measured, along with the other two; to do this one must measure the velocity and mass of the emitted particle (or particles) of electricity and matter, and the wave-lengths of the emitted light. It is not the custom to assume that when corpuscles of light are emitted from an atom, they must previously have existed as such within the atom. Protons and electrons are supposed to be durable, whether or not they are bound with one another into a nucleus; alphaparticles are supposed either to endure, or else to be resolved into durable protons and electrons; but photons are regarded as mere transitory vehicles of energy, which gathers itself up into them when they are emitted, and disperses itself into other forms when they are absorbed. The energy, however, is supposed to share in the mass of whatever atom or nucleus it inhabits. In relativistic mechanics, energy $E$ is always endowed with mass $E/c^2$, and mass $m$ with energy $mc^2$; so that when a quantity of energy $\Delta E$ departs from a nucleus in the form of a photon (or, for that matter, in any other form) the mass of what is left behind is automatically reduced by the amount $\Delta E/c^2$. Thus to compute the mass of a RaC nucleus from that of a RaD nucleus, we should have to subtract from the latter not only the mass of the alpha-particle, but also that which departed with the emitted light. Of course these statements about energy and mass are not to be taken as necessarily true, albeit they are based directly on the restricted theory of relativity, for the validity of which there is excellent evidence. On the contrary, one of the most alluring promises of the study of nuclei—for the speculative physicist—is that of testing the interconnection of energy and mass which relativity suggests. In the meantime, it is quite generally taken for granted. Notice an interesting corollary: the mass of an aggregation of electrified particles (such as a nucleus is) will not in general be the sum of the masses which its individuals have when far away from one another, for as these particles come together they may radiate energy, whereof the mass must be deducted from the sum of their masses. We shall see that this is commonly accepted to explain the fact that the mass of a nucleus is not quite equal to the sum of the masses of the protons, electrons, and other "bricks" out of which there is reason for assuming it to be built. Thus from stable nuclei, we may learn their masses; from unstable or self-disintegrating nuclei, something about their constituents, and the energy-difference and mass-difference between the nucleus before and its fragments after its collapse; from nuclei disrupted by impact of projectiles, something about their constituents and something about their energy-content. There is much more to be measured. Some kinds of nuclei endure for æons, others break up in a time measured in millionths of a second; some have alternative ways of breaking up, a certain fraction following one and the remainder the other; some may be disrupted by impact of alpha-particles, some by protons, some by both and some apparently by neither. It is certain that all of these things are indications of the structure of the nucleus, but most are still too difficult to read. A great part of contemporary physics consists of the analysis and interpretation of spectra; one wonders whether in this vast and tangled array of data there is information about nuclei? The answer must be phrased with care. The spectrum of an atom is due to its orbital electrons, and of these the number and the arrangement are controlled by the nuclear charge, which therefore dominates the spectrum; spectroscopy is full of evidence for the theorem which I set down at the start, that $+Ze$ is the nuclear charge of the element of atomic number $Z$. The mass of the nucleus is much less influential, owing to the enormous disparity between it and the masses of the electrons. Were it and they of the same order of magnitude, the nucleus would move like the electrons, revolving around the center of mass of the atom with a kinetic energy comparable with theirs. The emission of light would then entail a contribution from the kinetic energy of the nucleus as well as from those of the electrons, and the frequencies of the spectrum-lines would be affected by the nuclear mass. But the nucleus is so massive, its motion so slight and its kinetic energy so insignificant, that in nearly all atoms that contribution is too small to be appreciable, and the spectrum-lines are sensibly the same as if the electrons revolved around a perfectly motionless centre. The only exceptions are the three lightest kinds of atoms; I will later explain how the discovery of one of these was brought about, two years ago, by the influence of the mass of its nucleus upon the frequencies of its spectrum-lines. The spectra of molecules are more dependent on nuclear masses than are those of atoms; for, when two (or more) nuclei and their attendant orbital electrons are combined into a single system, the balance of forces is such as to provide for each nucleus a position of equilibrium, from which it may be displaced and about which it will oscillate more or less like a pendulum. There are (for instance) two kinds of chlorine atoms, of nuclear masses standing to one another approximately as 35 to 37; consequently there are three kinds of diatomic molecules in ordinary chlorine gas, built as indicated by the symbols $\text{Cl}^{35}\text{Cl}^{35}, \text{Cl}^{35}\text{Cl}^{37}, \text{Cl}^{37}\text{Cl}^{37}$. In all of these three kinds of molecules the internal forces are very nearly the same, being determined by the charges of the nuclei and electrons which are identical for all three, and by their arrangement which is nearly identical; but the masses of the nuclei are different, and therefore so are their frequencies of oscillation, which appear in the spectra. The differences of nuclear masses also entail differences in the moments of inertia of these three kinds of molecules, which likewise are reflected in their spectra. The lines of molecular spectra are often doubled or tripled by virtue of the presence of two or three kinds of molecules differing only in nuclear masses. More recondite is another influence of nuclei on spectra, which is due neither to their charge nor to their mass. It often happens that what appears with an ordinary spectroscope to be a single line is resolved by an excellent instrument into several, although the earlier theory affirmed quite decisively that it should be single and simple. By "the earlier theory" I mean one which was substantially like the atomic theory of today, except that it involved the assumption that the field whereby the nucleus acts upon its attendant electrons is purely an inverse-square electrostatic field. If we suppose that in addition to this there is a magnetic field—that the nucleus is not only a charged body, but also a minute magnet acting upon or (to use a commoner term) "coupled with" the orbital electrons by the magnetic as well as by the electric field—then the subdivision of these apparently simple lines into clusters begins to become intelligible. It is well known that spectrum lines are split into clusters by the action of an external magnetic field—the Zeeman effect; it is natural to expect a magnetic field applied to the orbital electrons from the center of the atom to have somewhat the same effect as one applied from without, and to produce these permanent splittings, which are known as "hyperfine structure." Magnetic moment is attended with angular momentum, inasmuch as magnetism is due to whirling of electric charge; and some physicists prefer to regard the latter as primary, and to say that the subdivision of the lines is due to some unspecified kind of an interaction between the angular momenta or the "spins" of the nucleus and the orbital electrons. To the ones, the hyperfine structure yields the spin of the nucleus; to the others, its magnetic moment. These are intricate questions, to which it will be necessary to devote much space. The nucleus is a magnet; the incessant circlings of each electron in its orbit constitute another magnet, a charge revolving in a closed path being equivalent to a current flowing in a closed circuit; and finally, it has proved essential for spectrum analysis to assume that each electron is in itself, quite apart from its motion, a magnet. The magnetic moment of the atom as a whole is the resultant of these three component moments, or rather groups of moments, since there may be many electrons and many orbits to a single atom. Now, this resultant may be measured, for instance by the method of Gerlach and Stern, in which a stream of atoms is deflected by a non-uniform magnetic field; and if there is ground for believing that one knows what part of the resultant is due to the electronic moments, then one can deduce the magnetic moment of the nucleus itself. This has already been done in several cases. Perhaps it will be possible in time to attribute the magnetic properties of solid bodies, even of ferromagnetics, in part to their nuclei; but probably that is looking a long way ahead. One more participation of the nucleus in phenomena remains to be recorded. The passage of X-rays and gamma-rays—that is to say, high-frequency light—through strata of matter has been abundantly studied. For the most part it is admirably well accounted for by supposing that the corpuscles of these rays possess the power, and only the power, of expelling orbital electrons from atoms through which they pass; any particular corpuscle either makes such an expulsion and vanishes or loses energy in doing so, or else it goes through the substance unaffected. There are two alternative modes of expulsion, but that is a detail into which we need not enter now. The relevant point now is, that with certain kinds of atoms and with particularly high frequencies of light it appears that these processes are not the whole of what is happening. The absorption and the scattering of X-rays are greater than they should be, if the photons interacted only with orbital electrons; and it is supposed that the excess is due to interactions with nuclei. Presumably it would be greater with the rays of immeasurably high frequency which probably form a part of the cosmic radiation. Nuclei, then, contain almost the whole of the mass of ponderable matter. They are the seat of radioactivity. They may be disrupted by impacts of other and lighter nuclei, possibly by electrons and photons. They influence spectra through their charges and their masses, and through the closely-connected qualities of magnetic moment and angular momentum. Through their magnetic moments they are responsible in part for the magnetic properties of atoms and of larger pieces of matter. They interact with high-frequency X-rays. Such is the range of phenomena in which the nucleus takes a significant part, and out of which, therefore, the properties of the nucleus are to be derived. In the present article I will describe and discuss these phenomena in succession. Some have been treated already in earlier articles in this journal, a fact of which I will avail myself to shorten this one, which nevertheless must extend into following issues. The Elementary Particles There are now six different kinds of material corpuscles known by direct experiment, of which there is more or less reason to believe that they enter into the structure of some at least among the nuclei. These are: The proton, or nucleus of the most usual kind of hydrogen atom; The alpha-particle, or nucleus of the helium atom; The electron (that is to say, the negatively-charged corpuscle customarily known by that name); The neutron; The positive electron; The $H^2$ nucleus or deuton, the nucleus of an unusual kind of hydrogen atom of double the mass of the usual kind. Of these six the first three have been known for years. They have actually been observed to spring out of nuclei, spontaneously in some cases, in others elicited by bombardment; and this is one of the two major reasons for imagining them as parts of nuclear structures. It is true that this reason does not apply directly to all kernels. Those which are known to emit alpha-particles spontaneously are a small fraction, a tenth or thereabouts, of the total number; and all but possibly two belong to the uppermost end of the periodic table, to massive atoms of atomic weight superior to 200. Those which are known to emit electrons are yet fewer, and again all but two belong to the most massive group. (The two exceptions are potassium and rubidium.) No kernel is known to emit protons spontaneously; but a great many elements both light and heavy will yield charged particles out of their nuclei, when suitably bombarded; and these have been proved in some cases to be alpha-particles, in others to be protons. Moreover the bombarding particles which achieve these results are themselves alpha-particles and protons, and there is reason to believe that sometimes these are actually absorbed into nuclei which they strike. The other major reason for inserting protons, alpha-particles and electrons into our tentative models of nuclei is deduced from the masses and the charges of these bodies. There is a certain well-known standard of mass, one sixteenth of the mass of an oxygen atom; and the masses of all nuclei come fairly close to being integer multiples of this standard. Of course this can also be said about any other mass lying within a certain (narrow) range of the standard just defined, and perhaps it would seem better to say that the nuclear masses come fairly close to having a greatest common divisor of that order of magnitude, and then to determine by the method of least squares what number had best be chosen for this greatest common divisor. This procedure, however, would not be wise, unless the departures of the various masses from the integer-multiple rule were casual, whereas it is extremely probable (to say the least) that they are systematic, and are indices of the structures of the nuclei. The choice of a definite standard must therefore be based on expediency or on theory, and none better than the present one has been proposed. It would be pleasant to say that this standard is exactly the same as the mass of the proton, and thence to deduce that every nucleus consists of protons entirely. As a matter of fact, there is a difference of about three quarters of one per cent, the standard being lighter than the free proton; but this by itself is no bar to the hypothesis that all nuclei are made up of protons, since it is compatible with the general theory of electricity that charged particles when crowded close together should individually have smaller masses than when they are far apart. It is not, however, admissible to assume that these protons of reduced mass are all that the nucleus comprises. Were this so, the positive charge of a kernel of mass $NM_s$ ($M_s$ standing for the standard mass, $N$ for any integer) would be $+Ne$; but it is always (except in the case of hydrogen) observed to be less than this amount—it is equal to $Ze$, where $Z$ stands for some integer less than $N$; and one must assume that there are $(N - Z)$ electrons present to cancel the difference between $Ne$ and the actual charge. As for the alpha-particle, its mass and charge suggest that it consists of four protons and two electrons, and the masses and charges of certain heavier nuclei—carbon and oxygen supply the most vivid examples—suggest that within them the protons and electrons are united in groups of four and two to constitute alpha-particles, a substructure within the main structure. Until a year or two ago, models of nuclei were constructed exclusively out of protons and electrons, sometimes grouped into alpha-particles and sometimes not. The discovery of the three new particles put an end to this era. The interlopers were not entirely welcome; deficient as the prevailing models had proved to be in many ways, people had become accustomed to them, and various eminent physicists were quoted as deploring—in informal and jocular words—the necessity of tearing them down and rebuilding with the new bricks among the old. Nevertheless, neutrons have been observed to spring out of nuclei, and positive electrons have been observed wandering about in space, sometimes among what seem to be the fragments of a kernel ruined by an impact so violent as to provoke an internal explosion. The new kind of hydrogen nucleus is sufficiently low in mass to suggest that it may be a building-stone in the construction of kernels heavier than itself. The histories of the discoveries of these three particles have not yet been related in the pages of this journal, and as they are extremely interesting portions of the most strictly contemporary physics, they well deserve some pages of description. The Neutron It had been known since 1919 that certain light elements emit protons when they are bombarded by alpha-particles; these, however, are not "penetrating" rays, in the sense in which that term is commonly used, inasmuch as they are completely stopped by a layer of metal a fraction of a millimetre thick. The discovery of the neutron was the outcome of an attempt to detect penetrating rays emitted by the bombarded atoms. Bothe and H. Becker made this attempt, surrounding the source of alpha-particles and the substance on which they impinged by two millimetres of zinc and brass, and detecting what got through this barrier by means of a Geiger point-counter. Four elements—lithium, boron, fluorine and especially beryllium—produced an unmistakable effect. Bothe and Becker ascribed this to high-frequency gamma-rays or photons. It was indeed largely due to such photons; but mingled with these there were particles of another nature, as the further experiments of Irène Curie, Joliot and Chadwick were to prove. To appreciate the proof it is necessary to realize that what is observed is an indirect rather than the direct effect of the corpuscles coming from the atoms bombarded by the alpha-rays. It is ionization of gas which is observed—ionization coming in spurts, which may be separately observed and counted by use of a Geiger counter or a quick-acting electroscope with proper amplifiers or an expansion-chamber, or may be summed up by the accumulation of charge in a slow-acting electrometer. The spurts of ionization are due to the transits of corpuscles across the gas, corpuscles which sometimes at least are recognizably electrons or atom-nuclei. But it is not to be taken for granted that these directly-ionizing corpuscles spring from the source of the phenomena, the element bombarded by the alpha-particles. They start their flights in the matter environing the source, being launched on their courses by invisible agents which are presumably the true primary rays coming from the source. What is observed, therefore, depends on the matter surrounding the source; and the last step leading up to the identification of the neutron was taken when Curie and Joliot interposed thin screens of various substances in the path of the primary rays from the source to the ionization-chamber. --- 2 For a fuller account cf. an article of mine in Review of Scientific Instruments, 4, 58–63 (February, 1933). When the screens were of metal, nothing sensational happened; but if they were of paraffin, water or cellophane—materials containing hydrogen—the ionization-current went up instead of down. This was not the first time that a screen had been observed to enhance the effect of what supposedly were gamma-rays, but in the previous cases it was permissible to infer that the rays were expelling electrons from the substance of the screen. Here the substances were distinguished not by abundance of electrons, but by abundance of hydrogen atoms in their structure; and Curie and Joliot conceived the idea that the primary rays were ejecting protons from the screen, which entered the chamber and in it ionized abundantly. This theory they fortified at once by applying magnetic fields, and finding that the ionization persisted (electrons issuing from the paraffin would have been twisted back, unless extremely fast); by interposing 0.2 mm. of aluminium, and finding that the extra ionization ceased (electrons, if extremely fast, might have got through); and by taking cloud-chamber photographs, and observing tracks of the aspect of proton-tracks springing out of the paraffin and traversing the ionization-chamber partly or altogether. At once it was guessed by Curie and Joliot that these protons were recoiling from elastic impacts of the high-energy photons which the primary rays were still supposed to be—that they had suffered, in fact, the very same sort of blow as electrons suffer in the well-known "Compton effect." So great, however, was the energy of the protons (as evinced by their range) that photons of energy almost incredibly great had to be postulated; such would probably have an even greater penetrating power than that of the primary rays, and there were other objections more or less solidly founded on theory, which now it would be scarcely worth while to discuss. The French physicists were aware of these difficulties, and published them; but it was reserved for one of the Cavendish group to reject the idea altogether, and supplant it with the one which at present is accepted. Chadwick seized upon the revelations from the Institut du Radium with such alacrity that within six weeks he was reporting data obtained by counters and by cloud-chambers—data which confirmed that the rays emitted from beryllium when bombarded by alpha-particles are able to confer great speeds not only upon protons, but on nuclei of other elements of low mass (a later list comprises Li, He, Be, B, C, N, O, A; and Kirsch has very recently detected emission of neutrons from many more). Out of these data emerges the fact which speaks most clearly for his theory that the corpuscles which impel the protons and other nuclei are material particles of nearly the mass of a proton, instead of being corpuscles of light. The argument is as follows: For simplicity let us consider solely the nuclei which are projected in directions pointing straight away from the source of the primary rays, and therefore must have suffered central impacts. Specially, let us take the cases of hydrogen and nitrogen nuclei thus projected. The ranges of these have been measured (of N by Feather, of H by various physicists) and their maximum speeds deduced by means of knowledge earlier acquired of the range-vs.-speed relations of charged particles. The values of speed accepted by Chadwick are $3.3 \cdot 10^6$ and $4.72 \cdot 10^8$, respectively. Now if the corpuscles which in central impacts gave to these nuclei these speeds were photons, it is easy to compute by the Compton-effect equations the energy $U$ of the photons; if the impinging corpuscles were material particles of mass $M$ and speed $v$, it is easy to compute both $v$ and $M$. It turns out that by the first procedure, one gets different values of $U$ from the two cases (55 and 90 million electron-volts, respectively); by the second, one gets compatible values of $M$ and $v$. With the first theory, then, one would have to say that nuclei of different kinds were struck by different photons. This is not quite inconceivable, as there might be a mixture of gamma-rays of different energies, and a greater likelihood of the higher-energy photons interacting with the more massive nuclei. But it seems less acceptable than the other theory, which permits one to postulate a single kind of corpuscle to explain the impacts against both kinds of nucleus. This corpuscle must be neutral, as a particle of charge $e$ and the computed mass and speed could never penetrate nearly as thick a layer of matter as it can traverse; it is therefore called the "neutron." The value of $M$ deduced from the foregoing data is given as 1.15 times that of the hydrogen nucleus; the possible error in the estimate of the speed of the recoiling nitrogen nuclei is such that Chadwick says "it is legitimate to conclude that the mass of the neutron is very nearly the same as the mass of the proton." An estimate ostensibly much closer ($1.007 \pm .005$) has been made by a train of reasoning which I will later quote. The Positive Electron Whereas the discovery of the neutron came about through the study of transmutation, the positive electron came to light in the course of cosmic-ray research. The ionization of the atmosphere, whereby the cosmic rays are manifested, is due directly to fast-flying corpuscles which leave behind them trails of ionized molecules fairly close together (on the average, about a hundred ion-pairs per cm. in air at sea-level atmospheric pressure). The trails may be made visible by the classical method of the expansion-chamber (Figs. 1 and 2). The particles may be tested for their charge by having a magnetic field pervading the chamber. Some of the paths are then found to be smoothly curved, proving beyond a doubt that the corpuscles are charged.$^3$ The sign of the curvature of a path in a magnetic field should disclose the sign of the charge of the responsible corpuscle; but here appears a difficulty: the sign cannot be inferred unless the sense in which the corpuscle described the path be known, and there is nothing whatever about the aspect of an ordinary trail to indicate that sense. It might be guessed that the particle is necessarily moving downward rather than upward, since the cosmic rays come from above. This, however, would be a bad guess, for some at least among the trail-making corpuscles are secondaries set into motion by the primary rays, as protons are known to be impelled by neutrons, and electrons by photons; and some of these secondaries may be, and indeed certainly $^3$ Other paths seem quite straight, but there is strong reason to believe that a neutral particle would not produce anywhere nearly so great a density of ion-pairs as is observed along them, and it is inferred that they are due to charged particles which are moving with too much momentum to be sensibly deflected. are, moving upward. One therefore has to await, or to produce, some unusual event to reveal the sense of the traversal of a path. One such event is portrayed in Fig. 1. It is certainly one of the most deep-seated of human convictions that when tracks are seen to radiate from a common point, the objects which made them must have ![Image] Fig. 2—Track of a positive electron which traverses a lead plate 6 mm thick, and has energy amounting to 63 million electron-volts before it enters the lead. (C. D. Anderson; Physical Review.) travelled outward and not inward, except possibly for one which may have provoked the flying-asunder of the rest. Here is such a situation. The radiant point was in the midst of a mass of copper wire surrounding the expansion-chamber, and it is probable though not certain that the event was the explosion of a copper nucleus provoked by a cosmic ray. Among the radiating paths, curvatures of opposite senses occur; and this practically proves that charged particles of both signs are present. Several other such photographs were taken by Blackett and Occhialini in Cambridge (England) and by Anderson in Pasadena. Events of another type are observed, when the mixture of neutrons and photons emitted from beryllium bombarded by alpha-particles is allowed to fall upon a metal plate: the tracks of many ionizing corpuscles are noticed springing from the plate, and when there is a magnetic field applied, some are seen to be curved one way and some the other. Yet another is exemplified in Fig. 2. This is a historic photograph, the one from which the positive electron was first inferred (by C. D. Anderson); it is rarely that one can fix with such precision the moment of a major discovery, and perpetuate the very observation out of which it was made. Here obviously is the path of a single particle coming from below, which has cloven entirely through the lead plate of 6 mm. thickness, and has emerged from the upper side with diminished speed revealed by the augmented curvature of the trail. It is this change of curvature which fixes the sense of the traversal of the path, and the sign of the curvature thereupon fixes the sign of the particle's charge as positive. But granted that many of the ionizing corpuscles which interlace the air are positively charged: are they not simply alpha-particles or protons, or of some other well-known type of positive ion? Here enters the second item of the evidence. Assuming (e.g.) the agent of the trail of Fig. 2 to be a proton, one may calculate the speed which it would necessarily have, in order to suffer a curvature-of-path equal in magnitude to that which is observed. One may then evaluate, from prior knowledge, the number of ion-pairs per unit length of trail which it would produce; and this turns out to be many times as great as that which is observed. A proton would produce a trail much denser, and also much shorter, than the actual one; its energy would be used up in a progress of 5 mm. away from the plate, whereas the visible course of this corpuscle extends for more than 5 cm. and shows no sign (in thickening or in increase of curvature) of being near its end. The particle of Fig. 2 was therefore not a proton, nor, a fortiori, an alpha-particle or more massive ion; and the only way to reconcile the observed curvature with the observed density of path seems to be, to assume a particle about the same as the electron both in mass and in magnitude of charge, though not in sign of charge. This is not the same as saying that either the charge or the mass is accurately determined. Apparently it is certain that the charge must be less than $+2e$, which makes it equal either to $1e$ or to some non-integer multiple of $e$, and the latter alternative is too painful to be borne. As for the mass, it must be many times smaller than that of the proton (if the charge is $e$), but to say more would be premature. The basis for supposing it equal to the mass of the electron is the feeling that there ought not to be any other fundamental masses in Nature than we knew already, together with certain suggestions from the quantum-mechanical theories of Dirac. The estimation of the mass may be bettered, if it is possible to observe collisions between positive and negative electrons with the expansion-chamber and to trace the paths of the colliding particles; there are reports that this has already been done with some success. The action of cosmic rays being something which we cannot intensify nor control, it is doubly fortunate that another agent has already been discovered which is capable of generating positive electrons; for these particles have been observed, by several people in several different schools, leaping out of sheets of metal bombarded by "hard" or high-frequency gamma-rays. At the first observations, the bombarding radiation was a mixture of gamma-rays with neutrons, and it was not unnatural to suppose that so novel a result must be due to the action of the novel kind of corpuscle. Perhaps in those experiments the neutron did participate in the effect; but it has now been found—by Anderson and Neddermeyer in Pasadena, by Meitner and Philipp in Berlin—that gamma-rays suffice. Those employed so far are chiefly, if not altogether, the radiation from thorium C'' consisting of photons of energy 2.6 millions of electron-volts. A theory quite extraordinary, indeed by all prior concepts revolutionary, has been propounded by Blackett and Occhialini: it is the idea that the photon converts itself into a pair of electrons, positive and negative respectively. The net charge of the universe is not altered by such a process, since the two created charges balance one another; neither is the total mass of the universe, for the masses of the two electrons (including the kinetic energy wherewith they are endowed) are equal altogether to that of the vanished photon. For this theory it may be said, in the first place, that positive electrons frequently appear jointly with negatives, one particle of each kind springing forth from a single point: Anderson and Neddermeyer have observed no fewer than 22 of such cases. Moreover if the theory is true, the total kinetic energy of the two particles of such a pair—and a fortiori the kinetic energy of the positive electron by itself—must lie below a certain upper limit, which is computed by deducting a million electron-volts from the energy of the responsible photon; for this is the amount of energy which by Einstein's relation (which will figure prominently in the latter part of this article) must be used in building the electrons by themselves. Thus if in these experiments with gamma-rays, either positive electrons or electron-pairs were to be observed with energy greater than 1.6 million electron-volts, the theory would be contradicted; but it turns out that the energies seem to lie just below this figure, never certainly above it. Positive electrons should not be produced at all by gamma-rays of which the photons have less than a million electron-volts of energy; and in fact none was found when Meitner and Philipp applied such rays to a metal. A much greater number of cases should be observed before the idea is affirmed; but if it should be confirmed the consequences would be highly important, not only for its own sake but because it is an offshoot of basic quantum-mechanical theory, which would thus be greatly strengthened. Incidentally it would then not be necessary to provide for positive electrons in our models of nuclei. The H² Nucleus This particle, for which physicists are having difficulty in finding the perfect name (deuton, diproton, hemialpha particle, and demihelion are among those which have been suggested), is the nucleus of the newly-discovered isotope of hydrogen, “deuterium.” I will defer the history of the discovery of this isotope to the end of the article, as there are several things which should be told before it. There is no definite reason as yet for assuming that the deuton enters as such into the composition of yet more massive nuclei, but it may well prove a convenient stone for the building of nuclear models. The Masses of the Elementary Particles The remaining “elementary” particles—proton, alpha-particle, negative electron—have been known too long to require a special description. I will therefore give only a table of their masses and their charges, along with those of the other three; prefacing it with the statement that I have not been using “elementary” in the sense \| Corpuscle \| Mass in Terms of Grammes $^4$ \| Mass in Terms of One Sixteenth the Mass of the Oxygen Atom $^5$ \| Charge \| \|--------------------\|----------------------------------\|---------------------------------------------------------------\|--------\| \| Proton \| $1.66 \cdot 10^{-24}$ \| 1.0078 \| $+e$ \| \| Alpha-particle \| $6.60 \cdot 10^{-24}$ \| 4.002 \| $+2e$ \| \| Electron \| $9.03 \cdot 10^{-28}$ \| .00054 \| $-e$ \| \| Neutron \| $1.66 \cdot 10^{-24}$ ca. \| 1.007 ca. \| 0 \| \| Positive electron \| \| (see page 341) \| \| \| H² nucleus \| $3.31 \cdot 10^{-24}$ \| 2.0129 \| $+e$ \| $^4$ From Birge’s critical tabulation; the probable errors amount mostly to less than one digit in the last place quoted. $^5$ See the following pages for probable errors. of "ultimate"! It is possible, nay probable, that some of these corpuscles are built up from others. Neutron may be proton plus electron; proton may be neutron plus positive electron; alpha-particle may be two protons plus two neutrons, or four protons plus two electrons. MASSES OF ATOMS AND THEIR NUCLEI If all the atoms of an element were perfectly alike, we could take the relative values of their masses—relative to those of other elements, and in particular to that old familiar standard, one sixteenth the mass of an oxygen atom—straight from the chemists' tables of atomic weights. It happens, however, that there are two, three, or several different kinds of atom to almost every element, and they are nearly always so thoroughly intermingled in even the smallest analyzable samples as to suggest that the mixing was done while the earth was still a gas. Whatever chemical method of measuring "atomic weight" be applied to an element (and this includes the strictly physical scheme of measuring its density when it is gaseous) leads forthright and inevitably to a mean value of the masses of its "isotopes" or divers kinds of atoms. Not a simple average, of course! but rather a weighted mean, to which every isotope makes contribution in proportion to its relative abundance in the mixture. The tables of the "chemical atomic weights" are just collections of these weighted means. They nearly all involve two or more varieties of atoms, and in most of the cases the weighted average is markedly different from the mass of any isotope. Sometimes one of the isotopes predominates so greatly that the others contribute very little to the mean, and the chemical atomic weight is not a bad approximation to the mass of this single kind of atom. This is not typical of the system of the elements as a whole, but it happens to be the case of no fewer than eight among the first eleven: a coincidence which has had some influence on the trend of scientific thought, for if it had not happened the chemical atomic weights of seven among these eight elements would not have been so nearly integer multiples of the standard as they actually are (viz. H 1.01, He 4.00, Be 9.02, C 12.00, N 14.01, F 19.00, Na 23.00) and then it would have been difficult to advance the idea that all atoms are built up from common particles. If oxygen itself were not of the group of these eight—if the rarer isotopes of oxygen were, say, a tenth or a third as abundant as the predominant one, instead of being less than 1/500 as abundant—we should either be suffering from a table of atomic weights in which there would be no integers unless by accident, or else we should be using some other \| I \| II \| III \| IV \| V \| VI \| VII \| VIII \| O \| \|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|-----\|------\|-----\| \| 1 H \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 He\| \| 1.0078 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4.002\| \| 3 Li \| 4 Be\| 5 B \| 6 C \| 7 N \| 8 O \| \| \| 10 Ne\| \| 6.940 \| 9.02\| 10.82 \| 12.00 \| 14.008 \| 16.000 \| \| \| 20.183\| \| 11 Na \| 12 Mg\| 13 Al\| 14 Si\| 15 P\| 16 S\| 17 Cl\| 35,457 \| 18 A\| \| 22.997 \| 24.32 \| 26.97 \| 28.06 \| 31.02 \| 32.06 \| \| \| 39.944\| \| 19 K \| 20 Ca\| 21 Sc\| 22 Ti\| 23 V\| 24 Cr\| 25 Mn\| 55,84 \| 58.94 \| 58.69 \| 36 Kr\| \| 39.10 \| 40.08 \| 45.10 \| 47.90 \| 50.05 \| 52.01 \| 54.03 \| 35 Br\| 79.916 \| 83.7 \| \| 29 Cu \| 30 Zn\| 31 Ga\| 32 Ge\| 33 As\| 34 Se\| 35 I \| 44 Ru\| 45 Rh\| 46 Pd\| 106.7 \| 54 Xe\| \| 63.57 \| 65.38 \| 69.72 \| 72.60 \| 74.93 \| 79.2 \| 85.44 \| 87.63 \| 88.92 \| 91.22 \| 91.48 \| 93.3 \| 96.0 \| 51 Sb\| 118.70 \| 121.76 \| 127.5 \| 126.92 \| 131.3 \| \| 37 Rb \| 38 Sr\| 39 Yt\| 40 Zr\| 41 Nb\| 42 Mo\| 43 Ma\| 44 Ru\| 45 Rh\| 46 Pd\| 101.7 \| 102.91 \| 106.7 \| 53 I \| 112.41 \| 114.8 \| 117.6 \| 120.92 \| 124.92 \| 128.3 \| \| 85.44 \| 87.63 \| 88.92 \| 91.22 \| 91.48 \| 93.3 \| 96.0 \| 51 Sb\| 118.70 \| 121.76 \| 127.5 \| 126.92 \| 131.3 \| \| 55 Cs \| 56 Ba\| RARE EARTHS \| 72 Hf\| 73 Ta\| 74 W\| 75 Re\| 76 Os\| 77 Ir\| 78 Pt\| 132.81 \| 137.36 \| 178.6 \| 181.4 \| 184.0 \| 186.31 \| 190.8 \| 193.1 \| 195.23 \| 86 Rn\| \| 197.2 \| 199 Au\| 200.61 \| 204.39 \| 207.22 \| 209.00 \| 85— \| 84 Po\| 92 U \| 232.12 \| 238.14 \| 222 \| RARE EARTHS \| 57 La \| 58 Ce\| 59 Pr\| 60 Nd\| 61 In\| 62 Sm\| 63 Eu\| 64 Gd\| \| 138.92 \| 140.13 \| 140.92 \| 144.27 \| 150.43 \| 152.0 \| 157.3 \| 175.0 \| standard; I must leave it to some chemist to say which is the likelier alternative. Despite these particular cases, it is a general rule that the masses of the atoms of an element cannot be ascertained, unless its isotopes are separated from each other and separately measured. Indeed, the exceptions to the rule are more apparent than real. One cannot be quite sure that any element is an exception, without performing upon it such an experiment as would separate its isotopes if there were more than one existing in a sensible amount. It is true that there are different radioactive isotopes of one and the same element, which come into being from different sources and therefore are not mixed with one another; but these are generally so scanty in amount that their atomic weights have not been measured at all. Thus every valid measurement of what can properly be called the mass or the weight of an atom requires an "isotope analysis" of the element in question. The way of separating isotopes and the way of measuring the masses of their atoms are happily the same, although of course the latter aim demands a great refinement of the method over what is needed for the former. One sends a stream of ions of the element through a sequence of electric and magnetic fields, the first of which accelerates them to a considerable speed, while in the remaining field or fields they are deflected. The deflection depends upon the mass, so that ions of equal charges and different masses—and thus, ionized atoms of the different isotopes of a single element—arrive at different points of the photographic plate which receives them and registers their presence. When the scheme was introduced by J. J. Thomson, he considered it a method of chemical analysis: it was applied to the ions found in electric discharges in ordinary gases and mixtures of gases, and he expected to observe—and did observe—ionized molecules of compounds too unstable to be durable. Unexpectedly it turned out to be a method of ultra-chemical analysis, for when applied to the ions of a discharge in neon, it disclosed two kinds instead of one. Efforts were made to identify one of the two as something else than neon, but when they all failed, neon was registered as the first of the elements to be separated into isotopes. This discovery was made in 1912, and then occurred the great hiatus of the war. The later story will be an easy matter for historians to trace, at least as far as 1933; for despite its obvious importance, this subject of research invited incredibly few workers. I cannot guess why, in times when many physicists were looking for experimental problems, it was so seldom chosen. There are just three names to be mentioned (omitting the work of a few students on a special question, the relative abundance of the isotopes of lithium, and that of Bleakney on the isotopes of hydrogen and neon). Outstanding, and for years unique, is that of Aston of the Cavendish Laboratory, who took over the problem from Thomson and has bound up his name with isotopes by fourteen undeviating years of concentration. There are two stages of the post-war history: the period when isotopes were merely counted and their masses roughly estimated, and the period (in the midst of which we now stand) when their masses are measured with precision rivalling the vaunted accuracy of the chemical atomic weights, and also their relative proportions or "abundances" in the mixtures which we usually call elements. Aston initiated both these periods. In the earlier of them Dempster, who also had been trained before the war in the analysis of ions, separated several of the elements into their isotopes. Costa made a couple of very accurate measurements of mass, but then abandoned the field. Bainbridge entered it after the second period commenced, and is now measuring atomic masses with an exactitude equalling Aston's. In Aston's apparatus the deflecting fields are disposed in an intricate and ingenious way, so that ions of equal mass shall be brought to the same point on the photographic plate even though their speeds be far from equal. This is because he usually derives his ions from a self-sustaining glow-discharge, of which the electric field serves as his accelerating field and imprints different speeds upon different ions of equal mass because they start from different places in the discharge. Much simpler are the schemes of Dempster and of Bainbridge, in which the sole deflecting agency is a uniform magnetic field, which swings the ions around in semicircles from the slit where they enter the deflection-chamber to the plate on which they impinge (Fig. 3). This, however, does not work properly unless all the ions of a particular mass have very nearly the same velocity, so that either they must leave the source with very low speeds and be subjected to the same and relatively large accelerating voltage (such was the case in Dempster's work) or else there must be some device for preventing all ions but those of a very narrow velocity-range from reaching the deflection-chamber. Bainbridge's device for this latter purpose is shown in Fig. 3; between the plates of the "velocity-filter" a transverse electric field is superposed on the magnetic field which is at right angles to the plane of the paper, and no charged particle gets through to the slit unless its speed is very nearly equal to the ratio of the field-strengths. If a beam of ions all of identical mass $M$ and charge $e$ and speed $v$ were to enter the chamber through the slit they all would follow the same semicircle and assemble on the very same spot on the plate, the distance of which spot from the slit would tell the observer their mass. But when a beam of ions of a single element is projected through the slit, it is not usually a single spot which appears upon the plate. All students of physics have seen reproductions of such plates, chiefly from Aston's magnificently ample store. I reproduce here two from Bainbridge's, Fig. 4 for zinc and Fig. 5 for germanium. These are "mass-spectra" every spot or "line" of which is the evidence of a separate isotope of the element in question. Germanium and zinc are neither the least nor the most profuse in isotopes among the elements; there are still a few (fluorine and sodium, for instance) for which only one has been discovered, and at the other extreme there is tin with no fewer than eleven. It is, of course, the charge-to-mass ratio of the ion rather than its mass which is deduced from the position of the spot and the strengths of the accelerating and deflecting fields. (There is no need of giving the formula here, as it is to be found in every textbook and is readily derived.) The charge is usually $+e$ (singly-ionized atom), sometimes $+2e$ (doubly-ionized atom), rarely $+3e$ or greater; there is no difficulty in telling which. No one goes to the trouble of determining mass or charge-to-mass ratio absolutely, with the full precision of which the method might be capable; what is actually evaluated is ![Mass-spectrum of zinc](image) Fig. 4—Mass-spectrum of zinc (K. T. Bainbridge). the ratio of the mass of each unknown to that of some familiar kind of atom, eventually always the atomic mass of the principal isotope of oxygen. There are various schemes and tricks for facilitating the comparisons, of interest chiefly to those who have some intention of imitating the experiments. Of more general interest is the problem of producing the ions. The elements which are gaseous at ordinary temperatures, and those which have compounds that are gaseous at ordinary temperatures (such as carbon in CO and CO$_2$), and the metals which have high vapor-pressures such as mercury—these were analyzed early in the game. ![Mass-spectrum of germanium](image) Fig. 5—Mass-spectrum of germanium (K. T. Bainbridge). They are introduced into the discharge-tube, alone or mixed with other gases, and the processes of the discharge ionize their atoms (or the molecules of their compounds, which serve the purpose just as well). Certain others, the alkali metals and the alkaline earths in particular, were conquered through the fact that their ionized atoms stream out of their solid salts when these are heated or bombarded by electrons. The easier cases thus disposed of, it became necessary to lay siege by special artifice to most of those which remained. Constant readers of Nature are acquainted with the letters, generally two to four in a year, in which Aston announces the capture of one fortress after another. Sometimes it is the gift of a sample of some rare element which makes possible the new result, but oftener the contribution of some unusual compound of a common element which, when introduced into the discharge-tube, vaporizes fast enough to supply the desired atoms to the discharge but not fast enough to inhibit the current or clog the tube. Curious observations have been made upon the behavior of some of these strange compounds in a current-carrying gas; of osmium tetroxide, for instance, Aston relates that it had upon the discharge an effect to be compared with the injection of a powerful drug into a living organism. So much success has attended these efforts that the conquests yet remaining to be made are few, and it is a much quicker affair to list the as-yet-unanalyzed elements than the analyzed. In order of increasing atomic number (which I place in front of each symbol) they are: 43 Ma (a lately-discovered element); 45 Rh, 46 Pd (two members of the second of the "triads"); 61 to 71 inclusive, excepting 68 Er (ten rare-earth elements); 72 Hf (likewise lately discovered); 77 Ir, 78 Pt (two members of the third triad); 79 Au; and the elements beyond 84, of which all but three (88 Ra, 90 Th, 92 U), being unstable, are very scarce.$^6$ Some of these must owe their absence from the list of the conquered to their rarity, but many are common enough, and what is lacking is a way of driving their atoms into the open and ionizing them. The other list, that of the analyzed elements, now comprises sixty-six. Among these are distributed nearly two hundred kinds of atoms of different masses. I count 198 in one of the tabulations, but of these some twelve or fifteen are marked as somewhat doubtful, because their ostensible lines on the plates are either very dim or else might be ascribed to some other kind of substance. (Thus if two kinds of ions are observed which differ in mass by one unit, it is often possible that the lighter may be an ionized atom and the heavier an ionized molecule of the hydride of that atom, instead of both of them being ionized atoms of unequal masses.) Among the 198 there are several of which the existence was first deduced from band-spectra; some of these have since been detected in mass-spectra, notably the minor isotopes of oxygen, O$^{17}$ and O$^{18}$ (I adopt the practice of writing atomic mass as a superscript to the chemical symbol); others, Be$^8$ and C$^{13}$ for example, have not yet been confirmed in this manner, but the evidence from the bands is strong. These nearly two hundred isotopes do not exhaust the list. There are in addition the radioactive atoms, of which there are known at present thirty-six varieties, distributed over the last twelve places of $^6$At the recent Chicago meeting of the A. A. A. S., Aston announced that he had analyzed uranium, finding a single isotope of mass about 238. This does not speak against the extra isotope of mass 234 appearing in Fig. 7, which is inferred from the study of radioactivity and is known to be too scanty to appear on Aston's plate. the table of the elements (Z 81 to Z 92); and there are the seventeen elements of atomic number inferior to 81 which have not yet been analyzed, to each of which we must assign at least one isotope. This makes the round figure two hundred and fifty a suitable choice for the number of different masses of atoms, the number of different kinds of nuclei, already known. It may be a little excessive, but is not likely to remain so for long.$^7$ A graphical presentation of these atomic masses is more effective by far than a table. One naturally thinks first of plotting $A$, the atomic mass, against $Z$, the atomic number; but then it turns out that the diagram is inconveniently high. The inconvenience is lessened in Figs. 6 and 7 by plotting $(A - Z)$ against $Z$, a scheme which has also some value for theory. All the isotopes of an element are marked by dots along its vertical line, and their mutual differences of mass are properly given; but in comparing the isotopes of any element with those of any other, one must think of their dots as vertically displaced by an amount equal to the difference between the abscissæ of the elements. The two figures refer, one to the elements below and the other to those in and above the great gap which in a single figure occurs at the as-yet-unanalyzed group of the rare earth elements. The slanting lines in Fig. 7 connect the consecutive members of radioactive families; they are too crowded to be clear, but I have shown a much clearer diagram in an earlier article of this series.$^8$ Such a diagram implies that the masses of the isotopes are integer multiples of a common unit, that unit which is one sixteenth the mass of an oxygen atom; we must now examine into this question. Before mass-spectra were observed, the non-integer “atomic weights” of the chemical tables—such as the 24.32 of magnesium and the 35.46 of chlorine—were regarded as the masses of individual atoms. The discovery of isotope-analysis must have created, in some minds at any rate, the transitory hope that all true atomic masses would be proved to be exactly integers,—if not in terms of one sixteenth the oxygen mass, then in terms of some other. I do not know whether this hope was ever widely formed; in any case, it was doomed to be dashed. The ratios of the masses of the isotopes to one sixteenth the --- $^7$ Absence of an isotope from the list of those discovered means, of course, not that it is absolutely non-existent, but that the ratio of its abundance to those of the major isotopes of the element in question must be below some critical least-observable amount. This critical amount varies so much with the element, the method, and the experimenter that no generally-valid figure can be given. In the very best cases (e.g. helium, with which a vigorous search for He$^4$ has been made) it is as low as one part in 40,000; in others, apparently as high as one in a few hundred. $^8$ Number 12 (“Radioactivity”), this Journal, 6, 55–99, January, 1927. mass of the O$^{16}$ isotope are much more nearly integers than many of the chemical atomic weights, but they are not exactly integers. The most famous of all the chemical misfits—the ratio 1.008 to 16.000 of the combining weights of hydrogen and oxygen—is almost exactly Fig. 6—Diagram of the isotopes of the elements of atomic numbers up to 60, the difference between mass-number $A$ and atomic number $Z$ being plotted against $Z$. repeated between the isotopes; for both these elements are of the class in which one kind of atom predominates immensely over the rest. The ratio of the masses of the principal isotopes, H$^1$ and O$^{16}$, is one of those on which the highest resources of the technique of massspectroscopy have been lavished; and it turns out (according to Bainbridge) to be $1.007775 \pm 0.000035$ to 16.00000. From another part of the table of the elements, take caesium. This is one of the few analyzed elements which as yet has disclosed no trace of more than one isotope, and the mass of this one amounts, in terms of "one sixteenth of O$^{16}$" to $132.93 \pm 0.02$. Yet strange as it may seem, this failure of atomic masses to be integer multiples of either the mass of H$^1$ or one-sixteenth-the-mass-of-O$^{16}$ is no detriment to theory, but rather the reverse. There is a very general hypothesis which may be phrased as follows: if a number of elementary particles cling together in a stable cluster, the mass of the cluster $M$ is less than the sum $\Sigma m$ of the masses which the particles would have if they were free, and the difference $(\Sigma m - M)$ is the energy "of binding," the energy which would have to be given back to the particles of the cluster to disperse them again into freedom. I say "the difference of masses is energy," thus invoking Einstein's principle of the equivalence of energy and mass. By this principle a mass amounting to $m$ grammes is an energy amounting to $mc^2$ ergs ($c$ standing as usual for the speed of light in vacuo, $3 \cdot 10^{10}$) and an energy amounting to $E$ ergs is a mass of $E/c^2$ grammes, whether it be kinetic energy or light or whatsoever other form.$^9$ If a nucleus be a cluster of, say, electrons and protons, then its mass must be less than the sum of their separated masses, for otherwise it would have no cohesion and would fall apart of itself; and its deficiency of mass is a measure of its stability. At this point I ought to give some idea of the orders of magnitude involved. Nothing has been said thus far about the mass in grammes of any kind of atom, but we now require some such value in order to make the translations between energy expressed in ergs or in electron-volts, and mass expressed in terms of our standard one-sixteenth-of-O$^{16}$. The masses of atoms in grammes are not known nearly so well as their ratios to each other, but the three significant figures assured for oxygen are sufficient for our purpose. The mass of the oxygen atom is $2.64 \cdot 10^{-23}$ g, and it follows that one million electron-volts of energy amount to .00107 of one of our units of mass. Now the mass of the electron is .00054; the mass of the proton is that of the H$^1$ atom less that of its orbital electron, or say 1.0072; the mass of the O$^{16}$ nucleus is that of the O$^{16}$ atom less that of its eight orbital electrons, or say 15.9957. If we make the hypothesis that the O$^{16}$ nucleus is a cluster of sixteen protons and eight electrons, the separate masses of these twenty-four particles add up to 16.1195, and there is a discrepancy of 0.1238 units; but this is perhaps no real discrepancy, but simply the energy which the twenty-four particles yielded up when they gathered into the cluster, and which must be restored to them if they are ever $^9$ In the special case of a system of electrified particles acting on one another strictly according to the laws of classical electrodynamics, the equivalence of mass $m$ and energy $mc^2$ can be derived from these laws; i.e. it can be deduced that two configurations of the system differing in energy by $E$ differ in mass by $E/c^2$. However, such particles could not form a stable cluster; so that one is compelled to postulate Einstein's general principle, after all. to disperse again. It amounts to about 115 millions of electron-volts, and this is not an unwelcome figure, for had the value been much smaller we might expect oxygen nuclei to be easily disrupted, which is not the case. This evidently makes an extra reason for measuring atomic masses with the utmost care: not only are these masses important in themselves as constants of Nature, they may also be used as indices of the stability or the fragility of the various kinds of nuclei. Aston's first apparatus enabled him to measure them to one part in a thousand, an accuracy which may be valuable among the lightest elements but not among the heavier, where the uncertainty rises to one fifth of a unit of mass. His second apparatus proved itself competent to one part in ten thousand, and with its completion in 1925 the second period of isotope-analysis began. Bainbridge in measuring the ratio of He$^4$ to H$^1$ pushed onward to a precision severalfold greater, claiming a probable error of only one part in a hundred thousand. With such data as these, it is necessary at times to take account of the fact that what is measured is the ratio of masses of two ions, the unknown and the O$^{16}$ ion; what is tabulated is usually the ratio of the corresponding atoms; but what is required for nuclear theory is the ratio of the masses of the nuclei. Even with contemporary accuracy, though, the correction is still trivial unless the very lightest atoms are involved.\footnote{This is due not entirely to the smallness of the electronic mass, but partly to the fact that the ratio of nuclear mass (in standard units) to number-of-orbital-electrons is always between 2 and 3 for all kinds of atoms excepting H$^1$ for which it is about one.} It should be mentioned here that band-spectra occasionally permit the ratio of the nuclear masses of two or more isotopes of the same element to be evaluated, with an accuracy which may attain (in the case of the ratio C$^{13}$/C$^{12}$) one part in ten thousand. Not nearly all of the known kinds of atoms have had their masses so precisely measured. Suitable data exist for nearly all of the isotopes of the first ten elements; beyond these there are but twenty-four elements of which even a single kind of atom has been measured, and deplorable gaps between them. How best to plot these data? This is a difficult problem. Considering the inchoate state of nuclear theory, it would probably be best to plot the measured masses directly, as in Fig. 6—were it not that then the graph would have to be as large as a wall-map. It is \footnote{Aston until 1930 published his estimates of atomic masses coupled not with their probable errors, as the custom is, but with the extreme limits outside of which (in his opinion) the value of the mass in question cannot possibly lie—an unusually conservative policy, because of which some people who have used his values have underestimated their probable accuracy. The ratio of these "uncertainties" to the probable errors is commonly taken, with Aston's concurrence, as three.} much more convenient to plot the differences between each measured mass $M$ and the nearest integer, which latter is the "mass-number" $A$ of the kind of atom in question. Aston prefers to use the quantities $10^4(M - A)/A$, the differences aforesaid divided by the corresponding mass-numbers and "expressed in parts per ten thousand"; these he calls the "packing fractions" in allusion to the principle that elementary particles suffer changes in mass when they are clustered or packed closely together. If one plots either $(M - A)$ or the packing fraction against $A$, it is immediately obvious that the values of either do not jump about at random as one progresses along the procession of the atoms in order of atomic mass. The packing fractions lie pretty closely along the sweeping curve in the lower part of Fig. 8, with its odd bifurcation (ordinates on the left!). Not all the available data are represented by dots, as some would fall too close to others to be distinguishable on this scale. The curve of $(M - A)$ is the full curve sketched above (ordinates on the right!). As the trend of either curve makes clear, the masses of the atoms near either end of the procession, the "light" end and the "heavy" end, exceed their nearest integers; while all through the middle (and --- 11 The packing fractions from one end of the curve to the other are mostly uncertain by from one to three units, excepting those of H$^1$, H$^2$ and a few other very light atoms. The uncertainty of $(M - A)$ increases steadily with $A$, as the reader will easily understand; it is indicated by the space between the dashed curves. This is a reason for preferring packing-fraction to $(M - A)$ as a quantity for plotting. The data omitted in Fig. 8 are: $-5$ for Cs$^{133}$, $+2$ for Tl$^{203}$, $-7$ for Se$^{80}$. by much the largest) part of the procession they fall below their nearest integers. There is a minimum or greatest-negative-value of the difference $(M - A)$ near $A = 110$, and a minimum of the packing-fraction near $A = 60$. It may seem paradoxical that the two minima do not coincide, but the apparent paradox is easily understood. If all the packing-fractions were negative, and all the atomic masses lay just below their nearest integers, we should infer that all the nuclei consist of particles having one sixteenth the mass of O$^{16}$ when free, and that all the differences $(M - A)$ are losses of mass due to clustering or packing. The policy of plotting packing-fractions is open to criticism because it leads, or rather misleads, to that untenable idea—untenable, because so many of the nuclei show positive values of $(M - A)$. One is obliged to argue that the protons and neutrons which are presumably packed into nuclei undergo an average shrinkage in mass from 1.008 or 1.007 to 1.000, and in addition an extra change either positive or negative of which $(M - A)/A$ is a sort of a measure. This viewpoint has certain merits, but I think that the best thing to do with a packing-fraction is to retrace the steps whereby it was originally calculated, and thus obtain the mass of the atom in question, which then may be compared with the masses of adjacent atoms, or those of the elementary particles of which one supposes it built, or indeed with anything else whatever.$^{12}$ The sort of reasoning that then is possible can best be shown by illustrations. We start with H$^1$, nuclear mass 1.0072, and go ahead to H$^2$, nuclear mass (by Bainbridge's latest measurement) 2.0131. As $Z = 1$ for this latter nucleus, it might conceivably be either a cluster of two protons and an electron, or a proton and a neutron. Here the principle of the interrelation of mass and energy may prove important: if for either of these models the sum of the masses of the separated particles should be smaller than 2.0131, it would be necessary to discard either that model or the principle. There is no difficulty with the former model, the sum being 2.0149. As for the latter, not even the indirect estimates of the mass of the neutron are sufficiently close to permit the test. One may turn the argument around and deduce that if it is ever shown by other evidence that the H$^2$ nucleus is a proton plus a neutron, the mass of the latter when free must be more than 1.0058. Many a search has been made for nuclei of mass-number 3, but all in vain; the non-existence of such kernels may be as significant to the $^{12}$ The same remark goes for the so-called "mass-defect," which for a nucleus of mass-number $4n + b$ ($n = \text{any integer}, b = \text{any integer less than } 4$) is computed by adding the masses of $n$ alpha-particles and $b$ protons, and taking the difference between their sum and the actual mass of the nucleus. theorists of the future as the existence of other kinds. We go on then to the kernel He$^4$, our indispensable friend the alpha-particle. The ratios of the masses of the atoms H$^1$, He$^4$ and O$^{16}$ are among the most important constants of physics. All are known by now with admirable precision: the three, mutually compatible values 1.0078 : 16 for H$^1$/O$^{16}$, 4.0022 : 16 for He$^4$/O$^{16}$, and 3.9713 : 1 for He$^4$/H$^1$—the two first from Aston, the last from Bainbridge—appear to be uncertain by not more than one place in the last significant figure, if so much as that.\footnote{The values and uncertainties as given are: (1.00778 ± .00015) : 16; (4.00216 ± .0004) : 16; and 3.971283 ± .000042; the uncertainties being the extreme ones in the first two cases, the probable error in the last (cf. footnote 10).} Forming a model for the He$^4$ nucleus out of four protons and two electrons, we find that not only is it stable by the principle aforesaid, but it is abundantly stable. The difference between $\Sigma m$ the sum of the separate masses and $M$ the mass of the alpha-particle is positive and equal to .029 mass-units, or about twenty-seven million electron-volts! There is consequently no cause for worry over the fact, or rather the appearance, that when alpha-particles with as much as eight million electron-volts of kinetic energy crash into other nuclei, either nothing breaks or else the other nucleus gives way.\footnote{When protons emerge from a substance bombarded by alpha-particles, why should we assume that they come from the bombarded nuclei and not from the projectiles? Chiefly, I suppose, because in the contrary case they would be expected to appear whatever the substance, whereas actually they vary exceedingly in amount and energy-distribution from one element to another. But there is some reason for thinking that the alpha-particle coalesces with the struck nucleus when the proton comes off, which makes the question rather meaningless.} With the H$^2$ nucleus the difference $\Sigma m - M$ amounts to less than two million electron-volts, so that we should rather expect it to be broken under similar circumstances. Mass-number 5 again is missing from the procession, in spite of an ardent and lately-stimulated search. Mass-numbers 6 and 7 are isotopes of lithium, of which Bainbridge has determined the masses as 6.0145 and 7.0146, with uncertainties of 3 and 6 places in the last significant figure. One can picture the nucleus of Li$^6$ as a cluster of six protons and three electrons, which have lost altogether 0.033 of a unit of mass or something over thirty million electron-volts in combining. It is more usual, however, to apply a certain very general hypothesis, of which the validity is still quite uncertain: the hypothesis that in every nucleus there are nearly or quite as many completed alpha-particles as the mass will admit. In the case of Li$^6$ this suggests one alpha-particle, two “loose” protons and one “loose” electron; and about four million electron-volts would have been lost by the three last in attaching themselves to the alphaparticle. In the case of Li$^7$ it suggests one alpha-particle, three loose protons and two loose electrons. This would mean the addition to the Li$^6$ nucleus of a proton and an electron, originally of total mass 1.0078, which would shrink to 1.000 in process of being added. It seems as though our standard of mass had an objective existence in Li$^7$, but this is probably misleading. Lithium can be transmuted by impact either of alpha-particles or of protons. In the former case, neutrons are emitted, together with gamma-rays; in the latter, alpha-particles come off in pairs. What can be inferred about the nuclei? Here we meet with the great difficulty common to experiments on transmutation: with an element of two or more isotopes, one does not know which is or are being disintegrated. This is sometimes welcome to the theorist, who can ascribe the transmutation to whichever isotope happens best to fit his theory. Thus to explain what happens when protons strike lithium, it is very satisfactory to write: $$\text{Li}^7 + \text{H}^1 = 2\text{He}^4,$$ a quasi-chemical equation—an equation of nuclear chemistry—in which both masses and charges are balanced, and which implies that the proton and the constituents of the lithium nucleus fuse themselves into a pair of alpha-particles, which kick one another violently apart. Now consider what happens when alpha-particles strike lithium; using $n$ as the symbol for the neutron, we may write either of two of these equations: $$\text{Li}^6 + \text{He}^4 = x + n, \quad \text{Li}^7 + \text{He}^4 = y + n,$$ in which $x$ would have to stand for a nucleus of atomic number 5—that is to say, a boron nucleus—and mass-number 9, while $y$ would have to stand for a boron nucleus of mass-number 10. Now boron kernels B$^{10}$ are familiar, but kernels B$^9$ are as yet among the missing; it is therefore much pleasanter to infer that it is the Li$^7$ isotope which is disintegrated by alpha-particles; and such inferences are often drawn. Equation (1), as I intimated, should be a balancing of masses as well as of charges; but on putting the measured masses of the nuclei Li$^7$ and H$^1$ and He$^4$ into the equation, one gets 8.020 on one side and 8.004 on the other, and the discrepancy is far beyond the uncertainty of either. This is a very interesting case, because it affords evidence for the principle of the equivalence of energy and mass. According to this principle, we ought to introduce into the equation $T_0$ the kinetic energy of the particles before, and $T_1$ the kinetic energy of the particles after the impact: \[ \text{Li}^7 + \text{H}^1 + T_0 = 2\text{He}^4 + T_1. \] (3) It chances that $T_1$ is considerable, about seventeen million electron-volts (equally divided between the two He$^4$ nuclei) while $T_0$ is relatively negligible, since this transmutation can be effected by protons having even less than $10^5$ electron-volts of vis viva. Translating $T_1$ into mass-units we find the right-hand member elevated to 8.018, which agrees within the uncertainty of experiment with the 8.020 on the left. Here is a reaction in which mass has truly been conserved, and there would appear to have been an actual loss thereof, if kinetic energy itself were not possessed of mass.$^{15}$ The emergence of neutrons from proton-bombarded lithium—and beryllium, and boron, not to speak of other elements—is of course the strongest reason for supposing that they exist in these and other nuclei. We can as easily say that the Li$^7$ nucleus consists of an alpha-particle and a proton and two neutrons, and the alpha-particle of two protons and two neutrons, as we can say that they consist respectively of an alpha-particle and three loose protons and two loose electrons, and of four protons and two electrons respectively. But is there any real difference between the two models? any difference, that is to say, which might be tested by experiment? Or in other words: is there anything to be gained (or lost) by substituting, in a nucleus-model comprising both protons and electrons, a neutron for a proton-and-electron pair? If the mass of a neutron differed considerably (i.e. by a large fraction of a mass-unit) from the sum of those of an electron and a proton, there might be a definite gain (or loss); but this does not appear to be the case. There may however be a really important distinction resulting from the “spins” of these particles, which will be treated in a later instalment. To return to the procession of the atoms: mass-number 8 is represented by an isotope of beryllium so rare that it has been detected only (possibly not with certainty) in band-spectra. Its nuclear charge and mass-number are such that one may suppose its kernel to be a pair of alpha-particles. It seems obvious to infer that Be$^8$ is rare, if not non-existent, because two alpha-particles repel one another too violently to hang together. This, however, is a dangerous line of thought, inasmuch as the kernels C$^{12}$ and O$^{16}$ would also be expected $^{15}$ One should strictly define kinetic energy in the relativistic rather than the classical fashion, but the difference is much too small to be observable in these experiments. The test of equation (3) may be regarded by some as merely a new verification of the relativistic dependence of mass on speed so often verified by experiments on electrons, but it seems to me to contain something more. to consist of nothing but alpha-particles—three and four respectively—and they are among the most stable and abundant varieties which there are. One begins already to guess that nuclear theory is not easy. Mass-number 9 is represented by the principal isotope of beryllium, mass $9.0155 \pm .0006$ (Bainbridge). Beryllium is one of the elements which pour out neutrons most lavishly when assailed by alpha-particles, and one would like to infer that the Be$^9$ nucleus is a cluster of two alpha-particles and a neutron. Formerly the accepted model consisted of two alpha-particles, a loose proton and a loose electron, though this picture made it difficult to understand why beryllium is one of the few light elements which yield up few or no protons when alpha-particles bombard them. On forming the difference of the nuclear masses Be$^9$ and $2\text{He}^4$, we find 1.011, which is a very disconcerting figure, as it is greater than either the accepted value of the mass of the neutron or the sum of those of proton and electron. The excess is very small in each case, so small that without the present-day technique of measurement it would remain undetected; perhaps it is uncertain even yet; but unless and until someone proves that actually there is a deficiency instead of an excess with at least one of the two models, it will be questionable whether the Be$^9$ nucleus comprises two perfected alpha-particles. Mass-numbers 10 and 11 are represented by isotopes of boron, masses given by Aston as 10.0135 and 11.0110 with maximum uncertainties of $\pm .0015$. I will use these in explaining how the mass of the neutron is estimated. When bombarded by alpha-particles, boron emits neutrons. Again it is uncertain which isotope emits them; but if we write equations similar to (2), with allowance for kinetic energies: $$\text{B}^{10} + \text{He}^4 + T_0 = x + n + T_1; \quad \text{B}^{11} + \text{He}^4 + T_0 = y + n + T_1,$$ we see that $x$ and $y$ would have to be isotopes of nitrogen, of mass-numbers 13 and 14 respectively. No atom N$^{13}$ is known, but N$^{14}$ is the principal isotope of nitrogen. These facts speak strongly in favor of the second of equations (4), and so does the fact that when nitrogen gas is bombarded by neutrons there are transmutations in which alpha-particles appear—evidently the converse of the process which that equation was first written down to describe. If now in the second of equations (4) we put the nuclear mass of N$^{14}$ for $y$, and then insert Aston’s values for N$^{14}$ and B$^{11}$ and He$^4$, we get: $$\text{mass of neutron} = (1.0051 \pm .005) + (T_0 - T_1).$$ Now in trying to evaluate $(T_0 - T_1)$ one encounters two difficulties which are of no great importance in this case, but may be serious in others. First, the incident alpha-particles do not all have the same speed and the expelled neutrons do not all have the same speed; it may be that $(T_0 - T_1)$ is the same for each individual event, but so long as we can only observe these events in multitudes we have to tolerate a wide distribution of $T_0$ and a wide distribution of $T_1$. Second, the kinetic energy of the neutrons is not measured; what is measured is the range of the particles (atom-nuclei) which they strike, and from this the speed of these struck particles is deduced, and from this the kinetic energy of the neutrons themselves, which thus is two steps away from the data! Luckily it is the difference between $T_0$ and $T_1$ which enters into the equation, and this is not nearly so large as either; Chadwick estimates it as .0016 mass-unit, so obtaining: \[ \text{mass of neutron} = (1.0067 \pm 0.005). \] (6) The alteration seems so much smaller than the uncertainty as to be not worth the making; but the latter again is Aston's extremely generous estimate of the uncertainty, which may be three or four times the probable error; so that perhaps the allowance for $(T_0 - T_1)$ is worth while. Similar computations can be made for the neutrons expelled from Be and Li, but perhaps had better be left for those who have personal acquaintance with the problem of estimating their kinetic energies.$^{16}$ Mass-number 12 is the principal isotope of carbon; it would be the only one known, were it not for observations made on band-spectra of carbon compounds by King and Birge, who detected lines due to C$^{13}$. This latter nucleus is presumably the residue of the transmutation of B$^{10}$ by the impact of an alpha-particle, which frees a proton and merges with what is left. The process permits another test of the mass-to-energy relation (not so good as the one described above) which I have treated elsewhere.$^{17}$ Mass-numbers 14 and 15 are isotopes of nitrogen, the former being vastly the more abundant. Mass-numbers 16, 17 and 18 are isotopes of oxygen, the first being much the most abundant. The other two were discovered (by Giauque and Johnston) through observation of faint lines in absorp- $^{16}$ Neutrons are reported to have been expelled from many of the more massive elements by alpha-particle impact. It is interesting to notice that owing to the trend of the packing-fraction curve (Fig. 8) the application of the foregoing reasoning to these neutrons would lead to values of neutron-mass very much closer to 1,000, unless $(T_0 - T_1)$ were to amount to several millions of electron-volts. $^{17}$ Review of Scientific Instruments, June, 1933. tion-bands of oxygen, photographed with the brightest light and the thickest layer of oxygen on earth—the rays of the declining sun, shining obliquely through the air. Aston has since observed them in mass-spectra. They are probably the most unwelcome of all isotopes, since they necessitate an extra precaution in comparing chemical atomic weights with physical measurements of the masses of isotopes. The chemists' unit of atomic weight is one sixteenth the weighted mean of the masses of the oxygen isotopes, while the physicists' unit, as I have said so often, is one-sixteenth-of-O\textsuperscript{16}. The difference between the two, according to the latest estimates of the relative abundances of the three isotopes, is about 125 parts in a million. O\textsuperscript{17} is the presumable residue of the transmutation of N\textsuperscript{14} by impact of an alpha-particle, which frees a proton and fuses with what is left. This is the most completely analyzed of all transmutations, and Blackett, who first observed it in detail by the expansion-chamber method, might be regarded as the discoverer of O\textsuperscript{17}. Mass-number 19 belongs to fluorine. The mass is given as 19.0000 ± .002, another remarkable example which might convince one of the objective existence of the unit of atomic mass. As one goes onward along the list (which space forbids our scrutinizing henceforward in such fullness), one meets a novelty at atomic number 18. Here begin \textit{overlapping}s of the atomic masses of different elements: the isotope A\textsuperscript{40} of argon (Z = 18) is heavier than K\textsuperscript{39} of potassium (Z = 19), and K\textsuperscript{41} is heavier than Ca\textsuperscript{40} (Z = 20). The former of these overlapping{s} is responsible for the formerly very surprising "inversion" whereby the chemical atomic weight of argon (39.44) is greater than that of its immediate follower potassium (39.10). Another inversion (involving tellurium and iodine) occurs farther along in the list and is similarly caused, and there are many other overlapping{s} which do not produce so drastic a result. Mass number 40 is shared by two atoms of different atomic number, different elements therefore, argon and calcium. The reader can pick out other examples from Figs. 6 and 7. There is even an instance of three "isobares," as atoms differing in Z but not in A are called: this is at A = 124, the three elements being tellurium, tin and xenon. (There is probably another at A = 96, but it is questionable as yet, as of the three in question (Mo\textsuperscript{96}, Zr\textsuperscript{96}, Ru\textsuperscript{96}) the two last are not positively affirmed by Aston.) It will be interesting to find whether measurements of mass can be pushed to such a degree of accuracy as to disclose small differences between isobares. Aston gives 79.926 and 79.941 for Se\textsuperscript{80} and Kr\textsuperscript{80}, but adds "the difference is too near the possible experimental error [one part in 10\textsuperscript{4}] to be of much significance." Groups of three or four isobares occur among the radioactive atoms beyond $A = 206$. Also, as one goes onward along the list, one meets with elements having quite remarkable numbers of isotopes: lead with eight, xenon and mercury with nine, tin with no fewer than eleven put down as certain! At the same time one notices elements of apparently a single isotope only, up almost to the end of the procession; and there is a striking rule, perhaps the most definite yet found in this field: \textit{there is no element of odd atomic number for which more than two stable isotopes are known}. The word \textit{stable} must be inserted, as there are more than two radioactive isotopes for each of the elements 81 and 83. Moreover, for every such element past nitrogen the mass-numbers of the two isotopes (if more than one is known) differ by two units. It was also considered a rule that (past boron) the lighter isotope is the more abundant of the two; but Aston has lately discovered that the contrary is the case with rhenium ($Z = 75$) and thallium ($Z = 81$), so that this rule must be confined to the middle part of the list. This brings us to the question of abundances. The relative plenty or scarcity of the various elements has been for many years a topic of inquiry among chemists, and also—or even more—among geologists and astrophysicists. It now becomes a subdivision of a larger topic, the relative plenty or scarcity of the various kinds of atoms. Better said, there are now two subjects of research—the relative abundances of the various isotopes within each element, the relative abundances of the elements with respect to one another—and by combining the data of the two one might hope to get the relative amounts of the many kinds of atoms in the whole of Nature. The latter and older problem, however, is in much the more unsatisfactory state, and seems likely to remain so. We have only the earth's crust, the air, a few meteorites, some nebulae, and the outermost layers of the stars available for the study; the nebulae and the stars only by spectroscopic methods, of which the results are not always easy to interpret. The interior of the earth and the interiors of the stars remain impenetrable to us. The relative abundances of the elements in the five more or less accessible regions are by no means the same, and give us no sure basis for guessing what they may be in the inaccessible regions. Nevertheless, there are rules for the relative abundances of the elements in the earth's crust, which are so strong that one is very much tempted to extend them to the whole of Nature. There is a great predominance of elements of even atomic number over elements of odd (Harkins' rule). There is a predominance of atoms of mass-numbers divisible by four. There is evident, in Fig. 6, a relative scantiness of atoms for which $(A - Z)$ is, or would be, odd; this would be even more obvious if the dots, instead of being all alike, were proportioned in size to the relative abundances of the isotopes within the elements. It seems unlikely that in the inaccessible parts of the earth and the stars these atoms should be so over-abundant as to restore the balance. Except for this unlikely possibility, we must infer that nuclei for which $(A - Z)$ is odd are not easily formed or else that they break up easily. Such nuclei, if imagined as clusters of protons and electrons, would have odd numbers of electrons; if imagined as clusters of protons and neutrons, they would have odd numbers of neutrons. In comparing the relative abundances of the different isotopes of a single element, one feels on surer ground. It is a general rule (violated only by the radio-active elements, their end-products, possibly a few others) that these quantities are the same for every sample of a given element, wherever out of the earth's crust or even out of meteorites it may have been taken. It looks then as though the mixing of the isotopes within each element had been pretty thoroughly accomplished in the beginning of time, and as though the ratios of their relative amounts might have universal value. Mostly the ratios are deduced from the darkness of the spots which the isotopes imprint upon mass-spectrum plates. The difficulties of inferring from the aspect of a spot the number of the particles which made it are like those which occur in photography, and are overcome in much the same way. The charges being exactly and the masses nearly the same for the isotopes of a heavy element, one may pretty safely suppose that equal numbers of atoms of such isotopes produce equal effects; but with very light elements this is not so sure. In occasional experiments the total charge which the ionized atoms bring with them is measured, and this is in principle the neater method. It may be carried out acceptably with apparatus not designed for making exceptionally accurate measurements of mass. Bleakney has employed it with hydrogen and neon. About a couple of hundred abundance-ratios of isotopes in individual elements have now been measured, mostly by Aston. No rule has so far emerged from all these data, excepting the partial one about elements of odd atomic numbers which I cited earlier. There has, however, been a useful and entertaining set of by-products, in the form of revisions of the standard values of the chemical atomic weights. Obviously "physical" values for these can be obtained, if one can measure the masses and the relative abundances of all the isotopes. The highest attainable accuracy of this scheme in the most favorable cases now somewhat surpasses one part in ten thousand, which is about as good as the chemical methods can offer. Many of the physical evaluations have been in beautiful agreement with the best-approved of the chemical, reflecting honor on both; but there have been striking temporary exceptions, with ultimate results very surprising to anyone brought up in the tradition that chemical atomic weights stand for the ne plus ultra in accuracy. The weights of krypton and xenon were formerly given as 130.2 and 82.9; Aston evaluated them as $83.77 \pm 0.02$ and $131.27 \pm 0.04$; within a year (1931) redeterminations of the densities of these gases (perhaps it would be justice to call this a physical rather than a chemical method) resulted in 83.7 and 131.3. Among the elements for which the analysis of isotopes has lately given a value markedly different from the accepted chemical atomic weight, are osmium, selenium, scandium and caesium. It will be interesting to see what happens to these values in the tables of atomic weights. I left the story of the discovery of H² to the end, so as to make earlier mention of several things on which it depended. Apparently it was the joint result of two independent predictions. First, the ratio of the masses of the atoms H¹ and O¹⁶ agrees remarkably with the ratio of the chemical atomic weights of hydrogen and oxygen: both are certainly between 1.0077 and 1.0078. This agreement seems wonderful testimony to the accuracy of the measurements of physicists and chemists; but it turns out to be a mere coincidence. Such testimony it indeed would be, if H¹ and O¹⁶ were the sole isotopes of their respective elements; but from the moment when O¹⁷ and O¹⁸ were discovered, it could be taken as meaning one thing only (short of actual errors in the work): it could be taken only as meaning that there is an extra isotope (or more than one) of hydrogen, more massive than H¹. This idea came first to Birge and Menzel, who proceeded to compute in what ratio of abundances H² and H¹ must stand in order to produce the agreement in question, if H² be the only extra isotope. The result must depend, of course, on the ratios of the abundances of O¹⁷ and O¹⁸ to that of O¹⁶. For these ratios the estimates (made from band-spectra, excepting for a preliminary one by Aston) are not in very good accord. At the time of the prediction of Birge and Menzel, they indicated a ratio of 4500 to 1 for the abundances of H¹ and H² in ordinary hydrogen. Second, the diagram of Fig. 6 shows a recurring uniformity, a stepwise pattern, in the broken line connecting the successive dots from $Z = 3$ to $Z = 8$. If isotopes H², H³ and He⁵ exist, then this pattern extends uninterrupted down to $Z = 1$. These were the ideas which brought about the discovery of H² by Urey, Brickwedde and Murphy. At first they did not expect to distinguish such an isotope in ordinary hydrogen; but they inferred from thermodynamical theory that a greater than the normal proportion (of $H^1H^2$ molecules among the ordinary $H^1H^1$ molecules) should be obtained by liquefying large quantities of gas and letting it re-evaporate at a low pressure, taking for their investigation the last two or three cubic centimetres of liquid out of several thousand. It turned out later that they could detect $H^2$, or "deuterium" as they have named it, in ordinary hydrogen; but in these special samples the evidence of it was far more patent. This evidence is the advent of "shifted lines" in the ordinary line-spectrum of atomic hydrogen. The frequencies of atomic spectrum-lines depend on the ratio of the masses of electron and nucleus, in a manner which in times past has been of the utmost value in establishing the present-day model of the atom$^{18}$; the difference between the values of this ratio for $H^1$ and $H^2$ is only that between 1/1850 and 1/3700, and results in a frequency-difference of less than three parts in ten thousand, and yet the corresponding wave-length-difference is easy to detect with spectroscopes. The existence of $H^2$ entails that each of the familiar spectrum-lines of $H^1$ should be attended by a faint companion, displaced by this percentage toward lesser wave-lengths. Urey, Brickwedde and Murphy observed the faint companions of the four most prominent of the Balmer lines; others have since observed them, and just before these pages started for the press, there appeared the photographs$^{19}$ taken by Ballard and White of four lines of the Lyman series with their companions, which I reproduce as Fig. 9. ![Fig. 9—Lines of the Lyman series of ordinary hydrogen ($H^1$) accompanied by the corresponding lines of $H^2$. The first picture on the left shows the first line of the series, photographed in second order; the others show the first four lines of the series from left to right, photographed in first order. (S. S. Ballard & H. E. White; Physical Review.)](image) $^{18}$ Cf. the ninth of this series of articles (October, 1925), or my Introduction to Contemporary Physics, pp. 308–312. $^{19}$ I am indebted to Messrs. Ballard and White for sending me the original of this picture. It will be noticed that in these photographs the lines of each pair are of approximately equal brightness; whereas in the original work of Urey, Brickwedde and Murphy, the one due to H² was always by far the fainter. The gain is due to the fact that G. N. Lewis has discovered an amazingly potent method for separating H² from H¹, of which the efficiency outruns by far anything that was formerly hoped for or dreamed of; it is said that samples of hydrogen or of hydrogen compounds may be obtained, in which the heavier isotope exceeds the lighter by more than one hundred to one! This appears to be a godsend to the chemists, as there is reason to suspect that the properties of "heavy" hydrogen and of its compounds may be markedly and even fantastically different from those of "light" hydrogen and its compounds; a whole new province of chemistry seems to be opened to explorers. Here, however, we are concerned only with the mass of the nucleus; and in the original samples there was sufficiently much of H², to permit of its mass being measured by Bainbridge with the result and with the accuracy which I have quoted already. As for the question of the relative abundance of H² and H¹ in "ordinary" hydrogen, it is now in a quite unsatisfactory state; for various experiments give various results, mostly disagreeing with the prediction which had a share in the discovery. A System of Effective Transmission Data for Rating Telephone Circuits By F. W. McKOWN and J. W. EMLING A previous paper$^1$ introduced the idea of rating the transmission performance of telephone circuits on the basis of repetition observations and outlined briefly a method for expressing such ratings. The present paper describes in some detail a system for presenting these data in a form suitable for engineering use and the steps required for obtaining these data from the repetition observations. INTRODUCTION A TELEPHONE circuit may be described in terms of its physical characteristics, but these characteristics do not in themselves indicate the transmission results which will be obtained by its users in service. Laboratory talking tests, such as articulation tests,$^2$ indicate the ability of the circuit to transmit speech sounds under the conditions of the tests. In service, however, a wide and complex range of conditions is encountered and in the case of a new kind of instrument or circuit the service conditions may be modified in an unpredictable way due to the users' reactions. The complexity and a priori uncertainty of these conditions point to the advantage of ratings obtained during actual service. The real criterion for rating a circuit is its transmission performance when in actual use as a link in the extremely complicated and variable communication channel between the brain of one telephone user and the brain of another telephone user. The paper by Mr. Martin$^1$ fully developed this idea and described a quantitative method for providing ratings on this basis of the transmission performance of a circuit, which method includes the effects of such circuit characteristics as volume loss, noise, distortion and sidetone. This method uses as a measure of circuit performance the number of repetitions requested by normal telephone users per unit time while using the circuits in actual service, on the basis that this number is a direct quantitative measure of the success with which telephone users carry on conversations. The previous paper also discussed other methods of rating the transmission performance of telephone circuits such as articulation $^1$ "Rating the Transmission Performance of Telephone Circuits," W. H. Martin, B. S. T. J., Vol. X, p. 116. $^2$ "Articulation Testing Methods," H. Fletcher and J. C. Steinberg, B. S. T. J., Vol. VIII, p. 806. "Developments in the Application of Articulation Testing," T. G. Castner and C. W. Carter, Jr., this issue of the B. S. T. J. tests, volume tests and judgment tests and their relation to the repetition method. The present paper describes the development of this rating method into a system of data for exchange area circuits which gives a convenient means of determining from the physical makeup of a complete telephone circuit a rating of the effectiveness of the transmission between normal subscribers using the circuit. Such data are called effective transmission data to distinguish them from previous transmission data which were based largely on volume losses. The effective data are expressed in terms of the db of effective loss relative to a reference circuit. An effective loss of 1 db is introduced into the reference circuit when the loss of the trunk is increased by 1 db at all frequencies without other change. Any other change in the circuit which has the same effect on its transmission performance as this distortionless change in volume loss also causes an effective loss of 1 db. The equality of performance is judged by the equality of repetition rates. The problem of converting repetition data obtained from a relatively small number of circuits into usable transmission ratings for the very large number of practical circuit combinations resolves itself into two major parts: first, a choice of the form in which the data should be presented for use in laying out the telephone plant, and second, the actual preparation of the numerical data. The preferable form for presenting the data is fixed by the nature of telephone exchange service. The general transmission problem is not to design a complete telephone circuit from one particular station to another particular station, but rather to design each circuit element separately in such a way that any complete circuit made up of these elements will give satisfactory transmission. Thus, each element, such as a subscriber loop or an interoffice trunk, must be designed to work as a part of any one of a large number of different connections. The technique for solving this problem on the basis of volume losses was worked out long ago in a satisfactory way and has been in use for many years. Volume loss data were prepared in convenient form for all available types of circuit elements, with the losses of the elements defined in such a way that when all the component losses were added the loss of the complete connection was obtained. These component volume losses were based, in general, on voice-ear tests or computations showing the effect on the volume of the received sound, of inserting the element to be rated in a reference system. With data set up in this way, it was possible to apportion the permissible overall rating between the different types of circuit elements and then to choose the facilities for each individual element separately so that its loss would not exceed the permissible loss. In a particular area, for example, the transmitting loss of each loop might be limited to 8 db or less, the receiving loss to 3 db or less, the total office losses on a connection to 1 db or less and the losses of an interoffice trunk to 6 db or less. In this case, no interoffice connection would have a loss of over 18 db regardless of which stations in the area were involved. This method makes it possible to design the circuit elements separately and also simplifies the presentation of data for the very large number of combinations of facilities available for the telephone plant. A method has been developed for assigning effective loss ratings to parts of a circuit and presenting them in a form very similar to that used for the volume loss data. The advantages of this form are retained, therefore, even though the data include the effects of distortion, sidetone and noise in addition to volume losses. The second problem, the preparation of numerical transmission rating data for the various types of facilities available for use in the telephone plant, requires a somewhat indirect attack because of the large amount of data required. Theoretically it would be possible to obtain relative effective ratings directly by means of repetition counts for all the circuit and instrument combinations which might be of interest in plant design. These ratings of complete circuits could then be broken down into ratings for the individual circuit elements. This method of attack, however, is entirely impractical because there is an almost infinite number of combinations of circuit elements and it would take some weeks of observation time on each combination. It is necessary, therefore, to make observations on a relatively small number of circuits chosen to cover the whole range of conditions and to obtain ratings for other circuits by interpolation between the ratings which have been obtained directly. The method of interpolating which has been found practicable is based on the fact that the performance of a complete circuit can be described, with sufficient accuracy for most engineering work, as a function of the characteristics, volume loss, sidetone, distortion and noise. The magnitude of all of these characteristics, for any circuit using conventional types of instruments, can be derived from physical measurements. Since this can be done for each of the circuits used in the repetition tests, relations can be obtained for converting changes in noise, sidetone, or distortion into equivalent distortionless changes in volume loss. For any other complete circuit, it is necessary only to determine the magnitude of these characteristics by measurements and computations, and to convert them to effective ratings by means of the relations. These ratings of complete circuits can then be divided up into ratings of individual circuit elements. Form of Effective Data As stated before, the purpose of the effective data is to give a means of computing a transmission performance rating of a complete telephone circuit from the physical makeup of the circuit. These ratings, which are called effective transmission equivalents, are based on the definition that two complete circuits have the same effective transmission equivalent when under the same conditions of use they give the same grade of service as indicated by the repetition rate. The term complete circuit as used here includes the transmitter and receiver as well as the other elements of the electrical circuit. Circuit noise is, of course, one of the characteristics of a circuit and room noise may be treated as if it were a circuit characteristic, since it affects the transmission results obtained by the users of the circuit. Reference System In addition to adopting a criterion for the equality of two circuits, it is necessary to adopt a scale for the rating of circuits which differ in performance over a wide range. This has been done by a method analogous to that used for expressing volume equivalents. A reference circuit has been selected, to which a rating has been assigned as discussed below. This reference system may be varied from its normal adjustment by distortionless changes in the loss of the trunk, which forms a part of the system, until the reference system is equal in performance to the circuit being rated. Each change of 1 db in this trunk by definition changes the effective equivalent of the reference system by 1 db. Thus, the effective equivalent of circuits may be determined by comparison with the reference system. The requirements of a reference system for effective transmission equivalents are: (1) that it be reproducible from simple physical measurements, and (2) that its performance can be compared with the performance of the circuits to be rated. Theoretically these are the two requirements for the reference system if it is to be used simply for rating complete circuits. As discussed later, since the system is to be used for determining effective losses of circuit elements as well as effective equivalents of complete circuits, there is the additional requirement (3) that it have characteristics similar to the commercial circuits to be rated. No system is available at present which fully meets all three requirements or even the first two, since present systems meeting requirement (1) are essentially laboratory devices and cannot be compared with other circuits under typical operating conditions. In order to meet the last two requirements, it has been necessary to adopt for the present a working reference system which is described in terms of particular instrumentalities instead of in terms of physical measurements. As plant conditions change other working reference systems may be required. If any other reference system is adopted it may be rated in terms of the existing working reference system, in which case the overall rating of any complete circuit which can be rated in terms of both systems will be approximately the same in terms of either reference system. The working reference system which has been adopted is shown schematically in Fig. 1. It consists of two representative subscriber sets on three-mile 22-gauge cable loops connected, through repeating coils supplying 24-volt talking battery, to a trunk having a pure resistance characteristic impedance and an adjustable attenuation. The present working reference trunk has a very high attenuation above 3000 cycles to simulate loaded lines. Below this frequency the attenuation is independent of frequency and can be varied distortionlessly so that differences in effective ratings can be expressed in terms of differences in trunk attenuation. It has a 600-ohm characteristic impedance. The circuit noise in the receiver of the working reference system is 100 noise units. The room noise associated with this reference system is that distribution of noise which normally will be found in relatively quiet offices and in relatively noisy residences. The average magnitude of noise in such locations relative to other familiar conditions is shown by Fig. 2. Any convenient rating may be assigned to the working reference system. The Standard Cable Reference System with a trunk of zero length, which was used for specifying volume losses, was the best circuit commercially available at the time it was adopted and was given a rating of zero. This reference point was continued essentially unchanged long after the time when this significance of the zero had been lost by the introduction of improved facilities, and after the Standard Reference System was replaced by the Master Reference System.$^3$ Because of the long use of this reference point both for rating circuits and for specifying standards of transmission, the numerical values of the volume equivalents of the circuit and the volume losses of the component parts, expressed by this system, have become associated with transmission performance and it is considered desirable, at least for the present, to retain this significance of the numbers as far as possible with the new method of describing circuit characteristics. This has been accomplished, first, by selecting typical limiting conditions for the working reference system and, second, by making the effective equivalent of this system numerically equal to the volume equivalent obtained from the volume loss data. This numerical equality holds for the working reference system with any adjustment of the line provided that the trunk contains enough attenuation to prevent material effects due to the interaction between the $^3$ "The Transmission Unit and Telephone Transmission Reference System," W. H. Martin, B. S. T. J., Vol. III, p. 400. "Master Reference System for Telephone Transmission," W. H. Martin and C. H. G. Gray, B. S. T. J., Vol. VIII, p. 536. terminals. The normal adjustment is that for which the working reference system has an 18 db volume equivalent. The effective equivalent of any other complete telephone circuit is also equal to 18 db if it provides the same grade of service as the normal adjustment of the working reference system. Ratings for Circuit Elements The division of the effective equivalent of a complete circuit into its various parts, which are called effective losses, could be done in any one of several ways. The procedure described below appears to be the most suitable considering convenience, significance of the losses assigned to each element, and consistency with the form of previous transmission data. The individual effective losses which in general make up the effective equivalent of a complete circuit include the following: 1. Transmitting loop loss. 2. Receiving loop loss. 3. Trunk loss. 4. Terminal junction loss. 5. Central office loss. 6. Intermediate junction loss. 7. Circuit noise loss. 8. Room noise loss. The apportionment of the total normal rating of 18 db among the parts of the reference system can be done in any way which is convenient. The performance significance of the numerical values assigned by the volume loss method of rating has been retained by making the effective ratings of the working reference trunk and transmitting and receiving loops equal to those obtained from the previous volume loss data. The loop losses are ratings of a subscriber station, subscriber loop, and a basic central office circuit. They are determined by comparison with the corresponding element of the working reference system, in each case using the remaining elements of the working reference system to complete the circuit and using the same electrical circuit noise and the same room noise as specified for the reference system. For example, any transmitting loop, which is substituted for the reference transmitting loop and which gives the same grade of service, also has an effective loss equal to the loss of the reference loop. Any loop which gives service effectively $X$ db better has an effective loss equal to the assigned loss of the reference loop minus $X$ db, and any loop which gives service $Y$ db poorer has a loss of $Y$ db more than the loss of the reference loop. Receiving loops are rated relative to the reference receiving loop in the same way, the difference in effective loss of the two conditions being subtracted from or added to the assigned effective loss of the reference receiving loop. These losses are given in curve form, similar to Fig. 3. They include the effects of variation in sidetone and distortion with loop length as well as the variation in volume loss. In some cases the loss on extremely short loops is greater than on loops of intermediate length because of the rapid increase in sidetone with decrease in loop length. The effective loss due to substituting any type of trunk for the reference trunk in the reference system could be determined and the loss data for various lengths presented in curve form in the same way that effective loop losses are presented, but the same curve would not apply for the loss of this type of trunk between other than the reference loops. If two or more such curves, as shown in Fig. 4, are determined for a particular type of trunk when used with different loops, two important facts are evident: (1) the curves are practically straight over the more important range (solid lines in Fig. 4), and (2) the straight parts of the curves are practically parallel. For trunks which are electrically short the straight line relation does not hold, but in most cases the exact loss of such short trunks is relatively unimportant. It is possible, therefore, to describe the loss of a particular type of trunk over a wide range of conditions in terms of a series of linear equations all having the same slope but with intercepts which depend on the type and length of the subscriber loop. This is exactly the method used in the volume data where its use followed logically from the mathematics which give the loss of a line at a single frequency. The use of this method with effective data is permissible only because the effects of trunk distortion as well as volume loss can be treated, with a satisfactory degree of approximation, as a linear function. The trunk loss per unit length equals the slope of the curves and can be defined, therefore, as the increase in effective loss per mile increase in length of a trunk, which is initially electrically long, when used between the reference loops. In the case of loaded trunks, this increase in length must be accomplished without change in end section. The trunk loss per unit length, although measured between the reference loops, can be treated as independent of loop. It includes two component losses, the volume loss per unit length, and the effect of the increase in distortion per unit length. Effective terminal junction losses are corrections associated with the junction of a loop and trunk which are added in computing the effective equivalent of a circuit employing a trunk other than the reference trunk. For a circuit with two equal loops each loss equals one-half the $Y$ intercept in Fig. 4. It is dependent on the type of set, the type and length of loop and on the type of trunk but is independent of trunk length. It contains a volume reflection correction, the effects of that part of the trunk distortion which is independent of length, and the effects of trunk impedance on sidetone. Fig. 5 is a sample of the form in which these losses are presented. ![Graph](image) Fig. 5—Effective terminal junction loss. The central office losses present data relative to the loss of central office apparatus and cabling other than that included in the loop losses. They are determined by substituting the apparatus to be rated for the corresponding parts of the working reference system, and equal the effective loss of this condition relative to the working reference condition. Somewhat different losses would be obtained with other loops and trunks, but the values obtained under the reference conditions give sufficiently good approximations for practical purposes. The intermediate junction losses are corrections to be added to the other elementary losses when the trunk is made up of more than one type of facility. They include the volume reflection loss at the junction of the two facilities and a distortion correction which together with the other distortion losses of the elements will give a total equal to the distortion rating of the complete circuit relative to the reference. The data covering the six types of losses discussed above are set up on the basis of the same electrical line noise and the same room noise as those specified for the working reference circuit. Effective losses due to circuit noise may be presented in the form of curves showing the loss due to any amount of circuit noise. These losses are added to the other effective losses when the noise at the receiving loop terminal differs from the noise on the reference circuit. The amount of circuit noise on a particular circuit cannot usually be predicted accurately from the design constants of the circuit, since it depends largely on the characteristics of the disturbing circuits, the coupling between disturbing and disturbed circuits, and characteristics of the disturbed circuit which include random unbalances. Effective losses due to circuit noise, therefore, must, in general, be based on noise measurements rather than on the design constants of the telephone circuits. Effective losses due to room noise may be added to the other effective losses when the room noise at the receiving end differs from the room noise associated with the reference system. Since the magnitude of the room noise at a particular station is in no way a function of the design of the telephone circuit this type of loss is in a somewhat different class from the others. More than one curve is required for presenting room noise loss since the loss depends to some extent on the sidetone of the telephone set. The determination of a circuit rating from effective loss data is simpler than may appear from the description of the data. Exchange area circuits involve at most eight types of losses and most of these circuits involve a smaller number. Three of these losses, the transmitting and receiving loop losses and the terminal junction losses, are determined from curves similar to Figs. 3 and 5. The remaining losses, that is, the trunk, office, intermediate junction and noise losses, are obtained from simple tables or curves. The definitions of losses have been set up so that the rating of an element is obtained when the element is substituted for the corresponding element in the working reference system, that is, when it is part of a typical telephone system. This method of determining losses was adopted because the effects of distortion, noise and sidetone in any one element depend to a greater or less extent on all the characteristics of the remainder of the circuit. It is therefore essential that each element of the reference system be fairly representative of the corresponding component of the telephone plant, if the ratings are to be approximately additive. This has been taken into account in the choice of the working reference system. Certain approximations are involved in the system of data outlined, but they are minor and are justified in the interest of simplification of the method. Preparation of Effective Data Data for preparing effective loss ratings have been obtained primarily from repetition counts made during a series of special transmission observations on calls between telephone employees in the regular course of their business. These calls were made over special facilities which permitted the variation of the circuit constants over a wide range and the rating of the various conditions relative to each other in terms of repetitions. During these tests, different types of instruments were used and changes were made in the sidetone characteristics of the sets, and the attenuation and type of trunk. Each type of change covered rather completely the whole range found in the present telephone plant and to some extent that expected in the future plant, but it has been practicable to cover only a small portion of the combinations of instruments and circuits which might be used together in commercial service. In the preparation of the necessarily large quantities of effective transmission data from the transmission observations, the principal problem is to determine the rating of any complete circuit from the limited number of complete circuits which have been rated directly. The determination of these additional ratings is relatively easy if the circuits can be described in terms of a few simple characteristics which will serve as a basis for interpolating between the ratings obtained directly from observations. The physical measurements which can readily be made in the required quantity describe a circuit in a complex manner, namely, in terms of the efficiency, at each frequency in the voice range, of the several speech and noise transmission paths of the complete circuit. These data must, therefore, be combined in some way to give a relatively small number of parameters for describing the circuit. The definitions of these parameters may be more or less arbitrary, provided that the circuit performance is the same for circuits having numerically equal parameters regardless of differences in physical characteristics. The number of parameters required to describe a circuit is largely a matter of convenience. A small number tends to make the interpolation simple, but the derivation from the measurements complex. The converse holds for a large number. For preparing effective transmission data for the local plant, the circuit description has been expressed in terms of five parameters as follows: the volume loss from the transmitter of one set to the receiver of the other, the sidetone volume loss at the talking end, the sidetone volume loss at the listening end, the circuit noise efficiency of the station at the listening end, and the distortion. An important advantage of using these particular parameters is that each represents a circuit characteristic generally recognized as affecting transmission performance. The electrical line noise at the station end of each subscriber loop and the average room noise at the station are, of course, two other parameters which are maintained at the reference value except when computing line noise and room noise losses. The computation of effective ratings from repetition observations and circuit measurements may be summarized as follows: The transmission observations are preferably made on various series of circuits, in each of which one parameter is varied while the others are kept constant. First, a series of observations is made on circuits which are identical except that the volume loss is varied by distortionless changes in the trunk attenuation; preferably these should be various adjustments of the working reference system. A second series of observations is made with a constant volume loss but with variations in some one of the other parameters; for example, the sidetone at one end of the circuit might be varied. From this series of tests in conjunction with the first series, the distortionless change in volume loss, which is equivalent to each change in sidetone, is determined both for transmitting and receiving and curves of effective loss versus sidetone may be established. Such curves are shown in Fig. 6. These effective losses apply only for this particular volume loss, but tests with other constant volume losses give essentially the same relations. The change in effective transmitting efficiency is due to the fact that telephone users raise their talking volume when the sidetone is reduced. The change in effective receiving efficiency is due to the fact that a reduction in sidetone reduces the interfering effect of room noise. In the same way, distortion and noise are varied separately and the effect of each of these changes in terms of equivalent change in volume loss is determined. Room noise losses are difficult to determine with any degree of accuracy by observing on working circuits since it is impractical to introduce artificial room noise, and natural variations in room noise are, in general, accompanied by other variations affecting repetitions. Laboratory or theoretical methods of determining these losses are not satisfactory since, as room noise changes, the subscriber consciously or unconsciously tries to counteract the effect and such reactions cannot be studied satisfactorily under controlled laboratory conditions. Each method, however, helps to determine the general magnitude of these effects. In practice it is seldom possible to vary one parameter over a wide range without causing some variation in the other parameters, but this does not add any serious complication to the derivation of the relations. It is merely necessary to make successive, approximate corrections when deriving each relation. After these relations have been established, it is possible to predict the performance of any ordinary circuit by computing the five parameters from the physical measurements. The magnitude of each parameter may then be compared with the magnitude of the same parameter in the reference system, and the difference between the two magnitudes may be converted into equivalent distortionless changes in volume loss by means of the curves. These ratings may then be combined to give a single effective loss rating of the circuit. For the normal range of conditions existing in the telephone plant simple algebraic addition of the component ratings gives the combined rating with sufficient accuracy provided the individual ratings are obtained under typical conditions. Ratings can be obtained only for complete circuits, since some of these parameters, such as distortion, have no meaning except when applied to a complete circuit, and others, such as sidetone, depend on two or more circuit elements. However, by choosing for computation complete circuits in which the elements to be rated are substituted for the corresponding element of the reference circuit, it is possible to determine the effective losses of individual circuit elements in accordance with the definitions given previously. The parameters used for describing circuits have been used previously in a qualitative sense and several have quantitative definitions based on listening tests. A problem is presented, however, by the necessity for computing them from physical measurements. Volume loss, for example, has been defined in terms of voice-ear comparisons with an adjustable reference condition. Such a definition is satisfactory for describing this parameter but the testing method is cumbersome for obtaining the large amount of data required for engineering purposes. If, however, a series of such volume loss measurements is made on a large number of circuit conditions for which the physical characteristics are varied systematically, an empirical formula can be derived for weighting and combining the efficiencies measured over the voice-frequency range. Using this formula, the volume loss of other conditions can be readily computed. Similar methods may be used for deriving empirical formulas for computing noise and sidetone volume losses from the basic physical characteristics. The use of distortion in a quantitative sense requires the adoption of a scale for this parameter. The only requirement for such a scale is that any two circuits having the same amount of distortion, all other parameters being equal, will give the same repetition rate. The term distortion factor is applied to the particular scale used in this work and its definition is derived from laboratory articulation tests. These tests are made on a large number of circuits which have equal volume losses but which differ from each other in frequency characteristics. The empirical formula for computing the distortion factor from the basic circuit measurements is set up so that all of the circuits which give the same articulation rate will have the same distortion factor. From service observations made on a number of different types of circuits it has been shown that, with all other parameters constant, circuits having the same distortion factor will give essentially the same repetition rate. Presumably, other scales for expressing distortion could be used, with other formulas, and possibly these can be derived directly from repetition observations if a great enough variety of circuits is covered. In any case, it appears that some such distortion factor is needed since distortion in any complete telephone connection is too complicated to be classified by any simple means, such as specifying a cutoff frequency. It should be pointed out again that the computations and measurements described provide merely a means of interpolating between transmission observation results and have both the limitations and advantages of an interpolation method. They cannot be used to predict performance of any circuit radically different from those covered by repetition counts, but on the other hand, any inaccuracy in the formulas used in computing the parameters is of only secondary importance since they are used only for interpolating between observed points. For limited applications to simpler circuits more direct methods might be satisfactory. For more complicated circuits, such as present-day long toll circuits, other parameters are needed to describe such characteristics as delay distortion and echoes. CONCLUSION The effective transmission data can be applied in practically the same manner as the volume loss data which they replace. Consequently, the effects on transmission service of distortion, noise and sidetone, as well as of volume loss, can all be taken into account in the design of the plant in a simple, systematic way. Such comprehensive transmission ratings are required to utilize properly the various types of facilities now employed in the telephone plant, to direct future developments, such as further reductions in distortion, and to incorporate into the plant the new types of facilities resulting from these developments. Developments in the Application of Articulation Testing By T. G. CASTNER and C. W. CARTER, JR. The first part of this paper discusses the control and measurement of variable factors involved in testing telephone circuits by the articulation method and the simulation of the testing conditions in the laboratory to those of actual use; the second part describes the auxiliary apparatus by which these controls and measurements are effected. This apparatus includes a caller's control circuit, by which the caller's speech intensity may be measured and regulated independently of the circuit tested; a switching system which automatically reverses the direction of transmission between test sentences; devices for automatic and uniform agitation of carbon button transmitters; equipment for automatic measurement of the magnitude of the speech and noise waves on the circuits tested; phonographic sources of line and room noise; and a control board at which circuit elements and conditions can be changed and measured quickly. In addition, the time required to carry out a program of tests has been materially reduced by the use of equipment which analyzes the articulation data automatically and provides the test results in typewritten form immediately after each list is called. INTRODUCTION ARTICULATION tests have been used for many years as one of a number of laboratory methods of measuring the performance of telephone circuits. The continued application of this method to comprehensive programs of laboratory tests has emphasized the importance of reducing the time required to obtain results of the desired precision, and has led to the development of methods for accomplishing this. By carrying to further refinement the control and measurement of certain factors which have caused variations in the results, and by the systematic use of certain modifications in the testing routine, the precision of the tests has been increased with no increase in testing time. In addition, the development of automatic equipment for recording and analyzing the data, so that the results of the test are immediately available in the form of a typewritten record, has reduced by half the time required for carrying out a program of tests. At the same time a number of features have been introduced to improve the simulation of the testing conditions to those of actual service. In the present paper it is proposed first to discuss the objectives which it has seemed desirable to reach and the methods which have been adopted for doing so. The auxiliary equipment which is used in articulation testing will be described in some detail in the second part. The articulation testing method itself remains essentially as it has been described previously in this journal.$^1$ Briefly, a test is carried out as follows: Each of a number of persons, referred to as callers, speaks a list of meaningless monosyllables of the consonant-vowel-consonant type over the circuit tested. The test syllables are spoken as part of a sentence by inserting them at the time of calling in blank spaces left for that purpose in the middle of a number of short sentences called "carrier sentences"; as an example we have the sentence "When will nud be done," the test syllable being nud. A group of observers at the receiving end of the circuit record their understanding of the test syllable; their records are compared with the syllable called and any errors are noted. The results of the test may be expressed in various ways: Sound articulation, meaning the percentage of sounds correctly understood, (or its complement, sound error) is generally preferred. The obtaining of a useful numerical index expressing the articulation performance of a telephone system is made difficult by the combined effect of a large number of variable factors: The sounds of speech are numerous and subtle, covering a wide range both in frequency and volume. Voices differ from each other and the same voice may vary considerably in its characteristics from time to time. Hearing abilities differ also, both among individuals and for the same person at different times. Finally, attentiveness and skill in perception vary greatly. Because of these variable factors the attainment of precision, in the sense of the closeness with which a numerical result can be reproduced, depends upon the careful formulation of the technique and incessant watchfulness in supervision. Precision, however, is not enough. Two persons, one acting as caller, the other as observer, might, with training, learn to reproduce their experimental data closely but with very little practical value. It is essential that the results be representative of a large number of persons, as well as precise. Both men and women should be represented, for example, because distortion at high frequencies affects the reproduction of their voices quite differently. In the present testing group four men and four women serve as callers, each calling a list of 66 syllables to four observers; this constitutes a single test. In the paper referred to above a detailed discussion is given of the precautions which it is necessary to take in the selection of voices, the testing of the observers' hearing, the training of the crew, and the formulation of the lists of syllables used in testing. $^1$ "Articulation Testing Methods," H. Fletcher and J. C. Steinberg, B. S. T. J., VIII, p. 806, October, 1929. The results obtained by a single caller-observer pair, even when well-trained, are far from constant in successive tests on the same circuit. These fluctuations may be ascribed in part to the smallness of the sample of speech contained in one list, in part to the inability of a caller to repeat speech sounds uniformly and in part to variations in the concentration exercised by the observer. When a large crew is used the effects of such fluctuations among the individual pairs tend to neutralize each other more than with a small crew, so that the additional time consumed by using eight callers is offset by the fact that with fewer callers more tests must be made to reach the same precision. At the same time the use of eight callers provides a more representative result. However, even with eight callers and four observers the effects of the individual fluctuations are still of such importance that it is the regular practice to repeat each test in a program at least once. Interleaved Tests on Pairs of Circuits In addition to repetition of the tests on each circuit, a further control over the fluctuations in crew skill is provided by the practice of testing circuits not singly, but in pairs. That is, instead of completing a test on one circuit before proceeding to another, two circuits are tested almost simultaneously by interleaving the two tests. The first caller reads a list of testing syllables on one circuit and follows it immediately by reading a list on the comparison circuit. The second caller then reads a list on the comparison circuit and follows it immediately by a list on the first circuit. This procedure is followed by the other six callers. Thus when the eighth caller has ended his second list, two single tests have been made. Such a pair of interleaved tests on two circuits is called, for convenience, a double test. By suitably arranging the schedule for the callers and observers the effects of erratic fluctuations can be neutralized to a large degree. The testing equipment and the circuit elements are arranged so as to facilitate this method of carrying out the tests. A single master key, controlling a switching system, is provided so that the change from one circuit to the comparison circuit may be made almost instantaneously. The two circuits may be different throughout, even to the magnitudes of noise under which they are tested, and the intensity used by the caller; they may differ in two or three elements, such as transmitters, types of set, and length of trunk; or the difference may be in a single element, such as trunk length, or in one of the operating conditions, such as the magnitude of line noise. The data recording apparatus types out with the analyzed data whether the list has been called on "Condition A" or "Condition B." When a single circuit is to be investigated it is usual to make the comparison circuit a standard reference circuit, the characteristics of which are well known, and to which the data would naturally be referred. In a series of tests it is customary to choose one of the test conditions of the series as the circuit with which the other test conditions are compared. In a large program, which may include many series of tests, a circuit condition from each series can be chosen as temporary reference conditions to which the data from the various series are referred. These circuits may then be related to each other and also to a standard reference circuit by direct comparisons, providing base points for whatever residual corrections are needed to reduce the results of the whole program to a common basis of crew skill; just as in a triangulation survey of land certain base points are especially well determined for use in the final adjustment of the whole survey. The substantial advantages of interleaving the tests on pairs of circuits are indicated by an analysis of the results from more than 100 tests, representing from 2 to 5 comparisons on 42 different sets of conditions. This analysis showed a reduction from 1.3 to 0.8 per cent sound articulation in the average deviation of the differences between two conditions when they were tested simultaneously as compared with the average deviation of the differences obtained in an equal amount of time from non-simultaneous comparisons. Since the average deviation is inversely proportional to the square root of the amount of data obtained, it would have required from two to three times as much testing to attain the same precision with non-simultaneous testing. Caller's Control Circuit One of the principal variables in articulation testing is the intensity with which the caller speaks. With practice a caller can learn to preserve a moderately steady intensity throughout a list, but it is unlikely to be the same intensity from day to day, and it is fairly certain to differ from the intensities of the other seven callers. Some sort of control is necessary. Control and measurement of the caller's intensity by means of measuring instruments located in the circuit under test have obvious disadvantages. A primary difficulty is that of specifying and comparing such measurements on circuits having characteristics varying with frequency in different ways. When, under such circumstances, are two intensities to be called equal? There is the secondary difficulty that with carbon button transmitters variations in the reproduction efficiency of the button occur, and it is desirable to be able to follow these independently of variations in the speaker's intensity. When the measuring device is located in the circuit tested a sudden increase in the reading may indicate that the caller has increased his intensity or, on the other hand, he may have spoken in the desired way but the transmitter may have had a momentary change in efficiency. In the first case the caller should be instructed (except in special types of tests) to lower his intensity; in the second case the variation is simply one of the factors affecting the result which should be known but not compensated for. To direct the caller as to the intensity of his speech, independently of variations in the circuit tested, an arrangement known as the caller's control circuit has been developed. This is essentially a high quality circuit which is inserted between the caller's lips and the transmitter of the circuit to be tested. Normally the caller's control circuit is so operated that the output of the artificial mouth $^2$ which terminates it is a faithful copy both in intensity and frequency (between 100 and 7000 cycles per second) of the output of the caller's voice. It contains a gain control, however, so that if desired the output of the artificial mouth may be adjusted independently of the caller's intensity. Such a control is desirable, for example, in testing the load characteristics of certain circuit elements, since if a marked change in intensity is made by the voice itself, it is accompanied by distinct changes in the characteristics of the voice. An essential part of the caller's control circuit is an automatic device for measuring the magnitude of the caller's speech wave and for indicating to the caller whether or not he is maintaining the desired value. There are two objectives for the caller to meet: The average intensity for the list should be the desired value, and the deviations from the average during the list should be small. An average obtained by calling the first half 10 db high and the second half 10 db low would evidently be undesirable. The caller is instructed to avoid abrupt changes and, when trained, is very successful in doing so. Some deviations from the desired value are inevitable, however, and the caller is informed of these by a system of signal lamps in the calling booth, which may be seen in Fig. 1. The automatic volume indicator which controls the signal lamps is of a special type. Instead of indicating a separate measurement for each test sentence the volume indicator of the control circuit is arranged to show the algebraic sum of the deviations measured from the desired value. As long as the center lamp alone is illuminated the caller knows that his intensity has been maintained correctly up to that point. $^2$ "A Voice and Ear for Telephone Measurements," A. H. Inglis, C. H. G. Gray and R. T. Jenkins, B. S. T. J., XI, p. 293, April, 1932. in the list. If now he should call a sentence 2 db low, the lamp to the left will light. If he persists in calling 2 db low the illumination will move farther to the left, but if he raises his voice to the correct value the lights will remain unchanged. By raising his voice 2 db higher the light can be brought back to the center. Thus changes in the position of the lighted lamp show the departure of the sentence called from the desired value and the position itself shows the algebraic sum of these departures. With very little training the caller learns, under the guidance of the signal lamps, to keep the individual deviations small and at the same time to approach the desired average closely. No difficulty is found in attaining an average value for the 66 syllables of the list differing by less than 0.1 db from the desired value. Experience shows that this method of assisting a caller to maintain a given intensity is capable of much greater precision than methods which indicate the intensity for each sentence and rely on the caller to make each sentence reach the desired value. It is particularly difficult for the caller, when using calling intensities which are higher or lower than normal, to maintain the desired average unless he is continuously informed as to the amount by which he has failed to reach his objective. In addition to providing a satisfactory means of control of the speech intensity applied to the carbon transmitters in tests on a commercial telephone system, the caller's control circuit can also be readily adapted to the use of phonograph records of articulation lists instead of callers. Control of Carbon Button Transmitters Because the working of a carbon button transmitter depends to some degree on the physical treatment it receives, steps have been taken to subject the transmitters of the circuits tested to a cyclic routine simulating that given them in an actual telephone conversation. The insertion of the testing syllable in a carrier sentence is one step in this direction since this subjects the transmitter to a conversational flow of speech, rather than an abrupt monosyllabic impulse. The length of the list, 66 syllables, is another, since this takes 3.9 minutes to call, which is of the order of the duration of many telephone connections. A third step is prompted by the fact that in conversation the transmitter at one end of the circuit is being agitated by speech while that at the other end is being agitated by room noise, and as the conversation proceeds these agitations alternate: speech, room noise, speech, room noise at one end; room noise, speech, room noise, speech at the other. This is simulated in the present articulation testing routine by having alternate test sentences called from opposite ends of the circuit, while room noise is applied to both transmitters. The reversal of the direction of transmission is carried out automatically every 3.4 seconds, which is about the average length of utterance in a telephone conversation. In order to minimize the effects of differences which are inherent in any group of shop-product transmitters, a number of them, rather than a single specimen, are used in each articulation test. These are selected as typical from a group of 25 or 50, and are changed frequently in testing, either between lists or between callers. When changing them it is desirable to agitate them in such a way as to avoid using them under conditions of extreme variations in sensitivity. In actual service this agitation is provided by the jar of the switchhook when a deskstand is used, or by the movement of lifting if the instrument is a handset, as well as by the introductory remarks which usually start the conversation. To simulate this agitation and to change the transmitters an automatic device has been developed. Automatic Measurement of Magnitudes of Received Speech and Noise Even when the intensity of the wave reaching the transmitter of the system tested is controlled, variations may occur momentarily in the operation of certain types of carbon button transmitters. Such variations affect an articulation test in several ways. The reproduced speech may be momentarily greater or less than the average as to magnitude, and possibly may even suffer momentary changes in frequency composition. The receiving end transmitter may vary in the amount of room noise which it picks up and conveys to the listener's ear by the sidetone path. Both transmitters may occasionally contribute burning noise. The combined effect of such variations is sufficient to make it desirable to measure them in order to state accurately the conditions prevailing in the tests. Also, when the variations are large, it is sometimes desired to correct the test results to an average level of speech and noise. Because of the rapidity with which the testing is carried out automatic equipment is used to make the measurements. This has been arranged to measure two quantities, the average magnitude of the speech wave on the circuit and the average magnitude of the noise reaching the receiver. The time at which the measurements take place is under the control of a timing commutator which regulates all of the automatic equipment. While the test sentence is called the apparatus measures and records the speech magnitude. This ordinarily is measured at the receiver terminals, but if the noise magnitude is comparable with that of the speech wave the measurement may be made at the input to the trunk. After the test sentence the apparatus measures and records the magnitude of the noise at the receiver terminals. At the conclusion of a list the average readings, through interconnection with the data recording equipment, are automatically typed with the analyzed data. In addition to recording the average magnitude of the noise throughout a list of sentences it is frequently desirable to obtain data on the distribution of noise magnitudes about the average. Such information is valuable for explaining unusual variations in the recorded average values. This distribution is obtained by a series of electromagnetically operated counters which count and record the number of noise magnitudes occurring in each 2 db interval over a 30 db range. No automatic means of making a typewritten record of these values have been provided at the present time since they have been used only as a check on the operation of the testing equipment. Room noise leakage under the caps of the observers' receivers is also an important factor affecting articulation results. Since it may vary considerably depending on the manner in which the receivers are held, care should be taken that this factor is controlled. Simulation of Typical Noise Conditions It is essential to have apparatus available to supply noise of various kinds, in order to simulate typical conditions under which telephone circuits are used. A dependable and convenient source is provided by phonograph records. As a source of room noise a single record is used, except in special investigations. The material on the record is a combination of street noise as heard through a window, speech from a number of persons talking at once and other common noises. Violent changes in magnitude, such as slamming doors, are eliminated from the record in order to avoid making the test results dependent upon the purely fortuitous coincidence of such peaks with the test syllables. If tests are desired with particular types of room noise, special records of such noise can be used. A number of records of line noise have been prepared in connection with work on specific projects and are now available for general testing. They include records of noise due to inductive interference from power systems, radio static, resistance noise and several forms of crosstalk. Automatic Analysis of Data The advantages of mechanical apparatus which analyzes and records the data of an articulation test become evident when it is considered that in a single test eight callers each call a list of 66 syllables, in each case to four observers. There are, accordingly, $8 \times 66 \times 4 = 2112$ syllables observed, comprising 6336 sounds, to be analyzed. Since in each case the test is ordinarily repeated at least once and in critical cases several times, the time required to correct and analyze the data when written records are used becomes an important consideration. This is particularly true when extensive programs of tests on commercial and experimental telephone circuits are contemplated, since many factors may require variation. Automatic equipment to perform the analysis makes it possible to deal with such situations economically. The time saved by such automatic equipment is important in itself, but there are also other reasons which make it very desirable. The articulation testing method, if precision is desired, requires careful supervision and strict adherence to the details of the testing routine. This is greatly facilitated when the engineer in charge can be provided with the test result within a few minutes after the last syllable is called. Inconsistent data permit early discovery of circuit trouble, which may not have been shown by electrical test, and provide a close check on the testing personnel. Quick access to the final index permits intelligent control during the testing program. Some of the tests planned may be dropped and others added according to the nature of the data. Fig. 2—Interior of observing booth. Another important benefit is the control provided over the inevitable changes in the skill of the testing crew. Even the most experienced crew is likely to show a quick growth in proficiency in the early stages of testing a strange circuit, or may display a temporary loss of skill when returned after some time to a circuit previously familiar. During these stages the data ought usually to be discarded. The number of practice runs naturally depends, however, on the circuits being tested. Unless the engineer in charge receives the data promptly, the number of tests made may be insufficient or more than necessary. In either case the successful completion of the program is delayed. The equipment used to analyze the data will be described in some detail later in this paper, but its operating principles briefly are as follows: A perforated tape, which is used with a standard printing telegraph tape sender, performs, under the control of the master timing commutator, two functions. It causes the syllable to be called to appear visually before the caller (Fig. 1) at regular intervals and it controls a relay system associated with four keyboards provided for the observers (Fig. 2). The observers, on hearing the syllable, press successively the keys labelled with the sounds which they believe were called. If the correct keys are pressed a certain set of relays operates; if the wrong keys are pressed another set operates. The operation of the relays in turn controls a standard page printer which types in succession the number of errors made on each sound. \[ \begin{align} &100-310-321-111-300-401-042-111-201-112=410-010-300-000-001-110-401-000- \\ &303-311-000-010-200-100-003-313-200-103-001-101-320-001-102-303-013-402- \\ &302-003-001-102-102-400-001-010-304-110-112-101-200-130-000-313-202-103- \\ &301-301-411-000-002-001-201-211-104-001-402-011- \end{align} \] \[ \begin{align} &MCD \quad 450 \quad B15-1-50-2-50-3-60-4-46 \quad T3 \quad N46.0 \quad S70.1 \\ &403-400-204-310-404-111-000-401-101-321-101-203-323-203-004-200-204-112- \\ &001-101-310-002-332-221-402-001-312-111-403-301-203-213-401-001-410-443- \\ &303-403-422-001-202-002-102-400-304-422-200-104-313-433-301-311-410-104- \\ &201-324-440-321-300-100-304-301-001-413-004-320- \end{align} \] \[ \begin{align} &MCD \quad 451 \quad A19-1-83-2-67-3-93-4-74 \quad T3 \quad N44.1 \quad S58.8 \end{align} \] Fig. 3—Record of articulation test as made by page printer. A typical typed record may be seen in Fig. 3. Each set of three figures refers to a syllable. The first digit of the first number, 100, shows that on the first syllable called in this list one observer mistook the initial consonant, while the other three observers recorded it correctly. The second and third digits indicate that no errors were made on the two succeeding sounds. The third number, 321, shows that three observers missed the initial consonant, two missed the vowel and one missed the final consonant. Under the control of the timing commutator this procedure of flashing a syllable which is spoken by the caller, heard and acted upon by the observers, whose opinion is analyzed and recorded upon the page printer, goes on until the list of 66 syllables has been called. Immediately afterward the mechanical apparatus, through interconnection of the tape sender and other relay circuits, proceeds to type out on the page printer a summary of the test results, which may also be seen in Fig. 3, in the fifth line. This line of the record may be translated as follows: The list number is 450. The circuit condition is B. The next number, 18, indicates the number of lists which have been called since the beginning of the group of tests. Observer No. 1 made 50 errors, observer No. 2 also made 50 errors, No. 3 made 60 and No. 4 made 46. The transmitters used at each end are identified by the entry T3. The average magnitude of the noise at the receiver terminals was 46.0 db; that of the speech was 70.1 db, in each case above an arbitrary reference value. The initials of the caller are added afterwards in ink. The printed data in the next 5 lines refer to the comparison circuit over which the same caller immediately called the next list, which for convenience is on the same strip of perforated tape. Some specific figures concerning the advantages of mechanical analysis may be of interest. When the observers make written records which the crew itself analyzes, a usual rate of testing (using eight callers and four observers) is about one comparison of two circuit conditions per day. This rate can be greatly exceeded in a short series covering a few conditions, but for long programs of tests involving many variable factors this is a representative figure. Using mechanical analysis, the rate of testing can easily be made to cover two such comparisons a day. This includes a liberal allowance for time used in circuit maintenance and clerical work. Mechanical analysis, then, permits, in a given number of weeks, a program with at least twice the number of test conditions; or, a more usual disposition of this time, the entire program can be repeated at least once in the same number of weeks, and the tests on the basic circuit conditions several times. It is also interesting to note that the use of the mechanical recording system has had several beneficial effects on the members of the testing crew. Not only do they find the work less fatiguing than when written records were used but their ability to see the results of their observations immediately after the calling of a list has noticeably increased their interest in doing a good job. APPARATUS FOR CONTROL AND ANALYSIS The Control Board A control board, which is shown at the left in Fig. 4, permits the engineer in charge easily and quickly to supervise the testing. By a master switch on the control board the circuit conditions may be switched rapidly from one to another to be compared with it. The conditions changed by the master switch depend on the previous setting of other keys which select the individual circuit elements. By these keys telephone sets of various types, which are installed on racks, may be selected. Likewise, trunks with different losses and cutoff frequencies are mounted on racks and are accessible through keys. The magnitude of the room noise is determined by two attenuators, one for each of the two circuits compared, which are adjusted before the test begins and are then controlled by the master switch. Quick change from one magnitude of line noise to another is managed in the same way. Likewise, the setting of the automatic volume indicator in the caller's control circuit is under the control of the master switch so that different calling intensities can be used on successive conditions. Before each list is called the operation of the switching apparatus and the circuit elements are checked rapidly at the control board by the application of a test tone to the transmitter terminals at one end of the circuit. A volume indicator, connected across the receiver terminals at the other end of the circuit, shows by the deflection on its meter, which may be seen in Fig. 4, whether or not the power received has a specified value. The same volume indicator is used to check the magnitudes of the room noise and line noise. Fig. 5—Schematic diagram of the transmission circuits used in articulation testing. As shown at the right in Fig. 4, the page printer of the data analyzing equipment is located near the control board, so that the recording may be followed as the list is called. As a further check on the operation of the circuit a loudspeaker is mounted nearby. This is bridged across the amplifier of the observer's circuit and permits an aural check on the received speech and noise. The dial controlling the changing and agitation of the transmitters is also located on the control board. The push buttons shown are used for summoning the callers and observers. Caller's Control Circuit The caller's control circuit is shown schematically in Fig. 5 and in greater detail in Fig. 6. A small condenser transmitter $^3$ is used for picking up the speech of the caller. This, with its directly associated preliminary amplifier, is located in the calling booth. The electrical output passes through an intermediate amplifier, a gain control, a power amplifier and an equalizer into one of a pair of artificial mouths. One of the artificial mouths is shown mounted in front of a transmitter under test in Fig. 7. The characteristics of the artificial mouth and associated equipment are fully described in the paper referred to previously. $^3$ "An Efficient Miniature Condenser Microphone System," H. C. Harrison and P. B. Flanders, B. S. T. J., XI, p. 451, July, 1932. The automatic volume indicator is connected across the output of the intermediate amplifier of the caller's control circuit. This is a high level point in the circuit at which the form of the electrical wave is essentially a duplicate of that of the acoustic speech wave which produces it. Fig. 7—Interior of sidetone booth—showing artificial mouth and transmitter changer and agitator. The device works as follows: The speech voltage applied across the input is amplified, rectified, and applied to an integrating circuit, the output of which, after further amplification, is applied to a voltage measuring circuit. The maximum value of this voltage for each sentence is measured in terms of the number of 2 db steps by which it exceeds an arbitrary minimum, a relay corresponding to each step being operated through contacts made by the master timing commutator on the automatic system for recording and analyzing the data. The relay system is arranged so that if more than a predetermined number are operated an electromagnetically stepped selector switch is actuated. If less than this number of relays are operated another selector switch is actuated. If exactly the right number of relays are operated neither selector switch is actuated. These selector switches control the moving parts of a differential switch, which consists essentially of a rotating set of contact points and a rotating contact arm which may move over these contact points, the direction of rotation being the same for both. Each contact point is connected to one of the signal lamps in the calling booth, the lamp circuit being completed through the contact arm to a battery. At the beginning of a list the contact arm rests on the contact which illuminates the center lamp. If a test sentence is called at too high an intensity the contact arm moves over a number of contact points governed by the number of relays operated in excess of the desired number, illuminating the coordinated lamp. If the following sentence is called at the proper intensity neither selector moves and, therefore, the same lamp remains illuminated. If, on the next sentence, the calling intensity is low, less than the specified number of relays are operated; consequently, the other selector switch moves the contact points the required number of steps while the contact arm remains stationary. This, in effect, moves the contact arm backward to the contact point corresponding to the algebraic sum of the deviations from the desired value up to this point in the list and this is shown in the calling booth by a movement of the light to the left. In a similar way the succeeding deviations from the average cause the two parts of the differential switch to move in such relation to each other that the signal light indicates the cumulative departure from the desired average value. Reversing the Direction of Transmission The use of the caller's control circuit and an automatic switching system permits reversal of the direction of transmission over the circuits tested without loss of time. In addition to soundproof booths for the caller and the observers, two others are used. These two booths, which are in all respects identical, are referred to as sidetone pickup booths. Each contains an artificial mouth, a number of transmitters which may be connected to the circuit tested, and a loudspeaker which reproduces room noise. These booths are shown schematically in Fig. 5 and a photograph of the interior of one is shown in Fig. 7. The timing commutator, which governs the other automatic devices used, controls switches which make the following connections (see Fig. 5): The artificial mouth in Booth I is connected to the caller's control circuit, the other artificial mouth is disconnected, and the observer's amplifier is connected to the receiver at the same end of the circuit as the transmitter in Booth II. Thus, when a sentence is called it is picked up by the transmitter in Booth I while the transmitter in Booth II is picking up room noise. At the end of the time allotted to the sentence and the various measuring and recording operations the automatic switches reverse the circuit simply by transferring the caller's control circuit to the artificial mouth in Booth II and the observer's amplifier to the receiver at the other end of the circuit. This reversal is repeated after each of the 66 sentences. Automatic Change and Agitation of Transmitters Two motor-driven devices serve to change the transmitters used in testing, agitate them in a uniform way and then center them properly in front of the artificial mouths. This apparatus is under the control of a dial at the control board so that it is unnecessary to enter the sidetone booths to make the changes. The apparatus in the sidetone booth is shown in Fig. 7. The transmitters to be used at each end of the circuit are mounted on circular plates, which may be removed as units from the rotating devices. An unmounted disk holding a set of transmitters is shown beside the rotating device in the photograph. When direct comparisons between two different types of transmitters are to be made, two transmitters of one type and two of the other are mounted on each disk. Just before the calling of a list is started the engineer at the control board manipulates the dial, which is merely a modified telephone set dial, by which the transmitters to be used are selected. Following the dial pulses a series of relays causes the transmitters in both sidetone pickup booths to rotate through an angle of not less than 360 degrees, which has been found to supply adequate agitation. After this the rotation continues until the desired transmitters are exactly in front of the artificial mouths. In directly comparing two circuits which make use of the same type of transmitters, the same transmitters are used for two successive lists, but the rotating agitation is applied between lists. Automatic Measurement of Received Speech and Noise The apparatus used for the automatic measurement of speech and noise on the circuit under test is similar, except for the input circuit and recording circuit, to the automatic volume indicator just described, but is designed to handle a larger range in volume. A peak voltage measuring circuit is used alternately to measure the rectified voltage resulting from the speech energy and that from the noise. The voltages to be measured are arranged to be negative. The measurement, in principle, is a determination of the amount of positive voltage which must be added to the negative voltage so that the net voltage applied to the grid of a "trigger tube" reaches the operating point of the tube. The positive voltage is obtained from a rotary potentiometer which is driven by a synchronous motor through a magnetic clutch (which is required to start the apparatus in synchronism with the data recording and analyzing equipment). It makes one complete revolution for a measurement of speech and another for the measurement of noise. The fraction of a complete revolution which the potentiometer makes between the start of a cycle and the time at which the "trigger circuit" operates indicates the magnitude of the rectified voltage being measured and is arranged to be directly proportional to the number of db that the magnitude of the speech or noise is above some previously chosen reference value. The sum of these fractional rotations for the 66 sentences of a list gives a measure of the average speech magnitude during the calling of a list. This sum is obtained mechanically by a totalizing device which is essentially a revolution counter coupled to the shaft of the rotary potentiometer through a magnetic clutch. As each of the 66 sentences is called the totalizer moves ahead. Its final reading shows the average volume for the whole list. Exactly the same operations take place to give the average noise volume throughout the calling of a list. The switching of the apparatus from the condition in which it is set up to measure the speech magnitudes to that for the measurement of noise magnitudes is under the control of timing contacts on the shaft of the motor-driven potentiometer. However, since callers may occasionally fail to finish calling a sentence in the allotted time and as a result deliver some speech energy during the time when noise only is supposed to be measured, an auxiliary voice operated control is required to keep the equipment from starting a noise measurement until the speech has stopped. The auxiliary control is operated by the voltage produced by the speech wave in the caller's control circuit at the point where the automatic volume indicator is connected. Observers' Circuit A special circuit, shown in Fig. 5, is needed at the receiving end to enable four observers to work at the same time. An amplifier is necessary to preserve the proper relationships between the magnitudes of speech, sidetone noise, and room noise leaking under the receiver cap. This amplifier, which gives a gain of 6 db (offsetting the loss of the receivers in series-parallel), has a high input impedance, so that it may be bridged across the receivers used in the telephone sets. Phonographic Sources of Noise Both the room noise and line noise phonographs are controlled by the automatic data recording system, so that the reproducers are automatically set down on the records at the beginning of each list and lifted and returned to the starting position at the end. As may be seen from Fig. 5, the output of the room noise phonograph, after passing through various controls, is reproduced by loudspeakers, of which four are located in the observing booth, and one in each of the sidetone booths. In this way the receiving end transmitters and the observers are both exposed to the same noise. Because of the highly absorptive character of the walls of the testing booth it is necessary to use equalizing networks in the reproducing amplifier in order to insure that the frequency distribution of the reproduced noise is that desired. Throughout the test the electrical volume supplied to the loudspeakers may be checked by a volume indicator located at the control board. The output of the line noise phonograph is applied to the circuit tested through a high impedance bridging coil or through a resistance network ordinarily at the middle of the trunk. Line noise magnitudes are adjusted to the desired value with the help of a circuit noise meter and are then continually checked throughout a test by means of the control board volume indicator. Automatic Data Analyzer Two different systems of automatic analyzing equipment have been designed and used. The first, on which active development work was initiated in 1930, was used in the routine laboratory testing of commercial telephone circuits from 1931 to the early part of 1933. The present system, simpler in design and embodying a large number of improvements, was then installed and has been used since that time.$^4$ As pointed out before, the present data handling machine embodies a number of the parts and operating principles of standard printing telegraph systems. The testing lists are previously prepared in the form of perforated tapes,$^5$ of which a large number are available. --- $^4$ Another type of analyzing equipment for articulation testing has been described by J. Collard, Electrical Communication, X, p. 140, January, 1932. $^5$ In making up such tapes it is necessary to apply a code to the various articulation sounds since the keyboard of the tape perforator contains only the standard English alphabet. Each syllable appears on the tape as three consecutive sets of perforations, one for each sound. Additional perforations are used in some portions of the tape to control various functions of the automatic recording apparatus. Two lists of 66 syllables are recorded on each separate tape to make possible comparison tests on two different systems with a minimum of delay. Fig. 8—Schematic diagram of automatic data analyzing apparatus. These are used with a standard tape sender to convert the tape record to suitable electrical impulses. The use of tape gives flexibility to the testing method since it is equally adaptable to syllable lists of any desired type and length. It can also be easily arranged for synchronous operation with a phonograph calling system. The operation of the automatic data handling apparatus may be followed on the schematic diagram of Fig. 8. After a tape has been threaded in the tape sender the caller starts the machine by pressing a button. This causes a magnetic clutch to engage, which couples a synchronous motor to the timing commutator, starts the speech and noise volume measuring apparatus, resets the automatic volume indicator and the other counting circuits, puts the room noise and line noise phonographs into operation and signals the observers that a list is about to be called. The timing commutator then causes the tape sender to advance three steps and set up the first group of three duplex sets of decoding relays, one set for the initial consonants, one set for the vowels and one set for the final consonants. This group of decoding relays connects the proper lamps to illuminate the syllable to be called on the screen in front of the caller, the bank of lamps used for this purpose being covered by a mask on which the various letters are printed. The length of the flash is controlled in order to guide the caller in his rate of calling. The translucent screen, with a syllable set up, may be seen in Fig. 1. The caller now calls the first of the carrier sentences with the test syllable inserted in the middle, starting to call as the syllable is flashed on the screen and finishing when it goes off. The automatic volume indicator simultaneously measures the volume of the sentences called and soon after signal lamps indicate to the caller by how much he has deviated from the prescribed volume. At the same time the automatic speech volume recorder measures the speech volume on the circuit under test. In the meantime the second group of decoding relays has been set up and the observers are signaled by a light in front of each that it is time to record what they think they have heard. The equipment immediately in front of the observers is a set of keyboards, one for each observer, which may be seen in Fig. 2. Each keyboard is provided with a key for each of the speech sounds used. On hearing the test syllable and receiving the signal the observers operate in succession three keys corresponding to the three sounds of the syllable as they understand them. The keyboards are so arranged by interconnection with the decoding relays that if the proper keys are pressed short circuits are applied to prevent the operation of a system of error counting relays, but if the wrong keys are pressed the related relays act to indicate the errors. There are twelve of these relays, giving a separate count of each observer's errors on each of the three sounds of the test syllable. The relay circuits are arranged so that the same keys are used for both initial and final consonants and also so that the observers are prevented from getting more than one opportunity to record on each sound. While the observers are recording, various other automatic operations are going on under the control of the timing commutator. The automatic noise measuring apparatus measures the amount of noise delivered to the observers' receivers. Shortly afterwards the telephone system under test is switched so that the next sentence to be called will go over it in the opposite direction from the first. Also during the recording period, the first group of decoding relays is knocked down and set up again as the tape moves forward to flash the next syllable to the caller. Immediately after the recording period, a set of error totaling circuits counts the total number of errors made by each observer. These circuits operate cumulatively, that is, errors on the next syllable will be added to these, and so on until the end of the list. Another set of error totaling circuits, however, acts at once to cause the page printer to type the total number of errors made on each sound of the syllable by all of the observers. After this the second group of decoding relays is knocked down. By this time the caller has finished calling the second sentence and the cycle is repeated. These operations continue for 66 syllables. At the conclusion of the cycle covering the last syllable the page printer under the joint control of the paper tape and the timing commutator, as was pointed out before, records the number of the list, the serial number of the calling, a code letter A or B to denote to which of two circuits being compared the data pertain, the total errors made by each observer on all sounds, and the average values of speech and noise as measured at the observers' receivers by the automatic measuring apparatus. Mechanical Formulation of Testing Lists The first automatic analyzer, although no longer in use, was distinguished by a special feature which has aroused some interest and will therefore be described. The machine was arranged to make up the lists automatically as they were needed and also to censor the list automatically before using it. This was provided for by a system of selectors (of types used in dial telephone apparatus) and relays. Sets of contacts corresponding to the appropriate lamps on the translucent screen in front of the caller, that is, to the 22 initial consonants, 22 final consonants, and the 11 vowels (in duplicate), were arranged so that the order in which they were swept over was varied mechanically in a random way. The mechanical rearrangement of the contacts, which prepared a group of 22 syllables, required about two seconds. Of this time, only 0.3 second was needed to set up a new group. The remaining 1.7 seconds were used by the machine in checking over the group to see that the syllables were satisfactory. The need for this is plain. Certain combinations of sounds, being impossible to pronounce, must be rejected, and certain others must be eliminated, as having undesirable meanings in English. Additional relay systems were provided so that during a rapid preliminary run the presence of such undesired combinations or syllables would cause the group to be rejected automatically, that is, the machine would be returned to its normal position and a new group would be set up. The checking process was repeated until a suitable list was obtained. The apparatus used by the callers and observers with the first machine is the same as that used with the present equipment. The final record differed in being a photograph of a bank of 60 message registers (electromechanical counters), which classified the errors by individual sounds in addition to showing the total number of sound errors made by each observer. This bank of message registers was photographed automatically at the beginning and at the end of the calling of a list of 66 syllables. At the end of a test the photographs were developed, washed and dried by other mechanical apparatus, the final record appearing in about two minutes. While this equipment demonstrated effectively the value of rapid mechanical analysis of the data, it was felt desirable to simplify it and extend its usefulness by adding certain other features. This seems to be satisfactorily attained by the present machine, which not only is simpler to operate and maintain, but offers as well greater flexibility in the lists which may be used and in its adaptability to phonographic calling. Abstracts of Technical Articles from Bell System Sources Theory of the Detection of Two Modulated Waves by a Linear Rectifier. Charles B. Aiken. In this paper there is developed a mathematical analysis of the detection, by a linear rectifier, of two modulated waves. Solutions are obtained which are manageable over wide ranges of values of carrier ratio and degrees of modulation. These solutions are of greater applicability and are more convenient than those previously obtained, and give a full treatment of the action of an ideal linear rectifier under the action of two modulated waves. The development is first made in terms of the derivatives of zonal harmonics of an angle which is directly related to the phase difference between the carriers. As these derivatives are tabulated functions the solution is convenient. The solutions are limited by the condition that $K < (1 - M)/(1 + m)$, $K$ being the carrier ratio, $M$ the degree of modulation of the stronger carrier, and $m$ that of the weaker. Two methods of attack are developed, one of which is applicable when $K$ is small and $M$ and $m$ large, and the other when $M$ and $m$ are small and $K$ large. The cases of identical and of different programs are both considered and a number of curves are given showing the magnitudes of various output frequency components under typical operating conditions. In the latter part of the paper the phase angle between the carriers is set equal to $\mu t$ so that a beat note exists. There is then considered the effect of a noise background on the reception of signals on shared channels, and it is shown that much less "flutter" effect and much less distortion of the desired signal will result from the use of a linear rectifier than from the use of a square-law rectifier under the same conditions. Finally, brief consideration is given to heterodyne detection and to "masking" effects. Thermionic and Adsorption Characteristics of Thorium on Tungsten. Walter H. Brattain and Joseph A. Becker. Variation of thermionic emission of tungsten with surface density of adsorbed thorium.—Thorium was deposited on a tungsten ribbon by evaporation from a thorium wire. A study was made of the dependence of the thermionic --- 1 Proc. I. R. E., April, 1933. 2 Phys. Rev., March 15, 1933. emission on the two parameters: $T$, the temperature, and $f$, a quantity which is proportional to the amount of thorium on the tungsten surface. At a fixed temperature 1274° K it was found that as the amount of thorium on the tungsten surface was increased, the thermionic emission increased to a maximum, then decreased, and asymptotically approached a constant value. For the maximum, $f$ is defined to be 1.0. The maximum value and the final constant value of the emission current were respectively $5.7 \times 10^6$ and $5.7 \times 10^4$ times the value of emission current characteristic of clean tungsten. Moreover the final constant value of the emission agreed to within a factor of 2 with the value characteristic of clean thorium. From $f = 0.0$ to $f = 0.8$ the relation between the emission current and $f$ satisfied the following empirical equation $$\log_{10} i = -3.14 - 6.54e^{-2.38f},$$ where $i$ is the emission current in amperes per cm$^2$. For $0.8 < f < 2.0$, the values of emission currents are tabulated. For any fixed $f$, the emission obeys Richardson's equation. All the Richardson lines for $0 < f < 1$ intersect in a common point at an extrapolated temperature of 12,500° K, and for $f \geq 1$ the lines intersect in a common point for which the temperature is 3250° K. These results obtained by depositing thorium on a tungsten ribbon have been compared with results obtained from thoria ted tungsten wire. Thoria ted tungsten wire can be activated by diffusion of thorium from the interior to the surface. For a while every atom that diffuses to the surface sticks to it so that $f$ increases linearly with the time; later when evaporation is no longer negligible the rate of accumulation, $df/dt$, gets less and less; a steady state is reached when the diffusion rate equals the evaporation rate. It is unnecessary to assume "induced evaporation" to explain these results. Variation of emission from thoria ted tungsten with applied field.—It was found that for both the ribbon and the thoria ted tungsten wire the dependence of emission on applied field changed as $f$ was varied. For the thoria ted tungsten wire the dependence of the thermionic constants $A$ and $b$ on applied field was most pronounced for $0.3 < f < 0.6$. Evaporation and migration of thorium on tungsten surface.—Evaporation and migration of thorium on the tungsten surface were studied. The evaporation rate depends on the temperature and the fraction of the surface covered ($f$). For $0.2 < f < 1.0$ the rate of evaporation is approximately an exponential function of $f$. At 2200° K and $f = 0.2$ the rate of evaporation was $10^{-4}$ layers/sec. and at $f = 0.8$ was $31 \times 10^{-4}$ layers/sec. It was found that thorium could be deposited on one side of the tungsten ribbon and then made to migrate to the other side of the ribbon. This migration occurred at an appreciable rate above 1500° K and was not complicated by evaporation up to 1655° K. It was found that the migration coefficient depended on $f$ as well as on $T$. For a given set of conditions an approximate value of the heat of migration was calculated to be 110,000 calories per mol. Diffraction of Electrons by Metal Surfaces.$^3$ L. H. Germer. Fast electrons scattered from polished metal surfaces do not form diffraction patterns. A strong Debye-Scherrer pattern is produced, however, by electrons scattered from a surface which has been mechanically roughened in such a manner that electrons are able to pass directly through projecting irregularities. Small ridges extending from wires, which have been drawn through an imperfect die, also give rise to a diffraction pattern. These experiments indicate: (1) that there is no considerable layer of amorphous material (Beilby layer) on a polished metal surface, and (2) that Debye-Scherrer diffraction patterns are formed only by transmitted electrons. Fast electrons scattered at a small glancing angle from an etched polycrystalline surface form a diffraction pattern if the surface appears mat or roughened, but no pattern is formed if the surface shows metallic luster. Here again diffraction patterns appear to be produced only by transmission. A probable explanation is given for the fact that diffraction rings are not formed by electrons scattered from smooth polycrystalline surfaces. Perfect Transmission and Reproduction of Symphonic Music in Auditory Perspective.$^4$ F. B. Jewett, W. B. Snow and H. S. Hamilton. The demonstration in Constitution Hall, Washington, on April 27th, of the perfect transmission and reproduction in full auditory perspective of a symphony concert produced in Philadelphia by the Philadelphia Orchestra and transmitted to Washington over underground telephone wires, marked the completion of several years' work by the research and engineering forces of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and Bell Telephone Laboratories. In this paper is a foreword by Dr. Jewett. The features of the demonstration and some description of the equipment are presented by Mr. Snow. Mr. Hamilton discusses some of the details of the complex line circuits used in the electrical transmission of the music. $^3$ Phys. Rev., May 1, 1933. $^4$ Bell Telephone Quarterly, July, 1933. A New Reverberation Time Formula. W. J. Sette. The earliest work relating decay of sound in an auditorium and the acoustic absorption of the surfaces was done by W. C. Sabine who developed the formula which has recently been shown to be applicable to only "live" rooms. More recently Fokker in Holland, Schuster and Waetzmann in Germany and Eyring in this country derived an expression to hold for "dead" rooms also. The assumption of continuous absorption at the auditorium boundaries made in the Sabine formula was replaced by the conception of intermittent absorption, which is more in accord with actual conditions of decay. Both of these formulae presuppose in their derivation uniform distribution of energy at each incidence, although Eyring observed that ordered states would necessitate assigning proper weights in computing the average surface absorption. The new formula is based on a similar assumption, but shifts the point of view to another kind of uniform distribution. Instead of each surface receiving a proportional share of the total energy in the room at each reflection, it is assumed that any ray of sound, after repeated reflection will have struck any one surface in proportion to the ratio of the area of that surface to the total room surface. This formulation of the process of decay leads to an alternative reverberation equation and some further extension of reverberation theory. The new equation is, of course, necessarily specialized and limited to those instances where the fundamental assumptions are fulfilled, as is brought out in the body of the paper. 5 Jour. Acous. Soc. Am., January, 1933. Contributors to this Issue Charles W. Carter, Jr., A.B., Harvard, 1920; B.Sc., Oxford, 1923. American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Department of Development and Research, 1923-. Mr. Carter's work has had to do with the theory of electrical networks and with problems of telephone quality. T. G. Castner, B.S. in Electrical Engineering, Drexel Institute, 1925. Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1926-. Mr. Castner's work has been concerned with studies of transmission quality and with the development of transmission testing apparatus and methods. A. B. Clark, B.E.E., University of Michigan, 1911. American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1911-. Toll Transmission Development Engineer, 1928-. Mr. Clark's work has been largely concerned with toll telephone and telegraph systems. Karl K. Darrow, B.S., University of Chicago, 1911; University of Paris, 1911-12; University of Berlin, 1912; Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1917. Western Electric Company, 1917-25; Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1925-. Dr. Darrow has been engaged largely in writing on various fields of physics and the allied sciences. J. W. Emling, B.S. in Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 1925. American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Department of Development and Research, 1925-. Mr. Emling has been engaged in development work in connection with the transmission of exchange area circuits. Ronald M. Foster, S.B., Harvard, 1917. American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Engineering Department, 1917-19; Department of Development and Research, 1919-. Mr. Foster has been working upon various mathematical problems connected with the theory of electrical networks. B. W. Kendall, S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1906; Instructor in Physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Barnard College, and Columbia University, 1906-1913. Engineering Department of the Western Electric Company, 1913; Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1925-. Mr. Kendall's early work was on repeaters in connection with the transcontinental line; he has also been connected with carrier-current development since its inception. Since 1919 he has had charge of toll development engineering. F. W. McKown, A.B., Williams College, 1914; B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1916. Western Electric Company, 1916–1921. American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Department of Development and Research, 1921–. Mr. McKown's work has been largely concerned with transmission developments in connection with local exchange circuits.
COURSE Title: CRIJ 5337 Drugs, Crime, and Social Policy CRN: 28365 F2F Meeting: Every other week (1/27, 2/10, 2/24, 3/10, 3/24, 4/7, 4/21, 5/5): 4:30-5:50pm Room: 114 Education Bldg INSTRUCTOR Name: Timothy Dickinson, Ph.D. Office: Education Bldg, 111R Phone: (915) 747-7628 Email: email@example.com Office hours: By apt. only via Zoom or Blackboard Collaborate COURSE DESCRIPTION This course examines the social construction of the use and abuse of substances and the history of policies concerning the criminalization of substances. Students will learn about the social impact of illicit drugs and the dynamics of illicit drug markets. REQUIRED COURSE MATERIALS Adler, P. (1993). Wheeling and dealing: An Ethnography of an upper-level drug dealing and smuggling community. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Bourgois, P. (1995). In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Jacobs, Bruce A. 2000. Robbing Drug Dealers: Violence beyond the Law. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. Students are permitted to purchase used copies or later editions of the books. Additional journal articles and book chapters will be posted on Blackboard. COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon successful completion of this course, a student should be able to: 1. Demonstrate a general understanding how illicit drug use and sales both influence and are influenced by other types of offending. 2. Display a grasp of the various social impacts of illicit drug use and sales. 3. Utilize information sources ethically and effectively document and communicate acquired information. INSTRUCTOR’S CLASSROOM POLICIES General: This is a graduate class. Therefore, I have much higher expectations for you than I would for undergraduate students. Specifically, I expect you to actually read the material. Because this is a hybrid course (due to stupid COVID-19), most of your work will be completed at home without my direction. This will require that you be diligent and self-motivated. We will have a lot of reading and writing, therefore it is crucial that you plan to devote a significant amount of time to the course every week. Falling behind will put you in a bind and will make it harder for you to earn the grade you want. Students with disabilities: If you require modifications to the course or testing environment, please inform me as soon as practical via email or during office hours. Accommodations are coordinated through the Center for Accommodations and Support Services (CASS). If you feel an accommodation is necessary please contact CASS at 915-747-5148 (tel) firstname.lastname@example.org (email) or visit them at Union Building East Room 106. Technology issues: I will not provide you with technical assistance. Rather, you should familiarize yourself with assistance available to you whenever you have problems. Dissemination policy: All the materials in this course, aside from that in the assigned text, should be considered as my intellectual property and, as such, under copyright protection. This includes my lectures, exams, written assignments, and notes. These are intended for your use during this course and may not be disseminated to anyone outside of the course without my explicit written permission. Email policy (contacting the instructor): There are three ways you can contact me in this course: 1) Through your institutional email address. These emails will only be viewed by me; 2) Through the “send email” function under the course tools tab in Blackboard. These emails will also only be viewed by me. I expect you to identify yourself within the body of the email. I also expect you to compose emails using standard word and sentence structure (i.e., no acronyms, slang, etc.). In other words, do not email me as if you are texting your friends; 3) Through the “instructor’s office” forum in our discussion board. These will be seen by other students. Other students will also be able to post replies to these posts. Please consider if your question and its answer will be useful to other students. If so, please post them in the forum. I will do my best to respond to your emails within 24 hours under most circumstances from Monday through Friday. I will also do my best to check my email at least once on Saturdays and Sundays; however, at times I may not be able to respond over the weekends. Please plan accordingly. Scholastic dishonesty: Scholastic dishonesty includes cheating on an exam, turning in someone else’s assignment from a previous class, or plagiarism: “(1) use by paraphrase or direct quotation of the published or unpublished work of another person without fully and properly crediting the author with citations or biographical reference; (2) unacknowledged use of work/materials prepared by another person or agency engaged in the selling of term papers or other academic materials; (3) unacknowledged use of original work/material that has been produced through collaboration with others without release in writing from collaborators.” I take cases of alleged scholastic dishonesty seriously. Cases wherein students have allegedly engaged in any form of scholastic dishonesty will be referred to the Office of Student Conduct and Conflict Resolution (OSCCR). While the case is being investigated by OSCCR, an “I” (Incomplete) will be assigned until the case is resolved. If the student is found by OSCCR to have engaged in misconduct, sanctions may include a failing grade on the assignment or exam in question, a failing grade in the course, suspension, or dismissal from the University. Information about scholastic dishonesty can be found here: [https://www.utep.edu/student-affairs/osccr/student-conduct/index.html](https://www.utep.edu/student-affairs/osccr/student-conduct/index.html) Learn more here: [HOOP: Student Conduct and Discipline](https://www.utep.edu/student-affairs/osccr/student-conduct/index.html) Late work/Missed class policy Late work will not be accepted unless the student: 1) Is experiencing or has experienced a University Excused Absence or an Emergency. Emergencies refer to very serious physical or mental health issues only. Because students are made aware of class due dates in advance, emergencies do NOT refer to events such as: social obligations (e.g., weddings, birthdays, etc.), computer/technology issues, or work requirements. 2) Has communicated the issue to the instructor beforehand or as soon as possible if the circumstances did not allow for communication beforehand. 3) Provides acceptable documentation of the emergency (documents from a person or organization other than the student [e.g., medical professional]). If all three of the above criteria are met, the instructor will allow late work to be submitted for full credit. As the student-led discussion comprises a large part of your grade and that of your fellow students, it is required that you attend every face to face class meeting. Exceptions to this will only be allowed if the above criteria are met or if you are not permitted to come to campus due to you exhibiting possible symptoms of COVID-19 infection. A note about sexual misconduct: What you should know about sexual misconduct: UTEP does not tolerate acts of sexual misconduct, including sexual harassment and all forms of sexual violence. If you have experienced sexual misconduct, or know someone who has, the University can help. It is important to know that federal regulations and University policy require faculty to promptly report complaints of potential sexual misconduct known to them to their campus Title IX Coordinator(s) to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and resources are made available. The University will work with you to protect your privacy by sharing information with only those that need to know to ensure the University can respond and assist. Any student who believes that he or she may be experiencing sexual harassment or misconduct is encouraged to consult with or report such conduct immediately to the Title IX Coordinators. Contact information for UTEP’s Title IX Coordinators can be found here: http://utep.edu/titleix/Title%20IX%20Coordinators%20.html UTEP Drop Policy: If circumstances arise to where a student must drop this course, it is the student’s responsibility to initiate the course drop. It is also the student’s responsibility to determine how dropping courses may affect his or her financial aid. Students are limited to dropping no more than 6 courses over their entire academic career of all courses taken at any public college or University in Texas. a) If a course is dropped within the first 2 weeks before the “official census date”: a. the course will not appear on the transcript and b. the course will not count toward the 6-course drop limit. b) If a course is dropped after the official census data but before the “course drop date”: a. the student will receive a “W” in the course b. the drop will show on transcripts but will not lower GPA c. the drop will count toward the 6 class drop limit c) If the course is dropped after the “course drop date” or if the student just stops coming/taking tests, etc.: a. UTEP requires the instructor to issue an “F” in the course that permanently remains on the transcript. b. the drop will count against the 6 class drop limit. d) UTEP also allows instructors to administratively drop any student because of excessive absences, lack of effort, or disciplinary reasons. In this case, the student will be notified of the course drop through their UTEP email account. A “W” will be issued if the drop occurs before the course drop date, and an “F” will be issued if a student is administratively dropped for disciplinary reasons or after the course drop date. This type of drop counts against the 6 drop limit. e) If circumstances occur where a student must miss an excessive number of classes and/or is unable to submit multiple assignments (e.g., student medical reasons, medical conditions of a family member, death of a family member, active military service), they should first discuss the possibility of withdrawal from all classes with their academic advisor. If a student withdraws completely from all classes, kindly notify me at: email@example.com. Complete withdrawals from all classes in the same semester do not count against the 6 drop limit. Student Resources - UTEP Library: Access a wide range of resources including online, full-text access to thousands of journals and eBooks plus reference service and librarian assistance for enrolled students. - University Writing Center (UWC): Submit papers here for assistance with writing style and formatting, ask a tutor for help and explore other writing resources. Statement regarding covid-19 precautions You must stay at home and report if you (1) have been diagnosed with COVID19, (2) are experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, or (3) have had recent contact with a person who has received a positive coronavirus test. Reports should be made at screening.utep.edu. If you know anyone who should report any of these three criteria, encourage them to report. If the individual cannot report, you can report on their behalf by sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.org. For each day that you attend campus—for any reason—you must complete the questions on the UTEP screening website ([screening.utep.edu](http://screening.utep.edu)) prior to arriving on campus. The website will verify if you are permitted to come to campus. Under no circumstances should anyone come to class when feeling ill or exhibiting any of the known COVID-19 symptoms. If you are feeling unwell, please let me know as soon as possible, and alternative instruction will be provided. Students are advised to minimize the number of encounters with others to avoid infection. Wear face coverings when in common areas of campus or when others are present. You must wear a face covering over your nose and mouth at all times in this class. If you choose not to wear a face covering, you may not enter the classroom. If you remove your face covering, you will be asked to put it on or leave the classroom. Students who refuse to wear a face covering and follow preventive COVID-19 guidelines will be dismissed from the class and will be subject to disciplinary action according to Section 1.2.3 Health and Safety and Section 220.127.116.11 Disruptions in the UTEP Handbook of Operating Procedures. Please note that if COVID-19 conditions deteriorate in the City of El Paso, this course may be transitioned to a full remote delivery. Statement regarding covid-19 accommodations Students are not permitted on campus when they have a positive COVID-19 test, exposure or symptoms. If you are not permitted on campus, you should contact me as soon as possible so we can arrange necessary and appropriate accommodations. Students who are considered high risk according to CDC guidelines and/or those who live with individuals who are considered high risk may contact Center for Accommodations and Support Services (CASS) at [email@example.com](mailto:firstname.lastname@example.org) to discuss temporary accommodations for on-campus courses and activities. ASSESSMENT AND GRADING Attendance: (possible letter grade reduction) As most of this course is in an asynchronous online format, attendance is required during each of our 8 face to face meetings (1/27, 2/10, 2/24, 3/10, 3/24, 4/7, 4/21, 5/5). Students that do not meet the criteria for an excused absence (see above) will lose a letter grade for each day they miss. For example, a student that has earned enough points to be awarded an “A” for the semester but has one unexcused absence will instead be awarded a “B.” Student led discussion (1): (100 points) Over the course of the semester, each student is expected to lead the discussion (or take the role of the “discussant”) for one week’s assigned reading. The student is expected to prepare a brief discussion of each of the assigned readings for the week as well as the additional reading he or she has chosen for their annotated bibliography. The student is also expected to construct several questions over each reading to be posed to the class. Finally, the student will encourage and lead the discussion of the articles/chapters in the class. These student led discussions will take place during each one of our in-person meetings aside from the first one on 1/27. During each session wherein we meet face to face, two students will lead the discussion. During the first half of the class, the student assigned to the previous week’s readings will lead the discussion. During the second half of the class, the student assigned to that week’s readings will lead the discussion. Students will be assigned the weeks they are responsible for during our first face to face meeting on 1/27. Annotated bibliographies (40): (10 points each/400 points total) Every week you are expected to write annotated bibliographies over 2 of the assigned readings (or 2 of the chapters of the assigned reading if it is a book). You are also expected to write an annotated bibliography over 1 additional source that you were not assigned. This source must be either 1) be cited in one of the assigned readings for the week or 2) cite one of the assigned readings for the week. In total, you are expected to write 3 annotated bibliographies each week. Note: during the week of 5/3-5/9 students are only expected to locate one article of their own choosing and to write only one annotated bibliography over this article. Detailed instructions for these bibliographies are available in a separate document on Blackboard. In short, however, these bibliographies will include two primary sections. One will be a summary of the article/chapter and the other will be a critical assessment of the article/chapter. These will be submitted on Blackboard and are due on Wednesday by 5:00pm (MST). Note: there are no annotated bibliographies due on 1/20/20. The first annotated bibliographies are due on 1/27/20. Term paper: (200 points) There is one term paper assigned in this course. Detailed instructions for the term paper are available in a separate document on Blackboard. In short, the paper will essentially consist of the “front end” of a research article or the introductory chapter of a thesis or dissertation. Therefore, it will include an introduction that presents a topic associated with illicit drug use and/or sales and a research question that is warranted by past research on said topic. It will then provide a literature review of the pertinent literature associated with the topic and the background and rationale that would support the conduct of the study behind the research article. In addition, students are expected to incorporate one or more theoretical frameworks into the paper. Here students are encouraged to draw from the annotated bibliographies they have created for this course as well as the reading and work they have completed in their other courses. Students are expected to discuss their topic and progress on the topic with the professor throughout the semester. The final draft of the paper is due by 11:59pm (MST) 5/12/2020. Grade Calculation: Your grade will be calculated as follows: Point distribution: Student led discussion..........................................................100 points Annotated bibliographies....................................................400 points Final paper.............................................................................200 points Total.......................................................................................700 points Grade scale: A 90% - 100% 630 - 700 points B 80% - 89% 560 - 629 points C 70% - 79% 490 - 559 points D 60% - 69% 420 - 489 points F < 59% < 419 points COURSE SCHEDULE* * Students are responsible for reading all the required materials prior to coming to class on the dates listed below. * I reserve the right to adjust the course syllabus as needed. Revisions will be communicated to students via email or Blackboard. Week 1: 1/19-1/24 No face to face meeting TOPIC: DRUG POLICY READINGS: Levine, H.G. (2003). Global drug prohibition: Its uses and crises. International Journal of Drug Policy, 14: 145-153. MacCoun, R. J. (1993). Drugs and the law: a psychological analysis of drug prohibition. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 497-512. Thornton, M. (1991). The Origins of Prohibition. Chapter 2 (pp. 39-65) in The Economics of Prohibition. No annotated bibliographies due Week 2: 1/25-1/31 Face to face meeting 1/27 4:30-5:50 TOPIC: POLICY, POLICING, AND ILLICIT DRUGS 1 READINGS: Hough, M., & Natarajan, M. (2000). Introduction: Illegal drug markets, research and policy. Crime Prevention Studies, 11: 1-18. Kleiman, M. A., & Smith, K. D. (1990). State and local drug enforcement: In search of a strategy. Crime and Justice, Vol. 13., 69-108. Werb, D., Rowell, G., Guyatt, G., Kerr, T., Montaner, J., & Wood, E. (2011). Effect of drug law enforcement on drug market violence: A systematic review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(2), 87-94. Annotated bibliographies due 1/27 5:00pm Week 3: 2/1-2/7 No face to face meeting TOPIC: POLICY, POLICING, AND ILLICIT DRUGS 2 READINGS: Jacobs, B. A. (1996). Crack dealers and restrictive deterrence: Identifying narcs. Criminology, 34, 409-431. Jacques, S., Rosenfeld, R., Wright, R., and van Gemert, F. (2016). Effects of prohibition and decriminalization on drug market conflict: Comparing street dealers, coffeeshops, and cafés in Amsterdam. Criminology & Public Policy, 15: 843-875. Johnson, B.D., & Natarajan, M. (1995). Strategies to avoid arrest: Crack sellers' response to intensified policing. American Journal of Police, 24, 49-69. Annotated bibliographies due 2/1 5:00pm Week 4: 2/8-2/14 Face to face meeting 2/10 4:30-5:50 TOPIC: DRUGS AND VIOLENCE NEXUS 1 (TRIPARTITE FRAMEWORK; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL) READINGS: Goldstein, P.J. (1985). The drugs/violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drug Issues, 15, 493-506. Fagan, J. (1990). Intoxication and aggression. Crime & Justice, 13, 241-320. Annotated bibliographies due 2/10 5:00pm Week 5: 2/15-2/21 No face to face meeting TOPIC: DRUGS AND VIOLENCE NEXUS 2 (ECONOMIC COMPULSIVE) READINGS: Jacobs, B.A. (2000). Robbing Drug Dealers: Violence beyond the Law. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. Chapters 1-3 (p. 1-72), 6 (p. 129-145) Annotated bibliographies due 2/17 5:00pm Week 6: 2/22-2/28 Face to face meeting 2/24 4:30-5:50 TOPIC: DRUGS AND VIOLENCE NEXUS 3 (SYSTEMIC) READINGS: Fagan, J. & Chin, K.L. (1990). Violence as regulation and social control in the distribution of crack. Chapter 2 (pp. 8-43) In Drugs and violence: Causes, correlates, and consequences (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA] Research Monograph 103). Reuter, P. (2009). Systemic violence in drug markets. Crime, Law and Social Change, 52(3), 275-284. Topalli, V., Wright, R., & Fornango, R. (2002). Drug dealers, robbery and retaliation. Vulnerability, deterrence and the contagion of violence. British Journal of Criminology, 42(2), 337-351. Annotated bibliographies due 2/24 5:00pm Week 7: 3/1-3/7 No face to face meeting TOPIC: DRUGS, INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL, AND NON-VIOLENT CONFLICT MANAGEMENT READINGS: Jacques, S. (2010). The necessary conditions for retaliation: Toward a theory of non-violent and violent forms in drug markets. Justice Quarterly, 27, 186-205. Jacques, S., & Wright, R. (2008). The relevance of peace to studies of drug market violence. Criminology, 46, 221-253. Jacques, S., & Wright, R. (2011). Informal control and illicit drug trade. Criminology, 49, 729-765. Annotated bibliographies due 3/3 5:00pm Week 8: 3/8-3/14 Face to face meeting 3/10 4:30-5:50 TOPIC: ILLICIT DRUGS, CULTURE, AND COMMUNITIES READINGS: Bourgois, P. (1995). In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Chapters 1-3 (pp. 19-113). Annotated bibliographies due 3/10 5:00pm Week 9: 3/15-3/21 TOPIC: SPRING BREAK READINGS: None Week 10: 3/22-3/28 Face to face meeting 3/24 4:30-5:50 TOPIC: ILLICIT DRUGS AND SOCIAL NETWORKS READINGS: Adler, P. (1993). Wheeling and dealing: An Ethnography of an upper-level drug dealing and smuggling community. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Introduction-ch. 5 (p. 1-98) Annotated bibliographies due 3/24 5:00pm Week 11: 3/29-4/4 TOPIC: DRUG SUBCULTURES READINGS: Becker, H. S. (1953). Becoming a marihuana user. The American Journal of Sociology, 59, 235-242. Golub, A. W., Johnson, B. D., and Dunlap, E. (2005). Subcultural evolution and illicit drug use. Addiction Research & Theory, 13, 217-229. Sutter, Alan. 1966. The world of the righteous dope fiend. Issues in Criminology 2:177-222. Annotated bibliographies due 1/27 5:00pm Week 12: 4/5-4/11 Face to face meeting 4/7 4:30-5:50 TOPIC: NORMALIZATION READINGS: Aldridge, J., Measham, F., and Williams, L. (2013). Illegal Leisure Revisited: Changing Patterns of Alcohol and Drug Use in Adolescents and Young Adults. Routledge. Ch. 7 (p. 201-229) Coomber, R., Moyle, L., and South, N. (2016). The normalization of drug supply: The social supply of drugs as the “other side” of the history of normalization. Drugs, Education, Prevention, and Policy, 23, 255-263. Hathaway, A. D., Comeau, N. C., and Erickson, P. G. (2011). Cannabis normalization and stigma: Contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11(5): 451-469. Measham, F., and Shiner, M. (2009). The legacy of ‘normalisation’: The role of classical and contemporary criminological theory in understanding young people’s drug use. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20: 502-508. Annotated bibliographies due 4/7 5:00pm Week 13 4/12-4/18 TOPIC: ILLICIT DRUGS, IDENTITY, AND SYMBOLIC BOUNDARIES READINGS: Copes, H., Hochstetler, A., and Williams, J. P. (2008). “We weren’t like no regular dope fiends”: Negotiating hustler and crackhead identities. Social Problems, 55, 254-270. Copes, H., Leban, L., Kerley, K. R., and Deitzer, J. R. (2014). Identities, boundaries, and accounts of women methamphetamine users. Justice Quarterly, 33, 134-158. Jacinto, C., Duterte, M., Sales, P., & Murphy, S. (2008). “I’m not a real dealer”: The identity process of ecstasy sellers. Journal of Drug Issues, 38(2), 419-444. Annotated bibliographies due 4/14 5:00pm Week 14: 4/19-4/25 Face to face meeting 4/21 4:30-5:50 TOPIC: ILLICIT DRUGS AND GENDER READINGS: Bourgois, P. (1995). In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 6: Redrawing the Gender Line on the Street (pp. 213-258) Dunlap, E., Johnson, B. D., & Manwar, A. (1994). A successful female crack dealer: Case study of a deviant career. Deviant Behavior, 15(1), 1-25. Jacobs, B. A., & Miller, J. (1998). Crack dealing, gender, and arrest avoidance. Social Problems, 45, 550-569. Annotated bibliographies due 4/21 5:00pm Week 15: 4/26-5/2 TOPIC: ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON ILLICIT DRUG USE READINGS: Caulkins, Jonathan P., Peter Reuter, and Lowell J. Taylor. 2006. Can Supply Restrictions Lower Price? Violence, Drug Dealing and Positional Advantage. Contributions to Economic Analysis & Policy 5(1), Article 3, 1-15. Levitt. D., & Venkatesh, S. A. (2000). An economic analysis of a drug-selling gang's finances. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, 755-789. Reuter, P., MacCoun, R. J., Murphy, P., Abrahamse, A., & Simon, B. (1990). Money from crime: A study of the economics of drug dealing in Washington, DC. Rand Corporation. Section IV, p. 48-77. Annotated bibliographies due 4/28 5:00pm Week 16: 5/3-5/9 Face to face meeting 5/5 4:30-5:50 TOPIC: OPEN DISCUSSION OF STUDENT-FOUND ARTICLES READINGS: TBD Annotated bibliography due 5/5 5:00pm Week 17: 5/10-5/14 Final paper due: 11:59pm (MST) 5/12/2020
BYLAW 71-2003 A BYLAW OF STRATHCONA COUNTY IN THE PROVINCE OF ALBERTA, FOR THE PURPOSE OF ADOPTING AN AREA STRUCTURE PLAN FOR THE NORTH OF LAKELAND DRIVE AREA. WHEREAS it is deemed advisable to adopt an Area Structure Plan for the North of Lakeland Drive Area; NOW THEREFORE, the Council of Strathcona County, duly assembled pursuant to the authority conferred upon it by the Municipal Government Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. M-26, and amendments thereto, enacts as follows: 1. That this Bylaw be cited as the "North of Lakeland Drive Area Concept Plan". 2. That Schedule "A" attached hereto is hereby adopted as part of this Bylaw. Read a first time this _______ day of ____________, 2003. Read a second time this _______ day of ____________, 2003. Read a third time and finally passed this _______ day of ____________, 2003. [Signature] Mayor [Signature] Manager, Legislative & Legal Services Date Signed: July 11, 2003 North of Lakeland Drive Area Concept Plan Prepared by: Strathcona County Planning & Development Review Services 2001 Sherwood Drive Sherwood Park, AB T8A 3W7 In conjunction with: Earth Tech (Canada) Inc. July 4, 2003 File # PDRS Admin 4390.59187 # North of Lakeland Drive Area Concept Plan \| Section \| Page \| \|------------------------------------------------------------------------\|------\| \| List of Figures \| 3 \| \| 1.1 Planning Context for the Concept Plan \| 4 \| \| 1.2 Project Objectives \| 5 \| \| 1.3 Plan Area Location \| 6 \| \| 1.4 Current Land Uses \| 6 \| \| 1.5 Adjacent Land Uses \| 7 \| \| 2.0 Background Review \| 9 \| \| 2.1 Relevant County Policy \| 9 \| \| 2.2 Provincial and Federal Influences \| 10 \| \| 2.3 Other \| 12 \| \| 3.0 Transportation and Infrastructure Servicing Issues \| 13 \| \| 3.1 Transportation \| 13 \| \| 3.2 Storm Servicing \| 16 \| \| 3.3 Sanitary Servicing \| 17 \| \| 3.4 Water Services \| 19 \| \| 4.0 Public Participation \| 20 \| \| 4.1 Landowner Interviews \| 20 \| \| 4.2 Public Open House #1 - June 19, 2002 \| 21 \| \| 4.3 Public Open House #2 – June 4, 2003 \| 21 \| \| 5.0 Opportunities and Constraints \| 22 \| \| 5.1 General Plan Area \| 22 \| \| 5.2 NW Section 12 \| 23 \| \| 5.3 NE Section 12 \| 24 \| \| 5.4 Summerwood (S½ Section 12) \| 25 \| \| 5.5 Section 11 (incl. portion of NW 2) \| 25 \| \| 5.6 SE Section 10 (incl. portion of NE 3) \| 27 \| \| 6.0 Concept Plan Principles & Policies \| 29 \| \| 6.1 General Urban Development \| 29 \| \| 6.2 Natural Areas & Open Space \| 30 \| \| 6.3 Transportation Networks \| 31 \| \| 6.4 Residential Development \| 33 \| \| 6.5 Residential Urban Village Developments \| 35 \| \| 6.6 Commercial Development \| 36 \| \| 6.7 Business/Employment Development \| 37 \| \| 6.8 Servicing & Utilities \| 38 \| \| 6.9 Urban Design \| 39 \| \| 7.0 Land Use Concept \| 42 \| \| 7.1 Introduction \| 42 \| \| 7.2 General Land Use Statistics \| 43 \| \| 7.3 Residential – Unit and Population Projections at Maximum Density \| 44 \| \| 8.0 Implementation of the Concept Plan \| 45 \| \| 8.1 Municipal Development Plan (Bylaw 38-98) \| 45 \| \| 8.2 Detailed Area Structure Plans & Area Redevelopment Plans \| 45 \| \| 8.3 Summerwood Area Structure Plan (Bylaw 27-2002) \| 46 \| \| 8.4 Land Use Bylaw (Bylaw 8 – 2001) \| 46 \| \| 8.5 Other \| 46 \| List of Figures Figure 1 Plan Area Location Map Figure 2 Air Photo Figure 3 Site Topography Figure 4 Transportation Figure 5 Stormwater Management Figure 6 Sanitary Sewer Servicing Figure 7 Water Services Figure 8 Opportunities and Constraints Figure 9 Land Use Concept List of Appendices Appendix 1 Existing Districting - Land Use Bylaw 8-2001 (April 2003) Appendix 2 1998 Strathcona County Municipal Development Plan Policy Areas - Sherwood Park Urban Services Area (Map 2 of 2) Appendix 3 Summerwood Area Structure Plan Bylaw 27-2002 - Land Use Concept – Figure 4 Appendix 4 Canadian National Railways - Requirements for Development Adjacent to Principle Mainlines (April 1996) 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Planning Context for the Concept Plan Identified as a priority in the 2002 Strathcona County Business Plan, County Council directed Administration to prepare an “Area Concept Plan” for the lands lying north of Lakeland Drive, within the Sherwood Park Urban Services Area (Figure 1). It was determined that a Concept Plan was needed to provide comprehensive planning, servicing and urban design direction for the entire area and to ensure coordination of development by different landowner’s. At present, the only policy direction for future development in this area is provided by the Strathcona County Municipal Development Plan (MDP) Bylaw 38-98. However, as the County’s strategic plan, the MDP only provides overall objectives and policies for planning and development in Strathcona County, and a generalized land use framework for the Plan Area. As required by Provincial regulation, subsequent levels of planning and land development must comply with the policies of the MDP. The Area Concept Plan will therefore build upon the objectives and policies of the MDP to provide more “site specific” land use guidelines and principles as well as a conceptual land use plan for the area. It is the County’s intent that the North of Lakeland Drive Area Concept Plan will be a “statutory” planning document, to be approved as an “Area Structure Plan Bylaw” per the requirements of the Municipal Government Act. It will therefore require compliance with the MDP and offer opportunities for public input through a statutory Public Hearing of Strathcona County Council. This Concept Plan will be used to guide more detailed planning and engineering studies to be completed by area land developers, through preparation of Detailed Area Structure Plans, Redistricting (Zoning) and Subdivision applications. The MDP also directs that the County prepare a Highway 16 Corridor Study in order to address urban design and operational criteria adjacent to the Yellowhead highway. As the Highway 16 Corridor study will not be completed prior to approval of this Area Concept Plan, this document includes general design statements that will address the aesthetics of public and private lands adjacent to Highway 16. 1.2 Project Objectives The objectives of the Concept Plan project are to: 1. Establish a comprehensive land use, urban design and servicing policy framework for the Plan Area; 2. Promote orderly and economically feasible residential and commercial development; 3. Provide the County with an indication of future development potential and population growth in the Plan Area; 4. Provide a mechanism by which future development planning applications can be assessed and implemented; and 5. Provide more detailed urban design policies for lands located within the Highway 16 Corridor Study Area. 1.3 Plan Area Location The North of Lakeland Drive Area Concept Plan encompasses slightly more than two sections of land in the Urban Service Area of Sherwood Park, with an area of ± 550 ha (1359 acres). The lands are generally described as those lying within: 1. Section 11 - Twp 53 - Rge 23 - W4M; 2. Section 12 - Twp 53 - Rge 23 - W4M; 3. A small portion of the remnant of Section 2 - Twp 53 - Rge 23 - W4M is also included in the Plan Area. For the sake of further description, it will be referred to as a portion of Section 11; 4. Southern 80 acres of SE of Section 10 - Twp 53 - Rge 23 - W4M, and; 5. Portion of NE Section 3 - Twp 53 - Rge 23 - W4M, which lies North of the future Lakeland Drive. For the sake of further description, it will be referred to as a portion of SE Section 10. 1.4 Current Land Uses An aerial photo of the Plan Area is presented as Figure 2. The topography of the area is shown in Figure 3. The majority of the Plan Area is rolling agricultural land that is currently being cultivated. A number of smaller tree stands, wetlands and drainage courses are distributed across the land. A few small farmsteads and associated shelterbelt tree stands also remain. The Canadian National Railway (CNR) mainline runs diagonally through the NE quarter of Section 12. A high pressure ATCO gas line runs N-S through the middle of Section 11. A sanitary sewer line runs E-W through the N½ of Section 11. The NW quarter of Section 12 has been subdivided and developed as two manufactured housing developments; Lakeland Village and Jubilee Landing. Approximately 700 residential housing units are planned for the two projects. A small 0.5 ha commercial development with convenience store, gas bar and restaurant/lounge currently exists adjacent to Clover Bar Road, at the entrance to Lakeland Village. Two vacant parcels identified as Highway 16 Commercial Policy Area in the Municipal Development Plan lie to the north and east of the existing convenience store site. On the SW corner of NW 12 is a small ±1.0 ha country residential lot, developed as a residence with a related family business. A small ATCO gate station sits in the NE corner of NW 12, adjacent to Highway 16. A portion of SE 10 is developed for outdoor recreational uses as Centennial Park. The remainder of SE 10 and the portion of Section 3 within the Plan area are currently undeveloped. ### 1.5 Adjacent Land Uses The Plan Area is primarily bounded by highways or arterial roads as follows: - North – Highway 16, which is planned as a major 6-10 lane Provincial Highway adjacent to the Plan Area; - East – Highway 21, which is planned as a 4 lane Provincial Highway adjacent to the Plan Area; - South – Future Lakeland Drive, a planned 4 lane arterial roadway; and - West – Sherwood Drive, currently a 2 lane arterial roadway with plans for 4 lanes. A small portion of the Plan area lies West of Sherwood Drive. These lands are surrounded by the following adjacent uses: - North – The remainder of SE 10 consists of 2, 16 ha (40 acre) parcels. The northern of these two parcels contains a residence; - East – Business, commercial and recreational uses including Millennium Place; and - South – Currently undeveloped. Clover Bar Road generally bisects the Plan Area, running in a north-south direction. To the north of Highway 16 are the existing and future commercial and industrial land uses in the Yellowhead North Industrial Area within the Urban Service Area. An Area Concept Plan for this industrial district is under development. To the east of Highway 21 lie lands outside the Sherwood Park Urban Service Area. They have been developed for country residential development and small rural holdings. To the south of future Lakeland Drive, lie the existing residential neighbourhoods of Cloverbar Ranch, Lakeland Ridge, Davidson Creek and Clarkdale Meadows. These neighbourhoods have been, or are currently being developed for predominately single family homes. A medium-density multi-family site also lies adjacent to the Study Area at the eastern edge of the Clarkdale Meadows neighbourhood. 2.0 Background Review 2.1 Relevant County Policy 2.1.1 Strathcona County Municipal Development Plan (Bylaw No. 38-98) The Municipal Development Plan (MDP) is the County’s primary strategic land use planning document, providing high level land use, development, economic development, social and servicing policy direction for Strathcona County. The MDP acknowledges the community’s goals for future development in the County and Sherwood Park. The MDP document presents background information, assumptions, planning objectives and general policies, which serve to guide the more detailed analysis and development of land use and servicing principles within the Concept Plan area. It also includes a generalized land use plan for the Urban Service Area of Sherwood Park, which is included in Appendix 2. 2.1.2 Summerwood Area Structure Plan – Qualico Developments (Bylaw No. 27-2002) The Summerwood Area Structure Plan was approved in April 2002, in advance of this North of Lakeland Drive Area Concept Plan. The Plan, prepared on behalf of Qualico, covers the south half of Section 12 and a small portion of SE 11, east of Clover Bar Road. The approved ASP provides general land use allocations, land use and population statistics for the Summerwood Area. (See Appendix 3) Given that the Summerwood ASP was approved prior to the Area Concept Plan, the text of Summerwood ASP has recognized that any planning principles and recommendations of the ACP will take precedence over those in the ASP. Any changes to the Summerwood ASP as a result of finalizing the North of Lakeland Drive Area Concept Plan could require a subsequent amendment to the Summerwood ASP, to ensure compatibility within the hierarchy of statutory plans. 2.1.3 Current Land Use and Planning Approvals in NW 12 The Concept Plan recognizes existing uses as well as the planning approvals and development rights afforded landowners by the current MDP direction and zoning. These uses and approvals are assumed to remain within the Plan Area. Most of NW Section 12 has received planning approvals and has been partially constructed as two comprehensive manufactured housing developments. It is currently zoned for manufactured housing with additional approvals for the existing commercial adjacent to Clover Bar Road. A small parcel has also been developed for a home and business under the County’s AD - Agriculture Future Development District. Two lots identified in the MDP as Highway 16 Commercial Policy Area lie north of the manufactured housing developments, adjacent to the Highway. They are currently zoned AD - Agriculture Future Development District. These lots will, more or less, be required for future highway widening. Until the time they are acquired for highway purposes, limited commercial development may be permitted under the AD District. Heavy Industrial Risk Overlay (IRO) Strathcona County is currently working on a reciprocal development risk assessment overlay to be implemented through the Land Use Bylaw for all developments within 3 km of heavy industry located within County boundaries. A portion of the North of Lakeland Drive Area Concept Plan area is within 3 km of heavy industry and once the IRO Overlay is adopted as an amendment to the Land Use Bylaw, the requirements of the IRO will apply to subsequent development applications within the 3km zone. In addition to the above policy documents there are a number of technical documents and studies relative to infrastructure, transportation and environmental management which influence future planning and development in the Plan Area. These include: - Transportation Study 2000, (Stantec); - Sherwood Park Master Drainage Plan (Stantec, 2000); - Strathcona County Water Servicing Study (Stantec, 2002); - Ecological Assessment of Remaining Habitat Patches in the Undeveloped Lands within the Urban Services Area of Sherwood Park North of Baseline Road, (Stantec, 2000); - Strathcona County Engineering Servicing Standards (1998); - Strathcona County Open Space Development Standards (2002); - North of Baseline Road (Stantec, 2000); and - Functional Plan for Lakeland Drive (Stantec, 2002). ### 2.2 Provincial and Federal Influences Provincial and National level policies and operations also influence development in the Plan Area. Federal and Provincial government departments as well as the Canadian National Railway were contacted to identify and understand their current plans, operations, planning requirements and/or concerns with urban development in this part of Sherwood Park. Department of National Defense – Edmonton Garrison Heliport Zoning Regulations The Department of National Defense is in the process of amending the Aeronautics Act to incorporate the Edmonton Garrison Heliport Zoning Regulations. These regulations, in the interest of flight safety and navigation, limit construction of buildings and other structures to heights which will not constitute a hazard in the vicinity of the heliport or to the visual and instrument approach paths around the heliport. In addition, any developments that may increase the attraction of waterfowl will be discouraged. A small portion of the Area Concept Plan area falls within the Edmonton Garrison Heliport Zoning Regulations, as shown in Figure 8. All plans for development within this zone must be referred to the Department of National Defense for comment. 2.2.2 Alberta Transportation Provincial Highways 16 and 21 flank the north and eastern boundaries of the Plan Area, respectively. As such, Alberta Transportation retains a degree of influence over lands within 800m of these Highways. Alberta Transportation also restricts all access and egress to the Highways from adjacent lands, controls arterial roadway access points within 400 m of highway interchanges and controls directional and commercial signage adjacent to highways. Alberta Transportation has been contacted and advises that no new accesses will be provided from Highway 16 and 21. The existing intersection with Sherwood Drive will ultimately be developed as an interchange, though no timing has been provided. Highway widening along the south side of Highway 16 will also be required, as shown in Figure 4. The new Highway 16 right-of-way boundary is in accordance with the Highway 16 Functional Planning Study, and will allow for interchange construction at Sherwood Drive, and interchange improvements at Clover Bar Road. The long-term access to Highway 21 is via the intersection of Lakeland Drive and Highway 21. The existing service road and intersection on the west side of Highway 21 will be removed as part of the residential development in SE 12, with access to NE 12 being gained through the internal collector roadway network. 2.2.3 Alberta Environmental Protection Alberta Environmental Protection (AEP) is responsible for reviewing stormwater management plans for newly developing urban areas, to ensure that stormwater discharge meets the flow rates and water quality regulations. AEP will review more detailed stormwater management reports provided by the developers in the Plan Area at the time of Detailed Area Structure Plan preparation, and ensure that proposed systems, ponds and wetlands are acceptable. 2.2.4 Canadian National Railway The CN Railway is a significant transportation corridor in NE 12, with operations mandated and ensured through federal legislation. CN has been contacted with regards to this planning process and has indicated that the rail line through this area is a “Principle Main Line” of national significance, providing rail service to the Wainwright Subdivision east of Sherwood Park and to points beyond. Approximately 20 trains a day operate on this mainline carrying a variety of freight, liquids and heavy rail products. CN has expressed that the development within the Plan Area, and especially within NE 12, be sufficiently buffered and separated from the rail operation. CN has developed design “requirements” for development adjacent to its Principle Mainlines. These are included in Appendix 4. 2.3 Other In addition to these technical studies, this Area Concept Plan also reviewed the results of a comprehensive public survey of Strathcona County residents, known as Community Consultation 2002. This survey asked fundamental questions about the nature of development within the County. Many of the findings of this survey have been incorporated into the principles and policies of this Area Concept Plan. 3.0 Transportation and Infrastructure Servicing Issues 3.1 Transportation This section provides an assessment and identification of issues relating to transportation and municipal servicing of the Plan Area. A plan relating to transportation issues is included as Figure 4. 3.1.1 Provincial Highways The following are a list of the Provincial Highways to be taken into consideration in the Plan Area: 1. Highway 21 runs north-south along the east boundary of the Plan Area and connects with Highway 16 by way of a cloverleaf interchange; 2. Highway 16 runs east-west along the north edge of the Plan Area; 3. Both Highway 16 and Highway 21 are slated for further expansion and improvement in future; and 4. Improvements to Highways 21 and 16 will require property from the eastern and northern edges of the Plan Area. 3.1.2 Arterial Roadways The following are a list of issues relating to arterial roadways in the Plan Area: 1. Sherwood Drive is ultimately planned as a four lane, divided arterial, with the provision, if required, to be expanded to a six lane divided arterial roadway. Sherwood Drive, currently at two lanes, runs north-south within the Plan Area and provides a connection to Highway 16. At present the connection with Highway 16 is a right-in / right-out interchange. Ultimately, the Province plans for a diamond interchange at this location to provide westbound access to and from Sherwood Drive. 2. Clover Bar Road is ultimately planned as a four lane, divided arterial on a 50 m right-of-way. Clover Bar Road is currently a 40 m right-of-way with two lanes running north-south through the middle of the Plan Area. It connects with Highway 16 by way of an interchange. 3. Lakeland Drive is ultimately planned as a four lane, divided arterial on a 50 m right-of-way, running east-west between Broadmoor Boulevard and Highway 21. It is currently undeveloped. A functional plan for Lakeland Drive was completed by the County in 2002, establishing right-of-way requirements, number of drive lanes, restricting the number of collector roadway all directional access locations and established finished roadway grades. Development demands and recommendations of this Concept will impact the Functional Plan for Lakeland Drive. 4. Pedestrian and bicycle trails are planned for, or have been developed within, the arterial roadway rights-of-way. These include the Trans Canada Trail and Heritage Parkway Trail system linking to areas north and west of the Plan Area. 3.1.3 Collector Roadways A preliminary network of collector roadways has been developed for portions of the Plan Area through previous and ongoing neighbourhood planning efforts undertaken by Qualico (Summerwood S½, Section 12) and Genstar for Section 11. 1. Some concern has been expressed that the collector roadway network plans developed thus far by the private developers suggest a potential for overloading. The number of collector/arterial intersections appears to be insufficient, particularly in the eastern portion of the Plan Area (Summerwood, S½, Section 12), where access to the major roadway network is restricted to Clover Bar Road and Lakeland Drive. Special attention needs to be paid to the design of collector/arterial intersections to ensure that adequate channelization is provided to satisfy capacity requirements. A maximum of 5000 vehicle trips per day is recommended on collector roadways serving residential neighbourhoods. This figure is recognized as the “environmental capacity” of the roadway, which triggers resident’s complaints about traffic volumes, noise and safety concerns. The restricted access and egress from the Summerwood neighbourhood in particular, may generate vehicle trips in excess of this recommended amount. 2. With residential development already existing in NW 12, there is concern with the lack of opportunity to develop a collector roadway connection between Clover Bar Road and NE 12. The long term potential for such a collector connection should be explored with landowners in NW 12. 3. A proposed collector roadway network has been developed and is illustrated in Figure 4. The Traffic Impact Assessment for Summerwood indicates the need for double-left turns at the intersections of Clover Bar Road and Lakeland Drive, and at Clover Bar Road and Summerwood Boulevard. Strathcona County also anticipates the need for double left turns being required at Sherwood Drive and Lakeland Drive, as well as at the remaining major collector to arterial intersections. At the time of finalizing land uses through preparation of Detailed Area Structure Plans, an analysis and design of the collector roadway network will need to be provided, including intersection designs that may include roundabouts and other traffic calming features. 3.1.4 Access There are a number of existing access points on Highway 21, Clover Bar Road and Sherwood Drive which provide access to existing land uses and will need to be accommodated or replaced. 1. The Province of Alberta states that the existing access to Highway 21 serving NE 12 will have to be relocated southward to Lakeland Drive, as they will not permit access to Highway 21, between Highway 16 and Lakeland Drive in future. 2. On Clover Bar Road, there are five (5) existing access points serving existing land uses in NE11 and NW12. Four of the five accesses serve the areas east of Clover Bar Road including the residential areas, the Highway 16 service road and the existing country residential parcel (Lot B). The accesses to the manufactured home developments can likely be maintained and logically integrated with new developments in the plan area. The access to the Highway 16 service road, however, will need to be consolidated with the Lakeland Village access. Access to the country residential parcel will need to be consolidated with either the Jubilee Landing access or the proposed multi-family developments to the south in Summerwood. 3. At present, the eastern portions of Jubilee Landing (Lots 3A and 3B) are not fully developed. It is intended that they will access Clover Bar Road via a private collector roadway. When these lands do fully build out, there is a question as to how traffic is to be managed. An existing internal roadway link with Lakeland Village has been barricaded, due to separate ownership of the two developments. However, once Jubilee is fully developed, it may be advantageous to reconnect the two internal roadway systems to provide better access for all residents in NW 12. Discussions with the two park owners should be pursued to facilitate this connection as well as a connection to NE12. 4. Along Sherwood Drive, there are seven (7) existing access points. Four (4) of the existing accesses serve land uses west of Sherwood Drive. One collector road access east of Sherwood Drive will have to align with the northern access to Centennial Park. All these existing accesses will need to be rationalized with a roadway/access concept for Sherwood Drive. A Functional Plan for Sherwood Drive does not currently exist. 5. The developers in this Plan Area are proposing a number of community commercial sites. The viability of these commercial sites will depend on the provision and availability of all-directional access on at least one of the abutting arterial roadways. A number of the proposed commercial sites are located at a corner of arterial intersections; all-directional access to these sites would therefore be located some distance from the arterial/arterial intersection. In the absence of detailed site plans and traffic impact assessments for the commercial sites, it is recommended that all directional, non-signalized access to commercial sites should be no closer than 200 m from the nearest arterial/arterial or arterial/collector intersection. The location of permitted all-directional accesses will govern the dimensions/depth of these commercial sites. 3.2 Storm Servicing A detailed assessment of the stormwater management of the western portion of the Plan Area (lands west of Clover Bar Road) has been done as part of the NW Sherwood Park Master Drainage Plan (Stantec, 2000). There is no existing stormwater plan for the land east of Clover Bar Road. Qualico developments are currently preparing a Master Drainage Plan for the future Summerwood community in the south half of Section 12. (Figure 5) 1. The NW Sherwood Park Master Drainage Plan suggests that two stormwater management facilities (SWMF) are required in Section 11, one servicing the residential areas, and one servicing the highway commercial area. The discharge point for both of these SWMF’s would be to the northwest, to a culvert that crosses Highway 16 and empties into “Unnamed Creek.” This culvert will need upgrading to accommodate future stormwater flows. The report identified that the upgrading be done by Alberta Transportation when the interchange at Highway 16 and Sherwood Drive is constructed. If development in the area precedes the interchange construction, the developer would need to complete the upgrading. The Master Drainage Plan states that the established allowable release rate for the developed basin is 4.1 l/s/ha. The Master Drainage Plan also recommends implementing erosion protection measures for the downstream reaches of this drainage pathway to correct the existing and anticipated future erosion problems. An existing drainage channel flows through Section 11 and carries controlled outflow from an existing stormwater management pond in Clover Bar Ranch. Stormwater flows from this pond are restricted with a 525mm pipe and control up to approximately a 1 in 25 year storm. As well, it is likely that controlled stormwater from the east half of section 2-53-23-4 will flow through this area. The proposed SWMF in section 11 will need to be oversized to accommodate stormwater flows from all areas contributing to the pond and have a maximum release rate of 4.1 l/s/ha. Some of the area in NE 11 will have to drain to the northeast due to topographic constraints. It will cross Highway 16 via an existing culvert on the eastside of Clover Bar Road and enter Davidson Creek, Oldman Creek and ultimately the North Saskatchewan River. Detailed investigation will need to be done at the Detailed Area Structure Plan stage to determine pond-sizing requirements for this small basin and discharge routing. 2. Very little stormwater planning or analysis has been done for the lands east of Clover Bar Road. The existing development in NW 12 is served by a SWMF on the Lakeland Village site. This wet pond serves the Lakeland Village, and the Jubilee Landing sites. The outlet from this pond to the small creek, which flows north through the site, is controlled at a culvert. Qualico Developments has an approved Area Structure Plan for the Summerwood neighborhood, which includes a large SWMF that will ultimately discharge via Davidson Creek to Oldman Creek, and to the North Saskatchewan River. According to topographic information, this appears to be the existing condition for pre-development flows. 3. The NE 12 will require a SWMF in the far NE corner of the property, due to the general topography of the site. It is proposed that this SWMF be located northeast of the CN rail line, as access for other forms of development would not be permitted. As Alberta Transportation has identified this isolated parcel for highway widening purposes, discussions with the Province will need to confirm the availability of the land for SWMF purposes. This SWMF could be oversized to provide storage for other areas as well as accommodating lands required for the railway, highway and interchange purposes. 4. The SE 10 slopes to the NE. A large storm pond as identified in Figure 5 will be required. Additional storm pond(s) may be required to accommodate any development proposed on the site. All storm water will have to be directed to the drainage channel, which runs adjacent to Sherwood Drive to a culvert that crosses Highway 16 and empties into “Unnamed Creek.” 3.3 Sanitary Servicing Sanitary Servicing for the Plan Area is readily available as the lands lie within the basin serviced by the Northeast, Central and the North Trunk sewer lines, as shown in Figure 6. This basin is approximately 30 percent developed at this time. The Northeast Trunk lies within Clover Bar Road and runs north to Lakeland Village Mobile Home Park, and then turns west to cross Section 11 before joining with the Central Trunk at Sherwood Drive. 1. The Central Trunk generally follows the Sherwood Drive right-of-way, though it does swing into Section 10 and Section 11 north of Lakeland Drive. The North Trunk picks up the flows from the Northeast and Central Trunks, and drains north along the extension of Sherwood Drive (north of Highway 16) to tie-in to the Southeast Regional Trunk Sewer (SERTS), which discharges to the Alberta Capital Region Wastewater Treatment Plant (ACRWWTP). 2. The designated Northeast Trunk service basin includes the majority of the Plan Area, except for the SW 11. 3. The North Trunk serves as the off-site trunk for the entire area. Capacity analyses of the Northeast, Central, and North Trunks were provided in the following recent studies: - Southeast Urban Fringe Area Sanitary Servicing Study – Cochrane Engineering, May 1997 (Northeast Trunk). - Southwest Sherwood Park Sanitary Servicing Study – Infrastructure Systems Ltd., January 2001 (Central and North Trunks). - North/Northeast/Central Sanitary Trunk Assessment – ISL Infrastructure Systems Ltd., August 2002. The first two studies noted capacity constraints in the existing trunks under wet weather conditions, for servicing full development of the basin. High sewer flows during rainfall events are the result of excessive infiltration and inflow from the existing development in the upper basin areas. Strathcona County has embarked on an effort to identify the sources and reduce the amount of those extraneous flows. Part of this effort involves ongoing flow monitoring to better quantify the actual flows in the system. The studies also discussed an opportunity to implement infiltration and inflow reduction measures, before any upgrading of the existing trunks is needed. Continuous flow monitoring of the system flows will indicate when, and to what extent, trunk upgrades will be required. There are also indications that, due to their depth, the existing trunks may be able to take some temporary surcharging, and thus can accept flows in excess of their pipe-full capacities, without compromising the risk of flooding basements. These options were not looked at in-depth because they were out of the scope of the studies, and would require significant hydraulic modeling. The latest study from ISL analyzed the existing capacity of the North, Northeast, and Central trunks based on the design criteria for the County. Design criteria included: - Sanitary flow generation – 375 l/person/day - Commercial flow generation – 18 m$^3$/ha/day - Peaking factor for residential areas – min of 3.0 - Peaking factor for commercial/industrial/light industrial – $Q=10Q_{avg}^{-0.45}$ - Infiltration – 0.5 l/s/ha - Flow to be conveyed at a depth of 80% This ISL study has identified that by 2004, based on the current County standards, growth will necessitate a significant amount of upgrading to the system to accommodate the additional sanitary flows. The study also indicated that there is very little capacity left in the system based on current development levels. The study identified that, to meet County standards, a large portion of trunk lines would need to be twinned to accommodate the projected development in this area. Unless future studies of the Northeast, North, and Central Trunks uncover alternatives not discussed in previous studies, any proposed development in the North of Lakeland Drive Concept Plan Area will require trunk upgrading as identified in ISL’s latest assessment. The topography of the lands within the Plan Area generally falls to the northwest, therefore conducive to flow interception by the existing trunks. An exception is the NE12, which falls to the northeast. With some filling of the low-lying portions of the area adjacent to the CN rail line, in the order of two to three metres, this area may connect to the Northeast Trunk via a gravity sewer installed across the NW 12, through the remnant land between Lakeland Village and Highway 16. Alternatively, an interim or permanent lift station could service the NE 12, pumping south to Summerwood when the sewer system of that area has been constructed. However, the impact on pipe sizing in Summerwood to allow for sanitary flows from NE 12 would need to be examined prior to the first phase of Summerwood development. Given the lack of development desires from the existing landowners in NE 12, protection of a long-term easement is recommended, to allow Summerwood to proceed. 3.4 Water Services Stantec completed a detailed analysis of the water system for the Sherwood Park and surrounding area under the title of “Strathcona County Water Servicing Study, 2002.” The recommended ultimate water transmission and supply system for the Plan area is shown on Figure 7. The largest percentage of residential growth anticipated for Sherwood Park is within the Concept Plan area. As residential developments expand North of Lakeland Drive and East of Sherwood Drive these areas can initially be serviced from the existing 600mm Water Transmission Main on Clover Bar Road. However, the first stages of the Clover Bar Water Transmission Main from Lakeland Drive North to Highway 16 will be required to support development adjacent to Clover Bar Road. This connection to the existing 300 mm main near Lakeland Village will complete a major transmission loop extending through the City of Edmonton and along Broadmoor Boulevard. Subsequent development along Sherwood Drive will require the construction of the first stage of the 600mm Lakeland Drive water transmission main and the 450 mm Sherwood Drive transmission main. 4.0 Public Participation 4.1 Landowner Interviews Earth Tech carried out detailed interviews with major landowners within the Plan Area in order to gain an understanding of the following issues: - Specific information relating to individual parcels that could impact the Area Concept Plan; - Individual owners development aspirations and timing; - Landowner concerns with other existing and proposed developments in the Plan Area; and - Land owner desires for the Area Concept Plan and Implementation. Given the level of development activity to date in the area and known plans of developers and landowners in both Sections 11 and 12, it was felt that knowledge of these landowner aspirations would be critical to providing an understanding of current housing and commercial markets in Sherwood Park. These developers had also undertaken a significant amount of technical review relating to storm water management and provisions of other utility services in the area. It was determined that their local knowledge would assist in development of design principles, policies and a land use plan which was realistic. A summary of key issues identified through the landowner interviews is provided below. Key Issues from the Landowner Interviews* - Desire for current businesses and farms to remain as viable operations, with opportunities to expand in future. - Desire for an integration of the Lakeland Village/Jubilee Landing residential communities with developments in the rest of the Plan Area and Sherwood Park. - Recognition that a lot of planning and design have already been completed by developers and that their development plans should be considered in the development of the Concept Plan. - Desire for the Concept Plan to provide general planning principles and a development framework for the Plan Area, but allow land owners flexibility to design and develop individual communities which respond to future market needs. - Desire for the Concept Plan to provide a comprehensive servicing review for the entire Plan Area and indicate significant or costly constraints to development. 4.2 Public Open House #1 - June 19, 2002 A public open house for the North of Lakeland Drive Area Concept Plan was held on Wednesday, June 19, 2002 from 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. The event was publicized by advertising in two local Strathcona County newspapers; Strathcona County This Week and the Sherwood Park News. A notice was also mailed to the landowners, businesses, and organizations in the Plan Area to invite them to drop in during a pre-open house session from 2:00 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. Four landowners attended the pre-open house session and 25 people attended the public open house. 4.2.1 Summary of Issues Relating to the Development Principles, responses from the public who attended the Open House, a predominant amount of respondents stated that the Principles either “Mostly Addressed” or “Did Not Address” their individual vision for the type of urban development they desire to see in the area. Specific comments included: 1. Support for principle of retaining or re-integrating natural areas, but distrust as to whether this could occur. 2. Concern over traffic that will be generated from the Plan Area and impacts on existing communities and roadways south of Lakeland Drive. 3. Concern over the proposed mixed residential communities that could develop and a desire for single-family housing. Some concerns about laned residential and apartment sites. 4. Concern about lack of school sites identified in the Concept Plan and ultimately how and when schools across Sherwood Park would be built. Of the developers and landowners who attended, there were different concerns expressed or ideas provided: 1. Concern that the individual landowner be able to control the right to maintain existing business uses or plan for new development opportunities. 2. There was concern that some of the development principles were too prescriptive for this level of Plan and that such principles should not be presented until more detailed planning and analysis was undertaken at the detailed ASP, Traffic Impact Assessment, subdivision approval or development permit stage. 4.3 Public Open House #2 – June 4, 2003 A second Open House was held to confirm the principles outlined in the Concept Plan and present the recommended development concept for the Plan area. 23 people attended this meeting and there was general support for the development principles and the land use concept. 5.0 Opportunities and Constraints The review of existing municipal policies, servicing studies, interviews with land owners, other stakeholders and comments received from the June 19, 2002 Open House have identified a number of development opportunities and constraints for the lands within the Plan Area. These Opportunities and Constraints are identified below and shown in Figure 8. 5.1 General Plan Area Constraints Highway 16 and 21 - prohibit access to neighbourhoods and limit access along existing arterial roadways. Future Highway widening needs will remove developable land along the south side of Highway 16. Arterial Roadways - Arterial roadway and access locations to collector roadways are limited by current Functional Plans and acceptable intersection separation limits. Existing Mobile home developments - preclude comprehensive land use and access planning especially for NE12. The County to investigate options to provide access from NE 12 to Clover Bar Road including a service road connection north of Lakeland Village Manufactured Home Park. Opportunities Land size - The large, relatively un-fragmented, undeveloped tracts with few owners provides good opportunity to provide a comprehensively planned urban community in the last major developable area of Sherwood Park. Ownership - Major owners are developers motivated to design and build comprehensively designed communities. Adjacency to Existing Infrastructure and Services - Existing water, sanitary lines and arterial roadways allow for efficient and cost effective extension of services. New development will not be “leap frogging”. Open Space - Opportunities for comprehensive open space planning, linkages within community and to major regional amenities such as Centennial Park, Millennium Place, Trans-Canada Trail, Heritage Parkway Trail and existing residential communities to the south. Access - Three arterial roadways within the Plan Area provide good access and connections to Sherwood Park and regional highways. Topography - Topography is generally favourable for urban development, as there are no severe slopes or unstable lands. Natural Areas - Some significant and sustainable natural areas can be incorporated into the Plan’s open space system. Highway 16 Corridor - Given that a majority of land adjacent to highway 16 has not been developed, there is opportunity to create comprehensive design guidelines to ensure that new developments present a high standard of urban design and landscaping at this major gateway to Sherwood Park and Strathcona County. 5.2 NW Section 12 Constraints Existing Accesses - There are four (4) access points to Clover Bar Road at non-standard intervals. Highway Widening - Highway 16 widening will remove most of highway commercial frontage and eliminate the existing vacant commercial property from development possibilities. Service Road Elimination - Current access to NE 12, the existing commercial site, and the ATCO facility will eventually be removed due to future Highway 16 right-of-way requirements. The impacts of this closure need to be understood and options reviewed. Existing Development - Lakeland Village and Jubilee Landing Manufactured Home Parks are essentially planned and developed. The two developments consist of approximately 650 to 700 low-density manufactured homes. A connection between the two subdivisions needs to be established. No real opportunity currently exists to establish a collector road access through the site to NE 12. Country Residential Site - Access to this parcel is restricted and isolated from both Jubilee Landing and Summerwood. Opportunities Intersection Consolidation - There is opportunity to consolidate the four existing accesses to minimize intersections on Clover Bar Road. The small wedge of road right-of-way adjacent to the country residential lot should be used in providing a common access to that lot and Jubilee Landing to the North. Low Density Development in NW 12 - is essentially a “final land use” (no intention of intensification). Unused density could be spread to other lands in the Plan Area to support municipal goals and overall housing densities. Stormwater Management - An existing system is in place for this area, with the opportunity to direct some of Jubilee’s new development flows south to the Summerwood pond. Existing Country Residential Site - The location of this parcel relative to the creek, Clover Bar Road, the proposed multi-family site in Summerwood and the Stormwater facility is conducive to the future development of a multi-family development on this site. Commercial Redevelopment - There is an opportunity to redevelop this site and intensify commercial uses on vacant property over the long term, with market support from increased traffic generated by the completion of the manufactured housing developments and proposed multi-family uses in Summerwood and Section 11. 5.3 NE Section 12 Constraints Access Restrictions - Access to Highways 16 or 21 will not be allowed. Access is limited to two (2) collector roadways via Summerwood. The existing and future service road access to the east will be removed once access is available from Summerwood. The existing service road adjacent to Highway 16 will be lost to highway widening. CN Rail - The location of this secondary main line limits access across it. This area is not compatible for residential development unless greater setbacks, berms and noise attenuation strategies are incorporated. The land slopes upward from a raised track so noise and vibration impacts could be even greater. CN operations estimate traffic at 20+ heavy rail trips per day, carrying noxious liquids, wood, coal, automobiles and VIA passenger service. Sanitary Servicing - The topography prevents gravity connection to the Summerwood sanitary sewer lines. A lift station from NE 12 will be necessary. Alternatively, gravity feed potential is available via a dedicated sanitary line to Clover Bar Road. An easement along the north side of Lakeland Village will need to be protected for this purpose. Both are costly solutions to service the NE 12. Owners are not developers - The current landowners wish to continue farming their land in the near term. Conflicts between continued farming operation and new residential development might result as Summerwood develops out and Jubilee Landing is completed. Opportunities Residential - Opportunities exist to expand the manufactured home development to the East – subject to confirmation of sanitary sewer service, sufficient access etc. A detailed ASP will be required. Other Land Use - The potential exists for non-residential uses in the northern portion of property adjacent to the CN main line. This could include a SWMF east of the CN tracks and outdoor storage/maintenance depot/industrial uses west of the tracks. However, access to any storage or industrial areas is not appropriate through residential communities, and alternate access via a highway service road would be required. This may be difficult to achieve given the Highway 16 road widening requirements. Further exploration through the preparation of a detailed ASP will be required. 5.4 Summerwood (S½ Section 12) Constraints Approved ASP - Statutory ASP document approved in 2002. The developer is currently preparing detailed subdivision design & servicing in accordance with the approved ASP. Transportation System - Collector locations, intersection alignments and overall traffic volumes within this portion of the Concept Plan Area may be difficult to reassess. Opportunities Approved ASP - The Summerwood ASP incorporated much of the County’s policies regarding retention of natural areas, open space linkages, nodes, SWMF, neighbourhood theming, urban design etc. Community Commercial - Commercial areas at the intersections of Lakeland Drive and Cloverbar Road should be of a community scale and cater to local retail needs and designed to integrate with existing and future residential uses within the Plan area. 5.5 Section 11 (incl. portion of NW 2) Constraints Heavy Industrial Setback Zone from City of Edmonton - approximately ¼ of Section 11 lies within 1.5 km (of existing Heavy Industrial development) and 3.0 km (from vacant lands zoned for Heavy Industrial purposes) within the City of Edmonton. DND Heliport Zone - approximately 1/2 of Section 11 and a portion of Section 10 lies within the Edmonton Garrison Heliport Zoning Regulation which limits building height and any increased waterfowl hazard. SWMF’s may have to be constructed to minimize attraction of waterfowl. Stormwater management - There is an existing wetland at Sherwood Drive, draining northward through the road ditch and dispersed drainage channels flowing to the northwest and northeast. Existing Stormwater from Clover Bar Ranch - Stormwater flows from Clover Bar Ranch, in excess of 1:25 year events, will need to be managed on Section 11. This will increase the volumes and land requirements for stormwater management in Section 11. Pipeline rights-of-way - Existing gas and sewer pipelines if not relocated must be incorporated into neighbourhood design. This places limitations on roadway design, crossing angles and setbacks for housing. Land Use - A large portion of Section 11 is identified for non-residential uses, given the constraints of the Heavy Industrial setbacks. Integration and/or buffering between the commercial and business uses and residential areas will be required. Opportunities Stormwater Management - Opportunities exist for retention and integration of existing wetlands, linear drainage and pipelines as greenways in neighbourhoods connecting to park nodes and other pedestrian destinations. Regional Facilities - Integration/connection opportunities with the regional recreation facilities to the west of Sherwood Drive, Millennium Place & Centennial Park exist as well as connection to commercial areas. Open Space - Opportunity to promote both E-W and N-S open space connections. Highway Commercial - The Highway 16 exposure and access to Clover Bar Road and Sherwood Drive promote the north portion of Section 11 for large format commercial, catering to a regional scale of shopping. Urban design of such an area relative to the provincial highway will be critical. Business Commercial - Opportunities exist along the northern portion of Sherwood Drive. Community Commercial - Commercial areas at the intersections of Lakeland Drive and Sherwood Drive should be of a community scale and cater to local retail needs and those of the recreation users in Centennial Park. The site should be designed to integrate with existing and future residential uses within the Plan area. Topography - Terrain is varied with sloped and level lands, creating interesting grades and slopes. Topography can be used to “hide” commercial or apartment development from existing residents. Entrance treatments - Possible in conjunction with SWMF at major entrances from Highway 16 at Sherwood Drive and Cloverbar Road. Ownership - Land in this area is controlled by owners with development aspirations. This provides opportunity to create a comprehensively planned community of residential, commercial and business/employment uses. ### 5.6 SE Section 10 (incl. portion of NE 3) #### Constraints Heavy Industrial Risk Overlay (IRO) – the western portion of these lands lie within the 3km Industrial Risk Overlay. This Land Use Bylaw Overlay District establishes the level of risk for specific activities and assesses suitability within proximity to Heavy Industry. Certain activities or uses may be restricted within the overlay area regardless of the uses stated in the corresponding Land Use District. DND Heliport Zone - The Heliport Zone covers a significant portion of Section 10 and portion of Section 2 included in this Plan. The Edmonton Garrison Heliport Zoning Regulation limits building height and any increased waterfowl hazard. SWMF’s may have to be constructed minimize additional attraction of waterfowl. Significant Habitat & Wetlands - This portion of the Concept Plan contains large wooded and wetland areas, which received a high priority ranking (Ecological Assessment, Stantec, 2000) and should be retained. The wetland may also prove problematic if these wetlands are deemed hazardous as part of the Edmonton Garrison Heliport Zoning Regulation. Stormwater management - There is an existing wetland at Sherwood Drive, draining northward through the road ditch and dispersed drainage channels flowing to the northwest and northeast. #### Opportunities Topography - Terrain is varied with sloped and level lands, creating interesting grades, views and slopes. Regional Facilities - Integration/connection opportunities with the regional recreation facilities such as Millennium Place & Centennial Park are obvious due to their proximity. Stormwater Management - Opportunities exist for retention and integration of existing wetlands and tree stands as greenways connecting to park nodes and other pedestrian destinations. 6.0 Concept Plan Principles & Policies Based upon the work completed, the following “Development Principles” have been prepared. These Principles will provide direction, which will influence land use, transportation, servicing, and environmental considerations of future planning and development initiatives undertaken by private developers and area landowners. Policy statements have been included to provide more specific planning direction to private landowners and developers when undertaking detailed planning studies for their respective lands. The policies will also guide County Council and Administration in the review of Detailed Plan’s, rezoning, subdivision and development permit applications within the North of Lakeland Drive Area Concept Plan boundary. These Principles and Policies form the basis used to develop the more detailed land use concept outlined in Section 7. 6.1 General Urban Development Principle 1 Development in the Plan Area must conform to the land uses and policies of the Municipal Development Plan, as directed by the Municipal Government Act. Principle 2 Development in the Plan Area will provide for the orderly and efficient use of land and include a logical and cost effective extension of existing services in Sherwood Park. Principle 3 Future plans will promote comprehensively planned and integrated communities for residential, open space, commercial and business uses. Principle 4 Future development will recognize the “gateway” role the Plan Area will play for Strathcona County and Sherwood Park, and promote enhanced urban design and landscaping standards adjacent to Provincial Highways and along arterial roadways. Principle 5 Existing businesses and farm operations will be allowed to remain until developed for ultimate land uses. New development will consider these existing uses and provide necessary buffering and separation through on-site design. Principle 6 New development will incorporate development setbacks to respect existing and future heavy industrial developments, existing rail lines and future Highway expansions. Principle 7 Development costs will be proportionately apportioned amongst all benefiting land developers. Policy 6.1.1 No residential or institutional development will be permitted within the 1.5 km setback from existing Heavy Industrial businesses in Edmonton. Regard for the 3.0 km setback from future heavy industry in Edmonton must also be considered in the design of any institutional, and multiple family developments in Section 11. Policy 6.1.2 New developments will include appropriate setbacks and buffering from Highways 16 and 21. Policy 6.1.3 Development in NE 12 will be set back a minimum 30 m from the CN rail line and buffered with appropriate levels of berm and/or noise attenuation. Policy 6.1.4 Developments within 3km of the heavy industry located within Strathcona County boundaries must conform with the Heavy Industrial Risk Management Overlay district (IRO) requirements of the Land Use Bylaw once adopted. 6.2 Natural Areas & Open Space: Principle 1 Development of the Plan Area will promote the local natural features and the existing “parkland” image of Strathcona County and Sherwood Park and incorporate a naturalization program into new neighbourhood plans. Policy 6.2.1 The findings of the Ecological Assessment (Stantec 2000) will be reviewed to assess on-site natural features and determine their condition, sustainability and ability to be retained and incorporated into the new urban landscape. Policy 6.2.2 Existing wetlands and drainage courses should be integrated into future stormwater management schemes where topographically possible. Policy 6.2.3 Existing tree stands that are deemed to be sustainable should be integrated into new urban developments. Policy 6.2.4 Where existing tree stands are unsustainable or cannot be retained, enhanced tree planting should be encouraged. Principle 2 An open space system of integrated natural areas, park nodes, regional trails and pedestrian linkages will be provided for the benefit of both future residents within the Plan Area and existing residents in Sherwood Park. Policy 6.2.6 Local parks and pathways will be developed to provide regional linkages to existing residential communities, Centennial Park, Millennium Place, school sites, the Trans-Canada Trail and other open spaces. Policy 6.2.7 Linear pipeline rights-of-way, power line rights-of-way and stormwater management facilities will be incorporated into the open space and trail system. Policy 6.2.8 An 8 ha regional level park with playfields will be required in the north half of Section 11, for regional scale sports activities and may include a parks maintenance facility. The regional park site will include collector roadway accesses, which provide building siting and parking access in locations which do not negatively impact residential development. ### 6.3 Transportation Networks Principle 1 An integrated roadway and transit system will be provided that supports the levels and types of commercial, employment and residential development proposed in the Plan Area. Principle 2 The highways and arterial road system abutting and penetrating the Plan Area will be consistent with Strathcona County’s Transportation Master Plan and Provincial Highway Plans. Principle 3 A Transportation Impact Assessment (TIA) must be prepared and approved by Strathcona County prior to registration of the initial subdivision within an approved ASP. Policy 6.3.1 Development will allow for the logical extension of transit services from existing transit routes to service new residential, commercial and business areas. Policy 6.3.2 The layout and location of higher density residential land uses and the collector road network will be designed so as to be conducive to, and supportive of, efficient transit routing and short walking distances to transit service. Policy 6.3.3 There will be no direct access to provincial highways or arterial roadways from residential parcels. New Interchange structures on Highway 16 and 21 are to include and incorporate design elements for pedestrians and bicyclists. Policy 6.3.4 Existing accesses along the east side of Clover Bar Road (NW 12) should be consolidated to minimize the number of intersections and optimize operation of the roadway. Policy 6.3.5 Opportunities for long term collector road access between NE 12 and Clover Bar Road should be explored with owners in NW 12. The County to investigate options to provide access from NE 12 to Clover Bar Road including a service road connection north of Lakeland Village Manufactured Home Park. Policy 6.3.6 Notwithstanding Policy 6.3.5, any future plans for major redevelopment or intensification of existing residential lands in NW 12 shall include the provision of a public collector roadway to provide access between NE 12 and Clover Bar Road. Policy 6.3.7 Collector roadway access to new neighbourhoods shall be generally in those locations identified in this Concept Plan. Policy 6.3.8 Self-enforcing traffic calming measures will be required on all collector roadways. Such measures could include, but are not limited to, traffic roundabouts, reduced carriageway widths, “no parking” zones, raised table intersections, median islands and/or cross walks. Policy 6.3.9 Local straight or near straight roads shall have a maximum unimpeded length of 215 m. Policy 6.3.10 A minimum 400 m separation distance should be provided between signalized intersections along arterial roadways. Policy 6.3.11 A minimum 200 m separation distance should be provided between signalized arterial intersections and non-signalized, all-turns access to commercial properties along all arterial roadways. Principle 4 Neighbourhood collector and local roadway networks will be designed to provide adequate access to various uses within the Plan Area, yet discourage and minimize the prospect for speeding and shortcutting. Policy 6.3.12 Long, continuous and excessively wide collector roadways are discouraged. Policy 6.3.13 Neighbourhood plans are to be designed such that the maximum volume on collector roads is not greater than 5,000 vehicle trips per day, except within 200 m of intersections with arterial roads, where volumes could be expected to increase by 50% providing the lane design is adequate to accommodate the traffic volumes and turning movements. Policy 6.3.14 There should be no single family lot access to collector roads except in low-volume sections consistent with the Strathcona County Engineering Servicing Standards. Policy 6.3.15 The local roadway network should be designed to result in no more than 1000 vehicle trips per day on any local roadway link, wherever possible. Policy 6.3.16 The collector network should be configured to facilitate efficient circulation and access to residential and commercial/business areas by Strathcona Transit buses. Access to transit stops from residential and commercial sites should be no greater than 500 m walking distance. 6.4 Residential Development Principle 1 New residential developments will respect existing and future Heavy Industrial businesses and be adequately separated so as to minimize potential negative impacts and operational conflicts. Policy 6.4.1 No residential development will be permitted within the 1.5 km setback from existing Heavy Industrial businesses in Edmonton. Policy 6.4.2 No residential development will be permitted within the 3 km IRO District of the Land Use Bylaw. Principle 2 Residential neighbourhood plans will include master planned themes, which establish a unique community identity, recognize elements of sustainable development, innovative siting and architecture, energy conservation and access considerations. Principle 3 Encourage housing diversity, which accommodates a mix of built forms, densities, ages, income levels and tenure of housing for residential neighbourhoods while maintaining a predominately single detached character. Principle 4 To ensure consistency with the developed areas of Sherwood Park a minimum 70% of residential development within any Area Structure Plan Boundary must be low density. Policy 6.4.3 Units designated for low density residential uses range from 10 – 21.5 units/net ha. Low-density forms include single detached, semi-detached and may include duplex and townhouse forms which don’t exceed 21.5 units/ net ha. Policy 6.4.4 Lane accessed, single detached lots will be permitted where collector roadways limit access and in areas where a comprehensive development plan demonstrates the integration of lanes with adjacent uses and the provision of sufficient access points to ensure year round use of the lanes and rear parking areas. Policy 6.4.5 Except for existing developments or those with an approved ASP, a maximum of 10% of all low-density residential development may be developed as laned product. Principle 5 Opportunities will be provided to incorporate new multiple unit housing forms which meet a demonstrated demographic and market need in Sherwood Park, and which are compatible in scale and design to surrounding developments. Policy 6.4.6 Units designated for medium density residential uses range from 21.5 – 37 units/net ha. Medium density housing forms can include, duplexes, triplexes, four-plexes, townhouses, and low-rise (maximum height 14 m) apartments to a maximum density of 37 units/net ha. Policy 6.4.7 Multiple unit housing developments shall have regard for the housing form and character of the single detached homes within the corresponding neighbourhood. Policy 6.4.8 Multiple unit housing developments should be located and designed to provide an interface between single detached developments and higher intensity uses such as commercial lots, business uses and arterial roadways. Policy 6.4.9 Multiple unit housing developments should be located along collector roadways near intersections with arterial roadways, proximity to parks and open spaces, utility corridors, transit routes and commercial sites. Policy 6.4.10 The location and siting of multiple unit housing developments should minimize massing impacts when viewed from roadways and adjacent residential areas and have regard for form and character of single detached developments on adjacent sites and neighbouring communities. Principle 6 Existing residential developments in NE 12 will remain. Policy 6.4.11 Lakeland Village and Jubilee Landing will remain as low density, single-family manufactured housing developments. Any proposal to redevelop these sites will be subject to the preparation of a comprehensive Area Redevelopment Plan. Expansion into NE 12 will require the preparation of an Area Structure Plan. Policy 6.4.12 The existing country residential parcel (Plan 2139 KS, Lot B) lying SW of Jubilee Landing will be considered for residential intensification, subject to the provision of appropriate access, the logical extension of roadways, and municipal services and will require the preparation of a comprehensive rezoning and development application. 6.5 Residential Urban Village Developments Principle 1 Provide a compact well designed mix of housing, shops and services within an integrated “village” setting at slightly higher densities than surrounding residential uses. Principle 2 Encourage the provision of a variety of housing options and care services for people as they advance through stages of life. Policy 6.5.1 Urban Village #1 is intended to provide a variety of housing options from independent living, assisted living and extended care facilities within an integrated village development. Village commercial services may also be included that cater to the immediate needs of the residents of the village. These may include pharmacies, beauticians, travel agencies, financial services, convenience retail etc. Policy 6.5.2 Urban Village #1 shall have an overall average density of 50 units/net ha and may contain several housing forms from single detached, semi-detached, town housing, low-rise apartments (to a maximum height of 16 m) and care facilities. Densities of non self-contained units (rooms without a kitchen) within care facilities will be calculated so that 5 beds will be considered equivalent to 1 unit. Policy 6.5.3 Urban Village #2 is intended to provide a variety of commercial and medical uses which cater to the general public integrated with a mix of medium density housing forms at slightly higher average densities than the surrounding residential neighbourhoods (overall average density of 50 units/ net ha). Housing forms may include: semi-detached, duplexes, town housing, and low-rise apartments (maximum height 16 m). Policy 6.5.4 Convenient pedestrian circulation will be encouraged within urban village developments which will connect to the larger community trail network. Policy 6.5.5 Urban village developments will be designed to provide convenient transit access. 6.6 Commercial Developments Principle 1 The Plan area will provide adequate and appropriate scale and format of commercial opportunities to meet the immediate neighbourhood, community and regional market needs depending on the specific site being considered. Principle 2 Commercial development adjacent to Highway 16 will be well planned and feature enhanced visual design to enforce the area’s gateway role to Strathcona County and Sherwood Park. Policy 6.6.1 Opportunities will be provided for large format commercial developments (larger than 10 acres) adjacent to Highway 16. These commercial areas will be for businesses which require high visibility and accessibility and provide retail and service needs oriented towards the regional shopping needs of Strathcona County and the traveling public. Policy 6.6.2 Highway commercial developments will be accessed from a dedicated commercial collector road, to minimize impacts on access to adjacent businesses and residential neighbourhoods. Policy 6.6.3 Opportunities will be provided for community scale commercial developments (up to 4 ha) at intersections of arterial roadways. These community commercial sites will provide local retail and personal service businesses oriented towards the daily shopping needs of residents in the immediate area. Policy 6.6.4 Community commercial sites will be designed with sufficient accesses to arterial and collector roadways, and developed to minimize impacts of built form, signage, lighting and operations on adjacent neighbourhoods. Policy 6.6.5 The design of commercial sites will reflect a continuity of architectural style, scale and form to integrate with adjacent developments. Policy 6.6.6 The existing commercial development in NW 12 will be allowed to remain and redevelop as a community commercial site, subject to development approval, ensuring proper access is maintained and services are made available. 6.7 Business/Employment Development Principle 1 Appropriate business and employment uses will be supported for lands, which fall within the Heavy Industrial setback area of the City of Edmonton. (NW Section 11) Policy 6.7.1 Business/Employment uses suitable for this area include non-retail business and service businesses such as professional offices, research and development, laboratories, and could include post-secondary educational facilities with no residential component. Policy 6.7.2 Retail developments will not be permitted in the Business/Employment Area, except as ancillary uses to a non-retail use. Policy 6.7.3 Business/Employment developments will provide appropriate levels of landscaping and screening along Sherwood Drive and internal collector roadways adjacent to residential development and adjacent open spaces. Policy 6.7.4 No outdoor storage will be allowed within the Business/Employment area. 6.8 Servicing & Utilities Principle 1 Urban levels of service including roadways, sanitary sewer, storm sewer and water will be provided in all areas of the Plan Area, in an efficient and cost effective manner. Policy 6.8.1 Extension of services needed to service urban development will be paid for by the developers. Policy 6.8.2 Detailed servicing studies and engineering designs will be required at the detailed Area Structure Plan, zoning and/or subdivision stages, as required by Strathcona County. Policy 6.8.3 Stormwater management facilities will be provided to Alberta Environment and County standards. Policy 6.8.4 Any stormwater management facilities located within the Edmonton Garrison Heliport Zone must be circulated to the Department of National Defense for comment and designed in such a way that they will not attract waterfowl. Policy 6.8.5 Existing developments in the Plan Area will be required to connect to municipal services once services are made available. Principle 2 Existing municipal utilities, electrical lines and gas pipelines within the Plan Area will remain and be accommodated within plans for new urban development. Policy 6.8.6 The existing utilities will be protected within public roadways or Public Utility Lots and integrated into the Plan area’s open space system. Details of how these facilities are to be protected and landscaped will be provided at the detailed Area Structure Plan stage. 6.9 Urban Design Principle 1 Development will recognize and promote the overall Area’s “gateway” role to Sherwood Park and Strathcona County, by providing quality, high level urban design which promotes an appropriate interface between urban and rural development. Policy 6.9.1 Encourage development adjacent to Highway 16, Highway 21, Sherwood Drive, Lakeland Drive and Clover Bar Road to incorporate enhanced standards of architecture, signage and landscaping features. Policy 6.9.2 Residential development will incorporate appropriate noise attenuation, separation and visual screening which may include berms, noise walls, screen fencing, landscaping, or a combination of all. Policy 6.9.3 Highway commercial, business/employment and community commercial uses should be encouraged to incorporate a higher standard of architectural design, landscaping and signing elements to improve the visual impact of these developments and enhance the gateway role these lands play for Strathcona County and Sherwood Park. Principle 2 The Area’s overall “gateway” role to Sherwood Park and Strathcona County, shall be enhanced through the preparation of detailed design guidelines for the Highway 16 Corridor which concerns lands within the public realm, within the Highway right-of-way, and privately owned lands within 800m of the Highway 16 right-of-way. Policy 6.9.4 Promote a higher standard of design and aesthetics for privately owned lands being developed within 800 m of the Highway 16 right-of-way. Policy 6.9.5 Commercial developments should reflect a similar architectural theme, which creates visual interest when viewed from Highway 16, through variations to building form, height, massing and siting. Policy 6.9.6 All parking and loading areas should be oriented away from the Highway 16 Corridor and screened from the view of Highway 16 travelers by buildings, berms and landscaping. Policy 6.9.7 Outside storage will not be permitted for commercial and business uses lying within the Highway 16 Corridor area. Policy 6.9.8 On-site landscaping should emphasize the re-integration of natural elements. This can include the clustering of trees/shrubs within yards adjacent to Highway 16 as well the inclusion of “islands of vegetation” within surface parking areas. Policy 6.9.9 Fencing adjacent to Highway 16 should be installed behind the landscaped area fronting onto the Highway. Principle 4 Promote a high standard of design and aesthetics for municipally owned lands lying within the Plan Area and the Highway 16 Corridor. Policy 6.9.10 The proposed stormwater management sites lying adjacent to Highway 16 should be developed and promoted as part of a gateway feature, providing locations for “welcoming” signage and highlighting the County’s goals of environmental protection, sustainable development and enhancement of natural habitat. Policy 6.9.11 Enhanced levels of landscaping and tree planting are encouraged within the arterial roadway boulevards. Policy 6.9.12 Public boulevards adjacent to the roadway fronting the highway commercial lands should include pedestrian walking areas and landscaping to complement improvements on private commercial lands. Principle 5 Promote a high standard of design and aesthetics for provincially owned lands lying within the Highway 16 Corridor. Policy 6.9.13 The County will work in conjunction with Alberta Transportation to develop appropriate landscaping standards for provincially owned lands within the Highway 16 Corridor. Policy 6.9.14 The County will work in conjunction with Alberta Transportation to develop appropriate entrance and way-finding signage themes and locations within the Highway 16 Corridor. Policy 6.9.15 Work with Alberta Transportation so that new interchange structures at Highway 16/21 and Highway 16/Sherwood Drive incorporate design elements such as architectural design, public art, colour and enhanced lighting standards which can create a prominent “entrance” to Strathcona County and Sherwood Park for highway travelers. Policy 6.9.16 Encourage Alberta Transportation to include pedestrian facilities and access across new interchange structures. Policy 6.9.17 Land use, urban design and access principles and policies established within this Concept Plan should be further refined through a comprehensive Highway 16 Corridor study, undertaken in conjunction with Alberta Transportation and the City of Edmonton. 7.0 Land Use Concept 7.1 Introduction The purpose of this Area Concept Plan is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the entire Plan Area and identify issues of importance and concern across the greater plan area: issues that might not be identified through piecemeal, small developments. The intention of this study is to provide direction and a framework to guide future development. A land use concept is presented as Figure 9. The land use concept demonstrates how the overall Planning Principles and Policies presented in Section 6.0 should be applied to a generalized land use concept for the entire Plan Area. Subsequent planning exercises will be required to follow the intent provided by this Area Concept Plan, which will also include additional opportunities for public review and comment. The detailed Area Structure Plans and future site-specific developments brought in by landowners and developers may only slightly modify road patterns, open space allocations and land uses as presented in this Plan. ## 7.2 General Land Use Statistics \| Category \| Area (ha) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------\| \| Total Plan Area \| 550 \| \| Highway Widening & Arterial Roads \| 24 \| \| Gross Developable Area \| 526 \| \| Less: \| \| \| Municipal Reserve (10% GDA) \| 53 \| \| Circulation (Assume 20% GDA) \| 105 \| \| Stormwater Management \| 16 \| \| Net Developable Area \| 352 \| ### Section 10 \| Category \| Area (ha) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------\| \| Urban Village #2 \| 14 \| \| Open space \| 38 \| \| Total \| 52 \| ### Section 11 \| Category \| Area (ha) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------\| \| Residential \| 68 \| \| Urban Village #1 \| 20 \| \| Highway Commercial \| 34 \| \| Community Commercial \| 4 \| \| Business Services \| 18 \| \| Regional Park \| - \| \| Total \| 144 \| (8 ha – included as part of MR dedication) ### Section 12 (less NW 12) \| Category \| Area (ha) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------\| \| Summerwood Residential \| 80 \| \| NE 12 Residential \| 32 \| \| Community Commercial \| 3 \| \| Total \| 115 \| ### Existing Development in NW 12 \| Category \| Area (ha) \| \|-----------------------------------------------\|-----------\| \| NW 12 (ex. Manufactured housing) \| 38 \| \| Existing Country Residential Site \| 1 \| \| NW 12 (ex. Commercial) \| 2 \| \| Total \| 41 \| (On-site SWMF, parkettes and roads assumed at 8 ha) Net Developable Area 352 ha ## 7.3 Residential – Unit and Population Projections at Maximum Density ### Section 10 Breakdown by Net Area (14 ha) \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| Urban Village #2 \| 50u/ha \| 700 \| 1.78 \| 1,246 \| Total \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| 14 \| 50u/ha \| 700 \| 1.78 \| 1,246 \| ### Section 11 Breakdown by Net Area (88 ha) \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| Low Density (70%) \| 21.5u/ha \| 1032 \| 2.4 \| 2,477 \| \| Medium Density (30%) \| 37u/ha \| 740 \| 1.78 \| 1,317 \| \| Urban Village #1 \| 50u/ha \| 1,000 \| 1.78 \| 1,780 \| Total \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| 48 \| 21.5u/ha \| 1032 \| 2.4 \| 2,477 \| \| 20 \| 37u/ha \| 740 \| 1.78 \| 1,317 \| \| 20 \| 50u/ha \| 1,000 \| 1.78 \| 1,780 \| Total \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| 88 \| \| 2,772 \| \| 5,574 \| ### S1/2 Section 12 Breakdown by Net Area (80 ha) \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| Low Density (70%) \| 21.5u/ha \| 1,204 \| 2.4 \| 2,890 \| \| Medium Density (30%) \| 37u/ha \| 888 \| 1.78 \| 1,581 \| Total \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| 56 \| 21.5u/ha \| 1,204 \| 2.4 \| 2,890 \| \| 24 \| 37u/ha \| 888 \| 1.78 \| 1,581 \| Total \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| 80 \| \| 2,092 \| \| 4,471 \| ### NE Section 12 Breakdown by Net Area (32 ha) \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| Low Density (70%) \| 21.5u/ha \| 475 \| 2.4 \| 1,135 \| \| Medium Density (30%) \| 37u/ha \| 370 \| 1.78 \| 659 \| Total \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| 22 \| 21.5u/ha \| 475 \| 2.4 \| 1,135 \| \| 10 \| 37u/ha \| 370 \| 1.78 \| 659 \| Total \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| 32 \| \| 845 \| \| 1,794 \| ### Existing Development in NW 12 (39 ha) \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| Manufactured Housing \| 21.5u/ha \| 817 \| 2.26 \| 1,846 \| \| Medium Density Multiple Unit \| 37u/ha \| 37 \| 1.78 \| 66 \| Total \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| 38 \| 21.5u/ha \| 817 \| 2.26 \| 1,846 \| \| 1 \| 37u/ha \| 37 \| 1.78 \| 66 \| Total \| Area (ha) \| Density \| Units \| Persons/Unit \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|---------\|-------\|--------------\|-----------------\| \| 39 \| \| 854 \| \| 1,912 \| ### Total Concept Plan - Residential \| Area (ha) \| Units \| Total Population \| \|-----------\|-------\|-----------------\| \| 252 \| 7,263 \| 14,997 \| 8.0 Implementation of the Concept Plan The MDP and this Concept Plan are inconsistent, thereby requiring a concurrent amendment to the MDP. Recommendations for such amendments, which must be adopted prior to approval of the ACP, are as follows: 8.1 Municipal Development Plan (Bylaw 38-98) 1. MDP (Policy 10.55) should be amended to recognize expansion potential of the manufactured housing districts into the NE of 12. 2. Amend the MDP to identify the ultimate Highway 16 right of way and interchange requirements and adjust or remove policy area designations for these lands where appropriate. 3. The lands designated Regional Arterial Commercial Policy Area in a portion SW of Section 11-53-23 and portions of Section 2-53-23 should be removed and designated Urban Service Area Residential Policy Area to more appropriately reflect the community commercial uses being proposed. 4. The MDP should be amended to reflect the land uses proposed in the SE Section 10-53-23 and NE Section 3-53-23. 5. Amend the MDP to include a definition of “Urban Village”. 8.2 Detailed Area Structure Plans & Area Redevelopment Plans 1. Detailed Area Structure Plans (ASP) will be required for all undeveloped portions of the Concept Plan area with the exception of SE Section 10-53-23 and NE Section 3-53-23 North of Lakeland Drive. Each ASP must be consistent with the principles and policies of the MDP and this Area Concept Plan and prepared as per the requirements of Policy SER 008-007 of the Strathcona County Policy Handbook. 2. Any future redevelopment proposals contemplated within NW 12, will require the preparation of an Area Redevelopment Plan (ARP) which meets the intention of the Municipal Development Plan and this Area Concept Plan. 8.3 Summerwood Area Structure Plan (Bylaw 27-2002) 1. The Summerwood Area Structure Plan should be amended to recognize the revised collector road alignments, and additional collector road access onto Lakeland Drive. 8.4 Land Use Bylaw (Bylaw 8 – 2001) 1. Existing development in NW 12-53-23 will continue under the provisions of the current land use district and approved development permits. 8.5 Other 1. A comprehensive Master Drainage Plan should be undertaken for the entire Section 12-53-23. 2. NE 12-53-23 will require sanitary sewer connections to Clover Bar Road, via a sewer line along the north side of Lakeland Village. An easement for this long-term sanitary line should be registered adjacent to the Highway 16 right-of-way. 3. In consultation with Albert Transportation, prepare Highway 16 Corridor Design Guidelines to be implemented as an overlay district in the Land Use Bylaw.
Voluntary Participation in Cyber-insurance Markets Parinaz Naghizadeh, Mingyan Liu Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2122 Email: \{naghizad, mingyan\}@umich.edu Abstract—The study of cyber-insurance, both as a method for transferring residual cyber-security risks, and as an incentive mechanism for internalizing the externalities of security investments in interdependent systems, has received considerable attention in the literature. On one hand, it has been shown that competitive insurance markets, even though ensuring user participation, fail to improve the overall network security. On the other hand, existing literature illustrates how a monopolist insurer can induce socially optimal behavior (under a binary decision model). Nevertheless, participation in the latter market is assumed to be mandatory. In this paper, we ask the question of whether socially optimal security investments in an interdependent system can be incentivized through non-compulsory insurance. To do so, we will not consider the competitive market model due to its inefficiencies, and focus instead on the role of a monopolist profit-neutral insurer acting as a regulator in implementing the socially optimal investment profile in an interdependent security game. We first propose an insurance design mechanism that allows a continuous decision model. We then study users’ participation incentives under this mechanism. We show that due to the non-excludable nature of security as a public good, there may exist scenarios in which it is impossible to guarantee that users voluntarily purchase insurance. We discuss the implication of this impossibility and possible ways to circumvent it. Index Terms—Security, cyber-insurance, interdependent security games, voluntary participation. I. INTRODUCTION The use of insurance, or more precisely cyber-insurance as it is referred to in the realm of computer security, as a means of mitigating cyber-attack losses and enhancing the reliability of computer systems has been receiving increased attention both in the literature, as well as in practice, as suggested by the growing market for cyber-insurance contracts. There are currently over 30 insurance carriers offering cyber-insurance contracts in the US [1], [2]. Many insurers have reported growths of 10-25% in premiums in a 2012 survey of the market [2], with some carriers reporting even higher rates. For example, one carrier reports an increase of 33% from 2011 to 2012 in the number of clients purchasing their contracts [3]. The total amount of premiums written are estimated to be between $500M and $1bn [1]. Typical premiums are estimated to start from $10k - $25k and go as high as $50M [1], [2]. These contracts are reported to have an average of $16.8M limits [3], with some coverage limits up to $200M-$300M [1]. We refer the interested reader to [1], [2], [4] for additional information on both the US and the UK insurance markets, as well as common types of coverage offered through these policies, and the typical exclusions. Aside for the use of cyber-insurance as a risk transfer mechanism, i.e., as a means of managing residual security risks, insurance has been considered as a potential solution to the problem of under-investment in security in interdependent systems. A. Sub-optimality of security investments In general, the effort exerted by a user, entity, or network, to secure its system not only protects that user from security breaches, but also improves the security posture of other users connected to it, by decreasing the likelihood of an indirect attack originating from the former entity. Accordingly, users’ investments in security in such systems are often viewed as a public good with positive externalities. Within this context, a strategic user out of self-interest may not only choose to ignore the externality of its actions on others, but can further choose to free-ride on others’ efforts, resulting in an overall under-investment in security, which then leads to lower overall levels of security. The problem of (under-)investment in security by an interconnected group of strategic users, both in general as well as in the context of computer security, has been extensively studied in the framework of game theory, see e.g. [5]–[10], and is often formulated as an Interdependent Security (IDS) game. In the majority of the literature, under-investment in security is verified by finding the levels of effort exerted in a Nash equilibrium of the IDS game, and comparing them with the socially optimal levels of investment. This under-investment problem motivates the study of mechanisms for improving network security, and ideally, driving the system to its socially optimal state (see [10] for a recent survey). Below we briefly summarize the literature on cyber-insurance as a potential method for enhancing a system’s security by incentivizing user cooperation. B. Cyber-insurance as an incentive mechanism The study of cyber-insurance both as a method for mitigating cyber-security risks and as an incentive mechanism for internalizing the externalities of security investments has received considerable attention, see e.g. [5], [10]–[18]. In addition to the classic insurance problems of adverse selection... (higher risk users seek more protection) and moral hazard (users lower their investment in self-protection after being insured), the design of cyber-insurance contracts is further complicated by the risk interdependencies and the possibility of correlated damages in an interconnected system. The literature on cyber-insurance has mainly focused on one of the two market environments of competitive or monopolistic insurers. On one hand, it can be shown that in competitive insurance markets, the introduction of insurance contracts not only fails to improve, but can further worsen network security relative to a no-insurance scenario [13], [16]. This is because contracts offered in such markets are optimal from the viewpoint of individual users, whereas socially optimal contracts should be designed by keeping social welfare in mind. On the other hand, it is shown that by engaging in premium discrimination, a monopolistic profit-neutral cyber-insurer can induce socially optimal security investments in an interdependent system where security decisions are binary [14]–[16]. Despite the shortcomings of competitive markets in implementing socially optimal solutions, a competitive approach to insurance contract design provides the benefit that the participation of users in the market will be guaranteed, as their self-interest is satisfied. In contrast, although [14]–[16] implement the socially optimal solution in the binary decision framework, participation is assumed to be mandatory, e.g., users are enforced through policy mandates to purchase insurance. In the remainder of this paper, we ask the question of whether socially optimal security efforts can be incentivized through non-compulsory insurance? That is, we take on the latter viewpoint on insurance markets, focusing on implementing the socially optimal investment profile in an IDS game by considering a monopolist profit-neutral insurer, i.e., an insurance regulator, and study users’ participation incentives in these markets. C. Main contributions In this paper, we take a mechanism design approach to the security investment problem, and present a message exchange process through which users converge to an equilibrium where they make the socially optimal levels of investment in security. The proposed method, which is adapted from the externality mechanism proposed by Hurwicz in [19], is applicable to a general model of interdependence, and captures heterogeneity in users’ preferences, costs, and their importance to the system. In particular, this model allows for continuous levels of effort. Therefore, our work complements the existing results in [14]–[16], by proposing a mechanism that achieves similar benefits in a non-binary setting. More importantly, our other goal in this paper is to elucidate the nature of participation incentives in the insurance market with security interdependencies. We show that with a general model of interdependencies and as a result of the non-excludable nature of security as a public good, the insurance regulator may not be able to guarantee that users voluntarily purchase protection form the market. These constraints have not been specifically addressed in the literature on monopolistic cyber-insurance [14]–[16]. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to study users’ voluntary participation in cyber-insurance markets. D. Paper organization The rest of this paper is organized as follows. We present our model and main assumptions in Section II, and introduce our proposed insurance mechanism in Section III. Further illustration using two numerical simulations in provided in Section IV. We discuss users’ participation incentives in Section V, followed by further interpretation of our observations and possible remedies in Section VI. Section VII concludes the paper. II. MODEL AND PRELIMINARIES Consider a collection of $N$ users, referred to as the system. Each user $i$ can choose a non-negative level of investment on security measures or protection, denoted by $x_i$, and incur a cost of $h_i(x_i)$. We assume $h_i : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_+$ is differentiable, strictly increasing, and strictly convex, for all $i$. Intuitively, this means that security measures get increasingly costly as their effectiveness increases. Let $\mathbf{x} := (x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_N)$ denote the profile of users’ security investments. We denote user $i$’s security risk function by $f_i(\mathbf{x})$. The security risk function models the probability that a successful security attack on a particular user occurs, and may vary among different users depending on their security interdependencies. Let $L_i$ denote user $i$’s losses in case a security breach occurs. Note that users may be able to decrease their potential losses by investing in self-insurance measures (e.g. data backup) [7], [20]. If such options are available to users, $L_i$ will denote the residual losses of user $i$, i.e., losses that can not be mitigated through self-insurance alone. The expected losses of an individual in the system is therefore given by $L_i f_i(\mathbf{x})$. We assume $f_i : \mathbb{R}^N \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_+$ is differentiable, strictly decreasing in all $x_j$, and strictly convex in all $x_j$, for all $i, j$. This assumption states that the security risk decreases as the investment in security increases. In particular, $\partial f_i / \partial x_j < 0$, $j \neq i$ models the positive externality of security investments. The assumption of convexity means that while initial investment in security offers considerable protection, the rate of risk reduction slows down at higher investment levels, as there is no security measure that could fully prevent malicious activities [9], [10]. The utility function of user $i$ is thus given by: $$u_i(\mathbf{x}) = -L_i f_i(\mathbf{x}) - h_i(x_i). \quad (1)$$ The strategic game $(\{1, 2, \ldots, N\}, \{x_i \geq 0\}, \{u_i(\cdot)\})$ among the $N$ utility-maximizing users will be referred to as the Interdependent Security (IDS) game. 1We note that the term “monopolistic” generally implies the use of exclusive market power for profit maximization, while in our model this monopolistic insurer is profit-neutral essentially acting as a regulator through insurance means [14]. The use of the term however is consistent with literature in this area, see e.g., [14]–[16]. For this reason, we will henceforth use the terms “insurance regulator” and “nonprofitic insurer” interchangeably. The Nash equilibria (NE) of IDS games have been extensively studied in the literature. These studies often point out to the inefficiency of these NE as compared to the socially optimal (SO) levels of investment in security. The socially optimal profile of security investments $x^$ is the profile of investments that maximizes the social welfare, and is determined by the solution to the following centralized optimization problem: $$\max_{x \geq 0} \sum_{i=1}^{N} u_i(x). \quad (2)$$ Given the model assumptions, our IDS game has a unique socially optimal solution. Our goal in Section III is to design insurance contracts, the purchase of which will induce this socially optimal investments by the users without directly solving the above centralized problem. To do so, we will focus on an insurance regulator who offers insurance contracts $\{\rho_i, I_i\}$ where the two elements are interpreted as follows: $\rho_i$ is the premium paid by user $i$, and $I_i$ the indemnification payment or coverage provided to user $i$ if an incident occurs. The utility of a user $i$ when purchasing insurance is thus given by: $$u_i(x, \rho_i, I_i) = -(L_i - I_i)f_i(x) - h_i(x_i) - \rho_i. \quad (3)$$ We note that the insurer may offer partial coverage ($I_i < L_i$), full coverage ($I_i = L_i$), or additional compensation ($I_i > L_i$) in case of a loss. In the latter case, a negative $L_i - I_i$ implies an additional reward to user $i$. We should emphasize that the assumption of a monopolist insurer is key in our setting. Our focus is on implementing the socially optimal investment profile in an IDS game; we thus do not consider a competitive market model due to its inefficiencies and instead investigate the role of a monopolist insurer. It should be noted that a contract may include additional terms such as deductible, premium discount for being incident-free, separate coverage for catastrophic events, etc. However, we shall show that an insurer can implement the socially optimal solution using the most simple contracts consisting only of a premium and a coverage level. The potential benefits of introducing additional dimensions is discussed in Section VI. The expected profit of the insurer offering a set of contracts $\{\rho_i, I_i\}_{i=1}^{N}$ is given by: $$P = \sum_i \rho_i - \sum_i I_i f_i(x). \quad (4)$$ We will further assume that the insurer is profit neutral. This assumption is common in the mechanism design literature, often referred to as the budget balance condition in mechanisms that use monetary taxation.\footnote{In fact, it is easy to see that a profit making monopolist insurer can only make the voluntary participation constraints even harder to satisfy, as this profit could have been used to incentivize user cooperation. As we aim to understand participation incentive in this study, we will adopt this assumption.} In our context the role of the monopolist insurer may very well be played by a government agency, in which case profit-neutrality becomes a natural assumption. Consequently, we are interested in insurance contracts satisfying $\sum_i \rho_i = \sum_i I_i f_i(x)$. Given this, the socially optimal solution to (2) is the same whether we consider (1) or (3) as users’ utility functions. ### III. Insurance Contract Design In this section, we present a mechanism that can achieve the socially optimal solution to (2). A decentralized mechanism is specified by a game form $(\mathcal{M}, g)$. - The message space $\mathcal{M} := \Pi_{i=1}^{N}\mathcal{M}_i$ specifies the set of permissible messages $\mathcal{M}_i$ for each user $i$. - The outcome function $g : \mathcal{M} \rightarrow \mathcal{A}$ determines the outcome of the game based on the users’ messages. Here, $\mathcal{A}$ is the space of all security investment, premium, and coverage profiles, i.e., $(x, \rho, I)$. The game form, together with the utility functions (3), define a game, given by $(\mathcal{M}, g(\cdot), \{u_i(\cdot)\})$. We will henceforth refer to this as the regulated IDS game or the IDS game induced by the mechanism. We say the message profile $m^$ is a Nash equilibrium of this game, if $$u_i(g(m^, m^_{-i})) \geq u_i(g(m_i, m^_{-i})), \quad \forall m_i, \quad \forall i. \quad (5)$$ The components of our mechanism are as follows. Each user $i$ provides a message $m_i := (x_i, \pi_i)$ to the insurer. $x_i \in \mathbb{R}^N$ denotes user $i$’s proposal on the public good, i.e., it proposes the amount of security investment to be made by everyone in the system, referred to as an investment profile. $\pi_i \in \mathbb{R}_+^N$ denotes a pricing profile which suggests the equivalent amount to be paid by everyone. As illustrated below, this is used by the insurer to determine the insurance contracts of all users. Therefore, the pricing profile is user $i$’s proposal on the private good. The outcome function $g(\cdot)$ takes the message profiles $m := \{m_1, m_2, \ldots, m_N\}$ as input, and determines the security investment profile $\hat{x}$ and an intermediate net payment profile $\hat{t}$ as follows: $$\hat{x}(m) = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} x_i, \quad (6)$$ $$\hat{t}_i(m) = (\pi_{i+1} - \pi_{i+2})^T \hat{x}(m) + (x_i - x_{i+1})^T \text{diag}(\pi_i)(x_i - x_{i+1}) - (x_{i+1} - x_{i+2})^T \text{diag}(\pi_{i+1})(x_{i+1} - x_{i+2}), \quad \forall i. \quad (7)$$ In (7), for simplicity $N+1$ and $N+2$ are treated as 1 and 2, respectively. Once the net payment profile $\hat{t}$ is calculated, the insurer determines the optimal contracts $\{\hat{\rho}_i, \hat{I}_i\}_{i=1}^{N}$ based on the following equations: $$\hat{\rho}_i - \hat{I}_i f_i(\hat{x}) = \hat{t}_i, \quad \forall i. \quad (8)$$ The choice of the term “net payment” should now be clear from (8). Notice also that by (7), we have $\sum_i \hat{t}_i = 0$. Together with (4), this implies that the profit-neutral condition of the insurer is automatically satisfied through this construction. What this means is that the insurer will not be spending resources or making profit, as the users whose net payment $\hat{t}_i$ is positive will be financing the insurance coverage for those who have negative net payments. The above equations may have many solutions, each of which results in an optimal contract. The choice lies with the insurer, e.g., it may offer full coverage in return for a high premium, or a lower-premium contract with partial coverage. Note that users are not able to change either their premium or their coverage level directly, but can potentially alter their net payment $\hat{t}_i$ through their message. It is worthwhile to highlight an alternative interpretation for the intermediate net payment profile $\hat{\mathbf{t}}$. Even though the profile $\hat{\mathbf{t}}$ has been used as a stepping stone in finding the optimal insurance contracts in our proposed mechanism, one could simply view this profile as a monetary taxation/reward to incentivize optimal user behavior. Our previous work on the proposed mechanism in the context of IDS games [21], as well as similar decentralized mechanisms proposed in [19], [22], are based on this interpretation. A. An intuitive explanation Intuitively, the above mechanism operates as follows. The investment profile $\hat{\mathbf{x}}$ gives the levels of investment suggested by the insurer for each player. This vector is derived by taking the average of all users’ proposals for the public good. To ensure that these proposals are consistent, and eventually match the socially optimal levels of investment, the insurer designs the insurance contracts according to (7) and (8). To highlight this feature, we consider the three terms in (7) separately. First, we note that a user $i$ can only affect the first term $(\pi_{i+1} - \pi_{i+2})^T \hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}})$ in its net payment by altering its proposal on the investment profile. We will illustrate the role of this term shortly. The second term in (7) is included to punish discrepancies among users’ proposals on the investment profile by increasing their net payment in case of disagreement. Lastly, the third term, which is independent of user $i$’s message, is included to satisfy the profit-neutral constraint of the insurer. As discussed in the proof of Theorem 1, the last two terms will be zero at an equilibrium of the regulated IDS game. Nevertheless, the inclusion of these terms is required to ensure convergence to the socially optimal solution, and also for balancing the insurer’s budget. We now highlight the role of the first term in (7), and its close relation to the positive externality effects of users’ actions. As shown in the proof of Theorem 1, at the equilibrium $\hat{\mathbf{m}}^$ of the regulated IDS game, the net payment of a user $i$ reduces to $\hat{t}_i = \mathbf{l}_i^T \hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^)$, where $\mathbf{l}_i^ := \pi_{i+1}^* - \pi_{i+2}^$. If net payments are determined according to these prices, the socially optimal investments $\hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^)$ will be individually optimal as well, i.e., $$\hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^) = \arg \min_{\mathbf{x} \succeq 0} L_i f_i(\mathbf{x}) + h_i(x_i) + \mathbf{l}_i^T \mathbf{x}. \quad (9)$$ As a result, for all $i$, and all $j$ for which $\hat{x}_j \neq 0$, the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions on (9) yield: $$l_{ij}^ = -L_i \frac{\partial f_i}{\partial x_j}(\hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^)). \quad (10)$$ The interpretation is that by implementing this mechanism, each user $i$ will be financing part of user $j \neq i$’s insurance contract. According to (10), this amount is proportional to the positive externality of $j$’s investment on user $i$’s utility. B. Analysis of the insurance mechanism We close this section by establishing the optimality of our proposed mechanism. Note that to prove this optimality, we first need to show that a profile $(\hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^), \hat{\rho}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^), \hat{\mathbf{I}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^))$, derived at the NE $\hat{\mathbf{m}}^$ of the regulated IDS game, is the socially optimal solution to the centralized problem (2). Furthermore, as the procedure for convergence to NE is not specified, we need to verify that the optimality property holds for all Nash equilibrium of the message exchange process. This guarantees that the outcome will converge to the socially optimal solution regardless of the realized NE. These two requirements are established in Theorem 1 below. Theorem 1:* Let $(\hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^), \hat{\rho}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^), \hat{\mathbf{I}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^))$ be the investment, premium, and coverage profiles obtained at the Nash equilibrium $\hat{\mathbf{m}}^$ of the regulated IDS game $(\mathcal{M}, g(\cdot), \{u_i(\cdot)\})$. Then, $\hat{\mathbf{x}}$ is the optimal solution to the centralized problem (2). Furthermore, if $\tilde{\mathbf{m}}$ is any other Nash equilibrium of the proposed game, then $\hat{\mathbf{x}}(\tilde{\mathbf{m}}) = \hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^)$. Proof:* Let $\hat{\mathbf{m}}^$ be a Nash equilibrium of the message exchange process, resulting in an allocation $(\hat{\mathbf{x}}, \hat{\rho}, \hat{\mathbf{I}})$. Assume user $i$ updates its message from $m_i^ = (\pi_i^, x_i^)$ to $m_i = (\pi_i, x_i^)$, that is, it only updates the pricing vector proposal. Therefore, according to (6), $\hat{\mathbf{x}}$ will remain fixed, while based on (7), the second term in $\hat{t}_i$ will change. The change of this term can in turn affect the choice of either $\hat{\rho}_i$, $\hat{I}_i$, or both. First note that a user $i$’s utility (3) can be re-written as follows: $$u_i(x_i, \rho_i, I_i) = -L_i f_i(x) - h_i(x_i) - (\rho_i - I_i) f_i(x)$$ $$= -L_i f_i(x) - h_i(x_i) - t_i. \quad (11)$$ Using (11) and the fact that if $\hat{\mathbf{m}}^$ is an NE, unilateral deviations are not profitable, we have: $$(x_i^* - x_{i+1}^)^T \text{diag}(\pi_i^)(x_i^* - x_{i+1}^)$$ $$\leq (x_i^ - x_{i+1}^)^T \text{diag}(\pi_i)(x_i^ - x_{i+1}^), \quad \forall \pi_i \succeq 0. \quad (12)$$ Hence, from (12) we conclude that for all $i$: $$x_i^ = x_{i+1}^* \quad \text{or} \quad \pi_i^* = 0. \quad (13)$$ Using (13) together with (7) we conclude that at equilibrium, the second and third terms of a user’s net payment vanish. Denoting $l_i^* := \pi_{i+1}^* - \pi_{i+2}^$, we get: $$\hat{t}_i(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^) = \mathbf{l}_i^T \hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^). \quad (14)$$ Now consider users’ utility functions at the NE $\hat{\mathbf{m}}^$. Since unilateral deviations are not profitable, a user’s utility (11) should be maximized at the NE, i.e., for any choice of $x_i$ and $\pi_i \succeq 0$: $$L_i f_i(\hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^)) + h_i(\hat{x}_i(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^)) + l_i^T \hat{\mathbf{x}}(\hat{\mathbf{m}}^)$$ $$\leq L_i f_i(\frac{x_i + \sum_{j \neq i} x_j^}{N})$$ $$+ h_i(\frac{x_i + \sum_{j \neq i} x_j^}{N}) + l_i^T \frac{x_i + \sum_{j \neq i} x_j^}{N}$$ $$+ (x_i - x_{i+1}^)^T \text{diag}(\pi_i)(x_i - x_{i+1}^). \quad (15)$$ \footnote{See proof of Theorem 1 presented later in this section for the derivation of this result.} If we choose $ \pi_i = 0 $ and let $ x_i = N \cdot x - \sum_{j \neq i} x_j^* $, where $ x $ is any vector of security investments, we get: \[ L_i f_i(\tilde{x}(m^)) + h_i(\tilde{x}_i(m^)) + I_i^T \tilde{x}(m^) \\ \leq L_i f_i(x) + h_i(x_i) + I_i^T x, \quad \forall x . \] (16) To show that the Nash equilibrium $ m^ $ results in a socially optimal allocation, we sum up (16) over all $ i $, and use the fact that $ \sum_i I_i = 0 $ to get: \[ \sum_{i=1}^{N} u_i(\tilde{x}(m^)) \geq \sum_{i=1}^{N} u_i(x), \quad \forall x . \] (17) Therefore, $ \tilde{x}(m^) $ is the optimal solution to problem (2). Furthermore, any insurance contract determined using (8) and the intermediate net payment profile $ \tilde{f}(m^) $ can be chosen as the insurance contract in the optimal solution. Finally, since our choice of the NE $ m^ $ has been arbitrary, the same proof holds for any other NE, and thus all NE of the mechanism result in the optimal solution to problem (2). We next establish the converse of the above theorem in Theorem 2, i.e., given an optimal investment profile, there exists an NE of the proposed game which implements this solution; the proof is given in the appendix. Theorem 2: Let $ x^* $ be the optimal investment profile in the solution to the centralized problem (2). Then, there exists at least one Nash equilibrium $ m^* $ of the regulated IDS game $ (\mathcal{M}, g(\cdot), \{u_i(\cdot)\}) $ such that $ \tilde{x}(m^) = x^ $. ### IV. Numerical Examples In this section we present two numerical examples to illustrate how the proposed insurance contracts affect users’ actions, security risks, costs, and ultimately, the security and societal costs of the interconnected system. In particular, this is done under two different risk models. Throughout this section, for consistency and ease of presentation, we assume users’ costs are linear in their investment, i.e., $ h_i(x_i) = c_i x_i $, where $ c_i > 0 $ is the unit cost of investment. Users will be indexed according to their costs, such that $ c_1 < c_2 < \ldots < c_N $. #### A. Example 1: a weighted total effort model We first assume users’ risk functions are given by a weighted total effort model [6], [10], \[ f_i(x) = \exp(-\sum_{j=1}^{N} a_{ij} x_j), \] (18) where $ a_{ij} $ determines the degree of externality of user $ j $'s investment on user $ i $'s security risks. Let $ A := [a_{ij}] $ denote the interdependence matrix containing these weights. Under these assumptions, a user $ i $'s utility function is given by: \[ u_i(x, I_i, \rho_i) = -(L_i - I_i) \exp(-\sum_{j=1}^{N} a_{ij} x_j) - c_i x_i - \rho_i . \] The simulations are based on an instance of this problem with the following parameters. Consider a collection of $ N = 10 $ users. Assume that the unit costs of investment for the firms are generated randomly, such that $ c_1 < c_2 < \ldots < c_N $. We let $ L_i = L = \$50M, \forall i $, that is, we assume all firms are subject to a similar maximum loss of \$50M in case of a security breach. Finally, we generate the interdependence matrix $ A $ at random, with the only constraint that $ a_{ij} > a_{ji}, \forall i, j \neq i $. This implies that a user’s security is primarily affected by its own expenditure in security measures. Figure 1 illustrates the expected losses $ L_i f_i(x) $ of user $ i $ under both the Nash equilibrium and the socially optimal outcome. In this example, we see that implementing the proposed insurance contracts not only leads to risk transfer, but it also incentivizes risk reduction.$^4$ Figure 2 shows the change in users’ expenditure in security after the contracts are purchased. It can be seen that as expected, the socially optimal solution requires users with lower cost in security improvement to make higher investments. As the insurer is profit-neutral, this higher effort by the main investors is compensated by other users’ premium payments. Indeed, as illustrated in Figure 3, the net payment of the main investors 1 and 2 are negative, to be covered by the positive net payment of the remaining users. In essence, the social optimality derives from the fact that users that are more effective and efficient in their security spending are being paid by less efficient users to do so on their behalf. The insurer in this context serves as a coordinator or facilitator. Interestingly, the net payment of several users are negligible. This is consistent with our observations in Figures 1 and 2, where the expected loss and expenditures of these users are also negligible at the socially optimal outcome. As a result, the insurance contracts for these users are the degenerate contracts with zero premium and coverage. Similarly, based on Figure 1, the probability of large losses are negligible for users 1 and 2. In this case, offering an indemnification payment to these users is unnecessary. The insurer can in turn allocate the premium surplus from other users to the main investors as additional funds to be spent in security. Finally, the insurer can offer full coverage to users 5 and 7 (i.e. $ I_5 = L = \$50M $), in return for premiums of \$4.7M and \$7M, respectively. ![Expected Losses in NE vs SO](image) Fig. 1. Expected Losses - Weighted Total Effort Overall, the introduction of the proposed insurance contracts reduces the costs of all users in security, as illustrated in Figure 4, where costs are given by $-u_i$ for user $ i $. This $^4$It is worth mentioning that this is not necessarily the case when a system moves from the Nash equilibrium to the socially optimal solution. A socially optimal solution is meant to minimize social costs, and therefore it may result in higher risks/losses for some users. figure illustrates a component-wise improvement in users’ costs as a result of implementing the proposed mechanism. This means that the profit-neutral insurer does not necessarily need to make some users worse off in order to improve social welfare. Figure 5 illustrates the improvement in social welfare following the implementation of insurance. Numerically, as a result of risk reduction following the purchase of insurance contracts, we see savings of close to $40M in social costs. B. Example 2: a weakest link model We now assume users’ risk functions are determined by the weakest link model $ f_i(x) = \exp(-\min_j x_j) $ [6], [10]. Intuitively, this model states that an attacker can compromise the security of an interconnected system by taking over the least protected machine. To use this model in our proposed framework, we need a continuous, differentiable approximation of the minimum function. Let $ \min_j x_j \approx -\frac{1}{\gamma} \log \sum_j \exp(-\gamma x_j) $, where the accuracy of the approximation is increasing in the constant $ \gamma > 0 $. User $ i $'s utility function is thus given by: \[ u_i(x, I_i, \rho_i) = -(L_i - I_i)(\sum_{j=1}^{N} \exp(-\gamma x_j))^{1/\gamma} - c_i x_i - \rho_i . \] The simulations are based on an instance of this problem with the following parameters. We again consider $ N = 10 $ users, with unit costs of investment generated randomly, such that $ c_1 < c_2 < \ldots < c_N $. Also, $ L_i = L = \$50M, \forall i $. We note that the weakest link game has multiple Nash equilibrium, in which all users invest in the same (sub-optimal) amount in security. We pick the NE with investment levels at the mean of all these possible NE. Figure 6 illustrates the expected losses $ L_i f_i(x) $ of users $ i $. Again, we see that implementing the proposed insurance contracts has incentivized risk reduction. Figure 7 shows the change in users’ expenditure in security after the contracts are purchased. Note that at an equilibrium of the weakest-link game, all users exert an identical level of effort [6]. Therefore, to arrive at this same optimal level of investment, users with higher costs are required to spend more in security measures. As a result, one expects the users with lower costs to aid this transition. Indeed, as illustrated in Figure 8, the net payment of the higher cost users are negative, to be covered by the positive net payment of the lower cost users. Users’ insurance contracts can now be determined according to their net payments. For example, user 3 will be receiving full coverage $ I_3 = \$50M $ for return for a $2M premium, while user 7 receives full coverage $ I_7 = \$50M $, but pays a zero premium. We again observe a component-wise reduction in users’ costs, as illustrated in Figure 9, along with improvement in social welfare leading to savings of close to $35M in social costs, Figure 10. V. On Voluntary Participation The message exchange process proposed in Section III, as well as the mechanisms proposed in [14]–[16], take users’ participation in the insurance market for granted. While this could be ensured through certain external incentive mechanisms, e.g., a government agency could make participation in cyber-insurance a prerequisite to receiving funding or business opportunities, it is generally more desirable to make this incentive to participate a built-in property of the mechanism itself. If this can be accomplished then the mechanism not only induces socially optimal resource allocation, but offers incentive for each individual user to participate in the mechanism. Within this context there are two desirable conditions/constraints that we would like a mechanism to satisfy. The first is the commonly studied individual rationality (IR) condition which states that users should prefer the existence of the mechanism to the previous state of anarchy. The second is the less frequently invoked voluntary participation (VP) condition referred to by [23], which states that a user should prefer participation in the mechanism to staying out, given everyone else in the environment participates. Satisfying individual rationality in the current context, although desirable, does not guarantee the implementation of the insurance contracts, as voluntary participation of users in the insurance market needs to be ensured as well. In this section, we further illustrate the difference of the two constraints in the current setting, and study the voluntary participation constraint of the users under the insurance mechanism. ### A. The non-excludable public good Strategic users’ decisions regarding participation in a given mechanism is influenced not only by the structure of the induced game form, but also by the actions available to them when opting out. A common assumption in the majority of public good and resource allocation problems, including those on decentralized mechanisms similar to the one presented in Section III ( [19], [22]), is that users get a zero share (of the public good or allotted resources) when opting out. Following this assumption, the individual rationality and voluntary participation constraints of such mechanisms are equivalent, and are rather trivially satisfied. However, a similar line of reasoning is not applicable to our problem. This is because at issue is the provision of a non-excludable public good: in an inter-connected system, an individual benefits from improved security of its neighbors (the positive externality) regardless of its own decision on whether to adopt a certain measure. Specifically in the context of an IDS game, even when opting out, a user can still enjoy the positive externalities of other users’ investments (although these may be lower as the mechanism has now only partial coverage), choose its optimal action accordingly, and possibly avoid spending resources on insurance. Thus to ensure voluntary participation in this regulated IDS game is not as trivial as in previous studies. Indeed, we next present a counter-example which shows that there may exist users to whom the benefits of staying out exceeds that of participation. Thus such a user is better off acting as a “loner”, who refuses to participate in the mechanism, and later best-responds to the socially optimal strategy of the remaining $N - 1$ users who did participate. It would be natural to expect these $N - 1$ users to also revise their strategy (investments) in response to this loner’s best response, resulting in a game between the loner and the remaining $N - 1$ users. In this example we will compare the loner’s utility in the socially optimal solution when participating in the mechanism, versus the utility it gains as the outcome of the game described above. B. A negative example Consider a collection of $N$ users. The cost function of each user $i$ is given by a linear function $h_i(x_i) = c_i x_i$, where $c_i > 0$ is the unit cost of investment. Choose $c_1 < c_2 < \ldots < c_N$. Assume the risk function of user $i$ is given by $f_i(x) = \exp(-\sum_{j=1}^{N} x_j)$ (an instance of the total effort model [6]). Finally, for simplicity, let $L_i = 1$, $\forall i$. The utility function of a user $i$ purchasing the insurance contract $(\rho_i, I_i)$ is therefore given by: $$u_i(x, \rho_i, I_i) = -(1 - I_i) \exp(-\sum_{j=1}^{N} x_j) - c_i x_i - \rho_i.$$ \hspace{1cm} (19) It is easy to show [6], [21] that with a total effort model, the user with the smallest cost will exert all the effort, while all other users will free-ride on the positive externality of this investment. Therefore, we can find the equilibrium of the game under different conditions as follows. Socially optimal outcome: When all $N$ users participate in the mechanism, it is clear that under the optimal solution to problem (2) user 1 will exert all the effort. The first order optimality condition suggests that this optimal investment is given by the solution to the equation: $$N \exp(-x_1^) - c_1 = 0 \implies \exp(-x_1^) = \frac{c_1}{N}.$$ Intuitively, user 1’s investment in this case corresponds to the amount it would make if it were the only user in the system with a unit cost $\frac{c_1}{N}$. This will thus be referred to as user 1’s equivalent cost in this $N$-player total effort game. Therefore, the socially optimal profile of investments $x^$ is such that: $$\exp(-x_1^) = \frac{c_1}{N}, \quad x_j^* = 0, \quad \forall j > 1.$$ User 1’s VP condition: If user 1 chooses to stay out, user 2 will be the player with the lowest cost in the $N - 1$ player game, investing according to the equivalent cost of $\frac{c_2}{N-1}$. Whether user 1 will invest in security or free-ride on the externalities depends on user 2’s level of investment. When $c_1 > \frac{c_2}{N-1}$, user 1 will have a higher cost, and thus will prefer to free-ride on user 2’s investment. The equilibrium levels of investment $\tilde{x}$ of this game will thus be: $$\exp(-\tilde{x}_2) = \frac{c_2}{N-1}, \quad \tilde{x}_j = 0, \quad \forall j \neq 2.$$ User $k$’s VP condition, for $k \geq 2$: Finally, if any user other than 1 decides to stay out, user 1 will continue exerting all the effort, but the level of security will be determined according to the higher equivalent cost of $\frac{c_1}{N-1}$. The equilibrium levels of security $\tilde{x}$ will decrease such that: $$\exp(-\tilde{x}_1) = \frac{c_1}{N-1}, \quad \tilde{x}_j = 0, \quad \forall j > 1.$$ We can now use the above analysis to determine the voluntary participation conditions of all users. For user 1 to voluntarily participate in the mechanism, we need $u_1(x^, \rho_1^, I_1^) \geq u_1(\tilde{x})$. This in turn leads to: $$-\exp(-x_1^) - c_1 x_1^* - \rho_1^* + I_1^* \exp(-x_1^) \geq -\exp(-\tilde{x}_1).$$ Rearranging, we see that user 1’s insurance contract should satisfy: $$-\rho_1^ + I_1^* \frac{c_1}{N} \geq c_1 \left( \frac{1}{N} - \ln \frac{c_1}{N} \right) - \frac{c_2}{N-1}. \hspace{1cm} (20)$$ For any other user $k \geq 2$, the voluntary participation condition is: $$-\exp(-x_1^) - \rho_k^ + I_k^* \exp(-x_1^) \geq -\exp(-\tilde{x}_1).$$ Rearranging, we conclude that user $k$’s insurance contracts, which in fact requires these users to finance the insurance contract for user 1, should be worth the extra security: $$\rho_k^ - I_k^* \frac{c_1}{N} \leq \frac{c_1}{N(N-1)}. \hspace{1cm} (21)$$ To satisfy the insurer’s profit-neutral constraint, we need $\sum_j \rho_j^* = \frac{c_1}{N} \sum_j I_j^$, which can be written as $-\rho_1^ + I_1^* \frac{c_1}{N} = \sum_{j=2}^{N} \rho_j^* - I_j^* \frac{c_1}{N}$. Using this, together with (21), we conclude: $$-\rho_1^* + I_1^* \frac{c_1}{N} \leq \frac{c_1}{N}. \hspace{1cm} (22)$$ For (20) and (22) to be consistent, we need to satisfy the following condition: $$c_1 \left( \frac{1}{N} - \ln \frac{c_1}{N} \right) - \frac{c_2}{N-1} \leq \frac{c_1}{N}.$$ Choose any $c_1 < c_2 < 1$ and $c_1 > \frac{c_2}{N-1}$. If $N \geq 3$, then $c_1 \ln(\frac{c_1}{N}) + \frac{c_2}{N-1} < 0$, which means that the VP conditions for user 1 and users $k \geq 2$ cannot be simultaneously satisfied. VI. DISCUSSION We have thus found an example where not all users will voluntarily participate in the insurance mechanism. Note that the existence of the counter example in Section V-B does not depend on how the insurance contracts are designed; it is simply a consequence of not being able to simultaneously satisfy individuals’ self-interest, social optimality, and the insurer’s profit-neutrality.\footnote{Our approach in deriving this result is similar to that in [23, Section 2], in which the authors present a counter-example to show the impossibility of achieving voluntary participation in Lindahl mechanisms for provision of a public good with a constant return to scale technology. The authors then establish a more rigorous proof of the impossibility, by showing the inconsistency in the set of problem constraints [23, Section 4]. It would be interesting to establish the impossibility result in the current IDS problem using a similar approach.} Intuitively, this impossibility arises from the fact that to achieve socially optimal investments, one (or more) of the users is required to increase its investment level, thus demanding compensation in the form of insurance coverage. Nevertheless, the added security is not enough to incentivize the remaining users to finance this coverage, especially as they are able to free-ride on a slightly lower security level if they opt out. Conversely, the main investor may prefer to opt out of the mechanism if the compensation offered to them is not high enough. In this case, this user may choose to free-ride on the externality of the (lower) security by the next main investor. A. A numerical example The following numerical example highlights both of these possible complications under our proposed mechanism. Again assume users’ risk functions are given by the weighted total effort model, $ f_i(x) = \exp(-\sum_{j=1}^{N} a_{ij}x_j) $. Let $ A := (a_{ij}) $ denote the a randomly generated interdependence matrix containing the weights $ a_{ij} $. The simulations are based on an instance of this problem with the following parameters. Consider a collection of $ N = 5 $ users. Assume that the unit costs of investment for the users are generated randomly, such that $ c_1 < c_2 < \ldots < c_N $. We let $ L_i = L, \forall i $, that is, we assume all users are subject to a similar maximum loss in case of a security breach. Figure 11 illustrates the investments of users in security measures with and without insurance contracts. It is easy to see that users 2, 3, and 5 are the main investors in the mechanism, while users 1 and 4 are the free-riders. Users’ costs when purchasing insurance and acting as loners is illustrated in figure 12. Notice that in this problem instance, user 2 is motivated to contribute as a main investor, while users 3 and 5 are not compensated enough to do so. Similarly, free-rider 4 is willing to pay a high premium in return for the added protection, while free-rider 1 would rather stay out and benefit from the positive externalities from the improved security of the remaining 4 users. B. A positive example We next identify a family of problem instances in which the insurance mechanism of Section III does satisfy the voluntary participation constraints of users. Consider the same interdependency model detailed in the counter-example in Section V-B. As mentioned, since users with utility functions given by (19) are subject to similar losses, only the user with the smallest cost will invest in security, while the remaining users free-ride. We want to ensure that all users, i.e. both the main security investor and the free-riders, prefer participating in the proposed mechanism to unilaterally staying out. First note that the net payments of users in our proposed mechanism can be determined according to (10), and are given by: \[ t^_i = -\sum_j x^_j \frac{\partial f_i}{\partial x_j}(x^) - c_i x^_i . \] Substituting $ f_i(x) = -\exp(-\sum_j x_j) $, the utility of users when all $ N $ participate in the mechanism will reduce to: \[ u_i(x^, \rho^_i, I^_i) = -\frac{c_i}{N}(1 + x^_1) . \] Users’ VP constraints: Using the analysis from the previous section, for a user $ j \geq 2 $ to voluntarily participate in the mechanism, we need $ u_j(x^, \rho^_j, I^_j) > u_j(\hat{x}) $, which yields: \[ -\frac{c_1}{N}(1 + x^_1) < \frac{c_1}{N-1} \Rightarrow \ln \frac{N}{c_1} < \frac{1}{N-1} \quad (\text{VP}_j) . \] On the other hand, when user 1 steps out, one of the following outcomes is realized: - a. If $ c_1 < \frac{c_2}{N-1} $, user 1 will continue investing in security, with an investment given by $ \exp(-\bar{x}_1) = c_1 $. User 1’s VP constraint in this case is: \[ \frac{c_1}{N}(1 + x^_1) < c_1(1 + \bar{x}_1) \Rightarrow \ln c_1 < 1 - \frac{\ln N}{N-1} \quad (\text{VP}_{1a}) . \] - b.* If $ \frac{c_2}{N-1} < c_1 < c_2 $, user 2 will invest in security, while all other users, including user 1, free-ride. The level of security provided is given by $ \exp(-\bar{x}_2) = \frac{c_2}{N-1} $, leading to the following VP condition for user 1: \[ \frac{c_1}{N}(1 + x^_1) < \frac{c_2}{N-1} \quad (\text{VP}_{1b}) . \] Ensuring voluntary participation:* For voluntary participation to hold in a problem instance, we need to have (VP$_j$), and either (VP$_{1a}$) or (VP$_{1b}$) satisfied. (VP$_j$) and (VP$_{1a}$) hold simultaneously if and only if: \[ N = 2, \quad \frac{2}{e} < c_1 < \frac{e}{2}, \quad c_2 > c_1 . \] (VP\textsubscript{j}) and (VP\textsubscript{1b}) hold if and only if $N, c_1, c_2$ satisfy: $$c_1 > N \exp(-\frac{1}{N - 1}), \quad c_1 < c_2 < (N - 1)c_1.$$ ### C. Potential solutions As shown in the previous positive example, we may identify classes of problems in which the mechanism in Section III satisfies users’ voluntary participation constraints. In general, it may be possible to alleviate the participation issues by injecting external resources into the system (i.e. relaxing the insurer’s budget balance condition), implementing a sub-optimal equilibrium (i.e. relaxing the social optimality condition), restricting the space of utility functions (i.e. designing separate contracts for different classes of risk functions), or settling for a mechanism with partial coverage. These remain interesting directions of future research. If the above alternatives are not desirable, and voluntary participation cannot be guaranteed, one may also resort to policy mandate to induce users to purchase insurance in order to achieve social optimality. It should be noted that policy mandate is different from existing mechanisms that dictate users’ investments [10], in that even under mandate, constant enforcement of users’ actions is not needed, as it is individually optimal for users to exert the socially optimal effort once contracts are purchased. An alternative to policy mandate is in the form of other financial incentives, including those already mentioned such as business opportunities or tax credits. It is also conceivable for the monopolist insurer (especially if played by a government agency) to guarantee the VP condition by offering separate coverage for rare but catastrophic security losses. As this type of coverage (acting in much the same way as relief for loss due to war or natural disasters) would be otherwise unavailable, it provides additional incentive for a user who might otherwise consider opting out. ### VII. Conclusion We have considered the issue of users’ voluntary participation in mechanisms achieving socially optimal solutions in IDS games using insurance contracts consisting of premiums and coverage levels, or equivalently, using monetary taxation/rewards. We argue that with positive externalities, the incentive to stay out and free-ride on others’ investments can make users’ participation incentives much harder to satisfy when designing contracts. We further discuss the implication of this result and possible remedies. It remains an interesting question whether there are more sophisticated forms of the contracts (e.g., with additional dimensions such as deductibles, maximum coverage, premium discounts for incident-free users) which might satisfy all requirements, or whether this is a more fundamental challenge in designing mechanisms involving positive externalities. ### APPENDIX Proof of Theorem 2 This proof is technically similar to those presented in [19], [22]. Consider the optimal security investment profile $\mathbf{x}^$ in the solution to the centralized problem (2). Our goal is to show that there indeed exists a Nash equilibrium $\mathbf{m}^$ of the mechanism for which $\hat{\mathbf{x}}(\mathbf{m}^) = \mathbf{x}^$. Let $C_i(\mathbf{x}) := L_i f_i(\mathbf{x}) + h_i(x_i)$ denote the costs associated with the security investment and expected losses of user $i$. We start by showing that given the investment profile $\mathbf{x}^$, it is possible to find a vector of personalized prices $\mathbf{l}_i^$, for each $i$, such that, $$\arg\min_{\mathbf{x} \succeq 0} \quad C_i(\mathbf{x}) + \mathbf{l}_i^{T} \mathbf{x} = \mathbf{x}^, \quad (23)$$ First, note that since $\mathbf{x}^$ is the optimal solution to (2), it should satisfy the following KKT conditions, where $\mathbf{\lambda}_i \in \mathbb{R}^N_+, \forall i$: $$\sum_{i=1}^{N} (\nabla C_i(\mathbf{x}^) - \mathbf{\lambda}_i^T) = \mathbf{0},$$ $$\mathbf{\lambda}_i^T \mathbf{x}^* = 0 \quad \forall i. \quad (24)$$ Choose $\mathbf{l}_i^* = -\nabla C_i(\mathbf{x}^) + \mathbf{\lambda}_i^T$. Then, $$\mathbf{l}_i^ + \nabla C_i(\mathbf{x}^) - \mathbf{\lambda}_i^T = \mathbf{0}. \quad (25)$$ Equations (24) and (25) together are the KKT conditions for the convex optimization problem: $$\min_{\mathbf{x} \succeq 0} \quad C_i(\mathbf{x}) + \mathbf{l}_i^{T} \mathbf{x}. \quad (26)$$ The KKT conditions are necessary and sufficient for finding the optimal solution to the convex optimization problem (26), and thus we have found the personalized prices satisfying (23). We now proceed to finding a Nash equilibrium $\mathbf{m}^$ resulting in the socially optimal solution $\mathbf{x}^$. Consider the message profiles $m_i^* = (\pi_i^, x_i^)$, for which $\mathbf{x}_i^* = \mathbf{x}^$, and the price vector proposals $\pi_i^$ are found from the recursive equations: $$\pi_{i+1}^* - \pi_{i+2}^* = \mathbf{l}_i^, \quad \forall i. \quad (27)$$ Here, $\mathbf{l}_i^$ are the personalized prices defined at the beginning of the proof. The set of equations (27) always has a non-negative set of solutions $\pi_i^* \succeq 0, \forall i$. This is because starting with a large enough $\pi_1^$, the remaining $\pi_i^$ can be determined using:\footnote{In (28), $\mathbf{l}_0^$ is interpreted as $\mathbf{l}_N^$.} $$\pi_i^* = \pi_{i-1}^* - \mathbf{l}_{i-2}^, \quad \forall i \geq 2. \quad (28)$$ Now, first note that by (26), for all choices of $\mathbf{x} \succeq 0$, and all users $i$, we have: $$C_i(\mathbf{x}^) + \mathbf{l}_i^{T} \mathbf{x}^ \leq C_i(\mathbf{x}) + \mathbf{l}_i^{T} \mathbf{x}. \quad (29)$$ Particularly, if we pick $\mathbf{x} = \frac{\mathbf{x}_i + \sum_{j \neq i} \mathbf{x}_j^}{N}$, $$C_i(\mathbf{x}^) + \mathbf{l}_i^{T} \mathbf{x}^* \leq C_i(\frac{\mathbf{x}_i + \sum_{j \neq i} \mathbf{x}_j^}{N}) + \mathbf{l}_i^{T} \mathbf{x}_i + \frac{\sum_{j \neq i} \mathbf{x}_j^}{N}. \quad (30)$$ Also, since by construction $\mathbf{x}_i^ = \mathbf{x}_{i+1}^, \forall i$, the inequality is preserved for any choice of $\pi_i^ \succeq 0$, when the two remaining net payment terms from (7) are added in as follows: \[ C_i(x^) + l_i^T x^ \\ + (x_i^* - x_{i+1}^)^T \text{diag}(\pi_i^)(x_i^* - x_{i+1}^) \\ - (x_{i+1}^ - x_{i+2}^)^T \text{diag}(\pi_{i+1}^)(x_{i+1}^* - x_{i+2}^) \\ \leq C_i \left( \frac{x_i + \sum_{j \neq i} x_j^}{N} \right) + l_i^T \frac{x_i + \sum_{j \neq i} x_j}{N} \\ + (x_i - x_{i+1}^)^T \text{diag}(\pi_i)(x_i - x_{i+1}^) \\ - (x_{i+1}^* - x_{i+2}^)^T \text{diag}(\pi_{i+1}^)(x_{i+1}^* - x_{i+2}^). \tag{31} \] Equation (31) can be more concisely written as: \[ u_i(g(m_i^, m_{-i}^)) \geq u_i(g(m_i, m_{-i}^)), \] \[ \forall m_i = (\pi_i, x_i), \quad \forall i. \tag{32} \] We conclude that the messages $m_i^* = (\pi_i^, x^)$ constitute an NE of the proposed mechanism. 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We show that the problem of recovering the time-dependent parameters of an equation of Black-Scholes type can be formulated as an inverse Stieltjes moment problem. An application to the problem of implied volatility calculation in the case when the model parameters are time varying is provided and results of numerical simulations are presented. Copyright © 2007 M. R. Rodrigo and R. S. Mamon. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1. Introduction Suppose that we are given a function $u = u(x, \tau)$ ($x \geq 0$, $\tau \geq 0$) obtained from interpolation of experimental data. We wish to fit $u$ so as to satisfy the following equation of Black-Scholes type: $$u_\tau = \alpha(\tau)x^2u_{xx} + \beta(\tau)xu_x + \gamma(\tau)u,$$ (1.1) where $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$ are unknown functions. We are interested in recovering these time-dependent model parameters. Finding a method to solve this inverse problem is of prime importance in several areas of application. For instance, it is a central concern in quantitative finance to recover the implied volatility embedded in $\alpha$ through (1.1) [1–3]. In this paper, we show that this problem can be formulated as an inverse Stieltjes moment problem and demonstrate how to apply our method in the computation of the implied volatility. We also present some results of numerical simulations illustrating our method. 2. The inverse Stieltjes moment problem For each nonnegative integer $ n $ and for each $ \tau \geq 0 $, define the $ n $th moment $ m_n $ of $ u $ as \[ m_n(\tau) := \int_0^\infty x^n u(x, \tau) dx. \tag{2.1} \] We assume that $ u $ is such that for all $ \tau \geq 0 $, $ u(0, \tau) $ and $ u_x(0, \tau) $ are bounded, and that \[ \lim_{x \to \infty} x^n u(x, \tau) = \lim_{x \to \infty} x^n u_x(x, \tau) = 0 \tag{2.2} \] for all $ n $. In applications involving the Black-Scholes equation [4], the function $ u $ is also taken to be nonnegative. Using integration by parts and the assumptions on $ u $, we obtain \[ \int_0^\infty x^{n+1} u_x(x, \tau) dx = -(n+1)m_n(\tau), \] \[ \int_0^\infty x^{n+2} u_{xx}(x, \tau) dx = -(n+2) \int_0^\infty x^{n+1} u_x(x, \tau) dx = (n+1)(n+2)m_n(\tau), \] \[ \int_0^\infty x^n u_\tau(x, \tau) dx = \frac{d}{d\tau} \int_0^\infty x^n u(x, \tau) dx = m'_n(\tau). \tag{2.3} \] Multiplying (1.1) by $ x^n $ and using the above integrals, we see that $ m_n $ satisfies the ordinary differential equation \[ m'_n(\tau) = p_n(\tau)m_n(\tau), \quad p_n(\tau) := (n+1)(n+2)\alpha(\tau) - (n+1)\beta(\tau) + y(\tau). \tag{2.4} \] The corresponding initial condition is $ m_n(0) = a_n := \int_0^\infty x^n u(x, 0) dx $. Thus, the moments of $ u $ are expressible as \[ m_n(\tau) = \int_0^\infty x^n u(x, \tau) dx = a_n \exp \left[ \int_0^\tau p_n(s) ds \right]. \tag{2.5} \] In the classical Stieltjes moment problem [5], we are given the moments $ m_n $ and we seek the function $ u $. In this case, however, we are given $ u $ and we want to find $ \alpha, \beta, $ and $ y $ which are implicit in $ m_n $. Hence, the problem of the recovery of the time-dependent model parameters of (1.1) is equivalent to an inverse Stieltjes moment problem. Taking any three consecutive moments of $ u $, we see from (2.4) that \[ (n+1)(n+2)\alpha(\tau) - (n+1)\beta(\tau) + y(\tau) = \frac{m'_n(\tau)}{m_n(\tau)}, \] \[ (n+2)(n+3)\alpha(\tau) - (n+2)\beta(\tau) + y(\tau) = \frac{m'_{n+1}(\tau)}{m_{n+1}(\tau)}, \] \[ (n+3)(n+4)\alpha(\tau) - (n+3)\beta(\tau) + y(\tau) = \frac{m'_{n+2}(\tau)}{m_{n+2}(\tau)}. \tag{2.6} \] The solution of this linear system is \[ \alpha(\tau) = \frac{1}{2} \frac{m_n'(\tau)}{m_n(\tau)} - \frac{m_{n+1}'(\tau)}{m_{n+1}(\tau)} + \frac{1}{2} \frac{m_{n+2}'(\tau)}{m_{n+2}(\tau)}, \] \[ \beta(\tau) = (n+3) \frac{m_n'(\tau)}{m_n(\tau)} - (2n+5) \frac{m_{n+1}'(\tau)}{m_{n+1}(\tau)} + (n+2) \frac{1}{2} \frac{m_{n+2}'(\tau)}{m_{n+2}(\tau)}, \] \[ \gamma(\tau) = \frac{1}{2} (n+2)(n+3) \frac{m_n'(\tau)}{m_n(\tau)} - (n+1)(n+3) \frac{m_{n+1}'(\tau)}{m_{n+1}(\tau)} \] \[ + \frac{1}{2} (n+1)(n+2) \frac{m_{n+2}'(\tau)}{m_{n+2}(\tau)}. \] (2.7) Since $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$ should be independent of $n$, we can take $n=0$ for simplicity. In some applications, not all three functions are needed to be determined since some are given. For example, suppose that $\beta$ and $\gamma$ are known and so only $\alpha$ is required. In this case, only one moment is utilised in (2.4): \[ \alpha(\tau) = \frac{1}{(n+1)(n+2)} \left[ \frac{m_n'(\tau)}{m_n(\tau)} + (n+1)\beta(\tau) - \gamma(\tau) \right]. \] (2.8) Again, we can take $n=0$ for simplicity. Alternatively, we can choose to express $\alpha$ in terms of three consecutive moments using the first equation of (2.7), which does not make explicit use of the given data $\beta$ and $\gamma$ but are “encapsulated” in the moments. In the special case when $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$ are all constants, then (2.5) simplifies to \[ m_n(\tau) = a_n \exp(p_n \tau). \] (2.9) Isolating $\alpha$ yields \[ \alpha = \frac{1}{(n+1)(n+2)} \left[ \frac{1}{\tau} \log \frac{m_n(\tau)}{a_n} + (n+1)\beta - \gamma \right]. \] (2.10) We can also eliminate $\beta$ and $\gamma$ by solving for $p_n$ in (2.9) and considering three consecutive moments, thus obtaining the linear system \[ (n+1)(n+2)\alpha - (n+1)\beta + \gamma = \frac{1}{\tau} \log \frac{m_n(\tau)}{a_n}, \] \[ (n+2)(n+3)\alpha - (n+2)\beta + \gamma = \frac{1}{\tau} \log \frac{m_{n+1}(\tau)}{a_{n+1}}, \] \[ (n+3)(n+4)\alpha - (n+3)\beta + \gamma = \frac{1}{\tau} \log \frac{m_{n+2}(\tau)}{a_{n+2}}. \] (2.11) Solving this system for $\alpha$ gives \[ \alpha = \frac{1}{2\tau} \log \frac{m_n(\tau)}{a_n} - \frac{1}{\tau} \log \frac{m_{n+1}(\tau)}{a_{n+1}} + \frac{1}{2\tau} \log \frac{m_{n+2}(\tau)}{a_{n+2}}. \] (2.12) Note that we cannot use (2.8) nor the first equation of (2.7) directly to get (2.10) and (2.12), respectively, since the quotient of a moment’s derivative and the moment is a constant, so that the moment disappears from the expression and we obtain an identity. 3. An application to implied volatility calculation Our result can be applied in a straightforward manner to address the problem of implied volatility calculation [6] arising in option pricing theory. Specifically, we wish to recover the volatility $\sigma$ from (1.1) given that the other parameters are known. In this context, (1.1) is called Dupire’s equation and $u(x, \tau)$ is the value of a European call option at the strike price $x$ and at time to maturity $\tau$. The model parameters are $$\alpha(\tau) = \frac{1}{2} \sigma(\tau)^2, \quad \beta(\tau) = q(\tau) - r(\tau), \quad \gamma(\tau) = -q(\tau),$$ \hspace{1cm} (3.1) where $r$ is the riskless interest rate, $q$ is the dividend yield (both known a priori), and $\sigma$ is the unknown volatility. The initial condition is $u(x, 0) = \max(S - x, 0)$, where $S$ is the asset price, which implies that $$a_n = m_n(0) = \int_0^\infty x^n u(x, 0) dx = \frac{S^{n+2}}{(n+1)(n+2)}. \hspace{1cm} (3.2)$$ Using (2.8), we obtain $$\sigma(\tau)^2 = \frac{2}{(n+1)(n+2)} \left[ \frac{m_n'(\tau)}{m_n(\tau)} + (n+2)q(\tau) - (n+1)r(\tau) \right]. \hspace{1cm} (3.3)$$ Equation (3.3) gives a closed-form representation of the volatility parameter estimated from market prices of options and when the values of $r$ and $q$ are available. An alternative expression is obtained by using the first equation of (2.7): $$\sigma(\tau)^2 = \frac{m_n'(\tau)}{m_n(\tau)} - 2 \frac{m_{n+1}'(\tau)}{m_{n+1}(\tau)} + \frac{m_{n+2}'(\tau)}{m_{n+2}(\tau)}. \hspace{1cm} (3.4)$$ When $r$, $q$, and $\sigma$ are all constants, then (2.10) gives $$\sigma^2 = \frac{2}{(n+1)(n+2)} \left[ \frac{1}{\tau} \log \frac{m_n(\tau)}{a_n} + (n+2)q - (n+1)r \right], \hspace{1cm} (3.5)$$ whilst from (2.12) we have another representation in terms of three consecutive moments: $$\sigma^2 = \frac{1}{\tau} \left[ \log \frac{a_{n+1}^2}{a_n a_{n+2}} + \log \frac{m_n(\tau)m_{n+2}(\tau)}{m_{n+1}(\tau)^2} \right], \hspace{1cm} (3.6)$$ where $a_n$ is given in (3.2). 4. Numerical results For the numerical simulations, we assume that $r$ and $\sigma$ are constants and that $q = 0$. This allows us to compare the numerical and theoretical values for the volatility. To obtain a numerical estimate of the implied volatility, we need to input a table of observed values for the call price $u$ versus the strike price $x$, that is, a table of the form \| $x$ \| $x_1$ \| $x_2$ \| $\cdots$ \| $x_M$ \| \|-----\|-------\|-------\|----------\|-------\| \| $u$ \| $u_1$ \| $u_2$ \| $\cdots$ \| $u_M$ \| where the time to maturity $\tau$, the riskless rate $r$, and the asset price $S$ are assumed to be given if we are to use the formula in (3.5). However, if we decide to utilise the alternative formula (3.6), all we need is the time to maturity $\tau$ and the given table. Next, we generate an interpolating function which passes through all the given data points $(x_1, u_1), (x_2, u_2), \ldots, (x_M, u_M)$ and satisfies the conditions $u(0, \tau) = S$ (see the Black-Scholes formula (4.1) below) and $\lim_{x \to \infty} u(x, \tau) = 0$. For numerical calculations, in the left-hand condition the strike price is replaced by a value very close to zero but positive with the call price equal to $S$, whilst in the right-hand condition the strike price is replaced by a sufficiently large positive value with the call price equal to a very small but positive value. After we obtain the interpolating function, we compute the desired moments and substitute into either (3.5) or (3.6) to estimate the implied volatility. To generate the input table, we use the theoretical values obtained from the Black-Scholes formula \[ u = SN(d_1) - xe^{-r\tau}N(d_2), \] \[ d_1 = \frac{\log(S/x) + (r + \sigma^2/2)\tau}{\sigma\sqrt{\tau}}, \] \[ d_2 = d_1 - \sigma\sqrt{\tau}. \] (4.1) Here, $N$ is the cumulative distribution function of a standard normal variable. We assume the parameter values $r = 0.03$, $S = 150$, $r = 0.3$, and $\sigma = 0.3$. We take 12 values for $x$ (i.e., $M = 10$), choose $x_0 = 1.0 \times 10^{-6}$ and $x_{M+1} = x_{11} = 2S$, and compute the call price for each such $x$. Figure 4.1 shows the calculated data points and the interpolating function generated by MATLAB. The estimated volatilities using (3.5) for $n = 0, 1, 2, 3$ are also shown for comparison. We can see a very good agreement in the estimated values and the actual value used. In Figure 4.2, we use the same parameter values and data points as in Figure 4.1 but estimate the volatility using (3.6) for $n = 0, 1$. Note that here we do not need the values of $r$ and $S$, only that of $\tau$, to calculate $\sigma$. This fact may be useful in practice when, for example, only the call prices and the time to maturity are available. Again, we see a very good agreement in the estimated values and the actual value used. The usual method to compute the implied volatility from the Black-Scholes formula is to use an iterative Newton–Raphson algorithm [7]. More precisely, assuming that $r$, $S$, $x$, $\tau$, and $u$ are given, then (4.1) can be viewed as a nonlinear equation in $\sigma$, for which the iterative root-finding algorithm of Newton and Raphson can be applied. The approximate solution thus obtained is implicit. By contrast, the expressions for $\sigma$ given in (3.5) or (3.6) are explicit. Another difference between these two methods is that the Newton–Raphson solution may be quite inaccurate if the option is far in the money or far out of the money because then the option price is essentially independent of the volatility. The formulae given in (3.5) or (3.6) can be advantageous in this case since the moneyness is not crucial because the moments are essentially the average of the option prices. On the other hand, as can be seen in the numerical results above, our method requires as input more than one option price to be able to construct the interpolating function. This is not a real issue since in practice a list of observed values for the call price versus the strike price is available anyway. Of course, the ideal scenario is to have as many data points as possible to get a better fit for the interpolating function. An effect of having to input a table of option prices with varying strikes is that the observed prices will most likely have a skew or smile, and would therefore be incompatible with the Black-Scholes model we are assuming. The question is whether the implied volatility obtained is meaningful in the smile/skew case. For example, for a one-year option with forward price 100 and the following observed skew: \| Strike \| 80 \| 100 \| 120 \| \|--------\|----\|-----\|-----\| \| Observed market vol \| 20% \| 30% \| 40% \| (with linear interpolation between the strikes), taking $n = 0$ in formula (3.5) roughly gives the volatility as 37%. This result may not be easy to interpret; however, such a value could serve as a good estimate or benchmark for the current volatility of the price of the underlying asset or variable as it “summarises” the informational content of all available market option prices. Such benchmark for the current volatility is important for other financial modelling endeavours such as the calculation of value-at-risk, where only a single estimate of the current volatility of a financial variable is needed. 5. Concluding remarks In this paper, we showed that the problem of recovering the time-dependent parameters of a Black-Scholes-type equation can be viewed as an inverse Stieltjes moment problem. We showed how this can be applied to the problem of implied volatility calculation in the time-varying case by giving an explicit analytical formula for the volatility. Numerical results were also presented to illustrate the accuracy of our method. A related problem is on recovering the local volatility surface (see, e.g., [8] and the survey in [9]). In this case, Dupire’s equation takes the form of $$u_\tau = \frac{1}{2} \sigma(x, \tau)^2 x^2 u_{xx} + [q(\tau) - r(\tau)] xu_x + q(\tau)u,$$ where now the volatility $\sigma$ is a function of both the strike price and the time to maturity. If we solve for $\sigma$ in this equation, then we can obtain an expression for the volatility surface in terms of the option price and its derivatives. The power of the Dupire formulation lies in the fact that the function $\sigma$ can fit every given smile or skew. Like the method we proposed in this paper, Dupire’s method also requires an interpolation process. The drawback is that numerical differentiation is very unstable, so a further regularisation procedure has to be implemented. Although the problem we considered here is a special case of the volatility surface problem, the method via moments we proposed relies on integration, which is a smoothening process and does not need regularisation. Acknowledgment The first author wishes to acknowledge the support of the Asociación Mexicana de Cultura, A.C. References [1] L. Andersen and R. Brotherton-Ratcliffe, “The equity option volatility smile: an implicit finite-difference approach,” Journal of Computational Finance, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 5–37, 1998. [2] P. P. Boyle and D. Thangara, “Volatility estimation from observed option prices,” Decisions in Economics and Finance, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 31–52, 2000. [3] B. Dupire, “Pricing with a smile,” Risk, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 18–20, 1994. [4] F. Black and M. Scholes, “The pricing of options and corporate liabilities,” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 637–654, 1973. [5] N. Akhiezer, The Classical Moment Problem and Some Related Questions in Analysis, Hafner, New York, NY, USA, 1965. [6] E. Derman and I. Kani, “Riding on a smile,” Risk, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 32–39, 1994. [7] D. Chance, “Leap into the unknown,” in Over the Rainbow: New Developments in Exotic Options and Complex Swaps, R. Jarrow, Ed., pp. 251–256, Risk, London, UK, 1995. [8] M. R. Rodrigo and R. S. Mamon, “A new representation of the local volatility surface,” CARISMA Technical Report, Brunel University, London, UK, 2007. [9] R. Hafner, Stochastic Implied Volatility, vol. 545 of Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2004. Marianito R. Rodrigo: Departamento Académico de Matemáticas, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, 14200 Mexico, D. F., Mexico Email address: email@example.com Rogemar S. Mamon: Department of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada N6A 1Y2 Email address: firstname.lastname@example.org
Welcome! PARISH STAFF: REV. WILLIAM A. MOORBY - Pastor CATHY KANALLEY-Office Administrator RELIGIOUS EDUCATION COORDINATOR: Marilyn Paradise Daytime - 315/364-7197 BULLETIN EDITOR/CEMETERY: Lorraine Fitch PRAYER REQUESTS Elizabeth Harper 315-729-8962 or email@example.com Cathy or Lorraine - 364-7197 PARISH OFFICE: 299 Main Street, Aurora 315/364-7197 Monday-Thursday 8:00AM-4:00PM and by appointment BAPTISM - Please call the Parish Office for an appointment MARRIAGE - Couples must contact the Parish Office six months prior to the celebration. RECONCILIATION P- Confessions will be held on First Fridays from 8:00am—8:45am at Our Lady of the Lake before First Friday Mass & Benediction; at St. Michael Church on the first Saturday of each month from 4:00pm—4:45pm and at St. Patrick’s, Moravia, before the 8:30am Sunday Mass beginning at 8:00am. COMMUNION FOR THE SICK AND HOUSEBOUND/SACRAMENT OF ANOINTING OF THE SICK - If a loved one is seriously ill or would like to receive Holy Communion at home, please call the Parish Office. RCIA (Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults) - Non-Catholics interested in learning more about the Catholic Faith are invited to speak to any staff member or call the Parish Office. NEW PARISHIONERS - Welcome! Please introduce yourselves to the Parish Staff. We want to get to know you. REGISTRATION - Every family within the Parish should be registered. Please contact the office for a registration form. If you move to another parish, change your address or have additions or deletions to your family, please notify the Parish Office. Forms are available at each worship site. SCHEDULE FOR JUNE 18- JUNE 25, 2017 Readings for the Week of June 18, 2017 Sunday: Dt 8:2-3, 14b-16a/Ps 147:12-15, 19-20/1 Cor 10:16-17/Jn 6:51-58 Monday: 2 Cor 6:1-10/Ps 98:1, 2b, 3-4/Mt 5:38-42 Tuesday: 2 Cor 8:1-9/Ps 146:2, 5-9a/Mt 5:43-48 Wednesday: 2 Cor 9:6-11/Ps 112:1bc-4, 9/Mt 6:1-6, 16-18 Thursday: 2 Cor 11:1-11/Ps 111:1b-4, 7-8/Mt 6:7-15 Friday: Dt 7:6-11/Ps 103:1-4, 6-8, 10/1 Jn 4:7-16/Mt 11:25-30 Saturday: Vigil: Jer 1:4-10/Ps 71:1-6, 15, 17/1 Pt 1:8-12/Lk 1:5-17 Day: Is 49:1-6/Ps 139:1-3, 13-15/Acts 13:22-26/Lk 1:57-66, 80 Next Sunday: Jer 20:10-13/Ps 69:8-10, 14, 17, FATHER’S DAY MASS INTENTIONS Sunday: 6/18 – The Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ Mass: 8:30AM at St. Patrick’s, Moravia +For Francis & Cecelia Murphy by Family Mass: 9:00AM at St. Patrick’s, Aurora +For Daniel “Danny” W. Errico by Mary Ann Tissot Mass: 10:30AM at Our Lady of the Lake, King Ferry +For Jackie Nolan & Kate Hugin Nolan by Family Monday: 6/19 – St. Romuald Mass: 9:00AM at St. Patrick’s, Aurora +For William E. Bouley Family by Estate Tuesday: 6/20 – Weekday Mass: 9:00AM at St. Patrick’s, Moravia For Thomas Kirwan by Don & Janet Anderson Wednesday: 6/21 - St. Aloysius Gonzaga NO Mass Thursday: 6/22 – St. Paulinus of Nola, SS. John Fisher & Thomas Moore Mass: 4:00PM at St. Michael’s, Union Springs +For Carol Day by Estate Friday: 6/23 – The Most Sacred Heart of Jesus Mass: 9:00AM at St. Patrick’s, Aurora +For Carl & Charlotte Porten by Estate Saturday: 6/23 - Vigil of the 12th Sunday in Ordinary Time Mass: 5:00PM at St. Michael’s, Union Springs +For All Living & Deceased Members of GSCC Sunday: 6/24 – Twelfth Sunday in Ordinary Time Mass: 8:30AM at St. Patrick’s, Moravia +For Harriet Hall by Tom & Chris Steger Mass: 9:00AM at St. Patrick’s, Aurora +For Marge Britt by Bob & Eileen Fitzgerald Mass: 10:30AM at Our Lady of the Lake, King Ferry +For Daniel Wilbur by Diane Hoy VITAL STATISTICS Fiscal Year July 1, 2016—June 30, 2017 June 11, 2017 (week 50) Attendance. ........................................... 328 YTD Average ............................................ 316 Weekly Budgeted Offering .................. $ 5,044.00 Weekly Offering ........................................ $ 3,665.00 YTD Budgeted Offering ....................... $ 252,212.00 YTD Actual Offering ............................. $ 251,720.00 Thank you for your generosity each week! The Scriptures today remind us that, “We, though many, are one body for we all partake of the one loaf.” How are we using our gifts of time and talent to build up the Body of Christ? See 1 Corinthians 10:16-17 (Our Sunday Visitor). “Life isn’t about waiting for the storm to pass. . . It’s about learning to dance in the rain.” UPCOMING EVENTS: TODAY Visiting Missionary Special Second Collection: Checks should be made out to GSCC with Missionary Offering on memo line. Please give a warm welcome to Fr. Gerald Aman, SSJ. Parish Council Picnic Meeting: Monday, June 19th at St. Patrick’s, Aurora at 6:00pm. TODAY, Holy Hour with adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and Benediction at Our Lady of the Lake, King Ferry, immediately following the 10:30am Mass. ALL ARE WELCOME! Special Second Collection for FUEL will be taken up the weekend of July 1 & 2. An envelope for this important collection to help with the upcoming winter fuel bills, can be found How will I set aside time both to adore Christ present in the Eucharist and to serve the poor in a hands-on-way? This Week Remember the Following in Masses and Prayers on the Anniversary of Their Deaths: Baby Boy Joseph Kelly’56, Thomas Keenan’64, Milo Bills’86, William Powers’87, Dorothy Grady’87, William Mahon’2001, Thomas Nolan’59, Bernard Ennis’61, Herbert Rafferty’71, Louise Mullally’83, Louis Dzieciacz’87, Lena Mitchell’93, Baby Boy Stager’60, Mary Hess’84, Joseph Cimmino’2005, Walter “Jim” Rejman’2009, Jackie Nolan’2010, Ellen Murray’50, Mrs. John Polhamus’53, Henry Hartnett’56, David Thill’80, Penny Radcliffe’83, Mary Gans’87, John Dody’70, Carol Hacker’85, Phillip Murphy’2011, Mae McSherry’60, Daniel Radcliffe’2004, Patricia Lacey’2010, Elizabeth Quinn’51, Mary Elizabeth Flynn’58, William Welch’64, John Ryan’66, Gertrude Collier’76, Edward Murphy’80, Joseph Connaughty’89, Viola Becker’94, Mary Heffernan’67, Jennifer Willis’95, Marianne Holmes’97 Corpus Christi Today we celebrate the Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ, Corpus Christi. Bishop Matano recently announced that today marks the beginning of a Year of the Eucharist that will run until June 3, 2018, on this same Solemnity. This Year of the Eucharist is to help us prepare and celebrate the upcoming 150th anniversary of our Diocese on March 3, 2018. A pastoral letter from Bishop Matano on the Year of the Eucharist will be distributed through the Catholic Courier. Today as we celebrate Corpus Christi we will be having a Holy Hour with adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and Benediction at Our Lady of the Lake Church, in King Ferry following the 10:30 a.m. Mass at 11:45 a.m. We are also planning Eucharistic Adoration at each of our churches throughout this Year of the Eucharist. All our welcome. Happy Father’s Day We also celebrate today, Father’s Day! Each year on the third Sunday of June we honor our Fathers; it is truly a special day! This day happens once a year but it should be a reminder to us all that we are called to honor our fathers each and every day. So to all the fathers in the parish Happy Father’s Day! I pray that God’s blessings and peace be upon all our Fathers, Grand-Fathers, all Fathers-to-be as well as our God-Fathers. We thank them for the love and example they have been for their families. For those who have died we pray that they are in the arms of our merciful heavenly Father. Father’s Day is not the only day of celebration in the month of June, for our High School Seniors it is the time for graduation! A time to look back on all that they have accomplished to this point in their lives and to thank God for the blessing they have received. And a time to look ahead as they are on the threshold of new beginnings and adventures. I would like to congratulate them as they are graduated from high school and I ask God’s blessings upon them in all their future endeavors whether in college, or military service, or in the job force. This June was also a time of celebration for those who were ordained to the priesthood. I was happy to be able to attend on June 3rd the priesthood ordination of Rev. Father Anthony Amato, Rev. Father Juan Benitez and Rev. Father Michael Merritt. The three newly ordained priests will be beginning their first assignments as priests in the Diocese of Rochester later this month. Please keep them in your prayers. In our diocese the last Tuesday of June marks the moving day for priests taking on new assignments. It is now three years ago that I began my assignment at Good Shepherd Catholic Community. I fondly remember the kindness so many parishioners showed me in preparing the rectory for my arrival. You helped make the transition from the Tioga County parishes where I served for 21 years, a smooth one for me. Your support and prayers gave me great encouragement as I began my time of service here. Transition though is not always easy so I ask you to pray for the priests who are taking on new assignments, as well as the newly ordained who will begin their first assignment, and pray for the parish communities who will be experiencing transition in leadership. The saying goodbye to someone you know and saying hello to someone who is a stranger is not easy. But, prayer sure helps. Visiting Missionary Collection Today we welcome Father Gerald Aman, SSJ. will be with us to speak about the missionary efforts of the Society of Jesus. Each year we hold a Visiting Missionary Appeal in all of the parishes of our diocese to support missionary efforts around the world. The office of The Society for the Propagation of the Faith coordinates this appeal. Next weekend, June 17/18, The Missionary collection is usually conducted in July or August but this year it is being held in June to accommodate Father Aman who is back in the United States for a brief visit. Please be generous in your support of the missionary efforts of the Society of Jesus in today’s second collection. Summer is here! This week we will officially enter the season of summer! Summer is a time for recreation, relaxation and renewal. Vacation trips are being planned, family reunions are in the works, outings in the sunshine and fresh air are an appreciated blessing. May we also use this beautiful season as we appreciate God’s blessings in creation to renew and refresh our relationship with God and God’s people. That renewal takes place when we take the time to pray with thankful hearts and to celebrate Mass each Sunday with your families and friends. The gift of the Eucharist ever strengthens and refreshes us to be Christ’s Light for one another. God Bless you, Father Bill Seventh Sunday of Easter This weekend we celebrate the Seventh Sunday of Easter. The Sunday that falls between the Feast of the Ascension of the Lord and the Feast of Pentecost. In many of the dioceses of the United States the Feast of the Ascension has been moved to and is celebrated on the Seventh Sunday of Easter. So if you travel to different dioceses you might find the parishes celebrating the Ascension on this Sunday. In all the dioceses in New York State the Ascension of the Lord is still celebrated on the Thursday of the Sixth week of Easter, nine days before the Feast of Pentecost. The nine days between the Ascension and Pentecost have been traditionally been days to pray a Novena to the Holy Spirit. In speaking to His disciples, before His Ascension to the right hand of the Father, Jesus "enjoined them not to depart Jerusalem, but to wait for 'the promise of the Father about which you have heard me speak; for John baptized with water, but in a few days you will be baptized with the holy Spirit.' (Acts 1:4-5) The disciples waited in prayer for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit; I encourage you to use these days leading to Pentecost to pray as well for a fresh outpouring of the Spirit in your life. Below are some prayers I suggest you use as well as reflecting on the daily Mass readings that are listed ion page two of the bulletin each week. Please pray as well this week for Deacons Anthony Amato, Michael Merritt and Juan Benitez who will be ordained to the priesthood in our diocese next Saturday at Sacred Heart Cathedral. Have a blessed and joyful week. God bless you, Father Bill Prayer for the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit Christ Jesus, before ascending into heaven, you promised to send the Holy Spirit to your apostles and disciples. O Grant that the same Spirit may perfect in our lives the work of your grace and love. Grant us the Spirit of Fear of the Lord that we may be filled with a loving reverence toward you. The Spirit of Piety that we may find peace and fulfillment in the service of God while serving others; the Spirit of Fortitude that we may bear our cross with You with courage, and overcome the obstacles that interfere with our salvation; the Spirit of Knowledge that we may know You and know ourselves and grow in holiness; the Spirit of Understanding to enlighten our minds with the light of Your truth; the Spirit of Counsel that we may choose the surest way of doing Your will, seeking first the Kingdom. Grant us the Spirit of Wisdom that we may aspire to the things that last forever. Teach us to be your faithful disciples and animate us in every way with Your Spirit. Amen. Prayer for the Help of the Holy Spirit O God, send forth your Holy Spirit into my heart that I may perceive, into my mind that I may remember, and into my soul that I may meditate. Inspire me to speak with piety, holiness, tenderness and mercy. Teach, guide and direct my thoughts and senses from beginning to end. May your grace ever help and correct me, and may I be strengthened now with wisdom from on high, for the sake of your infinite mercy. Amen.

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